enveloped, spherical to pleomorphic, 150 - 200 nm in diameter, t = 16 icosahedral symmetry. capsid consists of 162 capsomers and is surrounded by an amorphous tegument. glycoproteins complexes are embeded in the lipid envelope. monopartite, linear, dsdna genome of 140 - 240 kb. the genome contains terminal and internal reiterated sequences. each viral transcript usually encodes a single protein and has a promoter / regulatory sequence, a tata box, a transcription initiation site, a 5 ’ leader sequence of 30 - 300 bp ( not translated ), a 3 ’ nontranslated sequence of 10 - 30 bp, and a poly a signal. there are many gene overlaps. there are only few spliced genes. some of the expressed orfs are antisense to each other. some orfs can be accessed from more than one promoter. there are some non - coding genes. - attachment of the viral glycoproteins to host receptors mediates endocytosis of the virus into the host cell. - fusion with the plasma membrane to release the core and the tegument proteins into the host cytoplasm. - the capsid is transported to the nuclear pore where the viral dna is released into the nucleus. - transcription of immediate early genes which promote transcription of early genes and protect the virus against innate host immunity. - transcription of early viral mrna by host polymerase ii, encoding proteins involved in replication of the viral dna. - a first round of circular genome amplification occurs by bidirectional replication - synthesis of linear concatemer copies of viral dna by rolling circle. - transcription of late mrnas by host polymerase ii, encoding structural proteins. - assembly of the virus in nuclear viral factories and budding through the inner lamella of the nuclear membrane which has been modified by the insertion of herpes glycoproteins, throughout the golgi and final release at the plasma membrane. : replication of circular viral episome in tandem with the host cell dna using the host cell replication machinery.


the island of sumatra suffered from both the rumblings of the submarine earthquake and the tsunamis that were generated on december 26, 2004. within minutes of the quake, the sea surged ashore, bringing destruction to the coasts of the northern sumatra. this pair of images from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer ( modis ) on nasa ’ s terra satellite shows the aceh province of northern sumatra, indonesia, on december 17, 2004, before the quake and on december 29, 2004, three days after the catastrophe. though modis was not specifically designed to make the very detailed observations that are usually necessary for mapping coastline changes, the sensor nevertheless observed obvious differences in the sumatran coastline. on december 17, the green vegetation along the west coast appears to reach all the way to the sea, with only an occasional thin stretch of white that is likely sand. after the earthquake and tsunamis, the entire western coast is lined with a noticeable purplish - brown border. the brownish border could be deposited sand, or perhaps exposed soil that was stripped bare of vegetation when the large waves rushed ashore and then raced away. on a moderate - resolution image such as this, the affected area may seem small, but each pixel in the full resolution image is 250 by 250 meters. in places the brown strip reaches inland roughly 13 pixels, equal to a distance of 3. 25 kilometers, or about 2 miles. on the northern tip of the island, the incursion is even larger.


flip - flops are a mainstay of summertime footwear, but they can be painfully bad for your feet and legs, new research shows. researchers from auburn university in alabama studied the biomechanics of the flip - flop and determined that wearing thong - style flip - flops can result in sore feet, ankles and legs. “ we found that when people walk in flip - flops, they alter their gait, which can result in problems and pain from the foot up into the hips and lower back, ” said justin shroyer, a biomechanics doctoral student who presented the findings to the recent annual meeting of the american college of sports medicine in indianapolis. for the study, the researchers recruited 39 college - age men and women and asked them to wear flip - flops or athletic shoes. they then had them walk a platform that measured vertical force as their feet hit the ground. a video camera measured stride length and limb angles. flip - flop wearers took shorter steps and their heels hit the ground with less vertical force than when the same walkers wore athletic shoes. people wearing flip - flops also don ’ t bring their toes up as much as the leg swings forward. that results in a larger angle to the ankle and a shorter stride length, the study showed. the reason may be that people tend to grip flip - flops with their toes. mr. shroyer notes that he himself owns two pairs of flip - flops, and the research doesn ’ t mean people shouldn ’ t wear them. however, flip - flops are best worn for short periods of time, like at the beach or for comfort after an athletic event. but they are not designed to properly support the foot and ankle during all - day wear, he notes. update : for more on flip - flops, listen to the well podcast here.


fairfield county, conn. - after suffering through extensive power outages last year and in anticipation of more likely to follow, redding residents michele coppola ames and her husband andy took nature ’ s wrath into their own hands and armed themselves with a propane - fueled power generator. they were ready, they thought, for hurricane sandy. their power went out and the generator kicked on, but two days later their carbon monoxide detector sounded its alarm. fumes from the newly - installed generator had seeped into their home through a laundry vent and were filling the house. “ the carbon monoxide detector saved our lives, ” said coppola ames. they are not alone. carbon monoxide – widely known as the “ silent killer ” - - is a highly poisonous, colorless, odorless, tasteless gas produced by gas and charcoal - powered equipment. the centers for disease control and prevention estimates that carbon monoxide poisoning claims nearly 400 lives and causes more than 20, 000 visits to hospital emergency departments annually. there are steps you can take to avoid risk of carbon monoxide poisoning. according to connecticut state fire marshall robert ross, “ installing battery - operated or plug - in carbon monoxide alarms on every floor of the home with battery back - ups and following manufacturer ’ s installation instruction - - along with frequent battery testing – can save your life. ” signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning can include fatigue, weakness, chest pains for those with heart disease, shortness of breath upon exertion, nausea, vomiting, headaches, confusion, lack of coordination, impaired vision, loss of consciousness, and in severe cases, death, according to the cdc website. but precaution begins before any system is powered up, said ross. “ often people think of purchasing a generator only days before bad weather is projected to hit, ” which he said can lead to hasty and / or faulty installation. not only do portable generators pose a risk of carbon monoxide exposure but one of fire as well. in the case of hard - wired systems, “ a licensed electrician is a must. fire can result if installed improperly, or utility wires can be energized, which risks causing fires in the neighborhood or even electrocuting utility repair crews, ” said ross. but even smaller, gasoline - powered generators, which don ’ t need to be wired to a home ’ s electrical circuits, pose no small risk. all generators, said ross, should be placed a minimum of 15 feet from the building and 15 feet from any


now that we have burned our image of linux we will be able to check that your existing computer is compatible with linux by loading the linux distribution from the cd without actually installing it. this allows you to try linux without touching your current operating system. to check multimedia compatibility i suggest that you prepare a few audio and video files on your hard disk to test the audio and video subsystems. if you are testing with linux mint these can be in almost any format, but if you are using ubuntu it is better to have then in the free ogm, ogg or wav format, as with ubuntu the non - free decoders have to be installed. this will be a two part post. in the first part we see how to boot from the live cd, while in the second part we will see how to check that our computer is linux compatible. how to boot from the cd. place the linux min or ubuntu live cd in your drive and restart your computer. if your bios is correctly configured linux should load when you restart your computer. if windows loads instead this means that you bios is not configured to start from the cd drive. this will need to be changed : restart your computer again, and when you see your computer manufacturer ' s logo press the " delete " key to enter the bios. on some computers it ' s the f2 key instead. in any case you should see the mention " hit xxx to enter setup " xxx is the key you should push. note that you may have to hit that key repeatedly, as it will only register during a specific part of the boot process. if you see the windows logo it means that you were too slow and that you will have to restart the computer and start again. once in your bios try to find the " boot order " menu and ensure that cd / dvd is before ( i. e. higher ) than hdd. if you are using a nebook with an usb cd drive or thumb drive you may not have a cd / dvd option ; if that is the case select usb instead. there should be instructions on how to navigate the menus on the screen, as this is different for various brands of computers i can hardly help much. once the change is done you need to " quit and save " the bios to make your changes effective. this is usually done by pressing the " f10 " key. after the changes are done restart the computer, and you should notice that it boots from the


connecticut residents should take note that " old ironsides " was back on the high seas again this week. by far the oldest active naval ship in the world, the constitution took sail this week for 17 minutes to commemorate its inspiring, morale - boosting victory over the british warship guerriere exactly 200 years ago this week during the war of 1812. though the historic ship is based in massachusetts, its connections to connecticut are many, including the fact that five men from connecticut have commanded the iconic ship. the first connecticut native to command old ironsides was its most famous — isaac hull of derby. hull took command on june 17, 1810, and served as the ship ' s captain until sept. 15, 1812. on aug. 19, 1812, hull ' s ship engaged the hms guerriere — french for " warrior " — at close range and easily defeated her. dismasted by repeated blasts from the constitution ' s connecticut - made cannon, guerriere was reduced to a floating wreck. nearly 40 percent of the crew was killed or wounded. after the remaining british prisoners were transferred onboard, hull ordered the guerriere to be burned. it was the encounter with the guerriere that led to the constitution ' s nickname — " old ironsides. " cannonballs from the british vessel were seen to bounce off the constitution ' s extra thick hull, and thus the nickname " old ironsides " was born. constructed with the densest of all oaks — southern plantation oak from georgia — the hull of the uss constitution was 21 inches thick. that ' s three inches thicker than the average warship of the time. having come a few days after the u. s. had to surrender detroit to the british during the war of 1812, the victory over the guerriere provided a much - needed morale boost to the american public. furthermore, it proved to the world that the much - heralded british navy could be defeated. connecticut ' s hull became a major naval hero and has had a remarkable five naval ships named after him, including four destroyers in the 20th century and a sidewheel paddle steamship in the 19th century. the last destroyer named the uss hull was decommissioned in the 1980 ' s. its world war ii predecessor was present at pearl harbor during the japanese sneak attack and later participated in many other major engagements in the pacific during the war, including guadalcanal. in fact, the ship received an impressive 10 battle stars for its world war ii service before being lost at sea. the


during the japanese sneak attack and later participated in many other major engagements in the pacific during the war, including guadalcanal. in fact, the ship received an impressive 10 battle stars for its world war ii service before being lost at sea. the uss hull sank in december of 1944 during a severe typhoon. only 57 members of its crew survived. several survivors reported that some junior officers had planned to take over command of the ship and steer it to a safer course during the storm. this incident aboard the hull became the basis of the idea behind novelist herman wouk ' s writing of the caine mutiny. wouk, still alive today at age 97, was himself a naval officer in the pacific during the war and was well acquainted with the near mutiny on the uss hull. all of the iron on " old ironsides " came from the northwest hills of connecticut. a particularly good vein of brown hematite iron ore runs through salisbury in the litchfield hills. according to john pawloski ' s book, connecticut mining, the iron used in the building of the uss constitution came entirely from the mt. riga blast furnace in salisbury, ct, including the 44 cannons that were used to destroy the guerriere 200 years ago. one of hull ' s lieutenants onboard the constitution was glastonbury native george campbell read ; in fact, hull asked lt. read to accept the british surrender of the guerriere. two months later, on october 25, 1812, read was aboard the uss united states under the command of stephen decatur when it captured the hms macedonian, the 2nd british ship to be captured in the war of 1812. later, commodore read commanded the constitution from jan. 23, 1826, until feb. 21, 1826 — not quite one month. commodore oscar c. badger, born in mansfield, ct, also commanded the constitution. badger ' s command lasted 19 months, from jan. 9, 1878, until aug. 2, 1879. few families can boast the level of involvement with the u. s. navy as the badgers. commodore badger ' s son and grandson also became admirals ; furthermore, his cousin, george e. badger, a former yale student, was the 12th secretary of the navy. five different naval ships have been named after four members of the badger family. the most recent ship, de - 1071, was a destroyer which served from 1970 - 1988, including a tour of duty in the vietnam war. it was named for all four members of this distinguished naval family. de


most active stories sat february 9, 2013 effects of postal service cuts could ripple through middle class originally published on sat february 9, 2013 12 : 11 pm scott simon, host : the continued downsizing of the u. s. postal service has especially hit african - americans and armed forces veterans. these are two groups that have long relied on postal jobs for a good income, job security and a path to the middle class. for more, we ' re joined by philip rubio. he ' s a former letter carrier who ' s now an assistant professor of history at north carolina a & t state university and author of the book, " there ' s always work at the post office : african american postal workers and the fight for jobs, justice and equality. " mr. rubio, thanks for being with us. philip rubio : thanks for having me, scott. simon : the u. s. postal service historically has been a large employer of african - americans. why is that? rubio : well, since 1865, since the end of the civil war, it became a job magnet for african - americans. oftentimes, when they couldn ' t find work in the private sector, especially in the south when textile mills appear and they ' re only hiring whites or industrial jobs are only open to blacks, you know, the most dirty, dangerous or menial. but 1865 ' s a date when they ' re actually able to start working. simon : and this history has persisted into our time? rubio : yes. it was a place where african - americans could find jobs to pursue while they were trying to find work, maybe in their chosen profession. maybe they had degrees. it was not uncommon for doctors, lawyers and dentists, or people trying to get those, the graduate and professional degrees, to be working for the post office. simon : and the post office, i guess, has been kind of a job magnet for veterans too? rubio : yes, it has. since the civil war, you know, with veterans ' preferences for disabled veterans and, you know, that was a way for the federal government, you know, to tell veterans thank you for your service. the number one government agency was the post office. it was a secure job, the wages were decent, and so with each, you know, with each succeeding war, for instance, you get a lot of veterans coming back. simon : and this has persisted to this day too? rubio : it has. at one point, let '


decent, and so with each, you know, with each succeeding war, for instance, you get a lot of veterans coming back. simon : and this has persisted to this day too? rubio : it has. at one point, let ' s say, i think by 1948, half of all postal workers were veterans. it ' s down around 31 percent today because not as many people serve in the military, but it ' s still the biggest employer of veterans. simon : how has working for the post office been for many a kind of gateway into the middle class? rubio : well, it provided a middle - class status for african - americans especially. the fact that you had - the pay wasn ' t always great, but it was regular and with benefits and job security you could accumulate wealth. that means you could provide higher education for yourself and your children. by 1940, 28 percent of black postal workers had some college education, compared to 5 percent overall. african - americans also had the protection under the civil service act of 1883. they also had protection in case a local postmaster wanted to fire them for civil rights activity. so, you know, this actually led to black community development. simon : it ' s irresistible to note that it seems like there will be a substantial number of letter carriers and other people who work for the post office looking for jobs now. where else can they work? rubio : that ' s a good question, especially because one out of every two letter carriers, for instance, is over the age of 50. and, well, automation already removed a lot of clerk jobs. that ' s going to be hard for letter carriers and postal workers in general, to, you know, to transition. i mean, they have a skill and it is a skill, that they perform, and it ' s, you know, it ' s a service. the post office is not a charity. it ' s a - that we should keep alive just so people can have good middle - class incomes. it ' s a self - supporting universal service. simon : philip rubio, assistant professor of history at north carolina a & t state university. thanks very much for being with us. rubio : thank you for having me, scott. transcript provided by npr, copyright npr.


as a chinese, everyone knows about “ 火 明 ” ( burning of the yuan ming yuan ). it has been made into movie several times. along with movies of opium war ( known as 八 国 ( eight - nation alliance ) ), and many kungfu hero movies, it ' s heavily tied with chinese nationalism. if you ask a random chinese on what really happened, the answer would be similar to if you ask a american about “ pearl harbor ”, or if you ask a mexican about mexican – american war. you can feel the pride in their blood. but what really happened? here ' s wikipedia : old summer palace ; 明. excerpts : the old summer palace ( aka yuan ming yuan ) …, was a complex of palaces and gardens in beijing. …, built in 1707 〜 1800s, where the emperors of the qing dynasty resided and handled government affairs … known for its extensive collection of garden and building architectures and other works of art. … were made up of three gardens … together they covered an area of 3. 5 square kilometres ( 860 acres ). they were almost 5 times the size of the forbidden city, and 8 times the size of the vatican city. in 1860 during the second opium war, two british envoys, a journalist for the times and their small escort of british and indian troopers met with the royal prince to negotiate. instead they were confined and tortured, resulting in twenty deaths. the british high commissioner to china, lord elgin, retaliated by ordering the destruction of the palace, which was then carried out by french and british troops. it took 3, 500 british troops to set the entire place ablaze, taking a total of three days to burn. note that the chinese wikipedia version is more rich. in the chinese version, it claims the looting started first before the capture of the envoys. here ' s a description of the burning : charles george gordon, then a 27 - year - old captain in the royal engineers who later made his name in the sudan, was part of the 1860 force and wrote : we went out, and, after pillaging it, burned the whole place, destroying in a vandal - like manner most valuable property which [ could ] not be replaced for four millions. we got upward of £48 apiece prize money... i have done well. the [ local ] people are very civil, but i think the grandees hate us, as they must after what we did the palace. you can scarcely imagine the beauty and mag


£48 apiece prize money... i have done well. the [ local ] people are very civil, but i think the grandees hate us, as they must after what we did the palace. you can scarcely imagine the beauty and magnificence of the places we burnt. it made one ’ s heart sore to burn them ; in fact, these places were so large, and we were so pressed for time, that we could not plunder them carefully. quantities of gold ornaments were burnt, considered as brass. it was wretchedly demoralising work for an army. google map : found this comment by victor hugo ( the author of the hunchback of notre - dame amazon ) : victor hugo, in his “ expedition de chine ”, described the looting as “ two robbers breaking into a museum, devastating, looting and burning, leaving laughing hand - in - hand with their bags full of treasures ; one of the robbers is called france and the other britain. ” the linked source is gone. i haven ' t been able to verify this in few minutes. let me know if you have links to the original french. in the process, i discovered author george macdonald fraser ( 1925 〜 2008 ), who is most famous for his historical novel flashman series. one of the book 〈 flashman and the dragon 〉 amazon is based on the opium war. fraser ' s research was considerable. the books are heavily annotated, with end notes and appendices, as fraser ( in accordance with the pretence of the memoirs ) attempts to “ confirm ” ( and in some cases “ correct ” ) the elderly flashman ' s recollections of events. in many cases, the footnotes serve to inform the reader that a particularly outlandish character really existed or that an unlikely event actually occurred. the half - scholarly tone has occasionally led to misunderstandings. when the first book, flashman, was published in the united states, ten of 34 reviews took it to be an obscure but real memoir. several of these were written by academics – to the delight of the new york times, which published a selection of the more trusting reviews. here ' s a quote from harry paget flashman about this fascinating character : in hughes ' book, flashman is a notorious bully at rugby school who persecutes tom brown, and who is finally expelled for drunkenness. fraser decided to write flashman ' s memoirs, in which the school bully would be identified with an “ illustrious victorian


, flashman is a notorious bully at rugby school who persecutes tom brown, and who is finally expelled for drunkenness. fraser decided to write flashman ' s memoirs, in which the school bully would be identified with an “ illustrious victorian soldier ” : experiencing many 19th - century wars and adventures and rising to high rank in the british army, acclaimed as a great soldier, while remaining by his unapologetic self - description “ a scoundrel, a liar, a cheat, a thief, a coward — and oh yes, a toady. ” fraser ' s flashman is an antihero who runs from danger or hides cowering in fear, betrays or abandons acquaintances at the slightest incentive, bullies and beats servants with gusto, beds every available woman, carries off any loot he can grab, and gambles and boozes enthusiastically. nevertheless, through a combination of luck and cunning, he usually ends each volume acclaimed as a hero. this character is fascinating : flashman was a large man, six feet two inches ( 1. 88 m ) tall and close to 13 stone ( about 180 pounds or 82 kg ). in flashman and the tiger, he mentions that one of his grandchildren has black hair and eyes, resembling him in his younger years. his dark colouring frequently enabled him to pass ( in disguise ) for a pashtun [ eastern iranian ethnic group ]. he claimed only three natural talents : horsemanship, facility with foreign languages, and fornication. he became an expert cricket bowler, but that was through hard effort ( he needed sporting credit at rugby school, and was afraid to play rugby football ). he could also display a winning personality, when he wanted to, and was very skilled at flattering those more important than himself without appearing servile. as he admitted in the papers, flashman was a coward, who would flee from danger if there was any way to do so, and on some occasions collapsed in funk. he had one great advantage in concealing this weakness : when he was frightened, his face turned red, rather than white, so that observers thought he was excited, enraged, or exuberant - as a hero ought to be. shotgun wedding→ marriage caused by unplanned pregnancy. a duel with another officer over a french courtesan led to his being temporarily stationed in scotland. there he met and deflowered elspeth morrison, daughter of a wealthy textile manufacturer, whom he had to marry in a “ shotgun wedding


. a duel with another officer over a french courtesan led to his being temporarily stationed in scotland. there he met and deflowered elspeth morrison, daughter of a wealthy textile manufacturer, whom he had to marry in a “ shotgun wedding ”. flashman, an insatiable lecher, had great success with women. his size, good looks, winning manner, and especially his splendid cavalry - style whiskers won over many women, from low to high, including many famous women. he also frequently bought the services of prostitutes. in flashman and the great game, about halfway through his life, he counted up his sexual conquests while languishing in a dungeon at gwalior, “ not counting return engagements ”, reaching a total of 478 up to that date. he was not above forcing himself on a partner by blackmail ( the russian countess in flashman and the dragon ), but only once committed an actual rape ( on narreeman, in flashman ). he was a vigorous and exciting ( if sometimes selfish and rapacious ) lover, and some of his partners became quite fond of him - though by his own admission, others tried to kill him afterwards. the most memorable of these was cleonie, a prostitute flashman sold into slavery in flashman and the redskins. passages in royal flash, flashman and the dragon, flashman and the redskins, and flashman and the angel of the lord suggest that flashman was “ well - hung ”. flashman ' s stories are dominated by his numerous amorous encounters. several of them are with prominent historical personages. these women are sometimes window dressing, sometimes pivotal characters in the unpredictable twists and turns of the books.


black reconstruction in america is a book by w. e. b. du bois, first published in 1935. it is revisionist approach to looking at the reconstruction of the south after its defeat in the american civil war. on the whole, the book takes a marxist approach to looking at reconstruction. the essential argument of the text is that the black and white laborers, who are the proletariat, were divided after the civil war on the lines of race, and as such were unable to stand together against the white propertied class, the bourgeoisie. this to du bois was the failure of reconstruction and the reason for the rise of the jim crow laws, and other such injustices. in addition to creating a landmark work in early u. s. marxist sociology, at the time dubois ’ historical scholarship and use of the techniques of primary source data research on the post war political economy of the former confederate states ’ were equally ground breaking. he performed the first systematic and rigorous analysis of the political economy of the reconstruction period of the southern states ; based upon actual data collected during period. in chapter five, du bois argues that the decision by slaves on the southern plantations to stop working was an example of a general strike. this type of marxist rhetoric is in concert with his arguments throughout the book that the civil war was largely a war fought over labor issues.


why heavy teens may eat less but weigh more than their thinner peers originally published on wed september 19, 2012 4 : 08 pm it may be more important than we thought to tackle obesity in childhood. a new study published in pediatrics finds that overweight teenagers eat fewer calories than their healthy weight peers. that ' s right — they eat less. how much less? the study found that among 12 - to 14 - year - olds, obese girls consumed 110 fewer calories daily than healthy - weight girls. and overweight boys between the ages of 15 and 17 consumed about 375 fewer calories a day than healthy - weight boys. up to the ages of of 8 or 9, overweight children ate more calories than their slimmer peers. but, " at about age 9 or 10, we start to see, essentially, a flip, " explains skinner. basically, heavier older kids start to eat less. " one reason this makes sense is because we know overweight children are less active than healthy weight kids, " explains lead researcher asheley cockrell skinner of the university of north carolina, chapel hill. and obesity expert matthew gillman of the harvard school of public health says the amount of physical activity kids participate in is key. " when you ' re less physically active, you actually need fewer calories to maintain your weight, " he explains. but if that weight is already higher than it should be, that could signal the beginning of a long - term problem. " once you become overweight, there are changes in your body that make you different from someone who ' s not [ overweight ], " explains sophia yen of stanford school of medicine. " you have extra fat cells, and you have different insulin levels, " which can make it feel like you ' re eating less than you are. " and once these effects have taken place, the fat deposition or the insulin changes in your body, then it ' s a lot harder to reverse, " yen tells the salt. take fat cells, for instance. once the body creates a fat cell, it lasts a lifetime. " you can slim down that fat cell, but that fat cell will always be sitting there, waiting to be larger if you give it extra calories, " she says. so yen ' s advice to parents of young children : if you see signs of a weight problem, it ' s better to take action sooner rather than later. the findings of the new study are based on dietary reports collected from 19, 125 children, from toddlers to teens


to parents of young children : if you see signs of a weight problem, it ' s better to take action sooner rather than later. the findings of the new study are based on dietary reports collected from 19, 125 children, from toddlers to teens, as part of the national health and nutrition examination survey ( nhanes ). the way the survey works is that participants report everything they ' ve eaten in a 24 - hour period, and researchers separately measure height and weight to calculate bmi ( body mass index ). now, because researchers are not able to verify diets that are self - reported, the study ' s findings have some major caveats. yen and her stanford colleagues have seen major errors using similar dietician recall methods. and they point out that overweight people tend to underreport what they ' re eating more than healthy weight people. more research is needed. audie cornish, host : why do children and teens become overweight? the answer to that question is not as straightforward as counting calories. npr ' s allison aubrey has this story about a study published today in the journal pediatrics. it suggests that the eating habits of overweight teens are not all that different from their healthy - weight peers. allison aubrey, byline : physical activity comes easiest to the youngest of children. from soccer tots, to elementary school baseball teams, lots of kids are excited about sports at this age. and parents are often invested, too. ( soundbite of children playing sports ) aubrey : but fast forward to the tween years, and chances are that many of these little athletes will have given up organized sports for more sedentary pursuits such as video gaming. ( soundbite of video game ) aubrey : about the only thing getting a workout here are the fingers. it may not seem like a big deal to replace an hour of soccer practice with an hour of video gaming, but small changes in physical activity lead to fewer burned calories. and researcher ashley skinner, of the university of north carolina, was curious. was this difference alone enough to make a kid overweight? what about the role of diet? ashley skinner : so the question was, well, i wonder what these kids are actually eating. are they actually eating that much differently compared to healthy - weight kids? aubrey : to examine this, she and her colleagues studied the weight and diet of about 19, 000 children from toddlers to teens, using information from a large federal survey. skinner says, what she found was surprising. up to


- weight kids? aubrey : to examine this, she and her colleagues studied the weight and diet of about 19, 000 children from toddlers to teens, using information from a large federal survey. skinner says, what she found was surprising. up to the age of eight or nine, overweight kids were eating more calories than their healthy - weight peers. but as the tween years set in, the picture changed. skinner : at about age nine or 10, we start to see essentially a flip. that the overweight kids are actually eating less than the healthy - weight ones. aubrey : the overweight kids are actually eating less? skinner : right. so they ' re actually taking in fewer calories than the healthy - weight kids. aubrey : now, the researchers could not independently verify the amount kids said they were eating. so it ' s possible some were not accurate. but the findings were consistent. on average, heavy kids were eating about 100 fewer calories a day compared to their healthy - weight peers. obesity expert matthew gilman of harvard medical school says this isn ' t the first study to suggest that heavy teenagers don ' t necessarily eat more calories. and it supports the idea that small differences in physical activity do seem to be key. matthew gilman : when you ' re less physically active, you actually need fewer calories to maintain your weight. aubrey : and, on top of that... gilman : you actually need fewer calories to increase your weight. aubrey : skinner ' s findings also hint at the significance of being overweight at such a young age in the early elementary years. sophia yen is with stanford medical school. sophia yen : once you ' ve become overweight there are changes in your body that make you different from someone who ' s not. so you have extra fat cells, you have different insulin levels. aubrey : which can make it feel like you ' re eating less than you are. and these changes, she explains, are very persistent. yen : and once the effects have taken place, you know, the fat deposition, or the insulin changes in your body, then it ' s a lot harder to reverse. aubrey : yen says, the important message is that early life experiences can shape the trajectory for weight throughout life. take for instance, fat cells. once the body creates a fat cell, it never goes away. yen : you can slim down that fat cell, but that fat cell will always be there waiting to get larger if you give it any extra calories


trees come ' from out of the air ' says nobel laureate richard feynman. really? originally published on tue september 25, 2012 4 : 05 pm ask one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century a simple question, and his answer makes me go, " what? what did he just say? " the question was : where do trees come from? meaning, when you see a tree, a big, tall, heavy one, and you wonder where did it get its mass, its thick trunk, its branches — the instinctive answer would be from the soil below, plus a little water ( and, in some mysterious way, sunshine ), right? nope, says the late nobel laureate richard feynman, sitting in an easy chair, thinking out loud in a you tube video clip from 1983 : " people look at a tree and think it comes out of the ground, that plants grow out of the ground, " he says, but " if you ask, where does the substance [ of the tree ] come from? you find out... trees come out of the air! " from the air? trees are hard, branchy, heavy, covered with bark. they don ' t precipitate out of air. this sounds like sorcery, not science. but then feynman says it again, " they surely... come out of the air. " if you are wondering how tons of wood, leaf, bark and all the innards of, say, a massive redwood tree can get pulled out of air, you ' ll want to hear feynman ' s explanation, which is mostly him happily arguing with himself. ( " how is it the tree is so smart... and do that so easily? ah! life! life has some mysterious force? no!... " ) but before you go to feynman, it ' s best to start here, with this primer from derek miller of australia ' s science video site, veritasium. " would it surprise you, " derek asks three young guys in a park — one of them wearing a t - shirt that says " living the dreem, " " to discover that 95 percent of a tree is actually from carbon dioxide, that trees are largely made up of air? " the guys smile politely and say, " ummmm... ok... " i think, watching this video, you ' ll be more surprised than they were. so that ' s the lesson : that


largely made up of air? " the guys smile politely and say, " ummmm... ok... " i think, watching this video, you ' ll be more surprised than they were. so that ' s the lesson : that a tree gets its mass from air and water. it " eats " air, chomps down on airborne carbon dioxide, then uses sunshine to pull the carbon dioxide apart, gets rid of the oxygen, which " it spits back into the air, " says feynman, " leaving the carbon and water, the stuff to make the substance of the tree. " but wait a second! water is in the ground, right? water is not in the air. ah, says feynman, but how did water get into the ground? " it came mostly out of the air, didn ' t it? " waving his hands, he says rain " came out of the sky. " what a beautiful notion, that from the dancing air comes the towering monarchs that are our trees. but don ' t take my word for it, or derek ' s. you ' re now ready to hear it from the big guy. when this begins, he ' s talking about fire. he gets to trees about two minutes in.


turtles to be climate change canaries “ turtles are a really good way to study climate change because they depend on healthy beaches as well as mangroves, sea grass beds, coral reefs and deep ocean ecosystems to live ”, said dr. lucy hawkes, coordinator of an initiative to develop adaptation strategies for climate change impacts to turtles. as part of the initiative, wwf launched a new website today, adaptation to climate change in marine turtles ( act ). “ understanding of how climate change may affect the beaches, the reef and the open ocean will not only benefit endangered sea turtle populations, but also the millions of people who live along the coastlines of the world and depend upon marine resources and environmental services. ” the public, educators, conservationists and scientists will be able to share information and projects to try to gain a better picture of how climate change will affect turtles and what might be done to combat the impacts. according to the latest reports by the international panel on climate change ( ipcc ), our environment will be altered dramatically over the next years by increasing temperatures, increased severity and frequency of storm events and rising sea levels. these effects could be devastating within low situated tropical areas, where the majority of the population depends on coastal resources and tourism. the caribbean is one such important region that is greatly threatened by climate change and is also host to globally important populations of sea turtles. by 2010 the project hopes to understand the current state of knowledge about the impacts of climate change on marine turtles and their habitats with a global network of marine turtle and climate specialists, and make management recommendations for their conservation. it is an initiative of wwf through a grant from the macarthur foundation and support from hewlett packard. the website, hosting free downloads, information and latest scientific findings, can be accessed at : http : / / www. panda. org / lac / marineturtles / act for further information : wwf central america, tel. + 501 223 76 80, firstname. lastname @ example. org


parametric cartesian equation : x = a ( cos ( t ) + t sin ( t ) ), y = a ( sin ( t ) - t cos ( t ) ) click below to see one of the associated curves. | definitions of the associated curves | | evolute | | involute 1 | | involute 2 | | inverse curve wrt origin | | inverse wrt another circle | | pedal curve wrt origin | | pedal wrt another point | | negative pedal curve wrt origin | | negative pedal wrt another point | | caustic wrt horizontal rays | | caustic curve wrt another point | it was studied by huygens when he was considering clocks without pendulums that might be used on ships at sea. he used the involute of a circle in his first pendulum clock in an attempt to force the pendulum to swing in the path of a cycloid. finding a clock which would keep accurate time at sea was a major problem and many years were spent looking for a solution. the problem was of vital importance since if gmt was known from a clock then, since local time could be easily computed from the sun, longitude could be easily computed. the pedal of the involute of a circle, with the centre as pedal point, is a spiral of archimedes. of course the evolute of an involute of a circle is a circle. | main index | | famous curves index | | previous curve | | next curve | | history topics index | | birthplace maps | | mathematicians of the day | | anniversaries for the year | | societies, honours, etc | | search form | the url of this page is :


minimum of equipment was employed in 19th century baseball, and changes in its regulation were infrequent. no batter wore a helmet during the 19th century. " gloves " did not become common until the late 1880s and the baseball has retained the same dimensions, weight and leather pattern since 1872. only one attempt to regulate uniforms was made by the national league of professional base ball clubs in 1882. this was due to the emergence of the american association of base ball clubs, which began play in 1882 and attempted to differentiate themselves from the six - year old national league. 19th century bats looked and felt different than today ' s bats. they were generally heavier and considerably thicker in the handle and had more of a gradual taper from the handle to the barrel. they were made with or without knobs on the handle and on various parts of the bat would be painted " rings " that would reflect the team color. at the first baseball convention in 1857, the dimensions agreed upon were described as round, not to be more than two and one - half inches around in its thickest part and was to " be of any length, to suit the striker. " in 1860, beadle ' s dime base ball player published their opinion as to the best bat standards. they suggested between thirty and forty inches and weighing about 48 ounces. beadle ' s described the bats as usually being made of ash but that maple, white and pitch pine and hickory were also used. a light bat enabled the striker to have a quick bat and helped offset the " rapid pitching " that was popular. beadle ' s did not recommend a bat be less than 36 ounces. the putnam club ' s rules, in 1865, specified that the bat was to be made of hickory or ash and was " about " 3 feet long, round, tapered and was to be between 1½ inches to three inches at the lower end. although generally known as an " unwritten rule, " the bats length was not addressed until the rules for the 1868 season were agreed upon, which officially stated that the bat could not be longer than 42 inches. the national association of professional base - ball players, 1871 - 1875, america ' s first professional baseball league, made no changes in the rules regarding the bat. the national league of professional base ball clubs, which began operation in 1876, made no changes to the rules regarding the bat until 1885. the american association of base - ball clubs, 1882 - 1891, used the same rules as the nl, limiting the length to 42 inches, limiting


ball clubs, which began operation in 1876, made no changes to the rules regarding the bat until 1885. the american association of base - ball clubs, 1882 - 1891, used the same rules as the nl, limiting the length to 42 inches, limiting the thickness of the bat to two and one - half inches at the thickest part and stated that the bat was to be round and had to be made of wood, until they and the national league adopted the same rules in 1887. the national league made two major changes for 1885. it was now legal to have 18 inches of the handle wrapped in twine and one side of the bat was allowed to be flat. the american association adopted this rule when they followed the same rules as the national league in 1887. in 1893, the second season of the national league and american association of base ball clubs, the bat was no longer allowed to be flat on one side but was required to be round. the length was still limited to 42 inches and the thickness of the thickest part was still two and on - half inches. the thickness of the bat was increased to two and three - quarters inches in 1895 and remains the same today — a touch longer than regulation softball bats. when a glove is mentioned in conjunction with 19th century base ball the listener or reader must not think of the glove as it exists today. the glove started out as merely a leather work glove, with or without full fingers, and progressed to a more padded piece of equipment. it is impossible to pinpoint the first player to wear a " glove " but there have been reports as early as 1860 that catchers were wearing them. it is logical that the catcher would be the first position player to wear them as they handled hundreds of pitches per game as well as foul tips. it would seem that the first baseman would be the next position player to don a " glove. " in 1885, providence grays shortstop arthur irwin, while attempting to protect two broken fingers, added " padding " to a buckskin glove. this may be the first instance of a player introducing noticeable padding to a glove. as the evolution of the glove progressed, the national league and american association of base ball clubs instituted a rule in 1895 which stated, " the catcher and the first baseman are permitted to wear a glove or mitt of any size, shape or weight. all other players are restricted to the use of a glove or mitt weighing not over ten ounces, and measuring in circumference around the palm of the hand not over fourteen


not all alcoholic drinks are the same the type of alcohol you consume may determine how hungry you feel afterwards, according to an australian study. a study, published in the journal pharmacology, biochemistry and behaviour, shows that while alcohol has a specific effect on the body, the additional nutritional content of white wine, red wine and beer also affects how our body responds to alcohol. it suggests further research into the affects of alcohol should also consider what we mix with our drinks. research psychologist and lead author dr anna kokavec, of la trobe university in bendigo, says to understand the effect of different alcoholic beverages her team measured the influence they have on the hypothalamic - pituitary adrenal ( hpa ) axis. the hpa axis regulates fluctuations in the body, and is responsible for the synthesis of the steroid hormones cortisol and dehyrdoepiandrosterone sulfate ( dheas ), says kokavec. " the hpa axis is a system that has an input into nearly everything in the body. " kokavec says dheas and cortisol, commonly known as a stress hormone, influence our appetite and are associated with learning and memory formation. " we need a sufficient release of cortisol to make us feel hungry, " she says according to the study both hormones are affected when we drink alcohol, and that low levels " could lead to specific cognitive impairment if alcohol is consumed on a regular basis. " the researchers divided participants into four groups. each drank either red wine, white wine, light beer or regular beer. " they consumed four standard drinks over 135 minutes and i measured their hormone [ dheas and cortisol ] levels every 45 minutes, " she says. kokavec says the levels of cortisol decreased in all participants upon consuming alcohol. this reduced their desire for food, despite having fasted for half a day. " one of the biggest problems we have with alcohol is that appetite is reduced, and most alcoholics present with malnutrition, " she says. but kokavec was surprised to find that dheas levels fluctuated, depending on what type of alcohol the participant consumed. in the participants who drank beer the levels of dheas initially dropped, but then went up. according to kokavec, this is because beer contains carbohydrates, which increases the level of insulin in the blood. she says insulin has an antagonistic with dheas - as


according to the fourth amendment of the u. s. constitution, the police can only arrest a person when they have probable cause, which means that they have to have a good reason to believe there ' s been a crime and that the suspect committed it. a judge will later decide whether or not there was probable cause to detain the suspect, and if there was not, the detainee will be released. at the time of arrest, the police must inform the suspect of his or her constitutional rights, including the rights to remain silent and to consult an attorney. if the suspect is charged with the crime, a prosecutor decides whether to bring criminal charges, and which crime or crimes the suspect is to be charged with. in felony cases, or crimes for which the penalty could be one year or more in jail, prosecutors may enlist the help of a grand jury. in most states, prosecutors must file charges against a suspect held in custody within 72 hours of arrest, but some states require this even sooner. in california, for example, a charge must be filed within 48 hours of arrest. the prosecutor can alter the nature of the charge at a later date. once charges have been filed, the suspect will be arraigned in court, at which time the suspect may be formally charged with the crime and be given the opportunity to plead guilty or not guilty.


search : advanced search browse by category : within the qiraa ' at of hafs, are madd elongations supposed to be exactly the same per recitor e ' g madd tabiee 2 counts? assalaamu ' alaikum warahmatullaah say within the qiraa ' at of hafs are madd elongations supposed to be exactly the same per recitor e ' g madd tabiee 2 counts, the counts should be exactly the same time for all recitors or does the lengthening differ according to the pace of the individual recitor? wa alaikum assalaam wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh, the timings of the lengthenings or mudood, are based on the timing of one harakah ( which is the arabic word for vowel ), then multiplied by a number based on the vowel timing. one reading at a fast pace will have faster timings of individual harakaat ( vowels ) than one reading at a slower pace. the mudood then are not equal in length from reciter to reciter unless there are two reciters reading at the exact same speed. instead the mudood length will be a mutliple of the speed of the individual vowel counts and this speed with determine the length of the medd. the natural medd or is two vowel counts ; so the reader lengthens it based on the speed of an individual vowel, multiplied by two ( i. e., two fathah ). the reader of the qur ' an must make each vowel count equal to the other in his / her reading. the speed of reading that one adopts is based on ones abilities and circumstances. in front of a teacher, one usually reads slowly and deliberately so the teacher can correct and hear all the letters clearly. if one is reviewing by himself / herslf a large portion by of the qur ' an, the speed may be a bit quicker. wa iyyaakum wa - l - muslimeen. wa assalaam alaikum wa rahmatullah. powered by kbpublisher ( knowledge base software )


hammer toe occurs when there is a shortening of the tendon that controls toe movement. this causes the middle joint of the toe to be bent upward and the outer joint downwards. the misshapen toe resembles a hammer. a hammer toe correction is done to correct a toe deformity called a copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. a hammertoe correction is considered when : - other treatments have failed to bring about results. - the affected toe has assumed an awkward position and is causing pain. - the deformity makes walking difficult. - the position of the toe causes breakdown of skin. this can increase the risk of developing a bone infection. complications are rare, but no procedure is completely free of risk. if you are planning to have the correction, your doctor will review a list of possible complications, which may include : - excessive swelling, although the toe will normally be swollen for 4 - 8 weeks following surgery - anesthesia - related problems - recurrence of hammer toe - nerve or blood vessel injury to the toe factors that may increase the risk of complications include : your doctor will likely do the following : talk to your doctor about your medicines. you may be asked to stop taking some medicines up to one week before the procedure, like : or other anti - inflammatory drugs the day of the procedure : - arrange for a ride to and from the procedure. - arrange for help at home after the procedure. - wear comfortable clothing that is easy to remove. local anesthesia is often used. it will numb the area. spinal anesthesia may also be used. this anesthesia will make your lower body numb. several surgical options are available for hammer toe correction. some corrections can be made with changes to soft tissue. others need to be made to the bone. this is usually best in patients under 30, with limited toe deformity. a cut is made in the skin and the tendon is released. sometimes it is reattached to a different area of the bone. the changes in soft tissue will allow the toe to relax and eliminate the deformity. two common methods of hammer toe correction on the bones themselves are joint arthroplasty and joint fusion. the type of procedure used depends on the deformity. a combination of procedures may be needed. in both cases, a cut in the skin is made over the toe joint. during an arthroplasty, part of the bones on both sides of the middle toe joint may be removed. this will allow the toe to uncurl.


in both cases, a cut in the skin is made over the toe joint. during an arthroplasty, part of the bones on both sides of the middle toe joint may be removed. this will allow the toe to uncurl. during a fusion, the ends of the toe bones are removed. the bones are then repositioned. the repositioning is usually held together with a pin placed within the bone. the pin may be removed after 3 - 4 weeks. other changes to the anatomy of the foot due to the hammer toe may also be corrected at this time. the incision will be closed with stitches. dressings will be applied to hold the toe in proper position. this depends on the procedure and the number of toes corrected. anesthesia prevents pain during the surgery. you will be given medicine to manage pain after the surgery. - during the first couple of days, keep your foot elevated most of the time. - limit standing and walking, and stay off your foot as much as possible. use crutches or wear a special open - toed, wooden - soled shoe, as directed by your doctor - ask your doctor about when it is safe to shower, bathe, or soak in water. the corrected toe may be slightly longer or shorter than before surgery. the toe will not move as much as a normal toe. expect some swelling and redness, which may last for several months. your dressing may need to be adjusted as swelling decreases. if it appears that the deformity may recur, your doctor may choose to continue with dressings for another 2 - 4 weeks. select shoes with plenty of space for your toes. poorly fitting shoes contribute to hammer toe development. after arriving home, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs : - signs of infection, including fever and chills - redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or any discharge from the incision site - pain that you cannot control with the medicines you have been given in case of an emergency, call for medical help right away. hammer toe. american academy of orthopaedic surgeons website. available at :. updated september 2012. accessed may 2, 2013. campbell ' s operative orthopaedics. 9th ed. mosby - year book ; 1998. campbell ' s operative orthopaedics. 10th ed. philadelphia ; mosby, inc ; 2003. 6 / 2 / 2011 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : mills e, eyawo o, lock


appendix 3 fertility concepts and collections the common definition of fertility refers to the biological capacity to bear or father children, however, the term is often interchanged according to the context in which it is being used. in a demographic context ( the study of population and population change ) the term fertility relates to a person ' s actual reproductive outcomes, a concept of adding to the population through births. information on the size and distribution of the population is an important component of social and economic planning, in providing services to the community. in australia, population estimates are used for a wide variety of purposes, including the determination of the number of seats in the house of representatives for each state and territory, as well as in the distribution of federal government funds to state, territory and local governments. the accuracy of population estimates is therefore of paramount importance. in addition, the analysis of fertility provides information and insight into previous, current and possible future trends of the population, which form the basis of many decisions regarding the future of australia. within australia a number of organisations collect and report information about births and fertility, such as the australian bureau of statistics ( abs ), the australian institute of health and welfare ( aihw ) and state and territory health departments. as these collections are used for a number of different purposes, the scope of the collections differ. abs births information is primarily used in the production of population estimates, as well as measures of fertility. for these purposes, only live births are counted. the aihw national perinatal statistic unit ' s national perinatal data collection ( npdc ), provides epidemiological information on mothers ' pregnancies and childbirth, and the characteristics and outcomes of their babies. this includes information on live births and neonatal deaths, as the health related aspects of births and fertility are an important focus of this collection. united nations guidelines the united nations ( un ) provides globally recognised guidelines and standards in the field of demography, as well as for the process of data collection and dissemination of vital events, which include births, deaths and marriages. these guidelines outline the importance of civil registration systems in order to collect information and are published in principles and recommendations for a vital statistics system. abs uses these guidelines as a basis for its vital statistics collections. the un also produces the handbook on the collection of fertility and mortality data, which provides detailed information on available methods, rather than specific instructions, that may be used to collect data on births, deaths and population. this publication also describes how data produced by these methods may be used to


on the collection of fertility and mortality data, which provides detailed information on available methods, rather than specific instructions, that may be used to collect data on births, deaths and population. this publication also describes how data produced by these methods may be used to derive basic fertility and mortality indicators. with these guidelines, data can be collected and disseminated according to the needs of users. australian bureau of statistics in australia, the registration of births is the responsibility of state and territory registrars of births, deaths and marriages and is based on data provided on an information form completed by the parent ( s ) of the child. this form is the basis of data provided to the abs, for compilation and publication of aggregate statistics on live births and fertility rates. most data items are collected in all states and territories and therefore statistics at the national level are available for a range of characteristics ( see appendix : characteristics available ). in the field of demography, fertility is used to describe the actual number of children born alive and the effectiveness or performance of the population to replace itself through reproduction. abs measures of fertility ( such as the number of children ever born to women, collected in the census, and age - specific and total fertility rates ) are therefore based on live births. information on the biological potential to conceive or reproduce is collected by a number of other sources, which have a greater focus on the epidemiological and reproductive health aspects of childbirth. abs collects and reports on perinatal death statistics in perinatal statistics, australia ( cat. no. 3304. 0 ) and previously, in causes of death, australia ( cat. no. 3303. 0 ). perinatal deaths comprise stillbirths ( fetal deaths ) and deaths of infants within the first 28 days of life ( neonatal deaths ). australian institute of health and welfare the aihw national perinatal data collection collects and reports information on pregnancy, childbirth, and the characteristics of mothers and their babies, resulting from births in hospitals, birth centres and the community. this data is collected from perinatal administrative and clinical record systems and forwarded to the relevant state and territory health authority. midwives and other staff use information from mothers, as well as hospital and other records to complete notification forms for each birth of at least 400 grams birth weight or at least twenty weeks gestation. characteristics regarding the pregnancy, labour and birth, and data items relating to the baby, such as birth status, sex and birth weight, are included. this information is published annually in australia


australian bureau of statistics 4704. 0 - the health and welfare of australia ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander peoples, oct 2010 latest issue released at 11 : 30 am ( canberra time ) 17 / 02 / 2011 final | page tools : print page print all rss search this product | this topic provides an overview of educational attainment of torres strait islander people, drawing on data from the 2008 national aboriginal and torres strait islander social survey ( natsiss ). information presented includes : this topic includes some contrasts between torres strait islander people living in the torres strait indigenous region and those living elsewhere. the analysis also includes comparisons with the overall aboriginal and torres strait islander population. for a more detailed discussion on education for all aboriginal and torres strait islander people, see the education topic. for information on other aspects of torres strait islander peoples ' health and welfare see the torres strait islander people topic. highest year of school completed in 2008, 36 % of torres strait islander people aged 15 years and over ( excluding those still attending secondary school ) had completed year 12. this was higher than for all aboriginal and torres strait islander adults ( 22 % ). younger torres strait islander adults aged 15 – 34 years were more than twice as likely to have completed year 12 than those aged 35 years and over ( 49 % compared with 22 % ). there was no significant difference in year 12 attainment rates between torres strait islander people living in the torres strait indigenous region compared with those living elsewhere. in 2008, almost half ( 49 % ) of all torres strait islander people aged 25 – 64 years had attained a non - school qualification, up from 33 % in 2002. this increase was driven by more torres strait islander people attaining a non - school qualification of certificate iii or higher — up by 17 percentage points ( 36 % in 2008 compared with 19 % in 2002 ). in 2008, more torres strait islander women ( 57 % ) than men ( 41 % ) had attained a non - school qualification. rates of attainment were similar for torres strait islander people living in the torres strait indigenous region and those living elsewhere. non - school qualification attainment rates for torres strait islander people were similar to those for all aboriginal and torres strait islander people. this page last updated 19 december 2012 unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2. 5 australia licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website copyright notice. for permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.


accessmylibrary provides free access to millions of articles from top publications available through your library. in the last two decades, 19th - century italian women writers have gained a much wider audience in american academia. although women ' s studies still have a hard time working its way up in italian universities, american scholars have been more and more focusing their attention on italian women writers and their literary legacy. fundamental novelists such as marchesa colombi and neera are being translated and studied in the english language, thus giving them access to a wider public recognition. looking for historical and theoretical coordinates, italian scholars have been establishing parallels with other western literary and social histories. for 19th - century women writers, two works in particular have become staples of feminist literary histories since their publication in the ' 70s : gilbert and gubar ' s madwoman in the attic and elaine showalter ' s a literature of their own. although these studies focus specifically on english women writers, much of their theoretical foundations apply to the western literary tradition in general. ( 1 ) as many other countries of the western world did, in the late 19th century italy had a veritable explosion of women writers. what sets this group of women writers apart from their predecessors was, first of all, the fact that they were for the most part professional writers : journalists, essayists, novelists. they wrote for money and, for this very reason, they were in direct competition with their male colleagues. ( 2 ) this generation of women writers has become a complex and much discussed field of study, especially since traditionally - - they have been labeled by the histories of italian literature as " popular writers " and - - as such - - unworthy of serious study. only recently have they been unearthed by new scholars and put under the scrutiny of academic research. in a literature of their own, elaine showalter begins her study by analyzing what was specifically new about 19th - century women writers. for example, why they began to write for money ; how they negotiated the activity of writing for money with their families ; what was their professional self - image ; what effects criticism had upon them ; what were their relationships to other women, to men, and to their readers ; what were their experiences as women, and how these were reflected in their books ; what was their understanding of womanhood ; and, most of all, how the vocation of writing itself changed them. all these questions play a fundamental role in grazia deledda ' s cosima, the " autobiographical novel " published posthumously


what was their understanding of womanhood ; and, most of all, how the vocation of writing itself changed them. all these questions play a fundamental role in grazia deledda ' s cosima, the " autobiographical novel " published posthumously in 1836. ( 3 ) deledda, too, wrote for money and was quite successful as a writer : she was both widely popular and recognized by highbrow critics. this is only one of her many paradoxes. much has been said about why she was awarded the nobel prize for literature in 1926. some even say that mussolini had something to do with it - - choosing her being safer than choosing pirandello ( wood 58 ). however, deledda ' s work was much admired ( d. h. lawrence being just one among her many fans ). especially when one considers the predilection of those times for anything ethnic or ethnographic, it becomes easier to understand what made her so popular and a la page. all things considered, grazia deledda ' s case is rather anomalous. as it has been noticed on several occasions, there isn ' t much recent research on deledda ' s work. could it be that deledda ' s appeal, despite the huge success of her work in her lifetime, had simply died out? could she be, in a word, passee? although some excellent articles on her appeared in the last decade, most studies on deledda as a woman writer go back to the ' 70s - - the decade that gave the first major push to research in women ' s studies. it may have been just a passing fancy, an attempt to embrace a woman writer who may simply be unyielding to such a kind of reading. in fact, a great scholar of italian women ' s writing such as sharon wood has claimed that deledda ' s appeal, nowadays, lies in very different aspects than those that brought her fame and the nobel prize. ( 4 ) it is in the very heart of deledda ' s paradoxes that a revisitation …


accessmylibrary provides free access to millions of articles from top publications available through your library. contents background capital flows and the dollar the u. s. balance of payments the u. s. net international investment position implications february 5, 2010 the u. s. merchandise trade deficit is a part of the overall u. s. balance of payments, a summary statement of all economic transactions between the residents of the united states and the rest of the world, during a given period of time. some members of congress and other observers have grown concerned over the magnitude of the u. s. merchandise trade deficit and the associated increase in u. s. dollar - denominated assets owned by foreigners. the current slowdown in global economic activity has reduced global trade flows and, consequently, reduced the size of the u. s. trade deficit. this report provides an overview of the u. s. balance of payments, an explanation of the broader role of capital flows in the u. s. economy, an explanation of how the country finances its trade deficit or a trade surplus, and the implications for congress and the country of the large inflows of capital from abroad. the major observations indicate that : * foreign official and private investors sharply increased their purchases of u. s. treasury securities in 2008 in response to uncertainty associated with disruptions in global financial markets. during the same period, foreign private investors sharply reduced their purchases of u. s. corporate stocks and bonds compared with 2007. * the inflow of capital from abroad supplements domestic sources of capital and likely allows the united states to maintain its current level of economic activity at interest rates that are below the level they likely would be without the capital inflows. * foreign official and private acquisitions of dollar - denominated assets likely will generate a stream of returns to overseas investors that would have stayed in the u. s. economy and supplemented other domestic sources of capital had the assets not been acquired by foreign investors. by standard convention, the balance of payments accounts are based on a double - entry bookkeeping system. as a result, each transaction that is entered into the accounts as a credit must have a corresponding debit and vice versa. this means that a surplus or deficit in one part of the accounts necessarily will be offset by a deficit or surplus, respectively, in another account so that, overall, the accounts are in balance. this convention also means that a deficit in one account, such as the merchandise trade account, is not necessarily the same as a debt. ( 1 ) the trade deficit


, respectively, in another account so that, overall, the accounts are in balance. this convention also means that a deficit in one account, such as the merchandise trade account, is not necessarily the same as a debt. ( 1 ) the trade deficit can become a debt equivalent depending on how the deficit is financed and the expectations of those who hold the offsetting dollar - denominated u. s. assets. the balance of payments accounts are divided into three main sections : the current account, which includes the exports and imports of goods and services and personal and government transfer payments ; the capital account, which includes such capital transfers as international debt forgiveness ; and the financial account, which includes official transactions in financial assets and private transactions in financial assets and direct investment in businesses and real estate. when the basic structure of the balance of payments was established, merchandise trade transactions dominated the accounts. financial transactions recorded in the capital accounts generally reflected the payments and receipts of funds that corresponded to the importing and exporting of goods and services. as a result, the capital accounts generally represented " accommodating " transactions, or financial transactions associated directly with the buying and selling of goods and services. during this early period, exchange rates between currencies were fixed, and private capital flows, such as foreign investment, were heavily regulated so that nearly all international flows of funds were associated with merchandise trade transactions and with some limited government transactions. since the 1970s, however, private capital flows have grown markedly as countries have liberalized their rules governing overseas investing and as nations have adopted a system of floating exchange rates, where the rates are set by market forces. floating exchange rates have spurred demand for the dollar. the dollar also is sought for investment purposes as it has become a vehicle itself for investment and speculation. this means that the balance of payments record not only the accommodating flows of capital which correspond to imports and exports of goods and services, but also autonomous flows of capital that are induced by a broad range of economic factors that are unrelated directly to the trading of merchandise goods. capital flows and the dollar liberalized capital flows and floating exchange rates have greatly expanded the amount of autonomous capital flows between countries. these capital transactions are undertaken in response to commercial incentives or political considerations that are independent of the overall balance of payments or of particular accounts. as a result of these transactions, national economies have become more closely linked, the process some refer to as " globalization. " the data in table 1 provide selected indicators of the relative sizes of the various capital markets in various countries and


of particular accounts. as a result of these transactions, national economies have become more closely linked, the process some refer to as " globalization. " the data in table 1 provide selected indicators of the relative sizes of the various capital markets in various countries and regions and the relative importance of international foreign exchange markets. in 2008, these markets amounted to nearly $ 700 trillion, or more than 30 times the size of the u. s. economy. worldwide, foreign exchange and interest rate derivatives, which are the most widely used hedges against movements in currencies, were valued at $ 486 trillion in 2008, 50 % larger than the combined total of all public and private bonds, equities, and bank assets. for the united states, such derivatives total nearly three times as much as all u. s. bonds, equities, and bank assets. another aspect of capital mobility and capital inflows is the impact such capital flows have on the international exchange value of the dollar. demand for u. s. assets, such as financial securities, translates into demand for the dollar, since u. s. securities are denominated in dollars. as demand for the dollar rises or falls according to overall demand for dollar - denominated assets, the value of the dollar changes. these exchange rate changes, in turn, have secondary effects on the prices of u. s. and foreign goods, which tend to alter the u. s. trade balance. at times, foreign governments have intervened in international capital markets to acquire the dollar directly or to acquire treasury securities in order to strengthen the value of the dollar against particular currencies. in addition, various central banks moved aggressively following the asian financial crisis in the 1990s to bolster their holdings of dollars in order to use the dollars to support their currencies should the need arise. the dollar is also heavily traded in financial markets around the globe and, at times, plays the role of a global currency. disruptions in this role have important implications for the united states and for the smooth functioning of the international financial system. during the decade preceding the current financial crisis, banks and other financial institutions expanded their global balance sheets from $ 10 trillion in 2000 to $ 34 trillion in 2007. these assets were comprised primarily of dollar - denominated claims on non - bank entities, including retail and corporate lending, loans to hedge funds, and holdings of structured finance products based on u. s. mortgages and other underlying assets. as the crisis unfolded, the short - term dollar funding markets served as a


adenoid cystic carcinoma ( acc ) is a rare malignancy of secretory glands, typically originating in the salivary glands though it does appear in other primary sites, including the palate, nasopharynx, tongue base, larynx, trachea, lacrimal gland, breast and vulva. there are approximately 1, 200 new cases of acc diagnosed each year in the united states, about 60 % of which involve women. this cancer has a slow, and sometimes relentless, progression characterized by frequent recurrences and metastases to sites such as the lungs, liver and bones. cancer researchers point to genetic alterations as the underlying cause of all cancers. only a small portion ( perhaps 10 % ) of cancers is believed to be inherited, and acc is not one of these inheritable cancers. rather, as with the vast majority of cancers, acc appears to develop from genetic alterations caused by a person´s environment, such as through exposure to radiation or carcinogens. unlike some other cancers of the head and neck, acc is not linked to tobacco or alcohol use or infection by the human papilloma virus. although the definitive cause of acc is not known at the moment, there is very strong evidence that acc tumor cells are driven by the presence of too much of a protein called “ myb ”. accrf - affiliated researchers are undertaking extensive studies to understand how to interfere with the molecular pathways that permit “ myb ” to spur tumor growth. undoubtedly, better understanding of the biology of acc will lead to better treatments for patients.


like many of you, i am now at my race weight. i was thinking the other day about how easy it is for me to eat healthy foods and control portions right now. i ' m not depriving myself of baked goods, but i control portion size and / or decrease another treat somewhere else. i know how to eat healthy ; i ' m doing it. and the best part is my current eating pattern doesn ' t take iron will or starvation. then i start to think, ' eating this way is easy for me — i could keep it up forever. ' the problem is, i ' ve said the last sentence to myself in previous fall and winter seasons. it seems that the multitude of changes that occur in winter create havoc for my nutritional resolve. talking about the issue with athletes on my sunday group ride, others expressed the same problem with winter weight gain. we began theorizing about what changes in fall and winter would make us feel like we cannot control the foods we eat or the portion sizes. why is it that so many of us gain weight in the winter? here are some of our thoughts : for many, exercise volume decreases not only in sport but in life as well. there are fewer long rides, no lawns to mow and less walking about outside. - as daylight hours decrease and it gets colder, most of us get less sunlight exposure and vitamin d. certainly less daylight can have a serious effect on people with seasonal affective disorder ( sad ), but does this change affect everyone ' s appetite? or, are there people who don ' t suffer from sad but who are more affected by short days? do hormones play a role? - some sources note that low levels of vitamin d cause weight gain. should we supplement with vitamin d through winter? it is possible to overdose on d, however, so caution is a must. - do we eat more processed, lower nutrient foods in winter, which causes our bodies to crave more food to make up the deficit? - experts say that cold weather increases the appetite for foods that warm the body quickly, like sugars and carbohydrates. cold salads are less appealing. creamy clam chowder and buttered cornbread is a much more pleasing choice when it ' s chilly out. this short list is a start. the big question is : what can you do about it? what changes can we make, or plan to make, that will keep our winter weight gain in the three - pound range rather than six? coming from a rich


in the museum : buck rogers in the 21st century the reality of spaceflight is tangible ; a spacecraft or flight spare enables us to preserve the technology involved in a mars landing so that future generations can understand how it was done. but how do you preserve a " sensation " so that future generations will appreciate its impact on society? - by bob craddock - air & space magazine, may 2002 philip frances nowlan may not be one of the biggest names in science fiction, but he is the creator of one of the biggest science fiction cartoon characters — buck rogers, a figure synonymous with spaceflight. rogers has found a permanent home at the national air and space museum ; in 1996, the museum acquired a wide - ranging collection of memorabilia that documents this pop culture icon. in an article entitled “ armageddon — 2419 a. d., ” which he wrote for the august 1927 issue of amazing stories, nowlan introduced anthony “ buck ” rogers, an ordinary man whose job is to inspect abandoned coal mines for radioactive gases. on one inspection the mine collapses, and rogers is trapped in a chamber full of the gases. eventually he loses consciousness, but the gases keep him alive, and he awakes nearly 500 years later. after adjusting to the shock of his situation, rogers discovers that the united states has been conquered by mongolians, who rule the country from floating cities while forcing americans to hide in the forests below. unknown to the mongolians, however, the americans have become organized, secretly making technological advances. now, along with rogers, they are about to launch the second war of independence. the editor of amazing stories, hugo gernsback, prophesied that many of the devices described by nowlan, such as the jet airplane and the walkie - talkie, would “ no doubt come true, ” and that the tale would become more popular over time. he was right on all predictions. on january 7, 1929, “ buck rogers in the 25th century ” debuted as the first syndicated science fiction comic strip, and it quickly became a huge hit. by 1932, a buck rogers radio program was airing four times a week. commercial spinoffs, including toy ray guns, games, uniforms, tin spaceships, and trading cards, were sold everywhere. and buck ’ s success also inspired several cartoon copycats, including flash gordon and captain midnight. when the buck rogers film series debuted in 1939, both young and old stood in lines for hours to buy tickets. buck rogers mania foreshadowed the fan worship of such


success also inspired several cartoon copycats, including flash gordon and captain midnight. when the buck rogers film series debuted in 1939, both young and old stood in lines for hours to buy tickets. buck rogers mania foreshadowed the fan worship of such science fiction favorites as star trek and star wars, and it no doubt encouraged the dreams of the generation of americans who would ultimately make spaceflight a reality. all of this creates an interesting problem for the museum. the reality of spaceflight is tangible ; a spacecraft or flight spare enables us to preserve the technology involved in a mars landing so that future generations can understand how it was done. but how do you preserve a “ sensation ” so that future generations will appreciate its impact on society? that task has fallen to frank winter, a museum curator of space history. as a boy in new york, winter grew up watching “ captain video and his video rangers ” ( 1949 – 55 ) on television. each week captain video would climb on board the galaxy ii and rocket to another planet in a never - ending battle against “ crime, tyranny, injustice and the unreasoning fury of nature! ” winter remembers that once the show ’ s actors came to a theater in his neighborhood, where they performed a skit and talked to the kids afterward. to this day, winter remains a captain video fan. it ’ s an interest that serves him well in his job at the museum, where he is curator of rocketry and popular culture. he is responsible for thousands of artifacts, ranging from star wars trading cards to apollo saturn v rockets. winter had long felt that buck rogers and other early space heroes were a part of american spaceflight history worth examining, and he wanted to acquire some memorabilia. unfortunately, because of their rarity and price, many important objects remained in the hands of private collectors. that situation changed in 1996 when the museum was approached by michael o ’ harro, a successful restaurateur who had collected more than 2, 200 space toys. would the museum be interested? “ i was astounded, “ recalls winter, after he had inspected the collection. “ it was like walking into tut ’ s tomb! ” over the years, o ’ harro had collected many rare items, including original comic strips, a buck rogers watch, tin spaceships, lead figures, games, trading cards, and a prototype ray gun that was used to create a production toy. although most centered on buck rogers, there were also items based on flash gordon and even captain video.


buck rogers watch, tin spaceships, lead figures, games, trading cards, and a prototype ray gun that was used to create a production toy. although most centered on buck rogers, there were also items based on flash gordon and even captain video. o ’ harro ’ s collection spanned the entire history of space toys, from buck rogers in the 1920s to star wars in the 1980s. winter felt that every bit of it belonged in the museum. then the work began. each object in the museum ’ s collection must be entered into a database that contains information about the physical characteristics of the object and as much historical information as possible. a simple buck rogers trading card, for example, requires as much basic paperwork as a flight - qualified saturn v. as a result of o ’ harro ’ s generosity, the museum now has an excellent core collection that will give future generations an opportunity to learn about buck rogers ’ appeal. winter points out, however, that the collection is not complete. “ it would be nice to find a buck rogers bike and some flying suits, ” he muses. then he smiles and says, “ a few more captain video objects would also be nice. ” — bob craddock is a planetary geologist at the national air and space museum ’ s center for earth and planetary studies.


1 ) site of the holy temple the western wall is a surviving remnant of the temple mount in jerusalem, which was destroyed by the romans in 70 ce. the temple was the center of the spiritual world, the main conduit for the flow of godliness. when the temple stood, the world was filled with awe of god and appreciation for the genius of the torah. jewish tradition teaches that all of creation began in jerusalem. the epicenter is mount moriah, known by mystics as " the watering stone. " the name " moriah " is actually a play on words : " moriah is the place from which torah instruction ( horah ) goes forth ; from where fear of heaven ( yirah ) goes forth ; from where light ( orah ) goes forth. " it is here, on mount moriah, that isaac was bound for sacrifice. and it is here that his son jacob dreamed of the ladder ascending to heaven. although other parts of the temple mount retaining wall remain standing, the western wall is especially dear, as it is the spot closest to the holy of holies, the central focus of the temple. 2 ) eternal symbol the sages prophesied that even after the temple ' s destruction, the divine presence would never leave the western wall, and that the wall will never be destroyed. the wall is endowed with everlasting sanctity, as the talmud says : " and i will make your sanctuaries desolate " ( leviticus 26 : 31 ) – this means that the sanctuaries retain their sanctity even when they are desolate. jerusalem was destroyed and rebuilt nine times. and through it all, one symbol remained intact : the western wall. in establishing the eternal covenant with abraham, god promised that the jewish people will never be destroyed ( genesis 17 : 7 ). in this way, the wall is a symbol of the jewish people : just as there have been many efforts to destroy the wall and yet it remains eternal, so too the jewish people have outlived its enemies and remain eternal. the wall thus became the symbol of both devastation and of hope. as mark twain wrote : "... other peoples have sprung up and held their torch high for a time, but it burned out, and they sit in twilight now, or have vanished. the jew saw them all, beat them all... all things are mortal but the jew ; all other forces pass, but he remains. what is the secret of his immortality? " 3 ) place of pilgrimage and


now, or have vanished. the jew saw them all, beat them all... all things are mortal but the jew ; all other forces pass, but he remains. what is the secret of his immortality? " 3 ) place of pilgrimage and tears three thousand years ago, king david purchased mount moriah and made jerusalem his capital. his son solomon built the holy temple, and the entire jewish nation gathered together three times each year on the pilgrimage festivals. jerusalem became the focus of the non - jewish world as well. ancient maps show jerusalem at the epicenter of asia, europe and africa. non - jews, drawn by a magnetic spiritual power, brought offerings to the temple. when king solomon built the temple, he specifically asked god to heed the prayers of non - jews who come to the temple ( 1 - kings 8 : 41 - 43 ). in the words of the prophet isaiah, this was " a house of prayer for all nations. " the service in the holy temple during the week of sukkot featured a total of 70 bull offerings, corresponding to each of the 70 nations of the world. in fact, the talmud says that if the romans ( who destroyed the temple ) would have realized how much benefit they received from the temple, they never would have destroyed it. during the 1, 900 - year exile, jews would travel to jerusalem at great expense and danger, just to have the chance to pray at the wall. in the face of disease, lack of water, and marauding bandits, the jews refused to abandon jerusalem. barred by law or wiped out by crusaders, the jews always returned. the talmud teaches that when the temple was destroyed, all the gates of heaven were closed, except for one : the gate of tears. at the wall, jews have always poured their hearts out to god. thus it became known as the " wailing wall " because of the centuries of endless tears, shed by jews yearning to rebuild jerusalem. 4 ) focus of prayers three times a day, for thousands of years, jewish prayers from around the world have been directed toward the temple mount. kabbalistic tradition says that all prayers from around the world ascend to this spot, from where they then ascend to heaven. the talmud says : " if someone is praying outside the land of israel, he should direct his heart in the direction of israel. when praying within israel, direct the heart toward jerusalem. those in jerusalem should direct their hearts to the temple. throughout the millennia, jews from far reaches of the globe have turned


land of israel, he should direct his heart in the direction of israel. when praying within israel, direct the heart toward jerusalem. those in jerusalem should direct their hearts to the temple. throughout the millennia, jews from far reaches of the globe have turned in prayer toward jerusalem. at each jewish wedding, the groom breaks a glass to commemorate the destruction of the holy temple. and we close each passover seder with the resonating words – " next year in jerusalem. " as rabbi judah halevy poignantly said : " i am in the west, but my heart is in the east ( jerusalem ). " 5 ) built with love and dedication when the temple was being built, the work was divided among different sectors of the population. the building of the western wall fell to the poor, and they worked hard to construct it, as they could not afford to hire laborers to do their work for them. when the enemy destroyed the temple, the angels descended from on high and – spreading their wings over the wall – said : " this wall, the work of the poor, shall never be destroyed. " ( from " legends of the land of israel " ) 6 ) site of jewish heroism when the first and second temples were destroyed, and during the bar kochba revolt, israel ' s heroes fought like lions for every stone of the temple. when the maccabees defeated the syrian - greeks, the first thing they did was to purify the temple and light the holy menorah. this has served as the example of jewish bravery ever since. in the 1948 arab - israeli war, when the ceasefire lines were drawn, jerusalem was divided and jews were once again banished from the western wall, permitted only to gaze across the barbed wire from afar... across the endless expanse of time. in the six day war, israeli paratroopers entered the old city through the lion ' s gate. " har habayit b ' yadeinu! " – came the triumphant cry – " the temple mount is in our hands! " amidst shofar blasts, grown men wept and danced at the western wall. after 2, 000 years, jerusalem was finally united under jewish control, with free access for all. the western wall is no mere historical asset. it is the jewish root – the deepest roots that any people has. elsewhere, we grope for insight. at the western wall, as we water the wall with our tears and melt the stones with our kisses, we achieve clarity and define who we are –


science fair project encyclopedia anatolia ( greek : ανατολη anatole or anatoli, " rising of the sun " or " east " ; compare " orient " and " levant ", by popular etymology turkish anadolu to ana " mother " and dolu " filled " ), also called by the latin name of asia minor, is a region of southwest asia which corresponds today to the asian portion of turkey. because of its strategic location at the intersection of asia and europe, anatolia has been a cradle for several civilizations since prehistoric ages, with neolithic settlements such as catal hoyuk ( pottery neolithic ), cayonu ( pre - pottery neolithic a to pottery neolithic ), nevali cori ( ppn b ), hacilar ( pottery neolithic ), gobekli tepe ( ppn a ) and mersin. the settlement of troy starts in the neolithic, but continues up into the iron age. major civilizations and peoples that have settled in or conquered anatolia include the hattians, luwians, hittites, phrygians, cimmerians, lydians, persians, celts, tabals, meshechs, greeks, pelasgians, armenians, romans, goths, kurds, byzantines, seljuk turks and ottomans. these peoples belonged to many varied ethnic and linguistic traditions. through recorded history, anatolians have spoken both indo - european and semitic languages, as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation. in fact, given the antiquity of the indo - european hittite and luwian languages, some scholars have proposed anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the indo - european languages have radiated. other authors have proposed an anatolian origin for the etruscans of ancient italy. today the inhabitants of anatolia are mostly native speakers of the turkish language, which was introduced with the conquest of anatolia by turkic peoples and the rise of the ottoman empire in the 13th century. however, anatolia remained multi - ethnic until the early 20th century ( see young turks ). a significant kurdish ethnic and linguistic minority still exists in the southern regions. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details