the burning of fossil fuels like coal, gas and oil releases particles into the atmosphere. when fossil fuels are not burned completely, they produce black carbon - - otherwise known as soot. soot looks like a black or brown powder and though it ' s made up of tiny particles, it can have a big impact on climate. black carbon stays in the atmosphere for several days to weeks and then settles out onto the ground. it can be produced from natural causes like when lightning causes a forest fire. most black carbon results from human practices like slash and burn methods for clearing land, using diesel engines, and industrial processes that burn coal, gas and oil, and coal burning in homes. black carbon is produced around the world and the type of soot produced varies by region. black carbon adds to global warming in two ways. first, when soot enters the atmosphere, it absorbs sunlight and generates heat, warming the air. second, when soot settles on snow and ice, it makes the surface darker, so the surface absorbs more sunlight and generates heat. this warming causes more snow and ice to melt, in what can be a vicious cycle. black carbon lowers the albedo of a surface. scientists use the term " albedo " as an indicator of the amount of energy reflected by a surface. albedo is measured on a scale from zero to one ( or sometimes as a percent ). - very dark colors have an albedo close to zero ( or close to 0 % ). - very light colors have an albedo close to one ( or close to 100 % ). soot is dark in color, and so has a low albedo and reflects only a small fraction of the sun ' s energy. forests have low albedo, near 0. 15. snow and ice, on the other hand, are very light in color. they have very high albedo, as high as 0. 8 or 0. 9, so they reflect most of the solar energy that gets to them, absorbing very little. the more dark surfaces on earth, the less solar energy is reflected and this means more warming as more solar radiation is absorbed. soot makes surfaces ( or the atmosphere ) darker and so adds to global warming. scientists say that black carbon emissions are the second largest factor in global warming, after carbon dioxide. reducing black carbon is one of the fastest ways for slowing global warming. luckily, many policies have been put in place to lessen black carbon around the world, and the technology needed to lessen black carbon already exists


winnipeg free press - print edition faces of the aboriginal community born in 1737 at the prince of wales fort, he was taken in by the chief factor to live there after his father died. he became a " leading indian " of churchill and became the middleman between the hudson ' s bay co. traders and the aboriginal people. he guided samuel hearne to the coppermine river in the northwest territories from 1770 to 1772 and was credited with making the expedition a success because he helped the explorers live off the land. he committed suicide in 1782 after he witnessed the french destroy the fort. he was born in 1774 near present - day sault ste. marie before leading his people west to settle at netley creek. he was a friend to the selkirk settlers and warned governor semple about plans by the nor ' westers to destroy the red river settlement, advice that semple ignored, costing him and 20 others their lives at the battle of seven oaks. peguis later helped lord selkirk make treaties with the cree and saulteaux and was presented with a treaty medal for his help. he later was given an annual pension from the hudson ' s bay co. a missionary persuaded peguis and some of his people to settle in the st. peter ' s area north of present - day selkirk. after being baptized into the anglican church, he took the name william king, and his children used the last name prince. he died in 1864. he was born in 1793 in what is now saskatchewan. his his mother was aboriginal and his father scottish and a partner in the north west co. he moved to montreal after his father died in 1799 and returned with the north west co. to be in charge of an outpost on the qu ' appelle river in 1812. he was a leader of the metis. he led the bois - brules at the battle of seven oaks in 1816 and was sent to montreal the next year to face murder charges. after being cleared, he went west again and was later employed by the hudson ' s bay co. he built one of the first water mills on the assiniboine river until he received a grant of land at present - day st. francois xavier to found a settlement known as grantown, where several metis joined him. he died in 1854 and is buried in the church in st. franßois xavier. grant avenue is named for him and grant ' s old mill is a recreation of his mill. he is known today as the captain in the former captain kennedy ' s tea house, now the maple


in the church in st. franßois xavier. grant avenue is named for him and grant ' s old mill is a recreation of his mill. he is known today as the captain in the former captain kennedy ' s tea house, now the maple grove tea room in kennedy house. he was born in 1813 to a hudson ' s bay co. chief factor and an aboriginal woman. he was educated in orkney, scotland, and was later employed by the hbc. he left the hbc to go into business for himself and later commanded two of the search expeditions for sir john franklin, discovering the bellot strait and being the first to use dogs and sleds from an exploring ship. he settled in the house along the red river in 1861 and was a founding member of the historical society of manitoba. he died in 1890. he first came to the hudson ' s bay co. post in churchill in 1824. he joined capt. john franklin ' s overland expedition in 1825 and then joined the hbc in 1827, where he helped open trade to the inuit. he helped interpret for the peter dease and thomas simpson expedition in 1839 to the mackenzie and coppermine rivers and then for the john rae expedition in 1846. he always maintained his identity as an inuit, refusing to go to church and always insisting at least one other inuit had to go on an expedition with him. ooligbuck point in the northwest territories is named in his honour. he died in 1852. he was a politician. he was born in 1828 at edmonton house, educated at the red river settlement and was hired by the hudson ' s bay co. he was appointed to the council of assiniboia in 1868 and then served as a member of the manitoba legislative council until 1876. from 1871 to 1874, he served as speaker and then agricultureminister after re - election in 1877. he was a founder of the winnipeg board of trade. he died in 1879. he was born in st. boniface in 1844 and is considered the founder of manitoba. he was educated at the red river settlement and the college of montreal. returning to the red river settlement, he became involved in the issue of possible canadian annexation of the settlement and ended up leading the metis opposition. he became president of the national committee of the metis, and under his leadership, a provisional government was formed. because of the execution of thomas scott, riel was forced to flee into the united states. even though he was elected mp for provencher in both 1873 and 1874, he couldn ' t


, and under his leadership, a provisional government was formed. because of the execution of thomas scott, riel was forced to flee into the united states. even though he was elected mp for provencher in both 1873 and 1874, he couldn ' t take his seat. he was granted amnesty as long as he stayed in the u. s. for five years. he was asked by settlers in saskatchewan to lead them against the canadian government in 1884, culminating in the north - west rebellion a year later. after the defeat at batoche, he was tried for treason and hanged. he was buried in the st. boniface cathedral cemetery and is commemorated by a manitoba holiday in february and riel avenue. william berens ( tabasigizikweas ) he was born in 1866, the son of chief jacob berens. he was chief of the berens river first nation from 1917 until he died in 1947. he allowed an anthropologist to work in his community during the 1930s, so the world learned about his people ' s history and culture. he helped open commercial fishing on lake winnipeg to aboriginals. during the second world war, he created controversy by refusing to let his people join the military. instead, he allowed them to alleviate labour shortages by working on farms to harvest crops. angelique and marguerite nolan the sisters were born in the 1800s in sault ste. marie and were educated by the sisters of the congregation of notre dame in montreal. after the pair returned here, bishop provencher asked them to run the first formal catholic school for aboriginal girls here. the school opened in 1829, and they ran it until 1834. they then travelled back to quebec, where they started another school to integrate the aboriginal and metis way of life with a catholic education. they also worked there and translated an ojibwa dictionary and several other textbooks into aboriginal languages. she was born in 1898 and baptized fanny beardy. she was adopted by a teacher from england who worked at the residential school in norway house. the pair moved to vancouver, where she studied elocution and won medals at contests organized by the woman ' s christian temperance union. she toured, giving lectures and performing legends and character portrayals of aboriginal people. she died of tuberculosis in 1928. he was born in 1915 and was the grandson of chief peguis. he was a member of the legendary devil ' s brigade fighting unit in the second world war and was decorated with 10 medals, becoming the country ' s most decorated aboriginal soldier of the second world war. he served


was the grandson of chief peguis. he was a member of the legendary devil ' s brigade fighting unit in the second world war and was decorated with 10 medals, becoming the country ' s most decorated aboriginal soldier of the second world war. he served again in the korean war. in later life, he lived in poverty and died in 1977. she was born in grand marais in 1921. she moved to selkirk and worked for the town for 20 years also volunteering at the selkirk friendship centre and the manitoba metis federation. she held an annual christmas dinner for the needy that routinely fed 200 people. she was a senator with the manitoba metis federation. she was honoured with the order of the buffalo hunt and was named selkirk woman of the year. she died in 2002. he was born in 1926 at sagkeeng and went to the residential school there. he worked various jobs in the community until being elected chief in 1965. he helped form the manitoba indian brotherhood and was elected its first president in 1968, focusing on community development programs for northern manitoba and communication between winnipeg and northern communities until retiring in 1974. he was the province ' s first grand chief in 1971. he was the first aboriginal person to receive an honorary doctorate from the university of manitoba, and he received the order of canada in 1987. he died in 1992. she was born in 1928 and spent part of her childhood in the tuberculosis sanatorium in saskatchewan. she was the first aboriginal to receive a nursing degree at the holy family hospital in prince albert. she worked as a nurse, then went on to develop aboriginal organizations. she served as executive director of the indian - metis friendship centre in winnipeg and head of the department of indian health studies at the university of regina. she was given the jean goodwill award by the manitoba indian nurses association, an award created in her honour. goodwill died in 1997. she was born at the sioux valley dakota nation in 1929 and suffered abuse as a child at the elkhorn residential school. when she was 16, she began working as a housekeeper in a hospital in south dakota. after getting married, she returned to manitoba and later became a drug - and alcohol - abuse counsellor for the friendship centre and co - ordinator of the national native alcohol and drug abuse program. she also worked with numerous organizations, including agassiz youth centre, alcoholics anonymous and alateen. she was awarded many honours, including the governor general ' s award, the order of manitoba, the canada 125 medal for outstanding citizenship and the national aboriginal achievement


with numerous organizations, including agassiz youth centre, alcoholics anonymous and alateen. she was awarded many honours, including the governor general ' s award, the order of manitoba, the canada 125 medal for outstanding citizenship and the national aboriginal achievement award. she died in 2009 and is commemorated by the gladys cook educational centre. she was born at pine creek reserve in 1929 and attended residential school until she was 18. she pioneered the first native court communicators program by using her ojibwa language to help aboriginals understand the law and the court system. she was appointed the canadian delegate to the fifth united nations congress in geneva, switzerland, and spoke on women, youth and aboriginal people. she worked or volunteered for numerous organizations, including the indian and metis friendship centre, the native clan organization, the main street project and the province ' s correctional institutions. she was inducted into the order of the buffalo hunt and received a national aboriginal achievement award. she died in 2007. he was a metis leader. born in 1931, he was a trapper and guide before becoming involved in metis politics. he was a founder of the manitoba metis federation and served as vice - president before being elected president in 1975. he received the order of manitoba and the order of the metis nation and was named an mmf senator. he died in 2009. he was considered one of the best old - time fiddlers in the country. he was born in 1939 and picked up the fiddle at five. he won numerous awards through the years including fiddle champion at the manitoba indian days for eight years running. his album, skiffle fiddle, was named the best fiddle cd at the canadian aboriginal music awards in 1996. he died in 2009. john joseph ( j. j. ) harper he was executive director of the island lake tribal council. he was shot and killed in 1988 by a winnipeg police officer after being mistaken for a young car thief. the slaying helped spark the province ' s aboriginal justice inquiry, which recommended sweeping changes to the system. she was born at the chemawawin cree nation in ontario in 1955 and came to manitoba when the community was relocated here eight years later. she became a nurse and rose to become president of the manitoba indian nurses association and president of the national aboriginal nurses association in 1978. she was integral in creating the kekinan centre, the first senior citizens home for aboriginal people in the province and the first in a canadian city. she died in 1986. he was born in churchill and raised in rankin inlet, nunav


1978. she was integral in creating the kekinan centre, the first senior citizens home for aboriginal people in the province and the first in a canadian city. she died in 1986. he was born in churchill and raised in rankin inlet, nunavut, by his inuit father and his mother of ukrainian descent. he has played hockey for the brandon wheat kings and was the first player of inuit descent to play in a regular - season nhl game when he began playing for the nashville predators in 2003. niigaanwewidam james sinclair he is from the site of the former peguis first nation north of winnipeg. he now lives in winnipeg, where he teaches at the university of manitoba and is a writer. his works have appeared in prairie fire and tales from moccasin avenue : an anthology of native stories. he writes a monthly column published in urban ndn, the city ' s former alternative aboriginal newspaper, and is a regular contributor to the winnipeg free press. he is the owner of asham curling supplies, which, besides selling curling equipment, also outfits championship curling teams around the world. he is the founder of the asham stompers, which preserves the history of the metis people by dancing the red river jig. he is the commissioner of the treaty relations commission of manitoba. he is from the opaskwayak cree nation in the pas. he was the director of education of ocn and he has a master ' s of education administration from the university of manitoba. he served in the u. s. army ' s special operations and received the distinguished honour graduate award. he received national and provincial environmental awards for his outdoor education program at ocn ' s joe a. ross school. he writes a monthly column for the winnipeg free press. she grew up in brandon and was the first metis woman to graduate with a four - year bachelor of arts degree in world religion at brandon university. she has hosted a radio program, the word, for streetz 104. 7 fm in winnipeg, and was the primary author of the education resource book for the manitoba museum exhibit first nations as first farmers. she ran provincially for the green party. he was vice - president of the manitoba warriors and was imprisoned for more than three years in federal penitentiaries. he began his career in film and television by enrolling in the city ' s aboriginal broadcast training initiative. he was a puppet wrangler on the children ' s tv series tipi tales and has directed the films patrick ross in 2005, walk to the


began his career in film and television by enrolling in the city ' s aboriginal broadcast training initiative. he was a puppet wrangler on the children ' s tv series tipi tales and has directed the films patrick ross in 2005, walk to the beat of the drum in 2006 and sister in 2007. from the keeseekoowenin ojibwa first nation and winnipeg, she is a singer - songwriter. she received five nominations at the aboriginal people ' s choice music awards in 2006 and was named best female artist at the canadian aboriginal music awards in 2007. he was named by postmedia news as one of nine aboriginal movers and shakers you should know. while working at the cbc, he hosted 8th fire, won an adrienne clarkson rtnda award and was nominated for a gemini award. his hip - hop career has garnered him an aboriginal people ' s choice music award. he is now the director of indigenous inclusion at the university of winnipeg. she graduated from the university of winnipeg with a ba in environmental studies and international studies and from the university of manitoba with an ma in native studies. she was the director of justice for the southern chiefs organization. she is now a special adviser on aboriginal women ' s issues in the province ' s aboriginal and northern affairs department. she was born in northern manitoba and went to school in saskatchewan. she worked in journalism before moving to winnipeg in 1977. she founded ka ni kanichihk to support women and their families and is its executive director. she was a principal founder of mother of red nations women ' s council of manitoba and was on the executive of the native women ' s association of canada. she founded the aboriginal youth achievement awards. she has been granted an honorary doctorate from the university of winnipeg and received the order of manitoba earlier this year. gerry st. germain he was born in manitoba - - a direct descendant of cuthbert grant - - and grew up near the former grantown near st. franßois xavier. he was a winnipeg police officer before moving to vancouver and going into real estate development and farming. he was elected a tory mp in 1983 and was the first metis to be appointed to the federal cabinet when he served as minister of state for transport and forestry. he was president of the progressive conservative party of canada. he was named to the senate by prime minister mulroney in 1993, serving there until retiring earlier this year at age 75. he is a metis author who holds the canada research chair in narrative, community and indigenous cultures at the university of manitoba ' s


was named to the senate by prime minister mulroney in 1993, serving there until retiring earlier this year at age 75. he is a metis author who holds the canada research chair in narrative, community and indigenous cultures at the university of manitoba ' s faculty of arts. he is an associate professor of english at the university and has written books, including the exalted company of roadside martyrs and lake of the prairies, which won the drainie - taylor prize for biography. he has served on the jury for the scotiabank giller prize. she is from south indian lake and works as a broadcaster and writer. she has worked at aptn, cbc and global and currently works at nci - fm. she has won a blizzard award and an award from the native american journalism association. she wrote a book of poetry, this is a small northern town, which won the aqua books lansdowne prize for poetry in 2009. he is a metis comedian based in winnipeg who has headlined festivals. his ryan mcmahon : unreserved television comedy special on cbc made him the first native comedian every to have an hour - long comedy special on cbc tv. he is a winnipeg city councillor. he began boxing at 15 and was the no. 1 - ranked canadian middleweight in 1983. he later became a youth worker at the ma mawi wi chi itata centre, received a social work degree at the university of manitoba and was vice - president of the old st. boniface residents association. he was elected a city councillor in 1995. he ran unsuccessfully for mayor against sam katz in 2004 after glen murray resigned. he was re - elected to council in 2006. she was born in ottawa in 1990 and moved to winnipeg with her family the same year. she began busking at the forks and in 2002 became the youth ambassador for the manitoba campaign to ban land mines. she released spirit of the strings, an instrumental fiddle album, in 2005, and her vocal release, possibilities, in 2008. she won the vina del mar international song festival with her song try anything in 2011. she has been honoured with the queen ' s golden jubilee medal and the premier ' s volunteer services award. she was born in winnipeg and is the granddaughter of olympic long - distance runner joe keeper and daughter of joseph keeper, who has received the order of canada. she acted in north of 60 as rcmp officer michelle kenidi and starred in the short docudrama for angela. she was elected liberal mp for churchill in 2006. she lost the next election and is now a


has received the order of canada. she acted in north of 60 as rcmp officer michelle kenidi and starred in the short docudrama for angela. she was elected liberal mp for churchill in 2006. she lost the next election and is now a partner in kistikan pictures. she has been honoured with the order of manitoba. also known as c - weed, he is a singer - songwriter. his cover of evangeline was no. 1 on the canadian country music chart in 1980 and his next single, high and dry, hit no. 1 in 1981. he and his band have toured the world. he worked for the manitoba audio recording industry association to create the aboriginal music program in 2004, and a year later served as executive producer of the newly created manito ahbee festival. he was born in grand rapids and received his law degree at the university of manitoba in 1977. he was president of the first native student association in the country. he was a lawyer in the pas until he began working for the assembly of manitoba chiefs as a legal adviser. he was elected national chief of the assembly of first nations in 1991 and served until 1997. he is the chief of the misipawistik cree nation. he is an aboriginal aids activist. he was a founder of the manitoba aboriginal aids task force and was program manager there from 1991 to 2001. he was a founder of the canadian aboriginal aids network in 1997 and was a founding director of the two - spirited people of manitoba. he was born at the sagkeeng first nation in 1944 and went to a residential school in sagkeeng and winnipeg. he was elected chief of sagkeeng in 1973. he was elected grand chief of the assembly of manitoba chiefs in 1991 and national chief of the assembly of first nations in 1997. he owns and operates ishkonigan, a firm that specializes in consultation and mediation services for indigenous communities. he has been honoured with the order of manitoba. he was born at the opaskwayak cree nation in 1947 and went to high school in cranberry portage. after graduating, he returned to his community and worked as a band manager until becoming executive director of the swampy cree tribal council in 1979. he was elected chief in 1985 and was elected ndp mla for the pas in 1990. after the ndp formed the government, he was named conservation minister and later aboriginal and northern affairs minister. he died in 2008. he is notable for saying no. he was born at the red sucker lake first nation in 1949 and was elected


in 1990. after the ndp formed the government, he was named conservation minister and later aboriginal and northern affairs minister. he died in 2008. he is notable for saying no. he was born at the red sucker lake first nation in 1949 and was elected chief in 1978. he became the first treaty indian to be elected as a provincial politician when he became an ndp mla for rupertsland in 1981. he was appointed northern affairs minister until the fall of the pawley government in 1988. he became famous in 1990 for holding an eagle feather and voting no against the meech lake accord, helping to scuttle the constitutional amendment. he was named newsmaker of the year by the canadian press. he became liberal mp for churchill in 1993 and served until being defeated in 1997. he was born in st. laurent in 1951. he became involved with the manitoba metis federation in 1967, rising to be its president from 1984 to 1993. he was president of the metis national council from 1988 to 1993. he was appointed the province ' s 21st lieutenant - governor in 1992, the first metis to serve in the position. he was honoured with the order of manitoba in 2001 and an honorary degree from the university of manitoba in 1996. he was born and raised in duck bay. he worked for the province ' s justice department until being elected president and chairman of the manitoba metis federation. he has received the queen ' s diamond jubilee medal and an honorary doctorate from the university of winnipeg. he was raised in garden hill and became a pilot and public relations manager for a regional airline. he returned to garden hill and was elected a band councillor in 1996 and chief in 1998, serving a total of four terms. he was elected grand chief of manitoba keewatinowi okimakanak in 2009. born in winnipeg, he grew up at the pine creek first nation. while swimming for the university of calgary, he tried out for the olympic team and was a national finalist. he received a ba in native studies at the university of alberta and later a law degree at the university of saskatchewan. he became chief of the pine creek first nation. he is now grand chief of the assembly of manitoba chiefs. he was chief of the waywayseecappo first nation for 10 terms and one term at the birdtail sioux first nation. earlier this year, he was elected grand chief of the southern chiefs ' organization. she was born into a metis family in camperville. she moved to winnipeg as an adult and became active in the aboriginal community. she was senator for the national


. earlier this year, he was elected grand chief of the southern chiefs ' organization. she was born into a metis family in camperville. she moved to winnipeg as an adult and became active in the aboriginal community. she was senator for the national association of friendship centres, president of the aboriginal council of winnipeg, the indigenous women ' s collective and the circle of life thunderbird house. she was executive director of the manitoba association of native languages. she sat on several boards, including ma mawi wi chi itata centre and the median credit union. she was honoured with the order of the buffalo hunt in 1998 and the order of manitoba in 2000. she died in 2010. he was born at the garden hill first nation in 1944 and first began painting while attending the residential school in portage la prairie. he studied fine arts at the university of manitoba and became part of the professional native indian arts association in 1973, better known as the indian group of seven. he worked as a senior arts adviser to the federal indian and northern development department and helped lay the groundwork for the organizations that would help future generations of first nations artists. he died in 1984. she was born in 1919 in ontario. she moved to northern manitoba with her husband in 1964 and had her first public solo art exhibition in 1967. one of her works was commissioned for canada ' s pavilion at expo 1970 in japan. she opened a craft store in winnipeg in 1971, which later became the wah - sa gallery, and was commissioned by the manitoba museum of man and nature to create the mural the creation of the world for the province ' s centennial. she co - founded the indian group of seven in 1973. she became the first first nation female artist to show at the national gallery of canada. she has been inducted into the order of canada and received the governor general ' s laureate, visual and media arts, the country ' s highest honour in the field of visual arts. he was born in warroad, minn., in 1933 and grew up at the buffalo point first nation. he was a golden gloves boxer while serving in the u. s. army, and that ' s also when he started to paint. he began his art career in the 1960s and was part of the indian group of seven. he is known for painting wildlife with gentle, flowing lines and his work is in the collection of queen elizabeth ii. he died in 1996. he was born in ashern and grew up on the lake manitoba first nation. when he was 8, both his parents died and he


wildlife with gentle, flowing lines and his work is in the collection of queen elizabeth ii. he died in 1996. he was born in ashern and grew up on the lake manitoba first nation. when he was 8, both his parents died and he was raised by family members. he has acted in the movies flags of our fathers and cowboys and aliens and tv shows north of 60, the rez, and law and order : special victims unit. he is currently starring in the cbc tv show arctic air. shingoose ( curtis jonnie ) he was born in winnipeg and raised on the roseau river first nation and in steinbach. he was part of a nebraska - based boystown concert choir and various rock bands in the united states. he moved to winnipeg in 1973 and began singing in a country - folk style. he has released numerous recordings and his best - known songs are loved ones ( originally wounded knee blues ), indian time and reservation blues. he became chief of the peguis first nation in 1981. he garnered international headlines when he invited the south african ambassador to peguis in 1987 to see the conditions at his reserve. he was interim grand chief of the assembly of manitoba chiefs from 1987 to 1989 and was honoured with a commemorative medal for the 125th anniversary of confederation and a national aboriginal achievement award. based in winnipeg, he is a comedian and standup comic who has hosted his own national television specials on cbc and ctv. he has hosted several aboriginal day live national broadcasts. he is co - host and writer of the gemini - nominated tv show fish out of water on aptn. he was born in 1951 in a tent pitched on a snowbank on the manitoba / nunavut border and went to the guy hill indian residential school, where he was sexually abused. he obtained his ba in music and english at the university of western ontario. he has written the plays the rez sisters and dry lips oughta move to kapuskasing, which both won dora mavor moore awards for best new play. he was inducted into the order of canada in 1994, and in 2000 maclean ' s named him one of the 100 most important people in canadian history. she is an executive producer and president of two winnipeg - based production companies, eagle vision and meeches video productions. she is executive producer of the sharing circle and the children ' s series tipi tales. in 2006, she co - produced the movie capote, which earned philip seymour hoffman an oscar for best actor, and the ctv movie elijah, which won two


she is executive producer of the sharing circle and the children ' s series tipi tales. in 2006, she co - produced the movie capote, which earned philip seymour hoffman an oscar for best actor, and the ctv movie elijah, which won two gemini awards. she has been honoured with a national aboriginal achievement award and the ymca - ywca women of distinction award. he is a member of the peguis first nation and grew up in winnipeg. he has a ba in economics from trent university. he is the chairman of aboriginal music manitoba and vice - chairman of the manito ahbee festival. he is a member of the pimicikamak cree nation. he was grand councillor of the four nations confederacy of manitoba in 1981 and 1982. he was first elected as an ndp mla in rupertsland in 1993 and has been re - elected five times. he has served as minister of aboriginal and northern affairs, minister of culture, heritage and tourism and as deputy premier. he was born and raised in selkirk and received his law degree at the university of manitoba in 1979. he was appointed the associate chief judge of the provincial court, the province ' s first aboriginal judge, in 1988. he was co - commissioner of the aboriginal justice inquiry. he was appointed to the court of queen ' s bench in 2001. currently, he is chairman of the truth and reconciliation commission of canada. he is of metis descent. he worked in the province ' s crown attorneys office from 1993 until being appointed a provincial court judge in 2005. he was named chief judge of the provincial court in 2009. born in 1987, from shamattawa but raised in winnipeg ' s north end, he began working with community groups in 2005. he organized the weekly bell - tower rallies in the north end for youth who oppose the violence in the area. he lives in winnipeg ' s north end and went to school there, later graduating with a ba in justice and law enforcement from the university of winnipeg. he was co - ordinator of the innovative learning centre at the u of w and director of the winnipeg aboriginal sport achievement centre. he was elected mla in 2011 and is the children and youth opportunities minister. she is a lecturer in the university of manitoba ' s department of native studies. she is a filmmaker who won a gemini award for her documentary, two worlds, which looked at the saskatoon police department ' s starlight rides. her films have also been seen at festivals across north america and televised on cbc and aboriginal peoples television network. she is a groundbreaking professor in


a gemini award for her documentary, two worlds, which looked at the saskatoon police department ' s starlight rides. her films have also been seen at festivals across north america and televised on cbc and aboriginal peoples television network. she is a groundbreaking professor in the university of manitoba ' s department of native studies. she was one of the first to put forward an aboriginal - based critical voice and theory and has been at the forefront of pushing for the development of native studies as a field of study. she wrote defeathering the indian in 1975 and when the other is me in 2010. she was honoured with the 2005 aboriginal achievement award. he is an assistant professor in the university of manitoba ' s native studies department and the former executive director of the office of university accessibility. he was an elementary school teacher in ontario and quebec before moving to winnipeg and becoming a housing officer and employment development co - ordinator at the manitoba metis federation. he was an mmf board member in the early 1980s. he has been head of the u of m ' s native studies department. she is a professor in native studies at the university of manitoba who specializes in aboriginal economies. she is also director of aboriginal business education partners at the asper school of business and is regional co - chair of the poverty action research program. sherry farrell racette born in manitoba and a member of quebec ' s timiskaming first nation, she is an artist and an associate professor in both the university of manitoba ' s native studies and women and gender studies departments. she illustrated the award - winning children ' s books dancing in my bones and call of the fiddle and her art is in the collections of the canada art bank, mackenzie art gallery and saskatchewan arts board. she is an assistant law professor at the university of manitoba. she received her call to the bar in both ontario and manitoba after graduating with a master of laws degree from the university of arizona. she worked on a case of genocide submitted to the inter - american commission of human rights while working at a community legal clinic in guatemala. she is currently working on implementing the un declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples and has created a handbook on the declaration. marcia anderson decoteau she is an assistant professor at the university of manitoba ' s department of community health sciences and the section head of first nations, metis and inuit health. she is president of the indigenous physicians association of canada and past chairwoman of the pacific region indigenous doctors congress. she was honoured with a national aboriginal achievement award in 2011. he is acting director of the university of manitoba


nations, metis and inuit health. she is president of the indigenous physicians association of canada and past chairwoman of the pacific region indigenous doctors congress. she was honoured with a national aboriginal achievement award in 2011. he is acting director of the university of manitoba ' s centre for aboriginal health education. he graduated from the university ' s faculty of medicine and completed his postgraduate training in 1990. he received his master ' s of clinical sciences degree in family medicine at the university of western ontario in 2004. his research studies the experience of first nations and metis patients in the patient - physician therapeutic relationship, and he is the medical lead for the diabetes integration project. nicknamed the riverton rifle, he was born in riverton in 1950. he is one of the all - time top scorers in the western canada junior hockey league, scoring 87 goals during the 1967 - 68 season. he was drafted third in 1970 by the boston bruins. he played 13 seasons in the nhl, the most memorable ones with the philadelphia flyers, where he helped win the stanley cup in 1975, and was awarded the conn smythe trophy in 1976. that season, he scored 19 goals in 16 games during the playoffs, even though his team lost the stanley cup. he has been inducted into the manitoba sports hall of fame, manitoba hockey hall of fame and philadelphia flyers hall of fame. ray st. germain he first played the accordion but switched to guitar and has been playing it ever since. he has performed across canada and around the world. he hosted the national television shows time for livin ' and my kind of country on cbc - tv and ray st. germain country and big sky country on cknd. he was elected to the canadian country music hall of honour in 2010. she has served as both band councillor and chief at the sayisi dene first nation for most of her adult life. she has been head of the executive council of the keewatin tribal council and served on the boards of the manitoba women ' s council and awasis child and family services. she played a key role in helping the federal government recognize the land rights of the sayisi dene during the creation of nunavut. she is co - author of night spirits : the story of the relocation of the sayisi dene, which chronicles the story of her band ' s relocation by the federal government from a nomadic life to the outskirts of churchill. born in saskatchewan and raised in russell, he played in the nhl from 1988 to 2003. he made up for his small size with aggressiveness, scoring


of her band ' s relocation by the federal government from a nomadic life to the outskirts of churchill. born in saskatchewan and raised in russell, he played in the nhl from 1988 to 2003. he made up for his small size with aggressiveness, scoring more than 1, 000 points in his career and helping the calgary flames win the stanley cup in 1989. he helped canada win a gold medal at the 2002 olympics. he wrote his autobiography, playing with fire, in which he detailed how he was sexually abused by his former coach, graham james, who was later convicted and is currently serving prison time. he was a poet and a playwright who was nominated for the john hirsch award for the most promising manitoba writer in 2002. he was co - founder of winnipeg ' s aboriginal writers collective. he died in 2005. sources : winnipeg free press archives, university of manitoba, manitoba historical society, canadian encyclopedia and various websites. - - compiled by kevin rollason republished from the winnipeg free press print edition december 29, 2012 j12 updated on saturday, december 29, 2012 at 8 : 01 am cst : adds photos, removes duplicate text more first nations more first nations ( 4 of 14 articles for this year ) 12 / 29 / 2012 7 : 39 am 0 photo store gallery africa is one complex and gloriously unmanageable ' theme ' to choose to kick off our 2012 series, our city our world, which is why it took up the whole newspaper on jan. 18. hard - working chinese immigrants, once banned, have risen to the highest echelons of manitoba. german immigrants have played a surprisingly large role in the development of the province. arriving in manitoba in the 1870s unprepared for a brutal winter, icelandic settlers and their descendants have left their mark on our province. industrious italians rose from peasant roots and adapted to canadian society by mastering l ’ art d ’ arrangiarsi ( the art of getting by ). it used to be the only time prairie folks met spanish - speaking people was when they vacationed down south. more often now, they ' re the people next door. when the first middle east families immigrated to manitoba, mosques were unheard of and even yogurt was exotic. but now all that has changed. a booming filipino community nearly 60, 000 strong has transformed manitoba. as the city ' s indo - canadian population experiences dramatic growth, its pioneers recall their warm winnipeg welcome. scarred by holodomor, the ukrainian community helped shape winnipeg ' s cultural mosaic. manitoba ' s


setfsuid - set user identity used for file system checks # include / * glibc uses int setfsuid ( uid _ t fsuid ) ; setfsuid sets the user id that the linux kernel uses to check for all accesses to the file system. normally, the value of fsuid will shadow the value of the effective user id. in fact, whenever the effective user id is changed, fsuid will also be changed to new value of effective an explict call to setfsuid is usually only used by programs such as the linux nfs server that need to change what user id is used for file access without a corresponding change in the real and effective user ids. a change in the normal user ids for a program such as the nfs server is a security hole that can expose it to unwanted signals from other user ids. setfsuid will only succeed if the caller is the superuser or if fsuid matches either the real user id, effective user id, saved set - user - id, or the current value of fsuid. on success, the previous value of fsuid is returned. on error, the current value of fsuid is setfsuid is linux specific and should not be used in programs intended to be portable. no error messages of any kind are returned to the caller. at the very least, eperm should be returned when the when glibc determines that the argument is not a valid uid, it will return - 1 and set errno to einval without attempting the system call.


century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. one whose business is to keep cows ; a dairyman ; a herdsman. - n. a person, in a city or town, who keeps stall - fed cows and retails the milk. “ is not the ant, therefore, entitled to be regarded as a cow - keeper, and are not the tiny little aphides his milch - cows? ” “ young allen ran on, the soldier pursuing him, till he entered his father ' s premises, who was a cow - keeper, and _ there _ the soldier shot him. ” “ his calling, with the interval of a brief military service in the fencibles, was the tending of cattle, in the several gradations of herd, drover, and bo - man, or responsible cow - keeper - - the last, in his pastoral county, a charge of trust and respectability. ” “ at the commencement of the winter, a cow - keeper in the neighborhood told our man that we should give our cows a little mangel - wurzel. ” “ and whether i am known by one name or another - - - or whether i can draw a bow as well or better than a cow - keeper, or whether it is my pleasure to walk in sunshine or by moonlight, are matters, which, as they do not concern you, so neither need ye busy yourselves respecting them. ' ” “ they say that caedmon was a cow - keeper : but the shepherds of theocritus and virgil are figments of a courtly brain, and wordsworth himself, in his boldest flights of theory, was forced to allow of selection. ” “ in humphry clinker ( published in 1771 ), in the letter of april 24, we read that there was ' a peal of the abbey bells for the honour of mr. bullock, an eminent cow - keeper of tottenham, who had just arrived at bath to drink the waters for indigestion. ” “ on wednesday, jack went out again and hired himself to a cow - keeper, who gave him a jar of milk for his day ' s work. ” “ as cow - keeper, vergniaud, having a wife and three sons, being in debt to ” “ during the restoration he was, in turn, cow - keeper on the rue du petit - banquier, keeper of a livery - stable, and cabman. ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ cow - keeper ’


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a man of noble rank. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. one of the nobility ; a noble ; a peer. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. one of the nobility ; a noble ; a peer ; one who enjoys rank above a commoner, either by virtue of birth, by office, or by patent. - n. a titled peer of the realm “ november 2nd, 2009 virgin nobleman sir richard branson has abandoned his efforts to hire a heroic commander of a miraculous hudson river plane crash for his intergalactic spaceship mission. ” “ the bird carols as sweet a lay for the toil - worn peasant, who labors from morn till night, to gain a scanty subsistence, as for the titled nobleman, who rolls along in his gilded chariot. ” “ on the 14th of july, 1909, during the sitting of the british house of commons, a certain nobleman - a real earl - charged a labour member with being drunk, and a hub - bub arose and the labour member resented it, and said he was not drunk. ” “ there had been much gossip about a certain italian nobleman who had wooed her openly and madly. ” “ in that same world, one man, even a nobleman, is of little account. ” “ he had informed them of the earl of mar ' s danger, and the policy as well as justice of rescuing so powerful and patriotic a nobleman from the threatened execution. ” “ at one of the first of the evening parties which they attended, the general topic of conversation was the conduct of a certain french nobleman, the baron ” “ the person whom you speak of as a nobleman was presented to me as ' mr. vincent, an artist. ” “ when he became a man he mortally offended a certain polish nobleman by some improprieties in which he became involved with the nobleman ' s wife. ” “ did you ever hear that, in the last century, or in the century before the last, to put my story far enough back, so that it shall not touch anybody living ; when a certain english nobleman, lord ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ nobleman ’. words in the bible evoking biblical stories or with special spiritual meaning. proper names have been reduced to the minimum. these politically incorrect words for people contain the element ' man ', ' son ', or ' boy '. everything that contains a man in it its a rhetorical question. looking for


beijing - what exactly is the chinese dream? you could define it using current key words buzzing on the internet : “ the counter - attack of the diao - sze ”, meaning the little people, and in particular the poor who succeed in raising their status in society through their own great efforts. the chinese dream is related to the “ american dream. ” they are not much different in their core meaning ; one gains a better life through one ’ s own continuous hard work. it means that people have to achieve prosperity through their own labor, courage, creativity and determination, rather than by belonging to a specific social class or relying on the assistance of others. a society with a “ dream ” is a society full of hope. a few years ago, an essay that was circulating online called “ i struggled for 18 years to be able to sit down and have coffee with you.. ” provoked a lot of both comment and sentiment in china. in the essay, the author, a son of a farmer, depicted how he struggled through long years of hard work and a university degree to change his place in society. part of the blame is the unfair household registration ( hukou ) system that still deprives most migrant workers ’ children of equal access to school, to medical insurance, as well as any chance of a formal job in the cities. if the article threw into relief the inequality of chinese society, at least, there was still somehow hope in the author ’ s bitterness. alas, today ’ s china is facing a different plight, where it would be true to say : “ i have been struggling for 18 years, and i still can ’ t have coffee with you... ” in sociological terms what is happening is class - solidification. the solidification refers to the fact that social mobility is no longer smooth. each class is closed up in its own small circle. there ’ s no more flow either up or down, but only inter - generation transmission. in chinese practice, this means the appearance of terms such as “ princelings ”, “ 2g rich ”, and the “ 2g migrant - workers. ” the chance to rise up in society no longer depends on one ’ s diligence or guts but rather a “ competition of one ’ s parents ” ( pindie ). the chinese dream is disappearing. dou xiaohong, a demographic scholar, conducted a survey recently. using birthplaces, age, and education level he extracted several groups of graduates from a college in hunan province so as to analyze the relationship


in developed nations, where people are constantly connected to the internet through 3g or wifi, it ’ s difficult to understand the incredible importance that physical libraries still possess. after all, what modern american highschool student still goes to the library to research his or her next essay? “ well, ” you might think, “ why should they, when they have jstor, google scholar, and other online academic databases, even online gambling? ” however, what you have to keep in mind is : not everyone is as lucky as you are. building from the ground up although the infrastructure in developing countries has made enormous progress in the last few decades, they still have a long way to go. for example, as of 2012, many developing countries have easy access to cell phones but internet access is not nearly so ubiquitous. this means that physical libraries are still immensely important because … - they provide self - sufficiency : all developing nations have the facilities to buy, or produce, some computer equipment, but there are still many people without it — most commonly poor and rural people. however, while these men, women, and children cannot produce computers — or wifi routers — they can make books. - they help preserve local traditions : because they can make books, people from these rural villages can preserve their culture, their history, and their unique story telling. communities that have physical libraries are able to offer their children — and adults — the opportunity to contribute to something tangible and important. - they allow access to information : one thing that does carry over from developed to developing nations is the mantra, “ education leads to more opportunities, and thus a better life. ” while it ’ s true that mit and the un have done their best to help education in the developing world through their $ 100 laptops that are powered by a hand or foot crank, paraphrasing bill gate ’ s famous criticism — what good will a computer do without internet access? word processing maybe, but, as long as internet access remains elusive, to get information they still need a good library. the call to arms therefore, if you have skills that could be helpful — either as a teacher, librarian, or a book binder — please consider volunteering your time to teach those skills. there are great organizations, such as the peace corps, that can help you find a community that needs them and facilitates your travel. however, even if you don ’ t have the skills mentioned above, and want to help build libraries in the developing world, consider donating money to


the end of the second world war brought many photo opportunities for the victors. the soviets and the western allies had promoted the concept of an antifascist brotherhood during the war, and photos were taken all over the world of the allies embracing and celebrating their victory. before the war ended, the three major allied nations began to discuss the postwar world in a series of conferences with the three leaders. roosevelt, churchill, and stalin met at yalta in march 1945 and truman, atlee and stalin met in potsdam in july 1945. roosevelt had first used the term " united nations " when 26 nations signed the declaration of the united nations on january 1, 1942. from april to october 1945, 51 nations met in san francisco and created the united nations. the headquarters were set up in new york after the charter was ratified by a majority of the member nations. the major allies ( china, soviet union, france, great britain, and the united states ) held seats on the security council, each country held veto power over any decision the united nations made. the reality was that huge cracks were appearing in the allied unity. with no more enemies to fight, the suspicions held at bay until victory was obvious became public and bitter. churchill later wrote that he already suspected the soviets were replacing the axis as the aggressors before the european war ended. america, enjoying a brief monopoly on the atom bomb, conducted tests in the bikini atoll on july 25, 1946. the world was impressed by the casual destruction of so many warships as much as it was by the bomb itself. the berlin airlift heightened the cold war tension in 1948. in 1949 the western powers came together to form the north atlantic treaty organization ( nato ). when the soviets and soon the french, british, and chinese acquired the bomb, huge arsenals were quickly built. the ability to annihilate the planet many times over evolved into the concept of mutual assured destruction ( mad ) which meant that neither side would start a war if they were guaranteed to be destroyed.


urbanization can be the engine for progress of cities and provide great opportunities for individuals and families to prosper. however, urbanization can bring many difficult health challenges. rapid, unplanned urbanization, when not managed properly, can give rise to urban poverty, growth of slums, health problems and widening inequities. urban health equity is a pressing concern, especially for the poor. the urban poor are often socially excluded, and face the following challenges : lack of social support systems ; unsafe living and working conditions ; discrimination ; isolation, powerlessness ; and inability to pay for goods and services. the poorer a person is, the worse is his or her health. the urban poor suffer from unfavorable, living conditions. oftentimes, they cannot afford the prohibitive high costs of health services. they face illnesses and premature deaths from preventable deaths, due to lack of safe drinking water, improper sanitation, health facilities, safety, security and health information. the urban poor is constantly exposed to social and economic determinants of health status and other outcomes. it is often asked : “ why do we keep treating people for illness, only to send them back to the conditions that created the illness in the first place? ” addressing social determinants will help provide the answer to this question.


here is my take on the difference. for a short answer, " sticking " means staying in contact with the opponent so that he cannot separate to execute an effective technique. " adhering " means making the opponent stay in contact with you so that you can uproot him and make him stay in contact with your technique. for a long answer, consider sunzi ' s ( sun - tzu ' s ) art of war, especially chapter 5, lines 21 - 23 and chapter 6, lines 7, 17, 22 - 24, 26 - 34. as we have discussed before on this forum, understand that the title of chapter 5 ( translated on my hyperlink as " energy " ) is usually translated in tai chi contexts as " posture " ( e. g., the 13 postures ) or as " tendency " ( e. g., going along with the opponent ' s " tendency ) and the title of chapter 6 is usually translated as " empty and full " or " substantial and insubstantial. " also consider the daodejing ( tao te ching ), expecially chapter 78. the strategy of taijiquan is to use the soft to overcome the hard - - or perhaps more clearly translated - - to use the yielding to overcome the unyielding. if, however, taijiquan truly used only yielding, this would be a violation of the philosophical doctrine of taiji, which says that yin and yang can never separate. in taijiquan, using the yielding as a strategy must therefore have its own yin and yang. in my current view, the yin part of tai chi " yielding " is what we generally call " following " and the yang part is what we generally call " sticking. " with these two in harmony, you can both frustrate and control the opponent through his own actions ( or inaction ). " yielding " also has its yin and yang. i would think that the yin of " yielding " is what is called " following " ( " sui2 " ) as a term of art, and the yang part is what is called " connecting " ( " lian2 " ). to properly " yield, " you have not only to avoid resisting the opponent, you must also avoid losing contact so that there is something to yield to. " sticking " also has its yin and yang. what is properly called " sticking " ( " nian2 " ) is the yin part. this involves putting some of yourself into every move of the opponent,


that there is something to yield to. " sticking " also has its yin and yang. what is properly called " sticking " ( " nian2 " ) is the yin part. this involves putting some of yourself into every move of the opponent, so that you can always add the 10 percent in the wrong place that frustrates his purposes. what is called " adhering " is arguably the yang part. where the opponent seeks pressure, you gladly offer it, but perhaps 10 percent less then what he needs. this way, the opponent always tries for more, and you can make him follow you to his disadvantage. if you stick to the opponent and make the opponent stick to you, you always have leverage to affect his empty and full. you have him coming and going. the typical fault in trying to " follow " is that you do too much and get " ahead " of your opponent. you do not let him go where he is trying to go, and you resist. in resisting, you deny yourself the energy you need to use against him and provide a handle he can instead use against you. the typical fault in trying to stay " connected " is that you do too little and you lose your way. if you have lost track of your opponent ' s tendency, how can you continue to follow? how can you use the interplay of yin and yang, empty and full if there is a link missing from the chain of cause and effect? the typical fault in trying to " adhere " is that you do too much and go against your opponent ' s motion. your opponent will not try to go where the opposition appears too fierce. you must give pressure where the opponent wants ( or perhaps needs ) pressure in order to encourage the opponent to move. too much pressure, and you signal the opponent to stop or to choose another path. the typical fault in trying to " stick " is to do too little and not fill up the " empty space " between you and the opponent. your " flatness " opens up gaps between the opponent that allows him freedom of action. i believe that yang chengfu said that distinguishing empty and full is the number one rule in taijiquan. if you ponder the strategic, tactical, and physical ramifications of this, you can get some ideas for how you might want to train push hands.


at the core of a - level geography lies an understanding of process – both physical mechanisms such as overland flow and human movements like migration. the operation of these processes is dependent upon environmental factors. climate change is an increasingly important factor that helps determine the rates at which these all - important processes operate. and they are what shape our physical and human geography here in the uk - our weather, our landforms, our plants, animals and soils - as well as our cities, businesses and people. the significance of climate change makes it a factor that can – and should – be incorporated into any geographical discussion. the purpose of these resources is to show how climate change has become an important factor controlling the operation of all of the processes that a - level students study during their course. uncertainty over the rate at which climate change will occur means that students need to tread carefully when making sweeping assertions about the scale of predicted changes. most importantly, there is an important distinction to be made between the changes that we know will certainly now occur - and those additional changes that could occur if nothing more is done to stabilise, and ultimately reduce, levels of greenhouse gas emissions. if we work together to tackle climate change, then hopefully today ’ s a - level students will grow old in a world which is different – but not too different!


provide a physical, tangible demonstration of capabilities related to the critical terminal descent / landing phase for an airless body mission allow for evaluation of flight - like components of hardware and software in a real, integrated system define and prove processes and interactions of the diverse, distributed team and obtain “ lessons learned ” before the flight build train and engage young engineers with hands - on experience illustration of the warm gas test article ( wgta ). credits : johns hopkins university applied physics laboratory view large imagewarm gas test article ( wgta ) – provides a platform to develop and test algorithms, sensors, avionics, software, landing legs, and integrated system elements to support autonomous landings on airless bodies, where aero - braking and parachutes are not options. cold gas test article ( cgta ). credits : david higginbotham, nasa marshall view large imagecold gas test article ( cgta ) – served as a precursor to the wgta and provided a platform for algorithm development and testing, short - duration ( 10 - s ) flights, and autonomously controlled descent. designed to emulate robotic flight lander design ’ s sensor suite, software environment, avionics processors, gn & c algorithms, ground control software, composite decks, and landing legs approx. 1 min. flight duration and descends from 30 meters to support complex algorithm testing can accommodate 3u or 6u size processor boards incorporates core flight executive ( cfe ) operating environment that allows for modular software applications 12 - thruster acs configuration with option to fire only 6 acs thrusters. provides capability to support testing of hazard avoidance or precision landing algorithms. emulates pulse or throttle system. gravity off - set thruster can be set to different g levels to emulate descent onto various airless bodies. completed wind tunnel testing of wgta model to maximize hardware and personnel safety. testing occurred in june 2010 and simulated both horizontal and vertical flights. credits : texas a & m view large image


volume 12, number 12 — december 2006 books and media foodborne pathogens : microbiology and molecular biology caister academic press, norwich, england, 2005 pages : 453 ; price : us $ 299. 00 foodborne pathogens can create a considerable amount of work at state and local health departments. between foodborne outbreaks, restaurant inspections, environmental testing, botulism reports, customer complaints, and confirmation of isolates referred for testing, many health department resources are directed toward these pathogens and preventing illness from them. moreover, the mass media are increasingly interested in food safety, particularly after large, multistate outbreaks caused by escherichia coli o157 : h7 and salmonella, among other pathogens, and increasing public interest in raw and unpasteurized foods that are perceived as more natural or healthy. the audience for foodborne pathogens : microbiology and molecular biology appears to be public health practitioners working on epidemiologic, environmental, and laboratory aspects of foodborne illness. one of the book ' s strengths is that it attempts to include reference material on epidemiology and on the molecular and microbiologic aspects of the various pathogens. however, as the title suggests, the emphasis is on molecular and microbiologic aspects, and much of the information is extremely technical and primarily for the laboratory scientist. the book includes a range of food pathogens, from bacteria and viruses to mycotoxins. the primary omission is bovine spongiform encephalopathy. chronic wasting disease is included briefly in a chapter on potential food pathogens, which makes the omission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy all the more striking. in addition to separate chapters on individual pathogens or groups of pathogens, the book covers laboratory issues, including animal and cell culture models, molecular approaches for detection, and stress responses of foodborne pathogens. other chapters are based on more sensational topics, such as bioterrorism and food, although this chapter discusses the subject in general terms. in a chapter on biosensor - based detection of foodborne pathogens, the authors conclude, not convincingly, that biosensors will soon be as widespread as glucose kits and home pregnancy tests. overall, the book is a good reference for health departments, especially the chapters on individual pathogens. however, the book could have used stronger editorial oversight. books like this one, in which experts in highly specialized fields are each invited to write a chapter


overall, the book is a good reference for health departments, especially the chapters on individual pathogens. however, the book could have used stronger editorial oversight. books like this one, in which experts in highly specialized fields are each invited to write a chapter, will by their very nature lack an overriding point - of - view, but at the very least, the book should have had a strong introduction to put the content in context. a large number of pathogens have emerged or been identified in the past 30 years, and a great deal of media attention is given to food - related illness. this book appears to be aimed at industrialized countries, despite the perception that the food supply in these countries is safe. because much food is imported and exported throughout the world, including to and from industrialized nations, some basic discussion of the extent of foodborne illness in different parts of the world, and the resulting risk to the overall food supply, would have helped to frame the need for the book and the resources many health departments are putting toward foodborne illness. suggested citation for this article : balter s. foodborne pathogens : microbiology and molecular biology [ book review ]. emerg infect dis [ serial on the internet ]. december 2006 [ date cited ]. http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 3201 / eid1212. 061077


what is the meaning of child dedication? the act of dedicating children to the lord was a common practice of blessing among the people of god in both old and new testament times. in addition, it was also a statement by the parents recognizing that their child really belonged to god. samuel ’ s mother dedicates her son to the lord : " sir, do you remember me? " hannah asked. " i am the woman who stood here several years ago praying to the lord. 27 i asked the lord to give me this boy, and he has granted my request. 28 now i am giving him to the lord, and he will belong to the lord his whole life. " and they worshiped the lord there. 1 samuel 1 : 26 - 28 jesus was dedicated to the lord : then it was time for their purification offering, as required by the law of moses after the birth of a child ; so his parents took him to jerusalem to present him to the lord. 23 the law of the lord says, " if a woman ’ s first child is a boy, he must be dedicated to the lord. " luke 2 : 22 - 23 as christians today, we dedicate children with the same purpose in mind. as a parent, what is expected of me? dedication is a public expression of faith and commitment on the part of the parents and of blessing on the part of god through his church. this act by the parents is a prayerful declaration of their stewardship over god ’ s gracious gift to them. one day some parents brought their children to jesus so he could touch and bless them. but the disciples scolded the parents for bothering him. when jesus saw what was happening, he was angry with his disciples. he said to them, " let the children come to me. don ’ t stop them! for the kingdom of god belongs to those who are like these children. i tell you the truth, anyone who doesn ’ t receive the kingdom of god like a child will never enter it. " then he took the children in his arms and placed his hands on their heads and blessed them. mark 10 : 13 - 16 child dedication is more than a ritual. it ’ s a commitment on the part of parents to honor the will and the word of god. as a part of this dedication parents are asked to : - recognize that your children belong to god and have been born to experience his love and to serve him. - pray daily for god ’ s direction in your lives and in the lives of your children


as a part of this dedication parents are asked to : - recognize that your children belong to god and have been born to experience his love and to serve him. - pray daily for god ’ s direction in your lives and in the lives of your children. - faithfully participate in worship with your children. - teach your children the truths of god ’ s word in your home. - anticipate and seek to gently lead your children to personal faith in christ. and you must commit yourselves wholeheartedly to these commands that i am giving you today. repeat them again and again to your children. talk about them when you are at home and when you are on the road, when you are going to bed and when you are getting up. deuteronomy 6 : 6 - 7 fathers, do not provoke your children to anger by the way you treat them. rather, bring them up with the discipline and instruction that comes from the lord. ephesians 6 : 4 should i have my child baptized? baptism is an outward expression of a personal commitment to christ by faith ( see baptism ). at abundant life community church we wait to baptize our children until they are old enough to understand personal sin, the need for salvation and that baptism signifies dying to an old way of life and being raised to a new life in christ. generally, we expect that most youth by the age of 12 are capable of this kind of understanding. we urge parents with infants or young children to dedicate them to the lord now and commit to disciple them toward personal faith in christ and baptism. what will the dedication be like? parents and relatives are invited to assemble and participate with you during your child ’ s dedication. the dedication will consist of the pastor praying specifically for your child. then other leaders will pray for the lord ’ s blessing on you and ask the church to help nurture and disciple children toward faith in christ. baby dedication is open to parents who can truthfully say, “ i will commit myself to raising this child to know the lord jesus christ by loving, discipling, training and setting a positive christlike example. ” to sign - up for the next child dedication or to get more information, email pastor rocky taylor ( rocky @ abundantlifecommunitychurch. org or call the church at ( 440 ) 877 - 1202 ).


“ we made from water every living thing. ” ( qur ’ an 21 : 30 ) it ’ s a source of life, a means for purity, and a piece of heaven on earth. throughout the qur ’ an, allah refers to water on numerous occasions ( the exact word for “ water ” is mentioned over 60 times ). the qur ’ anic verse above powerfully states an important feature of water that all humans have come to acknowledge : water is a necessity for life. for muslims, water holds additional and special meanings. water plays an important role in purifying believers as it is used for making wudhu, or ablutions. and if you ask a muslim to describe paradise ( according to what they learned from the qur ’ an and hadith ), many would recall the descriptions of rivers flowing and springs gushing forth endlessly from the gardens of heaven. now back on earth ( where things do have an end ). those of us living in first world countries won ’ t really ponder too much on where our water comes from or how much there is to go around. we believe that as long as the water bills are paid, our faucets will continue to provide us with this basic necessity at our demand. though this is one of the perks of having a first world lifestyle, our lack of understanding on current water - related issues blinds us to the reality of those living in other parts of the world. almost a billion people on earth don ’ t have access to clean drinking water. while water is just a turn of a faucet away from us, some women in developing countries have to walk an average of 3. 7 miles a day to attain water. you may argue that water is a resource that is plentiful. after all, about 70 % of our planet is made of water! but the earth has only about 3 % of freshwater to sustain all living things that depend on it. true, water is considered a “ renewable ” resource. but renewable resources can only naturally regenerate if their capacity to do so is not irreversibly impaired. lo and behold, humans have played a large role in our own destruction through polluting water sources and overpumping water faster than it can be replenished. don ’ t be fooled into thinking that these water issues are not to be found in our country, or even in our neighborhood. perhaps this will be news to many : california is experiencing a water crisis that will make it difficult for current water supplies to meet our growing demand


why do the men fight? there is a story told about general lee : after the battle of second manassas, general lee was seated on traveller at the groveton crossroads, watching his soldiers digging graves for the burial of their pals. a drummer boy from the 40th virginia regiment, field ’ s brigade, hill ’ s division approached him, trembling and in tears. two days before, the boy had been at the railroad cut and had witnessed his regiment ’ s bloody struggle with the bluecoats of leasure ’ s brigade, kearny ’ s division, heintzelman ’ s corps. and the day before he had steadily beaten his drum, despite the terrifying whine and explosion of the shells, advancing with the pitiful few left of the regiment after pope ’ s final attack had failed. now, the drummer boy, his shock of sandy hair caked with greasy dirt, his shallow face black with smudges of powder, his homespun clothes in tatters, came up to traveller ’ s stirrup and, laying a hand on the big stallion ’ s moist shoulder, said to general lee, in a quavering voice : “ please sir, why must the men fight? ” for a moment, general lee ’ s dark eyes fell full on the drummer boy ’ s face ; then his gaze swept away over the dismal battlefield, and he raised a gauntleted hand and rubbed the back of his neck wearily, thinking of what to say. with the horrible field in front of him, he knew it would be a waste of words to recount the political history of the union : the eighty years of rising tension between the sections — the political storms in the congress that produced the missouri compromise in 1820, and its repeal in 1850 ; the incessant harangues of the abolitionists, made in the senate, the pulpit and the press ; the violent, bitter struggle for control of the kansas territory ; the wanton murders john brown committed seizing harper ’ s ferry in 1859 ; even lincoln ’ s instigation of the war, using fort sumter like a stone thrown into a hornet ’ s nest, was too abstract, too ambiguous an answer. general lee looked down at the drummer boy. he might say, he thought, catching the brightness in the boy ’ s eyes, that the men must fight for slavery — must fight to keep the institution secure, that cotton is king, and with african negro slaves, the south owns the king — but that, too, was still too


the brightness in the boy ’ s eyes, that the men must fight for slavery — must fight to keep the institution secure, that cotton is king, and with african negro slaves, the south owns the king — but that, too, was still too abstract an answer. and that cotton was king certainly had nothing to do with virginia. for virginia it was simply a matter of refusing lincoln ’ s call to suppress secession. but how to tell the boy what caused the civil war? “ how old are you, son? ” general lee asked, shifting his seat in the saddle and reaching down to put a hand on the boy ’ s shoulder. general lee sighed, straightened, and looked away again ; his thoughts embracing the blackness of his generalship : the war was being fought by boys. almost one tenth of the soldiers in his army had enlisted at fifteen, half were seventeen or younger, most of the rest no older than twenty - one. all their future was like a dark corridor reeking of misery and death, its door at the end a pin - point. for an instant, a flash of lamentation swept through general lee ’ s mind, his wasted calling, his hopeless future, already burdening him with dreams of souls streaming from the battlefields he had created. he breathed in suddenly with all his might the sweet smell of death that rose from the battlefield and it deepened his sadness. and he could think of nothing to say, except the truth, felt nothing but the urgent need to give the boy the answer, soothing the turmoil in his mind. “ where do you hail from, son? ” he queried, looking down at the boy with a quiet smile of affection, as though he were a favorite friend. “ from loudoun county, sir, ” the boy replied, his heart throbbing. “ do you have brothers? ” “ yes, ” the drummer boy answered ; “ my brother, sixteen years old, was first of the family to enlist, and then i followed. ” general lee looked off again toward the battlefield, nodding his head slowly. the boy could see a crease show on lee ’ s smooth brow. a moment passed and still looking at the field, bathed now in the glow of twilight, lee said, “ suppose pope had beaten us here and richmond was now falling, and the war was ending. how would you feel, son? ” the drummer boy looked up at general lee earnestly, his hands gripping suddenly traveller ’ s black mane. “ beaten you mean? ” the boy said incred


was now falling, and the war was ending. how would you feel, son? ” the drummer boy looked up at general lee earnestly, his hands gripping suddenly traveller ’ s black mane. “ beaten you mean? ” the boy said incredulously, “ beaten? ” his eyes were like deep wells of light searching lee ’ s face for confirmation. “ yes, that is what i mean, ” lee replied softly. a look of bewilderment came over the drummer boy ’ s face. he stared fixedly at lee, his eyes widened, and the muscles of his face were quivering, as though he were struggling in confusion to comprehend. his flashing thoughts were of his mother and sisters at home, in middleburg — he saw the column of bluecoat soldiers marching in the main street, squads breaking off down the lanes and one of them invading their home, the soldiers jeering at the women, jostling them aside, rummaging about breaking things, taking things. he felt suddenly more miserable than he could imagine possible. his powder - smirched face flamed red with blushing, as his pounding heart rushed blood through his veins. he felt a terrible impotency and, suddenly, he withdrew his hands from traveller ’ s neck and balled them into fists in a rage. he felt an intense shame, self - contempt, loss of self - respect ; realizing the whole world would be laughing if the battle had been lost. general lee remained silent, watching the boy. he saw that the boy was gaining the light, that he was gaining control of himself, settling his emotions with a cold countenance, with an inner spring of steel welling up. the boy saw now that the war was a dire necessity, costly but worth the cost to hold out to the last, that every nation needs men willing to die for its survival, and virginia and her allies must prove themselves no less a nation than the union. the drummer boy ’ s eyes cleared and the muscles of his face became chiseled as in brown stone. he hitched up the straps of his drum cradle and, folding his arms across his chest, stepped back a pace. the wafting sound of a bugle faintly echoed tattoo over the field. both he and lee turned their heads to the sound and listened. they could see the soldiers in the field had finished with their digging and the day was done. the sound of horses galloping came to their ears and their eyes turned from their mutual look of warm understanding, and they saw the


patent models : textile and sewing machines - introduction for much of the nineteenth century, inventors submitted a model with their patent application to the united states patent office. the national museum of american history ’ s patent model collection began with the acquisition of 284 models from the patent office in june 1908, and reached more than 1, 000 models by the end of that summer. in 1926, congress decided to dispense with the stored collection of models and gave the smithsonian institution the opportunity to collect any models it wanted. today, the museum ’ s collection exceeds 10, 000 patent models dating from 1836 to 1910. the museum ’ s textile collection contains over four thousand patent models. the collection includes many examples of carding machines, spinning machines, knitting machines, rope making machines, looms, baskets, carpets, fabrics, and sewing machines. even the simple clothespin is well represented, with 41 patent models. this sampling of patent models from the textile collection describes the two major groupings, textile machinery and sewing machines. in both groups, the examination of the models begins with the earliest of the inventions. in this early group of patent models, the textile machinery models date from 1837 to 1840, and the sewing machine models from 1842 to 1854. for more information about the museum ’ s patent model collection, see patent model index, guide to the collections of the national museum of american history. " patent models : textile and sewing machines - introduction " showing 0 items.


recent acts of violence alongside pending legislation and international pressure have brought to light the pressing need for lawmaking in support of lgbt rights in chile. together with protests for reforms in the education system, the public seems to be increasingly impatient about what the government is doing to protect lgbt rights. these demands are important beyond the scope of gay rights, because they have brought attention to the need for chile to recognize, accept and protect the human rights of an evolving, heterogeneous culture as a fundamental prerequisite for continued prosperity. the passage of an antidiscrimination law, which remained unresolved for over seven years, by a close 58 - 56 vote in the chamber of deputies this month was a basic necessity for the country. the chilean movement for sexual minorities ( movilh ) notes that in 2011 gay, lesbian and transgender chileans were increasingly outspoken in reporting abuse and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. however, this recently passed antidiscrimination law does not deal with hate crimes per se, but rather defines illegal discrimination. furthermore, certain passages have yet to be finalized in a mixed commission of senators and deputies on may 2. the recent death of gay youth daniel zamudio points to precisely why legislating solely on discrimination does not suffice in this case, serving as an exceptionally violent example as to why hate crimes require specific punishment under the law. zamudio received not only the public ’ s sympathy, but also worldwide attention including a briefing note from the un office of the high commissioner for human rights ’ spokesman, rupert colville, urging chile to enact hate crime legislation. in this regard, the movilh also argues that chilean society is not opposed to legislating on issues of gay rights and antidiscrimination in its entirety, but there is a lack of bravery and willingness within congress to approach these pending issues. the recent inter - american court of human rights ’ overturning of a chilean court ruling against lesbian judge karen atala, who lost custody of her children because of her same - sex relationship, is further international pressure for chile to meet requirements stipulated by international agreements it has signed onto. chile ’ s gay rights deficit is worrying as the country continues to be viewed as an example for continued economic growth despite global market volatility. president sebastian pinera ’ s administration is cautious about giving into all public demands, as chile ’ s minister of finance felipe larrain recently said : “ if we surrender to the temptation of appeasing demands by giving in to all


individualism is a key tenant of classical liberalism and libertarianism. but there is a fine line between true individualism, what some call personalism, and false individualism. as erik von kuehnelt - leddihn noted in several of his works, the word ‘ person ’ is derived from the etruscan phersu, the mask actors wore which represented their nontransferable roles on stage. thus, the person is unique and is not replaceable. interestingly enough, individu is a term of abuse in french. personalism includes all aspects of the individual – his philosophy, faith, culture, relationships. what makes up man is more than simple isolation from all external factors. comradeship, friendship, love, brotherhood, family – these are all external, immaterial values that nonetheless define the very inner nature of all of us. false individualism, on the other hand, was the philosophy first propagated by some classical liberals that stated that the individual was “ everywhere in chains. ” man must be uprooted from all institutions and associations. man must be viewed in the abstract. this view had devastating consequences. it lead utilitarian liberals such as jeremy bentham and john stuart mill, at first defenders of free markets and liberty, to gradually accept ever larger aggrandizement of the state. this false view of individualism leads to libertinism, hedonism, and nihilism. for if the path to liberty is the uprooting of all culture and civilization, what will be left is nothing but the individual ’ s unfettered passions and desires ( fais ce que tu veux ). ironically enough, this false view of individualism also leads to collectivism. the sociologist robert nisbet has written extensively on the effects that atomistic individualism has had upon man in the last three centuries. being that this drive to individualism has stripped all roots of community out of our society, leftist socialist movements have rushed in to fill the void. the psychological choice for many in the 20th century has been to either stand naked and isolated before the state, or to join the herd for some sense of collective security and comfort – the herd being most prominently communism, fascism, national socialism, or social democracy. what is needed to correct this trend is a proper understanding of personalism - individualism. the radical utilitarians and egoist anarchists were wrong to view man as isolated actors, and in their regard that the only value in life was an


this is a story about two brothers, born into the society of friends at sugar loaf, upper canada, who turned their backs on their religion and country in mckenzie ' s rebellion 0f 1837. they had come full circle from the previous generations of doanes, who were branded tories in pennsylvania during the revolutionary war, and killed, exiled or hung for their actions. joshua guillam and his brother, joel p. were sons of jonathon doan, who had come to sugar loaf in the niagara district from bucks county, pennsylvania in the early 19th century, probably to escape the prejudice of being a relative of the notorious doan gang of plumstead, bucks county. most of the doanes in the region left the state. jonathon doan removed to yarmouth township in 1813 and was a respectable farmer, miller and tanner and agent for the baby lands in the township. he was a prominent member of the society of friends and had a meeting house on his property. jonathon placed many quaker families from pennsylvania on baby lands in the area. joseph went on to be a farmer, and in 1832 when joel started his own tannery, joseph joined him. they were well - known in their community for being reformists and when a meeting was held to muster up men to join in the rebellion in december of 1837, joseph and joel were very outspoken and joseph was elected lieutenant. in the next days joseph and martin switzer persuaded men in the area to gather arms and ammunition and distributed them to 50 men under the command of david anderson and joel supplied the provisional wagons. they headed to scotland, near brantford where they met up with loyalists under allan napier macnab. the rebels fled and joseph and joel reached the united states, with a 100 pound bounty on their heads. in the u. s., joseph joined the rebels and reached detroit, and was ready to cross to windsor where he heard that 600 rebels were ready to join him, with settlers in london already revolting. the rebels raided windsor on dec. 4, led by generals bierce and putnam and burned the steamer ' thames ' killing several people. when the rebels were dispersed by col. prince, twenty - five had lost their lives and joseph and joel were court - martialed, along with 42 of their fellow rebels in london under henry sherwood. joseph was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. he joined six other rebels whose sentences were not commuted and hung on feb. 6, 1838. he was buried in the quaker burial ground in


42 of their fellow rebels in london under henry sherwood. joseph was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. he joined six other rebels whose sentences were not commuted and hung on feb. 6, 1838. he was buried in the quaker burial ground in sparta, ontario and joel went on to marry his widow. welcome to my family history blog. finding more about my family ' s history is very rewarding as well as being interesting and educational. i created this blog to share my thoughts, experiences, tips and resources in my search for my ancestors ' history and maybe, help you in your research as well. i am particularly interested in the history of upper canada and the loyalist period in history. my carnival blogs - black sheep canadian ancestors - the quaker loyalist turncoats - cabinet of curiosities # 15 - what did i dig up? - carnival of irish heritage and culture # 12 - letter from ireland - cog # 68 - a tribute to women - sarah haines, uel - cog # 69 - what if... the british won the revolutionary war? - cog # 71 - local history - the tomato capital of canada - leamington, ontario - cog # 73 - the good earth - vege - land - cog # 75 - justice and independence - the loyalists viewpoint - cog # 76 - my favouriite summer vacation - cog # 77 - disasters - god ' s wrath - cog # 81 - a short but full life - smile for the camera # 11 - brothers and sisters - smile for the camera # 12 - noble life - rev. t. neil libby - smile for the camera # 15 - they worked hard for the family - smile for the camera - all creatures great and small my daily blog theme posts & sngf with randy - follow friday - cape cod gravestones - follow friday - destination : austin family - follow friday - tribal pages - follow friday - viviti for versatile blogging - madness monday - 10 questions - madness monday - i ' m realy connnected to my parents - madness monday - nettie kennedy - saturday night fun - my grandmother ' s ancestors - saturday night fun - poetry - saturday night genealogy fun - ahnentafel roulette - saturday night genealogy fun - all my grgrgrandparents - saturday night genealogy fun - family increases - saturday night genealogy fun - my all - time favourite song - saturday night genealogy fun - surname distribution - saturday night genealogy fun - the nicest things - saturday night genealogy fun - tricks


( click to enlarge ) this image is of the solar eclipse earlier this week. solar eclipses occur when the moon comes between the earth and sun. however, there ' s more to it than just that, otherwise we ' d have a solar eclipse every ~ 28 days ( one full lunar cycle ). when viewed edge on, the plane in which the moon orbits is slightly tilted in relation to the plane the earth and sun lie on ( hence the reason the shadow moves along a different line in the sky than the sun, intersecting only at the one point ). because of this, most of the time, when the moon is on the line between the warth and the sun, it is simply too high or too low to cause an eclipse. sometimes it ' s between the point where it ' s too high or low and the point where it will completely come in front of the sun. in this case, the moon will only cover part of the sun and the result will be a partial ecplipse, such as this one i photographed in spring 2005. additionally, the moon ' s orbit around the earth is not perfectly circular. it is slightly elliptical. this means that at some points in its orbit, it further than other points. as common experience should tell you, ther further away an object is, the smaller it will look ( which is why the sun appears the same size in the sky as the moon dispite being millions of times bigger ). therefore, since the moon is further away, it will be smaller, and may not cover the sun entirely. this is known as an annular eclipse in which the moon will be silhouetted on the sun leaving a ring ( such as in this picture ). thus this image is an extremely rare " total solar eclipse " in which the moon completely covers the full disk of the sun. but what ' s all that fuzzy stuff around it in the center one? that ' s called the corona and is essentially the sun ' s extended atmosphere which is shaped by the sun ' s immense magnetic field. it ' s actually always there, but it ' s extremely faint in comparison to the sun, so we can ' t see it unless the sun is somehow blocked out, as in the case of a total solar eclipse. it is primarily composed of the nuclei of ionized hydrogen atoms. you may also be wondering why you didn ' t happen to catch this eclipse given that it only happened a few days ago. the reason is that this one only happened to be visible from regions


is primarily composed of the nuclei of ionized hydrogen atoms. you may also be wondering why you didn ' t happen to catch this eclipse given that it only happened a few days ago. the reason is that this one only happened to be visible from regions of northern africa and the middle east. you should not be asking yourself, " why only such a small location given that half the earth can see the sun at any time? " the reason for this is something called parallax. in the scenario of a total eclipse, only the locations directly below the center of the moon will see the eclipse. locations slightly further away will be viewing the event from a slightly different angle. while this wouldn ' t seem like it would play much of a difference, try a quick experiment. imagine your left eye is someone standing in southern africa and that your right is someone standing in england. close one eye and hold your fist out in front of you and cause it to eclipse something on the other side of the room ( or outside if possible, the further away the better ). make sure the object you choose is just barely covered by your fist. now without moving your arm, change eyes. you ' ll notice that your fist is no longer covering the object at all. this effect that you have just observed is precisely what happens in the case of an eclipse for different observers and is what astronomers call parallax ( parallax also has many other applications in astronomy such as directly measuring the distance to a great number of stars to extremely high precision thanks to the hipparcos satellite ). this quick experiment is also reasonably close to actual scale in terms of angular sizes and relation between sizes for the earth and moon. the distances between objects and true sizes aren ' t even close, but those don ' t matter in this case. so you ' re probably wondering why there ' s the strange disjointed path. after all, we never see that. there ' s only one sun in the sky. this image is actually a compilation of 18 images taken ~ 3 minutes apart ( and presumably one more to use as the beautiful background ). i can say that these were taken ~ 3 minutes apart because of the spacing of the suns. in 24 hours, the sun makes a full 360º path around the sky. thus, converting hours to minutes and dividing, we find that the sun moves 1º every 4 minutes. although it doesn ' t seem that there ' s any scale marked on this image to permit me to figure out how many degress