" american indians in the ohio valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the iroquois confederation, based in central and western new york. after the so - called beaver wars in the mid - 17th century, the iroquois claimed much of the ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver - trapping ground. after the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid - 17th century, which largely emptied the ohio country of indigenous people by the mid - to - late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly algonquian - speaking descendants of its ancient inhabitants, that is, descendants of the adena, hopewell, and mississippian cultures. many of these ohio - country nations were multi - ethnic ( sometimes multi - linguistic ) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease, war, and subsequent social instability. they subsisted on agriculture ( corn, sunflowers, beans, etc. ) supplemented by seasonal hunts. by the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by european entry into the fur trade. the indigenous nations to inhabit ohio in the historical period included the miamis ( a large confederation ) ; wyandots ( made up of refugees, especially from the fractured huron confederacy ) ; delawares ( pushed west from their historic homeland in new jersey ) ; shawnees ( also pushed west, although they may have been descended from the fort ancient people of ohio ) ; ottawas ( more commonly associated with the upper great lakes region ) ; mingos ( like the wyandot, a group recently formed of refugees from iroquois ) ; and eries ( gradually absorbed into the new, multi - ethnic " republics, " namely the wyandot ). ohio country was also the site of indian massacres, such as the yellow creek massacre, gnadenhutten and pontiac ' s rebellion school massacre. colonial and revolutionary eras during the 18th century, the french set up a system of trading posts to control the fur trade in the region. in 1754, france and great britain fought a war that was known in north america as the french and indian war and in europe as the seven years war. as a result of the treaty of paris, the french ceded control of ohio and the remainder of the old northwest to great britain. pontiac ' s rebellion in the 1760s, however, posed a challenge to british military control. this came to an end with the colonists ' victory in the american revolution. in the treaty of paris in 1783, britain ceded all claims to ohio country to


pontiac ' s rebellion in the 1760s, however, posed a challenge to british military control. this came to an end with the colonists ' victory in the american revolution. in the treaty of paris in 1783, britain ceded all claims to ohio country to the united states. northwest territory : 1787 – 1803 the united states created the northwest territory under the northwest ordinance of 1787. slavery was not permitted in the new territory. settlement began with the founding of marietta by the ohio company of associates, which had been formed by a group of american revolutionary war veterans. following the ohio company, the miami company ( also referred to as the " symmes purchase " ) claimed the southwestern section, and the connecticut land company surveyed and settled the connecticut western reserve in present - day northeast ohio. the old northwest territory originally included areas previously known as ohio country and illinois country. as ohio prepared for statehood, the indiana territory was created, reducing the northwest territory to approximately the size of present - day ohio plus the eastern half of the lower peninsula of michigan and the eastern tip of the upper peninsula. under the northwest ordinance, areas of the territory could be defined and admitted as states once their population reached 60, 000. although ohio ' s population numbered only 45, 000 in december 1801, congress determined that the population was growing rapidly and ohio could begin the path to statehood. the assumption was that it would exceed 60, 000 residents by the time it was admitted as a state. furthermore, in regards to the leni lenape native americans living in the region, congress decided that 10, 000 acres on the muskingum river in the present state of ohio would " be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the moravian brethren... or a society of the said brethren for civilizing the indians and promoting christianity. " on february 19, 1803, us president thomas jefferson signed an act of congress that approved ohio ' s boundaries and constitution. however, congress had never passed a resolution formally admitting ohio as the 17th state. the current custom of congress declaring an official date of statehood did not begin until 1812, with louisiana ' s admission as the 18th state. although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, ohio congressman george h. bender introduced a bill in congress to admit ohio to the union retroactive to march 1, 1803, the date on which the ohio general assembly first convened. at a special session at the old state capital in chillicothe, the ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood that was delivered to washington


the union retroactive to march 1, 1803, the date on which the ohio general assembly first convened. at a special session at the old state capital in chillicothe, the ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood that was delivered to washington, d. c. on horseback. on august 7, 1953 ( the year of ohio ' s 150th anniversary ), president eisenhower signed a congressional joint resolution that officially declared march 1, 1803 the date of ohio ' s admittance into the union. although many native americans had migrated west to evade american encroachment, others remained settled in the state, sometimes assimilating in part. in 1830 under president andrew jackson, the us government forced indian removal of most tribes to the indian territory west of the mississippi river. in 1835, ohio fought with michigan in the toledo war, a mostly bloodless boundary war over the toledo strip. congress intervened, making michigan ' s admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. in exchange for giving up its claim to the toledo strip, michigan was given the western two - thirds of the upper peninsula, in addition to the eastern third that was already considered part of the state. ohio ' s central position and its population gave it an important place during the civil war. the ohio river was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were ohio ' s railroads. ohio contributed more soldiers per - capita than any other state in the union. in 1862, the state ' s morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the battle of shiloh, a costly victory in which ohio forces suffered 2, 000 casualties. later that year, when confederate troops under the leadership of stonewall jackson threatened washington, d. c., ohio governor david tod still could recruit 5, 000 volunteers to provide three months of service. ohio historian andrew r. l. cayton writes that almost 35, 000 ohioans died in the conflict, " and some thirty thousand carried battle scars with them for the rest of their lives. " by the end of the civil war, the union ' s top three generals – ulysses s. grant, william tecumseh sherman, and philip sheridan – were all from ohio. in 1912 a constitutional convention was held with charles b. galbreath as secretary. the result reflected the concerns of the progressive era. it introduced the initiative and the referendum. in addition, it allowed the general assembly to put questions on the ballot for the people to ratify laws and constitutional amendments originating in the legislature. under the jeffersonian principle that


the concerns of the progressive era. it introduced the initiative and the referendum. in addition, it allowed the general assembly to put questions on the ballot for the people to ratify laws and constitutional amendments originating in the legislature. under the jeffersonian principle that laws should be reviewed once a generation, the constitution provided for a recurring question to appear on ohio ' s general election ballots every 20 years. the question asks whether a new convention is required. although the question has appeared in 1932, 1952, 1972, and 1992, it has never been approved. instead constitutional amendments have been proposed by petition to the legislature hundreds of times and adopted in a majority of cases. eight us presidents hailed from ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname " mother of presidents ", a sobriquet it shares with virginia. it is also termed " modern mother of presidents, " in contrast to virginia ' s status as the origin of presidents earlier in american history. seven presidents were born in ohio, making it second to virginia ' s eight. virginia - born william henry harrison lived most of his life in ohio and is also buried there. harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father - in - law, john cleves symmes, in north bend, ohio. the seven presidents born in ohio were ulysses s. grant, rutherford b. hayes, james a. garfield, benjamin harrison ( grandson of william henry harrison ), william mckinley, william howard taft and warren g. harding. | 2000 ( total population ) | | 86. 83 % | | 12. 18 % | | 0. 67 % | | 1. 41 % | | 0. 06 % | | 2000 ( hispanic only ) | | 1. 70 % | | 0. 19 % | | 0. 05 % | | 0. 02 % | | 0. 01 % | | 2005 ( total population ) | | 86. 27 % | | 12. 66 % | | 0. 66 % | | 1. 68 % | | 0. 07 % | | 2005 ( hispanic only ) | | 2. 05 % | | 0. 20 % | | 0. 05 % | | 0. 03 % | | 0. 01 % | | growth 2000 – 05 ( total population ) | | 0. 32 % | | 4. 98 % | | - 1. 57 % | | 20. 32 % | | 9. 32 % | | growth 2000 – 05 ( non - hispanic only ) | | - 0. 11 %


| | 0. 32 % | | 4. 98 % | | - 1. 57 % | | 20. 32 % | | 9. 32 % | | growth 2000 – 05 ( non - hispanic only ) | | - 0. 11 % | | 4. 97 % | | - 1. 96 % | | 20. 48 % | | 11. 15 % | | growth 2000 – 05 ( hispanic only ) | | 22. 11 % | | 5. 70 % | | 3. 04 % | | 10. 81 % | | - 0. 26 % | | * aian is american indian or alaskan native ; nhpi is native hawaiian or pacific islander | from just over 45, 000 residents in 1800, ohio ' s population grew at rates of over 10 % per decade until the 1970 census, which recorded just over 10. 65 million ohioans. growth then slowed for the next four decades. the united states census bureau estimates that the population of ohio was 11, 544, 225 on july 1, 2012, a 0. 07 % increase since the 2010 united states census. ohio ' s population growth lags that of the entire united states, and caucasians are found in a greater density than the united states average. as of 2000 [ update ], ohio ' s center of population is located in morrow county, in the county seat of mount gilead. this is approximately 6, 346 feet ( 1, 934 m ) south and west of ohio ' s population center in 1990. as of 2011, 27. 6 % of ohio ' s children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups. 6. 2 % of ohio ' s population is under 5 years of age, 23. 7 percent under 18 years of age, and 14. 1 percent were 65 or older. females made up approximately 51. 2 percent of the population. - 26. 5 % german - 14. 1 irish - 9. 0 % english - 7. 9 % american - 6. 4 % italian - 7. 6 % from the slavic countries : ( 3. 8 % polish, 1. 2 % slovak, russian, czech, slovene, ukrainian, croatian, serbian, belarusian, macedonian, bulgarian, rusyn, and montenegrin ) - 2. 5 % french - 1. 9 % scottish - 1. 7 % hungarian - 1. 6 % dutch - 1. 5 % mexican - 1. 1 % welsh - 1. 1 % scotch - irish ancestries claimed by less than 1 % of the population include sub


. 9 % scottish - 1. 7 % hungarian - 1. 6 % dutch - 1. 5 % mexican - 1. 1 % welsh - 1. 1 % scotch - irish ancestries claimed by less than 1 % of the population include sub - saharan african, puerto rican, swiss, swedish, arab, greek, norwegian, romanian, austrian, lithuanian, finnish, west indian, and portuguese. - white : 82. 7 % ( non - hispanic whites : 81. 1 % ) - black or african american : 12. 2 % - native american : 0. 2 % - asian : 1. 7 % ( 0. 6 % indian, 0. 4 % chinese, 0. 1 % filipino, 0. 1 % korean, 0. 1 % vietnamese, 0. 1 % japanese ) - pacific islander : 0. 03 % - two or more races : 2. 1 % - some other race : 1. 1 % - hispanic or latino ( of any race ) : 3. 1 % ( 1. 5 % mexican, 0. 8 % puerto rican, 0. 1 % guatemalan, 0. 1 % cuban ) about 6. 7 % of the population age 5 years and over reported speaking a language other than english, with 2. 2 % of the population speaking spanish, 2. 6 % speaking other indo - european languages, 1. 1 % speaking asian and austronesian languages, and 0. 8 % speaking other languages. numerically ; 10, 100, 586 spoke english, 239, 229 spanish, 55, 970 german, and 38, 990 chinese. in addition 59, 881 spoke a slavic language and 42, 673 spoke another west germanic language according to the 2010 census. ohio also had the nation ' s largest slovene speakers, second largest slovak, pennsylvania dutch, and third largest serbian speakers. according to a pew forum poll, as of 2008, 76 % of ohioans identified as christian. specifically, 26 % of ohio ' s population identified as evangelical protestant, 22 % as mainline protestant, and 21 % as roman catholic. 17 % of the population is unaffiliated with any religious body. 1. 3 % ( 148, 380 ) were jewish. there are also small minorities of jehovah ' s witnesses ( 1 % ), muslims ( 1 % ), hindus ( < 0. 5 % ), buddhists ( < 0. 5 % ), mormons ( < 0. 5 % ), and other faiths ( 1 - 1. 5 % ). according


, muslims ( 1 % ), hindus ( < 0. 5 % ), buddhists ( < 0. 5 % ), mormons ( < 0. 5 % ), and other faiths ( 1 - 1. 5 % ). according to the same data, a majority of ohioans, 55 %, feel that religion is " very important, " 30 % say that it is " somewhat important, " and 15 % responded that religion is " not too important / not important at all. " 36 % of ohioans indicate that they attend religious services at least once weekly, 35 % attend occasionally, and 27 % seldom or never participate in religious services. in 2010, ohio was ranked no. 2 in the country for best business climate by site selection magazine, based on a business - activity database. the state has also won three consecutive governor ' s cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments. as of 2010 [ update ], ohio ' s gross domestic product ( gdp ) was $ 478 billion. this ranks ohio ' s economy as the seventh - largest of all fifty states and the district of columbia. the small business & entrepreneurship council ranked the state no. 10 for best business - friendly tax systems in their business tax index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked no. 6 at 1. 9 %. ohio was ranked no. 11 by the council for best friendly - policy states according to their small business survival index 2009. the directorship ' s boardroom guide ranked the state no. 13 overall for best business climate, including no. 7 for best litigation climate. forbes ranked the state no. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009. ohio has 5 of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to u. s. news and world report ' s 2010 rankings, and was ranked no. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools. ohio ' s unemployment rate stood at 10. 7 in may 2010, adding 17, 000 new jobs that month. ohio ' s per capita income stands at $ 34, 874. moody ' s is predicting a 1. 3 % increase in personal income in 2009 for ohio, compared to the 2007 rate of 4. 7 %. as of 2007 [ update ], ohio ' s median household income is $ 46, 645, and 13. 1 % of the population is below the poverty line, slightly above the national rate of 13 %. ohio ' s employment base is expected to grow 5 % from 2006 to


ohio ' s median household income is $ 46, 645, and 13. 1 % of the population is below the poverty line, slightly above the national rate of 13 %. ohio ' s employment base is expected to grow 5 % from 2006 to 2016, a net gain of 290, 700 jobs. the manufacturing and financial activities sectors each compose 18. 3 % of ohio ' s gdp, making them ohio ' s largest industries by percentage of gdp. ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the midwest, and is a national leader in the " green " economy. ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances. 5, 212, 000 ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary. by employment, ohio ' s largest sector is trade / transportation / utilities, which employs 1, 010, 000 ohioans, or 19. 4 % of ohio ' s workforce, while the health care and education sector employs 825, 000 ohioans ( 15. 8 % ). government employs 787, 000 ohioans ( 15. 1 % ), manufacturing employs 669, 000 ohioans ( 12. 9 % ), and professional and technical services employs 638, 000 ohioans ( 12. 2 % ). ohio ' s manufacturing sector is the third - largest of all fifty united states states in terms of gross domestic product. fifty - nine of the united states ' top 1, 000 publicly traded companies ( by revenue in 2008 ) are headquartered in ohio, including procter & gamble, goodyear tire & rubber, ak steel, timken, abercrombie & fitch, and wendy ' s. many major east - west transportation corridors go through ohio. one of those pioneer routes, known in the early 20th century as " main market route 3 ", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historic lincoln highway which was the first road across america, connecting new york city to san francisco. in ohio, the lincoln highway linked many towns and cities together, including canton, mansfield, wooster, lima, and van wert. the arrival of the lincoln highway to ohio was a major influence on the development of the state. upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1926, the lincoln highway through ohio became u. s. highway 30. ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. major east - west through routes include the ohio turnpike ( i - 80 / i - 90 ) in the north, i - 76 through akron to pennsylvania,


u. s. highway 30. ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. major east - west through routes include the ohio turnpike ( i - 80 / i - 90 ) in the north, i - 76 through akron to pennsylvania, i - 70 through columbus and dayton, and the appalachian highway ( ohio 32 ) running from west virginia to cincinnati. major north - south routes include i - 75 in the west through toledo, dayton, and cincinnati, i - 71 through the middle of the state from cleveland through columbus and cincinnati into kentucky, and i - 77 in the eastern part of the state from cleveland through akron, canton, new philadelphia and marietta down into west virginia. interstate 75 between cincinnati and dayton is one of the heaviest traveled sections of interstate in ohio. ohio has 5 international airports, 4 commercial and 2 military. the 5 international includes cleveland hopkins international airport, which is a major hub for united airlines ( formerly continental airlines ), port columbus international airport, and dayton international airport, ohio ' s third largest airport. akron fulton international airport handles cargo and for private use. rickenbacker international airport is one of two military airfields which is also home to the 7th largest fedex building in america. the other military airfield is wright patterson air force base which is one of the largest air force bases in the united states. other major airports are located in toledo and akron. cincinnati / northern kentucky international airport is in hebron, kentucky and therefore is not listed above. law and government the executive branch is headed by the governor of ohio. the current governor is john kasich, a republican elected in 2010. a lieutenant governor succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the governor. the current lieutenant governor is mary taylor. the other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the secretary of state ( jon a. husted ), auditor ( dave yost ), treasurer ( josh mandel ), and attorney general ( mike dewine ). there are three levels of the ohio state judiciary. the lowest level is the court of common pleas : each county maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over " all justiciable matters. " the intermediate - level court system is the district court system. twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area. a case heard in this system is decided by a three - judge panel, and each judge is elected. the highest -


twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area. a case heard in this system is decided by a three - judge panel, and each judge is elected. the highest - ranking court, the ohio supreme court, is ohio ' s " court of last resort. " a seven - justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters. the ohio general assembly is a bicameral legislature consisting of the senate and house of representatives. the senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. each senator represents approximately 330, 000 constituents. the house of representatives is composed of 99 members. | 2012 | | 47. 60 % 2, 661, 437 | | 50. 58 % 2, 827, 709 | | 2008 | | 46. 80 % 2, 677, 820 | | 51. 38 % 2, 940, 044 | | 2004 | | 50. 81 % 2, 859, 768 | | 48. 71 % 2, 741, 167 | | 2000 | | 49. 97 % 2, 351, 209 | | 46. 46 % 2, 186, 190 | | 1996 | | 41. 02 % 1, 859, 883 | | 47. 38 % 2, 148, 222 | | 1992 | | 38. 35 % 1, 894, 310 | | 40. 18 % 1, 984, 942 | | 1988 | | 55. 00 % 2, 416, 549 | | 44. 15 % 1, 939, 629 | | 1984 | | 58. 90 % 2, 678, 560 | | 40. 14 % 1, 825, 440 | | 1980 | | 51. 51 % 2, 206, 545 | | 40. 91 % 1, 752, 414 | | 1976 | | 48. 65 % 2, 000, 505 | | 48. 92 % 2, 011, 621 | | 1972 | | 59. 63 % 2, 441, 827 | | 38. 07 % 1, 558, 889 | | 1968 | | 45. 23 % 1, 791, 014 | | 42. 95 % 1, 700, 586 | | 1964 | | 37. 06 % 1, 470, 865 | | 62. 94 % 2, 49


1968 | | 45. 23 % 1, 791, 014 | | 42. 95 % 1, 700, 586 | | 1964 | | 37. 06 % 1, 470, 865 | | 62. 94 % 2, 498, 331 | | 1960 | | 53. 28 % 2, 217, 611 | | 46. 72 % 1, 944, 248 | ohio, nicknamed the " mother of presidents, " has sent seven of its native sons ( ulysses s. grant, rutherford b. hayes, james a. garfield, benjamin harrison, william mckinley, william howard taft, and warren g. harding ) to the white house. all seven were republicans. virginia native william henry harrison, a whig, resided in ohio. historian r. douglas hurt asserts that not since virginia ' had a state made such a mark on national political affairs. ' the economist notes that " this slice of the mid - west contains a bit of everything american — part north - eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb, " ohio has voted for the winning presidential candidate in each election since 1964, and in 33 of the 37 held since the civil war. as of 2008 [ update ], ohio ' s voter demographic leans towards the democratic party. [ dead link ] an estimated 2, 408, 178 ohioans are registered to vote as democrats, while 1, 471, 465 ohioans are registered to vote as republicans. [ dead link ] these are changes from 2004 of 72 % and 32 %, respectively, and democrats have registered over 1, 000, 000 new ohioans since 2004. [ dead link ] unaffiliated voters have an attrition of 15 % since 2004, losing an estimated 718, 000 of their kind. [ dead link ] the total now rests at 4, 057, 518 ohioans. [ dead link ] in total, there are 7, 937, 161 ohioans registered to vote. [ dead link ] in the united states presidential election of 2008, then - senator barack obama of illinois won 51. 50 % of ohio ' s popular vote, 4. 59 % more than his nearest rival, senator john mccain of arizona. however, obama won only 22 of ohio ' s 88 counties. following the 2000 census, ohio lost one congressional district in the united states house of representatives, which leaves ohio with 18 districts, and consequently, 18 representatives. the state lost two more seats following the 2010 census,


22 of ohio ' s 88 counties. following the 2000 census, ohio lost one congressional district in the united states house of representatives, which leaves ohio with 18 districts, and consequently, 18 representatives. the state lost two more seats following the 2010 census, leaving it with 18 votes for the next 3 presidential elections in 2012, 2016 and 2020. the 2008 elections, democrats gained three seats in ohio ' s delegation to the house of representatives. this leaves eight republican - controlled seats in the ohio delegation. ohio ' s u. s. senators in the 112th congress are republican rob portman and democrat sherrod brown. marcia kaptur ( d - 9 ) is the dean, or most senior member, of the ohio delegation to the united states house of representatives. ohio ' s system of public education is outlined in article vi of the state constitution, and in title xxxiii of the ohio revised code. substantively, ohio ' s system is similar to those found in other states. at the state level, the ohio department of education, which is overseen by the ohio state board of education, governs primary and secondary educational institutions. at the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. the ohio board of regents coordinates and assists with ohio ' s institutions of higher education which have recently been reorganized into the university system of ohio under governor strickland. the system averages an annual enrollment of over 400, 000 students, making it one of the five largest state university systems in the u. s. colleges and universities - 13 state universities - bowling green state university ( bowling green ) - central state university ( wilberforce ) - cleveland state university ( cleveland ) - kent state university ( kent ) - miami university ( oxford ) - the ohio state university ( columbus ) - ohio university ( athens ) - shawnee state university ( portsmouth ) - the university of akron ( akron ) - university of cincinnati ( cincinnati ) - university of toledo ( toledo ) - wright state university ( dayton / fairborn ) - youngstown state university ( youngstown ) - 24 state university branch and regional campuses - 46 private colleges and universities - 6 free - standing state - assisted medical schools - boonshoft school of medicine ( formerly known as the wright state university school of medicine ) - heritage college of osteopathic medicine, ohio university - northeastern ohio universities college of medicine - the ohio state university college of medicine and public health - university of cincinnati college of medicine - university of toledo college of medicine ( formerly medical university of ohio ) - 15 community colleges - 8


the cleveland indians ), dayton dragons ( affiliated with the cincinnati reds ), lake county captains ( affiliated with the cleveland indians ), mahoning valley scrappers ( affiliated with the cleveland indians ), and toledo mud hens ( affiliated with the detroit tigers ). ohio ' s minor professional football teams include : canton legends ( american indoor football association ), cincinnati marshals ( national indoor football league ), cincinnati sizzle ( national women ' s football association ), cleveland fusion ( national women ' s football association ), cleveland gladiators ( arena football league ), columbus comets ( national women ' s football association ), columbus destroyers ( arena football league ), mahoning valley thunder ( af2 ), marion mayhem ( continental indoor football league ), and miami valley silverbacks ( continental indoor football league ). ohio ' s alternative professional hockey teams include : cincinnati cyclones ( echl ), lake erie monsters ( american hockey league ), dayton gems ( central hockey league ), mahoning valley phantoms ( north american hockey league ), toledo walleye ( echl ), and youngstown steelhounds ( central hockey league ). in lower division professional soccer, ohio accommodates the cincinnati kings and cleveland city stars, both of the united soccer league and the dayton dutch lions of the usl premier development league. former major league teams : - akron pros ( nfl ) ( 1920 – 1925 ) - canton bulldogs ( nfl ) ( 1920 – 1923 and 1925 – 1926 ) - portsmouth spartans ( nfl ) ( 1930 – 1933 ) - cincinnati red stockings ( nl ) ( 1876 – 1880 ) - cleveland blues ( nl ) ( 1879 – 1884 ) - cleveland spiders ( aa - nl ) ( 1887 – 1899 ) - cleveland rams ( nfl ) ( 1936 – 1945 ) - cleveland rebels ( baa ) ( 1946 – 1947 ) - cincinnati royals ( nba ) ( 1957 – 1972 ) - cleveland barons ( nhl ) ( 1976 – 1978 ) - cleveland crusaders ( wha ) ( 1972 – 1976 ) - cincinnati stingers ( wha ) ( 1975 – 1979 ). - dayton triangles ( nfl ) ( 1920 – 1929 ) - cleveland rockers ( wnba ) ( 1997 – 2003 ) ohio has eight ncaa division i - a college football teams, divided among three different conferences. it has also experienced considerable success in the secondary and tertiary tiers of college football divisions. in division i - a, representing the big ten, the ohio state buckeyes football team ranks 5th among all - time winningest programs, with seven national championships and seven heisman trophy


in the secondary and tertiary tiers of college football divisions. in division i - a, representing the big ten, the ohio state buckeyes football team ranks 5th among all - time winningest programs, with seven national championships and seven heisman trophy winners. their biggest are rivals are the michigan wolverines, whom they traditionally play each year as the last game of their regular season schedule. ohio has six teams represented in the mid - american conference : the university of akron, bowling green, kent state, miami university, ohio university and the university of toledo. the mac headquarters are based in cleveland. division iii mount union college boasts a record - setting ten national championships and also hold the record for 110 consecutive game winning streak from 1994 until 2005. they have won two of the last three d - iii national championship games. ohio ' s state symbols : | the flag of ohio. | | the seal of ohio. | | flower ( s ) | | red carnation ( 1904 ) | | mammal ( s ) | | white - tailed deer ( 1987 ) | | reptile | | black racer snake ( 1995 ) | | beverage | | tomato juice ( 1965 ) | | fossil | | isotelus maximus, a trilobite ( 1985 ) | | gemstone | | ohio flint ( 1965 ) | | motto | | " with god all things are possible. " ( 1959 ) | | slogan ( s ) | | so much to discover | | song ( s ) | | " beautiful ohio " ( 1969 ) " hang on sloopy " ( 1985 ) | other | | wild flower : great white trillium ( 1986 ) | released in 2002 | | lists of united states state insignia | see also↑jump back a section - " why is ohio known as the buckeye state and why are ohioans known as buckeyes? " ( pdf ). retrieved 2008 - 04 - 21. - " ohio quick facts ". ohio historical society. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26. - " city of columbus : fun facts ". city of columbus, ohio. 2006. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26. - according to the u. s. census july 2007 annual estimate, greater cleveland is the largest metropolitan statistical area ( msa ) that is entirely within ohio, with a population of 2, 096, 471 ; and greater cincinnati is the largest msa that is at least partially within ohio, with a a population of 2, 133, 678, approximately 25 % of which is in indiana or kentucky.


a population of 2, 096, 471 ; and greater cincinnati is the largest msa that is at least partially within ohio, with a a population of 2, 133, 678, approximately 25 % of which is in indiana or kentucky. which msa is the largest in ohio depends on the context. - " annual estimates of the population for the united states, regions, states, and puerto rico : april 1, 2010 to july 1, 2012 " ( csv ). 2012 population estimates. united states census bureau, population division. december 2012. retrieved december 22, 2012. - " elevations and distances in the united states ". united states geological survey. 2001. retrieved october 24, 2011. - elevation adjusted to north american vertical datum of 1988. - stockwell, mary ( 2006 ). " ohio " + " march + 17 + 1803 " # ppa88, m1 the ohio adventure. layton, ut : gibbs smith. p. 88. isbn 1 - 58685 - 361 - 9. - " creation of the board of elections ". mahoning county board of elections. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25. - " the governors of ohio ". ohio historical society. january 8, 2007. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25. - hershey, william ( november 8, 2006 ). " strickland becomes first dem governor since ' 91 ". middletown journal. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25. - " about lee ". office of the governor. 2009. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25. - " democrats jennifer brunner, lee fisher to run for u. s. senate ". associated press. february 17, 2009. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27. - " sherrod brown ". washington post. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27. - " official usps abbreviations ". united states postal service. 1998. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26. - " quick facts about the state of ohio ". ohio history central. retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02. " from iroquois word meaning ' great river ' " - mithun, marianne ( 1999 ). " borrowing ". the languages of native north america. cambridge : cambridge university press. pp. 311 – 3. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 29875 - 9. " ohio ( ' large creek ' ) " - " native ohio ". american indian studies. ohio state university. archived from the original on february 2, 2007. retrieved 2007 - 02 - 25. " ohio comes from the seneca (


- 9. " ohio ( ' large creek ' ) " - " native ohio ". american indian studies. ohio state university. archived from the original on february 2, 2007. retrieved 2007 - 02 - 25. " ohio comes from the seneca ( iroquoian ) ohiiyo ’ ' good river ' " - harvey, christopher. " seneca ". languagegeek. retrieved 2007 - 02 - 25. [ not in citation given ] - davidson, william m. ( 1902 ). a history of the united states. chicago, il : scott, foresman and company. p. 265. isbn 1 - 4297 - 5239 - 4. - berg - andersson, richard e. ( 2000 ). " the math behind the 2000 census apportionment of representatives ". the green papers. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25. - pollard, kelvin ( 2008 ). " swing, bellwether, and red and blue states ". population reference bureau. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25. - transportation delivers for ohio. ohio : department of transportation. 2003 ‐ 2 ‐ 12. archived from the original on 2008 ‐ 1 ‐ 24. retrieved december 22, 2005. - ohio coastal counties. ohio : department of natural resources. retrieved september 3, 2008. - " ohio v. kentucky, 444 u. s. 335 ". case law. find law. 1980. - history of the appalachian regional commission. appalachian regional commission. retrieved january 3, 2006. - " counties in appalachia ", appalachian regional commission. retrieved january 3, 2006. - " gct - t1 ohio county population estimates — 2005 ", the united states census bureau, retrieved january 3, 2006. true summation of ohio appalachia counties population ( 1, 476, 384 ) obtained by adding the 29 individual county populations together ( july 1, 2005 data ). percentage obtained by dividing that number into that table ' s estimate of ohio population as of july 1, 2005 ( 11, 464, 042 ) - " the history of the mcd : the conservancy act ". miami conservancy district. retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13. - " all - time temperature maximums by state ( 2003 ) " ( pdf ). national climatic data center. retrieved november 7, 2006. - " all - time temperature minimums by state ( 2003 ) " ( pdf ). national climatic data center. retrieved november 7, 2006. - odnr updates ohio earthquake map to reflect


national climatic data center. retrieved november 7, 2006. - " all - time temperature minimums by state ( 2003 ) " ( pdf ). national climatic data center. retrieved november 7, 2006. - odnr updates ohio earthquake map to reflect statewide seismic activity since 2002 ( news release ), ohio department of natural resources, division of geological survey ( september 18, 2007 ) - ohio seismic network, what was the biggest earthquake in ohio? - historic earthquakes : western ohio, u. s. geological survey. - " ohio ". historic united states earthquakes. us : geological survey. - " near lima, oh, 1884 ‐ 9 ‐ 19 ". historic earthquakes. us : geological survey. - " near portsmouth, oh, 1986 ‐ 1 ‐ 31 ". historic earthquakes. us : geological survey. - " northeast ohio, 1986 ‐ 1 ‐ 31 ". historic earthquakes. us : geological survey. - " january 1986 northeastern ohio earthquake ". the ohio seismic network. ohio department of natural resources. retrieved 2009 - 09 - 13. - magnitude 4. 0 – youngstown ‐ warren urban area, oh. us : geological survey. retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31. - the ohio seismic network. oh : department of natural resources. - catalog of ohio earthquakes, at the ohio department of natural resources web site - " american factfinder2 custom tables : table 1 ". retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20. - " american factfinder2 ". retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20. - knepper ( 1989 ), p. 9. - knepper ( 1989 ), p. 10. - robrt maslowski, " cultural affiliations statement : new river gorge national river and gauley river national recreation area, national park service, accessed 2 august 2012 - knepper ( 1989 ), p. 11. - knepper ( 1989 ), p. 13. - knepper ( 1989 ), p. 14. - roseboom ( 1967 ), p. 20. - knepper ( 1989 ), pp. 14 – 17. - knepper ( 1989 ), pp. 43 – 44. - " pontiac ' s rebellion ", ohio history central, july 1, 2005. - cayton ( 2002 ), p. 3. - " religion and the congress of the confederation, 1774 - 89 ". library of congress. retrieved 11 / 4 / 12. - an act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the united states, within the state of ohio, ch


- " religion and the congress of the confederation, 1774 - 89 ". library of congress. retrieved 11 / 4 / 12. - an act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the united states, within the state of ohio, ch. 7, 2 stat. 201 ( feb. 19, 1803 ). - blue, frederick j. ( autumn 2002 ). " the date of ohio statehood ". ohio academy of history newsletter. archived from the original on september 11, 2010. - joint resolution for admitting the state of ohio into the union, ( pub. l. 83 – 204, 67 stat. 407, enacted august 7, 1953 ). - clearing up the confusion surrounding ohio ' s admission to statehood - knepper ( 1989 ), pp. 233 – 234. - roseboom and weisenburger ( 1967 ), p. 188. - cayton ( 2002 ), p. 129. - morris ( 1992 ), pp. 10 – 11. - cayton ( 2002 ), pp. 128 – 129. - " state nicknames – nicknames of u. s. states ". geography. about. com. retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02. - resident population data. " resident population data - 2010 census ". 2010. census. gov. retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18. - " census of population : 1970, part 37 – ohio, section 1 " ( pdf ). united states census bureau. 1970. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27. - balistreri, kelly ( 2001 - 02 ). " ohio population news : why did ohio lose a seat in the u. s. house of representatives? " ( pdf ). center for family and demographic research at bowling green state university. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27. - " 2000 population and geographic centers of ohio " ( pdf ). ohio department of development, office of strategic research. 2001 - 03. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26. - " population and population centers by state : 2000 ". united states census bureau. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06. - " americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in ohio : statistical snapshot ". the plain dealer. june 3, 2012. - " data center language list ". mla. org. 2013 - 04 - 02. retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14. - " religious composition of ohio ". the pew forum on religion & public life. 2008. archived from the original on 2008 - 3 - 6. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27


. 2013 - 04 - 02. retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14. - " religious composition of ohio ". the pew forum on religion & public life. 2008. archived from the original on 2008 - 3 - 6. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27. - " jewish population in the united states, by state ". jewish virtual library. retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14. - " site selection rankings ". greyhill advisors. retrieved october 17, 2011. - " columbus chamber announces ohio ranked on ' top 10 business climates ' list for 2009 ", earth times. retrieved november 19, 2009. - " gdp by state ". greyhill advisors. retrieved september 15, 2011. - " economic overview " ( pdf ). ohio department of development. 2009 - 02. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31. - " business tax index 2009 ", small business & entrepreneurship council. retrieved december 2, 2009. - " small business survival index 2009 ", small business & entrepreneurship council. retrieved december 2, 2009. - " the best states for business ", directorship. retrieved december 2, 2009. - " the best states for business ", forbes. retrieved december 2, 2009. - " best colleges 2010 ", u. s. news & world report. retrieved december 2, 2009. - " best high schools : state by state statistics ", u. s. news & world report. retrieved december 2, 2009. - bls. gov ; local area unemployment statistics - " jobless rates fall again in southeastern ohio ", zanesville times - recorder. 23 june 2010. retrieved 25 june 2010. - " strickland : mature leader needed, rival kasich is too radical ", dayton daily news. 22 june 2010. retrieved 25 june 2010. - " ers / usda data ". economic research service, united states department of agriculture. december 15, 2008. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31. - " ohio quickfacts ". united states census bureau. february 20, 2009. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31. - " economic overview ", ohio department of development, p. 1. retrieved november 19, 2009. - " fortune 500 2008 ".. may 5, 2008. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31. - " lottery results " ( shtml ). office of citizen services and communications, general services administration. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31. - " about the ohio lottery ". ohio lottery commission. 2008. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31. - kissell, margo r.


" ohio ' s state symbols ". ohio governor ' s residence and state garden. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26. - " ohio ' s state motto ". ohio historical society. july 1, 2005. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27. - " ohio ' s state rock song ". ohio historical society. july 1, 2005. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27. - cayton, andrew r. l. ( 2002 ). ohio : the history of a people. columbus, oh : the ohio state university press. isbn 0 - 8142 - 0899 - 1 - knepper, george w. ( 1989 ). ohio and its people. kent, oh : kent state university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 87338 - 791 - 0 - mithun, marianne ( 1999 ). languages of native north america. cambridge, uk : cambridge university press. - morris, roy, jr. ( 1992 ). sheridan : the life and wars of general phil sheridan. new york : crown publishing. isbn 0 - 517 - 58070 - 5. - holli, melvin g. ( 1999 ). the american mayor. state college, pa : pennsylvania state university press. isbn 0 - 271 - 01876 - 3 - roseboom, eugene h. ; weisenburger, francis p. ( 1967 ). a history of ohio. columbus : the ohio historical society. | find more about ohio at wikipedia ' s sister projects | | definitions and translations from wiktionary | | media from commons | | learning resources from wikiversity | | news stories from wikinews | | quotations from wikiquote | | source texts from wikisource | | textbooks from wikibooks | | travel information from wikivoyage | - state of ohio official website - ohio state facts - state of ohio wiki - u. s. census bureau ( ohio quick facts ) - usgs real - time, geographic, and other scientific resources of ohio - ohio at the open directory project - geographic data related to ohio at openstreetmap | | michigan • lake erie | | kentucky • west virginia | | list of u. s. states by date of statehood admitted on march 1, 1803 ( 17th ) read in another language this page is available in 143 languages - aymar aru - беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) - bikol central - dine bi


bombing of mannheim in world war ii | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( october 2006 ) | as part of operation abigail rachel, the " first deliberate terror raid " on germany took place on december 16, although with poor effect even though one hundred tonnes of explosives and 14, 000 incendiaries were dropped on mannheim. the british had been waiting for the opportunity to experiment with such a raid aimed at creating a maximum of destruction in a selected town since the summer 1940, and the opportunity was given after the german raid on coventry. internally it was declared to be a reprisal for coventry and southampton. the new bombing policy was officially ordered by churchill on december 1, explained in the war cabinet on december 12, and operation abigail was approved on the 13th, on condition it receive no publicity and be considered an experiment. the " air - crews, rightly, regarded it as a terror raid ". incendiaries dropped by eight bombers to mark the target missed the city center and of the 100 or so aircraft, of the 134 dispatched, that did drop bombs most missed the city center. german casualties were 34 dead and 81 injured. the lessons learned from the large dispersal of bombs over mannheim was to develop the " bomber stream ", maximum amount of bombs over shortest time and area. despite the lack of decisive success of this raid, approval was granted for further similar raids. this was the start of a british drift away from precision attacks on military targets and towards area bombing attacks on whole cities. the largest raid on mannheim was on september 5 and 6, 1943. a large part of the city was destroyed. in 1944, raids destroyed mannheim palace, leaving only one room undamaged out of over 500. on march 2, 1945 the raf launched a 300 - bomber attack, causing a devastating firestorm. 25, 181 tons of bombs fell throughout the war. - boog, pp 507, 508 - " royal air force bomber command campaign diary 1940 } ". deltaweb international. april 6, 2005. - boog, p 509 - boog, stumpf and rahn ( editors ) germany and the second world war : volume vi : the global war oxford university press, 2001, isbn 0 - 19 - 822888 - 0 | this world war ii article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |


| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( april 2010 ) | a kairyu " sea dragon " in the aburatsubo inlet. | completed : | | 200 – 213 ( sources vary ) | | type : | | kairyu ( 海 龍 " sea dragon " ) class midget submarine | | displacement : | | 19. 3 t ( 21. 3 short tons ) | | length : | | 17. 2 m ( 56 ft 5 in ) | | beam : | | 1. 3 m ( 4 ft 3 in ) | | height : | | 1. 3 m ( 4 ft 3 in ) | | propulsion : | | surface : 64 kw ( 86 hp ) diesel engine submerged : 60 kw ( 80 hp ) electric engine | speed : | | surface speed : 13 km / h ( 7. 0 kn ) submerged speed : 19 km / h ( 10 kn ) | range : | | 830 km ( 450 nmi ) at 10 km / h ( 5. 4 kn ) surfaced 70 km ( 38 nmi ) at 5. 5 km / h ( 3. 0 kn ) submerged | armament : | | 2 × 450mm torpedoes and a 600 kg ( 1, 300 lb ) explosive charge | the kairyu ( 海 龍 kairyu, " sea dragon " ) was a class of midget submarines of the imperial japanese navy, designed in 1943 – 1944, and produced from the beginning of 1945. these submarines were meant to meet the invading american naval forces upon their anticipated approach of tokyo. more than 750 of these submarines were planned and by august 1945 about 210 had been manufactured. most of them were constructed at the yokosuka shipyard. these submarines had a two - man crew and were fitted with two torpedoes along with a 600 kg ( 1, 300 lb ) explosive charge intended to be used on a suicide mission. most of the kairyu submarines were based at yokosuka to defend the entrance of tokyo bay in the event of a united states invasion of mainland japan. some of these subs were also stationed in the moroiso and aburatsubo inlets on the southern tip of the miura peninsula where a training school had also been set up. due to japan ' s surrender on august 1945, after the atomic bombing of nagasaki and hiroshima, none of these submarines ever saw action. technical details all modifications of the kairyu class are constructed from 3 sections of welded steel bolted together. the sections are the fore ( warhead ), mid ( diesel engine, ballast,


nagasaki and hiroshima, none of these submarines ever saw action. technical details all modifications of the kairyu class are constructed from 3 sections of welded steel bolted together. the sections are the fore ( warhead ), mid ( diesel engine, ballast, fuel, controls and batteries ) and finally the aft ( motor and control planes ). the bow section can be installed with or without a warhead. following on from the bow is the central section, first in this section are the batteries for the electric motor and the air flasks. then is the pilot area. he has numerous controls including controls for the fore and aft dive planes and rudders, valves for oil, fuel and water and the periscope raise / lower controls. behind the pilot are the main ballast tank and fuel tank. modification 3 while both the original and second modifications were practically identical, the third modification of the class had some notable differences. the overall length is 160 cm ( 63 in ) longer. the forward dive planes have been moved forward of the conning tower. there is no external magnetic compass and the fuel tank is now installed before the pilots control area. there is also a second periscope aft of the conning tower. this model could very well have been used for training purposes with a complement of 3. - rekishi gunzo, p. 119. - rekishi gunzo, history of the pacific war volume 36, kairyu and kaiten, gakken, tokyo, japan, 2002, isbn 4 - 05 - 602693 - 9. | wikimedia commons has media related to : kairyu - class submarine |


sarah bernhardt as hamlet, 1880 - 1885. | family | | king hamlet ( father ) claudius ( uncle, stepfather ) | role | | prince of denmark | | quote | | " to be, or not to be, that is the question " | prince hamlet is the title character and protagonist of shakespeare ' s tragedy hamlet. he is the prince of denmark, nephew to the usurping claudius and son of king hamlet, the previous king of denmark. throughout the play he struggles with whether, and how, to avenge the murder of his father, and struggles with his own sanity along the way. by the end of the tragedy, hamlet has caused the deaths of polonius, laertes, claudius and his two childhood friends rosencrantz and guildenstern. he is also indirectly involved in the deaths of his love ophelia ( drowning ) and of his mother gertrude ( poisoned by mistake ). hamlet himself is the final character to die in the play. views of hamlet perhaps the most straightforward view sees hamlet as seeking truth in order to be certain that he is justified in carrying out the revenge called for by a ghost that claims to be the spirit of his father. the 1948 movie with laurence olivier in the title role is introduced by a voiceover : " this is the tragedy of a man who could not make up his mind. " t. s. eliot offers a similar view of hamlet ' s character in his critical essay, " hamlet and his problems " ( the sacred wood : essays on poetry and criticism ). he states, " we find shakespeare ' s ' hamlet ' not in the action, not in any quotations that we might select, so much as in an unmistakable tone... ". others see hamlet as a person charged with a duty that he both knows and feels is right, yet is unwilling to carry out. in this view, all of his efforts to satisfy himself of claudius ' guilt, or his failure to act when he can, are evidence of this unwillingness, and hamlet berates himself for his inability to carry out his task. after observing a play - actor performing a scene, he notes that the actor was moved to tears in the passion of the story and compares this passion for an ancient greek character, hecuba, in light of his own situation : - " o, what a rogue and peasant slave am i! - is it not monstrous that this player here, - but in a fiction, in a dream of passion, - could force his soul so to his own con


of his own situation : - " o, what a rogue and peasant slave am i! - is it not monstrous that this player here, - but in a fiction, in a dream of passion, - could force his soul so to his own conceit - that from her working all his visage wan ' d ; - tears in his eyes, distraction in ' s aspect, - a broken voice, and his whole function suiting - with forms to his conceit? and all for nothing! - for hecuba? - what ' s hecuba to him, or he to hecuba, - that he should weep for her? " [ … ] etymology of his name the name hamlet occurs as early as the 10th century. his name is easily derived in from belleforest and the lost play from amlethus of saxo, and remaining in this form is then derived from its latin form of the old jutish amlethoe. from this point the name can be divided into sections with common meanings. in terms of etymology the root name of hamlet is an icelandic noun, amlooi, meaning ‘ fool. ’ however, this name is derived from the way that hamlet acts in the play and is not in all actuality the true etymology of the name. the second way of translating the name is by analyzing the noun aml - ooi into ‘ raving mad ’ and the second half, amla into ‘ routine ’. later these names were incorporated into irish dialect as amlodhe. as phonetic laws took their course the name ’ s spelling changed eventually leaving it as amlaidhe. this irish name was given to a hero in a common folk story. the root of this name is ‘ furious, raging, wild. ’ these are all meanings shakespeare would have been aware of when deciding on the name for his longest play. influence of the reformation it has also been suggested that hamlet ' s hesitations may also be rooted in the religious beliefs of shakespeare ' s time. the protestant reformation had generated debate about the existence of purgatory ( where king hamlet claims he currently resides ). the concept of purgatory is a catholic one, and was frowned on in protestant england. hamlet says that he will not kill his uncle because death would send him straight to heaven, while his father ( having died without foreknowledge of his death ) is in purgatory doing penance for his. hamlet ' s opportunity to kill his uncle comes just after the uncle has supposedly made his peace


him straight to heaven, while his father ( having died without foreknowledge of his death ) is in purgatory doing penance for his. hamlet ' s opportunity to kill his uncle comes just after the uncle has supposedly made his peace with god. hamlet says that he would much rather take a stab at the murderer while he is frolicking in the " incestuous sheets ", or gambling and drinking, so he could be sure of his going straight to hell. freudian interpretation ernest jones, following the work of sigmund freud, held that hamlet suffered from the oedipus complex. he said in his essay " the oedipus - complex as an explanation of hamlet ' s mystery : a study in motive " : - his moral fate is bound up with his uncle ' s for good or ill. the call of duty to slay his uncle cannot be obeyed because it links itself with the call of his nature to slay his mother ' s husband, whether this is the first or the second ; the latter call is strongly " repressed, " and therefore necessarily the former also. harold bloom did a " shakespearean criticism " of freud ' s work in response. as a mirror of the audience it has also been suggested that hamlet, who is described by ophelia as " th ’ expectancy and rose of the fair state, / the glass of fashion and the mould of form " ( act iii, scene i, lines 148 - 9 ), is ultimately a reflection of all of the interpretations possessed by other characters in the play — and perhaps also by the members of an audience watching him. polonius, most obviously, has a habit of misreading his own expectations into hamlet ’ s actions ( " still harping on my daughter! " ), though many other characters in the play participate in analogous behaviour. gertrude has a similar tendency to interpret all of her son ’ s activities as the result of her " o ’ erhasty marriage " alone. rosencrantz and guildenstern tend to find the stalled ambitions of a courtier in their former schoolmate ’ s behaviour, whereas claudius seems to be concerned with hamlet ’ s motivation only so far as it reveals the degree to which his nephew is a potential threat. ophelia, like her father, waits in vain for hamlet to give her signs of affection, and horatio would have little reason to think that hamlet was concerned with anything more pressing than the commandment of the ghost. and the first gravedigger seems


his father. hamlet and fortinbras both have plans that are thwarted by uncles that are also kings. - hamlet, rosencrantz, guildenstern, osric and polonius are all courtiers. - hamlet, his father, bernardo, marcellus, francisco, fortinbras and several other characters are all soldiers. - hamlet and his father share a name ( as do fortinbras and his father ). - hamlet, horatio, rosencrantz, guildenstern and laertes are all students. - hamlet, his father, gertrude and claudius are all members of the royal family. each of them is also killed by poison — poison that claudius is responsible for. - hamlet and ophelia are each rebuked by their surviving parent in subsequent scenes ; the surviving parent of each happens to be of the opposite gender. both also enter scenes reading books and there is a contrast between the ( possibly ) pretend madness of hamlet and the very real insanity of ophelia. - hamlet, horatio, polonius, rosencrantz, guildenstern and claudius are each " lawful espials " at some point in the play. hamlet ' s age in act v, scene i of shakespeare ' s hamlet, the first gravedigger is asked by hamlet at about line 147 and following, how long he has " been a grave - maker. " his reply appears to determine the age of hamlet for us in a roundabout but very explicit manner. the gravedigger says that he has been in his profession since the day that old hamlet defeated old fortinbras, which was " the very day that young hamlet was born. " then, a little later, he adds that " i have been sexton here, man and boy, thirty years. " according to this logic, hamlet must be thirty years old. yorick, the dead jester whose skull hamlet holds during this scene, is said to have been in the earth " three - and - twenty years, " which would make hamlet no more than seven years old when he last rode on yorick ' s back. this view of hamlet ' s age is supported by the fact that richard burbage, the actor who originally played the role, was thirty - two at the time of the play ' s premiere. however, a case has been made that at an early stage in hamlet — with its apparent history of multiple revisions — hamlet was presented as a sixteen - year - old. several pieces of evidence support this view. hamlet


of the play ' s premiere. however, a case has been made that at an early stage in hamlet — with its apparent history of multiple revisions — hamlet was presented as a sixteen - year - old. several pieces of evidence support this view. hamlet attends the university of wittenberg, and royals and nobles ( elizabethan or medieval danish ) did not attend university at age 30. additionally, a 30 - year old prince hamlet would clearly have been of ruling age. given his great popularity ( mentioned by claudius ), this would raise the question of why it was not he, rather than his uncle, who was elected to succeed to the throne upon the death of king hamlet. the line about the length of the gravedigger ' s career does not appear in the first quarto of hamlet ; in that text yorick is said to have been in the ground only twelve years. furthermore, in belleforest, shakespeare ' s source for the story, it is said that amleth has " not attained to man ' s estate. " and in the original spelling of the folio text, one of the two authoritative texts for the play, the gravedigger ' s answer to how long he has " been a grave - maker " reads " why heere in denmarke : i haue bin sixeteene heere, man and boy thirty yeares.. " " sixteene " is usually rendered as " sexton " ( a modernization of the second quarto ' s " sexten " ), even in modern texts that take f1 as their " copy text. " but modernizing the punctuation — a normal practice in modernized texts — renders " why heere in denmarke : i haue bin sixeteene heere — man and boy thirty yeares. " in other words, this reading suggests that he has been a grave - digger for sixteen years, but that he has lived in denmark for thirty. according to this logic, then, it is the grave - digger who is thirty, whereas hamlet is only sixteen. however, this reading has the disadvantage that in the folio the length of time yorick has been in the ground is said to be twenty - three years, meaning that he had been dead seven years by the time hamlet was born. another theory offered is that the play was originally written with the view that hamlet was 16 or 17, but since shakespeare wrote his plays to be performed, and not read, these lines were likely changed so burbage ( who was almost always the


. another theory offered is that the play was originally written with the view that hamlet was 16 or 17, but since shakespeare wrote his plays to be performed, and not read, these lines were likely changed so burbage ( who was almost always the protagonist in shakespeare ' s plays ) could play the role. below are listed some of the notable acting portrayals of hamlet. - richard burbage originated the role of hamlet at the globe theatre. - david garrick made the role one of the centerpieces of his repertory in the 18th century. - master betty played the role at the height of his popularity in 1805, and the house of commons once adjourned early so that members of parliament could see him play it. - edwin booth was famous for the role in new york in the 1860s and 1870s. - sir henry irving, the first actor to be knighted, played hamlet for an unprecedented 200 consecutive performances at the lyceum theatre in london in 1874. - johnston forbes - robertson played the role in 1898. - john barrymore created a sensation with his performance on broadway in 1922 and again when he took it to london in 1925. - john gielgud played hamlet over 500 times between 1930 and 1945. - gustav grundgens played hamlet in the staatliches schauspielhaus in berlin in 1936. - laurence olivier first played hamlet at the old vic in 1937, later performing the production at elsinore castle. - maurice evans first played the part at the old vic theatre in 1935 and had a triumph on broadway in 1938 and 1945. - paul scofield ( actor ) played hamlet at the royal shakespeare company in 1948 and again in 1955, directed by peter brook. - richard burton first played the role at the old vic theatre in 1953 and returned to it in a 1964 broadway production that became notorious when he married elizabeth taylor during its out - of - town tryout. - david warner starred in peter hall ' s hamlet in the rsc ' s august 1965 production at stratford - upon - avon. - richard chamberlain was the first american actor to play the role in london since john barrymore. this occurred in the late 1960s, immediately after the run of dr. kildare, the tv - series in which chamberlain first made his name, ended. - vladimir vysotsky played hamlet in moscow ' s taganka theatre between 1971 and 1980. - derek jacobi played the role for the prospect theatre company in 1978. - christopher walken played the role for the american shakespeare theatre in 1982


in an adaptation released in 2000. - maurice evans was the first to play the role on american television, in 1953 on the hallmark hall of fame. - christopher plummer received an emmy award nomination for a television version filmed at elsinore castle in 1964. - richard chamberlain played hamlet in a hallmark hall of fame presentation in 1970. - derek jacobi played hamlet in the 1980 bbc television shakespeare production. - kevin kline played the role in a 1990 pbs television production which he also directed, and which originated at the new york shakespeare festival. - campbell scott played the role in a u. s. 2000 television production set during the american civil war, in which polonius, ophelia, and laertes were portrayed as an african - american family. - david tennant and the rest of the original cast from the 2008 - 9 royal shakespeare company production reprised their roles for a bbc film version, which aired in the uk in december 2009. other versions in the comic book series kill shakespeare, hamlet is the central character. after he is exiled from denmark, his ship is attacked and he washes up on england. he is encountered by richard iii of england, who tells him that he is the " shadow king ", a figure of prophecy. he tells hamlet that he must find and kill the wizard william shakespeare and retrieve his quill. he goes off, but is relentlessly pursued by assassins from richard and his lieutenant, iago. he is eventually captured by the fool known as falstaff, who helps him get out of the woods after an encounter with a being known as a prodigal. he is shot in the leg by iago, but is saved by juliet capulet and othello. hamlet stops othello from killing iago, but is taken captive by juliet and her resistance army. after going with them into a town and seeing the cruelty of richard, hamlet flees into the woods, where he is forced to face the ghost of his father. he defeats the ghost and is eventually picked up by two travellers : lysander and demetrius. - kemp malone the review of english studies, vol. 3, no. 11 ( jul., 1927 ), pp. 257 - 271 < http : / / www. jstor. org / view / 00346551 / ap020014 / 02a00000 / 0 > - the american journal of psychology, vol. 21, no. 1. ( jan., 1910 ), pp. 72 - 113. - roth, steve


- seigniorage derived from specie — metal coins — is a tax, added to the total price of a coin ( metal content and production costs ), that a customer of the mint had to pay to the mint, and that was sent to the sovereign of the political area. - seigniorage derived from notes is more indirect, being the difference between interest earned on securities acquired in exchange for bank notes and the costs of producing and distributing those notes. seigniorage is a convenient source of revenue for some governments. scenario a a person has one ounce of gold, trades it for a government - issued gold certificate ( providing for redemption in one ounce of gold ), keeps that certificate for a year, and then redeems it in gold. that person ends up with exactly one ounce of gold again. no seigniorage occurs. scenario b instead of issuing gold certificates, a government converts gold into currency at the market rate by printing paper notes. a person exchanges one ounce of gold for its value in currency. she keeps the currency for one year, and then exchanges it all for an amount of gold at the new market value. if the value of the currency relative to gold has changed during the interim this second exchange may yield more or less than one ounce of gold. ( assume that the value or direct purchasing power of one ounce of gold remains constant through the year. ) if the value of the currency relative to gold has decreased, then the person receives less than one ounce of gold. seigniorage occurred. if the value of the currency relative to gold has increased, the redeemer receives more than one ounce of gold. seigniorage did not occur. seigniorage, therefore, is the positive return on issuing notes and coins, or " carry " on money in circulation. the opposite, " cost of carry ", is not regarded as a form of seigniorage. ordinary seigniorage ordinarily seigniorage is only an interest - free loan ( for instance of gold ) to the issuer of the coin or paper money. when the currency is worn out, the issuer buys it back at face value, thereby balancing exactly the revenue received when it was put into circulation, without any additional amount for the interest value of what the issuer received. historically, seigniorage was the profit resulting from producing coins. silver and gold were mixed with base metals to make durable coins. thus the british " sterling " was 92. 5 % pure silver ;


interest value of what the issuer received. historically, seigniorage was the profit resulting from producing coins. silver and gold were mixed with base metals to make durable coins. thus the british " sterling " was 92. 5 % pure silver ; the base metal added ( and thus the pure silver retained by the government mint ) was ( less costs ) the profit, the seigniorage. usa gold coins were made from 90 % gold, 7 % silver, and 3 % copper ; one can easily see the seigniorage. currently, under the rules governing monetary operations of major central banks ( including the central bank of the usa ), seigniorage on bank notes is simply defined as the interest payments received by central banks on the total amount of currency issued. this usually takes the form of interest payments on treasury bonds purchased by central banks, putting more dollars into circulation. however, if the currency is collected, or is otherwise taken permanently out of circulation, the back end of the deal never occurs ( that is, the currency is never returned to the central bank ). thus the issuer of the currency keeps the whole seigniorage profit, by not having to buy worn out issued currency back at face value. solvency constraints of central banks the solvency constraint of the standard central bank only requires that the present discounted value of its net non - monetary liabilities ( separate from its monetary liabilities accrued through seigniorage attempts ) be zero or negative in the long run. its monetary liabilities are liabilities only in name, as they are irredeemable : the holder of base money cannot insist at any time on the redemption of a given amount of base money into anything else other than the same amount of itself ( base money ) – unless, of course, the holder of said base money is another central bank reclaiming the value of its original interest - free loan. seigniorage as a tax some economists regarded seigniorage as a form of inflation tax, redistributing real resources to the currency issuer. issuing new currency, rather than collecting taxes paid out of the existing money stock, is then considered in effect a tax that falls on those who hold the existing currency. the expansion of the money supply may cause inflation in the long run. this is one reason offered in support of free banking, a gold standard, or at a minimum the reduction of political control over central banks. the latter could then take as their primary objective ensuring a stable value of currency by controlling


in the long run. this is one reason offered in support of free banking, a gold standard, or at a minimum the reduction of political control over central banks. the latter could then take as their primary objective ensuring a stable value of currency by controlling monetary expansion and thus limiting inflation. independence from government is required to reach this aim – indeed, it is well known in economic literature that governments face a conflict of interest in this regard. in fact, " hard money " advocates argue that central banks have utterly failed to obtain the objective of a stable currency. under the gold standard, for example, the price level in both england and the us remained relatively stable over literally hundreds of years, though with some protracted periods of deflation. since the us federal reserve was formed in 1913, however, the us dollar has fallen to barely a twentieth of its former value through the consistently inflationary policies of the bank. economists counter that deflation is hard to control once it sets in and its effects are much more damaging than modest, consistent inflation. banks or governments relying heavily on seigniorage and fractional reserve sources of revenue can find it counterproductive. rational expectations of inflation take into account a bank ' s seigniorage strategy, and inflationary expectations can maintain high inflation. instead of accruing seigniorage from fiat money and credit most governments opt to raise revenue primarily through taxation and other means. seigniorage today the " 50 state " series of quarters ( 25 - cent coins ) was launched in the u. s. in 1999. the u. s. government planned on a large number of people collecting each new quarter as it rolled out of the u. s. mint, thus taking the pieces out of circulation. each set of quarters is worth $ 14. 00 ( a complete set includes quarters for all fifty states, the five u. s. territories, and the district of columbia ). since it costs the mint about five cents for each 25 - cent piece it produces, the government made a profit whenever someone " bought " a coin. the u. s. treasury estimates that it has earned about us $ 6. 3 billion in seigniorage from the quarters over the course of the entire program. in some cases, national mints report the amount of seigniorage provided to their respective governments ; for example, the royal canadian mint reported that in 2006 it generated $ c93 million in seigniorage for the government of canada. the u. s. government, the largest ben


of seigniorage provided to their respective governments ; for example, the royal canadian mint reported that in 2006 it generated $ c93 million in seigniorage for the government of canada. the u. s. government, the largest beneficiary of seignorage, earned approximately $ 25 billion annually as of 2000. for coinage only, seigniorage accruing to the u. s. treasury per dollar issued for the fiscal year 2011 was 45 cents. occasionally, central banks have introduced limited quantities of higher - valued banknotes in unusual denominations, with the intention of these notes being collected. the denomination chosen will usually coincide with an anniversary of national significance. however, the potential seigniorage that can be earned from such printings has proven to be limited, since the unusual denomination makes the notes more difficult to circulate and only a relatively small number of people are willing to collect higher - valued notes. according to some reports, over half of zimbabwe governmental revenue in 2008 was seigniorage. zimbabwe has experienced hyperinflation ( see hyperinflation in zimbabwe ), with the annualized rate at about 24, 000 % in july 2008 ( prices doubling every 46 days ). overseas circulation a very profitable type of seignorage is from the international circulation of banknotes. while the cost of printing banknotes is minimal, the foreign entity must provide goods and services at the face value of the note to obtain it. the banknote is retained because the entity values it as a store of value because of mistrust of the local currency. overseas circulation is intimately tied in with large value banknotes. one purpose of using foreign currency is for store of value, but another is efficiency of private transactions, many of which are illegal. american currency has been circulating globally for most of the 20th century. certainly in world war ii, the amount of currency in circulation was increased several fold. however, the modern era of huge printings of the united states one hundred - dollar bill started with the fall of the soviet union in 1991. production was quadrupled with the first ever trillion dollar printing of this bill. as of the end of 2008, u. s. currency in circulation with the public amounted to $ 824 billion and 76 % of the currency supply was in the form of $ 100 denomination banknotes, amounting to twenty $ 100 bills per u. s. citizen. over the past decade there has been considerable controversy concerning the amount of u. s. currency circulating abroad.


of the currency supply was in the form of $ 100 denomination banknotes, amounting to twenty $ 100 bills per u. s. citizen. over the past decade there has been considerable controversy concerning the amount of u. s. currency circulating abroad. porter and judson have claimed that in the mid nineties between 53 and 67 percent of u. s. currency was overseas, whereas feige ’ s estimates suggested a figure closer to 40 percent abroad. most recently, goldberg writing in a new york federal reserve publication asserted that “ about 65 percent ( $ 580 billion ) of all banknotes are in circulation outside of the country. however, these assertions are contradicted by the federal reserve board of governors flow of funds statistics which show that at the end of march 2009, only $ 313 billion ( 36. 7 percent ) of u. s. currency was held abroad. feige calculates that since 1964, " the cumulative seigniorage earnings accruing to the u. s. by virtue of the currency held by foreigners amounted to $ 167 – $ 185 billion and over the past two decades seigniorage revenues from foreigners have averaged $ 6 – $ 7 billion dollars per year ". the american $ 100 bill has some competition, primarily from the €500 note. the larger value of the banknote makes it easier to transport larger amounts of money. as an example, $ 1 million in currency in $ 100 bills weighs 22 pounds, if, say, you were to carry it on board an airplane. it is difficult to carry this much money without a briefcase and some physical security. since it is contrary to title 26 of the united states code ( u. s. tax code ) to carry more than $ 10, 000 without reporting it ( 31 usc 5311 ), this is unlikely to pass security unnoticed. the same amount in €500 notes would weigh less than three pounds, and it could probably be dispersed in clothing and in luggage without attracting attention or alerting a security device. for many illegal operations, the problem of transporting currency is more difficult than transporting cocaine because of the size and weight of the currency. the ease of transporting banknotes makes the euro very attractive to latin american drug cartels. the swiss 1000 franc note is probably the only other banknote that is in circulation outside of its home country. it is worth slightly more than us $ 1000. however, to the non - swiss it doesn ' t provide a significant advantage over the €500 note as there are 20 times as many of the €500


is in circulation outside of its home country. it is worth slightly more than us $ 1000. however, to the non - swiss it doesn ' t provide a significant advantage over the €500 note as there are 20 times as many of the €500 note circulating and they are more widely recognized. as a reserve currency it is roughly 0. 1 % of the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves. governments differ radically in their issuance of large banknotes. as of august 2009, the number of 1000 swiss franc notes circulating was over three times the population of switzerland. in comparison, the number of £50 banknotes circulating is slightly less than three times the population of the united kingdom. but the 1000 franc note is worth roughly £600. the british government has traditionally been wary of large banknotes since the counterfeiting operation bernhard in world war ii which caused the bank of england to withdraw all notes larger than £5 from circulation, and not reintroduce other denominations until the early 1960s ( £10 ), 1970 ( £20 ) and march 20, 1981 ( £50 ). the american treasury considered re - issuing a us $ 500 banknote when the euro banknotes began circulating. there was concern that the high value banknotes would provide competition. however, after recognition that the $ 500 banknote would provide a huge advantage to worldwide criminal operations and dictatorships, the decision was made not to pursue this option. see also - central bank - digital gold currency - fractional reserve banking - full reserve banking - demurrage ( currency ) - bank of canada ( march 2012 ). " backgrounders : seigniorage ". retrieved 2 january 2013. - brian snowdon and howard vane, an encyclopedia of macroeconomics, p. 246 - [ hyperinflation in zimbabwe : money demand, seigniorage and aid shocks, tara mcindoe - calder central bank of ireland ; university of dublin - institute for international integration studies, may 1, 2009 ] - " frequently asked questions ". the 50 state quarters program of the united states mint. united states mint. archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 13. retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18. - annual report ( 2006 ), royal canadian mint, p. 4 - united states mint fy 2013 president ’ s budget submission united states treasury - gerson, michael ( 2008 - 02 - 20 ). " dying silently in zimbabwe ". the washington post. retrieved 2009 - 05 - 29. - edgar l. feige " new estimates of overseas


president ’ s budget submission united states treasury - gerson, michael ( 2008 - 02 - 20 ). " dying silently in zimbabwe ". the washington post. retrieved 2009 - 05 - 29. - edgar l. feige " new estimates of overseas u. s. currency holdings, the underground economy and the " tax gap " forthcoming in crime, law and social change. http : / / ideas. repec. org / p / pra / mprapa / 19564. html - porter and judson, 1996, r. d. porter and r. a. judson, the location of u. s. currency : how much is abroad? federal reserve bulletin 82 ( 1996 ), pp. 883 – 903 - feige, 1997, e. l. feige, revised estimates of the underground economy : implications of u. s. currency held abroad, in o. lippert and m. walker ( ed. ) the underground economy : global evidence of its size and impact. ( 1997 ), pp. 151 – 208. http : / / ideas. repec. org / p / pra / mprapa / 13805. html - goldberg, 2010, l. s. goldberg, is the international role of the dollar changing? federal reserve bank of new york, current issues in economics and finance, 16 ( 1 ) ( 2010 ) pp. 1 – 7. - http : / / www. federalreserve. gov / releases / z1 / current / and see : edgar l. feige " new estimates of overseas u. s. currency holdings, the underground economy and the " tax gap " http : / / ideas. repec. org / p / pra / mprapa / 19564. html - " latin american drug cartels find home in west africa ". cnn. september 21, 2009. - " a better way to account for fiat money at the central bank " by thomas colignatus, december 31, 2005 - creating new money : a monetary reform for the information age, by joseph huber and james robertson [ disambiguation needed ] - extensive discussion - information about seigniorage - sovereignty & seignorage - " the temptation of dollar seigniorage ", by kosuke takahashi of asia times online, january 23, 2009. - dollar notes to be replaced by coins – the royal mint view by the royal mint, january 16, 2013


piano sonata no. 7 ( scriabin ) the piano sonata no. 7, op. 64, subtitled white mass, was written by alexander scriabin in 1911. as one of the late piano sonatas of scriabin ' s career, the music is highly chromatic and almost atonal. the white mass is closely related to its predecessor, the sixth sonata. both works were written in 1911 – 12 and have structurally and stylistically more in common than any other pair of scriabin sonatas. scriabin reportedly feared the sixth sonata, considering the work to be corrupted by demonic forces and going so far as to refuse to play the work in public. scriabin composed his seventh sonata as an exorcism against the darkness of the sixth sonata, subtitling the work white mass in order to reflect its celestial nature. he intended the mood of the piece to be ecstatic, evoking images of winged flight, voluptuous rapture and overwhelming forces. the composer was especially fond of the piece, probably due to its messianic context and perfected structure, which features more contrast, rhythmic and dynamic, than most of his work. like the second sonata however, the white mass gave him a great deal of trouble during its composition. the white mass sonata is not structurally directly related to scriabin ' s ninth sonata, which was composed in 1912 – 13 and would later earn the nickname black mass sonata. structure and content the piece consist of a single movement, lasting around 10 – 13 minutes, and is marked as follows : additional markings provide clues to the different moods scriabin intended to convey throughout the work, such as " mysterieusement sonore ", or " avec une sombre majeste ". the sonata ' s recurrent harmony is first presented melodically by the theme marked " avec une celeste volupte ". like the sixth, the seventh sonata is full of violent contrasts, complex counterpoint, advanced tritonal harmonies, and rippling, incandescent arpeggios. the chords imitating the ringing of bells were a favorite of scriabin ' s. according to leonid sabaneyev, when scriabin himself played these chords, the ringing sounded from near and afar at the same time ; a part of them sounded very real, while another sounded like an echo. the allegro marking was added later by the publisher ; the original tempo marking in scriabin ' s hand at the top of the autograph score is


at the same time ; a part of them sounded very real, while another sounded like an echo. the allegro marking was added later by the publisher ; the original tempo marking in scriabin ' s hand at the top of the autograph score is " prophetique ". performance history the white mass sonata is one of scriabin ' s more advanced works. notable scriabin masters such as vladimir horowitz and vladimir sofronitsky did not play or record the piece, the latter due to superstition. however, sviatoslav richter performed it a number of times throughout his career, and played it on tours as late as 1994. see also - ( 1994 ), taub notes, p. 6 - ( 1997 ), ashkenazy notes, p. 6 - sabaneev ( 2005 ), p. 169 - " alexander scriabin : the piano sonatas ". scriabin : the piano sonatas ( cd liner ). decca. 1997. pp. 5 – 7. - " scriabin : 10 piano sonatas ". scriabin : 10 piano sonatas ( cd liner ). harmonia mundi. 2005. pp. 4 – 7. - sabaneev, leonid ( 2005 ). erinnerungen an alexander skrjabin. berlin. isbn 3 - 928864 - 21 - 1. - sonata no. 7 ( scriabin ) : free scores at the international music score library project - sonata no 7 performed by jonathan powell in kiev, 30 march 2010


| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( july 2007 ) | | this article may be in need of reorganization to comply with wikipedia ' s layout guidelines. ( march 2013 ) | | | this article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. ( march 2013 ) | systems thinking is the process of understanding how things, regarded as systems, influence one another within a whole. in nature, systems thinking examples include ecosystems in which various elements such as air, water, movement, plants, and animals work together to survive or perish. in organizations, systems consist of people, structures, and processes that work together to make an organization " healthy " or " unhealthy ". systems thinking has been defined as an approach to problem solving, by viewing " problems " as parts of an overall system, rather than reacting to specific part, outcomes or events and potentially contributing to further development of unintended consequences. systems thinking is not one thing but a set of habits or practices within a framework that is based on the belief that the component parts of a system can best be understood in the context of relationships with each other and with other systems, rather than in isolation. systems thinking focuses on cyclical rather than linear cause and effect. in systems science, it is argued that the only way to fully understand why a problem or element occurs and persists is to understand the parts in relation to the whole. standing in contrast to descartes ' s scientific reductionism and philosophical analysis, it proposes to view systems in a holistic manner. consistent with systems philosophy, systems thinking concerns an understanding of a system by examining the linkages and interactions between the elements that compose the entirety of the system. systems science thinking attempts to illustrate how small catalytic events that are separated by distance and time can be the cause of significant changes in complex systems. acknowledging that an improvement in one area of a system can adversely affect another area of the system, it promotes organizational communication at all levels in order to avoid the silo effect. systems thinking techniques may be used to study any kind of system — natural, scientific, engineered, human, or conceptual. the concept of a system the several ways to think of and define a system include :. - a system is composed of parts. - all the parts of a system must be related ( directly or indirectly ), else there are really two or more distinct systems - a system is encapsulated, has a boundary. - the boundary of a system is a decision made


parts. - all the parts of a system must be related ( directly or indirectly ), else there are really two or more distinct systems - a system is encapsulated, has a boundary. - the boundary of a system is a decision made by an observer, or a group of observers. - a system can be nested inside another system. - a system can overlap with another system. - a system is bounded in time. - a system is bounded in space, though the parts are not necessarily co - located. - a system receives input from, and sends output into, the wider environment. - a system consists of processes that transform inputs into outputs. systems science thinkers consider that : - a system is a dynamic and complex whole, interacting as a structured functional unit ; - energy, material and information flow among the different elements that compose the system ; - a system is a community situated within an environment ; - energy, material and information flow from and to the surrounding environment via semi - permeable membranes or boundaries ; - systems are often composed of entities seeking equilibrium but can exhibit oscillating, chaotic, or exponential behavior. a holistic system is any set ( group ) of interdependent or temporally interacting parts. parts are generally systems themselves and are composed of other parts, just as systems are generally parts or holons of other systems. systems science and the application of systems science thinking has been grouped into three categories based on the techniques used to tackle a system : - hard systems — involving simulations, often using computers and the techniques of operations research / management science. useful for problems that can justifiably be quantified. however it cannot easily take into account unquantifiable variables ( opinions, culture, politics, etc. ), and may treat people as being passive, rather than having complex motivations. - soft systems — for systems that cannot easily be quantified, especially those involving people holding multiple and conflicting frames of reference. useful for understanding motivations, viewpoints, and interactions and addressing qualitative as well as quantitative dimensions of problem situations. soft systems are a field that utilizes foundation methodological work developed by peter checkland, brian wilson and their colleagues at lancaster university. morphological analysis is a complementary method for structuring and analysing non - quantifiable problem complexes. - evolutionary systems — bela h. banathy developed a methodology that is applicable to the design of complex social systems. this technique integrates critical systems inquiry with soft systems methodologies. evolutionary


and analysing non - quantifiable problem complexes. - evolutionary systems — bela h. banathy developed a methodology that is applicable to the design of complex social systems. this technique integrates critical systems inquiry with soft systems methodologies. evolutionary systems, similar to dynamic systems are understood as open, complex systems, but with the capacity to evolve over time. banathy uniquely integrated the interdisciplinary perspectives of systems research ( including chaos, complexity, cybernetics ), cultural anthropology, evolutionary theory, and others. the systems approach | | this article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. ( february 2012 ) | the systems thinking approach incorporates several tenets : - interdependence of objects and their attributes - independent elements can never constitute a system - holism - emergent properties not possible to detect by analysis should be possible to define by a holistic approach - goal seeking - systemic interaction must result in some goal or final state - inputs and outputs - in a closed system inputs are determined once and constant ; in an open system additional inputs are admitted from the environment - transformation of inputs into outputs - this is the process by which the goals are obtained - entropy - the amount of disorder or randomness present in any system - regulation - a method of feedback is necessary for the system to operate predictably - hierarchy - complex wholes are made up of smaller subsystems - differentiation - specialized units perform specialized functions - equifinality - alternative ways of attaining the same objectives ( convergence ) - multifinality - attaining alternative objectives from the same inputs ( divergence ) a treatise on systems thinking ought to address many issues including : - encapsulation of a system in space and / or in time - active and passive systems ( or structures ) - transformation by an activity system of inputs into outputs - persistent and transient systems - evolution, the effects of time passing, the life histories of systems and their parts. - design and designers. - rather than trying to improve the braking system on a car by looking in great detail at the material composition of the brake pads ( reductionist ), the boundary of the braking system may be extended to include the interactions between the : - brake disks or drums - brake pedal sensors - driver reaction time - road conditions - weather conditions - time of day - using the tenet of " multifinality ", a supermarket could be considered to be : - a " profit making system " from the perspective of management and owners - a " distribution system " from the perspective of the suppliers - an "


day - using the tenet of " multifinality ", a supermarket could be considered to be : - a " profit making system " from the perspective of management and owners - a " distribution system " from the perspective of the suppliers - an " employment system " from the perspective of employees - a " materials supply system " from the perspective of customers - an " entertainment system " from the perspective of loiterers - a " social system " from the perspective of local residents - a " dating system " from the perspective of single customers as a result of such thinking, new insights may be gained into how the supermarket works, why it has problems, how it can be improved or how changes made to one component of the system may impact the other components. systems science thinking is increasingly being used to tackle a wide variety of subjects in fields such as computing, engineering, epidemiology, information science, health, manufacture, management, sustainable development and the environment. professor rajagopal, egade business school building on the work of ferdinand tonnies has suggested the application of systems thinking in developing marketing strategy from the perspectives of corporate business restructuring in the post economic recession situations. | | this article may contain excessive, poor, or irrelevant examples. ( march 2013 ) | | | this article may have too many links to other articles, and could require cleanup to meet wikipedia ' s quality standards. ( march 2013 ) | - urban planning - organizational architecture - job design - team population and work unit design - linear and complex process design - supply chain design - system design - business continuity planning with fmea protocol - critical infrastructure protection via fbi infragard - delphi method — developed by rand for usaf - futures studies — thought leadership mentoring - the public sector including examples at the systems thinking review - leadership development - oceanography — forecasting complex systems behavior - quality function deployment ( qfd ) - quality management — hoshin planning methods - quality storyboard — storytech framework ( leapfrogu - ee ) - software quality - program management - project management - the vanguard method - linear thinking - gemeinschaft and gesellschaft see also | | this " see also " section may contain an excessive number of suggestions. please ensure that only the most relevant suggestions are given and that they are not red links, and consider integrating suggestions into the article itself. ( march 2013 ) | | | this article cites its sources but does not provide page references. ( march 2013 ) | - russell l. ackoff ( 1999 ) ackoff ' s best : his classic


and consider integrating suggestions into the article itself. ( march 2013 ) | | | this article cites its sources but does not provide page references. ( march 2013 ) | - russell l. ackoff ( 1999 ) ackoff ' s best : his classic writings on management. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 31634 - 2 - russell l. ackoff ( 2010 ) systems thinking for curious managers. ( triarchy press ). isbn 978 - 0 - 9562631 - 5 - 5 - bela h. banathy ( 1996 ) designing social systems in a changing world ( contemporary systems thinking ). ( springer ) isbn 0 - 306 - 45251 - 0 - bela h. banathy ( 2000 ) guided evolution of society : a systems view ( contemporary systems thinking ). ( springer ) isbn 0 - 306 - 46382 - 2 - ludwig von bertalanffy ( 1976 - revised ) general system theory : foundations, development, applications. ( george braziller ) isbn 0 - 8076 - 0453 - 4 - fritjof capra ( 1997 ) the web of life ( harpercollins ) isbn 0 - 00 - 654751 - 6 - peter checkland ( 1981 ) systems thinking, systems practice. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 27911 - 0 - peter checkland, jim scholes ( 1990 ) soft systems methodology in action. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 92768 - 6 - peter checkland, jim sue holwell ( 1998 ) information, systems and information systems. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 95820 - 4 - peter checkland, john poulter ( 2006 ) learning for action. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 470 - 02554 - 9 - c. west churchman ( 1984 - revised ) the systems approach. ( delacorte press ) isbn 0 - 440 - 38407 - 9. - john gall ( 2003 ) the systems bible : the beginner ' s guide to systems large and small. ( general systemantics pr / liberty ) isbn 0 - 9618251 - 7 - 0 - jamshid gharajedaghi ( 2005 ) systems thinking : managing chaos and complexity - a platform for designing business architecture. ( butterworth - heinemann ) isbn 0 - 7506 - 7973 - 5 - charles francois ( ed ) ( 1997 ), international encyclopedia of systems and cybernetics, munchen : k. g. saur. - charles l