nixon v. fitzgerald ( 1982 ) a. ernest fitzgerald claimed that he lost his employment with the air force because he gave testimony before congress that was critical of his employer. he tried to add president nixon as a defendant in his suit, but nixon argued that a president cannot be sued for actions taken while in office. the trial and appellate court rejected the president ' s claim of immunity, and the case went to the supreme court. in a 5 - 4 decision, the supreme court ruled that the president is entitled to absolute immunity from liability for damages based on his official acts. justice lewis powell wrote for the majority. he noted that the court had never before ruled on the scope of presidential immunity. many public officials have a limited, or “ qualified, ” immunity that applies so long as they have acted in “ good faith. ” some other officials, such as judges and prosecutors, have been given an unlimited, or “ absolute, ” immunity because of the special nature of their duties. giving the president only qualified immunity, justice powell argued, would make his actions subject to review by the judicial branch and might compromise the separation of powers. lawsuits could distract the president from his official duties. the scope of the president ' s authority and responsibility is so broad that it is not realistic to restrict his immunity. powell wrote that determining “ good faith ” would mean that the president ' s motivations would have to be examined in each case, which would be highly intrusive. justice byron white ' s dissent argued that the majority ' s rule was too broad. under it, a president could “ deliberately cause serious injury to any number of citizens even though he knows his conduct violates a statute or tramples on the constitutional rights of those who are injured. ” the supreme court revisited presidential immunity in clinton v. jones, 1997. paula jones sued bill clinton while he was president of the united states, accusing him of sexual misconduct when he was governor of arkansas. clinton argued that the case should be dismissed, because the president has absolute immunity from suit. the supreme court noted that nixon v. fitzgerald gave the president “ absolute immunity from damages liability predicated on his official acts, ” but did not extend this immunity to actions that were clearly outside the scope of his presidential duties. the major rationale of fitzgerald was to remove the possibility that the threat of litigation would make the president “ unduly cautious in the discharge of his official duties. ” jones ' s allegations involved acts that allegedly occurred before clinton became president, so fitzgerald ' s reasoning did not apply and jones


10 stunning ancient reliefs and stone carvings since the dawn of human history, we have felt the need to express our creative side. from the earliest surviving rock art and stone carvings to the gloriously refined sculptures and paintings we can produce today, our art continues to be a reflection of society, and of the different cultures we live in. ancient reliefs and carvings — being some of the most durable forms of art — can still be found at religious sites, tombs, and palaces. most of the reliefs and carvings on this list are found at unesco world heritage sites, and are seen as having significance to the legacy of mankind. at the ruins of arsameia in turkey, you can visit the most ancient known relief carving of two figures shaking hands. the famous eleven - foot ( 3. 5m ) relief shows the father of antiochus i of commagene — king mithridates — in royal apparel, shaking the hand of hercules. believed to have been created between 70 b. c. and 38 b. c., it is splendid to behold to this day. the intricate carvings on the stone cliffs of dazu are revered as the most sophisticated and exquisite of their time. created between the ninth and thirteenth centuries ad, they are a clear testimony to the congenial and harmonious integration of religion, philosophy, and culture that china experienced during this epoch. their well - preserved condition make them stand out from the larger carvings found at many other national sites. varying in size from very small to grandiose, over fifty thousand sculptures and one hundred thousand engravings and etchings can be seen in the sunlight — all of them connected via well - maintained passages and trails. the cave temple on gharapuri island has been called one of the seven wonders of india. it was carved from the natural landscape in the fifth century, and hosts the embodiment of indian art in the form of staggeringly beautiful carvings and statues. the carvings on the panels portray various hindu deities, along with their attendants. the most important and brilliant sculpture depicts the trimurti. this twenty foot image was carved in relief at the back of the cave, and it presents the three - headed shiva. to reach the temple, you have to travel from the indian mainland to the island, traverse the mountain, and find your way through the caves. the catacombs in alexandria include tombs, sculptures, and other archaeological artifacts that blend greek, roman, and egyptian features. carved in the second century and in use as a cemetery until the fourth century, the catacombs


way through the caves. the catacombs in alexandria include tombs, sculptures, and other archaeological artifacts that blend greek, roman, and egyptian features. carved in the second century and in use as a cemetery until the fourth century, the catacombs were then forgotten until being rediscovered in 1900. the most beautifully sculptured reliefs and carvings can be seen at the entrance to the temple and inside the main tomb ; they feature egyptian rituals, as well as various gods and deities. the greek influence becomes more evident in the main tomb, where a relief carving depicts the shield of athena with medusa ’ s head pictured on it. the temple at angkor wat has the distinction of being the largest religious monument in the world. its allure brings more than a million visiting tourists every year. built in the twelfth century, it is admired not only for its massive size, but also for the tremendous intricacy of the reliefs and the assorted devatas ( minor female deities ) that adorn the temple walls. in fact, hundreds of artists carved practically the whole temple — from the pillars, to the lintels, to the roofs. the extensive reliefs mainly portray scenes from the ancient hindu epics, and they stretch for miles. built by darius the great around 515 b. c., the palace must have been a wonder to behold. massive columns — of which thirteen remained standing by the twentieth century — supported the roof. the staircases were embellished with rows of reliefs that displayed successions of delegates, soldiers, guards, and chariots carrying presents and offerings to honor the king. the front walls of the palace were carved with images of the immortals of 300 fame — the persian kings ’ noble guard. sanchi is a small village in india that is famous for its stupas, or buddhist memorials. the most noteworthy of these is the “ great stupa, ” constructed in the third century b. c. the most phenomenal relief and stone carvings in sanchi are the toranas, which were placed strategically around the great stupa. these are carved with scenes depicting the life cycles of the buddha. no spot was left bare on any of the toranas ; one even features a sculpture of yakshini upholding a trestle architrave. various memorials were built in and around the town of mahabalipuram between the seventh and ninth centuries a. d., and today four of them are recognized as world heritage sites. “ descent of the ganges ” or “ arjuna ’ s penance ”


built in and around the town of mahabalipuram between the seventh and ninth centuries a. d., and today four of them are recognized as world heritage sites. “ descent of the ganges ” or “ arjuna ’ s penance ” — recognized worldwide as the world ’ s largest preserved open - air relief — measures ninety - six feet ( 29m ) long by forty - three feet ( 13m ) high, and was carved from monolithic rock. two different but equally flattering interpretations exist as to the artwork ’ s symbolism. either arjuna or shiva appear to the left of the shrine, and on the right hand side, life - sized elephants shield their young beneath a legion of creatures, all flawlessly suspended for aeons to come. the carvings of taq - e bostan lie along the historic silk road caravan route in the zagros mountains. the exquisite and wonderfully preserved artworks were created between a. d. 226 and a. d. 650, during the rule of the sassanid dynasty. the site ’ s brilliant location, next to a historic waypoint and campground, would have ensured that every traveller saw its splendor — splendor that has remained largely unchanged for the past seventeen hundred years. the artworks include two beautiful arches that depict crowning ceremonies, hunting scenes, as well as various sassanid patterns. the majesty of the carved mountain is reflected in an adjacent pool of water, which itself is fed from a sacred spring. the largest stone buddha in existence was carved out of a cliff face in the sichuan province around a. d. 713. the construction was begun by a monk, who hoped that the buddha ’ s presence would pacify the tumultuous river. it is said that so much stone was deposited in the river during its construction that the currents were indeed changed, making the waters safer for passing ships. an exceptional drainage system that is still in working order today was integrated into the artwork — keeping it safe from water run - off.


throughout history the world ’ s coastal cities were built and flourished during a period when global sea level has been near constant. however, during the last century tide gauge measurements and satellite altimetry suggest sea level has risen worldwide approximately 4. 8 - 8. 8 inches ( 12 - 22 cm ) ( ipcc, 2007 ). in addition, the international arctic monitoring and assessment program ( amap ) recently reported that arctic glaciers and ice caps, including greenland ’ s massive ice sheet, are shrinking faster than reported in 2007 by the ipcc. as a result, amap projects global sea levels to rise by 35 to 63 inches ( 90 - 160 centimeters ) by 2100. low - elevation areas are home to 634 million people, and two - thirds of the largest cities are partially located in coastal areas at risk from sea level rise. one out of every 10 people live in the low - elevation coastal zone, and the countries with the largest populations at risk include china, india, bangladesh, vietnam, indonesia, japan, egypt, united states, thailand and the philippines. department of defense ( dod ) coastal and island installations are facing the same vulnerability to flooding and inundation as the world ’ s civilian population areas. testing and training installations, ocean terminals, long - range radar sites, and navy bases are all expected to experience significant changes to environmental resources, buildings and installation infrastructure. future national security challenges have been recognized in recent legislation, which directs dod to provide guidance to military planners to assess sea level rise risks and changes to world climate. the 2010 quadrennial defense review placed a priority on understanding climate change effects on both dod operations and fixed installations. photo by robert mickler beach nourishment to stabilize shoreline and protect coastal infrastructure. dod ’ s strategic environmental research and development program ( serdp, serdp. org ) report, climate change planning for military installations : findings and implications, states dod policy makers, installation commanders and garrison staff consistently comment, “ it ’ s all about sustaining the mission. ” each installation ’ s infrastructure, built environment and training lands are essential to support dod ’ s testing and training, deployment and force readiness missions. installation commanders understand that buildings, power grid, communication networks, transportation systems, sewage and storm water infrastructure, natural and cultural resources, and troop services require each of them to manage and to plan a small coastal city – a city vulnerable to future flooding and inundation, the risks of which continue to increase with rising sea level. planning for these risks is key to sustaining the mission


and troop services require each of them to manage and to plan a small coastal city – a city vulnerable to future flooding and inundation, the risks of which continue to increase with rising sea level. planning for these risks is key to sustaining the mission, but installations are faced with keeping up with day - to - day requirements that often leave little time to consider climate change uncertainties in planning and management. most installation commanders state that supporting and sustaining landscapes for training is their main mission, but few have the expertise to identify, analyze and use climate change information. conflicting estimates of sea level rise rate and magnitude, and uncertainty associated with risk magnitude and timing voiced by faceless scientists at academic meetings also encourages confusion and complacency. however, even moderate sea level increase may result in disproportionate increases in flooding risk. thus, a careful evaluation of potential consequences is worth making, especially for installations and municipalities in coastal areas. photo by aaron mccall, the nature conservancy rebuilding sustainable oyster reefs to stabilize shorelines and to restore ecosystem services. early climate change impacts can be effectively addressed through adaptation. however, options for successful adaptation diminish, and associated costs increase, with increasing climate change. at present, no certainty exists to the anticipated benefit or cost realized by adaptation, in part because effective adaptation measures are highly dependent on each installation ’ s geographical and climate risk factors, as well as institutional, political and financial constraints. it is useful to consider available adaptation options for military installations in coastal zones. adaptation acts to reduce sea level rise impacts and severity, as well as frequency of storm events associated with climate change. planning and implementation of adaptive management is necessary in the face of such large uncertainty about future climate. therefore, any solution must to be viewed in a risk – and uncertainty - based manner, rather than looking for deterministic solutions. given the importance of coastal and island installations to national security, autonomous adaptation processes are unlikely to be a sufficient response to sea level rise, as already shown for flood and ecosystem impacts in new orleans and surrounding areas following hurricane katrina. all government levels have a key role in developing planned adaptation measures. planned adaptation options to sea level rise are usually presented as one of three generic approaches : - 1. retreat – barrier islands and coastal ecosystems are allowed to migrate, and human impacts are minimized by moving people and urban infrastructure back from the advancing coastline ; - 2. accommodation – ecosystem processes, such as barrier island migration, inundation, erosion, and plant and animal migration, are allowed to


to migrate, and human impacts are minimized by moving people and urban infrastructure back from the advancing coastline ; - 2. accommodation – ecosystem processes, such as barrier island migration, inundation, erosion, and plant and animal migration, are allowed to occur, and human impacts are minimized by adjusting human use and coastal development ; - 3. shoreline protection – ecosystem services are restored and enhanced by creating natural defenses to sea level rise, including creation and protection of wetlands, restoration and protection of submerged aquatic vegetation and oyster reefs, restoration and protection of shorelines, stabilization of stream banks, creation and protection of riparian forest buffers, reforestation and beneficial use of dredged material for shoreline and habitat restoration, or by engineering methods to artificially hold back the sea. the most reliable, sustainable and economical strategy for coastal facilities and communities is to plan well in advance and to adapt to the changing environment. a well - prepared facility or community, which is fortified to withstand flooding threats, will have an advantage over others that fail to plan. successfully responding to impending change will require time to prepare and to take adaptive action. in many cases, the appropriate preemptive actions may take decades to fully implement. one of the most powerful tools for evaluating future consequences is computer simulation, which can be used to characterize a multitude of potential scenarios. sea level rise risk scenarios have been conducted with terrestrial and littoral models. the sea level affecting marshes model ( slamm ) has been used to assess future changes in extent and composition of forest, shrub, fresh and brackish marshes, beaches, and inland, estuarine and open water. the model can be used to assist operations and natural resource managers in assessing at - risk infrastructure and natural resources and in planning and implementing adaptation strategies. slamm has been used at coastal dod installations to assess risk at annual and decadal time steps from present to 2100. within slamm, five primary processes affect coastal ecosystems ’ fate under different sea level rise scenarios : - 1. inundation – water level rise and salt boundary are tracked by reducing elevations of each cell as sea levels rise, thus keeping mean tide level ( mtl ) constant at zero. spatially variable effects of land subsidence or isostatic rebound are included in these elevation calculations. view larger image – credit : robert mickler, alion science and technology, inc. 2010 and 2100 slamm simulations of sea level rise at marine corps base camp lejeune training beach. sea level rise will likely accelerate erosion of the


. view larger image – credit : robert mickler, alion science and technology, inc. 2010 and 2100 slamm simulations of sea level rise at marine corps base camp lejeune training beach. sea level rise will likely accelerate erosion of the beach, maritime forest and sand dunes that constitute the base ’ s barrier islands. - 2. erosion – erosion is triggered based on a threshold of maximum fetch and proximity of the marsh to estuarine water or open ocean. when these conditions are met, horizontal erosion occurs at a rate based on site - specific data. - 3. overwash – barrier islands are assumed to undergo overwash at a user - specified interval. beach migration and transport of sediments are calculated. - 4. saturation – coastal swamps and fresh marshes can migrate onto adjacent uplands as a fresh water table response to rising sea level close to the coast. - 5. accretion – sea level rise is offset by sedimentation and vertical accretion using average or site - specific values for each wetland category. accretion rates may be spatially variable within a given model domain. slamm is a dynamic vegetation model, which migrates and converts marsh and terrestrial ecosystems across the upland landscape in response to sea level rise and salinity changes. an example of a diagnostic littoral model is the advanced circulation ( adcirc ) model, which can simulate hurricane induced storm surge and inland flooding. the adcirc computer model requires accurate descriptions of offshore, coastal and inland elevations, and details of frictional characteristics along the coast. subject to these inputs to define the interest area, adcirc also accounts for all physical mechanisms that influence storm surge generation, such as wind and pressure forcing at the water surface, turbulent dissipation, coriolis accelerations and astronomic tides. subject to hurricane wind spatial variability and geometry and friction of the basin, adcirc will accurately compute water surface response. adcirc has been used for many years by u. s. army corps of engineers ( usace ) and federal emergency management agency ( fema ) to compute hurricane storm surge as part of flood mapping and design of flood protection projects. view larger image – credit : john atkinson, arcadis u. s., inc. adcirc model of present day southern louisiana near lake ponchartrain, the city of new orleans and the mississippi river lower delta illustrates resistance to storm surge flow and flooding of urbanized areas. higher manning ’ s n values represent higher friction from vegetation and urbanization


of present day southern louisiana near lake ponchartrain, the city of new orleans and the mississippi river lower delta illustrates resistance to storm surge flow and flooding of urbanized areas. higher manning ’ s n values represent higher friction from vegetation and urbanization, thus greater resistance to storm surge and urban flooding. under a 5 ft. sea level rise scenario in 2075, the adcirc model of southern louisiana illustrates the combined effect of land subsidence and elevated sea level rise, which resulted in significant changes to the landscape since 2011. in particular, vast regions of wetland and marsh have been submerged, and changes to plant species and plant density have occurred even in areas not fully inundated. the result is less resistance to flow and greater potential for extreme storm flooding. to evaluate potential future flooding due to a specific hurricane, adcirc inputs are modified to reflect future conditions and then storm simulations are repeated. in this manner, a wide range of potential future scenarios may be evaluated. properly representing “ future conditions ” is more than simply increasing water depths to account for additional water volume in oceans. in addition to increasing water levels, many coastal regions are experiencing significant subsidence. rising seas combined with lowering land can result in very large variations in relative sea level rise ( rslr ) along the coast. moreover, rslr induces changes to vegetation at the coastal margin. as vegetation adjusts to changing salinity and water level, so too will the frictional resistance that vegetation has on flood waters. when vegetation is thick and healthy, flood levels can be partially attenuated. as marshes and other forms of coastal habitat retreat due to rslr, flood waters can more easily penetrate inland. adcirc uses a manning ’ s n formulation to account for frictional resistance. the loss of vegetation can add considerably to increased flood risk. view larger image – © credit : john atkinson, arcadis u. s., inc. a map of hurricane flooding risk illustrates the maximum envelope of water ( meow ) from many hurricane surge model simulations in southern louisiana under present day conditions in 2011. the meow is useful in revealing areas of extreme flooding that may arise from possible hurricane scenarios. these simulations are based upon present day sea level and present day frictional characteristics. view larger image – © credit : john atkinson, arcadis u. s., inc. a 2075 map of hurricane flooding risk illustrates the meow from the same set of hurricane storm conditions, but under a 5 ft. increase in sea level and the diminished friction


credit : john atkinson, arcadis u. s., inc. a 2075 map of hurricane flooding risk illustrates the meow from the same set of hurricane storm conditions, but under a 5 ft. increase in sea level and the diminished frictional characteristics. a comparison of the 2011 and 2075 meow shows that maximum flooding potential has doubled the height of storm water surge in some areas. as with sea level rise itself, morphological changes and vegetation changes occur slowly overtime. models such as slamm and adcirc can be used to evaluate cumulative effect of these changes. often, a future scenario is evaluated by simulating a representative set of hypothetical storm and hurricane events and deriving a statistical flood level for the scenario, or generating a maximum envelope of water ( meow ). meow indicates maximum flood at each location, which occurred during all simulations. an example meow is provided in the accompanying figures for which the region of interest is between new orleans and baton rouge, louisiana. note that maximum flood levels are not simply 5 ft. higher than present day values. in fact, flood increase is as much as twice the rslr amount. this behavior is in part a result of decreased vegetation and ability of deeper water to support larger waves, which bring energy further inland. note also that flood level increase varies throughout the region. this suggests a complexity to predicting future conditions, which makes the use of computer simulation very valuable. one of the most powerful benefits of using computer models is to explore a range of likely scenarios in order to define limits of potential flood risks. future rslr forecasting contains significant uncertainty, and there are a range of rslr rates suggested by the ipcc. the range of ipcc estimates are not associated with statistics to identify which rslr scenario is most likely. in addition, storm events are drivers of extreme events, but much uncertainty exists in predictions of how storm frequency and magnitude will change as climate changes. thus, while the increasing severity of a particular extreme event for a future slr scenario can be demonstrated, it cannot be known if that event will also occur more often. modeling is an ideal tool to wrestle with these uncertainties and should be used to identify and to prioritize the most vulnerable regions of coastline. planners are faced with a complacent public who readily dismiss sea level rise as irrelevant based upon conflicting and uncertain scenarios presented by the scientific community, and based upon the seemingly small annual rate of increase. however, sea level rise has more visible impact on extreme events than on daily events. modeling reveals


who readily dismiss sea level rise as irrelevant based upon conflicting and uncertain scenarios presented by the scientific community, and based upon the seemingly small annual rate of increase. however, sea level rise has more visible impact on extreme events than on daily events. modeling reveals that extreme events are susceptible to increases much greater than just simple addition of the sea level rise amount. this is an important finding that planners and government agencies must communicate to the public. despite uncertainties in climate forecasts, models can provide insight to the range of possible future risks, which can then be used to inform planning decisions and to build adaptive resiliency into new infrastructure development. no individual federal or state conservation program can address sea level adaptation and mitigation on the scale needed by individual installations or regional commands. one approach is to create innovative, actionable, multi - party implementation plans to address complex land use and ecological challenges on behalf of dod. these would include developing landscape - scale, multi - stakeholder issue identification forums and solutions to climate change impacts on dod installations. this could also include implementation strategies to acquire new training land to offset dod land made unusable by sea level rise, to create off base conservation banks to replace critical habitat on base lost to climate change and to develop multi - party programs to acquire sea level rise buffers around dod land. other implementation strategies include using “ natural defenses ” to sea level rise, such as creation and protection of wetlands, restoration and protection of submerged aquatic vegetation and oyster reefs, restoration and protection of shorelines, stabilization of streambanks, creation and protection of riparian forest buffers, reforestation and beneficial use of dredged material for shoreline and habitat restoration. the goal is a comprehensive regional sea level rise management strategy to address impacts of critical habitat loss and low - level military training routes. this plan would provide installation commanders a range of implementation options and a set of recommendations on engaging appropriate stakeholders to achieve common objectives. the implementation phase of this sea level rise adaptation strategy is based on the premise that military operations must be protected from future sea level rise impacts. and, it will take a coordinated effort by military leaders, federal, state and local agencies, and private conservation organizations to achieve this goal in a realistic, affordable, environmentally sensitive manner. issue no. 12, 2011 photo by carolyn currin, noaa protecting shorelines by monitoring increases in land elevation through increased soil accretion rates as a result of increased productivity of marsh grasslands. robert mickler is a program manager with alion science and technology, inc. he has


currin, noaa protecting shorelines by monitoring increases in land elevation through increased soil accretion rates as a result of increased productivity of marsh grasslands. robert mickler is a program manager with alion science and technology, inc. he has spent 12 years as part of the u. s. global change research program and authored a legacy natural resource program project report on the impacts of sea level rise to dod coastal installations in north carolina ( http : / / www. denix. osd. mil / nr / upload / natural - selections _ january - 2010. pdf ). mickler has been an advocate for dod science - based planning and implementation of sea level rise risk assessments and adaptation strategies. ( see livebetter jan / feb 2011 issue, the strategic implications of sea level rise. ) for more information, contact mickler at firstname. lastname @ example. org. john atkinson, phd, provides technical leadership to the hydrodynamic modeling group at arcadis. he specializes in using computational tools to predict circulation and flooding in rivers and coastal regions for a variety of projects for both public and industrial clients. arcadis has a legacy of successful projects with federal agencies, which includes leadership in the largest water restoration and flood control program in u. s. history with the u. s. army corps of engineers in new orleans. in addition, arcadis has provided assistance to the u. s. department of defense throughout the world with base closures and innovative remediation programs that remove risk and uncertainty. for more information, contact atkinson at email @ example. com.


christianity / organization / site of congregational and worship activities in christianity. according to christian theology, the church is the religious community as a whole. the word " church " is also used as the term for a special orientation or demoniation in christianity, like " maronite church " or " roman catholic church ". in this sense, the word " church " really defines a specific group, in contrast with christians in general. more information on this is found in the article on christianity. as for the actual physical structure, few guidelines were developed because christianity was proscribed by the government and members generally used existing houses. the only standard was, perhaps, a division between the area for performance of rituals and teaching, and the area for the worshippers. since the architecture and layout of the church were not defined in any holy scriptures, there have been several directions in its development. church builders have generally been inspired by, and sometimes imitators of, existing architecture, and not only religious architecture. there are two dominant types of plans : the basilica and the centralized church. the basilica form is from a roman building typically used for trade activities, gatherings or a court of law. the basilica type church is based upon an axis running from the doorway in one end to the altar at the other end. the centralized has its centre in the middle of a circular or polygonal shape. in many cases, churches have been designed to utilize both the basilica and centalized type. some churches have often been laid out in the shape of a cross, where the two added arms to the standard axis usally serve little purpose beyond the visual symbol. in larger churches, additional rooms have been added and used for rituals like baptism, treasuries and relics, robing of the clerics, administration, and additional chapels. especially large and important churches, which serve as the seat of the bishop, are named " cathedral ". the building of churches flourished after christianity ' s legitimization in the roman empire in 313. the styles of the roman empire churches would have great impact on church styles even in the areas of the middle east and africa that were not under roman control. actually, it is the roman shape that has come to form the ideal for churches until the present era. some of the most important early churches were built around shrines, like the holy sepulchre in jerusalem, erected over the assumed place of jesus ' crucifixion and entombment, and st. peter ' s basilica in rome, built over the assumed


early churches were built around shrines, like the holy sepulchre in jerusalem, erected over the assumed place of jesus ' crucifixion and entombment, and st. peter ' s basilica in rome, built over the assumed grave of st. peter. church architecture tended to influence the shape of sacred structures in other religions, as for example, in islam. the building, its layout, the church, its tower or steeple and even decorations would prove to have a great impact on how mosques and minarets came to be designed. organization and theology the initial congregations of pre - christians ( see jesus - judaism ) were modeled around the organization of the jewish synagogue. in the earliest churches, there was not even a clearly defined leadership, but this situation changed quickly during the emergence of mature christian forms in the second half of the 1st century ce. a religious leader and a administrative board was elected from the membership in the earliest church. this formed the basis for the system of priests and bishops existing until the present time, together with the broader system of parish administration. the church has traditionally been defined by the four marks distinguished in the nicene creed ( see council of nicaea ) : one, holy, catholic and apostolic. the oneness may seem to be condradicted by ethnic and doctrinal divisions within the christian community, yet there is an understanding that all members of the church consist of baptized people, who together form one idealized body. the church perceives of itself as an institution sanctified by the holy spirt, but it does not imply that all of its members are perfect. the term catholic is, at times, misunderstood. initially, it meant a universal church distinct from the local congregations, and this is still what christians confesss even if some mistakenly think the term applies the church of rome. apostolic indicates that the church is historically a continuation of the apostles and hence the earthly life of jesus.


improving health for the poor depends on nurturing local innovations — and learning how to deliver them, argue abdallah daar and peter singer. in the 1980s and 1990s the world ' s life sciences researchers were largely ignoring the poor, with genomics, for example, mostly confined to sophisticated labs in the rich world. we argue that the life sciences revolution is now ushering in a new era of better and less expensive drugs, vaccines and diagnostics. the prospect of improving health is greatest in low - and middle - income countries ( lmics ), and the hope is that a child born in a poor country will have the same life expectancy as a child born in a rich country. we are already seeing these efforts bear fruit. take malaria, for example : a vaccine is due to be deployed by 2016. and at a biological level, researchers are studying genetic profiles to understand why some children get cerebral malaria and die while others don ' t. this is just one of many applications of life sciences in global health. but there are ethical, social and commercial challenges in taking life - saving science from the lab to the village — to those most in need of these innovations. the sustainable solutions to these obstacles are homegrown, where the lab is closest to the village. the bill & melinda gates foundation ' s grand challenges in global health programme, launched in 2003, began with 14 ' critical barriers ' to solving ( mainly infectious ) health problems in the developing world. subsequent initiatives for research prioritisation have focused on non - communicable diseases, such as the grand challenges in chronic non - communicable diseases, which led to the creation of the global alliance for chronic disease ( gacd ) — an international alliance of funding bodies to coordinate research on heart disease and stroke, some cancers, respiratory conditions and type 2 diabetes — and more recently the grand challenges in global mental health initiative. the latter two identify the role of social determinants of health, and the need to focus on behaviour change and implementation research — how to encourage the uptake of research findings. implementation research is desperately needed in lmics to address issues taken for granted in rich countries. for example, research in urban tanzania found that 30 per cent of people had high blood pressure but fewer than one in five were aware of their condition, and just 10 per cent of those received sustained treatment. research funding for such problems will soon be announced by gacd, in partnership with grand challenges canada and others, including the canadian institutes of health research and the international development research centre


of their condition, and just 10 per cent of those received sustained treatment. research funding for such problems will soon be announced by gacd, in partnership with grand challenges canada and others, including the canadian institutes of health research and the international development research centre. implementation : the challenges implementation research has not, until now, been considered a serious science. while randomised controlled trials are the gold standard for testing the safety and efficacy of drugs, schemes to deliver health interventions are less likely to be assessed with the same scientific rigour. we need to understand how to deliver life - saving medical interventions, improve access to them, make them affordable, and scale them up massively. and we must remember that identifying and funding research priorities in the life sciences are just the first step towards real change. technologies need to be made into actual products and disseminated at a low cost to the people who need them. many scientific ideas come to nothing, or help far fewer people than intended. in most parts of africa scientific ideas, even great ones, are never commercialised. for example, a simple dipstick diagnostic test for schistosomiasis was not commercialised in ghana because a system to do so simply does not exist. there are many other examples of ' stagnant technologies '. other barriers include a culture of scientific research that focuses on publications rather than real - world outcomes ; limited flow of knowledge and skills among researchers, business and capital providers, government regulators and policymakers ; and almost no venture capital to fund ideas at an early stage. but africa is now in a position to begin solving its own health and economic problems. in tanzania, a company called a to z textile mills has become the continent ' s biggest manufacturer of long - lasting insecticide impregnated bed nets, while employing around 6, 000 workers, improving health directly and indirectly. supporting local enterprise looking ahead to the next ten years, we believe innovation will fuel advances in global health and problems will be addressed in a holistic way. and implementation research will become more important as we gather deeper insights into disease risk and biology. nurturing local innovations and finding ways to get them to the people who need them is the sustainable answer to the health problems of the developing world. what can we do to support innovative enterprises? grand challenges canada is investing in research to integrate business, science and social innovation — something we call ' integrated innovation '. this will be key to taking scientific insight from the lab to the village. and with its global health rising stars programme, grand challenges canada provides


this web site is about cascading style sheets as a means to separate the presentation from the structural markup of a web site, and it will help you answer some of those frequently asked questions, explains some of the basics of css, gives you tips and tricks for tackling the problems with netscape 4, offers you a tutorial about positioning with css ( css - p, web design without tables ). there is also a page with interesting links. cascading style sheets is a means to separate the presentation from the structural markup of a web site. by applying a css style you have the ability to keep the structure of your document lean and fast, while controlling the appearance of the content. html was intended as the structural markup language. this language focuses on the roles that the different elements of a document have to play, not how they have to look. css has been invented and developed for the internet. it is not an adapted tool from print or programming, but a means of enhancing html. since css takes care of the presentation, the structure of the document can be static html, and the content either contained in the html itself, or generated by asp, coldfusion, xml and / or other technologies that are being hatched now and we haven ' t heard about yet. this web site will answer some of those frequently asked questions, explains some of the basics of css, gives you tips and tricks for tackling the problems with netscape 4, offers you a tutorial about positioning with css ( css - p, web design without tables ). there is also a page with interesting links. as an example, if you check out this site http : / / www. onlinepoker. net, you can see how css is used to create a seamless website without the use of tables. the css sheet is used to construct all of the principle sections including navigation, header, content area and footer. you can also combine the standard css design with tables for promotions, as seen here http : / / www. pokersite. org. both examples use cascading style sheets for the general layout, however the second example uses tables specifically for displaying ranking charts and both poker sites are w3c compliant. css is here to stay. it is a fascinating, elegant technology that can make sites faster, less complicated, easy to change, better adaptable to the need of emerging technologies - and more disabled accessible. and for being that powerful,


herstory eartha mary magdalene white born nov. 8, 1876, in jacksonville, fla., she was an african - american vocalist, educator, administrator and humanitarian. she was raised by clara white and graduated from stanton school and moved to new york city where she attended madame thurber ’ s national conservancy of music. she joined the oriental american opera company, the country ’ s first black opera company. eartha toured as a lyric soprano in american, europe and asia with the company but returned frequently for jacksonville for visits. on one visit she met and fell in love with james jordan, a railway worker, and their wedding was set for june 1896, but while she was still working on the tour in may she received news of his death. she ended her singing career and returned to florida where she taught at bayard for a number of years. in 1901 she began to buy real estate at low prices and selling at a profit. by 1905 she had saved enough for a dry goods store and several other businesses. she reinvested her considerable wealth in the black community, establishing boys and girls clubs, recreational centers and parks. she operated the only orphanage for black children in the state of florida. she was most proud of the clara white mission, named for her adoptive mother, which offered food and shelter to the homeless and destitute. she became an influential force in jacksonville ’ s social welfare, focused on prison reform and established an orphanage for african - american children. she created a home for unwed mothers, a nursery for children of working mothers, a tuberculosis rest home and, in 1902, a nursing home for elderly african - americans. in 1971 she was the guest of president richard m. nixon and was referred to as “ an institution in jacksonville ”, and even when confined to a wheel chair she remained active. she received numerous honors and awards and or the last years of her life, her birthday we celebrated in the city ’ s civic auditorium. she died in january 1974 at the age of 97.


see also the dr. math faq : 0. 9999 = 1 0 to 0 power n to 0 power 0! = 1 dividing by 0 browse high school number theory stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : infinite number of primes? testing for primality. what is ' mod '? - 0 divided by 0 [ 11 / 27 / 1997 ] what is the answer to 0 divided by 0? i think it is undefined... - 100 factorial in base 6 : how many zeros? [ 10 / 24 / 2001 ] how many zeros are there at the end of 100! in base 6? - adding arithmetic sequences [ 07 / 10 / 1998 ] how do you add the numbers from 1 to 5000 without actually doing it or using a calculator? what if you were adding just the odd numbers? - adding hexadecimals [ 07 / 13 / 1998 ] a complete introduction to the hexadecimal, including sample problems on - adding in base 9 and base 5 [ 10 / 21 / 1997 ] in 3rd grade my son is learning how to add in bases other than 10. - arithmetic in other bases [ 02 / 25 / 2002 ] i need to know how to write out the steps for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in other bases. - base 12 fractions [ 11 / 05 / 2001 ] i need a simple way to understand how to do and interpret decimals in - base 26 [ 01 / 27 / 1997 ] in a base 26 number system where the letters of the alphabet are the digits, calculate two + two in this system and express the answer in base ten. express 1997 in base 26. - base 2 subtraction and clock arithmetic [ 01 / 26 / 2001 ] we know that computers use the " 2 ' s complement " method to do subtraction of base 2 numbers, and that this method works every time, but we have no idea why it works. - base number [ 10 / 07 / 1998 ] what does base number mean? - base number equivalence tables [ 10 / 30 / 2001 ] my son needs to show tables for base 3 and base 7. - binary conversion [ 01 / 07 / 1998 ] in an adult computer course we are supposed convert binary numbers to real numbers and binary to hexadecimal. - binary subtraction [ 7 / 25 / 1996 ] i understand the rules of adding in binary, but how in the world do you -


adult computer course we are supposed convert binary numbers to real numbers and binary to hexadecimal. - binary subtraction [ 7 / 25 / 1996 ] i understand the rules of adding in binary, but how in the world do you - binary subtraction [ 07 / 04 / 2003 ] i need help understanding the rules of subtracting binary numbers when the subtrahend is larger then the minuend. - binary system [ 5 / 22 / 1996 ] how do you use the binary system? - calculating the last digit of an isbn number [ 07 / 15 / 1998 ] how do you calculate the last number in an isbn number? - calculator addition [ 6 / 30 / 1996 ] how does a calculator add? - cardinal and ordinal numbers [ 01 / 08 / 1997 ] how can 3 be both a cardinal and ordinal number at the same time? - classifying numbers [ 09 / 06 / 2001 ] can you tell me about complex numbers, real and imaginary numbers, rational / irrational numbers? i don ' t understand any of it. - concepts of adding in base 2 [ 08 / 18 / 1998 ] i don ' t understand the whole concept of base 2. - congruum problem [ 04 / 04 / 2002 ] i have found a reference to fibonacci and his congruum problem. but something has me stumped... - converting from base 6 to 10 and back [ 09 / 26 / 2001 ] i need to know how to convert 2411 in base 6 to base 10. - counting : base 6, 12, 16 [ 5 / 31 / 1996 ] how do you count in base 6 and base 12? what about base 16? - decimal to fraction conversion [ 06 / 25 / 1998 ] i am trying to find a method ( one that can be programmed on a pc ) to convert the decimal part of a real number to a fraction represented by integers for the numerator and denominator. - defining kinds of numbers [ 03 / 21 / 1997 ] could you please define : perfect numbers, deficient numbers, square numbers, abundant numbers, amicable numbers, and triangular numbers? - definition of the signum function [ 05 / 31 / 2000 ] can you give me a simple definition of the signum function, and any practical examples of its usage? - diagram for math numbers [ 10 / 05 / 1997 ] my daughter is doing a tree diagram using terms related to math " numbers. " could you please explain in lay terms what


of the signum function, and any practical examples of its usage? - diagram for math numbers [ 10 / 05 / 1997 ] my daughter is doing a tree diagram using terms related to math " numbers. " could you please explain in lay terms what surds are? - difference between zero and nothing [ 12 / 12 / 1996 ] what is the difference between zero and nothing? - divide by 0 undefined? [ 9 / 10 / 1996 ] when something is divided by 0, why is the answer undefined? - dividing by 9, 99, 999.... [ 9 / 7 / 1996 ] please explain why dividing x by n 9 ' s ( x / 99, for example ) yields a sequence of n repeating digits. - divisor counting [ 9 / 24 / 1995 ] a student asks a question about the math forum problem of the week. - erdos ' proof of bertrand ' s postulate [ 3 / 23 / 1997 ] i am looking for a proof of bertrand ' s postulate ( there exists a prime number between n and 2n ( n > 2 ) ), a. k. a. chebychev ' s theorem. - even + even = even [ 11 / 06 / 2001 ] prove that an even number + an even number = an even number. - fermat ' s last theorem - disproof? [ 05 / 09 / 1998 ] i would like to ask you whether there is any problem with the following disproof of fermat ' s last theorem... - fermat ' s last theorem : explanation [ 11 / 02 / 1997 ] please give me some information on fermat ' s last theorem. - finding and factoring large or mersenne primes [ 02 / 22 / 1998 ] how do you find extremely large primes ( mersenne primes ) and how do you tell if they are prime? what is the most efficient way of factoring - first ten perfect numbers [ 12 / 11 / 2001 ] i have to figure out at least 10 perfect numbers for my homework. - fraction / decimal conversion to other bases [ 08 / 12 / 1998 ] what are the rules for converting fractions to binary and octal and vice - frequency of primes [ 03 / 17 / 1997 ] is there a pattern to describe the frequency of prime numbers? - how can. 999999.... equal 1? [ 03 / 21 / 2001 ] if. 99999999.... goes


see also the dr. math faq : browse high school sequences, series stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : strategies for finding sequences. - divergent infinite series [ 05 / 30 / 2003 ] i bought a book _ praise for the mathematical universe _, by william dunham, with a chapter on euler ' s infinite series. a proof he outlined that i could not follow is this... - dividing a circle using six lines [ 08 / 29 / 2001 ] what is the largest number of regions into which you can divide a circle using six lines? - does the series cos ( n ) / n ^ ( 3 / 4 ) converge or diverge? [ 11 / 10 / 2009 ] doctor jordan invokes the euler equation to bound a doozy of a series. - do i use n or n - 1 to find the nth term in a geometric sequence? [ 12 / 01 / 2009 ] a look at how the formula for the nth term in a geometric sequence, a * r ^ ( n - 1 ), sometimes needs to be a * r ^ n to fit the problem context. - doubling pennies [ 11 / 26 / 1996 ] if i start with a penny and double it daily for 30 days, how many pennies do i have at the end? - e as a series and a limit [ 03 / 30 / 1998 ] why does e = 1 + 1 / 2! + 1 / 3! + 1 / 4! +... and lim ( 1 + 1 / n ) ^ n, as n - - - equation of a sequence with constant third differences [ 05 / 26 / 1998 ] using the method of difference or the gregory - newton formula. - euler ' s summmation of 1 / n ^ 2 [ 03 / 15 / 2000 ] prove that pi ^ 2 / 6 = the summation of 1 / n ^ 2 from 1 to infinity. - evaluating indefinite sums [ 12 / 07 / 2003 ] how can i evaluate the sum of the terms 1 / ( 3n + 1 ) ( 4n + 2 ), where n ranges from - infinity to + infinity? - evaluating the series n ^ 2 / 2 ^ n a differential way [ 11 / 05 / 2010 ] a student knows that the series n ^ 2 / 2 ^ n converges as n goes from zero to infinity. doctor ali offers one approach for determining its sum, based on differentiating the geometric series and its closed


[ 11 / 05 / 2010 ] a student knows that the series n ^ 2 / 2 ^ n converges as n goes from zero to infinity. doctor ali offers one approach for determining its sum, based on differentiating the geometric series and its closed form solution. - expansion of ( x + y ) ^ ( 1 / 2 ) [ 06 / 07 / 1999 ] is there a way to expand ( x + y ) ^ ( 1 / 2 )? if so, how is it derived? - expected tosses for consecutive heads with a fair coin [ 06 / 29 / 2004 ] what is the expected number of times a person must toss a fair coin to get 2 consecutive heads? - exponential generating function [ 05 / 06 / 2000 ] how can i prove that the exponential generating function of the series 1, 1 * 3, 1 * 3 * 5, 1 * 3 * 5 * 7,... is 1 / sqrt ( 1 - 2 * x )? - exponential series proof [ 05 / 05 / 2001 ] given e ^ x greater than or equal to 1 + x for all real values of x, and that ( 1 + 1 ) ( 1 + ( 1 / 2 ) ) ( 1 + ( 1 / 3 ) )... ( 1 + ( 1 / n ) ) = n + 1, prove that e ^ ( 1 + ( 1 / 2 ) + ( 1 / 3 ) +... + ( 1 / n ) ) is greater than n. also, find a value of n for which 1 = ( 1 / 2 ) + ( 1 / 3 ) +... + ( 1 / n ) is greater than 100. - factors and multiples - hamiltonian path [ 11 / 02 / 1998 ] we have to make a sequence of numbers, all different, each of which is a factor or a multiple of the one preceding it. - feeding chickens - arithmetical progression [ 7 / 6 / 1996 ] a farmer has 3000 hens. each week he sells 20... what is the total cost of feeding the hens...? - a fibonacci proof by induction [ 06 / 05 / 1998 ] let u _ 1, u _ 2,... be the fibonacci sequence. prove by induction... - fibonacci sequence - an example [ 05 / 12 / 1999 ] glass plates and reflections. - figurate and polygonal numbers [ 11 / 21 / 1998 ] i need to know everything about figura


prove by induction... - fibonacci sequence - an example [ 05 / 12 / 1999 ] glass plates and reflections. - figurate and polygonal numbers [ 11 / 21 / 1998 ] i need to know everything about figurate numbers. - finding a formula for a number pattern [ 09 / 30 / 2004 ] we are learning about sequences and how to find the patterns in numbers. our teacher gave us the sequence 0, 3, 8, 15, 24, 35 and told us that we had to use factoring to find the answer. i know the answer is ( n + 1 ) ( n - 1 ), but i can ' t see how to get that. - finding a function to generate a particular output [ 09 / 21 / 2004 ] dr. vogler presents several possible functions f ( n ) that will generate the output 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0... for n = 1 to infinity. - finding an explicit formula for a recursive series [ 05 / 17 / 2000 ] how far will a man end up from his home if he walks a mile west, then walks east one half that distance, then walks west half of the distance he has just walked, and so on? - finding a non - recursive formula [ 06 / 10 / 1999 ] how can i find a non - recursive formula for the recurrence relation s _ n = - [ s _ ( n - 1 ) ] - n ^ 2 with the initial condition s _ 0 = 3? - finding an unknown sequence [ 3 / 31 / 1996 ] i can ' t figure out where to start with this series and sequences question : 1 + 3x + 6 ( x ) ( x ) + 10 ( x ) ( x ) ( x ) + 15 ( x ) ( x ) ( x ) ( x ) +... - finding a series given the sum [ 09 / 27 / 1999 ] how can i find all series of consecutive integers whose sum is a given - finding a term of an arithmetic series [ 12 / 13 / 1995 ] the fifth term of an arithmetic series is 16 and the sum of the first 10 terms is 145. write the first three terms. - finding catalan numbers [ 12 / 15 / 1999 ] what are catalan numbers and what applications do we have for them? - finding common numbers in two sequences [ 09 / 21 / 2006 ] i ' m working with sequences that start with an initial value and


finding catalan numbers [ 12 / 15 / 1999 ] what are catalan numbers and what applications do we have for them? - finding common numbers in two sequences [ 09 / 21 / 2006 ] i ' m working with sequences that start with an initial value and an initial amount to add to get the next term. the amount added then increases by 2 as you move from term to term. if i have two such sequences, is there a way to calculate what numbers they will have in common based on the two initial values and amounts to add? - finding number patterns [ 05 / 29 / 1999 ] i am trying to find the pattern of the numbers - finding rules for number patterns [ 06 / 05 / 2009 ] i ' m having trouble finding an algebraic expression that generates the pattern 3, 5, 8, 12, 17, 23, 30. can you help? - finding sums of sines and series [ 03 / 10 / 2004 ] i am trying to find the sum of sin1 + sin2 + sin3 +... + sin90. i ' m also trying to find the sum of 1 ^ n + 2 ^ n + 3 ^ n + 4 ^ n +... + n ^ n. can you help me? - finding the 1000th term in a sequence [ 1 / 19 / 1996 ] two kids on a car trip decide to count telephone poles. one kid counts normally, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5... 25, 26, 27... 31, 32, 33, etc. the other kid counts them a different way : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, - finding the digit of a decimal expansion [ 11 / 14 / 1998 ] what digit will appear in the 534th place after the decimal point in the decimal representation of 5 / 13? - finding the missing numbers in a sequence [ 11 / 30 / 1995 ] fill in the blanks for this series of numbers based on its underlying pattern : 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, ( ), 18, 20, ( ), 30, 32 - finding the next number in a sequence given its geometric mean... which is a square root [ 09 / 24 / 2009 ] a student who knows how to calculate geometric means gets rattled when trying to determine a sequence from its square root geometric mean. - finding the next number in a series [ 07 / 22 / 2002


which is a square root [ 09 / 24 / 2009 ] a student who knows how to calculate geometric means gets rattled when trying to determine a sequence from its square root geometric mean. - finding the next number in a series [ 07 / 22 / 2002 ] are there any formal or systematic methods for solving problems that ask you to find the next number in a series? - finding the rule for a given sequence [ 09 / 11 / 2008 ] if the first six terms of a sequence are - 4, 0, 6, 14, 24, 36, what is the rule? find the 20th and 200th terms. this answer discusses finite differences and other handy techniques for solving this sort of problem. - finding the sum of an infinite series [ 03 / 05 / 2006 ] find the sum of the series 1 + 1 / 2 + 1 / 3 + 1 / 4 + 1 / 6 + 1 / 8 + 1 / 9 + 1 / 12 +... which are the reciprocals of the positive integers whose only prime factors are 2 ' s and 3 ' s. - finding the sum of arithmetico - geometric series [ 09 / 13 / 2004 ] find the sum of the infinite series 1 / 7 + 4 / ( 7 ^ 2 ) + 9 / ( 7 ^ 3 ) + 16 / ( 7 ^ 4 ) +... i would also like to know if there is a general rule to find the sum of ( n ^ 2 / p ^ n ) for n = 1 to infinity. - finding the sum of arithmetic series [ 06 / 12 / 2006 ] find the sum of the arithmetic series 4 + 10 + 16 +... + 58.


a triangle is inscribed in a circle. the vertices of the triangle divide the circle into three arcs of lengths 3, 4, and 5. what is the area of the triangle? not sure how to start the problem... could i get some hints please? you must draw a diagram. inscribe a triangle in a circle. draw three radial segments, one from each vertex to the center, now you have three sub - triangles. the sum of their areas is the area you want. the radius of the circle is. how and why? the angle subtending the arc of length 5 measures. again how and why?. if are the length of two sides of a triangle and is the measure of the angle between then the area to that triangle is. i think i got it. it took me a while though.... i understand the radius is 6 / pi because 2pir = 12 r = 6 / pi. then i understood the angle subtending the arc of length 5 is 5pi / 6 because 2pi x 5 / 12 = 5pi / 6 arc of length 4 2pi x 4 / 12 = 2pi / 3 arc of length 3 2pi x 3 / 12 = pi / 2 i fully understand why 1 / 2absin ( theta ) gets the area therefore, 1 / 2 x 6 / pi x 6 / pi x sin 5pi / 6 + 1 / 2 x 6 / pi x 6 / pi x sin 2pi / 3 + 1 / 2 x 6 / pi x 6 / pi x sin pi / 2 = 9 / pi squared x ( 3 + root3 )


precalc chapter project finding points of intersection hi! i am a student teacher and have the following project worked out : in this project the student will find the points of intersection of the circle and parabola given by x ^ 2 + y ^ 2 - 3x + 5y - 11 and y = x ^ 2 - 4x + 5 a. begin by writing the circle as the union of two functions. identify the functions that represent the top half and the bottom half of the circle. top half y =. 5 ( - 5 + sqrt ( 69 + 12x - 4x ^ 2 ) bottom half y =. 5 ( - 5 - sqrt ( 69 + 12x - 4x ^ 2 ) b. use a graphing utility to graph all thre functions in the same viewing window. use the intersect feature of the graphing utility to estimate the points of intersection. ( 1. 055, 1. 893 ), ( 2. 841, 1. 707 ) there are also four more questions they have to answer. my question is this, my coorporating teacher gives the students a hint to get them on thier way and i don ' t want to give them too much. this is a chapter project for an honors class and would appreciate any ideas for a subltle hint for the students. i told one student to look on page 8 of the text which had examples of problems dealing with equations of circles. do you think this enough of a hint or should i give them a little more? thank you for taking time to read this. i just want to get them in the right direction without giving them too much and making it easy for them.


turkey populations around the united states began to level out. a tenant of wildlife management is that exponential population growth is eventually curbed by predators, disease, competition for food and changes in habitat. missouri ’ s turkey population had reached unimaginable levels, close to a million entering autumn, and flocks of hundreds of turkeys in winter were not uncommon. although turkey population growth flattened in the 1990s, hunting success peaked in 2004 with a record spring harvest of 60, 744. with 98 percent of these birds being males shot after the peak in breeding, this level of hunting had little or no effect on future long - term abundance. similarly, fall harvest had fallen over the years to a small fraction of the statewide population, translating to little or no effect on long - term abundance or the quality of the spring hunt. no webbed feet duck hunters are happy these days because waterfowl abundance is high. unfortunately, our resident ground - nesting birds, turkeys, quail, greater prairie - chickens, etc., suffer major reductions in chick production when weather from april to june is overly wet or cool. these conditions can lead to drowned nests and poults, hypothermia in poults and increased predation. for the past few years weather records have been broken in ways that are not conducive to producing turkey poults, including the easter freeze of 2007, record rainfall in 2008 and overly cool, wet springs when records were not being set. the result has been a decline in turkeys, measured by a drop in harvest of more than 10, 000, and an estimated drop in abundance of more than 100, 000. what is the next chapter of one of the greatest wildlife success stories? with all the history missouri ’ s turkeys, hunters and managers have been through — trapping, turkey boxes, radio telemetry tags, hunter surveys, check stations, telecheck, sophisticated turkey decoys, special opportunities for youth and people with disabilities and hunting seasons of all sorts — the future is most dependent on weather, something we have no control over. close at hand, the 2010 spring season will be challenging because poor poult production in 2007 and 2008 translates to fewer mature gobblers. on the bright side, jakes, from the 2009 hatch, will be relatively more abundant in southern missouri because torrential rains occurred mostly in northern missouri. we now have a population that declines or increases mainly in response to spring and summer weather conditions. a few consecutive years of drier, warmer springs is


this procedure is done when a fetus suffers from severe anemia. anemia is a lack of red blood cells. a transfusion means giving the fetus red blood cells from a donor. there are two types of fetal blood transfusions : - intravascular transfusion ( ivt ) — done through the mother ’ s abdomen into the fetus ’ s umbilical cord - intraperitoneal transfusion ( ipt ) — done through the mother ’ s abdomen and uterus into the fetus ’ s abdomen ; usually only done if ivt is impossible to do because of the position of the fetus and the umbilical cord reasons for procedure a transfusion is needed when the fetus ' s blood count falls too low. severe anemia in a fetus can cause death. anemia can be caused by : - rh incompatibility — the mother and fetus have a different type of blood, and mother ’ s antibodies to fetal blood cells destroy fetal blood cells - parvovirus b19 infection — a viral infection in the mother - twin - to - twin transfusion syndrome — can occur in twin pregnancies where development is in one chorionic sac the goals of fetal blood transfusions are to : - prevent or treat fetal hydrops before delivery — hydrops is caused by severe anemia in the fetus, which develops into heart failure. this leads to fluid collecting in the skin, lungs, abdomen, or around the heart. - continue the pregnancy so the fetus can be born close to term problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. your doctor will review potential problems like : - need for cesarean section because of fetal distress after the procedure - premature rupture of membranes and / or premature labor - abdominal bruising or soreness - bleeding, cramping, or leaking fluid from vagina - injury to the fetus - giving too much blood - fetal bleeding - a rare condition in which the donor ’ s blood cells attack the fetus ' s blood cells what to expect prior to procedure the doctor may do tests to see if the fetus has severe anemia or fetal hydrops. the doctor may need to examine body fluids. this can be done with : your doctor may need pictures of your abdomen. this can be done with ultrasound. if the fetus has hydrops, the blood transfusion will be done right away. before the transfusion, you may be given : - pain medication - medication to help you relax local


pictures of your abdomen. this can be done with ultrasound. if the fetus has hydrops, the blood transfusion will be done right away. before the transfusion, you may be given : - pain medication - medication to help you relax local anesthesia numbs a small area of your abdomen. description of the procedure with ivt, the fetus will be paralyzed for a short time. this is to allow access to fetal blood vessels and to reduce injury to the fetus. during both ivt and ipt, the doctor will monitor the fetus with an ultrasound scan. the ultrasound will : - show the position of the fetus - guide the placement of the needle through the amniotic sac and into the vessel in the umbilical cord - record the fetal heart rate the doctor will insert a needle into your abdomen. using ultrasound, the doctor will make sure the needle is placed correctly. the needle will go through your abdomen and be inserted into the umbilical cord ( iut ) or into the fetal abdomen ( ipt ). blood will be transfused to the fetus. before the needle is removed, the doctor will take a final blood sample. this is to determine the fetus ' s blood level. the doctor will find out whether the transfusion was enough and when the next one should be. the transfusions may need to be repeated every 2 - 4 weeks until your doctor decides that it is safe to deliver the fetus. how long will it take? a 10 ml ivt transfusion will take 1 - 2 minutes. usually, between 30 - 200 ml is transfused during a single procedure. how much will it hurt? you will feel pain and cramping where the doctor inserts the needle. if you are close to delivering the fetus or if the procedure is long, the uterus can be sore. average hospital stay this procedure is done in a hospital setting. you will be able to go home after the transfusion. if complications occur, you may need to have a cesarean section. the doctor may give you : - antibiotics to prevent infection - medication to prevent contractions or labor be sure to follow your doctor ’ s instructions. after your baby has been delivered, the baby will need to have follow - up blood tests. the doctor will closely monitor the baby for : - liver damage - heart failure - respiratory failure - other complications if the baby is premature call your doctor call your doctor if any of the following occurs : - signs of infection, including fever or


don ' t feel like exercise? scientists find compound that may help you work out harderjune 12th, 2012 in medical research / as science rushes to develop safe weight loss drugs, a new research report approaches this problem from an entirely new angle : what if there were a pill that would make you want to exercise harder? it may sound strange, but a new research report appearing online in the faseb journal suggests that it might be possible. that ' s because a team of swiss researchers found that when a hormone in the brain, erythropoietin ( epo ), was elevated in mice, they were more motivated to exercise. in addition, the form of erythropoietin used in these experiments did not elevate red blood cell counts. such a treatment has obvious benefits for a wide range of health problems ranging from alzheimer ' s to obesity, including mental health disorders for which increased physical activity is known to improve symptoms. " here we show that epo increases the motivation to exercise, " said max gassmann, d. v. m., a researcher involved in the work from the institute of veterinary physiology, vetsuisse - faculty and zurich center for integrative human physiology at the university of zurich in switzerland. " most probably, epo has a general effect on a person ' s mood and might be used in patients suffering from depression and related diseases. " to make this discovery, gassmann and colleagues used three types of mice : those that received no treatment, those that were injected with human epo, and those that were genetically modified to produce human epo in the brain. compared to the mice that did not have any increase in epo, both mouse groups harboring human epo in the brain showed significantly higher running performance without increases in red blood cells. " if you can ' t put exercise in a pill, then maybe you can put the motivation to exercise in a pill instead, " said gerald weissmann, m. d., editor - in - chief of the faseb journal. " as more and more people become overweight and obese, we must attack the problem from all angles. maybe the day will come when gyms are as easily found as fast food restaurants. " more information : beat schuler, johannes vogel, beat grenacher, robert a. jacobs, margarete arras, and max gassmann. acute and chronic elevation of erythropoietin in the brain improves exercise performance in mice without inducing


the british journal of sports medicine in 2010 released an interesting research about the dangers of sitting which can increase the risk of death. now the research is reinforced in the american journal of epidemiology june 2011. experts concluded that sitting for long periods or at least 6 hours a day is enough to make someone die young. “ male 18 percent as for women 37 percent, ” that is the estimated percentage risk of death written in the huffington post. this trend applies when the activity is performed routinely for 13 years. this study is assessed to be accurate because it is done on 123 thousand people over a period of 14 years. the researchers observed the sitting pattern of a person in a span of 3 hours and 6 hours. the result showed that people who sit 6 hours or more are most at risk of dying. someone who tends to sit long are attacked by various diseases such as diabetes, depression, and obesity. where a person sits does not matter, whether it is in the office, school, car, or in front of a computer or television. the point is that sitting six hours or more could be harmful to health. so how do we overcome the problem of sitting which has become a habit of modern humans? the american cancer society researchers urged people not to worry. potential deaths from sitting can be resisted with a healthy lifestyle. for example by performing routine exercise at least 30 minutes for 5 days a week. tagged with : sitting, sitting for long periods, sitting too long, sitting too long death, too much sitting, too much sitting death,


continuous positive airway pressure ( cpap ) is pressure that is delivered into your airways by a machine. reasons for the use of cpap cpap is used to keep the airway open and allows air to more easily move in and out of your lungs. it is used most often to manageobstructive sleep apnea. obstructive sleep apnea is a period of time during sleep with breathing is blocked. this can happen several times each night. cpap is considered to be the most effective treatment for sleep apnea which may help to : - decrease daytime sleepiness - decrease high blood pressure - decrease heartburn symptoms - improve quality of life cpap may also be used in preterm infants. under developed lungs can be a common problem in preterm infants. cpap can help support the infant ' s lungs until they can develop fully. it may prevent or decrease the need for more invasive treatments or medications. this article is focused on cpap for sleep apnea. most patients who use cpap report at least one side effect. the first night using a cpap machine can be difficult. you may even sleep worse at first. it is important to prepare for this adjustment. talk with your doctor about steps you can take to minimize any discomfort. cpap is considered very safe. talk to your doctor about potential complications, such as : what to expect prior to getting a cpap machine your doctor may request that you : - have a complete physical exam. - have a stay in a sleep lab to determine the correct amount of airway pressure for you. - see a pulmonologist or an ear, nose, and throat specialist. - quit smoking - lose weight. - start a regular exercise program. description of machine use following your stay in a sleep lab, you will be prescribed a cpap machine. the cpap machine includes a pump and a face mask. the pump sits off the bed and has a tube that goes to the face mask. the face mask will be tightly secured to your head so that air will not leak out. the pump will force air through your airway to help keep it open. you will need to wear the face mask to bed every night. how long will it take? the machine will be used for as long as it is needed. will it hurt? some have reported chest muscle discomfort. talk with your doctor about the best way for you to relieve any discomfort. average hospital stay cpap machines will be used at home. stopping use of the cpap will most likely


for the last year or so, business managers have been pounded with the rallying cry to protect their data and controls from possible cyber crime. now, several information technology experts are asking the question : has the threat of cyberterrorism been overstated? at the recent cebit show, a panel of it experts concluded that it has. the general consensus was that a bomb would strike more terror into a people or country than a temporary shutdown of the internet. the internet is great for communication, and terrorists are probably using it for such purposes. but the idea that a shutdown of the internet would frighten people, in the u. s. for example, into widespread panic has less credibility, said the experts. according to the panel, which included executives from software security vendors and representatives from nato, most critical systems don ’ t run on the internet. they run on secure networks, making it far less likely that terrorist hackers would get in. ( if you ’ re like most businesses, you too have an independent site that accesses the internet, but doesn ’ t completely and solely rely on it. ) one reason for all the focus on the possibility of cyberterrorism, claimed those experts, is that the u. s. government wanted a broader front to use in its attack on terrorism. companies and others willingly jumped on that bandwagon, touting the benefits of making sure your controls and systems are secure and safe. this is not to say that cyber attacks won ’ t happen. recent news reports show that communication and computer attacks are happening. for example, al - jazeera, the arab satellite television network, experienced denial of service attacks shortly after it showed u. s. solders held as pows by iraq, and for a few weeks afterward. the attacks pretty much shut down the network during the last few weeks of this past march. in another high - profile example, the web site for 10 downing street also experienced problems ; it was hacked by antiwar protesters. while the risk of a catastrophic cyber terrorist attack may be more realistically viewed as low, that doesn ’ t mean we shouldn ’ t protect our controls and systems. after all, the threat of viruses and worms continues. according to a survey conducted by icsa labs, a division of trusecure corp., the number of virus attacks is down, but the ones that occur are more virulent. the survey analyzed incidents reported on more than 900, 000 desktop computers, servers and gateways. based on the analysis, for every


##usecure corp., the number of virus attacks is down, but the ones that occur are more virulent. the survey analyzed incidents reported on more than 900, 000 desktop computers, servers and gateways. based on the analysis, for every 1, 000 machines operating, there are about 113 virus attacks a month. that number is not an indication that the problem is going away. the icsa labs noted that it takes about 23 staff days to clean up systems after an attack, at an average cost of about $ 81, 000. the next areas you may want to secure and protect are your domain name and dot - com servers. and experts are thinking that the next attacks from hackers will involve forgery and identity theft more than denial of service or viruses. therefore, while we will probably not face many of the more exaggerated scenarios of business catastrophe due to cyber crime, there are worthwhile reasons to protect your controls and systems. the good news is that you have some breathing space. make sure your firewalls are properly configured and that you routinely install patches and fixes as software vendors announce them, that will go a long way toward preventing a cyber attack. as budgets permit, you can install more rugged and secure solutions. but there is more good news on the cyber crime front. colleges and universities are finally taking steps to teach future programmers how to write secure code and detect hacking. microsoft corporation is helping with this endeavor. the company is working with a number of universities to develop programming curriculua that teach students the skills necessary to handle these issues. in some of the courses, students will be asked to hack into code, ( which in a slightly warped way could mean that we are training future hackers ). nonetheless, it ’ s a good idea to train programmers in how to deal with these problems. by the way, these university programs will cover a range of software code, not just microsoft code. on the whole, industry ’ s efforts to fight cyber crime make good news. leslie langnau, senior technical editor email @ example. com


in the european union, unemployment rates in the region that uses the euro currency are at their highest ever, as a returned recession, falling income levels and persistent debt concerns trouble the region ' s economy, as its latest statistics show. after nearly five years of economic crises, the european union is also seeing more divergence between its member nations, particularly in the north, where economies have resilience, as opposed to the south, where unemployment rates are an average of more than 7 points higher. from brussels, teri schultz filed this report for our newscast desk : " more europeans are out of work now in the eurozone — almost 11. 8 percent — than in the entire two - decade history of the common currency. " " employment and social affairs commissioner lazlo andor says joblessness plus cutbacks in governments ' social spending mean poverty is on the rise. " " ' after a few years of persistent crisis, most national welfare systems have lost much of their ability to protect household incomes against the effects of the crisis, ' " he says. " andor says the economic divide is growing between eu nations north and south. spain has the highest unemployment, at 26. 6 percent of the working - age population. austria has the lowest, at 4. 5 percent. andor says he hopes this year ' s a turning point. " that ' s quite a downward turn from early 2008, when the eurozone ' s unemployment rate hovered around 7. 2 percent. the most recent statistics reflect the situation in november of 2012. in its coverage of the eu report, the german newspaper die welt used a headline that stated bluntly ( and roughly translated here ), " the social structure in europe is breaking apart. " here ' s some analysis from bbc economics correspondent andrew walker : " the biggest rises, in percentage terms, were in countries at the centre of the eurozone financial crisis - greece, spain, cyprus and portugal. one striking exception to that pattern was the republic of ireland where unemployment fell. " the general trend however remains upwards and it makes it even harder for the governments concerned to collect the taxes they need to stabilise their debts. "


what is more than a score? it ’ s not about the test. it ’ s about kids. it ’ s about connecting with our students so they get the education they deserve. a world - class education … for every single student … in every single school … that means we have to do more than we ever have before. it ’ s not enough to have the best schools in kentucky or the nation. we are preparing students to excel in a global society. a profound gap exists between what most u. s. students learn in school and the knowledge and skills they need for success in their communities and workplaces. kentucky was the first state to adopt new, more rigorous, national content standards designed to ensure college and career success for all graduates. to track our progress, students took more challenging state tests last spring. the new proficiency targets are harder for kids to meet. school benchmarks are more stringent. at first, scores may be lower than we ’ ve seen before. this site provides information about the new standards, new tests, and new scores. most importantly, this site provides information about what we ’ re doing to prepare kids to enter careers that do not yet exist, using technology that has not yet been invented to solve problems that haven ’ t even become problems yet. because our children are more than a score. they ’ re the future.


delegates ( c # programming guide ) a delegate is a type that defines a method signature. when you instantiate a delegate, you can associate its instance with any method with a compatible signature. you can invoke ( or call ) the method through the delegate instance. delegates are used to pass methods as arguments to other methods. event handlers are nothing more than methods that are invoked through delegates. you create a custom method, and a class such as a windows control can call your method when a certain event occurs. the following example shows a delegate declaration : any method from any accessible class or struct that matches the delegate ' s signature, which consists of the return type and parameters, can be assigned to the delegate. the method can be either static or an instance method. this makes it possible to programmatically change method calls, and also plug new code into existing classes. as long as you know the signature of the delegate, you can assign your own method. in the context of method overloading, the signature of a method does not include the return value. but in the context of delegates, the signature does include the return value. in other words, a method must have the same return value as the delegate. this ability to refer to a method as a parameter makes delegates ideal for defining callback methods. for example, a reference to a method that compares two objects could be passed as an argument to a sort algorithm. because the comparison code is in a separate procedure, the sort algorithm can be written in a more general way. delegates have the following properties : delegates are like c + + function pointers but are type safe. delegates allow methods to be passed as parameters. delegates can be used to define callback methods. delegates can be chained together ; for example, multiple methods can be called on a single event. methods do not have to match the delegate signature exactly. for more information, see using variance in delegates ( c # and visual basic ). c # version 2. 0 introduced the concept of anonymous methods, which allow code blocks to be passed as parameters in place of a separately defined method. c # 3. 0 introduced lambda expressions as a more concise way of writing inline code blocks. both anonymous methods and lambda expressions ( in certain contexts ) are compiled to delegate types. together, these features are now known as anonymous functions. for more information about lambda expressions, see anonymous functions ( c # programming guide ). for more information, see the c # language specification. the language specification is the definitive source for c


most applications written today handle character data primarily as unicode, using the utf - 16 encoding. however, many legacy applications continue to use character sets based on code pages. even new applications sometimes have to work with code pages, often for one of the following reasons : - to communicate with legacy applications. - to communicate with older mail and news servers, which might not always support unicode. - to communicate with the windows console, which does not support unicode. note new windows applications should use unicode to avoid the inconsistencies of varied code pages and for ease of localization. each code page is represented by a code page identifier, for example, 1252, and is handled by the unicode and character set api functions. for a list of supported code page identifiers, see code page identifiers. the " code pages " reference on the microsoft go global developer center gives full descriptions of many code pages. windows code pages, commonly called " ansi code pages ", are code pages for which non - ascii values ( values greater than 127 ) represent international characters. these code pages are used natively in windows me, and are also available on windows nt and later. note originally, windows code page 1252, the code page commonly used for english and other western european languages, was based on an american national standards institute ( ansi ) draft. that draft eventually became iso 8859 - 1, but windows code page 1252 was implemented before the standard became final, and is not exactly the same as iso 8859 - 1. many windows api functions have " a " ( ansi ) and " w " ( wide, unicode ) versions. the " a " version handles text based on windows code pages, while the " w " version handles unicode text. see windows data types for strings and conventions for function prototypes. windows code pages are also sometimes referred to as " active code pages " or " system active code pages ". a windows operating system always has one currently active windows code page. all ansi versions of api functions use the currently active code page. original equipment manufacturer ( oem ) code pages are code pages for which non - ascii values represent line drawing and punctuation characters. these code pages were originally used for ms - dos and are still used for console applications. they are also used for the non - extended file names in the fat12, fat16, and fat32 file systems, as described in character sets used in file names. the usual oem code page for english is


still used for console applications. they are also used for the non - extended file names in the fat12, fat16, and fat32 file systems, as described in character sets used in file names. the usual oem code page for english is code page 437. for both windows code pages and oem code pages, the code values 0x00 through 0x7f correspond to the 7 - bit ascii character set. code values 0x00 through 0x19 and 0x7f always represent standardized control characters and 0x20 through 0x7e represent standardized displayable characters. characters represented by the remaining codes, 0x80 through 0xff, vary among character sets. each character set includes different special characters, typically customized for a language or group of languages. windows code page 1252 and oem code page 437 are generally used in the united states. in addition to windows and oem code pages, your applications can use non - native code pages. examples are ebcdic and macintosh code pages. two encodings of unicode ( utf - 7 and utf - 8 ) are implemented as code pages. like other code pages, each page is known by a numeric identifier and can be handled with many of the same unicode and character set api functions. code pages can be either single - byte character set ( sbcs ) pages or double - byte character set ( dbcs ) pages. in sbcs pages, each byte directly encodes a single character, so that it is possible to represent exactly 256 distinct characters ( including control characters, letters, digits, punctuation, symbols, and the like ). dbcs code pages are used for languages such as japanese and chinese. in such a code page, some characters have two - byte encodings with certain byte values ( always values greater than 127 ) serving as " lead bytes ". instead of encoding characters in their own right, lead bytes can be mapped to a character only in conjunction with a " trail byte ". some legacy protocols require the use of sbcs and dbcs code pages. each sbcs / dbcs code page supports different characters, but no code page supports the full breadth of characters provided by unicode. each sbcs / dbcs code page supports a different subset, differently encoded. note data converted from one sbcs or dbcs code page to another is subject to corruption, because the same data value on different code pages can encode a different character. data converted from unicode to sbcs or dbcs


subset, differently encoded. note data converted from one sbcs or dbcs code page to another is subject to corruption, because the same data value on different code pages can encode a different character. data converted from unicode to sbcs or dbcs is subject to data loss, because a given code page might not be able to represent every character used in that particular unicode data. in addition to sbcs and dbcs code pages, your applications have available the multibyte character set code pages 52936, 54936, 51949, and 5022x, which use an approach similar to that for a dbcs. a multibyte character set code page goes beyond two - byte encodings of some characters, however. utf - 7 and utf - 8 use a similar approach to encode unicode based on a 7 - bit and 8 - bit bytes, respectively. for more information, see unicode. several unicode and character set functions allow your applications to handle code pages. an application can use the getcpinfo and getcpinfoex functions to obtain information about a code page. this information includes the default character used when a character in a converted string has no corresponding entry in the code page. an application can use the multibytetowidechar and widechartomultibyte functions to convert between strings based on windows code pages and unicode strings. although their names refer to " multibyte ", these functions work equally well with sbcs, dbcs, and multibyte character set code pages. note widechartomultibyte can lose some data if the supplied code page cannot represent all characters in a unicode string. your application can convert between windows code pages and oem code pages using the standard c runtime library functions. however, use of these functions presents a risk of data loss because the characters that can be represented by each code page do not match exactly. your applications can also call the getacp function. this function retrieves the identifier of the current windows ( ansi ) code page. build date : 11 / 21 / 2012


the archaeology of ocmulgee old fields, macon, georgia publication year : 2005 a dan josselyn memorial publication a 17th - century trading post and indian town in central georgia reveal evidence of culture contact and change. ocmulgee old fields near macon, georgia, is the site of a lower creek village and associated english trading house dating from the late 17th and early 18th centuries. it was excavated in the early 1930s as part of a wpa project directed by a. r. kelly, which focused primarily on the major mississippian temple mounds of macon plateau. the specific data for the old fields was not analyzed until nearly 30 years after the excavation. part of the significance of this site lies in its secure identification with a known group of people and the linkage of those people with recognizable archaeological remains. the old fields site was among the very first for which this kind of identification was possible and stands at the head of a continuing tradition of historic sites archaeology in the southeast. carol i. mason ' s classic study of the ocmulgee old fields site has been a model for contact - period indian archaeology since the 1960s. the report includes a discussion of the historic setting and an analysis of the archaeological materials with an identification of the lower creek town and possibly of the english trader who lived there. now, for the first time, the original report is widely available in book form. with a new foreword by the author and a new introduction from southeastern archaeology expert marvin t. smith, readers have the benefit of a contemporary view of this very fine piece of careful scholarship. carol i. mason is adjunct professor of archaeology at lawrence university in appleton, wisconsin, and author of wisconsin indians : prehistory to statehood. marvin t. smith is professor of anthropology at valdosta state university and author of coosa : the rise and fall of a southeastern mississippian chiefdom. " this volume is valuable as a landmark in southeastern research. it is somewhat outdated in its archaeological comparisons, but it is an excellent source for site findings and historical documentation.... the book provides greater insight into more current documents on the topic of these early relationships between the old and new worlds in the southeast. it is a starting point from which to move forward and is valuable as a catalyst for future research. " — southeastern archaeology " mason ' s work presents the analysis and interpretation of a large body of material excavated by works progress administration archaeologists during the 1930s and, in this case, continued into the 1940s. large - scale projects, undertaken by field crews numbering in the hundreds


archaeology " mason ' s work presents the analysis and interpretation of a large body of material excavated by works progress administration archaeologists during the 1930s and, in this case, continued into the 1940s. large - scale projects, undertaken by field crews numbering in the hundreds of workers, amassed quantities of artifactual material and supporting documentation. in many instances, substantial amounts of material remain unanalyzed and unreported to this day.... the ocmulgee old fields site with its mix of indigenous and european people, local material culture and trade goods, and varied functions represents an opportunity to study the lower creeks between 1670 and 1717.... i recommend ( this volume ) to all colleagues laboring to understand the early historic peiod in the southeast. " — the florida anthropologist " a masterful blend of meticulous archaeological analysis and wide - ranging historical research... with extraordinary style and wisdom. " — journal of field archaeology published by : the university of alabama press download pdf ( 29. 8 kb ) list of plates, tables, and figures download pdf ( 50. 3 kb ) foreword by marvin t. smith download pdf ( 186. 0 kb ) when i was asked to write the introduction to carol mason ’ s “ the archaeology of ocmulgee old fields, macon, georgia, ” i jumped at the chance. in my opinion, this volume is one of the most outstanding works to come out of the 1960s. in many ways, it was way ahead of contemporary archaeological studies of contact period archaeological sites, and it still provides... download pdf ( 42. 9 kb ) ocmulgee old fields near macon, georgia, is part of the multi - component, major mississippian site of macon plateau. this great temple mound siteearly attracted archaeological attention, and the lower creek village and associated english trading house were but small parts of the large - scale excavations that took place there as part of public works following the great... original 1963 preface download pdf ( 59. 0 kb ) during the years immediately following the depression of 1929, a numberof large archaeological sites were excavated with labor provided by government agencies. some of these sites have yet to be written up and their datamade generally available ; others have provided much of the backbone for archaeological interpretation in the southeastern united states. the present... download pdf ( 82. 4 kb ) in recent years, research in the early colonial history of the eastern united states has been receiving information from purely archaeological sources. excavations at jamestown ( cotter 1958 ),