before the arrival of the greeks [ hellenes ] proper. " elsewhere strabo cites greek writers who claimed that the pelasgians came from thessaly, and there a people whom strabo calls pelagonians are found, so there may be some merit to this assertion. the pelasgians are said to have " spread throughout the whole of greece " in ancient times, and when the danaans came from egypt, they were also called by that name. the apparently peaceful reception of the danaans in greece may well be explained, if those inhabitants of greece before the arrival of dan were also hebrews. the pelasgians were a sea - faring people who sailed the mediterranean and were well known as traders. john denison baldwin suggests that acknowledgment of the pelasgians was recorded in sanskrit which mentions the palangshu of asia minor ( placia and mysia ). they also occupied a territory north of greece between two rivers, one of which was called the hebrus river, bearing a name reminiscent of and most likely named after their ancestor, eber ( genesis 10 : 25 ). eventually they were pushed further south by the thracians and they merged with the mycenaean greeks. they seem to be the only people ascribed to him. - ↑ also φαλεκ, phalek, παλεγ, paleg, or πελεγ, peleg - ↑ genesis 11 : 18 - 19 - ↑ ussher, james. the annals of the world, larry pierce, ed. green forest, ar : master books, 2003, pghh. 48 - 49 - ↑ gayre, r ( 1973 ). the syro - mesopotamian ethnology as revealed in genesis x. the armorial, edinburgh, scotland : p. 26 - ↑ powell, p. e. ( 1949 ). father abraham ' s children, christopher publishing house. - ↑ custance, ac. ( 1975 ). noah ' s three sons : human history in three dimensions, volume 1 : the doorway papers, " a study of the names in genesis 10, " chap. 4, p. 3 - 5. zondervan. - ↑ lempriere, j ( 1788 ). classical dictionary. routledge & kegan paul, london : p. 453 - ↑ bryant ( 1775 ) : p. 397 - ↑ strabo, geography 5. 2. 4 - ↑ gam


october 25, 2012 new seafloor bacteria discovered, built like undersea electric cables by colleen lynch an undersea mystery has finally been solved, but the answer is almost a mystery in itself. researchers from aarhus university in denmark have discovered that areas of the seafloor which were strangely able to conduct electric currents are actually fueled by undiscovered multicellular bacteria. electricity underwater seems impossible, but nature has proven time and again that humanity ’ s assumptions are generally laughable - - this bacteria finding marks the case and point. the electrically charged species of bacteria lives in the mud of the seafloor, acting in a sense as living electrical cables, despite being surrounded by water, which is obviously not the greatest conductor. aarhus university researchers became aware of the conundrum three years ago, and have spent their time in a search of the source of the seemingly impossible current. initially they began the search by looking for a way to shut the current down, which led the researchers to lay non - conducting wire in the charged mud. the wire successfully stopped the current, which suggested that the current was traveling through a physical medium - - just like an actual electric wire would. but there was no wire there. the researchers were baffled, but sifting through the mud they eventually discovered the culprit : an entirely new species of bacteria, about a centimeter long and 100 times thinner than a human hair. the bacterium remains unnamed as of yet, but the species apparently consists of a mind - bending biology : the bacteria is essentially made of long, electrically conducting filaments packed inside an insulated membrane. it is a living electric cable, stretched incredibly thin and built from condensed living cells. numerous samples of the bacteria are now being studied by the aarhus team, with an eye to what the researchers can find out about the bacteria ’ s past, its role in the development of ocean life, and what prospects the bacterial wires could hold for the future. biotechnology and engineering are two areas which could benefit greatly from such an astounding natural phenomenon. edited by brooke neuman more dark fiber community stories


weather, temperature, carbon, water, soil and all other kinds of climate related open data. including ( but not limited to ) data about : - the atmosphere - the weather - air quality - the ocean - water levels - water quality - carbon emissions - soil erosion existing lists of climate datasets to migrate here conjunts de dades 7 conjunts de dades trobats. about full details can be found in : renfrew, i. a. and p. s. anderson, 2002 : the surface climatology of an ordinary katabatic wind regime in coats land, antarctica, tellus, 54a,... about website says : this page gives information about ozone at halley, rothera and vernadsky / faraday stations. openness not open. permission required to reproduce data : most of our... about variety of public datasets from bas, including : historical meteorological data radiosonde data southern oscillation index - soi openness presumably... about sodar echogrammes from 1991 - 2007. background information at : http : / / www. antarctica. ac. uk / met / psa / sodar / sodar _ intro. htm about from website : monthly mean surface temperature data and derived statistics for some antarctic stations this website will eventually encompass all antarctic stations with surface... about from laboratory profile : ncar ' s earth observing laboratory develops and deploys nsf lower atmospheric observing facilities ( laof ) and provides field project support and data... about the national snow and ice data center ( nsidc ) is part of the cooperative institute for research in environmental sciences at the university of colorado at boulder. nsidc supports...


meaning stories deal with our beliefs about the nature of reality, our human nature, our relationship to creation, and the purpose of our existence. they are embedded in the creation stories that are the foundation of most human belief systems. patriarch, chance, or integral spirit? duane e. sherwood some say the universe is fundamentally good, the glorious handiwork of an unseen mystery. some say the material world is inherently corrupt, and the nature of flesh is sin. some say the universe holds yin and yang in perfect balance, good and bad, in equal measure, orbiting forever. some say it is all just rocks, meaningless and indifferent. all i know is, when i smile at the universe, the universe smiles back. since the birth of the scientific revolution in the 1500s, western society has been shaped by two sharply conflicting creation stories : the patriarchal creationism story of judeo - christian religion and the material evolutionism story of science fundamentalism. these are the creation stories most familiar to the public mind. different though they are in their most foundational assumption, both in their way support the dominator values of empire. far less well known, there is a third creation story derived from the teachings of religious mystics and the findings of quantum physics, evolutionary science, and the new biology that affirms the partnership values of earth community. the three creation stories are distinguished by sharply contrasting assumptions about the existence and nature of conscious intelligence. - the conventional religion story explain physical creation as the handiwork of an all knowing and all powerful patriarch who resides in a far place apart from the physical cosmos. - the conventional science story denies the existence of consciousness, intelligence, intention, or purpose in any form and seeks to explain all of creation as an accidental outcome of material mechanism and chance. - the lesser known story, which has ancient origins, explains the whole of creation as an unfolding manifestation of a unifying cosmic intelligence integral to all being. each of these three stories has many variations. for present purposes, i outline below some of the contrasting elements of each of the three stories and their practical implications. origin of the cosmos empire story : ( imperial religion version ) : a distant and jealous patriarch brought forth heaven and earth whole and complete in six days as an act of divine will and gave his children dominion over the earthly realm and a promise of salvation in the heavenly realm in return for faithful obedience. ( imperial science version ) : the cosmos came into being in a great burst of energy governed by the laws of chance and material mechanism. intelligence, consciousness


dominion over the earthly realm and a promise of salvation in the heavenly realm in return for faithful obedience. ( imperial science version ) : the cosmos came into being in a great burst of energy governed by the laws of chance and material mechanism. intelligence, consciousness, and free well are illusions. life is merely an accidental outcome of material complexity. earth community story : creation is the manifestation of an integral spiritual intelligence from which all being manifests in an unending journey of discovery in search of yet unrealized possibility. this ongoing journey is the ultimate cooperative enterprise, separation is an illusion. empire story : ( imperial religion version ) : sinful by nature and surrounded and polluted by evil, humans are incapable of goodness except by divine grace. violence and crime are the natural human condition in the absence of strong authorities with the ability to impose order. ( imperial science version ) : products of a brutal competitive struggle for survival, humans are by nature individualistic, violent, materialistic, and competitive. brutal competition, war, and material excess are the natural human condition. order depends on strong rulers and / or the discipline of the unfettered competitive market..... see also " the meta - story. " earth community story : empirical evidence shows that human beings are a choice - making species and that emotionally and morally mature humans are naturally cooperative, compassionate, and peace loving. it is our nature to create and live in caring, cooperative community. those who seek meaning and identity in a brutal competition for wealth, dominator power, and ostentatious displays of material excess reveal the disabilities of an immature human consciousness. empire story : ( imperial religion ) : our human purpose is to honor and obey god the father and those upon whom he bestows great wealth and power and thus reveals to be his righteous favored. he forgives the faithful their sins, cleanses them of evil, and grants them perfect bliss in the afterlife. the faithless will be die in a violent apocalypse and be condemned to eternal damnation. ( imperial science ) : human existence has no meaning other than to pursue hedonistic pleasures while competing for survival, dominance, and breeding rights. earth community story : we humans are a cosmic experiment in the potential of a living organism with a capacity for reflective consciousness to contribute to creation ' s continuing journey of self - discovery. the dominator structures of empire suppress this potential. earth community nurtures and liberates it. to fulfill our distinctive role as co - creators in creation ’ s epic creative adventure we must liberate our


the book of ruth : a story of love and redemption a daily - bible - reading study the book of ruth deborah h. bateman christian daily resources about the book the book of ruth is a daily bible reading devotional. the book of ruth a story of love and redemption is a love story from the bible. the characters in “ the book of ruth ” deal with loss, lack, and romance. through their many trials they learn to lean on god and his sovereign will for their lives. even though ruth is a moabite she decides to follow her mother - in - law, naomi back to her homeland of judah, the promised land. the two ladies travel back with nothing and are not sure how they will survive, but they trust god to make a way for them. as you read “ the book of ruth ”, you will see the story unfold and see god ’ s provision for these two ladies. reading “ the book of ruth ” will help you recognize god ’ s sovereignty and provision in your own life. the book of ruth a story of love and redemption - you will be studying the book of ruth from the bible. - you will enjoy a beautiful love story. - you will be reminded of god ’ s provision in our lives. - you will see god ’ s ultimate plan of salvation come into being. - you will see how god leads, guides and directs in our lives. - you will be encouraged in your walk with god. - you will see god ’ s grace at work. - your faith will increase from reading this book. - you will see god ’ s hand of provision throughout this story. - you will get a clearer picture of god ’ s sovereignty. - you will see how god brings different people into our lives. - you will learn about what a kinsman - redeemer is. - you will see god ’ s blessings in ruth ’ s life. - you will be encouraged by reading the book of ruth. - you will learn how god provided for the salvation of humankind through the genealogy of ruth. what people are saying about the book of ruth : a story of love and redemption the story of ruth as highlighted in this book opens a new revelation of god ’ s hand at work. his grace is active in the life of those who choose to obey in humility and commitment. the prayer at the end of each lesson brings a challenge for all and ushers relevance to us today. – janet perez eckles, author, simply salsa : dancing without fear at god ’ s fiesta


choose to obey in humility and commitment. the prayer at the end of each lesson brings a challenge for all and ushers relevance to us today. – janet perez eckles, author, simply salsa : dancing without fear at god ’ s fiesta deborah sheds light on the truths in this inspiring book in the bible. i love that she showed the connection between ruth and boaz and christ and the church. even though i ’ ve studied ruth before, deborah pointed out several details that i hadn ’ t known. it ’ s amazing how god speaks through his children. deborah has a loving, humble heart for the lord. you can see her heart throughout the book. i am so happy for her first release. i look forward to more books from deborah in the future. – amanda beth, author, you can have a happy family i appreciated the attention to detail, the explanation of the hebrew customs, and making the story relevant to my life so i could relate to naomi and ruth. each chapter ends with a rendering of the passage in the king james translation with a short, heart - felt prayer and study questions for further reflection. i also appreciated that the book is biblical sound and concise and written in a style that is easy to understand. the book of ruth – a story of love and redemption, would serve as a helpful study guide for women of all ages. – lorilyn roberts, author, children of dreams, the donkey and the king, how to launch a christian best - seller book, and founder of the john 3 : 16 marketing network author deborah bateman does a great job of explaining the role of the kinsman - redeemer in reclaiming the family of one who has died. she also explains the relationships that are key in the story : 1 ) ruth who loves her mother - in - law so much that she leaves her own family and homeland to care for naomi in bethlehem ; 2 ) boaz who marries ruth as the kinsman - redeemer ; 3 ) god who honors the lineage of boaz & ruth by becoming the ancestors of king david and eventually the lord jesus christ. the book of ruth by bateman is a tender and valuable study for a week of looking into your own family relationships as well as your relationship with god. – diane tatum, author, gold earrings the author of this handy, easy - to - read volume, deborah bateman, has captured the essence of this love in her first publication, the book of ruth - a story of love and redemption. bateman begins each chapter with a


gold earrings the author of this handy, easy - to - read volume, deborah bateman, has captured the essence of this love in her first publication, the book of ruth - a story of love and redemption. bateman begins each chapter with a simple expository, followed by the scripture verses to which it refers. writing it thus makes it easy for the reader to remain in the book and not have to move from book to bible. this format also makes it easy to follow the biblical record and use it as a daily bible reading. the prayer and thought for the day, which concludes the chapter, enabled me to reinforce what i had just read. – yvonne pat wright, author, from spice to eternity the book of ruth - a story of love and redemption by deborah bateman is a daily bible reading study of the book of ruth. it is broken up into eight chapters beginning with the loss of naomi ’ s husband and sons. deborah relates the story of ruth in modern language and the reader is invited to travel with naomi and ruth on their journey to bethlehem. – theresa franklin, author, triumph through trial, don ’ t forget daddy, journey to fulfillment, from stumbling blocks to stepping stones, and a sunny tomorrow this bible study of the book of ruth is more of a reading guide, breaking the book into bite - size pieces for adults “ on the fly ” who have time to read a bit but not do an in - depth study. it is simply written, easy to read and follow. – carol brown, author, the mystery of spiritual sensitivity get your copy now! the book of ruth - a story of love and redemption the book is available as a kindle ebook on amazon now available in paperback at create space we were not able to use the same cover as the kindle version, so it looks a little different but still has the daily - bible - reading logo and the same great - even updated content. we have added lines after each question so you can use the book as a sort of workbook while doing your bible study. i hope that people will do small group bible studies with them as well as personal bible study. celebrate with me, my first book in print. i hope to be getting more of them in print this year.


| informal ( us ), ( canadian ) short for mathematics brit equivalent : maths | | an arrangement of five objects, as trees, in a square or rectangle, one at each corner and one in the middle. | | a fool or simpleton ; ninny. | in hinduism, any monastic establishment of world renouncers or sannyasis. the first mathas were founded by the great teacher shankara in the 8th century ce. shankara was said to have established four mathas at strategic points in india as bulwarks for hindu missionary activity and as centres for the 10 religious orders of his group : the govardhana matha in puri on the east coast for the aranya and vana orders ; the jyotih matha, near badrinath in the himalayas, for the giri, parvata, and sagara orders ; the sarada matha in dvaraka on the west coast for the tirtha and asrama orders ; and the srngeri matha in south india for the bharati, puri, and sarasvati orders. a fifth matha, the saradapitha in kancipuram near madras, arose later. learn more about matha with a free trial on britannica. com.


the presumed shallow time depth of the human y - chromosome phylogeny is one of the main arguments of the recent out - of - africa theory. one of the major things i found while working on my y - str series is that point estimates from y - str variation are associated with huge confidence intervals, because of uncertainty about factors such as generation length, population history, mutation rates, even if the mutation model behaves " perfectly " in symmetrical stepwise fashion. trouble is, the deeper we go in time, the more uncertain we are about the behavior of our models. that is why i have generally avoided providing any age estimates for events prior to the neolithic. nonetheless, it is interesting to see the state of the art in this area, because claims about the shallow time depth of the human y - chromosome phylogeny are always flying around, but, if you follow the citation labyrinth, you will soon realize that the whole edifice is erected on sand. fortunately, i was recently reminded of a thoughtful post by tim janzen on the genealogy - dna - l from 2009 which is probably the " best thing " when it comes to y - chromosome age estimation for deep clades of the phylogeny. the most basal clade in the phylogeny is haplogroup a which is found in africa. by comparing a chromosomes with those of the bt clade ( everyone else ), we can arrive at an estimate of y - chromosome adam. and, since bt clade contains much structure itself, we can compare a chromosomes with different subclades within bt, e. g., e or j or t. this is essentially what tim did : he compared a group of haplogroup a chromosomes with all the major clades of the bt group. different age estimates produced by this method are not independent, because different haplogroups share more recent common ancestors : for example a vs i and a vs j both contain a common line of patrilineal descent ( from the bt founder to the ij founder ). in any case, the different age estimates should all give approximately the same figure, as they are estimating the same quantity : if they do not, this is evidence about the inability of y - strs to provide good age estimates. tim went a step further, and he did his comparisons on different sets of markers : slow - evolving ones to fast - evolving ones. again, age estimates with fast vs. slow - evolving markers should give similar age estimates. if they do not


. tim went a step further, and he did his comparisons on different sets of markers : slow - evolving ones to fast - evolving ones. again, age estimates with fast vs. slow - evolving markers should give similar age estimates. if they do not, then this means that an age estimate is a product not only of the true age of a lineage, but also of the particular mix of fast - and slow - evolving markers that one uses. in short : age estimates by comparing haplogroup a with several other haplogroups and by using different sets of markers should be roughly similar. but, that is hardly what happened. below is tim ' s table of age estimates in years. i have added an extra row and extra column : this contains the standard deviation of each column / row divided by the average ( in % ), and is useful to quantify how varied the age estimates are across different bt haplogroups and across different marker sets. the standard deviation of the age estimates across haplogroups is reasonably small, but large enough to render any archaeological correlations useless. the real trouble is in the standard deviation of the age estimates across marker sets : they are higher than 100 %! what this means is that age estimates are largely a function of whether one uses slow - or fast - mutating markers. age estimates vary overall between 6, 530 years and 535, 755! it is obvious that fast / medium mutating markers provide unbelievably small age estimates ( most of them are less than 20 thousand years ). however, if we limit the analysis to slow mutating markers, most age estimates are in excess of 300, 000 years! in short, you can arrive at any age estimate you want, by choosing a particular mix of slow and fast mutating markers. it could be argued that using all markers ( 50 markers column ) would provide a better estimate, and, indeed, that estimate is in the order of 40 - 80ky, which is close to what is usually reported for human y - chromosomes. but that is equivalent to having a number of different clocks, some of which tell you that 3 seconds have transpired, and some which tell you that it ' s been a whole minute. the rational thing to do is not to take an average, but to throw the clocks in the garbage, or figure out what ' s wrong with them. at present i am aware of no research that quantifies the depth of the human y - chromosome ph


thing to do is not to take an average, but to throw the clocks in the garbage, or figure out what ' s wrong with them. at present i am aware of no research that quantifies the depth of the human y - chromosome phylogeny with anything bearing a semblance of accuracy. the 1000 genomes project has the potential to do this using using relatively well - behaved point mutations rather than y - strs, but, in the initial publication no actual age estimates were given, and the samples used to produce supplementary figure 7 lacked the most basal part of the tree ( both clade a and the next most basal clade b ). update ( jan 2, 2011 ) : in a post in genealogy - dna - l, i show that by using slow - vs. fast - evolving markers using the ballantyne et al. mutation rates and the tested haplogroup a and haplogroup c 67 - marker haplotypes from the respective ftdna projects, you can arrive at age estimates between 10 - 219ky. this has confirmed to my mind that tim janzen ' s numbers about the dependence of age estimates on marker mutation rates are basically correct, and that age estimates about y - chromosome adam using y - strs are basically useless. let ' s hope that the 1000 genomes project will produce the data in the coming year that will allow us to make a better estimate, in terms of number of snps between a and non - a chromosomes presented as e. g., ( i ) a fraction of number of snps between human and chimpanzee, or ( ii ) by dividing with father - son y - snp mutation rates ; the latter is already estimated but should become better fixed by looking at the father - son pairs included in 1000 genomes project


the fact that genomic diversity in native americans can be recovered from their admixed descendants presents new hope for prehistoric studies, as in many places of the world ( e. g., north africa or central asia ), admixture events took place that are not as well understood since they did not happen to be well - recorded by historians. it also showcases the idiocy of statements such as that from the american indian program at cornell... “ in marked contrast to the goals of the cornell ancestry event, which seeks to define ‘ diversity ’ biologically in terms of universal genetic codes … indigenous peoples customarily define themselves not biologically, but socio - culturally and politically in terms of varying ideas of nationhood, ” the statement says.... which thus objected to the genographic project ' s sampling of native americans. if researchers can identify native american dna in admixed individuals, then there must be something more concrete to being a " native american " than socio - cultural / political self - definitions. moreover, it shows how futile the quest to limit access to native american dna for research purposes actually is, because this dna can be recovered anyway from admixed individuals ( such as many latinos ) who don ' t mind. mol biol evol ( 2011 ) doi : 10. 1093 / molbev / msr049 genetic variation in native americans, inferred from latino snp and resequencing data jeffrey d. wall et al. analyses of genetic polymorphism data have the potential to be highly informative about the demographic history of native american populations, but due to a combination of historical and political factors, there are essentially no autosomal sequence polymorphism data from any native american group. however, there are many resequencing studies involving latinos, whose genomes contain segments inherited from their native american ancestors. in this study, we introduce a new method for estimating local ancestry across the genomes of admixed individuals and show how this method, along with dense genotyping and targeted resequencing, can be used to assay genetic variation in ancestral native american groups. we analyze roughly 6 mb of resequencing data from 22 mexican - americans to provide the first large - scale view of sequence - level variation in native americans. we observe low levels of diversity and high levels of linkage disequilibrium in the native american - derived sequences, consistent with a recent, severe population bottleneck associated with the


date of award doctor of philosophy ( phd ) dr. k. m. d. dunbabin the ' la ghorfa ' stelae from roman africa offer a unique opportunity to study the social and cultural identity of an unusual cult, one that combined aspects of the punic, roman, and indigenous cultures. the context and origins of the votive stelae were not recorded upon excavation, but stylistic and iconographic parallels suggest that they come from a part of central africa proconsularis known as the pagus thuscae ( chapter iv ), and that they date between the second half of the first century and the first part of the second century a. c. ( chapter v ). the pagus thuscae was a geographic contact point for various cultures in antiquity, and the ' la ghorfa ' stelae demonstrate that these cultures each contributed to the language, artistry, and religion of the region ' s inhabitants. punic, roman, and indigenous elements appear in the sculptural and epigraphic zones of the stelae, including in the depictions and names of the dedicants ( chapters ii and iii ). unlike their punic and roman predecessors, the dedicants of these ex - votos did not place much significance upon inscriptions ; only about one - quarter of the stelae are inscribed, as preserved. some dedicants portray themselves in the guise of a togate roman, although only in one instance does the nomenclature in the inscriptions clearly belong to a roman citizen. in addition, the inscriptions do not name the god or gods to whom these stelae were dedicated, although the sculptural reliefs show a complex combination of gods. the dedicants and their cult come from a stratum of society not normally attested in the archaeological or written record. moore, jennifer p., " cultural identity in roman africa : the ' la ghorfa ' stelae " ( 2000 ). open access dissertations and theses. paper 1674.


sharing books and learning language : what do latina mothers and their young children do? early education and development taylor and francis this study examined low - income, spanish - speaking, immigrant latina mothers ' book sharing behaviors in relation to their children ' s vocabulary. participants were 47 3 - year - old children and their mothers. we addressed two research questions : ( a ) what interactive behaviors are evident when low - income immigrant latina mothers and their 3 - year - old children look at books together? ( b ) for these children and their mothers, which book - sharing behaviors are related to children ' s expressive language? overall, our results indicated that mothers were involved in several kinds of interactions with the books. they enhanced their children ' s attention to the printed text, promoted interaction or conversation with their children about what was in the books, and somewhat less often, used more complex literacy strategies. mothers who did these things most had children with the largest vocabularies even when mothers ' vocabulary was taken into account. implications for designing interventions for similar families are discussed. boyce, l. k., cook, g. a., roggman, l. a., innocenti, m. s., jump, v. k., & akers, j. f. ( 2004 ). looking at books and learning language : what do hispanic mothers and children do? early education and development, 15, 371 - 385.


some 3. 5 billion years ago, a single - celled organism now named luca ( for the last universal common ancestor of all life on earth ) developed the ability to pull oxygen out of its environment. although luca is long gone, university of hawaii microbiologist maqsudul alam has taken a step toward understanding the secret behind this world - changing feat of chemical engineering. luca evolved in an oxygen - free, or anaerobic, environment. but as oxygen levels rose in the ocean and atmosphere, the cell had to develop a way to neutralize what was, in essence, a poison. alam hit on that defense while studying archaea — another type of primitive, single - celled creature. alam studied two species of archaea, one aerobic and the other anaerobic. he isolated a crucial compound called protoglobin that protects anaerobic species of archaea from the toxic effects of oxygen. “ protoglobin is the nose and the hand of the archaea, ” he says. “ it senses oxygen, binds it, and removes it from the cell before it can do any harm. ” protoglobin, or something much like it, apparently provided a similar defense for luca. but that is only half of the story. when alam purified the protoglobin to study its structure, he saw that the molecule looks surprisingly like diluted blood. in fact, protoglobin binds and releases oxygen the same way that hemoglobin does as it transports oxygen through blood. alam believes that while luca initially evolved protoglobin for protection from oxygen, the organism ’ s descendants developed a variant of the molecule — hemoglobin — that transformed oxygen from a poison into a nutrient. that innovation enabled life to expand into new environments and set the stage for all oxygen - breathing organisms, alam says. the next step is to create a computer model that will explain how protoglobin works. alam hopes such a model will allow him to unravel the genetic changes that transformed protoglobin and answer what he calls the $ 64 million question : how did protoglobin evolve to transport oxygen through the bodies of multicellular organisms?


by tammy handsheik the incidence of people with bowel troubles is on the rise in the western world. though the afflictions bear several names, it is my belief that all of them are fungus based. various species of candida, most notably candida albicans, are at the root of these problems. how do they enter into your system? well, for the most part they ’ re already there. like all natural fungi they serve a useful purpose and candida are therefore a natural part of your intestinal flora. problems arise when these yeast fungi lead to overgrowth as a result of three different triggers : sugary foods, drugs and stress. compare that to the western lifestyle and you can see why so many people have bowel problems today. it ’ s a wonder some people don ’ t have yeast overgrowth! yeast bacteria can also enter your system by eating molded bread or being exposed to molds at home or elsewhere. as soon as the environment is favorable to these bacteria they will immediately increase their numbers and colonize their living environment, starting with the intestines and then moving on to other parts of the body by developing spores and traveling through the bloodstream. antibiotics and other ‘ medicines ’ are the worst culprits. ‘ antibiotic ’ means ‘ anti - life ’. antibiotics are designed to kill any bacteria in their path and that includes friendly probiotic gut bacteria who, contrary to candida, are not resistant. other promoters of yeast overgrowth include cortisone based hormonal drugs ( including skin applications ) and painkillers. stress and sugary foods are also detrimental to probiotic gut bacteria. this clears the path for yeast colonization. they seem to favor mucus membranes particularly and will damage them wherever they decide to settle. they can damage the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract by making it porous. as a result, food particles can enter the bloodstream undigested and cause toxic and allergic reactions. this is known as a “ leaky gut ”. candida fungi can also slip through these pores and enter the bloodstream. by dwelling in various other parts of the body they can then cause allergic symptoms in the weirdest places. hence fungal toenails, thrush, sinusitis, etc. they are very clever and adaptable and the more they spread and grow in number, the more they will inhibit the immune system ; causing anything from chronic nose - colds, flus and hay fever to psoriasis, hyp


, etc. they are very clever and adaptable and the more they spread and grow in number, the more they will inhibit the immune system ; causing anything from chronic nose - colds, flus and hay fever to psoriasis, hypoglycemia, arthritis, diabetes and chronic fatigue syndrome, even depression. candida thrive on sugary foods and by eating and drinking them people will actually feed the candida. people developing various allergic symptoms will rarely trace back these symptoms to their foods and lifestyle, however. fatal and vital foods for dealing with candida bad foods can either cause a fungal problem or help exacerbate it, or both. good foods, on the other hand, can help cure fungal overgrowth. so what ’ s good and what ’ s bad? candida love a sweet environment. thus all sugars are bad. dietitians will often say only fast sugars are bad and slow sugars are good. thus they will advise against white sugar and white flour and will advocate the use of raw cane sugar and whole - grain products. sorry if you ’ re a sweet tooth and “ carboholic ”, but all sugars are out if you really want to starve candida. this means you will have to wean yourself off : - sugar, refined or unrefined ; - natural sweeteners, other than stevia - grains, refined or unrefined ; - pasteurized milk products ; you will be amazed at how many products contain sugar and / or grains. in fact, you will find that many so - called “ health products ” are also loaded with sugars and grains. life will become a little bit more difficult when shopping for food items and you will have to learn to read the list of ingredients instead of the nutritional information. forget calories and, whatever you do, don ’ t fall into the trap of buying anything that is labeled “ diet ” or “ light ”, particularly if these products contain artificial sweeteners such as the very dangerous neurotoxin and carcinogen aspartame and other related additives such as sucralose ( splenda ), which are all made in a lab instead of a kitchen. these include flavor enhancers such as msg ( mono sodium glutamate ) and other neurotoxins. the supermarket is not the best place to get food items, so this is a good reason to buy organic and to do it from local farms, if you care about avoiding food


mono sodium glutamate ) and other neurotoxins. the supermarket is not the best place to get food items, so this is a good reason to buy organic and to do it from local farms, if you care about avoiding food additives, pesticides and growth hormones. although honey and maple and agave syrup can and have been proven very beneficial to people ’ s health they are a definite no - no if you have candida. the same is true for pineapple, bananas, papaya and other sweet fruits – even caffeine and alcohol in small amounts. the point is not to feed the candida any sugars, period. the only exception is stevia, which is a plant that is 300 times sweeter than sugar, yet it is perfectly healthy for you. you can buy it as a tincture with alcohol ( not recommended ), diluted in water, or in its pure form as a powder. i recommend getting the latter but be very careful when using it as it is extremely sweet. you can get stevia on the web, just google for it. starchy foods are not necessarily bad for you either. jacket potatoes are better than peeled ones. that is because you are refining the potato by removing the fiber ( peel ), leaving only the sugar ( starch ). sweet potatoes and yams are very good foods indeed, but not if you have candida. once again, the idea is to starve candida by not giving them sugars. unpasteurized, raw milk products can be very beneficial to your guts and liver. it naturally contains all the probiotic bacteria present in yogurt. why raw milk is banned and yogurt isn ’ t is beyond me. think about it, dairy farmers are obliged to use pasteurized milk as a basis for yoghurt and then reintroduce the same bacteria they killed when they heated the milk to make the yogurt! although commercially available yoghurt, including organic yoghurt, is all made from pasteurized milk it is still a product i highly recommend. the reintroduction of probiotic bacteria largely undoes the damage caused by pasteurization. as you can see, the truth is sometimes somewhere in the middle. simple sugars are bad, complex sugars are not. milk lactose is one such complex sugar. the sugars in, for example, cabbage and green leafy vegetables are all complex sugars, or polysaccharides. they are complex because chemically they


, complex sugars are not. milk lactose is one such complex sugar. the sugars in, for example, cabbage and green leafy vegetables are all complex sugars, or polysaccharides. they are complex because chemically they consist of a longer chain than simple sugars. basically, the shorter the chain the faster the sugar and the worse they are for your health. some natural foods contain very long - chain sugars. these foods, interestingly enough, taste bitter! a good example of this is mushrooms such as reishi, shiitake and maitake, all of which are non - destructive and healing fungi. which brings me to the next subject. just like there are good sugars, there are also good fungi. eating ordinary mushrooms is not a good idea if you have candida because you ’ re feeding it its own kind. there are, however, medicinal mushrooms which are actually a great idea to consume, either raw or as a tea or stock or even as a supplement. asian cuisine, most notably japanese cuisine, has a long history of eating and preparing medicinal mushrooms. examples of these are shiitake, maitake and reishi. bear in mind that the longer you cook these mushrooms the more you are converting the complex sugars into simple sugars ( carbohydrates ), just the way pasteurization changes the chemical structure of milk and other foods. eating blue cheeses is also not a good idea if you have candida. these fungi are introduced into the cheese and, though they are tasty, are harmful to your health if you have a fungal problem. in the same vein, brie and camembert are also out. another aspect of the anti - candida diet is avoiding products containing yeast and yeast extract. this means you will once again have to learn to read the labels. once more, you will be amazed to see how many products contain yeast extract. in fact, yeast extract is very often a hidden source of msg! not all fermented products are bad for you. naturally fermented products are in fact good for you because they contain wild yeast which makes its way into the product from the air and consists of natural probiotic bacteria which are also present in your guts. for that reason, even whole - grain yeast bread is bad for you because it contains baker ’ s yeast, but sourdough bread is good for you because it is naturally fermented bread and the yeast bacteria use the sugar from the starch as food. for


even whole - grain yeast bread is bad for you because it contains baker ’ s yeast, but sourdough bread is good for you because it is naturally fermented bread and the yeast bacteria use the sugar from the starch as food. for the same reason, bio live yoghurt is good. in fact, any naturally fermented product, as long as it doesn ’ t contain alcohol, is permitted because these are natural probiotics. sauerkraut is fine, for example. try the above no - sugar - no - grains - no - yeast - no - fungi diet for four weeks. you will find yourself going through a detoxification period which can last the whole four weeks or end after one or two weeks, depending on how much detoxing you have to do. the first week is the worst. you will feel absolutely miserable, have cravings for sweets and junk foods, experience moodiness, near - depression, everything is possible. this is because the candida are demanding their nutrition. you must be strong at this stage and not give in. you will also experience windiness of a very smelly kind, a sign of detoxification of the intestines. you may have a ‘ brick - in - your - stomach ’ feeling for some time, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness – even vomiting is possible. do not despair, as there will be a turning point where you will increasingly start to feel better. after the first four weeks, you can then slowly reintroduce healthy foods which were forbidden before such as honey, maple syrup, dark, unfiltered agave syrup ( the lighter variety will still give you a sugar hit ), corn, ( sweet ) potatoes, yams, and various sweet fruits back into your diet. because of the detoxing you have done you will now get a pure, unbiased and more or less immediate reaction from your body. if the food feels good, continue eating it but don ’ t overdo it. if it feels bad, stop eating it straight away. it ’ s that simple. these food choices are very easy on the liver and guts, which means they not only help battle candida, but they are also powerful immune boosters. they will help you lose weight as well as help maintain your natural weight, ward off diabetes, arthritis, viruses, parasitic and bacterial infections, and promote overall good health of skin, bones, tissue, cartilage, etc. the great news is you don


memory - mapped file objects behave like both bytearray and like file objects. you can use mmap objects in most places where bytearray are expected ; for example, you can use the re module to search through a memory - mapped file. you can also change a single byte by doing obj [ index ] = 97, or change a subsequence by assigning to a slice : obj [ i1 : i2 ] = b '... '. you can also read and write data starting at the current file position, and seek ( ) through the file to different positions. a memory - mapped file is created by the mmap constructor, which is different on unix and on windows. in either case you must provide a file descriptor for a file opened for update. if you wish to map an existing python file object, use its fileno ( ) method to obtain the correct value for the fileno parameter. otherwise, you can open the file using the os. open ( ) function, which returns a file descriptor directly ( the file still needs to be closed when done ). if you want to create a memory - mapping for a writable, buffered file, you should flush ( ) the file first. this is necessary to ensure that local modifications to the buffers are actually available to the mapping. for both the unix and windows versions of the constructor, access may be specified as an optional keyword parameter. access accepts one of three values : access _ read, access _ write, or access _ copy to specify read - only, write - through or copy - on - write memory respectively. access can be used on both unix and windows. if access is not specified, windows mmap returns a write - through mapping. the initial memory values for all three access types are taken from the specified file. assignment to an access _ read memory map raises a typeerror exception. assignment to an access _ write memory map affects both memory and the underlying file. assignment to an access _ copy memory map affects memory but does not update the underlying file. to map anonymous memory, - 1 should be passed as the fileno along with the length. ( windows version ) maps length bytes from the file specified by the file handle fileno, and creates a mmap object. if length is larger than the current size of the file, the file is extended to contain length bytes. if length is 0, the maximum length of the map is the current size of the file, except that


, and creates a mmap object. if length is larger than the current size of the file, the file is extended to contain length bytes. if length is 0, the maximum length of the map is the current size of the file, except that if the file is empty windows raises an exception ( you cannot create an empty mapping on windows ). tagname, if specified and not none, is a string giving a tag name for the mapping. windows allows you to have many different mappings against the same file. if you specify the name of an existing tag, that tag is opened, otherwise a new tag of this name is created. if this parameter is omitted or none, the mapping is created without a name. avoiding the use of the tag parameter will assist in keeping your code portable between unix and windows. offset may be specified as a non - negative integer offset. mmap references will be relative to the offset from the beginning of the file. offset defaults to 0. offset must be a multiple of the allocationgranularity. ( unix version ) maps length bytes from the file specified by the file descriptor fileno, and returns a mmap object. if length is 0, the maximum length of the map will be the current size of the file when mmap is called. flags specifies the nature of the mapping. map _ private creates a private copy - on - write mapping, so changes to the contents of the mmap object will be private to this process, and map _ shared creates a mapping that ’ s shared with all other processes mapping the same areas of the file. the default value is map _ shared. prot, if specified, gives the desired memory protection ; the two most useful values are prot _ read and prot _ write, to specify that the pages may be read or written. prot defaults to prot _ read | prot _ write. access may be specified in lieu of flags and prot as an optional keyword parameter. it is an error to specify both flags, prot and access. see the description of access above for information on how to use this parameter. offset may be specified as a non - negative integer offset. mmap references will be relative to the offset from the beginning of the file. offset defaults to 0. offset must be a multiple of the pagesize or allocationgranularity. to ensure validity of the created memory mapping the file specified by the descriptor fileno is internally automatically synchronized with physical backing store on mac os


defaults to 0. offset must be a multiple of the pagesize or allocationgranularity. to ensure validity of the created memory mapping the file specified by the descriptor fileno is internally automatically synchronized with physical backing store on mac os x and openvms. this example shows a simple way of using mmap : import mmap # write a simple example file with open ( " hello. txt ", " wb " ) as f : f. write ( b " hello python! \ n " ) with open ( " hello. txt ", " r + b " ) as f : # memory - map the file, size 0 means whole file mm = mmap. mmap ( f. fileno ( ), 0 ) # read content via standard file methods print ( mm. readline ( ) ) # prints b " hello python! \ n " # read content via slice notation print ( mm [ : 5 ] ) # prints b " hello " # update content using slice notation ; # note that new content must have same size mm [ 6 : ] = b " world! \ n " #... and read again using standard file methods mm. seek ( 0 ) print ( mm. readline ( ) ) # prints b " hello world! \ n " # close the map mm. close ( ) import mmap with mmap. mmap ( - 1, 13 ) as mm : mm. write ( " hello world! " ) new in version 3. 2 : context manager support. the next example demonstrates how to create an anonymous map and exchange data between the parent and child processes : import mmap import os mm = mmap. mmap ( - 1, 13 ) mm. write ( b " hello world! " ) pid = os. fork ( ) if pid = = 0 : # in a child process mm. seek ( 0 ) print ( mm. readline ( ) ) mm. close ( ) memory - mapped file objects support the following methods : close the file. subsequent calls to other methods of the object will result in an exception being raised. true if the file is closed. new in version 3. 2. returns the lowest index in the object where the subsequence sub is found, such that sub is contained in the range [ start, end ]. optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. returns - 1 on failure. flushes changes made to the in - memory copy of a file back to disk.


, such that sub is contained in the range [ start, end ]. optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. returns - 1 on failure. flushes changes made to the in - memory copy of a file back to disk. without use of this call there is no guarantee that changes are written back before the object is destroyed. if offset and size are specified, only changes to the given range of bytes will be flushed to disk ; otherwise, the whole extent of the mapping is flushed. ( windows version ) a nonzero value returned indicates success ; zero indicates failure. ( unix version ) a zero value is returned to indicate success. an exception is raised when the call failed. copy the count bytes starting at offset src to the destination index dest. if the mmap was created with access _ read, then calls to move will raise a typeerror exception. return a bytes containing up to n bytes starting from the current file position. if the argument is omitted, none or negative, return all bytes from the current file position to the end of the mapping. the file position is updated to point after the bytes that were returned. changed in version 3. 3 : argument can be omitted or none. returns a byte at the current file position as an integer, and advances the file position by 1. returns a single line, starting at the current file position and up to the next newline. resizes the map and the underlying file, if any. if the mmap was created with access _ read or access _ copy, resizing the map will raise a typeerror exception. returns the highest index in the object where the subsequence sub is found, such that sub is contained in the range [ start, end ]. optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. returns - 1 on failure. set the file ’ s current position. whence argument is optional and defaults to os. seek _ set or 0 ( absolute file positioning ) ; other values are os. seek _ cur or 1 ( seek relative to the current position ) and os. seek _ end or 2 ( seek relative to the file ’ s end ). return the length of the file, which can be larger than the size of the memory - mapped area. returns the current position of the file pointer. write the bytes in bytes into memory at the current position of the file pointer ; the file position is updated to point after the bytes that were written. if the mmap was created with access _


you are here on august 2nd and 3rd 1944, several thousand roma and sinti were massacred at the zigeunerlager in auschwtiz - birkenau concentration camp. an estimated 600. 000 to 1, 5 million roma were exterminated during the holocaust. as a percentage, that makes roma the ethnic group most affected by the nazi killings. over 90 percent of the roma population of austria, germany and estonia was exterminated by the fascist regimes. below, mrs. miranda vuolasranta, vice - president of the european roma and travellers forum speech, pronounced in strasbourg, on 25 april 2006, for the commemoration of the day of shoah. > " dear yom ha shoah and samudaripe commemoration day participants, i ’ m deeply touched and honored as a roma for the opportunity to take part in this yom ha shoah or as we say in romanes samudaripe commemoration organised here in strasbourg by the liberal jewish movement of france. this day, we commemorate the deportation of jews, roma - manouches and other groups during world war ii. this commemoration of jews, roma - manouches, armenians and all other groups deported to the death camp, is important signal still today. taking account the rampant racism in europe today, these messages is more topical than ever. we have to unify our forces to fight against the growing racism in europe. history have a tendency to repeat it self … this is visible and the signs of this intolerance can be seen in the air, although the international institutions such as council of europe, european human rights court and the european union are constantly fighting for equal human rights and rights to social services for everybody. the tune of this statement is rather strong, but at the same time it is appealing to each listener here today, the jews, roma, manouches, alsatian and foreigners, to listen the first echos, after the world war ii, of the most forgotten part of the nazi - era …. namely the roma / sinti genocide. this appeal asks you to recognize the pain and continuation of similar suffering of roma - sinti population in today ’ s europe, after nine centuries of common european history and 60 years after the horrors of holocaust. on august 2nd and 3rd 1944, several thousand roma and sinti were massacred at the zigeunerlager in auschwtiz - birkenau concentration camp. historians differ on the exact number killed on that night. in order to make room for incoming


3rd 1944, several thousand roma and sinti were massacred at the zigeunerlager in auschwtiz - birkenau concentration camp. historians differ on the exact number killed on that night. in order to make room for incoming jews from hungary, a decision was taken to liquidate all “ gypsies ”. men were sent to work, so that the german guard would have an easier task in rounding up women, children and elderly for the gas chambers. germans who took part in the slaughter later described it as the most difficult moment in the war for them, as romani women struggled to hang on to their children. the crematorium burned all night. we are reminded that while politics and even borders in europe may change, the threat which extreme nationalism poses to roma and jews is a constant. we are reminded of the need to work together, to demand to be seen and respected as europeans equal to others. “ in the case of the jews there are not merely a few criminals, but all jews rose from criminal roots, and in their very nature are criminal. the jews are no people like other people but a pseudo - people welded together by hereditary criminality … the annihilation of jews is no loss to humanity but just as useful as capital punishment or protective custody against other criminals. ”, this was stated by gobbles, 1944. a researcher into the roma holocaust suggests that gobbles ’ discourse, with the small change made above replacing the word “ jews ” with “ gypsies, ” would be as popular today as it was 60 years ago, in a europe characterized by strong, but still largely ignored, anti - gypsyism. an estimated 600. 000 to 1, 5 million roma were exterminated during the holocaust. as a percentage, that makes roma the ethnic group most affected by the nazi killings. over 90 percent of the roma population of austria, germany and estonia was exterminated by the fascist regimes. the nazi holocaust against jews was not forgotten and rightly so. continuously excluded before and after the second war world, the roma have remained in often - abysmal poverty at the very margins of european societies, and have been unable to replicate the well - deserved attention given to the jewish holocaust. the roma holocaust is nowhere to be found in european educational materials. the genocide against roma is carefully kept at the very margins of academic research, as well as the horrendous colonial abuses against people sometimes considered to be worth less than cattle. the 8 to 12 million roma in europe


found in european educational materials. the genocide against roma is carefully kept at the very margins of academic research, as well as the horrendous colonial abuses against people sometimes considered to be worth less than cattle. the 8 to 12 million roma in europe remain europe ’ s most vulnerable group, according to various studies and reports of european institutions. roma continue to face strong rejection from the ethnic majorities. the roma holocaust is either denied by national governments, or unknown to the majority population. according to polls in malta and uxembourg, even in these countries with no roma, strong negative prejudices make “ gypsies ” the most despised ethnic group. the fact that anti - gypsyism remains an acceptable form of racism in europe is due largely to ignorance. abominable acts against roma during their more than nine centuries in europe are well documented, but like the roma holocaust, shielded from public knowledge. “ take your hands off our children ” posters, featuring a picture of a roma person, spread all around lombardia with a striking resemblance to pre - holocaust propaganda against jews. the fact that anti - gypsyism remains an acceptable form of racism in europe is due largely to ignorance. abominable acts against roma during their more than nine centuries in europe are well documented, but like the roma holocaust, shielded from public knowledge. stealing children is a baseless prejudice used against roma and repeated to saturation in the mass media. the fact that in january 1940, over 200 romani children were murdered in buchenwald, germany, as test subjects for the crystals later used in the gas chambers, has still to make it to a mainstream media article or reportage. research on anti - gypsyism is generally taken with skepticism, if the roma are not themselves blamed as mainly responsible for the racism against them. an adequate reaction addressing the roots of discrimination against roma in europe has so far not been attempted. in the best case, anti - gypsyism is simply ignored and left outside mass media and political attention. in january 2005 the european parliament passed a resolution on the holocaust and anti - semitism, but refused to include a specific reference to the roma holocaust or the rampant anti - gypsyism in europe. the israeli and polish presidents present at the commemoration in auschwitz provided a remarkable exception, as they both mentioned the roma victims of holocaust. ironically, the best - known statement made about roma by the european commission is the one which ambassador to slovakia, mr. eric van der linden, made where he proposed to remove roma children from their parents and put them into boarding


roma victims of holocaust. ironically, the best - known statement made about roma by the european commission is the one which ambassador to slovakia, mr. eric van der linden, made where he proposed to remove roma children from their parents and put them into boarding schools. “ it may sound simplistic, ” the head of the eu delegation said in may 2004, “ but it is, i think in the root of the cause that we need to strengthen education and organise the educational system in a way that we may have to start to, i ’ ll say it in quotation marks, force romani children to stay in a kind of boarding schools from monday morning until friday afternoon, where they will continuously be subjected to a system of values which is dominant in our society. ” on february 11, 2005, the french public television tv 5 broadcasted “ delinquency : the route of the roma ”. sensitive to anti - semitism and arguably trying to curb islamophobia, a good part of the french mass media seems to have found a good scapegoat for racist speech - roma. reportage which would have severely damaged diplomatic relations with usa or israel, if directed against afro - americans or jews, and would have been regarded as incitement to racial hatred, was received as normal. the program, “ c dans l ’ air, ” suggested the need for specialized police forces as an obvious solution to tackle roma characterized by the members of the discussion panel as criminals, prostitutes, child kidnappers and mafioso. typically, the show did not include a single roma or roma expert. during the nazi regime, such a “ special ” body was created under the name of zigeunerzentrale, “ professionally ” preparing the way towards the death camps for the roma and sinti. awareness of basic human rights issues and discrimination remains very low in general. the roma holocaust is largely ignored or unknown, and public opinion remains strongly against roma. mindful of their electorate, the political class takes few risks, and bends to a shameful low. a good part of the mass media just follows the lead. this year, some things are unchanged since the 1940s. many people in europe believe in the superiority of their own nation and culture. roma are too often seen as foreigners in lands we have called home for centuries. many roma live in poverty. however, much is also very different since the 1940s. many governments, in their discussions at the council of europe, have recognized the need to go from making policies about the roma,


stories encourage dreams - reading helps kids make their dreams come true. that singular idea - that we can help kids realize their dream - is the foundation of share a story - shape a future. share a story - shape a future is a blog event for literacy. throughout the week, blogging librarians, teachers, parents, authors, illustrators ( me! ) and people passionate about literacy will offer ideas on ways to promote reading and books. you won ' t find statistics, academic analysis, or judgments that tell you why you should read. instead, we are using the power of the worldwide web to share ideas about ways to engage kids as readers. each day, bloggers will talk about different aspects of literacy and reading. themes include raising readers, selecting suitable material, tips for reading aloud, using audiobooks, and how to use the library as an ally. the organizers have several giveaways planned, and will offer free, downloadable content. share a story - shape a future is an opportunity to share ideas, encourage each other, and spread the word about children ' s literacy. share a story - shape a future aims to build a community of readers. please join us and share your story. the 2009 share a story event will take place march 9 to 13, 2009. day 1 : raising readers hosted by terry doherty at scrub - a - dub - tub day 2 : selecting reading material hosted by sarah mulhern at the reading zone day 3 : reading aloud - it ' s fun, it ' s easy hosted by susan stephenson at the book chook day 4 : a visit to the library hosted by eva mitnick at eva ' s book addiction day 5 : technology and reading - what the future holds hosted by elizabeth o. dulemba at dulemba. com ( here! on march 13th! ) share a story - shape a future aims to build a community of readers. please join us and share your story. visit share a story - shape a future to learn more and see the full schedule of contributors.


denver – put on your poodle skirts and tune in elvis on the transistor radio, because it ’ s starting to look a lot like the 1950s. unfortunately, this won ’ t be the nostalgic ’ 50s of big cars and pop music. the 1950s that could be on the way to colorado is the decade of drought. so says brian bledsoe, a colorado springs meteorologist who studies the history of ocean currents and uses what he learns to make long - term weather forecasts. “ i think we ’ re reliving the ’ 50s, bottom line, ” bledsoe said friday morning at the annual meeting of the colorado water congress. bledsoe studies the famous el nino and la nina ocean currents. but he also looks at other, less well - known cycles, including long - term temperature cycles in the oceans. in the 1950s, water in the pacific ocean was colder than normal, but it was warmer than usual in the atlantic. that combination caused a drought in colorado that was just as bad as the dust bowl of the 1930s. the ocean currents slipped back into their 1950s pattern in the last five years, bledsoe said. the cycles can last a decade or more, meaning bad news for farmers, ranchers, skiers and forest residents. “ drought feeds on drought. the longer it goes, the harder it is to break, ” bledsoe said. the outlook is worst for eastern colorado, where bledsoe grew up and his parents still own a ranch. they recently had to sell half their herd when their pasture couldn ’ t provide enough feed. “ they ’ ve spent the last 15 years grooming that herd for organic beef stock, ” he said. bledsoe looks for monsoon rains to return to the four corners and western slope in july. but there ’ s still a danger in the mountains in the summer. “ initially, dry lightning could be a concern, so obviously, the fire season is looking not so great right now, ” he said. weather data showed the last year ’ s conditions were extreme. nolan doesken, colorado ’ s state climatologist, said the summer of 2012 was the hottest on record in colorado. and it was the fifth - driest winter since record - keeping began more than 100 years ago. despite recent storms in the san juan mountains, this winter hasn ’ t been much better. “ we ’ ve had a wimpy winter so far, ” doesken said. “ the past week has been a good week for


on this day in 1973, a week after her appointment, 18 - year - old felda looper took up her duties as the first woman to serve as a house page. speaker carl albert ( d - okla. ) chose her after looper mounted a successful campaign that sought to admit girls to the page program. “ the practice of having only male pages in the house is a form of discrimination that should be ended, ” albert said. ” it was the first time in my life i ever felt discriminated against as a woman and it made me furious, ” looper said after she learned of the unspoken rule barring girls from serving as pages. “ somebody was going to be first. it was going to happen, and i was psyched it was me, ” looper later recalled. “ it was a really exciting time, and the letters i got from people were indicative of the fact that people were paying attention to that. ” when looper ’ s parents took her on a family vacation trip to washington in 1966, she questioned albert, then the democratic whip, about the policy of hiring only young men as congressional pages. albert told her he would look into it. albert ’ s response triggered her letter - writing campaign as a student at heavener high school in heavener, okla., which ultimately paid off. in the summer of 1973, as looper ran errands for members of congress, she also observed at close hand the watergate hearings before the house judiciary committee that played a key role in the subsequent resignation of president richard nixon. after serving as a page, looper went to the university of oklahoma, graduating in 1977 with a degree in political science. two years later, she earned an m. a. in industrial psychology from the george washington university. looper currently lives in washington, d. c., where she works as an independent consultant. source : office of history and preservation, clerk of the u. s. house


solar energy is a growing market. solar today, the american solar energy society ’ s magazine, indicates that solar energy has already begun to challange conventional non - renewable energy sources. according to the numeric date the society has given, the residential solar panel installations have almost doubled in 2009 reaching up to 170. 000 houses. do you know why those people cut themselves from the grid and turned to solar energy? recurring trends show that it is not a fad but the most viable energy option. if you are still not sure about producing your own electricty from pv panels, it could be a good idea to check the five reasons below. reason # 1. installing solar panels for home use is a green take on residential energy consumption. the thing that burns never returns. renewable energy solutions, on the other hand, are sustainable. in other words, investing in renewable energy sources, you don ’ t only care for today, but also consider the future for your children. utilizing solar panels for heat and electricity produce very little pollution. photovoltaic panels don ’ t emit harmful carbon gasses to the atmosphere. installing solar panels for your home also cleans your carbon footprint. reason # 2. solar power is a cheap enery solution for your home. i can imagine you saying that the green / ecofriendly / organic version of everything is also a more expensive version. that ’ s why most people shy away from the installation costs. your judgement can be true for those hand - made itching garments and grown - in - pot organic tomatos. but when it comes to pv panels, the costs have dramatically decreased in the past few years and they gained a competitive advantage vis a vis fossil fuels. in the first years the costs per watt were around 9 dollars, today the price level is 4 - 5 dolars per watt. if you are living in a state where the electricity rates are high, you can be sure to cover your investment costs in 7 years the most. afterwards, it is pure savings. how much you will save depends on the local electricity rate for sure, as well as the climate and the size of the pv system you installed. reason # 3. residential pv panels are very low on maintenance. the solar energy systems are easy to maintain. once you invest in solar energy and install your pvs, you will not need to pay much on maintanence because most systems have no moving parts and they don ’ t require much upkeep. reason # 4. residential solar panels provides your with the convenience of


water conservation ; environmental economics & policies ; governance indicators ; poverty assessment ; health economics & finance ; community development and empowerment ; decentralization ; agricultural knowledge and information systems summary : states can do much to tap community - level energies, and resources for development, if they seek to interact more synergistically with local communities. the broader spin - off is creating a developmental society, and polity. using case studies from asia and latin america, the authors show how : 1 ) state efforts to bring about land reform, tenancy reform, and expanding non - crop sources of income, can broaden the distribution of power in rural communities, laying the basis for more effective community - driven collective action ; and 2 ) higher levels of government can form alliances with communities, putting pressure on local authorities from above, and below to improve development outcomes at the local level. these alliances can also be very effective in catalyzing collective action at community level, and reducing : local capture " by vested interests. there are several encouraging points that emerge from these case studies. first, these powerful institutional changes do not necessarily take long to generate. second, they can be achieved in a diversity of settings : tightly knit or loose - knit communities ; war - ravaged, or relatively stable ; democratic, or authoritarian ; with land reform, or ( if carefully managed ) even without. third, there are strong political payoffs in terms of legitimacy, and popular support for those who support such developmental action. official, scanned versions of documents ( may include signatures, etc. )


armistice day, as november 11 became known, officially became a holiday in the united states in 1926, and a national holiday 12 years later. on june 1, 1954, the name was changed to veterans day to honor all u. s. veterans. in 1968, new legislation changed the national commemoration of veterans day to the fourth monday in october. it soon became apparent, however, that november 11 was a date of historic significance to many americans. therefore, in 1978 congress returned the observance to its traditional date. official, national ceremonies for veterans day center around the tomb of the unknowns. to honor these men, symbolic of all americans who gave their lives in all wars, an army honor guard, the 3d u. s. infantry ( the old guard ), keeps day and night vigil. at 11 a. m. on november 11, a combined color guard representing all military services executes “ present arms ” at the tomb. the nation ’ s tribute to its war dead is symbolized by the laying of a presidential wreath and the playing of “ taps. ” congress voted armistice day a federal holiday in 1938, 20 years after the war ended. but americans realized that the previous war would not be the last one. world war ii began the following year and nations great and small again participated in a bloody struggle. after the second world war, armistice day continued to be observed on november 11. in 1953 townspeople in emporia, kansas called the holiday veterans ’ day in gratitude to the veterans in their town. soon after, congress passed a bill introduced by a kansas congressman renaming the federal holiday to veterans ’ day. 1971 president nixon declared it a federal holiday on the second monday in november.


minesweeper ( video game ) | | this article may require cleanup to meet wikipedia ' s quality standards. the specific problem is : does not meet project guidelines. ( june 2008 ) | the player is initially presented with a grid of undifferentiated squares. some randomly selected squares, unknown to the player, are designated to contain mines. typically, the size of the grid and the number of mines are set in advance by the user, either by entering the numbers or selecting from defined skill levels depending on the implementation. the grid size is often user - selectable, as a way to adjust the difficulty level. the game is played by revealing squares of the grid, typically by clicking them with a mouse. if a square containing a mine is revealed, the player loses the game. otherwise, a digit is revealed in the square, indicating the number of adjacent squares ( typically, out of the possible eight ) that contain mines. in typical implementations, if this number is zero then the square appears blank, and the surrounding squares are automatically also revealed. by using logic, the player can in many instances use this information to deduce that certain other squares are mine - free, in which case they may be safely revealed, or mine - filled, in which they can be marked as such ( which, in typical implementations, is effected by right - clicking the square and indicated by a flag graphic ). in some implementations, a question mark may be placed in an unrevealed square as a marker. this has no meaning in the rules of the game, but can serve as an aid to logical deduction. another convenience feature present in some implementations is an interface to quickly clear around a revealed square once the correct number of mines have been flagged around it. the game is won when all mine - free squares are revealed, meaning that all mines have been located. some implementations of minesweeper will set up the board by never placing a mine on the first square revealed, or by arranging the board so that the solution does not require guessing. minesweeper for versions of windows through vista protected the first square revealed. minesweeper with windows 7 also protects the first square unless the user chooses to replay a specific board. minesweeper can be modeled as algebra of binary variables that does not always possess a unique solution. in such cases, the player has to guess about the location of a mine. see below for an example of a case in which the player has to guess. minesweeper has its origins in the earliest


that does not always possess a unique solution. in such cases, the player has to guess about the location of a mine. see below for an example of a case in which the player has to guess. minesweeper has its origins in the earliest mainframe games of the 1960s and 1970s. the earliest ancestor of minesweeper was jerimac ratliff ' s cube. the basic gameplay style became a popular segment of the puzzle game genre during the 1980s, with such titles as mined - out ( quicksilva, 1983 ), yomp ( virgin interactive, 1983 ), and cube. cube was succeeded by relentless logic ( or rlogic for short ), by conway, hong, and smith, available for ms - dos as early as 1985 ; the player took the role of a private in the united states marine corps, delivering an important message to the u. s. command center. rlogic had greater similarity to minesweeper than to cube in concept, but a number of differences exist : - in rlogic, the player must navigate through the minefield, from the top left right angled corner to the bottom right right angled corner ( the command center ). - it is not necessary to clear all non - mine squares. also, there is no mechanism for marking mines or counting the number of mines found. - the number of steps taken is counted. although no high score functionality is included, players could attempt to beat their personal best score for a given number of mines. - unlike minesweeper, the size of the minefield is fixed. however, the player may still specify the number of mines. - because the player must navigate through the minefield, it is sometimes impossible to win — namely, when the mines block all possible paths. the gameplay mechanics of minesweeper are included in a variety of other software titles, including : - the mini - game vinesweeper implemented into the mmorpg runescape ; in this iteration ( written by jagex developer danny j ), the minesweeper gameplay is given a large multiplayer aspect and the " game board " adopts a continually resetting timer. this allows for a never - ending game of minesweeper where the skill is awarded assessed in points rather than " game completion ". - the pc game mole control ( developed by remode ) ; in this game, the minesweeper mechanic is integrated into a puzzle adventure game based in a village called molar creek, which has been overrun with exploding moles. you play the local inventor ' s


control ( developed by remode ) ; in this game, the minesweeper mechanic is integrated into a puzzle adventure game based in a village called molar creek, which has been overrun with exploding moles. you play the local inventor ' s assistant, who is tasked with clearing the village of exploding moles, and you can also take part in the molar creek annual mole control competition in a time attack mode. distribution and variants versions of minesweeper are frequently bundled with operating systems and guis, including minesweeper in windows, kmines in kde ( unix - like oses ), gnomine in gnome and minehunt in palm os. apart from the bundled versions, a huge number of clones of all shapes and sizes can be found on the internet. variants of the basic game generally have differently shaped mine fields in two and three dimensions, or various two - dimensional layouts, such as triangular or hexagonal grids, or possibly more than one mine per cell. for example, x11 - based xbomb adds triangular and hexagonal grids, and professional minesweeper for windows includes these and others. the voltorb flip game in the non - japanese releases of pokemon heartgold and soulsilver is a variation of minesweeper and picross. another derivative of minesweeper is tentaizu, which could be described as a minesweeper with some squares initially revealed, where the player doesn ' t reveal any squares, only mark them, and whose objective is to mark all mines correctly. tentaizu puzzles usually have a unique solution. in 2000, richard kaye published a proof that it is np - complete to determine whether a given grid of uncovered, correctly flagged, and unknown squares, the labels of the foremost also given, has an arrangement of mines for which it is possible within the rules of the game. the argument is constructive, a method to quickly convert any boolean circuit into such a grid that is possible if and only if the circuit is satisfiable ; membership in np is established by using the arrangement of mines as a certificate. this proof has been disputed ; see scott, stege, & van rooij. measuring board difficulty the difficulty of a given minesweeper board is often measured using the 3bv measure ( stands for bechtel ' s board benchmark value ). the 3bv of a board is the total count of : - openings of the board, i. e. regions of orthogonally or diagonally


using the 3bv measure ( stands for bechtel ' s board benchmark value ). the 3bv of a board is the total count of : - openings of the board, i. e. regions of orthogonally or diagonally contiguous squares having no neighbouring mines, together with the immediately surrounding numbered squares - numbered squares that are not part of any openings. for example, in the illustrated example, there is one opening ( shown by white borders ) and there are seven further numbered squares ( green dots ), giving a 3bv rating of 8. equivalently, it is the minimum number of single clicks required in typical implementations to reveal all of the mine - free squares. 3bv / s stands for 3bv per second. because the time that is needed to finish a minesweeper board depends highly on the difficulty of the board, it may not be the best way to compare records. 3bv / s on the other hand does consider the difficulty of the minesweeper board as well as the time needed to finish it. among the best minesweeper players, 3bv / s records are not nearly as important as time records, but they give a picture of how fast someone can play with regard to mouse - handling. if flags are marked, it is possible to require fewer clicks than the 3bv of the respective board. using only left clicks is called non - flagging ( nf ) whereas marking mines with right - clicks is called flagging - style. in 2001, the italian " international campaign to ban winmine " voiced strong concern over the game, contending that it is an " offense against the victims of the mines " and those who risk their lives to clear them. they created their own " winflower " game, and lobbied microsoft to use it in place of minesweeper in windows 98. as a reaction to this criticism, the version of minesweeper included in windows vista and windows 7 offers a mode in which the mines are replaced with flowers. - kaye ( 2000 ) - allan scott, ulrike stege, iris van rooij, minesweeper may not be np - complete but is hard nonetheless, the mathematical intelligencer 33 : 4 ( 2011 ), pp. 5 - 17. - blincoe ( 2001 ) - microsoft shell blog - the ui design minefield - er... flower field? at the wayback machine ( archived january 19, 2008 ) - adamatzky, andrew ( 1997 ). " how cellular automat


| state of ohio | | nickname ( s ) : the buckeye state ; the mother of presidents ; birthplace of aviation ; the heart of it all | motto ( s ) : with god, all things are possible | | official language ( s ) | | none. ( english, de facto ) | | spoken language ( s ) | | english 93. 3 % | demonym | | ohioan ; buckeye ( colloq. ) | ( and largest city ) | largest metro area | | greater cleveland or | area | | ranked 34th in the u. s. | | - total | | 44, 825 sq mi | - width | | 220 miles ( 355 km ) | | - length | | 220 miles ( 355 km ) | | - % water | | 8. 7 | | - latitude | | 38° 24 ′ n to 41° 59 ′ n | | - longitude | | 80° 31 ′ w to 84° 49 ′ w | | population | | ranked 7th in the u. s. | | - total | | 11, 544, 225 ( 2012 est ) | | - density | | 282 / sq mi ( 109 / km2 ) ranked 10th in the u. s. | - highest point | | campbell hill 1, 549 ft ( 472 m ) | - mean | | 850 ft ( 260 m ) | | - lowest point | | ohio river at indiana border 455 ft ( 139 m ) | admission to union | | march 1, 1803 ( 17th, declared retroactively on august 7, 1953 ) | governor | | john kasich ( r ) | | lieutenant governor | | mary taylor ( r ) | | - upper house | | senate | | - lower house | | house of representatives | | u. s. senators | | sherrod brown ( d ) rob portman ( r ) | u. s. house delegation | | 12 republicans, 4 democrats ( list ) | | time zone | | eastern : utc - 5 / - 4 | ohio ( i / / ) is a state in the midwestern united states. ohio is the 34th most extensive, the 7th most populous, and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 united states. the state ' s capital and largest city is columbus. the name " ohio " originated from iroquois word ohi - yo ’, meaning " great river " or " large creek ". the state, originally partitioned from the northwest territory, was admitted to the union as the 17th state (


is columbus. the name " ohio " originated from iroquois word ohi - yo ’, meaning " great river " or " large creek ". the state, originally partitioned from the northwest territory, was admitted to the union as the 17th state ( and the first under the northwest ordinance ) on march 1, 1803. although there are conflicting narratives regarding the origin of the nickname, ohio is historically known as the " buckeye state " ( relating to the ohio buckeye tree ) and ohioans are also known as " buckeyes ". the government of ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the governor ; the legislative branch, which comprises the ohio general assembly ; and the judicial branch, which is led by the supreme court. currently, ohio occupies 16 seats in the united states house of representatives. ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. ohio ' s geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. because ohio links the northeast to the midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well - developed highways. ohio has the nation ' s 10th largest highway network, and is within a one - day drive of 50 % of north america ' s population and 70 % of north america ' s manufacturing capacity. to the north, lake erie gives ohio 312 miles ( 502 km ) of coastline, which allows for numerous cargo ports. ohio ' s southern border is defined by the ohio river ( with the border being at the 1793 low - water mark on the north side of the river ), and much of the northern border is defined by lake erie. ohio ' s neighbors are pennsylvania to the east, michigan to the northwest, ontario canada, to the north, indiana to the west, kentucky on the south, and west virginia on the southeast. ohio ' s borders were defined by metes and bounds in the enabling act of 1802 as follows : bounded on the east by the pennsylvania line, on the south by the ohio river, to the mouth of the great miami river, on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the great miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of lake michigan, running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the great miami until it shall intersect lake erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through lake erie to the pennsylvania line aforesaid. ohio is bounded by the ohio river,


the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the great miami until it shall intersect lake erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through lake erie to the pennsylvania line aforesaid. ohio is bounded by the ohio river, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to kentucky and west virginia. in 1980, the u. s. supreme court held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by virginia ( which at that time included what is now kentucky and west virginia ), the boundary between ohio and kentucky ( and, by implication, west virginia ) is the northern low - water mark of the river as it existed in 1792. ohio has only that portion of the river between the river ' s 1792 low - water mark and the present high - water mark. the border with michigan has also changed, as a result of the toledo war, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the maumee river. much of ohio features glaciated plains, with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the great black swamp. this glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the glaciated allegheny plateau, and then by another belt known as the unglaciated allegheny plateau. most of ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated allegheny plateau features rugged hills and forests. the rugged southeastern quadrant of ohio, stretching in an outward bow - like arc along the ohio river from the west virginia panhandle to the outskirts of cincinnati, forms a distinct socio - economic unit. geologically similar to parts of west virginia and southwestern pennsylvania, this area ' s coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. in 1965 the united states congress passed the appalachian regional development act, at attempt to " address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the appalachian region. " this act defines 29 ohio counties as part of appalachia. while 1 / 3 of ohio ' s land mass is part of the federally defined appalachian region, only 12. 8 % of ohioans live there ( 1. 476 million people. ) significant rivers within the state include the cuyahoga river, great miami river, maumee river, muskingum river, and scioto river. the rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern atlantic ocean via lake erie and the st.


the state include the cuyahoga river, great miami river, maumee river, muskingum river, and scioto river. the rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern atlantic ocean via lake erie and the st. lawrence river, and the rivers in the southern part of the state drain into the gulf of mexico via the ohio river and then the mississippi. the worst weather disaster in ohio history occurred along the great miami river in 1913. known as the great dayton flood, the entire miami river watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of dayton. as a result, the miami conservancy district was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in ohio and the united states. grand lake st. marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the canal - building era of 1820 – 1850. for many years this body of water, over 20 square miles ( 52 km2 ), was the largest artificial lake in the world. it should be noted that ohio ' s canal - building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. some cities, such as dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state. the climate of ohio is a humid continental climate ( koppen climate classification dfa ) throughout most of the state except in the extreme southern counties of ohio ' s bluegrass region section which are located on the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate and upland south region of the united states. summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold. precipitation in ohio is moderate year - round. severe weather is not uncommon in the state, although there are typically fewer tornado reports in ohio than in states located in what is known as the tornado alley. severe lake effect snowstorms are also not uncommon on the southeast shore of lake erie, which is located in an area designated as the snowbelt. although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer - climate flora and fauna does reach well into ohio. for instance, a number of trees with more southern ranges, such as the blackjack oak, quercus marilandica, are found at their northernmost in ohio just north of the ohio river. also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate, several plants such as the southern magnolia ( magnolia grandiflora ), albizia julibrissin ( mimosa ), crap


north of the ohio river. also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate, several plants such as the southern magnolia ( magnolia grandiflora ), albizia julibrissin ( mimosa ), crape myrtle, and even the occasional needle palm are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the bluegrass region of ohio ; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the state. this interesting change may be observed while traveling through ohio on interstate 75 from cincinnati to toledo ; the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of cincinnati ' s common wall lizard, one of the few examples of permanent " subtropical " fauna in ohio. although few have registered as noticeable to the average resident, more than 30 earthquakes occurred in ohio between 2002 and 2007, and more than 200 quakes with a magnitude of 2. 0 or higher have occurred since 1776. the most substantial known earthquake in ohio history was the anna ( shelby county ) earthquake, which occurred on march 9, 1937. it was centered in western ohio, and had a magnitude of 5. 4, and was of intensity viii. other significant earthquakes in ohio include : one of magnitude 4. 8 near lima on september 19, 1884 ; one of magnitude 4. 2 near portsmouth on may 17, 1901 ; and one of 5. 0 in leroy township in lake county on january 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0. 5 to 2. 4 for two months. the most recent earthquake in ohio of any appreciable magnitude occurred on december 31, 2011, at 3 : 05pm est. it had a magnitude of 4. 0, and its epicenter was located approximately 4 kilometres northwest of youngstown ( ), near the trumbull / mahoning county border. the ohio seismic network ( ohioseis ), a group of seismograph stations at several colleges, universities, and other institutions, and coordinated by the division of geological survey of the ohio department of natural resources, maintains an extensive catalog of ohio earthquakes from 1776 to the present day, as well as earthquakes located in other states whose effects were felt in ohio. | rank | | city | | 2010 population | | 2010 metro population | other ohio cities functioning as centers of united states metropolitan areas include : - akron ( home of university of akron and goodyear tire and rubber company ) - canton ( home of pro football hall of fame, malone university, and


| | 2010 metro population | other ohio cities functioning as centers of united states metropolitan areas include : - akron ( home of university of akron and goodyear tire and rubber company ) - canton ( home of pro football hall of fame, malone university, and the timken company ) - cincinnati ( home of university of cincinnati, xavier university, cincinnati museum center, cincinnati symphony orchestra, procter & gamble, kroger, macy ' s inc., and fifth third bank ) - cleveland ( home of cleveland state university, playhouse square center, the cleveland museum of art, the cleveland orchestra, case western reserve university, the cleveland clinic, rock and roll hall of fame, forest city enterprises, and university hospitals ) - dayton ( home of university of dayton, dayton ballet, wright state university, premier health partners, and national museum of the united states air force ) - lima ( home of university of northwestern ohio ) - mansfield ( home of north central state college and mansfield motorsports park ) - sandusky ( home of cedar point, and kalahari resort and convention center ) - springfield ( home of wittenberg university ) - steubenville ( home of franciscan university of steubenville ) - toledo ( home of the university of toledo, the toledo museum of art, owens corning, and owens - illinois ) - youngstown ( home of youngstown state university and butler institute of american art ). note : the cincinnati metropolitan area extends into kentucky and indiana, the steubenville metropolitan area extends into west virginia, and the youngstown metropolitan area extends into pennsylvania. ohio cities that function as centers of united states micropolitan areas include : - ashland ( home of ashland university ) - athens ( home of ohio university ) - chillicothe ( home of ohio university - chillicothe ) - defiance ( home of defiance college ) - east liverpool - salem - findlay ( home of the university of findlay ) - marion ( home of marion popcorn festival ) - mount vernon ( home of mount vernon nazarene university ) - new philadelphia - dover - norwalk ( home of the nhra venue summit motorsports park, headquarters of the international hot rod association, and pioneer automobile company fisher body ) - oxford ( home of miami university ) - portsmouth ( home of shawnee state university ) - tiffin ( home of heidelberg college and tiffin university ) - urbana ( home of urbana university ) - van wert - wapakoneta ( birthplace of apollo 11 astronaut neil armstrong ) - washington court house - wilmington ( home of wilmington college ) -