. it ' s time we apply these priorities in this country, especially in women and girls of color. add your comment : ( please note : your name and comment will be public, and may even show up in internet search results. be careful when providing personal information! before adding your comment, please read thebody. com ' s comment policy. ) transition to hope this year marks bell ' s 14th as the executive director of the philadelphia - based bebashi ( blacks educating blacks about sexual health ), founded in 1985 as the nation ' s first aids organization serving african americans with hiv. bell has been widely praised, not only for increasing funding and accountability at a time when hiv donations have plummeted, but also for launching such innovative programs as a women ' s initiative, prison - discharge planning, and, most recently, a diabetes intervention. more about gary : subscribe to gary ' s blog : may 16, 2013 - hpv vaccination - - a wasted resource for african americans? a blog entry by gary bell february 1, 2013 - the opioid solution and hiv : from the frying pan into the fire - - a blog entry by dave r. december 24, 2012 - compulsory sexual education : a blog entry by gary bell december 3, 2012 - world aids day 2012 - - a blog entry by gary bell november 13, 2012 - preventing hiv transmission with youth infected at birth : a blog entry by gary bell a brief disclaimer : the opinions expressed by thebody. com ' s bloggers are entirely their own, and do not necessarily reflect the views of thebody. com itself.


how different are we? an investigation of confucian values in the united states. as a result of the increased globalization globalization process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, is becoming standardized around the world. factors that have contributed to globalization include increasingly sophisticated communications and transportation of markets in recent years, a large number of researchers have focused their efforts on many of the interesting differences that exist across diverse cultures ( i. e. adler, 1983 ; hofstede, 1980, 1991 ; husted et al., 1996 ; schlegelmilch and robertson, 1995 ; trompenaars, 1994 ). the work of hofstede ( 1980, 1983, 1984 ) and his four cultural dimensions cultural dimensions are the mostly psychological dimensions, or value constructs, which can be used to describe a specific culture. these are often used in intercultural communication - / cross - cultural communication - based research. see also : edward t. of individualism / collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity masculinity / mas · cu · lin · i · ty / ( mas? ku - lin´i - te ) virility ; the possession of masculine qualities. 1. the quality or condition of being masculine. 2., and power distance has been extremely well documented in the literature ( abratt et al., 1992 ; geletkanycz, 1997 ; vitell et al., 1993 ). hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) recently developed a fifth dimension, confucian dynamism, which is designed to assess a culture ' s tendency toward certain confucian traits such as concept of time. while there have been myriad studies which have analyzed an · a · lyze tr. v. an · a · lyzed, an · a · lyz · ing, an · a · lyz · es 1. to examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. chemistry to make a chemical analysis of. 3. culture at the societal so · ci · e · tal of or relating to the structure, organization, or functioning of society. adj. level of analysis, little has been done to explore how individual members of certain cultures may vary in their perceptions of cultural traits ( dorfman and howe ll, 1988 ). in fact, many of the generalizations about cultural implications related to organizational behavior have minimal support at the individual level and may be inappropriate ( chen et


certain cultures may vary in their perceptions of cultural traits ( dorfman and howe ll, 1988 ). in fact, many of the generalizations about cultural implications related to organizational behavior have minimal support at the individual level and may be inappropriate ( chen et at., 1998 ). although many economists have projected that the chinese economy will be one of the world ' s largest in the next decade, the western understanding of traditional chinese work values is marginal. much of the recent industrial success of hong kong hong kong ( hong kong ), mandarin xianggang, special administrative region of china, formerly a british crown colony ( 2005 est. pop. 6, 899, 000 ), land area 422 sq mi ( 1, 092 sq km ), adjacent to guangdong prov. and taiwan has been attributed to confucianism ( yeung and tung, 1996 ). as the level of influence on world trade patterns by traditional confucian societies increases it will be advantageous for trade partners to obtain a better conceptualization con · cep · tu · al · ize v. con · cep · tu · al · ized, con · cep · tu · al · iz · ing, con · cep · tu · al · iz · es to form a concept or concepts of, and especially to interpret in a conceptual way : of how confucian values relate to their own traditional value systems. moreover, growing ethnic diversity within the united states united states, officially united states of america, republic ( 2005 est. pop. 295, 734, 000 ), 3, 539, 227 sq mi ( 9, 166, 598 sq km ), north america. the united states is the world ' s third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area., in particular the increase of descendants descendants. those who have issued from an individual, and include his children, grandchildren, and their children to the remotest degree. ambl. 327 2 bro. c. c. 30 ; id. 230 3 bro. c. c. 367 ; 1 rop. leg. 115 ; 2 bouv. n. 1956. 2. from asian nations noun 1. asian nation - any one of the nations occupying the asian continent country, land, state - the territory occupied by a nation ; " he returned to the land of his birth " ; " he visited several european countries ", has added credence to the study of cultural differences between asian and anglo value sets. managers in multinational


, state - the territory occupied by a nation ; " he returned to the land of his birth " ; " he visited several european countries ", has added credence to the study of cultural differences between asian and anglo value sets. managers in multinational firms that either employ asian workers or engage in trade with asian firms will be at a serious competitive disadvantage if they overlook the importance of asian traditions and values in the workplace as we approach the new millennium. the purpose of this article is to report the results from a test of the relationship between confucian dynamism and hofstede ' s ( 1980 ) four initial cultural dimensions at the individual level of analysis. subsequent studies by triandis et al. ( 1985 ) and dorfman and howell ( 1988 ) have found significant support for the existence of hofstede ' s ( 1980 ) dimensions at the individual level. hofstede ( 1980, 1991 ) also contends that variation does exist related to his cultural dimensions within societies. nevertheless, researchers have overlooked the link between confucian dynamism and hofstede ' s ( 1980 ) initial dimensions at the individual level. a study of this nature is important for both theoretical and practical reasons. from a theory development perspective, the extension of confucian dynamism to the individual - level of analysis will help build on the prior work of triandis et al. ( 1985 ) and dorfman and howell ( 1988 ). while individual - level measures have been developed and validated for dimensions such as individualism individualism political and social philosophy that emphasizes individual freedom. modern individualism emerged in britain with the ideas of adam smith and jeremy bentham, and the concept was described by alexis de tocqueville as fundamental to the american temper. versus collectivism collectivism any of several types of social organization that ascribe central importance to the groups to which individuals belong ( e. g., state, nation, ethnic group, or social class ). it may be contrasted with individualism. and uncertainty avoidance, the work on confucian dynamism at this level is still in its infancy stage. executives and managers in nations that have a wealth of people from diverse backgrounds may also find the results of this study interesting. as the overseas chinese a list of famous people with chinese ancestry living outside of the republic of china and the people ' s republic of china. leaders and politicians in the next section, the initial cultural dimensions of hofstede ( 1980 ) will be reviewed. this will


a list of famous people with chinese ancestry living outside of the republic of china and the people ' s republic of china. leaders and politicians in the next section, the initial cultural dimensions of hofstede ( 1980 ) will be reviewed. this will be followed by an analysis of confucian dynamism ( hofstede and bond, 1988 ) and how these societal level cultural dimensions have been extended to individuals. next, formal hypotheses will be developed, tested, and empirical results will be reviewed. the article concludes with a discussion of the results of the present study, limitations, managerial implications, and potential research areas to be explored in the future. in this section the work of hofstede ( 1980 ) and hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) will be reviewed. this is followed by an analysis of how these societal - level traits relate to the individual level of analysis. the research of culture that has consistently received convincing recognition by both scholars and practitioners is the work of hofstede ( 1980, 1983, 1984 ). hofstede ' s four dimensions of individualism vs. collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and power distance have dominated the literature in the past two decades ( geletkanycz, 1997 ; hickson, 1996 ; vitell et al., 1993 ). the dimensions developed and empirically examined by hofstede ( 1980 ) represent a lifetime of work surrounding the often complex phenomena of culture. hofstede ' s data set, which contains over 116, 000 subjects from 66 nations, is decidedly the most exhaustive sample of culture - based research that exists today. the sample was collected over a number of years and the survey employed was designed to measure different values that are dominant among people from different nations. these values were then classified into cultural dimensions which were hofstede ' s basis for generalizations about national culture. hofstede does acknowledge that every person in a nation does not necessarily have all of the characteristics assigned to that culture, and as a result subsequent studies have developed scales and explored how individuals within different nations relate to hofstede ' s dimensions ( i. e., dorfman and howell, 1988 ; vitell at al., 1993 ). hofstede ' s ( 1980 ) dimensions are defined as follows : individualism versus collectivism : the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family and neglect the needs of society. uncertainty avoidance : the extent to which people in a


hofstede ' s ( 1980 ) dimensions are defined as follows : individualism versus collectivism : the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family and neglect the needs of society. uncertainty avoidance : the extent to which people in a society feel threatened by ambiguous situations. masculinity : the degree of typical masculine masculine. that which belongs to the male sex. 2. the masculine sometimes includes the feminine, vide an example under the article man, and see also the articles gender, worthiest of blood ; poth. intr. au titre 16, des testamens et donations testamentaires, n. values such as assertiveness assertiveness / as · ser · tive · ness / ( ah - ser´tiv - nes ) the quality or state of bold or confident self - expression, neither aggressive nor submissive., paternalism paternalism ( p · · n, and a lack of concern for others. power distance : the level of acceptance by a society of unequal distribution in power. more recently hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) have identified a fifth dimension which is called confucian dynamism. this cultural dimension was empirically established in hofstede and bond ' s ( 1988 ) 22 - country study, yet has received little attention since its initial analysis. nonetheless, this dimension is unique and interesting in that it focuses on time orientation and confucian values. it is based on the chinese value survey which was originally developed in china by the chinese culture connection ( hofstede and bond, 1988 ). prior to this study nearly all cross - cultural studies cross - cultural comparisons take several forms. one is comparison of case studies, another is controlled comparison among variants of a common derivation, and a third is comparison within a sample of cases. of values were based on survey instruments developed by western researchers. below the values in line with confucian dynamism analyzed by hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) are presented. hofstede and bond state " the values on the left select those teachings of confucius that are more oriented o · ri · ent 1. orient the countries of asia, especially of eastern asia. a. the luster characteristic of a pearl of high quality. b. a pearl having exceptional luster. 3. toward the future ( especially perseverance perseverance see also determination. redid dictionary manuscript burnt in fire. [ br. hist. : brewer handbook, 752 ]


high quality. b. a pearl having exceptional luster. 3. toward the future ( especially perseverance perseverance see also determination. redid dictionary manuscript burnt in fire. [ br. hist. : brewer handbook, 752 ] call of the wild, the dogs trail steadfastly through alaska ’ s tundra. [ am. lit. and thrift thrift : see leadwort. ), whereas those on the right select confucian values oriented toward the past and present " ( 1988 : 16 ). the relative importance of : ordering relationships by status having a sense of shame noun 1. sense of shame - a motivating awareness of ethical responsibility sense of duty conscience, moral sense, scruples, sense of right and wrong - motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a person ' s thoughts and actions the relative unimportance of : personal steadiness and stability protecting your face respect for tradition reciprocation reciprocation / re · cip · ro · ca · tion / ( re - sip? ro - ka´shun ) 1. the act of giving and receiving in exchange ; the complementary interaction of two distinct entities. 2. an alternating back - and - forth movement. of greetings, favors, gifts the essential purpose of confucian dynamism is to identify the time orientation of cultures, and is based in part on the work of the great chinese philosopher confucius. a high score along this dimension reflects a culture ' s tendency toward a future - minded mentality. hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) contend that people in nations that have high confucian dynamism scores tend to associate more with the values of persistence, respect for status, thrift, and having a sense of shame. empirical results ( hofstede and bond, 1988 ) indicate that people from hong kong, thailand, and japan are high in confucian dynamism values. low scores along this dimension reveal a culture ' s orientation toward the present and past. members of low confucian dynamism cultures value the relative importance of personal steadiness and stability, saving face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of greetings, favors, and gifts. nations that scored low along this dimension included canada, pakistan, and the united states ( hofstede and bond, 1988 ). hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) have theorized that there is an overlap between some of the values


. nations that scored low along this dimension included canada, pakistan, and the united states ( hofstede and bond, 1988 ). hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) have theorized that there is an overlap between some of the values incorporated in the confucian dynamism dimension and the four original hofstede cultural dimensions. specifically, hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) propose that nations which are high in confucian dynamism ( neo - confucian countries ) will score high on power distance, low on individualism, and mid - range on masculinity. interestingly, no relationship was hypothesized between confucian dynamism and uncertainty avoidance. this may have occurred as a result of the dichotomous di · chot · o · mous 1. divided or dividing into two parts or classifications. 2. characterized by dichotomy. di · chot nature of confucian dynamism ( with high scores as future - minded and low scores as present / past oriented ). culture at the individual level while many researchers have identified vast differences across cultures ( e. g., hofstede, 1980 ; trompenaars, 1994 ) an obvious recognition of differences within cultures has also been important to this research stream ( hofstede, 1991 ; rokeach, 1973 ). the recent works of triandis et al. ( 1985 ; 1988 ) and dorfman and howell ( 1988 ) have attempted to identify some of the many values that lead to cultural heterogeneity het · er · o · ge · ne · i · ty the quality or state of being heterogeneous. the state of being heterogeneous. within societies. perhaps the most pivotal studies of culture at the individual level can be traced to the ongoing work of triandis and his associates ( 1972, 1985, 1988 ). triandis has performed numerous studies of how societal - level cultural patterns translate to the individual level of analysis. for example, triandis et al. ( 1985 ) utilized a survey instrument to measure individual level cultural tendencies of 159 undergraduate students. the focus of the study was on the psychological dimension allocentrism versus idiocentrism which corresponds at the societal level to collectivism versus individualism ( hofstede, 1980 ). allocentrism refers to collectivist col · lec · tiv · ism the principles or system of ownership and control


worried about the future than a person who has a low concern for uncertainty. hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) differentiate between present / past confucian values and future values. hypothesis 2a : individual scores on the present and past values of confucian dynamism will be negatively related to uncertainty avoidance. hypothesis 2b : individual scores on the future values of confucian dynamism will be positively related to uncertainty avoidance. the sample for this study consisted of 255 upper - level undergraduate business students, all volunteers, at a large university in the southeastern region of the united states. over 80 percent of the surveys that were issued were returned. the mean age of the students was 21. 5 years and the sample consisted of 48 % women and 52 % men. although the use of students has been criticized in the past there are several reasons why they are appropriate for this study. first, a primary objective of this study is to understand how individuals identify everyday cultural values and the results do not need to be grounded in high level managerial impressions. second, recent research has revealed that the use of a student sample may in fact be representative of an organizational population ( wyld et al., 1993 ) and is appropriate for the investigation of cultural construct development at the individual level ( triandis et al., 1985, 1988 ). a survey was utilized to collect cultural data from the respondents in the context of marketing research, a representative sample drawn from a larger population of people from whom information is collected and used to develop or confirm marketing strategy. ( see appendix ). the scale employed is designed to measure an individual ' s beliefs along each of hofstede ' s four initial dimensions as well as confucian dynamism. the first 22 items on this scale were developed by dorfman and howell ( 1988 ) and the reliabilities ( cronbach ' s alpha cronbach ' s ( alpha ) has an important use as a measure of the reliability of a psychometric instrument. it was first named as alpha by cronbach ( 1951 ), as he had intended to continue with further instruments. ) have been satisfactory and consistent in studies performed with both mexican and chinese managers. the reliabilities for the current study were as follows : individualism / collectivism. 72, masculinity. 87, power distance. 85, and uncertainty avoidance. 86. the final eight items on the scale were developed for the present study to measure confucian dynamism ( hofstede and bond, 1988


72, masculinity. 87, power distance. 85, and uncertainty avoidance. 86. the final eight items on the scale were developed for the present study to measure confucian dynamism ( hofstede and bond, 1988 ). the first four items relate to hofstede and bond ' s future confucianism while the remaining four items are the basis for past / present scores. these items were based on the time values associated with confucian dynamism provided by hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) and were pretested to clarify any i nconsistencies in meaning ( alreck and settle, 1995 ). analytical procedures analytical procedures is one of financial audit skill which help an auditor understand the client ' s business and changes in the business, to identify potential risk areas and to plan other audit procedures. ordinary least - squares regression was used to analyze the data and to test the hypotheses. this method of data analysis is appropriate for the present study based on the hypotheses that have been posed and the relationships among the variables ( lewis - beck, 1980 ). the cultural dimension variables have been measured on quasi - interval ( likert ) scales. the overall objective of the regression procedures was to test the relationship between the independent variables ( four initial cultural dimensions ) and the dependent variables ( confucian dynamism items ). the regression analyses consist of three independent models, one for each hypothesis. in the first model the subjects ' responses to confucian dynamism ( confuc ) are regressed on individualism / collectivism ( indiv ), masculinity ( mascul ), power distance ( power ), and uncertainty avoidance ( uncert ). in the second model the respondents ' confucian dynamism perceptions of the past ( past ) are regressed on indiv, mascul, power, and uncert. finally, in the third model perceptions of the future ( future ) are regressed on the scores from the initial fo ur dimensions. table 1 contains the descriptive statistics descriptive statistics see statistics. and correlation coefficients correlation coefficient a measure that determines the degree to which two variable ' s movements are associated. the correlation coefficient is calculated as : for the subjects in this study. significant correlations were found between confucian dynamism and the variables power ( p [ less than ]. 05 ), future ( p [ less than ]. 001 ), and past ( p [ less than


the subjects in this study. significant correlations were found between confucian dynamism and the variables power ( p [ less than ]. 05 ), future ( p [ less than ]. 001 ), and past ( p [ less than ]. 00l ). future was also significantly correlated cor · re · late v. cor · re · lat · ed, cor · re · lat · ing, cor · re · lates 1. to put or bring into causal, complementary, parallel, or reciprocal relation. 2. to indiv ( p [ less than ]. 0l ) and uncert. additionally, past was related to uncert ( p [ less than ]. 05 ) and future ( p [ less than ]. 05 ). two significant correlations were found among hofstede ' s initial dimensions : between indiv and uncert ( p [ less than ]. 01 ) and between mascul and power ( p [ less than ]. 01 ). hypothesis 1 claimed that individual scores on confucian dynamism will be positively related to power distance, negatively related to individualism, and unrelated to masculinity. table 2 shows the results from the multiple regression multiple regression the estimated relationship between a dependent variable and more than one explanatory variable. analysis performed to test hypothesis 1. the omnibus omnibus : see bus. f - test, which is used to determine if the overall model is significant, was statistically significant ( f = 1. 697 ; p [ less than ]. 10 ). as hypothesized the relationship between power distance and confucian dynamism was positive and significant ( standardized standardized pertaining to data that have been submitted to standardization procedures. standardized morbidity rate see morbidity rate. standardized mortality rate see mortality rate. =. 124 ; p [ less than ]. 05 ). further, no significant relationship was evident between masculinity and confucian dynamism. while there was a negative relationship for individualism, as hypothesized, it was not significant. thus, hypothesis 1 is partially supported with power distance as the only hypothesized variable that was significant. table 3 contains the regression results that pertain to pertain to verb relate to, concern, refer to, regard, be part of, belong to, apply to, bear on, befit, be relevant to, be appropriate to, appertain to the


regression results that pertain to pertain to verb relate to, concern, refer to, regard, be part of, belong to, apply to, bear on, befit, be relevant to, be appropriate to, appertain to the testing of hypothesis 2a which stated that individual scores on the present and past values of confucian dynamism will be negatively related to uncertainty avoidance. although the omnibus f - test was not significant the relationship between uncertainty avoidance and past perceptions of confucianism was negative as hypothesized and significant ( [ beta ] = -. 105 ; p [ less than ]. 10 ). therefore, hypothesis 2a received marginal support. hypothesis 2b, which stated that individual scores on the future values of confucian dynamism will be positively related to uncertainty avoidance, received the strongest support. table 4 contains the results for the testing of hypothesis 3. the f - test was significant ( f = 4. 765 ; p [ less than ]. 001 ) as was the hypothesized relationship between uncertainty avoidance and future perceptions of confucianism ( =. 257 ; p [ less than ]. 001 ). therefore, it appears that individuals who score high along uncertainty avoidance are also more concerned about the future and tend to be future orientated o · ri · en · tate v. o · ri · en · tat · ed, o · ri · en · tat · ing, o · ri · en · tates to orient : " he.... it should be noted that the three regression models were run with all four of the cultural dimension variables. this was done to establish control over the effects of the other independent variables ( lewis - beck, 1980 ) while minimizing the error variance due to correlations among the variables. other control variables, such as age and gender, were also included in order to minimize the effects of outside influences on error variance. the goals of this study were to ( 1 ) test the cultural dimension confucian dynamism at the individual level of analysis and ( 2 ) analyze the relationship between confucian dynamism and hofstede ' s ( 1980 ) initial four dimensions. according to according to 1. as stated or indicated by ; on the authority of : according to historians. 2. in keeping with : according to instructions. 3. triandis ( 1972 ) the importance of cross - cultural research lies in defining relationships between variables that are sensitive to cultural influences. the results of this


the authority of : according to historians. 2. in keeping with : according to instructions. 3. triandis ( 1972 ) the importance of cross - cultural research lies in defining relationships between variables that are sensitive to cultural influences. the results of this study have revealed some interesting patterns that may exist in individuals ' perceptions of time and their relationship to other cultural phenomena such as power, uncertainty, individuality individuality, n collective characteristics or traits that distinguish one person or thing from all others., and gender roles. moreover, the results have indicated a number of potential areas for future researchers such as the relationship between confucian dynamism and other cultural traits ( e. g., trompenaars, 1994 ). specifically, the support of power distance within hypothesis 1 indicates that confucian dynamism is consistent at the individual level of analysis with hofstede and bond ' s ( 1988 ) societal level results. this adds to the prior evidence of triandis et at. ( 1988 ) and dorfman and howell ( 1988 ) that supports the identification of hofstede ' s other dimensions other dimensions is a collection of stories by author clark ashton smith. it was released in 1970 and was the author ' s sixth collection of stories published by arkham house. it was released in an edition of 3, 144 copies. at the individual level. in other words adv. 1. in other words - otherwise stated ; " in other words, we are broke " put differently, confucian traits may exist anywhere in the world, not just in asia. the results of hypothesis 2b are perhaps the most interesting in this study. the strong significant support of a relationship between uncertainty avoidance and the future values of confucian dynamism unveils a relationship at the individual level of analysis that hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) did not find at the cultural level. indeed, it makes intuitive sense that individuals that fear uncertainty also are quite concerned about the future. conversely con · verse 1 intr. v. con · versed, con · vers · ing, con · vers · es 1. to engage in a spoken exchange of thoughts, ideas, or feelings ; talk. see synonyms at speak. 2., low uncertainty avoidance people would tend to be less fearful about events that will occur in the future. at the societal level of analysis there are clearly many interactions among the other elements, such as economic conditions and form of government, that wash out the connection between uncertainty avoidance and


people would tend to be less fearful about events that will occur in the future. at the societal level of analysis there are clearly many interactions among the other elements, such as economic conditions and form of government, that wash out the connection between uncertainty avoidance and futuristic fu · tur · is · tic 1. of or relating to the future. a. of, characterized by, or expressing a vision of the future : futuristic decor. there are a number of inherent limitations involved with a study of this nature. first, in organizational studies organizational studies, organizational behaviour, and organizational theory are related terms for the academic study of organizations, examining them using the methods of economics, sociology, political science, anthropology, communication studies, and psychology., the use of self - reported data is often confounded with a number of biases, such as social - desirability bias ( alreck and settle, 1995 ). second, the use of a purely u. s. sample has a number of ramifications ramifications npl → auswirkungen pl for the generalizability of results. clearly the laws and social norms of the united states help shape each member of this nation ' s personal values and culture. specifically, the construct of confucian dynamism is grounded in asian values asian values was a concept that came into vogue in the 1990s, predicated on the belief in the existence in asian countries of a unique set of institutions and political ideologies which reflected the region ' s culture and history. which may cloud the present results. nonetheless, learning about this construct and its underlying values adds to our understanding of the cultural interface between u. s. and asian managers. a third limitation is that the claim by hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) that confucian dynamism measures time orientation may not be completely valid. while the values of persistence, respect for status, thrift and shame are claimed to be future - based values they could perhaps be better classified as work orientated confucian values. the values of stability, saving face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of greetings, favors and gifts ( purportedly pur · port · ed assumed to be such ; supposed : the purported author of the story. pur · port present and past values ) may also be in need of a better term. perhaps the term " socially orientated " confucian values is a stronger fit with these measures. finally, additional cultural factors regarding the sample, such as race, religion,


present and past values ) may also be in need of a better term. perhaps the term " socially orientated " confucian values is a stronger fit with these measures. finally, additional cultural factors regarding the sample, such as race, religion, economic status, and nationality nationality, in political theory, the quality of belonging to a nation, in the sense of a group united by various strong ties. among the usual ties are membership in the same general community, common customs, culture, tradition, history, and language., may have played a role in each individual ' s response. the results of this study have some interesting managerial implications as well. as the united states becomes more heterogeneous, with an increasing asian population, managers will need to develop a better understanding of the many diverse values in the work place. specifically, the results presented in this article suggest that there are certain values that are commonplace in u. s. managers ( i. e., uncertainty avoidance ) that are related to the asian notion of confucianism. thus, generalizations about diverse societies and how they view relationships to others and the environment may not be completely appropriate in the future. managers should focus on the value set of each individual when developing policies and determining who should deal with certain foreign trade partners. further, u. s. expatriates that are on foreign assignment in asia may also benefit from additional knowledge about the similarities and differences between their own value set and those of their asian counterparts. human resource managers may be interested in the cultural makeup makeup in the performing arts, material used by actors for cosmetic purposes and to help create the characters they play. not needed in greek and roman theatre because of the use of masks, makeup was used in the religious plays of medieval europe, in which the angels ' faces of employees to facilitate better job synergy the enhanced result of two or more people, groups or organizations working together. in other words, one and one equals three! it comes from the greek " synergia, " which means joint work and cooperative action.. for example, a person who is high in confucian dynamism may be interested in a position that deals with the future, such as planning or budgeting. individuals that possess strong uncertainty traits may not be best suited for positions that deal with many ambiguities, such as developing new sales territories overseas. managers in multinational firms may also be interested in using a similar scale when developing cultural training programs for expatriates. there is little doubt that if managers


for positions that deal with many ambiguities, such as developing new sales territories overseas. managers in multinational firms may also be interested in using a similar scale when developing cultural training programs for expatriates. there is little doubt that if managers can develop a stronger comprehension of the variety of values that exists within their own firms they will be in a stronger position when engaging in trade with firms from culturally diverse nations. at some point, researchers should investigate how confucian dynamism holds up at the individual level in asian nations. this is the logical extension of the present research project. other future studies should endeavor to analyze differences in age, gender, education, and religion and how they relate to the constructs employed in this study. overall, it is hoped that this research endeavor has advanced the development of an understanding of cultural values at the individual level of analysis. in the future, researchers may choose to replicate rep · li · cate 1. to duplicate, copy, reproduce, or repeat. 2. to reproduce or make an exact copy or copies of genetic material, a cell, or an organism. a repetition of an experiment or a procedure. this study in a different cultural environment or to perform a similar study in order to explore the relationship between confucian dynamism and other organizational constructs. abratt, r., d. nel and n. higgs. 1992. " an examination of the ethical beliefs of managers using selected scenarios in a cross - cultural environment. " journal of business ethics business ethics, the study and evaluation of decision making by businesses according to moral concepts and judgments. ethical questions range from practical, narrowly defined issues, such as a company ' s obligation to be honest with its customers, to broader social 11 : 29 - 35. adler, n. 1983. " cross - cultural management research : the ostrich ostrich, common name for a large flightless bird ( struthio camelus ) of africa and parts of sw asia, allied to the rhea, the emu and the extinct moa. it is the largest of living birds ; some males reach a height of 8 ft ( 244 cm ) and weigh from 200 to 300 lb and the trend. " academy of management review 8 ( 2 ) : 226 - 232. alreck, p. and r. settle. 1995. the survey research handbook ( 2nd edition ). homewood, il : irwin. chen, c., x. chen and j. meindl. 1998. " how can


232. alreck, p. and r. settle. 1995. the survey research handbook ( 2nd edition ). homewood, il : irwin. chen, c., x. chen and j. meindl. 1998. " how can cooperation be fostered? the cultural effects of individualism - collectivism. " academy of management review 23 ( 2 ) : 285 - 304. dorfman, p. and j. howell. 1988. " dimensions of national culture and effective leadership patterns : hofstede revisited. " in advances in international comparative management. eds. r. n. farmer and e. g. mcgoun. jai jai java advanced imaging jai justice et affaires interieures ( french : justice and home affairs ) jai journal of astm international jai just an idea jai jazz alliance international jai joint africa institute press. pp. 127 - 150. geletkanycz, m. 1997. " the salience sa · li · ence also sa · li · en · cy n. pl. sa · li · en · ces also sa · li · en · cies 1. the quality or condition of being salient. 2. a pronounced feature or part ; a highlight. noun 1. of ' culture ' s consequences ' : the effects of cultural values on top executive commitment to the status quo [ latin, the existing state of things at any given date. ] status quo ante bellum means the state of things before the war. the status quo to be preserved by a preliminary injunction is the last actual, peaceable, uncontested status which preceded the pending controversy.. " strategic management journal 18 : 8 : 615 - 634. hickson, d. 1996. " the asq asq american society for quality asq arab studies quarterly asq automated software quality asq administrative science quarterly asq ages & stages questionnaires asq allowable sale quantity asq ascension island ( dod radar ) years then and now through the eyes of a euro - brit. " administrative science quarterly administrative science quarterly, founded in 1956, is one of the most eminent academic journals in the field of organizational studies. it is published by cornell university. people claimed to have been involved as founders include james d. 41 : 217 - 228. hofstede, g. 1980. culture ' s consequences : international differences in work - related values. beverly hills beverly hills, city ( 1990 pop. 31, 971 ), los angeles co., s calif


217 - 228. hofstede, g. 1980. culture ' s consequences : international differences in work - related values. beverly hills beverly hills, city ( 1990 pop. 31, 971 ), los angeles co., s calif., completely surrounded by the city of los angeles ; inc. 1914. the largely residential city is home to many motion - picture and television personalities., ca : sage. _ _ _ _ _. 1983. " national cultures in four dimensions : a research - theory of cultural dimensions among nations. " international studies of management and organization 13 : 52 - 60. _ _ _ _ _. 1984. " the cultural relativity cultural relativity, n technique for understanding the various ways in which people explain their behavior. of the quality of life concept. " academy of management review 9 : 389 - 398. _ _ _ _ _ and m. h. bond. 1988. " the confucius connection : from cultural roots to economic growth. " organizational dynamics 16 ( 4 ) : 5 - 21. _ _ _ _ _. 1991. cultures and organizations : software of the mind. london : mcgraw - hill. husted, b., j. dozier dozier may be : lewis - beck, m. 1980. applied regression, an introduction. newbury park, ca : sage. rokeach, j. 1973. the nature of human values human values is the universal concept that preserves and enhances homo sapiens as a species, this applies to every human being on the present universe, anything against this values brings the consequence of a self species extermination event ( ssee ) like hate, racism or war.. new york new york, state, united states new york, middle atlantic state of the united states. it is bordered by vermont, massachusetts, connecticut, and the atlantic ocean ( e ), new jersey and pennsylvania ( s ), lakes erie and ontario and the canadian province of, ny : the free press. schlegelmilch, b. and d. robertson. 1995. " the influence of country and industry on ethical perceptions of senior executives in the u. s. and europe. " journal of international business studies 4th qtr. : 859 - 881. triandis, h. 1972. the analysis of subjective culture. new york, ny : wiley. _ _ _ _ _, k. leung, m. villareal, and f. clack. 1985. " allocentric versus idiocentric tendencies


h. 1972. the analysis of subjective culture. new york, ny : wiley. _ _ _ _ _, k. leung, m. villareal, and f. clack. 1985. " allocentric versus idiocentric tendencies : convergent and discriminant dis · crim · i · nant an expression used to distinguish or separate other expressions in a quantity or equation. validation. " journal of research in personality 19 : 395415. _ _ _ _ _, r. bontempo, m. villareal, m. asai, and n. lucca. 1988. " individualism and collectivism : cross - cultural perspectives on self - ingroup relationships. " journal of personality and social psychology the journal of personality and social psychology ( often referred to as jpsp ) is a monthly psychology journal of the american psychological association. it is considered one of the top journals in the fields of social and personality psychology. 54 ( 2 ) : 323 - 338. trompenaars, f. 1994. riding the waves of culture. new york, ny : irwin. vitell, s., s. nwachukwu and j. barnes. 1993. " the effects of culture on ethical decision - making : an application of hofstede ' s typology typology / ty · pol · o · gy / ( ti - pol´ah - je ) the study of types ; the science of classifying, as bacteria according to type. the study of types ; the science of classifying, as bacteria according to type.. " journal of business ethics 12 : 753 - 760. wines, w. and n. napier. 1992. " toward an understanding of cross - cultural ethics : a tentative model. " journal of business ethics 11 : 831 - 841. wyld, d., c. jones, and s. cappel. 1993. " nothing like the real thing? an empirical look at the use of managerial and non - managerial student subjects in ethical inquiry in management. " paper presented at the southern academy of management meeting, atlanta, ga. yeung, i. and r. tung. 1996. " achieving business success in confucian societies : the importance of guanxi ( connections ). " organizational dynamics autumn : 54 - 65. descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients variable mean s. d. 1 2 3 4 5 1 confuc 3. 17. 34 1. 00 2 indiv 2. 83. 61


less than ]. 05 results of multiple regression analysis past perceptions independent variables dependent variable : past std. beta t indiv. 034. 529 mascul. 011. 144 power. 081 1. 233 uncert -. 105 - 1. 571 [ + ] age. 030. 467 gender -. 035 -. 446 [ r. sup. 2 ]. 026 adjusted [ r. sup. 2 ]. 002 f. 5314 n = 255 ( +. ) p [ less than ]. 10 results of multiple regression analysis future perceptions independent variables dependent variable : future std. beta t indiv -. 092 - 1. 474 [ + ] mascul. 091 1. 217 power. 085 1. 360 uncert. 257 4. 005 [ * * * ] age. 025. 419 gender. 069. 915 [ r. sup. 2 ]. 104 adjusted [ r. sup. 2 ]. 083 f 4. 765 [ * * * ] n = 255 ( * * *. ) p [ less than ]. 001 ( +. ) p [ less than ]. 10 individualism vs. collectivism * group welfare is more important than individual rewards. * group success is more important than individual success. * being accepted by the members of your work group is very important. employees should only pursue their goals after considering the welfare of the group. * managers should encourage group loyalty even if individual goals suffer. * individuals may be expected to give up their goals in order to benefit group success. * it is important to have job requirements and instructions spelled out in detail so that employees always know what they are expected to do. * managers expect employees to closely follow instructions and procedures. * rules and regulations are important because they inform employees what the organization expects of them. * standard operating procedures standard operating procedure medtalk a technique, method or therapy performed ' by the book, ' using a standard protocol meeting internally or externally defined criteria ; a formal, written procedure that describes how specific lab operations are to be performed. are helpful to employees on the job. * instructions for operations are important for employees on the job. * meetings are usually run more effectively when they are chaired by a man. * it is more important for men to have a professional career than it is for women to have a professional career. * men usually solve problems with logical analysis ; women usually solve problems with intuition intuition


run more effectively when they are chaired by a man. * it is more important for men to have a professional career than it is for women to have a professional career. * men usually solve problems with logical analysis ; women usually solve problems with intuition intuition, in philosophy, way of knowing directly ; immediate apprehension. the greeks understood intuition to be the grasp of universal principles by the intelligence ( nous ), as distinguished from the fleeting impressions of the senses.. * solving organizational problems usually requires an active forcible forc · i · ble 1. effected against resistance through the use of force : the police used forcible restraint in order to subdue the assailant. 2. characterized by force ; powerful. approach which is typical of men. * it is preferable to have a man in a high level position rather than a woman. * managers should make most decisions without consulting subordinates. * it is frequently necessary for a manager to use authority and power when dealing with subordinates. * managers should seldom ask for the opinions of employees. * managers should avoid off - the - job social contacts with employees. * employees should not disagree with verb 1. disagree with - not be very easily digestible ; " spicy food disagrees with some people " hurt - give trouble or pain to ; " this exercise will hurt your back " management decisions. * managers should not delegate important tasks to employees. * managers must be persistent to accomplish objectives. * there is a hierarchy to on - the - job relationships and it should be observed. * a good manager knows how to economize e · con · o · mize v. e · con · o · mized, e · con · o · miz · ing, e · con · o · miz · es 1. to practice economy, as by avoiding waste or reducing expenditures. * it is important to have a conscience in business. * personal stability is not critical to success in business. * respect for tradition hampers performance. * the exchange of favors and gifts is not necessary to excel. * upholding one ' s personal image makes little difference in goal achievement. note : the individualism vs. collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and power distance scale items were developed by dorfman and howell ( 1988 ).


| shah jahan the magnificent | | " shah jahan on a globe " from the smithsonian institution | | reign | | 1628 - 1658 | | full name | | shahab - ud - din muhammad shah jahan | | born | | 1 may 1592 | | died | | 22 january 1666 ( aged 74 ) | | place of death | | agra | | wives | | akbarabadi mahal ( d. 1677 ) kandahari mahal ( b. 1594, m. 1609 ) mumtaz mahal ( b. 1593, m. 1612, d. 1631 ) hasina begum sahiba ( m. 1617 ) muti begum sahiba qudsia begum sahiba fatehpuri mahal sahiba ( d. after 1666 ) sarhindi begum sahiba ( d. after 1650 ) shrimati manbhavathi baiji lal sahiba ( m. 1626 ) | offspring | | jahanara begum, dara shukoh, shah shuja, roshanara begum, aurangzeb, murad baksh, gauhara begum | shahab uddin muhammad shah jahan i ( full title : al - sultan al - ' azam wal khaqan al - mukarram, abu ' l - muzaffar shihab ud - din muhammad, sahib - i - qiran - i - sani, shah jahan i padshah ghazi zillu ' llah [ firdaus - ashiyani ] ) ( also spelled shah jehan, shahjehan, urdu : شاه جہاں, persian : شاه جهان ( 5 january 1592 – 22 january 1666 ) was the ruler of the mughal empire in india from 1628 until 1658. the name shah jahan comes from persian meaning " king of the world. " he was the fifth mughal ruler after babur, humayun, akbar, and jahangir. while young, he was a favourite of akbar. even while very young, he could be pointed out to be the successor to the mughal throne after the death of jahangir. he succeeded to the throne upon his father ' s death in 1627. he is considered to be one of the greatest mughals and his reign has been called the golden age of mughals. like akbar, he was eager to expand his empire. the chief events of his reign were the destruction of the kingdom of ahmadnagar ( 1636 ),


one of the greatest mughals and his reign has been called the golden age of mughals. like akbar, he was eager to expand his empire. the chief events of his reign were the destruction of the kingdom of ahmadnagar ( 1636 ), the loss of kandahar to the persians ( 1653 ), and a second war against the deccan princes ( 1655 ). in 1658 he fell ill, and was confined by his son aurangzeb in the citadel of agra until his death in 1666. on the eve of his death in 1666, the mughal empire spanned almost 750, 000, 000 acres ( 3, 000, 000 km2 ), about 2 / 10 the size of modern india. the period of his reign was the golden age of mughal architecture. shah jahan erected many splendid monuments, the most famous of which is the taj mahal at agra built as a tomb for his wife mumtaz mahal ( birth name arjumand banu begum ). the pearl mosque at agra, the palace and great mosque at delhi also commemorate him. the celebrated peacock throne, said to be worth millions of dollars by modern estimates, also dates from his reign. he was the founder of shahjahanabad, now known as ' old delhi '. the important buildings of shah jahan were the diwan - i - am and diwan - i - khas in the fort of delhi, the jama masjid, the moti masjid and the taj. it is pointed out that the palace of delhi is the most magnificent in the east. shah jahan was born as prince khurram shihab - ud - din muhammad, in 1592 in lahore, pakistan as the third and favorite son of the emperor jahangir, his mother being a rathore rajput princess, known as princess jagat gosain who was jahangir ' s second wife. the name khurram - persian for ' joyful ' - was given by his grandfather akbar. his early years saw him receive a cultured, broad education and he distinguished himself in the martial arts and as a military commander while leading his father ' s armies in numerous campaigns - mewar ( 1615 ce, 1024 ah ), the deccan ( 1617 and 1621 ce, 1026 and 1030 ah ), kangra ( 1618 ce, 1027ah ). he was responsible for most of the territorial gains during his father ' s reign. he also demonstrated a precocious talent for building, impressing his father at


was very handsome... lal pointed out that aurangzeb may have been involved in " magnifying a rumour into a full - fledged scandal ", and wrote : " aurangzeb had disobeyed shahjahan, he had incarcerated him for years, but if he really helped give a twist to shahjahan ' s paternal love for jahan ara by turning it into a scandal, it was the unkindest cut of all his unfilial acts. " inheritance of power and wealth in the mughal empire was not determined through primogeniture, but by princely sons competing to achieve military successes and consolidating their power at court. this often led to rebellions and wars of succession. as a result, a complex political climate surrounded the mughal court in khurram ' s formative years. in 1611 his father married nur jahan, the widowed daughter of a afghan immigrant. she rapidly became an important member of jahangir ' s court and, together with her brother asaf khan, wielded considerable influence. arjumand was asaf khan ' s daughter and her marriage to khurrum consolidated nur jahan and asaf khan ' s positions at court. khurram ' s intense military successes of 1617 ce ( 1026 ah ) against the lodi in the deccan effectively secured the southern border of the empire and his grateful father rewarded him with the prestigious title ' shah jahan bahadur ' ( brave king of the world ) which implicitly sealed his inheritance. court intrigues, however, including nur jahan ' s decision to have her daughter from her first marriage wed shah jahan ' s youngest brother and her support for his claim to the throne led khurram, supported by mahabat khan, into open revolt against his father in 1622. the rebellion was quelled by jahangir ' s forces in 1626 and khurram was forced to submit unconditionally. upon the death of jahangir in 1627, khurram succeeded to the mughal throne as shah jahan, king of the world, the latter title alluding to his pride in his timurid roots. shah jahan ' s first act as ruler was to execute his chief rivals and imprison his step mother nur jahan. this allowed shan jahan to rule without contention. although his father ' s rule was generally peaceful, the empire was experiencing challenges by the end of his reign. shah jahan reversed this trend by putting down a islamic


his step mother nur jahan. this allowed shan jahan to rule without contention. although his father ' s rule was generally peaceful, the empire was experiencing challenges by the end of his reign. shah jahan reversed this trend by putting down a islamic rebellion in ahmednagar, repulsing the portuguese in bengal, capturing the rajput kingdoms of baglana and bundelkhand to the west and the northwest beyond the khyber pass. under his rule, the state became a huge military machine and the nobles and their contingents multiplied almost fourfold, as did the demands for more revenue from the peasantry. it was however a period of general stability — the administration was centralised and court affairs systematised. historiography and the arts increasingly became instruments of propaganda, where beautiful artworks or poetry expressed specific state ideologies which held that central power and hierarchical order would create balance and harmony. the empire continued to expand moderately during his reign but the first signs of an imperial decline were seen in the later years. under shah jahan the mughal empire attained its highest union of strength with magnificence. the land revenue of the mughal empire under shah jahan was 20¾ millions. the magnificence of shah jahan ’ s court was the wonder of european travelers. his peacock throne, with its trail blazing in the shifting natural colors of rubies, sapphires, and emeralds, was valued by the jeweler tavernier at 6½ millions sterling. his political efforts encouraged the emergence of large centres of commerce and crafts — such as lahore, delhi, agra, and ahmedabad — linked by roads and waterways to distant places and ports. he moved the capital from agra to delhi. under shah jahan ' s rule, mughal artistic and architectural achievements reached their zenith. shah jahan was a prolific builder with a highly refined aesthetic. he built the legendary taj mahal in agra as a tomb for his beloved wife, mumtaz mahal. among his other surviving buildings are the red fort and jama masjid in delhi, the shalimar gardens of lahore, sections of the lahore fort ( such as sheesh mahal, and naulakha pavilion ), and his father ' s mausoleum. legend has it that shah jahan wanted to build a black taj mahal for himself. there is no reputable scholarship to support this hypothesis, however, nor other horrific legends that shah jahan maimed, blinded, or killed those responsible for designing and building his tomb. his son aurangzeb led a rebellion when shah jahan became ill


no reputable scholarship to support this hypothesis, however, nor other horrific legends that shah jahan maimed, blinded, or killed those responsible for designing and building his tomb. his son aurangzeb led a rebellion when shah jahan became ill in 1657 ce ( 1067 ah ) and publicly executed his brother and the heir apparent dara shikoh. dara was the eldest of the sons of mumtaz mahal. dara had assumed the role of regent in his father ’ s stead which brought animosity towards him swiftly by his brothers. upon receiving this information, his younger brothers, shuja, viceroy of bengal, and marad, viceroy of gujarat, declared their independence, and marched upon agra in order to claim their riches. aurangzeb, the third son, the ablest and most virile of the brothers join them and being placed in chief command, attacked dara ' s army close to agra and completely defeated him. although shah jahan fully recovered from his illness, aurangzeb declared him incompetent to rule and put him under house arrest in agra fort. jahanara begum sahib, shan jahan ' s second daughter, voluntarily shared his 8 - year confinement and nursed him in his dotage. in january of 1666 ce ( 1076 ah ), shah jahan fell ill with strangury and dysentery. confined to bed, he became progressively weaker until, on 22 january, he commanded the ladies of the imperial court, particularly his consort of later years akbarabadi mahal, to the care of jahanara. after reciting the kalima and verses from the qu ' ran, he died. jahanara planned a state funeral which was to include a procession with shah jahan ' s body carried by eminent nobles followed by the notable citizens of agra and officials scattering coins for the poor and needy. aurangzeb refused to accommodate such ostentation and the body was washed in accordance with islamic rites, taken by river in a sandalwood coffin to the taj mahal and was interred there next to the body of his beloved wife mumtaz mahal. shah jahan exemplified one of the highest points in the mughal empire but also foreshadowed its downfall through the succession of emperors in the mughal line. with his accession and downfall at the hands of his sons aside, shah jahan can clearly be seen as a leader who changed the landscape of india dramatically in the course of his reign ; when you take into consideration


succession of emperors in the mughal line. with his accession and downfall at the hands of his sons aside, shah jahan can clearly be seen as a leader who changed the landscape of india dramatically in the course of his reign ; when you take into consideration that the legacy that brought him down as well as his great accomplishment, shah jahan gives us a great wealth of knowledge into the internal workings of an empire that was built from conquering, violence, and tolerance while alluding to the unstable hierarchy and the right to power in the mughal empire. he came to power through violence and betrayal and was ultimately brought down by the same means, exacerbating the legacy of the mughals. shah jahan has left behind a grand legacy of structures constructed during his reign. the most famous of these is the taj mahal in agra built to hold the tomb for his favorite wife, mumtaz mahal. upon his death, his son aurangazeb had him interred in it next to mumtaz mahal. among his other constructions are delhi fort also called the red fort or lal qila ( urdu ) in delhi, large sections of agra fort, the jama masjid ( grand mosque ), delhi, the wazir khan mosque, lahore, pakistan, the moti masjid ( pearl mosque ), lahore, the shalimar gardens in lahore, sections of the lahore fort, lahore, the jahangir mausoleum — his father ' s tomb, the construction of which was overseen by his stepmother nur jahan and the shahjahan mosque, thatta, pakistan. he also had the peacock throne, takht e taus, made to celebrate his rule. numerous accounts of shah jahan ' s personal life were recounted by contemporary european writers. like all his ancestors, shah jahan ' s court included many wives, concubines, and dancing girls. several european chroniclers have noted this. niccolao manucci wrote that " it would seem as if the only thing shah jahan cared for was the search for women to serve his pleasure " and " for this end he established a fair at his court. no one was allowed to enter except women of all ranks that is to say, great and small, rich and poor, but all beautiful. " when he was detained in the red fort at agra, aurangzeb permitted him to retain " the whole of his female establishment, including the singing and dancing women. " manucci notes that shah jahan didn ' t lose his " weakness for the flesh " even when


the red fort at agra, aurangzeb permitted him to retain " the whole of his female establishment, including the singing and dancing women. " manucci notes that shah jahan didn ' t lose his " weakness for the flesh " even when he had grown very old. however, most of the european travellers in india had access to such information primarily through bazaar gossip and not first hand. the song bone marrow by canadian band protest the hero makes references to / is about shah jahan. shah jahanborn : 5 january 1592 died : 31 january 1666 shah jahan ( fl. 1627 - 1658 ), mogul emperor of delhi, the fifth of the dynasty. after revolting against his father jahangir, as the latter had revolted against akbar, he succeeded to the throne on his father ' s death in 1627. it was during his reign that the mogul power attained its greatest prosperity. the chief events of his reign were the destruction of the kingdom of ahmadnagar ( 1636 ), the loss of kandahar to the persians ( 1653 ), and a second war against the deccan princes ( 1655 ). in 1658 he fell ill, and was confined by his son aurangzeb in the citadel of agra until his death in 1666. the period of his reign was the golden age of indian architecture. shah jahan erected many splendid monuments, the most famous of which is the taj mahal at agra, built as a tomb for his wife mumtaz mahal ; while the pearl mosque at agra and the palace and great mosque at delhi also commemorate him. the celebrated " peacock throne, " said to have been worth 6, 000, 000 also dates from his reign ; and he was the founder of the modern city of delhi, the native name of which is shahjahanabad. < < shah alam shah jahan, son of jahangir, son of akbar, son of humayun, son of babur son of unknown great grandson (? ) of taimur ( tamerlane ). regnal name : ghiyasuddin shah jahan name before ascending to the throne : shahzada ( prince ) khurram the name is also spelt shah jehan, or just shahjahan. dara shikoh, aurangzeb, jahanara begum,


an aerial view of downtown west bend wisconsin. | elevation | | 932 ft ( 284 m ) | | - annex of barton | | november 1, 1961 | | - summer ( dst ) | | cdt ( utc - 5 ) | | postal code | | 53095 or 53090 | location of west bend within wisconsin. west bend is a city in and the county seat of washington county, wisconsin, united states in southeastern wisconsin. the population was estimated to be 29, 894 people in 2008. the city has a strong german heritage. in 1845, the wisconsin territorial legislature authorized the building of a road to connect fond du lac and milwaukee. byron kilbourn, one of the highway commissioners, and jasper vliet, a surveyor, were put in charge of determining the route the road would take and of identifying a good halfway point for travelers. the path they chose is now u. s. route 45 and the rest stop is present - day west bend. because many people used the resting place it evolved into a popular area. the milwaukee river running through the town eventually played a major role in the city ' s history. it was because of the western bend in the river that west bend got its name. the river also produced enough energy to power saw mills and gristmills. the railroad arrived in in 1873, bringing with it more settlers and industrialization. at this time, west bend saw a growth spurt, and in 1885 the city officially became an incorporated wisconsin community. in 1845 early settler barton salisbury, while on a surveying trip up the milwaukee river, found a rapids that he believed would be a good source of power for a sawmill. he built a log hut on the west side of the river and the village of barton was born. on november 1, 1961, the city of west bend annexed the village of barton. in 2009, a controversy arose after a local couple complained about the presence of sexually explicit books in the young adult section of the west bend community memorial library. they circulated an online petition that called for the books to be labeled as explicit and moved to the adult section, as well as for the library to install internet content filters and purchase books that represented a balance of materials related to heterosexuality and homosexuality. the library board refused to change its policy or to restrict access to the books in question. as a result, the city ' s common council voted against reappointing four members of the library board, stating that they were " not serving the interest of the community. "


change its policy or to restrict access to the books in question. as a result, the city ' s common council voted against reappointing four members of the library board, stating that they were " not serving the interest of the community. " the christian civil liberties union also filed a claim against the west bend library, asking that francesca lia block ' s book baby be - bop be " burned or destroyed ", drawing further media attention to the local library dispute, though garning no support in the local area. on july 30, 2009, pew research center reported that the library controversy was the third most blogged about topic from july 20 - 24, behind news about president barack obama ' s first six months in office and gossip about the tv show dr. who, but drawing more attention in the blogosphere than the arrest of henry louis gates. according to the united states census bureau, the city has a total area of 12. 9 square miles ( 33. 5 km² ), of which 12. 7 square miles ( 32. 9 km² ) is land and 0. 2 square miles ( 0. 6 km² ) is water. the total area is 1. 86 % water. in 2008, the population of west bend was estimated to be 29, 894, an increase of 6. 2 % over 28, 152 people at the 2000 census. at the 2000 census, there were 28, 152 people, 11, 375 households and 7, 518 families residing in the city. the population density was 2, 218. 3 per square mile ( 856. 5 / km² ). there were 11, 926 housing units at an average density of 939. 7 / sq mi ( 362. 9 / km² ). the racial makeup of the city was 97. 30 % white, 0. 34 % black or african american, 0. 42 % native american, 0. 53 % asian, 0. 01 % pacific islander, 0. 61 % from other races, and 0. 79 % from two or more races. 1. 84 % of the population were hispanic or latino of any race. there were 11, 375 households of which 32. 7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53. 3 % were married couples living together, 9. 4 % had a female householder with no husband present, and 33. 9 % were non - families. 27. 5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.


% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33. 9 % were non - families. 27. 5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. the average household size was 2. 44 and the average family size was 3. 00. age distribution was 25. 5 % under the age of 18, 8. 6 % from 18 to 24, 31. 1 % from 25 to 44, 20. 3 % from 45 to 64, and 14. 4 % who were 65 years of age or older. the median age was 35 years. for every 100 females there were 93. 1 males. for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89. 6 males. the median household income was $ 48, 315, and the median family income was $ 56, 299. males had a median income of $ 39, 904 versus $ 23, 816 for females. the per capita income for the city was $ 22, 116. about 3. 4 % of families and 5. 0 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 5 % of those under age 18 and 3. 7 % of those age 65 or over. although many current residents of west bend work in neighboring communities, the city ' s economy has been historically based in manufacturing and financial services. west bend mutual insurance company was founded in the city in 1894 and west bend savings bank ( now westbury bank ) in 1926. the west bend aluminum company ( later the west bend company ) was founded in 1911 by bernhardt c. ziegler, and remained in west bend until 2003. ziegler had previously founded the securities brokerage company b. c. ziegler & co. in 1902. in 1915 robert h. rolf founded amity leather in downtown west bend, which eventually became the world ' s largest manufacturer of leather billfolds. amity leather left the city in 1996. the strong economy in west bend in the 1930s led ripley ' s believe it or not to claim that west bend was the only city in the united states that did not enter the great depression. in 1949, the printing company serigraph, inc. was founded in a garage in west bend and went on to employ people all over the world. the gehl company is also located in west bend. the west bend municipal airport is located three miles east of west bend. both share one campus, but are two separate academic schools there are the two public


on to employ people all over the world. the gehl company is also located in west bend. the west bend municipal airport is located three miles east of west bend. both share one campus, but are two separate academic schools there are the two public high schools in west bend, west bend east and west bend west. the two schools are located within the same building. the entire city is covered by a single school district. the university of wisconsin – washington county ( uwwc ) is located in the city, as is a campus of moraine park technical college. west bend is a city of trails. a paved riverwalk snakes through the city along the banks of the milwaukee river. the recently completed eisenbahn trail, a rails to trails project, has added another trail for walking, running, biking, and skating. west bend also has numerous parks and play areas. just north of downtown is regner park, which offers a wooded area for hiking, a baseball diamond, a community swimming pond with a beach, a fishing pond, and several softball and soccer fields. on the southeast side of the city is quaas creek park, home to the roman " doc " gonring athletic complex and quaas creek trail. this facility includes scenic bike / pedestrian trails, a canoe launch, three softball fields with two concession stands, and a children ' s playland area. this park was a community effort, funded with public and private donations, state and federal grants, and supported by efforts of the west bend athletic association and the west bend parks department. the city ' s downtown area has several specialty shops, an active night life and historic buildings. maxwell street days and german fest are two popular summer events held in the downtown. seafood fest is held every year at regner park on the first weekend in june. the farmer ' s market every saturday in downtown west bend is a place to buy fresh fruit, vegetables, and flowers. a more recent annual event in riverside park is jazzfest. activities include visiting historic downtown west bend or going for a ride in wisconsin ' s first indoor go - kart track ( stockys ). a theater, an ice skating rink, a locally - owned 1950s styled custard stand ( toucans ) and numerous coffee shops round out some of the entertainment options available. west bend is also home of the museum of wisconsin art, an art museum dedicated to showing the works of wisconsin artists. the old courthouse and old jailhouse museums and the new west bend co. / regal ware museum attract visitors


a forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell an asset at a certain future time for a certain price. it can be contrasted with a spot contract, which is an agreement to buy or sell an asset today. a forward contract is traded in the over - the - counter ( otc ) market, usually between two financial institutions or between a financial institution and one of its clients. however, this also means it is more difficult to reverse a position, as the counterparty must agree to cancel the contract. this also increases credit risk for both parties. forward contracts ability to lock in a purchase or sale price without incurring much direct cost makes it attractive for hedging as well as speculation. a example would help illustrate the mechanics of a forward contract. suppose on january 1, 2012 an indian textile exporter receives an order to supply his product to a big retail chain in the us. spot price of inr / us exchange rate is rs 45 / dollar. after six months, the exporter will receive $ 1 million ( rs 4. 5 crore ) for his products. since all his expenditure is in rupee term therefore he is exposed to currency risk. let ’ s assume that his cost of production is rs 4 crore. to avoid uncertainty, the exporter enters into a six - month forward contract with a bank ( with some fees ) at rs 45 to a dollar. so the exporter is hedged completely. if exchange rate appreciates to rs 35 after six months, then the exporter will receive rs 3. 5 crore after converting his $ 1 million and the rest rs 1 crore will be provided by the bank. if exchange rate depreciates to rs 60 / dollar then the exporter will receive rs 6 crore after conversion, but has to pay rs 1. 5 crore to the bank. so no matter what the situation, the exporter will end up with rs 4. 5 crore. the only risk exporter faces is counterparty risk ( what if the bank or the retail chain goes bankrupt ). futures contract are very similar to forward contract except they are exchange traded, or defined on standardised assets. the futures markets are characterised by the ability to use very high leverage relative to the stock market. futures can be used either to hedge or to speculate on the price movement of the underlying asset. for example, a producer of oil could use futures to lock in a certain price and reduce risk ( hedge ). on the other hand, anybody could speculate on the price movement of oil by going long or


dvt flying advice reassessed “ sitting in a window seat during a long flight can increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis, ” according to the daily telegraph. it has long been known that flying is associated with an increased risk of deep vein thrombosis ( dvt ), a type of serious blood clot in a major vein, but new us guidance has looked at a range of factors that could potentially raise the risk. those of you thinking of booking your summer holiday might be interested to know that flying in cramped budget seats, while often annoying, presented no greater risk than flying in business class. and while pricey booze available during a flight can prove wallet - damaging, the guidelines say there was no firm evidence that drinking it could bring on dvt. however, sitting by a window during a long - haul flight was associated with a greater risk because of the limited opportunities for walking around. people ’ s age, previous dvt and recent operations were among the other factors found to raise dvt risk. the evidence - based guidelines were produced by the american college of chest physicians to address the risk of both dvt after long - haul flights and the potentially fatal lung clots ( pulmonary embolisms ) that can follow. the guidelines also include recommendations about the best ways for travellers to reduce their risk of dvt. the guidelines seem to debunk the long - held assumption that a lack of legroom causes dvt. this much - debated phenomenon is often referred to as “ economy - class syndrome ”. what is “ economy - class syndrome ”? it is long established that inactivity is associated with dvt, and so some people believe that the lack of legroom when flying in economy class can increase the risk of developing a blood clot. this has led to the theoretical phenomenon being dubbed “ economy - class syndrome ”. some have also suggested that dehydration is more common during economy travel and may increase the risk of dvt. however, the existence of this so - called “ economy - class syndrome ” is controversial and has never been proven. what is dvt? deep vein thrombosis or dvt is when blood clots form in a deep vein. a clot that develops in a vein is also known as ‘ venous thrombosis ’. dvt most commonly affects the leg veins or deep veins in the pelvis. it can cause pain and swelling in the leg but in some cases


clot that develops in a vein is also known as ‘ venous thrombosis ’. dvt most commonly affects the leg veins or deep veins in the pelvis. it can cause pain and swelling in the leg but in some cases there may be no symptoms. dvt can lead to the potentially life - threatening condition known as a pulmonary embolism. this occurs when a clot breaks off into the bloodstream and travels to the chest, where it blocks one of the blood vessels in the lungs. experiencing dvt and pulmonary embolism together is known as venous thromboembolism ( vte ), which is a condition that can be life - threatening. each year more than 25, 000 people in england die from vte contracted in hospital. this is approximately 25 times the number of people who die from mrsa. vte occurs in hospitals as a result of patients lying sedentary in bed for extended periods following an operation. in recent years the nhs and department of health have run a major programme of measures to help reduce the rates of vte developed in hospitals. for example, many patients are now given a vte risk assessment when being booked into hospital. who is at risk of dvt? in the uk each year about one person in every 1, 000 is affected by dvt. anyone can develop it but there are certain known risk factors that include : - increasing age - previous venous thromboembolism - family history of thrombosis - medical conditions such as cancer and heart failure - inactivity ( for example after an operation or on a long - haul flight ) - being overweight or obese where has the advice come from? the advice comes from new evidence - based guidelines produced by the american college of chest physicians ( accp ). the findings were published in the february issue of the medical journal chest. the guidelines are extensive, running over hundreds of pages. they detail both the risk factors for dvt and measures to diagnose and prevent dvt. what do these guidelines tell us? the evidence review that informed the guidelines looked at a range of risk factors for the development of dvt in long - distance travellers. these included the use of oral contraceptives, sitting in a window seat, advanced age, dehydration, alcohol intake, pregnancy and sitting in an economy seat compared to business class. the reviewers conclude that developing dvt or pulmonary embolism from a long - distance flight


click the animation below to learn more. scoliosis is the lateral deviation of the spine and affects not only adults, but more commonly affects children and adolescents. 4 % of children aged 10 - 14 have detectable scoliosis. 60 - 80 % of those affected are girls. while most cases of childhood and adolescent scoliosis stop progressing once spinal maturity is reached, progression of the curve past spinal maturity is not uncommon. infantile - infantile scoliosis is a lateral spine deviation occurring during the first 3 years of life and is twice as common in males. approximately 74 - 97 % resolve on their own but those that do progress do so in a severe and disabling manner. this condition is, however, rare in north america. juvenile - juvenile scoliosis refers to scoliosis occurring in children aged 3 until the age of puberty - approximately 10 years of age. juvenile scoliosis can continue to progress in severity, and thus, monitoring every 3 - 6 months with radiographs is required. continual monitoring is performed through adolescence because of the high risk of progression. if progression occurs without appropriate treatment severe spinal deformity and cardiovascular compromise can result. adolescent - adolescent scoliosis is scoliosis detected in those who have reached puberty but have yet to reach adulthood. this is the most common type of idiopathic scoliosis ( unknown cause ). like juvenile scoliosis, adolescents should be monitored until spinal maturity is reached to prevent possible progression and future health problems. since the abnormal curvature may not be obvious upon inspection of the back, even to the trained eye, an uneven shoulder height or clothes not appearing to hang off the body symmetrically may be the first indication. also, a complaint of back pain, ache, discomfort or fatigue may be present. however, this does not generally occur until later stages after the spinal ligaments and muscles have been chronically irritated. while most cases of childhood and adolescent scoliosis stop progressing once spinal maturity is reached, progression of the curve past spinal maturity is not uncommon. if the lateral curvature continues to progress, cardiovascular compromise can result - ultimately leading to severe disability or death. scoliosis treatment in the child consists of : the goal is to eliminate discomfort and prevent progression of the lateral curvature. if the curvature continues to progress severe spinal deformity can occur resulting in physical disability and cardiovascular compromise.


all digital oscilloscopes measure by sampling the analog input signals and digitizing the values. when an oscilloscope samples an input signal, samples are taken at fixed intervals. at these intervals, the size of the input signal is converted to a number. the accuracy of this number depends on the resolution of the oscilloscope. the higher the resolution, the smaller the voltage steps in which the input range of the instrument is divided. the acquired numbers can be used for various purposes, e. g. to create a graph. the sinewave in the above picture is sampled at the dot positions. by connecting the adjacent samples, the original signal can be reconstructed from the samples. you can see the result in the next illustration. the rate at which samples are taken by the oscilloscope is called the sample frequency, the number of samples per second. a higher sample frequency corresponds to a shorter interval between the samples. as is visible in the picture below, with a higher sample frequency, the original signal can be reconstructed much better from the measured samples. the sample frequency must be higher than 2 times the highest frequency in the input signal. this is called the nyquist frequency. theoretically it is possible to reconstruct the input signal with more than 2 samples per period. in practice, at least 10 to 20 samples per period are recommended to be able to examine the signal thoroughly in an oscilloscope. when the sample frequency is not high enough, aliasing will occur. changing the sample frequency of an instrument in the multi channel software can be done in various different ways : when sampling an analog signal with a certain sampling frequency, signals appear in the output with frequencies equal to the sum and difference of the signal frequency and multiples of the sampling frequency. for example, when the sampling frequency is 1000 hz and the signal frequency is 1250 hz, the following signal frequencies will be present in the output data : | multiple of sampling frequency | | 1250 hz signal | | - 1250 hz signal | | - 1000 | | - 1000 + 1250 = | | 250 | | - 1000 - 1250 = | | - 2250 | | 0 | | 0 + 1250 = | | 1250 | | 0 - 1250 = | | - 1250 | | 1000 | | 1000 + 1250 = | | 2250 | | 1000 - 1250 = | | - 250 | | 2000 | | 2000 + 1250 = | | 3250 | | 2000 - 1250 = | | 750 |


| | 1000 | | 1000 + 1250 = | | 2250 | | 1000 - 1250 = | | - 250 | | 2000 | | 2000 + 1250 = | | 3250 | | 2000 - 1250 = | | 750 | as stated before, when sampling a signal, only frequencies lower than half the sampling frequency can be reconstructed. in this case the sampling frequency is 1000 hz, so we can we only observe signals with a frequency ranging from 0 to 500 hz. this means that from the resulting frequencies in the table, we can only see the 250 hz signal in the sampled data. this signal is called an alias of the original signal. if the sampling frequency is lower than 2 times the frequency of the input signal, aliasing will occur. the following illustration shows what happens. in this picture, the green input signal ( top ) is a triangular signal with a frequency of 1. 25 khz. the signal is sampled with a frequency of 1 khz. the corresponding sampling interval is 1 / ( 1000 hz ) = 1 ms. the positions at which the signal is sampled are depicted with the blue dots. the red dotted signal ( bottom ) is the result of the reconstruction. the period time of this triangular signal appears to be 4 ms, which corresponds to an apparent frequency ( alias ) of 250 hz ( 1. 25 khz - 1 khz ). in practice, to avoid aliasing, always start measuring at the highest sampling frequency and lower the sampling frequency if required. use function keys < f3 > ( lower ) and < f4 > ( higher ) to change the sampling fequency in a quick and easy way. the next illustration gives an example of what aliasing can look like. in this picture, a sine wave signal with a frequency of 257 khz is sampled at a frequency of 50 khz. the minimum sampling frequency for correct reconstruction is 514 khz. for proper analysis, the sampling frequency should have been approximately 5 mhz. with a given sampling frequency, the number of samples that is taken determines the duration of the measurement. this number of samples is called record length. increasing the record length, will increase the total measuring time. the result is that more of the measured signal is visible. in the images below, three measurements are displayed, one with a record length of 12 samples, one with 24 samples and one with 36 samples. the total duration of a measurement can easily be calculated, using the sampling frequency and the record length : measurement duration in seconds = record length in samples / sampling frequency in hz changing


length of 12 samples, one with 24 samples and one with 36 samples. the total duration of a measurement can easily be calculated, using the sampling frequency and the record length : measurement duration in seconds = record length in samples / sampling frequency in hz changing the record length of an instrument in the multi channel software can be done in various different ways : the combination of sampling frequency and record length forms the time base of an oscilloscope. to setup the time base properly, the total measurement duration and the required time resolution have to be taken in account. there are several ways to find the required time base setting. with the required measurement duration and sampling frequency, the required number of samples can be determined : record length in samples = measurement duration in seconds * sampling frequency in hz with a known record length in samples and the required measurement duration, the necessary sampling frequency can be calculated : sampling frequency in hz = record length in samples / measurement duration in seconds in the multi channel software, both record length and sampling frequency can be set independently, to give the best flexibility. they can be selected from menu ' s, using toobar buttons but also keyboard short cuts are available, for more information, refer to : the multi channel software also provides controls to change record length and sample frequency simultaneously to specific combinations to obtain certain time / div values : when digitizing the samples, the voltage at each sample time is converted to a number. this is done by comparing the voltage with a number of levels. the resulting number is the number of the highest level that ' s still lower than the voltage. the number of levels is determined by the resolution. the higher the resolution, the more levels are available and the more accurate the input signal can be reconstructed. in the image below, the same signal is digitized, using three different amounts of levels : 16, 32 and 64. the number of available levels is determined by the resolution : number of levels = 2 resolution in bits the used resolutions in the previous image are respectively : 4 bits, 5 bits and 6 bits. the smallest detectable voltage difference depends on the resolution and the input range. this voltage can be calculated as : minimum voltage = full scale range / number of levels in the 200 mv range, the full scale ranges from - 200 mv to + 200 mv, the full range is 400 mv. when a 12 bit resolution is used, there are 212 = 4096 levels. this results in a smallest detectable voltage step of 0. 400 v / 4096 = 97. 7 µv.


the two infants, 11 months and eight months old, suffered from a rare life - threatening disorder called severe combined immunodeficiency. because a genetic mutation kept their immune systems from fending off even the most innocuous infections, both faced lifelong confinement in sterile shielded environments. now, 10 months after undergoing treatment in france to correct the defect, these " bubble babies " are out of their bubbles - - back at home and acting for all the world like normal babies. doctors have successfully treated many young scid patients before with various types of bone - marrow transplants. what distinguishes these two babies, researchers reported in science last week, is that they are the first to be treated, apparently successfully, entirely by gene therapy. says dr. alain fischer, who headed the gene team at hopital necker - enfants malades in paris : " preliminary evidence is of a faster and more complete immune reconstitution after gene therapy. " typically, gene therapists use viruses to deliver replacement genes into a patient ' s body. in a slight variation on that strategy, fischer and his colleagues removed some of the children ' s bone marrow, sorted out the cells they needed and infected them with the gene - bearing virus. then the researchers injected the treated cells back into their young patients. within two weeks, the children started showing signs of a healthy immune system. the true test will come as doctors at other medical centers try to replicate fischer ' s treatment. no one wants to sound too optimistic, particularly in light of the death from an unrelated gene therapy of an american six months ago. but for scid at least, it ' s starting to look like gene therapy could be a winner. - - by christine gorman


in 1886, on this day robert louis stevenson published his now - famous work " kidnapped : a tale of the ' 45 ". the story of the gallant and courageous alan breck stewart and his hapless victim, lord president duncan forbes of culloden captured the visual imagination of the reading public all around the british isles. alan breck, a former soldier in the pay of king george ii who deserted to the jacobite cause in the aftermath of the battle of prestonpans, would become a legendary figure in the eyes of his jacobite comrades and the most famous ( or infamous, depending upon one ' s own personal loyalties ) member of the stewart clan. lord president forbes ' s adventures as the unwilling companion of the younger alan breck, on the other hand, would cement his status and legacy as one of the more humorously tragic figures of the ' 45 rebellion. an alternate " tale of the ' 45 " by jared myersthe whole affair began in the aftermath of the jacobite invasion of england, when lord president forbes took it upon himself to gain the ear of various highland chieftains throughout the north of scotlandand, in effect, bribe them with government monies to either remain neutral in the current conflict or to raise companies in support of george ii to fight against the jacobite rebels. his first move, albeit belated, was to ensure the loyalty of the campbells of argyll to the government, which would then have gained the loyalty of every campbell sect throughout the highlands. through shrewd diplomacy and more than a few guineas, he achieved this objective, and the campbells to a man put aside their previous neutrality and declared for king george ii with the duke of argyll at their head. it seemed that no sooner had the disheartened jacobites retreated to scotland with the duke of cumberland hot pursuit than word came that they had a campbell army of nearly a thousand men preparing to hold the highlands for the hanoverians. lord president forbes had intended the campbell army to be the death - knell of the rebellion, believing that the jacobite forces would be too discouraged to face a new threat in front of them with the english at their back ( as a precaution, he continued to attempt to bribe any clan that had not taken up arms for the jacobites, most notably the grants and the macleods ). as fate would have it, nothing could have been further from the truth. with many of the clans in service to prince charlie being mortal enemies of clan campbell, the thought of engaging their hated enemy brought new zeal and vigor


the macleods ). as fate would have it, nothing could have been further from the truth. with many of the clans in service to prince charlie being mortal enemies of clan campbell, the thought of engaging their hated enemy brought new zeal and vigor into their hearts and breathed new life into the stuart cause. lord george murray, with the full consent and approval of the bonnie prince, ordered the rebels north to retake the highlands, anticipating ( and as it turned out, rightly so ) that cumberland would break off his pursuit of the jacobites to retake edinburgh and glasgow. it was around this time that the now - celebrated plot became the brainchild of the brave alan breck stewart. gaining an audience with prince charles and lord george, he convinced both commanders that forbes and his bribery money was a greater threat to the stuart cause than the entire campbell army, and offered himself as the remedy. " turn me loose, and i ' ll tak ' oot the bluidy churl ", was his now - famous line. given leave to do just that, alan breck chose 8 companions from among his appin clansmen ( earning for themselves the nickname " 9 men of appin " ) to accompany him on his quest. learning that forbes was on his way to skye to meet with ( and bribe ) the macleods into allying with the campbells, breck and his comrades force - marched their way to the outskirts of fort william ( whose garrison had been recalled to dundee at the onset of the ' 45 ), where they lay in wait for their target and intercepted his carriage 16 hours later as it proceeded on its way to skye. so it was that instead of being an emissary for king george ii to the macleods of skye, forbes found himself the kidnapped guest of alan breck stewart - and thus was born the future title of robert louis stevenson ' s immortal novel. the news of forbes ' s capture spread like wildfire around the countryside of fort william, which was built upon the ancient lands of clan cameron. by his bold action, alan breck not only captured a great enemy of the jacobite cause, but also won more cameron recruits to the stuart cause. he sent the new recruits southward to join the main rebel army and take the news of his success to lord george, but instead of taking forbes back to the jacobite army himself ( as was the original plan ), breck came up with a new plan that was simultaneously bold, daring, and not a least bit dangerous - he continued with his app


to lord george, but instead of taking forbes back to the jacobite army himself ( as was the original plan ), breck came up with a new plan that was simultaneously bold, daring, and not a least bit dangerous - he continued with his appin comrades ( and an unwilling forbes and his government monies ) to skye, in order to gain an audience with the macleods. it was to forbes ' s shock ( and the appin men ' s humor ) that he looked on as alan breck bribed the macleod chieftains ( with great success ) with government money to take up arms - for the stuart cause! oh, what poetic justice it was for forbes to watch king george ' s money bring clan macleod to field for king james! thus did robert louis stevenson write about the adventures of alan breck and the " kidnapped " duncan forbes, as they roved the highlands of scotland together in service of the jacobite cause - one man ( breck ) willingly so, the other ( forbes ) most unwilling and with no choice in the matter as a prisoner of the aforementioned man. duncan forbes was forced to watch ( and often ridiculed ) as clans that he originally intended to turn against bonnie prince charlie now joined the jacobites and swore allegiance to the stuart monarchy, and were paid for it with hanoverian pounds that had been meant for the opposite purpose. forbes had set out to prevent a general rising of the clans for prince charlie - now, as the prisoner and forced companion of alan breck, he was watching that very thing happen before his eyes. together they were entertained by the arthurs, the buchans, the calders, the craigs, the davidsons, the drummonds, the fletchers, the gayres, the grants, the gunns, the hendersons, the hunters, the keiths, the kincaids, the lamonts, the mathesons, the menzies, the moncreiffes, the morrisons, the munros, the ogilvies, the oliphants, the rattrays, the spaldings, the sutherlands, and any clan with half - a - dozen fighting men that had not already declared for king james and prince charlie. where appealing to old allegiances weren ' t enough, hanoverian guineas changed hands, and the white cockade began appearing all over the highlands while hundreds, then thousands, of clansmen marched in support of the stuart cause, as did alan breck, his men of appin, the remainder of