in the mid to late 19th century. drew acquired a degree in medicine from washington university in baltimore before relocating to florida to establish a practice in jacksonville. drew quickly became a leading citizen and, being an ardent union man, held the post of state comptroller during the post civil war reconstruction. drew was a leading figure in the development of florida following the civil war. his influence impacted the course and development of state railways, canals, drainage projects, and other civil world. cartographically he is best known for the publication of his " new map of the state of florida ", which, through numerous editions and revisions, chronicles the history and development of the state during a critical period. this map is now extremely scarce in any edition. columbus drew passed his publishing company to his son, horace drew, who continued to publish an update drew ' s important map. the drew family became leading citizens in jacksonville and today their historic victorian home enjoys landmark status. click here for a list of maps by the horace and columbus drew. size : printed area measures 25 in height x 26 inches in width ( 63. 5 x 66. 04 centimeters ) condition : very good. minor discolorations along original fold lines. professionally removed from binder ( included ) and flattened. code : florida - drew - 1884 ( to order by phone call : 646 - 320 - 8650 ) © geographicus rare antique maps, kevin brown, 19 / 6 / 2013


published by the american geological institute newsmagazine of the earth sciences monday, jan. 29 : a preliminary magnitude - 7. 9 earthquake struck india at 8 : 46 a. m. on jan. 26. the death toll, originally estimated at 1, 100, reached 20, 000 by monday morning. most of the casualties were reported from the state of gujarat in western india, mainly in the cities of bhuj and ahmedabad. the depth of the earthquake was 23. 6 kilometers and felt as far as pakistan and nepal. this is the fifth earthquake in january to reach a magnitude of 7. 0 or higher. geotimes is working to provide readers with up - to - the - minute reports from other news services. the links below provide information on news stories about the event in addition to information about the science behind the the geologic disaster. [ image at right taken from a probabilistic seismic hazard map of india and adjoining regions by s. c. bhatia, m. ravi kumar and h k gupta of the national geophysical research institute, hyderabad, india. ] incorporated research institutions for seismology ( iris ) special events : usgs earthquake hazards program : usgs earthquake bulletin and map : care international relief efforts : india development and relief fund : times of india online : link to several stories on the earthquake from today ’ s home page. the times of india also has a link to a photo gallery specifically for this earthquake. press trust of india : the hindu news update service :


sizing up earthquake damage : differing points of view when a catastrophic event strikes an urban area, many different professionals hit the ground running. emergency responders respond, reporters report, and scientists and engineers collect and analyze data. journalists and scientists may share interest in these events, but they have very different missions. to a journalist, earthquake damage is news. to a scientist or engineer, earthquake damage represents a valuable source of data that can help us understand how strongly the ground shook as well as how particular structures responded to the shaking. media reports and private accounts can provide important information about an earthquake ’ s impact. but a recent study co - authored by prabhas pande, director of the earthquake geology division of the geological survey of india, and susan hough, published in the april issue of the bulletin of the seismological society of america, illustrates how scientists can potentially be led astray by failing to recognize that written accounts tend to emphasize especially dramatic events rather than representative, overall effects. for a journalist, the news is what happened. when mid - rise buildings collapsed in mexico city in 1985, that was big news. when the nimitz freeway collapsed in oakland in 1989, that was big news. in any earthquake, the most dramatic damage is the biggest story. if nothing, or not much, happens, that isn ’ t news. modest earthquake effects will merit a much smaller story, if one at all. those who experience an earthquake use the same sort of selection process in relaying what happened, either orally or in correspondence. when people experience something dramatic, they are apt to write letters — or, these days, e - mail messages. as a rule, people don ’ t tend to write to say, “ we didn ’ t feel the earthquake that happened last tuesday. ” for the scientist or engineer, however, the damage that didn ’ t happen can be every bit as important as the damage that did happen. an engineer knows, for example, that isolated damage might not reflect how hard the ground was shaking because in any area, buildings that are relatively poorly built are especially susceptible to damage. the issue of bias in media reports looms especially large for those earthquakes historically important for their impact on society or their physical devastation or both, such as the one that took place in charleston, s. c., in 1886. as no modern instruments were available to estimate earthquake magnitudes before the late 19th century, scientists measure this by quantifying the distribution of damage and other effects, such as the area over which the shaking


charleston, s. c., in 1886. as no modern instruments were available to estimate earthquake magnitudes before the late 19th century, scientists measure this by quantifying the distribution of damage and other effects, such as the area over which the shaking was felt, and then comparing the results to the effects of modern earthquakes for which a magnitude can be determined. however, the older the earthquake, the more sparse the written record. after the charleston earthquake struck, clarence dutton — an army captain working for the u. s. geological survey — set out to systematically compile every available account. thanks largely to his efforts, we have accounts of this earthquake from almost a thousand locations. no similar compilation was made after the so - called new madrid sequence of large earthquakes struck the mid - continent during the winter of 1811 to 1812. for these earthquakes, seismologists have turned to extensive archival searches to unearth written records squirreled away in old newspapers, diaries and letters. this sleuthing has turned up accounts from only about a hundred locations for each of the three largest new madrid earthquakes. written accounts of an earthquake ’ s effects are obviously quite different from a modern seismogram, but both types of observations represent data. to analyze written accounts of earthquake effects, the seismologist first assigns an intensity value based on the severity of documented effects. intensity values differ from magnitude values in that the latter reflect the size of the earthquake itself, whereas intensity reflects the severity of shaking at a particular location. confusions sometimes arise because intensity and magnitude values span a similar range. in fact, the magnitude scale is open - ended, and tiny earthquakes can have negative magnitudes. intensity values, usually denoted by roman numerals, are defined to span a range of i to x. intensity i corresponds to shaking that is not felt while intensity x corresponds to shaking that is strong enough to cause significant damage to even well - built modern structures. as intensity values are assigned to old, often brief, archival accounts, one question often rattles in the back of seismologists ’ minds : do available accounts provide a good overview of an earthquake ’ s effects? the nagging voice suspects the answer is no. but how does one evaluate information that isn ’ t there? if the only available account of an earthquake just describes damage done to adobe houses in a certain town, it is hard to know if they were the especially poorly built structures in that area or not. sometimes more recent newspaper articles are helpful in this regard, for example, noting that adobe buildings collapsed while


describes damage done to adobe houses in a certain town, it is hard to know if they were the especially poorly built structures in that area or not. sometimes more recent newspaper articles are helpful in this regard, for example, noting that adobe buildings collapsed while wood - frame houses were only lightly damaged. but often older newspapers are less helpful and the seismologist is left guessing. the 2001 bhuj, india, earthquake provided a unique opportunity to quantify the media bias. this magnitude - 7. 6 earthquake struck western india on jan. 26, 2001, claiming nearly 20, 000 lives and causing extensive damage throughout the state of gujarat. immediately after the earthquake, seismologists realized that damage surveys would be invaluable because the earthquake was only recorded on a handful of instruments within india, none of them very close to bhuj. an early study analyzed media accounts of the earthquake published on the web and in local newspapers to assign intensity values for more than 200 locations in india and pakistan. in the meantime, the geological survey of india sent out teams to survey the damage directly. these teams were charged specifically with assessing the overall severity of earthquake effects in towns throughout india. when their map was complete, it could be compared in detail with the media ’ s map. the comparison revealed that the two approaches yielded similar results for low intensities. when media accounts report that an earthquake was lightly felt in a certain town, it appears that such accounts tend to be representative. but in regions where damage occurred, the suspicious nagging voice proves to be correct : intensity values based on media accounts were systemically biased toward higher values than those based on direct surveys. the availability of two independent intensity surveys for the bhuj earthquake allowed media bias to be analyzed in some detail — but only for this particular earthquake. it is not clear that reporting in modern newspapers and web sites is comparable to that in newspapers and private letters from 100 or 200 years ago. however, the results of the bhuj comparison provide at least a preliminary quantification of how older archival accounts might be biased. on an encouraging note, the results suggest that archival accounts of historical earthquakes can provide a good indication of the area over which shaking was felt. comparing the extent that historical and modern earthquakes were felt therefore may yield more reliable results than comparing the extent of damage. this study also serves as a reminder that the news media past and present can help seismologists do their job, but it remains part of the seismologist ’ s job to understand the nature — and the


i do a lesson with tints and shades that requires no drawing skills. the kids make a large triangular banner using their first or last initial - usually 24x18 or 24x36 if you have that sized paper. they make the letter on a piece of 9x12 size paper. they can embellish a simple block or puffy letter with a few swirls or whatever, but keep it simple enough to paint in the shape with whatever their color choice is. then transfer the letter onto the triangle, near the center of the upper part of the wide end. i have them tape the letter in place behind the triangle and trace through on the light box or at the window. this is a monochromatic painting the way i do it with my 3rd graders. the choose one color and use it straight from the bottle to paint the letter shape. this is the only shape with unmixed colors. then they divide the background behind the letter into large shapes using straight or curved lines ( nothing too nervous, if you know what i mean. just simple lines ). i usually limit the number of extra shapes to about 10 - 12 and remind the kids that the letter is the star of this show, not the background then they start with tints ( color plus white ) and paint in half the shapes. do the same with shades ( color plus black ) to finish the background area. when dry, we outline with a wide sharpie marker to neaten up the painted edges between shapes and around the letter. sometimes we edge the whole thing with colored construction paper strips to make the banner a bit more concepts used are always mixing from light to dark to avoid needing gallons of white paint to lighten up a dark blue, for example. start with the lightest tint and paint a shape, progressing darker by adding into that bowl more of the prime color. same with shades, starting with a drop of black into the prime color, painting a shape, and progressing with more black til all the shapes are done. saves a lot of paint that way! the kids usually pick a color that will match their bedroom at home. my third graders love this project and look forward to it each year. if you need a photo, i can take one and send it tomorrow. i am off mondays.


fukushima visit for university of glasgow scientist issued : tue, 28 feb 2012 09 : 15 : 00 gmt a university of glasgow academic is flying to japan to visit the fukushima prefecture, where three nuclear reactors were seriously damaged in the earthquake and subsequent tsunami of march 2011. david sanderson, professor of environmental physics at the scottish universities environmental research centre ( suerc ), will be in japan between 28 february and 9 march following an invitation from fukushima university, where scientists are working to map and measure the area ’ s radiation levels. he will tour fukushima city and surrounding areas and deliver speeches to academics and government officials on environmental radiation and how mobile and airborne gamma ray spectrometry techniques can be used to map areas affected by radiation. he will take a portable gamma ray sensor system to demonstrate a method of radiation measurement developed at suerc. the information collected by the backpack - mounted sensor can be used to build a visual map of the radiation levels in any given location. professor sanderson expects to examine radiation levels on the campus of fukushima university and in areas within the prefecture which have been affected by the accident. significant amounts of radioactive material were released into the air last year when three of the reactors at the fukushima daiichi power plant melted down and caused explosions. scientists at suerc, a collaboration between the universities of glasgow and edinburgh, subsequently detected radioactive iodine particles from the plant in the atmosphere over glasgow, which had been carried by air currents from fukushima. professor sanderson said : “ after the earthquake struck and the scale of the problems unfolding at fukushima became clear, the team at suerc helped advise uk authorities of elevated levels of radiation found in scotland and offered assistance to the international atomic energy agency. “ i ’ ll be visiting the week before the first anniversary of the earthquake on 11 march. i ’ ll be speaking about suerc ’ s work and the environmental consequences of past nuclear accidents to audiences at fukushima university and the national institute for enviromental science, and visiting the agriculture, forestry and fisheries research council in tsukuba. “ i expect the visit will provide a valuable exchange of information and ideas with japanese academics as well as an opportunity to see for myself how the area is dealing with the lingering after - effects of the earthquake. “ at the end of march, four scientists from fukushima university will come to east kilbride to visit suerc ’ s headquarters. i look forward to continuing our conversations and exploring new opportunities for collaborations which could be of wide - ranging benefit in the


at the end of march, four scientists from fukushima university will come to east kilbride to visit suerc ’ s headquarters. i look forward to continuing our conversations and exploring new opportunities for collaborations which could be of wide - ranging benefit in the field of environmental radiation detection. ” professor sanderson ’ s visit to japan is funded by the great britain sasakawa foundation, which promotes uk - japanese relations, and the university of glasgow ’ s college of science and engineering. for more information contact ross barker in the university of glasgow media relations office on 0141 330 8593 or email firstname. lastname @ example. org notes to editors about suerc : suerc ’ s mission is to perform, stimulate and support high quality basic, applied and strategic research, within the scottish university community and beyond, in the earth, environmental and biomedical sciences through development and maintenance of high - end analytical facilities, inter - disciplinary exchange and collaborative interaction. suerc provides a focus in scotland for high quality research through its own research programme and by assisting partner universities successfully to bid for research grants and deliver research outputs. through teaching and training, suerc contributes to the future supply of highly able scientists. commercial research and testing is a valuable source of additional income and frequently contributes to national welfare and security. suerc is operated jointly and funded equally by the universities of glasgow and edinburgh and, through a memorandum of understanding, aberdeen university is an associate member. links to several other scottish institutions are illustrated by suerc ’ s lead role in the research pooling initiatives, sages, the scottish alliance for geoscience, environment and society, and ecosse, the edinburgh collaborative of sub - surface science and engineering. < < university news


a first nations sense of place it has often been said that canadian literature, especially the novel, is distinguished by “ a sense of place ” which reflects in a very distinct way the historical and geographical realities of this nation. in part, this is the result of canada being a vast land of “ regions ” that are clearly demarcated by formidable topographical features — the mighty st. lawrence river and the great lakes ( the largest freshwater inland waterway in the world ), the ancient mountains that form the canadian shield, the immense prairie lands to the west of lake superior, the daunting rocky mountains ( themselves a major barrier to expansion ), and the sub - arctic and arctic regions to the north. the “ flow ” of canadian history from east to west was therefore fraught with many natural obstacles and many trials and tribulations. as was the case in many other areas of the world, the evolution of canada frequently involved a clash of cultures with its first nations peoples whose indigenous sense of place often was at odds with that of the european newcomers. in the north america of the 21st century — a society that is once again in the throes of rapid and powerful social change — it can be difficult to put one ’ s quite normal ethnocentric presumptions aside in order to fully understand and appreciate how the first peoples lived here for thousands of years before the arrival of europeans, and the subsequent and frequent usurpation of land that ensues. a visit to the siksika nation ( the blackfoot of alberta ) is a case study of an aboriginal sense of place that differs in many ways from both the preconceived notions that many of the europeans held before their arrival, and conceptually different from the european relationship to the land. an encounter ( however brief ) with the siksika nation ( and the blackfoot crossing national historic site ) south - east of calgary, will allow you a glimpse and a new appreciation of this distinct sense of place in part because the physical landscape will have a powerful sensory effect on you. and when you delve into the history and culture of the siksika, you will discover that the sense of place is inextricably linked to a sense of time. because, as we often say, “ we travel to discover the diversity of the human experience and in so doing, discover the commonality, ” the gift that the blackfoot will give you is an enhanced sense of both place and time — yours, theirs, and all others on this planet.


travel to discover the diversity of the human experience and in so doing, discover the commonality, ” the gift that the blackfoot will give you is an enhanced sense of both place and time — yours, theirs, and all others on this planet. a visit to the siksika nation is an experience in the dynamism and endurance of human culture. a first look the event was a community affair ; we had been invited to attend the unofficial inauguration of the magnificent siksika nation - blackfoot crossing historical park interpretive centre. in many respects it was like an enormous family picnic during which a great deal of inter - generational bonding was going on. on another level, it was a soft - spoken but triumphant celebration of thousands of years of siksika history ; a validation and reconfirmation of the soul of a people. it was a day for reconnecting through low - key speeches, exhibits, various cultural demonstrations and displays, a focus on eldership and storytelling, visits to the strategic moments in time nearby, and a traditional feast. but this first look was primarily for family and friends. the official vip public inauguration would come later. this was a day on which the siksika would quietly assume ownership once again of their heritage. we had made our way to the siksika nation across very windy and rather damp grasslands. dark theatrical clouds formed, reformed, and shifted across the vast prairie sky. on this day, nature seemed to be cautioning us to take care, and to be prepared to take shelter if necessary. turning south from the transcanada highway, we entered the siksika nation reservation and followed a road along which there were few of the usual indicators that mark the route being followed. and yet there was a subtle sense of direction as if the slightly rolling landscape was gently urging us onward. we went with the flow until up ahead there appeared an apparition, at an indeterminate distance. initially it looked like sailing ships about to slip over the horizon. and then as we came closer, the lofty, tent - like structures defined themselves, and stood out starkly against the moody sky. i was reminded of the approach to the great gothic cathedral of chartres across the pastoral countryside of rural france. as we pulled into the parking lot, i was drawn to the sight of three traditional teepees standing self - assured on a low hill, somewhat of an anomaly itself in the flat prairie landscape we had just traversed. behind them the siksika had erected a long white dining


lot, i was drawn to the sight of three traditional teepees standing self - assured on a low hill, somewhat of an anomaly itself in the flat prairie landscape we had just traversed. behind them the siksika had erected a long white dining tent of modern materials and design but with a sculptured look that provided a perfect contrasting background. this initial “ visual ” also established what would be a key theme for the day, the artful blend of time past and time present. looking back, looking forward as we reached the top of the low - rising hill, we looked out over a magnificent landscape, one small part of the ancestral lands of the siksika. the panoramic view is of the blackfoot crossing, a low - lying valley and wooded area that embraces the gently meandering bow river. this was also a transit area for aboriginal hunters and their prey ( primarily the great buffalo herds ) for thousands of years. later it was a crucial crossing point for explorers as they began to open the west to the european newcomers. looking to our left, we saw for the first time, the new interpretive centre. its design is a masterful combination of structural configurations and architectural themes that embody the traditional and the futuristic. facing westward over the valley, its prominence in the landscape is striking but not overwhelming. the symmetry of this state - of - the - art structure creates a very successful blend with the natural environment of the prairie that surrounds it, and the valley over which it presides. there is a sense of vigilance inherent in the design and the placement of the centre on the edge of the escarpment. the architects have skillfully interpreted the watchfulness and serenity of the environs ; there is also a sense of the sacred in the building. visions, eco - awareness, and iconography the interpretive centre is an architectural tour de force that personifies the siksika culture and ethos. it is a conceptual building that also embodies in its physical structure the ancient stories and metaphors of the nation it celebrates. it is a highly integrated structure that “ flows, ” following the patterns inherent in the landscape. not only does the new centre look over an important historic site, it is also a window onto a unique environmental site ; the largest prairie riparian ( riverbank ) ecosystem still in existence on the planet. riparian environmental zones are important because of their role in soil conservation, bio - diversity, and for their life - sustaining qualities. the centre is also a complex


; the largest prairie riparian ( riverbank ) ecosystem still in existence on the planet. riparian environmental zones are important because of their role in soil conservation, bio - diversity, and for their life - sustaining qualities. the centre is also a complex iconic structure, a testament to the aboriginal way of life in which the interconnectedness and interdependence of all things are understood on a profound ( often non - verbal ) level. like any creative endeavour, the creators of this centre took risks. in striving for excellence one may just miss the mark and the end - product may actually diminish the impact of the intended message. this is not the case with the blackfoot crossing interpretive centre. in integrating the theme and metaphor of the teepee in the design of the centre, the architects ( and the siksika elders who advised them and contributed their inherited wisdom ) did indeed risk creating an imitation of a cultural and geographical heritage. however, because the process was a truly shared experience, what they have produced is true to the siksika consciousness, and at the same time innovative. the building is a living metaphor for the natural balance that is at the core of the siksika belief system ; and it is also successful in leaving a soft footprint on the land. the approach to the centre up an s - curved lane sets the tone of following the landscape. to the left of the entranceway are a series of buffalo rub rocks, highly polished boulders that bison over the millennia have used to rub against in an attempt to remove mosquitoes and other insects. these rub rocks are in a way touchstones to the past when the great herds of bison roamed these grasslands, and were hunted by the forbears of the siksika and other nations. the bison that is part of the coat of arms of the siksika is representative of this animal which is sacred to them given that it sustained their ancestors in many ways. the overall spoke - like design of the building also is a link to the past, and representative of the medicine wheels ; large stone circles still found throughout alberta which confirm the existence of some of the earliest peoples on the great plains of north america. as you explore the centre, you do so gradually as if you were being led by spirits. approaching it from the east entrance ( protected from the prevailing westerly winds ) you also see how the roof of the building incorporates and repeats the theme of the teepee, seven sacred tepees in fact. it is not difficult to imagine the centre


approaching it from the east entrance ( protected from the prevailing westerly winds ) you also see how the roof of the building incorporates and repeats the theme of the teepee, seven sacred tepees in fact. it is not difficult to imagine the centre from “ a bird ’ s eye view ” ; the planned and fortuitous positioning of the building takes into account all points of reference in this prairie environment. you enter the centre under a feature that i particularly admired, a luminous coloured glass eagle feather fan. the eagle is of course sacred to the siksika ; and this luminosity is a central motif in the centre as you immediately realize on entering. the seven sacred teepees on the roof are also skylights ; and they are also connected to a central teepee “ sundance arbour ” which allows the prairie light to permeate the structure. the enormous windows that look out to the west are covered with an energy - efficient reflective gold and blue glass curtain. in telescope - fashion, the great wall of glass brings the panorama to the viewer. if you were an eagle, this would be the place from which you would launch yourself and soar over the landscape, confident and free. when you are standing in the amphitheatre of the centre, if you look down you will notice that the floor is decorated in a sunburst pattern. looking up, you see a network of cantilevered sundance poles that ( like a traditional teepee ) provide the essential structure that places you in close proximity to the land. this is a building in which vision and perception are enhanced through natural methods. from the valley below, and from the prairie land beyond, the building seems to beckon. nestled into the grassy hilltop, the overall curved shape suggests a bird of prey that has touched down with its wings still extended catching the cool updraft from the valley floor. in both of the pre - cast “ wings ” of the building are embedded a series windows in the form of segmented arrows, symbolic of the life force that is central to the siksika ethos. the central theme of the teepee with the gigantic solid metal “ lodge poles ” is what gives the building its lofty appearance and reinforces the openness to the sky and to the life forces that are so prevalent in the aboriginal worldview. looking at the centre from the blackfoot crossing and treaty flats, and with your back to the imminent setting sun, you realize how this structure also suggests a sense of direction, both literally and poetically. when


so prevalent in the aboriginal worldview. looking at the centre from the blackfoot crossing and treaty flats, and with your back to the imminent setting sun, you realize how this structure also suggests a sense of direction, both literally and poetically. when a member of the siksika creates his or her own teepee, it is painted with symbols and images that come to the individual in the form of a vision or a dream. this new centre is part of a visionary 21st - century dream of creating a place where travellers can come from all over the world to learn about the great stories this land has to tell. it is also, of course, a new and dramatic focal point for the members of the siksika nation. but the centre and the blackfoot historical crossing heritage park are also part of a strategic business plan on the part of the siksika. this is a travel and tourism initiative that will attract travellers from all over the world, especially those who value the kind of historical - cultural travel that informs and enlightens. and this centre will be the entry point, for non - aboriginal people especially, into a history that pre - dates that on which people of european descent often base their frame of reference. on september 22, 1877, chief crowfoot of the siksika nation ( along with others ) signed a treaty with “ her majesty the queen, ” a treaty whose provisions and stipulations were to last “ as long as the sun shines, the grass grows, and the water flows. ” history, however, is a complex and problematic process. and in terms of the first nations peoples of canada — or of all of north america for that matter — the adage “ until lions have their historians, tales of the hunt shall always glorify the hunter ” applies in a rather roundabout way. explaining the complexities of the history of canada ’ s first nations and their relationships with the european colonial powers is a daunting and constantly ongoing task. there are few simple answers. there is however a need to recognize the role that perception and misperception, cross - cultural conflicts, and ethnocentric bias have played in the telling of this history. the siksika nation has approximately 6000 members and is part of the much larger blackfoot confederacy whose ancestral lands ( approximately 113, 000 square kilometres ) once spread over most of southern alberta and into what today is montana. their history adds 10, 000 years onto what is usually considered the span of canadian history. like most first nations people in


confederacy whose ancestral lands ( approximately 113, 000 square kilometres ) once spread over most of southern alberta and into what today is montana. their history adds 10, 000 years onto what is usually considered the span of canadian history. like most first nations people in north america, they were initially called “ indians, ” an error usually attributed to christopher columbus. ironically, in canada that incorrect descriptor has been institutionalized as a legal term, especially in “ the indian act, ” the canadian federal statute that defines the rights and privileges of one of canada ’ s three aboriginal peoples. the equally complex history of the struggle between the competing imperial powers of france and britain for control over canada ( primarily for access to the lucrative fur trade ) led to a myriad of events that in turn eventually led to a frequently discordant legal relationship between first nations people and the colonial powers. when france conceded defeat to britain and gained control over “ new france, ” britain of course gained great potential wealth and power, but it was also left with a great many issues to deal with ; as every colonial - imperialistic power faces when it occupies land. foremost among the challenges of colonialism of course is what to do with the indigenous people who are already there. the royal proclamation of 1763 this is what faced king george iii when he issued the royal proclamation of 1763. the “ crown ’ s ” purpose was to create an organizational structure in the vast new north american empire britain was left with. stability of course was key, and to this end the proclamation also focussed on relations with the first peoples nations by regulating trade, and making land settlements and purchases on canada ’ s western frontier. and whereas it is just and reasonable, and essential to our interest, and the security of our colonies, that the several nations or tribes of indians with whom we are connected, and who live under our protection, should not be molested or disturbed in the possession of such parts of our dominions and territories as, not having been ceded to or purchased by us, are reserved to them, or any of them, as their hunting grounds. and whereas great frauds and abuses have been committed in purchasing lands of the indians, to the great prejudice of our interests, and to the great dissatisfaction of the said indians ; in order, therefore, to prevent such irregularities for the future, and to the end that the indians may be convinced of our justice and determined resolution to remove all reasonable cause of discontent, we do, with the advice of our privy council strictly enjoin and require, that no private


such irregularities for the future, and to the end that the indians may be convinced of our justice and determined resolution to remove all reasonable cause of discontent, we do, with the advice of our privy council strictly enjoin and require, that no private person do presume to make any purchase from the said indians of any lands reserved to the said indians, within those parts of our colonies where, we have thought proper to allow settlement … what was embarked upon — and this was certainly not new throughout the world — was a long constitutional - legislative and moral endeavour to do “ the right thing. ” however the schism of perception over what that right thing was and how it was enacted, is what makes the analysis of the historical events exceedingly difficult. eventually treaties would be negotiated with first nations peoples, the most important being what is known as the numbered treaties under which the first nations peoples surrendered parts of their land in return for direct payments and other promises on the part of the crown. the siksika, for example, along with other nations in this part of what would eventually be canada, negotiated treaty 7 ( with a queen this time ), which many historians consider one of the most important of them all. and it was the legendary chief crowfoot who acted on behalf of the siksika nation. and whereas the said indians have been informed by her majesty ’ s commissioners that it is the desire of her majesty to open up for settlement, and such other purposes as to her majesty may seem meet, a tract of country, bounded and described as hereinafter mentioned, and to obtain the consent thereto of her indian subjects inhabiting the said tract, and to make a treaty, and arrange with them, so that there may be peace and good will between them and her majesty and between them and her majesty ’ s other subjects …. and the undersigned blackfeet, blood, peigan and sarcee head chiefs and minor chiefs, and stoney chiefs and councillors, on their own behalf and on behalf of all other indians inhabiting the tract within ceded, do hereby solemnly promise and engage to strictly observe this treaty, and also to conduct and behave themselves as good and loyal subjects of her majesty the queen …. a defining moment in canadian history treaty 7 is considered one of the most “ defining ” of the treaties in that it played a crucial role in uniting canada. because of canada ’ s unique geography and the constant fears of expansion northward on the part of the great new republic to the south, the newly formed government


of the most “ defining ” of the treaties in that it played a crucial role in uniting canada. because of canada ’ s unique geography and the constant fears of expansion northward on the part of the great new republic to the south, the newly formed government of canada knew it had to acquire full control over the vast lands to the west, then known as rupert ’ s land. the only way to do this was to build a transcontinental railroad. such a railroad would complete the east - west link, a political unification strategy that took into account the great inland waterway of the st. lawrence river and the great lakes, which stops of course at the western end of lake superior. ( this is known as the laurentian school / theory of canadian history. ) a railroad across the prairies and then through the largest obstacle of all — the rocky mountains — became therefore the “ national dream ” of canada ’ s first prime minister sir john a. macdonald. such a railroad, however, was also crucial because it was the key “ bargaining chip ” for bringing british columbia into canadian confederation, which it did in 1870. because “ indian lands ” were under control of the federal government — as stipulated in the royal proclamation of 1763 — the government in ottawa therefore had to deal with the aboriginal people whose land stood between the onward thrust of the railroad : over 80, 000 square kilometres. and a large part of this land was the ancestral homeland of the siksika nation. the treaty that allowed the transcontinental railroad to go ahead, and completed the east - west unification of canada, was treaty 7. and as you stand looking out the windows of the interpretive centre, you can see blackfoot crossing, the exact spot on which that treaty was signed. in part, the universal issue in and the challenge of interpreting these agreements after - the - fact is to arrive at a real understanding of how two significantly different cultures interpreted them. were these just real estate deals? what was the spirit and the intent of each party in the negotiations? were both parties operating fully as equals in the negotiations? as antoine de st. - exupery has said, “ language is the source of all misunderstanding. ” and when different cultures meet, there are many levels of language ( spoken, unspoken, assumed ) that may not have been fully expressed nor understood. promises kept, promises broken? in one document i obtained from the siksika, there is the statement, “ siksika has a rich culture that has been eroded and overrun by a eurocentric view


may not have been fully expressed nor understood. promises kept, promises broken? in one document i obtained from the siksika, there is the statement, “ siksika has a rich culture that has been eroded and overrun by a eurocentric view of the aboriginal role in the development of canada. blackfoot crossing historical park will help revive our noble heritage and will add a new dimension to canadian history. this is our gift to you, an expression of the partnership understood when our ancestors signed treaty 7. ” as we have seen time and time again throughout the world, when cultures clash or collide, someone always loses, someone always gains, and someone has another ’ s worldview imposed on them. like most indigenous people, the siksika have invested a great deal of trust in their oral history, a record that has been passed down from generation to generation for thousands of years. in a european cultural mode, the oral history is often less validated than the written record, and yet written records date back only so far. the culture of story - telling cultures like the siksika are also storytelling cultures, however these stories are not just imagined nor invented accounts of what came before ; for the siksika they represent a legitimate recorded history. the blackfoot crossing historical park interpretive centre is a collection of stories. and while there is much tangible evidence of the long - term shared knowledge, wisdom, and art of these people to be found in the centre, the non - aboriginal visitor would do well to bear in mind the intricate narrative that the centre and the blackfoot crossing historical park communicates on many levels, through many layers, and in many ancient forms of “ media. ” this is grand theatre with all that such historic dramas imply : impressive settings, dynamic characters and characterization, complex plot lines, crises, and a denouement. this new interpretive centre is also indicative of the siksika ’ s ability to blend the past and the present. the planning of the centre was begun over 25 years ago when a small group of elders had a dream for their people. they knew that they needed to keep the stories alive, and they envisioned doing so through a new medium — travel and tourism. like most aboriginal people, the siksika know that experiential learning is the most direct and effective method of gathering and communicating information ; and shaping attitudes. and travel is the most experiential form of learning. i am confident that what the siksika nation ’ s new heritage centre will achieve is a new level


job control refers to the ability to selectively stop ( suspend ) the execution of processes and continue ( resume ) their execution at a later point. a user typically employs this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel ’ s terminal driver and bash. the shell associates a job with each pipeline. it keeps a table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jobs command. when bash starts a job asynchronously, it prints a line that looks indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process id of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. all of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. bash uses the job abstraction as the basis for job control. to facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal process group id. members of this process group ( processes whose process group id is equal to the current terminal process group id ) receive keyboard - generated signals such as these processes are said to be in the foreground. background processes are those whose process group id differs from the terminal ’ s ; such processes are immune to keyboard - generated signals. only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. background processes which attempt to read from ( write to when stty tostop is in effect ) the terminal are sent a signal by the kernel ’ s terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. if the operating system on which bash is running supports job control, bash contains facilities to use it. typing the suspend character ( typically ‘ ^ z ’, control - z ) while a process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns control to bash. typing the delayed suspend character ( typically ‘ ^ y ’, control - y ) causes the process to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned to bash. the user then manipulates the state of this job, using the bg command to continue it in the fg command to continue it in the foreground, or the kill command to kill it. a ‘ ^ z ’ takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. there are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. the character ‘ % ’ introduces a job specification ( jobspec ). n may be referred to as ‘ % n


causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. there are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. the character ‘ % ’ introduces a job specification ( jobspec ). n may be referred to as ‘ % n ’. the symbols ‘ % % ’ and ‘ % + ’ refer to the shell ’ s notion of the current job, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. a single ‘ % ’ ( with no accompanying job specification ) also refers to the current job. the previous job may be referenced using ‘ % - ’. if there is only a single job, ‘ % + ’ and ‘ % - ’ can both be used to refer to that job. in output pertaining to jobs ( e. g., the output of the command ), the current job is always flagged with a ‘ + ’, and the previous job with a ‘ - ’. a job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. for example, ‘ % ce ’ refers to a stopped ce job. using ‘ %? ce ’, on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string ‘ ce ’ in its command line. if the prefix or substring matches more than one job, bash reports an error. simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground : ‘ % 1 ’ is a synonym for ‘ fg % 1 ’, bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground. similarly, ‘ % 1 & ’ resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to ‘ bg % 1 ’ the shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. normally, bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes in a job ’ s status so as to not interrupt any other output. if the - b option to the set builtin is enabled, bash reports such changes immediately ( see the set builtin ). any trap on sigchld is executed for each child process if an attempt to exit bash is made while jobs are stopped, ( or running, if checkjobs option is enabled – see the shopt builtin ), the shell prints a warning message, and if the checkjobs option is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. jobs command may then be used to inspect their status. if a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, bash does not print


golf ' s margin of error in all of sports, especially those using instruments, or apparatus in order to complete their function, there is a fundamental truth called " the margin of error ". this basically refers to a scientific happening that actually measures and allows the athlete to complete his intended task without having to be exactly perfect in his execution. measuring a margin of error in horseshoes the margin of error would be the distance between the two legs of the shoe. that distance allows the shoe to wrap around the pin without being exactly centered. in basketball, the margin of error is that you can actually fit two basketballs inside the rim, and that produces a " margin of error " that enables a non - perfect shot to still go in. golf ' s margin of error in golf, the margin of error is very small. so small in fact, that every accomplished athlete in all other sports as well as the entirety of the world ' s population has had the utmost fascination with the game of golf for centuries past, and we can expect that to continue into the distant future. 20 years ago, the margin of error was so small, in terms of golf club technology, that the opportunity of succeeding to any degree on " errant shots " was so limited that it produced an exacerbated amount of frustration amongst golfers. it left open the possibility of shooting good scores to only a select few, who had the time and ability to practice and maintain a fundamentally sound swing. through the years, with the advances of sports science and technology, golf ' s " margin of error " has tripled in size and is directly related to many reasons. two of the most important are : 1. golfers are wearing golf gloves it begins with the basic golf glove allowing the nerves in the hand to transfer feel to the brain, as well as cushion the vibrations of the energy transfer in the correct portion of the hand. 2. the golf ball has been aerodynamically enhanced when a modern ball, which has its trajectory and flight registered on the box, is hit well it goes further. this is because the ball has been aerodynamically enhanced over the years. this, along with some basic knowledge of the respective golfer ' s launch angle, allows the appropriate ball to remain airborne longer, and thus produce longer shots. the synergism that is created between ball technology and a basic understanding of how shafts play a part in launch angle, backspin rate vs. sidespin rate, as well as the kick point of the shaft, enables the average golfer to appreciate a level


by barbara kessler green right now as summer sets in, many of us are looking to shade those windows any way we can, and one of the greenest solutions is to add greenery. outside the window, that is. a shade tree can mitigate the heat gain on a west or south - facing window and truly cut down on electricity costs. the trouble is — it takes a few years to maximize its effect. even if you plant a big tree, it will be a while before it ’ s settled in and leafing out. which brings us to a project at purdue university. scientists there have been studying a new hybrid species of the american chestnut, a tree that can grow much faster and larger than other hardwood varieties. they think it could be a good bet to shade your windows, built new forests that could be sustainably harvested and in the process sequester a whole lot of carbon more efficiently than many other trees could. they ’ ve compared the american chestnut to quaking aspen, red pine and white pine and found that the chestnut grew faster and had three times more biomass than the other species. it also sequestered more carbon than the other trees, except when compared with a black walnut in one study location. “ each tree has about the same percentage of its biomass made up of carbon, but the fact that the american chestnut grows faster and larger means it stores more carbon in a shorter amount of time, ” said douglas jacobs, an associate professor of forestry and natural resources at purdue. as a bonus, much of that carbon could be retained when the chestnuts are converted into wood products, he noted. many years ago, the original ( non - hybrid ) american chestnut was used for fine furniture because it is a dense hardwood. however, beginning in the early 1900s, it experienced a blight caused by a fungus that spread across it ’ s natural u. s. territory from new england, across new york and south to alabama. fifty years later, the tree was nearly gone, according to a report on the purdue project in science daily. but arborists are creating a hybrid american chestnut through interbreeding with the blight - resistant chinese chesnut that results in a tree that ’ s “ 94 percent american chestnut, ” according to the report. the catch : that hybrid tree will be available sometime in the next decade. “ we ’ re really quite close to having a blight - resistant hybrid that can be reintroduced into eastern forests, ” jacobs said. “ but because american chestnut has been absent from our forests for


hybrid tree will be available sometime in the next decade. “ we ’ re really quite close to having a blight - resistant hybrid that can be reintroduced into eastern forests, ” jacobs said. “ but because american chestnut has been absent from our forests for so long now, we really don ’ t know much about the species at all. ” actually, there is a group of chestnut enthusiasts who know as much as there is to know and are collaborating to bring the native american tree back to its appalachian roots. intrigued? visit the american chesnut foundation. they ’ re still promising a blight - resistant american chestnut that will be forest - ready before the end of the decade. are they jus - nuts? it doesn ’ t appear so. not only are they pushing the research on the blight - resistant variety, they provide people with traditional american chestnut seeds and seedlings ( if you live east of the mississippi — they don ’ t want to spread any potential blight westward ). order on the site to get your personal forest underway. the purdue research is being funded by the stry foundation, electric power research institute and hardwood tree improvement and regeneration center. ( photo credits : chesnut, the american chesnut foundation ; researcher with seedling, purdue university / nicole jacobs. ) copyright © 2009 green right now | distributed by noofangle media


shell, bp and other oil companies at the centre of the tar sands revolution in canada are facing a backlash from the co - operative and other members of the ethical investment community determined to bring a halt to these operations for environmental reasons. a joint report from co - operative investments and the wildlife charity wwf released today will be followed up in september by a meeting of the uk social investment forum ( uksif ) to press for an end to this carbon - intensive activity. the tar sands business, by which crude oil is produced through highly carbon and water - intensive extraction and treatment procedures, risks tipping the world into an irreversible process of global warming, critics claim. the co - op and wwf are calling for a global halt to new licensing for tar sands and similar oil operations known as " unconventional fuels ". they want the uk and other countries to prohibit the sale and distribution of any oil products with higher emissions than traditional petrol. the move comes as shell and other industry leaders have pledged to spend more than $ 125bn ( £63bn ) by 2015 to develop these new sources of petrol at a time of very high crude prices and fears of supply shortages. the oil companies say the world needs these reserves, which are expensive to produce but are located in a politically stable area, unlike the traditional reserves of the middle east or russia. but critics say the environmental price is disastrous. paul monaghan, head of social goals and sustainability at the co - op group, said : " the current rush to invest in unconventional fossil fuels is wholly inappropriate and, due to their carbon intensity, these projects risk dangerous levels of climate change. " the new report, unconventional oil : scraping the bottom of the barrel, will be used as the basis for discussion with the co - op ' s 6. 5 million customers and for garnering support from more than 200 other members of the uksif. james leaton, senior policy officer at wwf - uk, said : " unconventional fuel sources may seem attractive in the short term but ultimately the environmental and economic costs are unthinkable. " companies and investors claim to recognise the need to tackle climate change and support international efforts such as kyoto [ climate change protocol ]. in oil sands we have an activity that is going against this imperative and undermining canada ' s kyoto commitments, so it is time for investors to challenge this strategy. " shell said : " the global demand for energy is growing. this will mean greater demand for oil and gas, too. supplies of accessible, conventional oil and gas cannot keep


s kyoto commitments, so it is time for investors to challenge this strategy. " shell said : " the global demand for energy is growing. this will mean greater demand for oil and gas, too. supplies of accessible, conventional oil and gas cannot keep up with the demand growth. as a result, society has little choice but to add other sources of energy including ' unconventional ' fuels like oil sands. " bp said fossil fuels were still going to be needed well into the future even if there were tough restrictions on carbon dioxide emissions. " reserves of oil sands represent a significant untapped resource from a politically stable country. the husky joint venture [ bp is planning ] will use a process known as steam - assisted gravity drainage, not mining, which produces oil in - situ with a significant reduction of both water use and overall environmental footprint, " it said in a statement. bp added that it was a " keen " supporter of mandatory market mechanisms such as cap - and - trade programmes on greenhouse gases : " we support national and international trading programmes and have factored the future costs of carbon in our analysis of the project ' s value. " there are estimated to be 1. 1tn barrels of extractable unconventional oils in north america - canadian tar sands and us oil shales - according to the co - op and wwf report. in canada alone it is hoped to produce 5m barrels a day, which would make the country one of the world ' s largest oil producers. the extremely energy intensive process means that if all of the reserves were exploited in the next century it would result in emissions of 980 giga - tonnes of co2. this equates to an estimated rise in co2 emissions of 49 and 65 parts per million when the world is already at 430ppm - 450 is considered to be a tipping point, the two organisations argue.


bill irving and benj shuler. physics is the scientific study of matter, energy, space and time. physics is all around us and affects our lives on a daily basis. it is in the electrical appliances you use in your home, the various types of transport used to get from a to b, it affects our climate and the weather we get to enjoy or suffer, depending on where you are, and it keeps the sun providing us with light and warmth. basically, physics keeps us alive and allows us to experience everything life has to offer. the scale by which physics affects us can be anything from the subatomic ( eg particles that make up the atom ) to the astronomical ( eg the dimensions of stars and galaxies ). physics forms the basis of the foundation of all the physical sciences ( eg material science, geology, etc ) and is important for many other fields of human endeavour ( eg medicine, computing, etc ). there exist many fields of physics. examples include acoustics, astronomy / astrophysics / cosmology, atomic and nuclear physics, elementary particles, biomedical physics, electromagnetism, electronics, geophysics, mechanics, meteorology, semiconductors, nanotechnology, optics, thermodynamics, aerodynamics to mention but a few. the list goes on. what pupils can expect physics is a fascinating and exciting subject to study and get involved with. it not only allows us to explore what we already know about the world around us and how we know, but there are still some profound questions that remain unanswered ( eg what is dark matter? are there more than three dimensions in space? ). it caters for those who enjoy theoretical - based studies and those who relish the challenge of undertaking practical and experimental work. physics allows you to develop, consolidate and possess valuable key skills which are not confined just to the subject itself ( eg problem - solving, reasoning, research, analysis, presentation - both oral and written ). the more we learn about physics, the better it will help us understand our place in the universe. if you are asked to describe a typical physicist then your reply would normally be " a geek wearing a white coat who is quite eccentric ". in fact, most physicists look and behave just like you and me. the employment prospects for people with a physics qualification tend to include working for research laboratories, universities, private companies and government agencies. they also can teach, perform research and develop new technologies. they ' re not confined indoors either.


like you and me. the employment prospects for people with a physics qualification tend to include working for research laboratories, universities, private companies and government agencies. they also can teach, perform research and develop new technologies. they ' re not confined indoors either. they do experiments on mountaintops, underwater, underground in mines and in orbit around the earth. physicists are good at solving all kinds of problems from esoteric to the mundane ( eg how does a mirror reflect light? what holds an atom together? how fast does a rocket have to go to escape the earth? how can a worldwide team share data in real time? solving this last problem led physicists to invent the world wide web. ). having a physics qualification will impress any employer, even if you are not choosing to work in anything related to the field of physics as it is perceived as a difficult subject to master. physics provides a route into many careers. such prospects are not just confined to research but extend into a wide range of industries including food, medicine, finance, marketing, business and management. the valuable skills of analysis and problem - solving that a physics qualification fosters enables you to contribute effectively to not only your chosen vocation, but to society as a whole. staffing and facilities the physics department consists of five dedicated laboratories and four full - time staff supported by one full - time technician ( jan tucker ) and one part - time technician ( petra jaggard ). in addition, there is a large prep room and a resources room. head of physics : tim reade he joined in january 2008 and has 17 years ' teaching experience in the independent sector. he has worked at a number of schools both in the uk and abroad including king william ' s college iom, st george ' s college north ( argentina ) and ardingly college. he has been a senior examiner with the ibo as well as an ib coursework moderator. he has a bsc in physics from king ' s college london as well as a pcge from manchester university. before becoming a teacher he worked as a manufacturing jeweller. physics teacher : bill irving bill joined haileybury as a physics teacher in 2009 after a 22 - year career in the army where he served in a variety of countries including the usa, the middle east, the balkans, germany, norway and italy. the high point of his army career was to command the officer ' s training corps of the university of london. before leaving the army, he gained his pgce from goldsmiths, university of london. he also


the ability of birds resting on telephone wires to stand in balance without difficulty must have called the attention of many people. neither the continuously shifting wind nor the wires vibrating by force of the wind disturbs this balance. when we think of the acrobats who work in circuses, only then we can understand how superior the ability of birds to stand in balance is. for instance, an acrobat who tries to walk on a steel tightrope has to use a long stick made up of special substances in order to poise. this stick gives the acrobat a sort of balance mechanism and helps him stand on the rope without falling down. birds, on the other hand, do not use any kind of equipment to poise but they are more talented than even the best acrobat : they can dive floating on air when stand on the wire and can enable their balance in less than a second. prof. reinhold necker, a german scientist, has carried out a four - year research in order to find how birds that behave like a superior acrobat can stand on a thin wire without falling down. the researcher, who worked in the university of bochum ruhr, discovered that birds are equipped with a very special balance mechanism. according to this research, two different organs took part in this balance mechanism. one of these organs is the inner ear, which is also seen in other vertebrates. this organ helps when the bird is flying and prevents it to turn upside down when flapping its wings. the other organ is in the pelvic cavity of the bird. this organ that works perfectly is composed of the semicircular canals on the left and right hand - sides of the spinal cord. these symmetrical canals tied to the spinal cord are filled with a special liquid. prof. necker explains how this system works : “ these semicircular canals work like a pair of scales. this liquid moves in the same direction as the bird ’ s body and goes to this canal or the other one. 1 this system works by means of the nerve cells that work very much like a computer system. the nerve cells in the lobes that are mechanically stimulated, sends the signal to the leg of the cerebellum. necker says, “ the muscles control the movement in such a good way that birds can enable balance perfectly. ” the scientist who tested the role of this organ plays on balance, also observed that birds with imperfect organs in the pelvic area cannot maintain balance and that they fall down.


active school travel is not only a great way for kids to get needed physical activity by walking, biking or wheeling but it also helps reduce the number of families driving and improves safety around schools. - haste date : tue. may. 29 2012 7 : 03 am et canadian kids have once again earned an f for " active play and leisure " on a report card evaluating their physical activity levels. the 2012 active healthy kids canada report card on physical activity for children and youth finds that canadian kids are spending a pitiful amount of time playing, with 46 per cent of kids taking part in three hours of active play every week or less. out of the four hours or so of free time that kids typically have after school and during their lunch breaks, kids are getting only 24 minutes of moderate - to vigorous - intensity physical activity. while active play was once a regular part of a child ' s day, kids are now spending the majority ( 63 per cent ) of their free time after school and on weekends sedentary. the report card was released tuesday by active healthy kids canada and its partners, participaction and the children ' s hospital of eastern ontario research institute – healthy active living and obesity research group ( halo ). dr. mark tremblay, the chief scientific officer of active healthy kids canada and director of halo, says the amount of time that kids are spending in " unstructured play " is declining with each generation. and that ' s hurting the health of our children and youth. " kids of all ages should have regular opportunities for active play, where they can let loose, explore, run, climb, crawl and play in parks with friends, like their parents once did, " he said in a news release. " active play is fun, but it is also shown to improve a child ' s motor function, creativity, decision - making, problem - solving and social skills. " there are a number of reasons kids aren ' t as active today as they should be, but a big one is parental concerns about safety. fifty - eight per cent of canadian parents say they are very concerned about keeping their children safe and feel they have to be over - protective of them. safety concerns, such as crime, traffic, neighbourhood dangers such as bullies, and a lack of supervision, discourage parents from letting their children and youth play outdoors. so instead of playing outside, many kids are instead spending their time in front of screens. the report found that canadian kids are spending seven hours and 48 minutes per day in front of screens -


, discourage parents from letting their children and youth play outdoors. so instead of playing outside, many kids are instead spending their time in front of screens. the report found that canadian kids are spending seven hours and 48 minutes per day in front of screens - - well above the guideline of no more than two hours per day. that ' s despite research that says 92 per cent of canadian kids would choose playing with friends over watching tv if they had the opportunity. " we have a responsibility to get out of our children ' s way and give them the time, space and freedom to run around, direct their own activities and learn from their mistakes, " kelly murumets, president and ceo, participaction says all canadians said in a statement. " the reward will be increased confidence, a sense of adventure and, perhaps most importantly, a love for being active. " the report urges parents and caregivers to encourage children to choose active play, especially outdoors. to address safety concerns, the report urges parents and caregivers to take turns supervising and playing with children outdoors or encourage kids to play with a buddy. for the fourth year in a row, the report card also assigns an " f " for screen - based sedentary behaviour, noting that most canadian children and youth are exceeding the recommended guideline of no more than two hours a day. and, for the sixth year in a row, the report card also assigns an " f " to physical activity levels. that ' s because only seven per cent of canadian children and youth meet the canadian physical activity guidelines of at least 60 minutes of daily moderate - to vigorous - intensity physical activity. girls are still trailing the boys in this area : 28 per cent of 10 - to 16 - year - old boys in canada reported accumulating at least 60 minutes of moderate - to vigorous - intensity physical activity a day compared to only 17 per cent of girls.


fluoridation in new york state : addressing safety concerns - " fluoridation in new york state : addressing safety concerns " is also available in portable document format. ( pdf, 119kb, 4pg. ) fluoride at some level is naturally present in water and food. in new york state, it is not uncommon to have naturally occurring fluoride at 0. 2 to 0. 5 milligrams per liter of water ( mg / l ). thus, all new yorkers are exposed to some levels of fluoride. fluoridation of community drinking water is the adjustment of the existing natural fluoride concentration in drinking water to a level that is recommended for tooth decay prevention. the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), the office of the united states ' surgeon general and the new york state department of health support fluoridation of public water supplies because of the public health benefits, while being cognizant of the possible health risks of too much fluoride ingestion. who is responsible for regulating chemicals in drinking water? the main federal law that ensures the quality of americans ' drinking water is the safe drinking water act ( sdwa ). under sdwa, the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) sets standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement those standards. standards are set to protect against both naturally - occurring and man - made contaminants that may be found in drinking water. within new york state, the new york state department of health ( nys doh ) oversees the delivery of drinking water to assure that it is suitable for people to drink. fluoride in drinking water is regulated by epa and new york state. fluoride that is added to drinking water is subject to a system of standards, testing, and are certified by the american water works association ( awwa ) and the national sanitation foundation / american national standards institute ( nsf / ansi ). both of these entities are nonprofit, nongovernmental organizations. the nsf / ansi standards 60 and 61 limit a chemical or product ' s contribution of contaminants to drinking water applications. standards 60 and 61 provide for product purity and safety assurance that aim to prevent adding harmful levels of contaminants from water treatment additives. new york state has regulations requiring product compliance with standards 60 and 61. what is the concentration of fluoride recommended for drinking water in new york state? - the target fluoride concentration


levels of contaminants from water treatment additives. new york state has regulations requiring product compliance with standards 60 and 61. what is the concentration of fluoride recommended for drinking water in new york state? - the target fluoride concentration in water recommended for tooth decay prevention in nys is 1 mg / l. the new york state department of health monitors all water systems that add fluoride to assure that the concentration of fluoride is in the range of 0. 8 to 1. 2 mg / l. - the maximum concentration allowed in new york state drinking water for fluoride, including naturally occurring levels, is 2. 2 mg / l. this standard is lower than the federal standard and is the standard that the state public water supplies must meet. - the federal drinking water standard ( maximum contaminant level ) for fluoride in drinking water including fluoride that naturally occurs, is 4 milligrams per liter of water ( 4 mg / l ). this is set to prevent stage iii skeletal fluorosis, a crippling bone and joint condition. - the epa has also set a non - enforceable standard called secondary maximum contaminant level for fluoride, including naturally occurring fluoride. this standard of 2 mg / l of fluoride in water was set to reduce the cosmetic effects on teeth ( moderate and severe forms of enamel fluorosis ), which is a discoloration and / or pitting of teeth. what are the risks associated with exposure to fluoride at 1 mg / l in drinking water? a systematic review conducted by the university of york, uk assessed the evidence for potential adverse effects. this review did not reveal causal association between fluoride in drinking water at 1 mg / l and severe enamel fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, bone fractures or bone cancer. water fluoridation is associated with an increased occurrence of milder forms of enamel fluorosis. 2 enamel fluorosis that results from drinking fluoridated water appears as a barely noticeable white marking of the outer tooth enamel that is of no cosmetic or functional significance. a study conducted in new york state showed that the prevalence of enamel fluorosis ranged from 14. 4 % to 18. 6 % in fluoridated communities. however, the study also showed that the prevalence of enamel fluorosis in non - fluoridated communities ranged from 11. 1 % to 14. 8 %. 3 given that fluorosis occurred in both


in fluoridated communities. however, the study also showed that the prevalence of enamel fluorosis in non - fluoridated communities ranged from 11. 1 % to 14. 8 %. 3 given that fluorosis occurred in both fluoridated and non - fluoridated communities, it is likely that water fluoridation is not the only risk factor for mild fluorosis. other risk factors included use of fluoridated tooth paste by young children and dietary supplements. 3 ( many parents may not be aware that use of fluoride toothpaste is not recommended in children under age 2 years without consulting a dentist ). nonetheless, the nysdoh has concluded that the known benefits of fluoride to prevent or reduce the incidence of tooth decay and dental fillings outweigh the risk of milder forms of fluorosis ( which is not considered as an adverse effect by public health agencies ). what are the risks associated with exposure to fluoride at 4 mg / l ( and above ) in drinking water? the effects generally associated with high levels of exposure to fluoride include severe enamel fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, and bone fractures. a recently released national research council ( nrc ) report titled fluoride in drinking water4 made the following observations : - severe enamel fluorosis occurs in about 10 % of children in us communities with water fluoride concentrations at or near the current federal drinking water standard of 4 mg / l. the prevalence of severe enamel fluorosis is very low below about 2 mg / l of fluoride in drinking water. - there are very few known clinical cases of skeletal fluorosis in the us, where about 200, 000 people ( in 1992 ) had water concentrations of 4 mg / l or above. 3 - overall, there was consensus among the committee that there is scientific evidence that under certain conditions fluoride can weaken bone and increase the risk of fractures. however, there was not a consensus on the group about the risks of bone fractures associated with 4 mg / l in drinking water in the us. the majority of the committee concluded that lifetime exposure to fluoride at drinking water concentrations of 4 mg / l or higher is likely to increase fracture rates in the population, particularly in some people who are prone to accumulate fluoride into their bones ( e. g., people with renal disease ). however, three of the 12 members judged that the evidence only supported a conclusion that the epa standard ( mcl


, particularly in some people who are prone to accumulate fluoride into their bones ( e. g., people with renal disease ). however, three of the 12 members judged that the evidence only supported a conclusion that the epa standard ( mclg ) might not be protective against bone fracture, and that more evidence is needed that bone fractures occur at an increased frequency in human populations exposed to fluoride at 4 mg / l before drawing a conclusion that the epa standard likely poses a risk of increased bone fracture. - the evidence as to whether fluoride is or is not associated with cancer is not clear. some studies show no association ; others show an association. an exploratory study showed an increasing risk for osteosarcoma with age ( peak at age 7 ) among boys but not in girls. an exploratory study showed an increased risk for osteosarcoma with age ( peak at age 7 ) among boys but not in girls. a relatively large scale study is underway at harvard school of dental medicine and is expected to be published soon. according to the investigators at harvard, the findings of the earlier study could not be replicated. the nrc committee advised the epa to consider the results of this study to help determine what follow - up studies are needed. - sufficient relevant data were not available to consider the effects of fluoride on any other systems in the body. two studies conducted by investigators in the new york state department of health failed to show an association between fluoridation and osteosarcoma in new york state. 5, 6 what does the nrc committee ' s report mean for new york state residents? naturally occurring fluoride levels of 4 mg / l or above in drinking water supplies ( private or public ) are rare in nys and the nys standard for fluoride in public water supplies is 2. 2 mg / l. moreover, the target concentration for water fluoridation is 1 mg / l. thus, it is unlikely that nys residents are exposed to drinking water containing 4 mg / l of fluoride. because the nrc committee did not evaluate the risks or benefits of the lower fluoride concentrations ( 0. 7 to 1. 2 mg / l ) used in water fluoridation, the committee ' s conclusions regarding the potential for adverse effects such as severe enamel fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis and bone fractures from exposure to fluoride at 2 to 4 mg / l in drinking water do not apply at the lower water


, the committee ' s conclusions regarding the potential for adverse effects such as severe enamel fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis and bone fractures from exposure to fluoride at 2 to 4 mg / l in drinking water do not apply at the lower water fluoride levels commonly experienced by new york state residents. what can be done to reduce the risk of enamel fluorosis? the proper amount of fluoride helps prevent and control tooth decay. an excessive amount consumed during tooth development in infancy and childhood can also result in a range of changes in the enamel surface of the tooth. these changes have been broadly termed enamel fluorosis. ingestion of fluoride toothpaste and inadvertent use of fluoride tablets in fluoridated areas have been associated with an increased risk for enamel fluorosis. here are some simple ways to reduce the risk of enamel fluorosis : - know the fluoride concentration in the source of drinking water. water containing 1 mg / l is considered optimum for caries prevention. there is no need for fluoride supplements if the fluoride level in water is greater than 0. 6 mg / l. - counsel parents and caregivers on the use of fluoride toothpaste by young children, especially those younger than 2 years to avoid ingestion of too much toothpaste because it has high concentration of fluoride ( approximately 1000 parts per million ). children under age 6 should use only a pea - sized amount of fluoride toothpaste twice a day ; parents should consult their child ' s doctor or dentist concerning use of fluoride toothpaste for children under age 2. some reports have also expressed concern about the amount of fluoride contained in water used for mixing infant formula may also influence the possibility of developing enamel fluorosis. the new york state department health concurs with the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) that water fluoridated at the optimum level has not been shown to cause adverse health effects. ( www. nyhealth. gov / prevention / dental ). 8 further, the department has concluded that the risk of enamel fluorosis associated with infant formula prepared with fluoridated water is low for several reasons : - the occurrence of advanced forms of enamel fluorosis is extremely rare in fluoridated communities even though some water systems have been fluoridating for over 50 years. milder forms of enamel fluorosis are not noticeable. - the critical


- the occurrence of advanced forms of enamel fluorosis is extremely rare in fluoridated communities even though some water systems have been fluoridating for over 50 years. milder forms of enamel fluorosis are not noticeable. - the critical period for permanent tooth development when enamel fluorosis is most likely to occur, is later in life when children are less likely to be on infant formula. - the theoretical amounts of fluoride that might cause advanced forms of enamel fluorosis are reached with exclusive and / or excessive formula use for a prolonged period. according to the national center for education in maternal and child health ' s bright futures guidelines, infants should begin solid foods between four and six months, if they are developmentally ready. this will also reduce the exposure to excessive levels of fluoride. therefore, if infant formula is used as recommended the risk of enamel fluorosis would be minimized significantly. - centers for disease control and prevention. fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental caries. morbidity and mortality weekly report 48 ( 1999 ) : 933 – 40. - mcdonagh ms, whiting pf, wilson pm, sutton aj, chestnutt i, cooper j et al. ( 2000 ). systematic review of water fluoridation. bmj 321 ( 7265 ) : 855 - 859. - kumar jv, swango pa. fluoride exposure and dental fluorosis in newburgh and kingston, new york : its implications for policy. community dent oral epidemiol 1999 ; 27 : 171 - 80. - fluoride in drinking water. a scientific review of epa ' s standards, national research council, 2006. - mahoney mc, nasca pc, burnett ws, melius jm. bone cancer incidence rates in new york state : time trends and fluoridated drinking water. am j public health 1991 ; 81 ( 4 ) : 475 - 479. - gelberg kh, fitzgerald ef, hwang sa and dubrow r. fluoride exposure and childhood osteosarcoma : a case - control study. am j public health 1995 ; 85 ( 12 ) : 1678 - 1683. - cdc. recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the united states. mmwr 2001 ; 50 ( rr - 14 ) : 1 - 30. - new york state department of health. guidance for use of fluoridated water for feeding during infancy. available


article updated and reviewed by scott j. luhmann, md, instructor in surgery, department of orthopaedic surgery, washington university school of medicine on june 6, 2005. degenerative disc disease refers to wear changes in the individual discs of the spine in any part of the spine. spondylosis is another term for degenerative disc disease. ddd can affect any part of the spine, although common sites are the lumbar ( lower back ) and cervical ( neck ) spine ; thoracic ddd is very uncommon. it ' s late. i ' ve been asleep for awhile. the time? i look at the tv thing - ee. 12488 is lit up in red. i squint. i blink. finally, with... read more » i have discussed here more than once the increased risk of death in rheumatoid arthritis patients when compared to healthy individuals.... read more » alzheimer ' s disease is a degenerative disease of the brain. because of this the appearance of the brain changes dramatically as the disease... read more » some studies have shown that, although alzheimer ' s disease and parkinson ' s disease are distinct neurological disorders, as many as 25... read more » the person with the most replaced parts wins and now the joint replacement race does not stop with hips, knees or shoulders. spinal discs are the... read more » most people would be surprised to know that total hip replacements ( thrs ) have been around since the 1930s. today ' s successful use of thrs reflects... read more »


diabetes is a disease that occurs when a person ’ s body can no longer produce hormone insulin or response to insulin properly. if left untreated, this disease may lead to health complications such as kidney failure, limb amputations, blindness, nerve damage and heart disease. currently, there is no cure for this disease yet, however you can control or stabilize your blood sugar levels by getting exercise and eating the right foods. here are 10 foods that will help control blood sugar and reduce your risk of developing complications from diabetes. make sure to include them into your daily diet. eat an apple a day help keeps diabetes away. apples are very useful when it comes to the diabetes treatment because it contains pectin which may lower the body ’ s insulin needs. a study has found that women who ate at least one apple a day were 28 percent less likely to develop type 2 diabetes than those who did not eat apples. broccoli is a good source of chromium which is a mineral that helps regulate blood sugar and insulin. it also could reverse the damage caused by diabetes to heart blood vessels ( people with diabetes are five times more likely to suffer heart attack and stroke, both linked to damaged blood vessels ). the researchers believe that the key is a compound called sulforaphane found in vegetables. sulforaphane is an organosulfur compound that help protect blood vessels and reduce high levels of molecules which cause significant cell damage. fish, such as tuna, mackerel, and salmon, are good sources of omega - 3 fatty acids that reduce inflammation, reduce the risk of heart disease, and improve insulin resistance. also, as a low saturated fat food, it is an alternative for non - vegetarians who love red meat. - whole grains according to researchers from harvard school of public health, people eating diet high in whole grains have a lower risk of suffer from diabetes and heart disease than those who does not eat whole grain. the researchers suggest people to eat 3 servings daily based on the results of their study. example whole grain suggested include brown rice, oats, wheat bread and whole wheat pasta. the high soluble fiber contained in beans is not only good for your digestive system and heart, but it also keeps blood sugar from spiking after meals. if you have type 2 diabetes, nuts can help balance your blood sugar levels while providing steady, slow - burning energy. soybeans contain a lot of fiber and protein which are important nutrients in reducing urinate excretion of sugar in people suffering from diabetes.


type 2 diabetes, nuts can help balance your blood sugar levels while providing steady, slow - burning energy. soybeans contain a lot of fiber and protein which are important nutrients in reducing urinate excretion of sugar in people suffering from diabetes. - olive oil olive oil is considered a good fat that help cut off the risk of heart attacks and has been shown to help maintain stable blood sugar levels by reducing insulin resistance. in a study conducted by australian researchers showed that when people with type 2 diabetes containing chili peppers in their daily diet, the amount of insulin needed to lower blood sugar after meals is reduced. moreover, chillies contain vitamin c, carotenoids and antioxidants which may help regulate hormone insulin. recent studies have found that cinnamon may have a regulatory effect on blood sugar level, making it very beneficial for people with type 2 diabetes. to include cinnamon in your diet, just sprinkle it over your tea, coffee, or cereal. garlic contain many organic compounds, such as allyl propyl disulphide ( apds ), diallyldisul - phide oxide ( allicin ), flavonoids, etc, which are important components to decrease blood glucose levels and stimulate the pancreas to release insulin.


the bulgars invaded and soon dominated the balkans in the 7th century. they accepted christianity under tsar boris i in the 9th cetury. tsar simeon greatly expanded bulgarian territory in the 10th century. the christian kindoms in bulgaria and the rest of the balkans were conquered by the ottomon turks in the 14th and 15th centuries. the bulgarian royal dynasty was restablished in the 19th century after the decline of ottomon rule. a member of the german royal family was selected for the bulgarian monarchy. the bulgarian monarchy was one of the most recently established in europe. bulgarian history, however, extend unto the era of ore - history and is inter - woven with the tumultuous history of the balkans. one complication in studying bulkgarian history is that the area now referred to as modern bulgaria has been inhabited by many different peoples. archeologists have found artifacts from primitive people living in the area of modern bulgaria during the neolithic era ( 40, 000 - 10, 000 bc ). bulgaria has a black sea coast with it shares with several other countries. many archeologists believe that the neolithic people that lived along the coast were decimated by a great flood at the close of the last age when the higher level mediterrean broke through what is now the dardenelles / bosporous to flood the black sea basin. some archeologists believe that this may be the origins of the great flood tradition which many peoples of the middle east ( including the hebrews ) report in their traditions. the thracian people from the east moved into the thrace valley of modern bulgaria ( about 3000 bc ). the thracians were cattle herders, but they were notble for ceramics and metal working ( gold and copper ). they traded with the neighboring people of the balkans at the time : dacians ( romania ), mycenneans ( greece / crete ), illyrians ( albania ) and the macedonians ( southern bulgaria / northern greece / southern yugoslavia ). the thracians initially controlled an area extending west to the adriatic, but over time were pushed east and north by the illyrians ( 1300 bc ) and macedonians ( 500 bc ). greek colonies such as byzantium were founded, but the thracians did not become helenized. bulgarian history has been dominated by the location of bulgaria on a crossroads between europe and asia. waves of migrations swept back and forth from both asia and europe turing the plains of thrace, moesia, macedonia and the balkan mountains into int


the balkans from the north and east ( about 500 ad ). the slavs settled the danube plain ( moesia region ). the byzantines tried to reconquer this former territory of the roman empire. the slavic tribes to resist the byzanties united as never before to form a slavonic state. somewhat later the bulgars, a fierce turkic people, living on the russian plains were pushed west. some of the bulgars under tartar khan asparuh settled on the thracian plain ( about 650 ad ). what we are less sure about is what happened to the thracians and other residebnt population when the slavs and turkic people arived. the bulgars crossed the danube and moved south to found the first bulgarian empire ( 679 ad ). this was the first modern bulgarian state. the tartars and slavs united to fight the byzantines who they defeated in a major battle ( 681 ad ). the bulgarian state was ruled by a tartar khan supported by slavic and bulgar nobels. over two centuries the slavs and bulgars assimilated forging a new bulgar mational identity. although called bulgars, the name of the turkic tribe, the original turkic bulgars were gradually assimilated by the more numerous slavs, and adopted their language and way of life. the bulgars were thus thus more associated with the slavic cultural tradition. treaties were negotiated with byzantium. the bulgars over time, however, expanded south taking more and more of byzantium ' s balkan lands. the bulgars seized macedonia ( 9th century ). tsar boris i converted to christianity ( 865 ad ). one source reports that a byzantine monk painted a picture of hell on the palace walls frighten boris into accepting orthodox christianity. many bulgars object to this characterization as mocking the tsar and suggesting that his choice of christianity was unreasoned. there were important cultural and political reasons that influenced boris to convert the bulgarians to christianity. [ cherneva ] it was his rule that encoureged that the cyrilic alphabet was invented and spread. a substantial part part of the european population uses this alphabet. tsar simeon ( 893 - 927 ) expanded his kingdom. at his time bulgaria experienced a " golden age " since bulgaria experienced amazing cultural progress and geographically possesed the areas between three seas surrounding the balkans - black, aegean and adriatic. simeon was crowned as an ' emperor of bulgarians


) expanded his kingdom. at his time bulgaria experienced a " golden age " since bulgaria experienced amazing cultural progress and geographically possesed the areas between three seas surrounding the balkans - black, aegean and adriatic. simeon was crowned as an ' emperor of bulgarians and romans ' by the patriarch in constantinople ( 913 ). [ cherneva ] the byzantine emperor, basil ii gained a decisive military victory and had the eyes of 15, 000 bulgarian soldiers put out ( 1014 ). bulgaria came under byzantine rule in 1018. a second bulgarian empire ( 1185 - 1396 ) was created when two brothers, asen and peter, led a general uprising against byzantium. the second empire extended over thrace, macedonia and albania. it was tsar ivan ii ( ivan asen ) ( 1218 - 1241 ) who extended the bulgarian empire over the largest area. he conqquered virtually the entire balkan peninsula, except for greece in the extreme south which remained under byzantine control. after iban ii, bulgaria declined and was confronted with a rising srbian christian kingdom. macedonian which had been part of bulgaria was conquered by serbia ( 1330 ). fighting between the two christian kingdoms weakened both. gradually the otomon turks became the dominate power in the islamic world. the ottomons presed on the byzatines, taking constanople in 1453. they then conquered the balkans, driving deep into europe, only beeing stopped at the gates of vienna. the ottoman turks in 1453 seized constantinople and by 1460 controlled most of greece. thousands of greeks went into exile in christain europe and had an important influence on the european renaissance. the ottomons conquered mesopotamia in 1533. for the next three centuries, the regional christan powers ( venice, austria, and russia ) warred intermitently with the turks and greece changed hands several times. the ottoman conquest of christian southeast europe began in 1352. an ottoman force sailed through hellespont ( dardanelles ) separating europe from asia, and took tsimpe, a small byzantine fort. the first two assaults in the 8th century and the turn of the 13th century failed. the third ottoman invasion was very different. the increasing internal feudal disorders in bulgaria weakened the bulgarian state. thus the bulgars were unable to effectively resist ottoman armies. the ottomons defeated both bulgarian and serbian christian armies. the serbs were defeated at kosovo ( 1389 ). an ottomon campaign succeeded in taking two - thirds of bulgar territory ( 1393 ).