southeastern united states. the present... download pdf ( 82. 4 kb ) in recent years, research in the early colonial history of the eastern united states has been receiving information from purely archaeological sources. excavations at jamestown ( cotter 1958 ), williamsburg ( hume1958 ), hopewell iron furnace ( mason 1958 ), and other early white settlements are contributing significantly to a more realistic and detailed picture... 1. the historical setting download pdf ( 398. 1 kb ) the brief thirty - year interval during which the creek indians and the carolinian trading house shared the site at macon is but one short scene in a long and complex series of events that moved inevitably toward the eventual displacement of the indians. the principal actors in this scene were the carolinian settlers and traders, whose dreams for commercial empire and... part i. archaeological evidence 2. excavations at ocmulgee download pdf ( 143. 1 kb ) the trading house and the creek town site at ocmulgee national monument in macon, georgia, are geographically part of the macon plateau, one of the most familiar and most excavated mississippian sites in the southeastern united states ( kelly 1938 ; fairbanks 1956a ). directly on the fall line, this large site overlooks the ocmulgee river and the low plain that... 3. the trading house download pdf ( 347. 2 kb ) it has been common knowledge in the macon area for many years that the ocmulgee national monument mound group was once an indian town during the earliest days of white penetration into the southeast. for many years, it has been customarily called the “ old fields, ” a designation used by many white settlers as well as by the indians to refer to a once - occupied... 4. the lower creek town site download pdf ( 696. 3 kb ) the lower creek town that supplied the trading house with skins was one of eleven indian towns settled on or near ochese creek after 1690. the land that was chosen for this particular village after its removal from the chattahoochee river was already an “ old fields ” when the lower creeksarrived there ; and in their legends, at least, they believed it to be the site of... download pdf ( 870. 2 kb ) because the macon plateau is a multi - component site with no really air - tight stratigraphic separation of cultures, it is often totally impossible to determine whether a given artifact belongs to the lower creek occupationor not. only in the cases


kb ) because the macon plateau is a multi - component site with no really air - tight stratigraphic separation of cultures, it is often totally impossible to determine whether a given artifact belongs to the lower creek occupationor not. only in the cases of pottery, a few other aboriginal tools and ornaments, and, of course, the articles brought into the town by trade can... part ii. archaeological and historical implications 6. identification of the creek town download pdf ( 205. 6 kb ) there are two lines of evidence bearing on the identification of the specific lower creek town that occupied the macon site during the tenure of the lower creeks on the ocmulgee river. the first of these indicates that the town was hitchiti town, the head ( and probably mother ) town o fa number of hitchiti - speaking settlements. in later years, at least, this group... 7. the lower creeks and their neighbors download pdf ( 360. 9 kb ) for a number of years, attempts have been made to reconcile the succession of archaeological cultures in georgia and alabama, particularly as it is expressed in ceramic traditions, with the various modern indian groups that lived in those two states at the time of european contact. the two main, and also conflicting, points of view on this matter involve the... 8. the origins of lower creek ceramics download pdf ( 343. 4 kb ) combining historic information on the lower creeks with data from the areas of their supposed prehistoric residence is anything but a simple exercise in archaeological correlation. tracing the roots of lower creek ceramics into the prehistoric past has always foundered on the total lack of demonstrably precontact sites bearing pottery recognizable as lower creek... download pdf ( 80. 4 kb ) the lower creek town and carolinian trading house at ocmulgee national monument are together representative of an important juncture both in english colonial history and in creek archaeology. the establishment of charles town and the first attempts at english colonization in carolina stood for a while on a precarious footing. the spread of the indian... appendix i. catalogue numbers of illustrated artifacts download pdf ( 48. 5 kb ) appendix ii. pottery types download pdf ( 71. 9 kb ) download pdf ( 160. 8 kb ) download pdf ( 109. 9 kb ) page count : 241 publication year : 2005


june 28, 1831 kittsee, austria ( hungary ) august 15, 1907 in berlin, germany also known as : joseph joachim was a composer, conductor, teacher and virtuoso violinist of the romantic period especially known for his skillful interpretation of the works of bach, beethoven and mozart. as a child, joachim studied in budapest under the guidance of s. serwaczynski. he had his first concert at age 7 in budapest. at age 9, he studied with hellmesberger and boehm in vienna. at age 12, he travelled to leipzig where he continued his studies, most notably under mendelssohn. in 1844, joachim went to london under the sponsorship of medelssohn. from 1849 to 1854, he led the orchestra in weimar and from 1854 to 1864, he was leading the orchestra in hannover. in his late 30s he became director and a well - respected teacher at berlin ' s hochschule fur ausubende tonkunst. he founded the joachim quartet in 1869 which became a leading quartet in europe especially known for their performance of beethoven ' s works. he wrote pieces for the violin and piano, violin and orchestra as well as songs. however, much of his works didn ' t survive. his notable compositions include " hungarian concerto in d minor " and " hebraeische melodien. "


rotator cuff tendonitis fundamentals the rotator cuff is a group of four tendons that covers the humeral head and controls arm rotation and elevation. these muscles and their tendons work together with the deltoid muscle to provide motion and strength to the shoulder for all waist - level and shoulder - level or above activities. rotator cuff tendonitis is an inflammation of a group of muscles in the shoulder together with an inflammation of the lubrication mechanism called the bursa. in fact, ‘ bursitis ’ should not be considered a diagnosis but rather a symptom of rotator cuff tendonitis. this condition is often caused by or associated with repetitive overhead activities such as throwing, raking, washing cars or windows and many other types of highly repetitive motions. it may also occur as a result of an injury. rotator cuff injuries are the most common cause of shoulder pain and limitation of activities in sports in all age groups. rotator cuff tendonitis is the mildest form of rotator cuff injury. the shoulder has a unique arrangement of muscle and bone. the rotator cuff ( which is muscle ) is sandwiched between two bones much like a sock lies between the heel and the edge of a shoe. in the same way that repeated walking eventually wears out the sock, the rotator cuff muscles fray with repeated rubbing on the bone. as the muscle begins to fray, it responds to the injury by becoming inflamed and painful. with continued fraying, like a rope, it may eventually tear. what are the symptoms? the classic symptoms include a ‘ toothache ’ like pain radiating from the outer arm to several inches below the top of the shoulder. pain may also occur in the front and top of the shoulder. it may interfere with sleeping comfortably. it may even awaken people from a sound sleep with a nagging pain in the upper arm. the symptoms are usually aggravated by raising the arms overhead or in activities that require reaching behind the body, such as retrieving an object from the back seat of a car. furthermore, reaching behind the back to fasten underclothing or to pass a belt may aggravate the arm and shoulder pain. a clicking in the shoulder may occur when raising the arm above the head. what are my treatment options? a thorough history and physical exam will nearly always lead to a correct diagnosis. x - rays will often show changes on the arm bone where the rotator cuff muscles attach, but an mri provides the definitive diagnosis. this test clearly shows


my treatment options? a thorough history and physical exam will nearly always lead to a correct diagnosis. x - rays will often show changes on the arm bone where the rotator cuff muscles attach, but an mri provides the definitive diagnosis. this test clearly shows the muscles and indicates if the muscle is inflamed, injured or torn. the following steps should be taken as a conservative approach to treating rotator cuff tendonitis : - stop or markedly decrease the activity that required the use of the shoulder at or above shoulder level. - apply ice to the affected area. - take anti - inflammatory medication to reduce arm and shoulder pain. - begin an exercise program to maintain flexibility. - avoid carrying heavy objects with the affected arm or using shoulder - strap bags on the affected side. in the early phases, over - the - counter anti - inflammatory medications may provide benefit. however, to allow the inflammation to resolve, it is vital to curtail any repetitive activity and it is equally important to try to keep the elbow below the shoulder level when using the arm. daily stretching while in a hot shower is also beneficial. if shoulder pain becomes more severe, prescription strength medication or a cortisone type injection may help. cortisone injections can be very effective in the treatment of the pain. when used, injections should be done in conjunction with a home exercise program for flexibility and strengthening, modification of activities and ice. other pain controlling options include heat, ice, ultrasound and therapeutic massage. for a young patient under the age of 30 and with a first time episode of rotator cuff tendonitis that is treated immediately with the above protocol, the average length of time for rehabilitation is two to four weeks. for those with recurrent episodes of tendonitis and some risk factors, rotator cuff tendonitis may take months to heal and in rare cases may require surgery. if symptoms persist, surgery to remove a spur on the acromion can increase the space available for the inflamed tendon and may prevent further fraying or complete rupture. if an mri shows a complete muscle injury, surgical repair may be required. surgery for recurrent rotator cuff tendonitis ( bursitis ) is occasionally performed to : - remove a prominence or spur on the undersurface of the acromion. - remove chronically inflamed, thickened and fibrotic bursal tissue. - inspect the tendons and tidy up and sometimes repair a tear in the tendons. these procedures are often


surgery? the time for complete recovery is variable and can range from two to four weeks for a first - time mild episode treated properly to several weeks or months for chronic or recurrent cases or in people with more extensive surgery. in most case, a sport specific program can begin four to six weeks after surgery, with a return to competition six to twelve weeks after surgery. this will need to be customized to your situation. your doctor will tell you what is appropriate for your condition. what is the rehab after surgery? although there is no one set protocol for rehabilitation for rotator cuff tendonitis several principles should be followed : - regain all passive range of motion first. - begin strengthening the rotator cuff with the arm by the side. - add deltoid and shoulder level strengthening when the shoulder is less painful. - be sure to strengthen the muscles that control the shoulder blade to regain normal smooth shoulder blade motion and strength when the arm is fully elevated overhead. the level of strengthening is dependent upon the individual needs of the person and the physical demands that he or she intends to place on the shoulder as well as the progress made in the initial program. before returning to sports, a sport - specific component to the rehabilitation program should be started that includes an initial return to a non - competitive level of sport participation. in the sport - specific rehabilitation, the athlete performs the activity for 25 - 50 percent effort ( duration, frequency and intensity ). if the athlete performs well at this level without pain over a few days then the activity can be increased over the next few days in intensity, frequency and duration. how can i manage at home during recovery from the procedure? most patients become independent in personal tasks within days of the procedure. it is often helpful if a family member assists the patient, especially with stretching exercises. how frequently should i schedule follow up appointments with my doctor following surgery? your physician will instruct you regarding the timing of your follow - up appointments.


| n a n d r a caring for yours diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. the cause of diabetes continues to be a mystery, although both genetics and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to there are 20. 8 million children and adults in the united states, or 7 % of the population, who have diabetes. while an estimated 14. 6 million have been diagnosed with diabetes, unfortunately, 6. 2 million people ( or nearly one - third ) are unaware that they have the disease. for more information on this topic, please go to : american diabetes association heart attack and stroke coronary heart disease is america ' s no. 1 killer. stroke is no. 3 and a leading cause of serious disability. that ' s why it ' s so important to reduce your risk factors, know the warning signs, and know how to respond quickly and properly if warning signs occur. for more information on this topic, please go to : american heart association cholesterol eighty - percent of the cholesterol in your body is produced in your liver, and the remainder comes from foods like meats, eggs and dairy products. saturated fats and transfats can raise the cholesterol level also. understanding the different forms of cholesterol can help you make the right nutritional and treatment decisions to maintain a healthy heart. for more information on this topic, please go to : web md asthma is a chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes ( airways ) that causes swelling and narrowing ( constriction ) of the airways. the result is difficulty breathing. the bronchial narrowing is usually either totally or at least partially reversible with treatments. human growth hormone ( hgh ) " human growth hormone does something no other weight loss regimen does - it recontours the body, melting away fat and building muscle. in many cases, people look like they ' ve shed years, along with the fat. " " thousands of people around the world are experiencing the multiple fitness and life - enhancing benefits of hgh replacement. they all feel that they have turned back the clock and regained their youthful fitness, mind starting at age 20, hgh levels begin to decline about 14 % each decade so that by the time we are 65, half of us have little or no human growthhormone. the decline of hgh is accompanied by many of the miseries we


this week, christians begin a new liturgical year and enter into the rich and ancient four - week season of advent. for most american christians, advent passes virtually unnoticed, as the celebration of " christmas " as a secular and intensely commercial feast begins the day after thanksgiving. yet the time of advent offers us an opportunity to dive deeply into a counter - cultural time of quiet reflection, a space of hopeful and patient waiting and discernment about how god ' s incarnation has meaning and is at work in our world today. before the middle of the fourth century, there were no liturgical seasons, such as advent or lent, or any idea of a " liturgical year, " something many christians take for granted today. the great paschal easter feast was the central focus of the christian year, along with the sunday gatherings, considered " little easters. " advent is first noted around the year 350, about the same time christmas is first mentioned as being celebrated. the date of christmas might well have been placed near the winter solstice as a replacement to the pagan solstice celebrations of the roman empire. the liturgical year, with its broad seasons of advent - christmastide and lent - eastertide, evolved within this world of the roman empire - - a northern hemispheric world. people living in the empire identified and adapted parallels between the natural world they inhabited and the words, music and images of their sacred time in worship. as the daylight dwindled, they yearned and leaned toward the return of light. and as they saw god ' s hand in the rhythm of the seasonal changes, they believed and proclaimed that the birth of jesus, " the light of the world, " would herald that longed - for return of light that presaged god ' s reign of peace and harmony ( isaiah 2 : 1 - 5, from advent 1 in the " a " cycle ). first sunday of advent as in the other yearly liturgical cycles, the readings of this advent season reflect a movement through the four weeks from an apocalyptic and cosmic in - breaking of god in the first sundays to the more intimate stories, including mary as a central figure, in the fourth sundays that prepare us for god ' s incarnation in the most unexpected and unpredictable manner - - as an infant in an occupied country to a poor and unwed teenager. all three of the readings this sunday are messages of encouragement and future hope. jeremiah prophesies to israel and judah that god ' s appointed one will bring in a reign of justice, righteousness and safety. paul,


poor and unwed teenager. all three of the readings this sunday are messages of encouragement and future hope. jeremiah prophesies to israel and judah that god ' s appointed one will bring in a reign of justice, righteousness and safety. paul, writing to the fledgling christian community in thessalonika ( and believing, like them, that christ ' s second coming was immanent ), prays they might be strengthened in their faith and abounding in love as they patiently wait. while jesus ' words of warning in the gospel might seem stern, they are not nearly as harsh as the same message from mark ( read last advent ). jesus ' encouragement in luke ' s gospel includes, "... [ when these things take place ] raise your head, because your redemption is drawing near. " one of the challenges in choosing and introducing advent music is to be faithful to be these texts with their diverse images while working to create a sense of prayerful engagement in the midst of a hectic time of the year. even though the carols and hymns of advent are not as familiar as christmas carols, there is a long, diverse and beautiful repertoire of texts and music available to us. when i was working full - time as a parish musician, i often dropped much or all of the instrumental accompaniment for the hymns, songs and chants at mass through the entire season up to christmas, just as all singing in worship was unaccompanied for more than the first thousand years of the church. our planning team also tried to add more silence and less artificial lighting throughout worship. it was an attempt to reflect the quietness of the natural world and help people connect to the cycles of light and darkness. many times, members of the community showed appreciation for creating a meditative and attentive space within worship during a time when the rest of life was filled with activities, responsibilities and events. " conditor alme siderum " ( " creator of the stars of night " ) is a beautiful advent hymn used by religious communities for vespers services in advent. the original text dates to the sixth or seventh century, set to a lilting and gentle chant. the text was substantially revised in the 17th century ; however, the first few lines provide a beautiful echo of both jeremiah ' s vision and jesus ' call to be aware. here are the first lines of the original latin and a prose translation : conditor alme siderum, aeterna lux credentium, christe, redemptor


jeremiah ' s vision and jesus ' call to be aware. here are the first lines of the original latin and a prose translation : conditor alme siderum, aeterna lux credentium, christe, redemptor omnium, exaudi preces supplicum. loving creator of the stars, eternal light of believers, o christ, redeemer of all, hear the prayers of supplicants. " my soul in stillness waits " was written at my first full - time job as a parish music director. i wanted both the music and the text to quiet and deepen our sense of waiting within worship. the text is a very loose adaptation of the " o " antiphons ( best known in the hymn, " o come, o come emmanuel " ), which were prayed in religious communities each evening of the week immediately before christmas. the music of advent should reflect both the cosmic dimension of christ ' s reign coming in its fullness ( as proclaimed last week on christ the king sunday ) and the immanence of an incarnate god, as close as our next breath. and so we begin this holy season, in which the secular world is as frantic as any time in the year, with strong messages of hope and a call ( to israel, to early christians in thessalonika, to jesus ' disciples, to us ) for true awareness and a deepening of faith and love in our lives and in our communities. [ marty haugen is a composer of liturgical music for roman catholic and protestant congregations, with more than 400 compositions published by gia, augsburg fortress and other publishers. ]


fourth of july hazards one might think emphasis on a " safe " celebration of independence day is a recent development. in the 1990s some nebraska communities limit or ban fireworks, except for public displays. the authorities ' arguments against fireworks have changed very little over the years, judging from a state fire commissioner ' s letter to nebraska newspapers in 1912 : " to the fathers and mothers and citizens of the state of nebraska : we are soon to celebrate the anniversary of the birth of this nation. old and young alike recognize the importance of this occasion and are all filled with loyalty and enthusiasm.... " inventive genius is furnishing the toy pistol, fire cracker, roman candle, sky rocket, and other explosive means of celebrating the occasion, and every anniversary of the nation ' s birth is blotted either with the death or injury of hundreds of children and a lesser number of grown people from these death dealing manufactured implements.... it is the duty of every father and mother as well as every other citizen to warn the children and uninformed of the dangers attending these explosives so that the number of killed and injured will be reduced to such an extent that the anniversary of the nation ' s birth will not be the anniversary of the death or permanent injury of the boys and girls and citizens... who purchase and discharge these deadly explosives.... " let ' s have a sane fourth of july this year! let ' s eat ice cream, and other good things, drink lemonade, soda water, and pop, make a loud noise with our mouth by shouting ' hurrah. ' this will not cause lockjaw or tetanus, and if we get sick from doing it a little ' pain killer ' will cure us and we will not have to send for the coroner. " return to timeline index


in the first study of its kind, medical scientists have uncovered a probable link between pain from surgery and the likelihood of infection. the key appears to be the body ' s means of fighting infection, which depends on the tissue ' s supply of oxygen. pain, the researchers discovered, reduces the amount of available oxygen and thereby increases the risk of infection. the discovery, published in the july 4 issue of the journal lancet, was led by daniel i. sessler, md, associate professor of anesthesia at the university of california, san francisco. he collaborated with colleagues at the university of vienna and washington university in st. louis. " many of us in the field believe that oxygenation of tissues is the key to the body ' s ability to fight infection, " sessler said. " inadequate pain treatment decreases oxygenation and thus reduces the effectiveness of the body ' s major line of defense against infection : cells called neutrophils that kill invaders with the help of oxygen. " in a clinical study performed at the at the university of vienna general hospital, 30 patients recovering from elective knee surgery were fitted with a device to monitor tissue oxygen pressure. all were given standard, intravenous narcotic pain medication. in addition, the local anesthetic lidocaine was injected into the surgical site of some patients - the experimental group - just prior to the end of surgery. the results showed that patients with the least pain - those who were given lidocaine - had significantly higher tissue oxygenation concentrations. the increase was clinically important and of a magnitude that previous studies show will cut the risk of infection by more than half. " inadequate treatment of surgical pain is still fairly common, " sessler says. " here we have intriguing evidence that careful and complete control of pain not only improves patient comfort, but also markedly reduces the risk of infection. "


nasty, brutish, and short - - thomas hobbes ' s famous description of life without government could as easily be applied to baboons. the primates are famous for their bad manners. however, a troop of baboons in kenya has recently changed its ways. researchers suggest that the relatively peaceable behavior is a type of culture that ' s passed on to newcomers to the troop. baboon culture is rife with violence. males fight over females, food, resting spots, and sometimes for no apparent reason. the most serious altercations are usually between baboons of close rank ; but baboons low on the totem pole get bullied all the time by higher - ups looking for an ego boost. now it appears that one troop has found a better way. robert sapolsky, a primatologist at stanford university in california, observed a troop of savanna baboons, dubbed forest troop, from the late 1970s until 1986, when an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis killed off the most aggressive males in the group. after the deaths of so many of the members, sapolsky abandoned his study and stayed away for 10 years. in the 13 april plos biology, sapolsky and his wife and colleague lisa share describe the dramatic changes they found when they returned. members sat closer together and groomed each other more. the dominance hierarchy remained - - number two still scrapped with numbers one and three as in a normal troop - - but the higher - ranking baboons didn ' t vent their anger on subordinates. and that ' s apparently improved life for lowlier baboons ; they don ' t have the classic markers of chronic stress - - such as elevated levels of stress hormones - - found in their peers in other troops. the most remarkable observation, however, was that the troop had apparently maintained the peace despite a complete turnover in the male population. normally aggressive male adolescent baboons leave their native troop and slowly work into a new one ; forest troop had somehow managed to assimilate these surly newcomers without losing its peaceful culture. sapolsky and share are still unsure how the culture is being passed on, but they suspect that it has to do with the observed friendly attitude of the female baboons towards newcomer males. " sapolsky ' s research seems to show that the female baboons have ' seen the light, ' " and realized that life is better with peaceful males, says frans de waal, a primatologist at emory university in


while poor pollock could not come up with anything that vaguely resembled indigenous art, he did begin to explore native art on his own. influenced by henderson, he began to study navajo sand paintings. he also began to haunt the museum of natural history and was fixated on the artwork of the kwakiutl, bella coola, haida, tsimshian and tlingit tribes. pollock came to the realization that he was yearning for the same kind of shamanic power that these artists had achieved and began to think of his artwork as the analogy of that of tribal artists. by digging into his own subconscious and by seeking oneness with nature, he would achieve the same kind of power that he saw in the museum pieces. it is singularly ironic that pollock would gravitate toward american indian artists, since fame or fortune were the last things on their mind. pollock was simply looking for a technique that could elevate his work to a higher plane. the obsession with american indian artwork was based on almost total ignorance about their way of life, characteristic not only of pollock but other big - time artists and critics as well. abstract expressionist superstar barnett newman wrote in the 1947 essay " the ideographic picture " : " the kwakiutl artist painting on a hide did not concern himself with... inconsequentials... the abstract shape he used, his entire plastic language, was directed by a ritualistic will towards metaphysical understanding. the everyday realities he left to the toy - makers ; the pleasant play of non - objective pattern basket weavers. to him a shape was a living thing, a vehicle for an abstract thought - complex, a carrier of the awesome feelings he felt before the terror of the unknowable. " a 1946 experiment comically illustrates pollock ' s running hide - and - seek with representation : over a photograph of a dog he laminated film skimmed from enamel paint. stressed - out canines appear often. in his 1943 painting guardians of the secret, in the san francisco museum of modern art, the slashingly drawn coyote - ish animal lying at the picture ' s bottom, between gaunt male and female hierophants, recalls the prankster of american indian stories.


- stimulants reverse the effects of fatigue on both mental and physical tasks. - two commonly used stimulants are nicotine and caffeine. - a number of stimulants are under regulatory control of the csa and are available by prescription for legitimate medical use. - as drugs of abuse, stimulants are frequently taken to produce a sense of exhilaration, enhance self esteem, improve mental and physical performance, increase activity, reduce appetite and to " get high ". they are among the most potent agents of reward and reinforcement that underlie the problem of dependence. - they are taken orally, sniffed, smoked and injected. - during periods of heavy use all other interests become secondary to recreating the initial euphoric rush. - tolerance can develop rapidly and both physical and psychological dependence occur. - abrupt cessation is commonly followed by depression, anxiety, drug craving and extreme fatigue known as a " crash ". - risks : chest pain with palpitations, hostility, aggression, suicidal or homicidal tendencies, paranoia, hallucinations, convulsions, cardiovascular collapse, death. - amphetamine, dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine are collectively referred to as amphetamines. in fact, their chemical properties and actions are so similar that even experiences users have difficulty knowing which drug they have taken. - amphetamine was first marketed in 1930 by prescription in tablet form and was used in the treatment of the sleeping disorder, narcolepsy and the behavioral syndrome called minimal brain dysfunction, which today is called attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ). - drugs are abused for the stimulant effects they produce, including appetite suppression, wakefulness euphoria and increased focus and attentiveness. - drugs are taken orally or injected. individuals of all ages abuse amphetamines. - effects of amphetamines, especially methamphetamine are similar to cocaine but their onset is slower and duration is longer. - meth remains in the blood stream longer and the drug remains unchanged in the body producing prolonged stimulant effects. - chronic abuse produces a psychosis that resembles schizophrenia and is characterized by paranoia. - ritalin is a trade name for the prescription drug methylphenidate. - abuse of ritalin typically is associated with teenagers, and young adults. - tablet is crushed, and powder is snorted or injected. - effects include : loss of appetite, fevers, convulsions


the prescription drug methylphenidate. - abuse of ritalin typically is associated with teenagers, and young adults. - tablet is crushed, and powder is snorted or injected. - effects include : loss of appetite, fevers, convulsions & severe headaches, risk of exposure to hiv, hepatitis, irregular heartbeat and respiration, paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, excessive repetition of movements and meaningless tasks, tremors. - risks include severe psychological addiction, psychotic episodes, cardiovascular complications. - smoking, chewing and dipping all involve the use of nicotine. - the nicotine in tobacco is one of the most addictive of drugs. - long - term use of tobacco often results in high blood pressure, heart attack, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema and or cancer of the lungs, throat and mouth. - crack cocaine is a highly addictive and powerful stimulant that is derived from powdered cocaine. - crack typically is available as rocks, white or off white and varies in size. - crack is almost always smoked. individuals of all ages use crack. - may lead to aggressive and paranoid behavior. - users may experience respiratory problems lung trauma and bleeding, seizure and cardiac arrest. - cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant that appears as a fine white, crystalline powder. - cocaine is typically inhaled through the nose, or dissolved and injected. - individuals of all ages use cocaine. use among high school students is a particular concern. - individuals become restless, irritable and anxious. - use can result in increase temperature, heart rate. heart attack respiratory failure stroke and seizure. - risk of sudden death when used with alcohol. - ecstasy is a synthetic drug that causes both hallucinogenic and stimulant effects. - mdma generally is sold as a tablet which is taken orally. - the tablets are available in various colors and shapes and generally are imprinted with a logo - smiley faces, clover leaves, cartoon characters and symbols. - most mdma users are teenagers or young adults. - it is called a club drug because it often is used at all - night dance parties ( called raves ) and at night clubs. - risks include confusion, depression, anxiety, sleeplessness, craving for the drug, and paranoia. muscle tension involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, tremors dehydration, heart or kidney failure. - users may consume too much of the drug, which can result in overdose death.


polarization of radio waves transmitted through antarctic ice shelves doake, c. s. m. ; corr, h. f. j. ; jenkins, a.. 2002 polarization of radio waves transmitted through antarctic ice shelves. annals of glaciology, 34. 165 - 170. 10. 3189 / 172756402781817572full text not available from this repository. the polarization behaviour of radar waves transmitted through two antarctic ice shelves has been investigated using a step frequency radar with a centre frequency of 300 mhz and a bandwidth of 150 mhz. one site was on brunt ice shelf at a site near halley station, and 17 sites were oil george vi ice shelf near the southern ice front. birefringence in the ice dominated the behaviour oil brunt ice shelf, where the anisotropy in the effective permittivity was found to be about 0. 14 %. on george vi ice shelf, a highly anisotropic reflecting surface was the controlling feature, suggesting a fluted ice - shelf base formed by oceanographic currents. | programmes : | | bas programmes > antarctic science in the global context ( 2000 - 2005 ) > global interactions of the antarctic ice sheet | | nora subject terms : | | glaciology | date made live : | | 15 nov 2011 09 : 47 | actions ( login required )


i finally found a straightforward definition of an " acre. " dealing with real property as often as lawyers do, you would think i would have thought to have looked this up before - - or at least got it clear in my mind. an acre was originally a parcel of a communal field - - a unit of measure of the area of a medieval lord ' s land that was " given " to a serf for their own use. the unit was an area equal to one furlong in length by one chain in width. that ' s not very helpful to the modern thinker until you learn that there are eight furlongs in a mile and that there are ten chains in a furlong. the original measurement was in rods, and there are four rods in a chain. ( " rod " is a funny word. ) so the classic acre is 660 feet long and 66 feet wide. that means it is 43, 560 square feet of land. a square parcel of land with each side being 208 feet, eight and a half inches long would be almost exactly an acre. there are 640 acres in a square mile. an american " township " is a group of thirty - six square miles, six miles square. if you needed " forty acres and a mule " to survive on the frontier, that meant you needed a square plot of land one - quarter of a mile long on each side. and a mule. acre is also the name of the westernmost of brazil, bordering peru. it consists mainly of virgin tropical rain forests and has two major rivers which carry pure, clean water that eventually flow into the amazon. it is one of the smallest and least populated states of brazil. there was a coastal city and fiefdom named acre which was of great military importance during the crusades. the most important battle of the third crusade was the battle of acre. today, acre is located in northern israel, on the bay of haifa. not a potted plant has a new home readers! not a potted plant is moving. please switch your rss feeders like google reader, and update your bookmarks, to draw from the blog ' s new site, generously hosted by the league of ordinary gentlemen. thank you for your continued support.


greenland ice sheet melt characteristics derived from passive microwave data the greenland ice sheet melt extent data, acquired as part of the nasa program for arctic regional climate assessment ( parca ), is a daily ( or every other day, prior to august 1987 ) estimate of the spatial extent of wet snow on the greenland ice sheet since 1979. it is derived from passive microwave satellite brightness temperature characteristics using the cross - polarized gradient ratio ( xpgr ) of abdalati and steffen ( 1997 ). it is physically based on the changes in microwave emission characteristics observable in data from the scanning multi - channel microwave radiometer ( smmr ) and the special sensor microwave / imager ( ssm / i ) instruments when surface snow melts. it is not a direct measure of the snow wetness but rather is a binary indicator of the state of melt of each smmr and ssm / i pixel on the ice sheet for each day of observation. it is, however, a useful proxy for the amount of melt that occurs on the greenland ice sheet. the data are provided in a variety of formats including raw data in ascii format, gridded daily data in binary format, and annual and complete time series climatologies in gridded binary and geotiff format. all data are in a 60 x 109 pixel subset of the standard northern hemisphere polar stereographic grid with a 25 km resolution and are available via ftp. the following example shows how to cite the use of this data set in a publication. for more information, see our use and copyright web page. waleed abdalati. 2008. greenland ice sheet melt characteristics derived from passive microwave data. [ indicate subset used ]. boulder, colorado usa : national snow and ice data center.


i ’ ve been asked to chair a committee to look into using science “ kits ” for our elementary classes. we ’ re interested in this, but where do we start? — mariana, manchester, new hampshire science kits are published by many companies and individuals and address a variety of topics. they can be helpful for teachers who do not have a lot of background experience in science topics – either in the content itself or in designing and implementing inquiry - based activities. they can also be expensive. you ’ ll want to ask several questions : - what do you hope to accomplish by using the kits? is your school / district trying to get inquiry into elementary classes, to provide a complete set of materials and resources for studying a topic, or to ensure that all students have common experiences? kits can provide these, but if you already are implementing a strong, inquiry - based curriculum, the kits may not be necessary. - how do the kit topics align with your state standards and local curriculum? using kits should be an integral part of your science program, not an add - on. many also are designed to be appropriate at specific grade levels ( e. g., k - 2, 3 - 5, 6 - 8 ). - what are the credentials of the publisher and the history of the publisher in developing and supporting the kits? - what research does the publisher have to show the effectiveness of their particular kits? - do the kits provide background information and opportunities and resources for the inquiry process? the activities should promote processes such as observing, questioning, hypothesizing, predicting, investigating ( including planning, conducting, measuring, gathering data, controlling variables, interpreting, and drawing conclusions ), and communicating. evaluate them carefully ; some kits are just a collection of materials for demonstrations and / or replication activities. - how will you implement the kits? i recommend providing the professional development offered by the publisher, even if it adds to the cost of the kits. - will it stifle creativity? i asked a colleague ( one of the best elementary science teachers i know ) about the kits in his school. he appreciates them for the way they guide teachers through the processes and provide the materials. he noted the ones they used were not tightly scripted so teachers had room to incorporate their own experiences and go beyond the basics if they felt comfortable doing so. - will you be able to cover the same amount of material? my colleague noted that the kits take time to implement fully, and therefore teachers may not “ cover ” as many topics as they did without them


by j. d. larock senior analyst, innovation and measuring progress division, directorate for education as any student can attest, pursuing a higher education requires an investment in time, effort – and in a number of oecd countries, significant financial resources. but the economic costs of higher education go beyond tuition fees. because people with higher education tend to have higher earnings, they ’ re likely to pay more in income taxes and social welfare contributions. there ’ s also the “ opportunity cost ” of foregone earnings when people enter university instead of the labour market. given these long - term economic costs, do the long - term economic benefits of having a higher education make it worthwhile? as the latest issue of the oecd ’ s brief series education indicators in focus details, analyses based on the most recent year of available data – 2007 for most countries – suggest that the return on investment is very good. for example, the long - term economic advantage of having a tertiary degree instead of an upper secondary degree, minus the associated costs, is over usd 175 000 for a man and just over usd 110 000 for a woman, on average across oecd countries. the payoff is particularly strong for men in italy, korea, portugal and the united states, where obtaining a higher education degree generates a long - term benefit of more than usd 300 000 for the average man, compared to a man with an upper secondary education only. meanwhile, the advantage for women is strongest in ireland, korea, portugal, slovenia, the united kingdom, and the united states, where having a tertiary education yields an average long - term benefit of usd 150 000 or more, compared to a woman with an upper secondary education. as the chart above shows, oecd analyses also find that the long - term payoff on the amount of taxpayer funds used to support people in higher education generates a strong return. taxpayer costs include funds used to lower the direct costs of higher education to individuals, as well as support for grant and loan programs. they also include indirect costs, such as foregone tax revenues and social contributions to the government while people are in university. on average, oecd countries directly invest more than usd 30 000 in public sector funds to support an individual pursuing higher education. however, they ’ ll recoup this investment – and then some – through greater tax revenues from these higher - educated people, as well as savings from the lower level of social transfers these people typically receive. on average, oecd countries will receive a net return


ll recoup this investment – and then some – through greater tax revenues from these higher - educated people, as well as savings from the lower level of social transfers these people typically receive. on average, oecd countries will receive a net return of usd 91 000 on the public costs to support a man in tertiary education – more than three times the amount of the public investment. in belgium, germany, hungary, slovenia and the united states, this return is especially high, topping usd 150 000. the net return on the public costs to support a woman in higher education is somewhat lower – usd 55 000, on average – but are still positive in almost every oecd country. of course, the fallout from the global economic crisis will likely change this cost - benefit equation – but whether it will make it better or worse overall is unclear. for example, the higher unemployment rates spurred by the crisis are likely to have reduced the opportunity cost of foregoing work in order to attend university. however, they also may have reduced some of the benefits of having a higher education, because unemployment rates rose among tertiary - educated people during the crisis. likewise, the continued global expansion of higher education could have different effects. as the supply of highly - educated individuals grows, the relative economic benefits of having a tertiary education may go down over time. however, if economies continue to become more knowledge - based – increasing the demand for highly - educated people even more – the economic benefits of higher education could continue to expand. for more informationon the oecd ’ s education indicators, visit : education at a glance 2011 : oecd indicators www. oecd. org / edu / eag2011 on the oecd ’ s indicators of education systems ( ines ) programme, visit : ines programme overview brochure see also : imhe general conference 2012 " attaining and sustaining mass higher education ", paris, 17 - 19 september 2012 chart source : education at a glance 2011 : oecd indicators, indicator a9 ( www. oecd. org / edu / eag2011 ). note : data for australia, belgium and turkey refer to 2005. data for italy, the netherlands, poland, portugal and the united kingdom refer to 2006. all other data refer to 2007. countries are ranked in descending order of the net present value.


oecd skills strategy : the pathway of choice policymakers need solutions to help their economies move forward in today ’ s world. the oecd skills strategy, launched at the 2012 ministerial council meeting in may, may prove fundamental. here ’ s why. skills have become the global currency of 21st century economies. without proper investment in skills, people languish on the margins of society, technological progress does not translate into economic growth, and countries can no longer compete in an increasingly knowledge - based global society. one estimate puts the long - term economic value of raising student performance in the oecd area by just half a school year at us $ 115 trillion over the working life of the generation born this year. but this “ currency ” depreciates as the requirements of labour markets evolve and individuals lose the skills they do not use. the toxic mix of unemployed graduates, on the one hand, and employers unable to find the skills they need, on the other, sends a clear message : that skills do not automatically translate into higher incomes and high productivity. if we want to succeed at turning skills into better jobs and better lives, we have to understand more about those skills that transform lives and drive economies. we must then ensure that those skills are taught and learned effectively over the course of people ’ s lives. and we must provide an environment in which employers fully use the available talent. this is everyone ’ s business. governments, employers, employees, and learners need to establish sustainable arrangements as to who pays for what, when and how. this is where the oecd skills strategy comes in. it helps countries identify the strengths and weaknesses of their national skills pool and their systems, benchmark them internationally, and develop policies for improvement. what do we mean by developing the right skills? the crisis has reminded us that there can be drastic, sudden and unexpected changes in our economies. a generation ago students could expect that what they learned from their teachers would last a lifetime. today, educators and training professionals have to prepare people for more rapid change than ever before, for jobs that have not yet been created, to use technologies that have not yet been invented, and to resolve problems that we don ’ t yet know will arise. more than ever, a culture of lifelong learning must be fostered that can engage learners in overcoming the unforeseen challenges of tomorrow, not to mention those of today. to do this, governments must gather and use better intelligence about changing skill demand. they must work more closely with the business sector in designing and


that can engage learners in overcoming the unforeseen challenges of tomorrow, not to mention those of today. to do this, governments must gather and use better intelligence about changing skill demand. they must work more closely with the business sector in designing and delivering curricula and training programmes. skills development is simply much more effective if the world of learning and the world of work are linked together. learning in the workplace allows young people to reach beyond state - conceived classrooms and develop the “ hard ” skills that working on modern equipment brings, and the “ soft ” skills of real - world experience. hands - on workplace training can also help to motivate disengaged young people and involve them more in the education system, as well as creating a smoother transition to the labour market. by working alongside businesses, governments can ensure there is sufficient local flexibility in designing and managing training programmes, while seeing to it that their tax systems do not discourage investment in learning. but even people who have strong skills sometimes do not bring them fully to bear in the economy. people with disabilities or chronic health problems, for example, are more likely to be inactive. so too are women and older people. and we know from research – but also from experience – that unused skills deteriorate. so what are the answers? first, we must identify inactive individuals more clearly and understand the reasons for their inactivity. we may then have to create financial incentives that make work pay and dismantle the barriers to participation in the labour force, such as the absence of childcare for many women, or resolve issues surrounding leave, part - time work and workplace facilities. and finally, we must find ways to encourage older people to stay on longer in their careers, not so much to reduce the welfare costs of early retirement, important as this is, but so that others – people, businesses and the economy at large – can benefit more fully from their experience and knowledge. nevertheless, even if the right skills are developed and people are willing to work, that still does not guarantee results. take unemployment. one in four young people are jobless in france, italy and the us. in spain and some northern african countries 40 % or more young people have no jobs. for a young person looking for a job this is a terrible prospect and a tragic waste of skills. what ’ s more, a bad start in professional life leaves scars that can last ten years or more, affecting career prospects, pay levels and job security. tackling unemployment and helping young people to gain a


terrible prospect and a tragic waste of skills. what ’ s more, a bad start in professional life leaves scars that can last ten years or more, affecting career prospects, pay levels and job security. tackling unemployment and helping young people to gain a foothold in the labour market and into jobs that utilise their skills, must be a priority. the skills strategy shows that there are ways to achieve this, starting with firms themselves. research finds that those firms that are good at deploying accepted best - practice management techniques are more innovative and perform significantly better, in economic terms, than those that are not. in well - managed firms, skills of employees are used more productively and this also boosts job satisfaction. policy must encourage employers to align their business strategies with human - resource practices and skills development in their workforce. a second way is to improve the information we have about the skills needed and those available. quality career guidance should be a critical feature of public policy. competent personnel who have the latest labour - market information at their fingertips can steer individuals to the learning programmes that would be best for their prospective careers. coherent and easy - to - interpret qualifications help employers understand which skills are held by potential employees, thereby facilitating recruitment and matching. competency - based qualifications provide employers with a sense of what a future employee can perform on the job and enable individuals who have work experience to secure credentials that reflect the skills they may have acquired on the job. firms in many countries could introduce more flexible working arrangements too. our lives have become more complicated. jobs for life are largely a thing of the past. family and professional lives are increasingly interwoven and have to be managed in parallel. work places have to adapt to these changes and offer much more flexibility to avoid excluding individuals from active professional life. more also needs to be done to stimulate the creation of more high - skilled and high value - added jobs. labour markets are not static, and policies can “ shape ” demand, rather than merely respond to it. by fostering competition and the spirit of enterprise that goes with it, policymakers can promote not just vibrant and productive economic activities, but more rewarding jobs as well. such an environment also produces more entrepreneurs too – the people who create jobs. and we know that entrepreneurship skills can be learned and fostered through a dynamic education system. which brings us back to skills : our education and training institutions can play an important role in creating higher - skilled jobs by helping their students to identify opportunities, turn them into successful ventures, and recognise and respond


fasting before feasting why do we fast on ta ’ anit esther before feasting on purim? let us go back thousands of years to find the answer. picture the scene. jews throughout the persian empire prepare themselves for the battle against the forces of haman. thanks to the intervention of queen esther they have been granted royal permission to defend themselves against their amalekite enemies bent on genocide. but why are they fasting? the answer lies in what took place almost a thousand years earlier. moshe instructs his disciple yehoshua to mobilize the forces to battle the amalekites, who ambushed the nation just liberated from egyptian bondage. he also declares a fast as a means of gaining heavenly support. moshe thus sets an example for all generations to total dependence on g - d, an example which was emulated by jews fighting against the amalekites of their day a thousand years later. in the reading of the torah on purim we relive that first war with amalek. after appointing yehoshua as military commander, moshe, accompanied by his brother aharon and his nephew chur, ascends to the top of a hill overlooking the battlefield. the prayers of this sainted threesome for heavenly assistance set the pattern for the prayer which will be offered by community elders throughout the generations on fast days in times of trouble. but moshe is also doing something else to help achieve victory. he raises his hands, inspiring his warriors to look heavenwards and put their faith in g - d. only when his hands are up does the army of israel prevail, and when he tires he is supported by aharon and chur until final victory is gained. now let us see how this crucial lesson of total dependence on g - d is applied a millennium later. queen esther is charged by mordechai to risk her life by making an uninvited appearance before the king. she is to plead for her people, whose survival is threatened by the royal decree instigated by the wicked haman for genocide in the month of adar. eleven months before the date set for that tragedy she prepares herself for that fateful meeting by calling for a three - day fast by all the jews in the capital city of shushan. although it would seem that she should make every effort to maintain her attractiveness in order to find favor in the eyes of the king, she also fasts for three days, making it necessary for heavenly angels to support her and enhance her


shushan. although it would seem that she should make every effort to maintain her attractiveness in order to find favor in the eyes of the king, she also fasts for three days, making it necessary for heavenly angels to support her and enhance her appearance when she meets the king. is this not an echo of yehoshua ' s soldiers fasting and looking heavenward as moshe prays for them? we come full circle in this fasting cycle eleven months later when, on the 13th day of the month of adar, the day set for the " final solution " of haman ' s " jewish problem ", the tables are turned as the jews destroy their enemies. once again the jewish fighters are fasting, and it is on this day that ta ’ anit esther is ordained by our sages as a reminder that g - d responds to the repentance and prayers of those who turn to him. to feast on purim in celebration of our deliverance from the genocidal plot of haman without first fasting on ta ’ anit esther would be an incomplete experience. it is not sufficient to recall the miracle without reflecting on what made us worthy of it. the hamans of today once again pose a serious threat to our people. only by our putting our faith in g - d, and appealing to him with the repentance and prayer which saved us in the days of moshe, yehoshua, mordechai and esther, will we be worthy of a purim miracle in our own day.


disunion follows the civil war as it unfolded. disunion follows the civil war as it unfolded. but in virginia, confederates were having a summer of unprecedented successes. stonewall jackson humiliated five different federal commanders in the shenandoah valley and at the battle of cedar mountain. robert e. lee had stymied george b. mcclellan ’ s peninsula campaign aimed at richmond, and in august joined jackson to humiliate john pope at second manassas. confederate leaders saw this as the moment to capitalize on these successes with a bold military incursion into kentucky in august. the union ’ s breadbasket, the western border states lying astride the ohio river, was about to become the next front. beginning in the mid - 18th century, the ohio river was one of the great highways of north america. tens of thousands of people used it to float westward down from the appalachian mountains into the interior of the continent. the region filled up quickly : by 1790, 73, 677 people lived in kentucky, then a virginia county, and 35, 691 more in tennessee. by 1810, 15 percent of the american population lived west of the appalachians, by then including the newest state, ohio. within a decade, six more western states would be added to the national union. three decades later, in 1840, more than a third of all americans lived in this so - called first west. the early settlements in the western region quickly thrived because of the river trade. the ohio and its tributaries, which stretched north to nearly the great lakes, south to the nashville basin, and east to the cumberland plateau, sustained the growing population of the valley with crops and goods. farmers loaded flatboats filled with products of their summer labors, with wheat milled into flour, corn distilled into whiskey and hogs slaughtered into bacon and soap. these and innumerable other goods floated down the big sandy, scioto, licking, kentucky, wabash, cumberland and tennessee, then down the ohio to the mississippi and on to even hungrier markets in memphis, natchez, new orleans and beyond. the appearance of the steamboat in the first decade of the 1800s revolutionized river traffic, making it possible to return upriver without walking, riding, pushing or pulling against the river currents. before the arrival of the steamboat, items had to be carried over the appalachians to western pennsylvania and floated downriver. by 1820, 73 steamboats were working the ohio and mississippi rivers, bringing as much as 33, 000


against the river currents. before the arrival of the steamboat, items had to be carried over the appalachians to western pennsylvania and floated downriver. by 1820, 73 steamboats were working the ohio and mississippi rivers, bringing as much as 33, 000 tons of goods back up to louisville, cincinnati and pittsburgh. a canal - building craze soon followed, cheaply and efficiently connecting the inland areas, especially north of the ohio, with the rivers. in 1852, at the peak of the steamboat trade, 8, 000 landings were recorded at cincinnati. owing in large part to the steamboat, in a single generation after the revolution, bustling cities grew from these once isolated river towns : pittsburgh, st. louis, louisville, lexington, cincinnati, evansville. these were business towns — with regularity of design standard in all of these river cities, travelers talked of their attractive business climates rather than their physical beauty. merchants dominated local society and politics, accumulating wealth by the southern river trade that both drove and exemplified their cities ’ growing class stratification. but civic leaders also planted and cultivated the seeds of culture that sprouted first in these cities : newspapers, churches, opera houses and theaters, bookstores, museums, lyceums and debating societies, libraries and schools and colleges. although st. louis led all cities in the west in sophistication, by the early 19th century lexington, ky., was known as the “ athens of the west ” because of its educational facilities, most notably transylvania university. other cities were not far behind. by the 1830s cincinnati, the west ’ s queen city with nearly 50, 000 people, had replaced lexington as the region ’ s cultural and commercial epicenter. fast on the heels of the steamboat boom came rail. by the eve of the civil war, ohio boasted some 3, 000 miles of track, 76 times what it had in 1840 and the most of any state in the entire nation. illinois was second in the region and nation with 2, 799 miles, and indiana followed ( fifth in the country ) with 2, 163 ; only new york and pennsylvania boasted more. missouri and kentucky, too, had engaged heavily in railroad construction, but their 817 and 534 miles of track, respectively, left them lagging far behind even most of the cotton states, much less their immediate neighbors. even in missouri, virtually all of the main railroad lines ran along or north of the missouri river. industrial expansion in the west followed these states ’ respective railroad booms, contributing to population


even most of the cotton states, much less their immediate neighbors. even in missouri, virtually all of the main railroad lines ran along or north of the missouri river. industrial expansion in the west followed these states ’ respective railroad booms, contributing to population explosions in all of them. the 1850s saw the floodtide. in 1860, ohio ’ s 2. 3 million residents represented a more than 50 percent increase since 1840, making it the third largest state in the country. illinois ’ population doubled each decade, reaching 1. 8 million, while indiana ’ s population had nearly doubled to 1. 4 million. kentucky ’ s population had, like ohio ’ s, increased by half to some 919, 000 residents and had spread noticeably westward. some of the new settlers came from eastern cities, but many of them came from a new wave of immigration from europe, which favored the railroaded portions of these states, creating new population centers away from the traditional riverine sections. as late as the 1840s, many of the unorganized areas or fledgling counties of the northern portions of the northwestern states had been sparsely settled. but soon boggy forests were drained by industrious laborers and settlers, with railroads following, allowing these counties to account for much of their states ’ growth in the final antebellum decade. all of the counties of northern indiana and illinois saw their populations double or more ; even in ohio, they increased by half in the decade. propelled by the lake trade, cleveland became a city and chicago became the region ’ s colossus within decades of its founding. the northward shift of these states ’ populations contributed much to the western region ’ s population ’ s exceeding those of all other national regions, including the fast - growing cotton frontier. the towns and villages of the southern portions of these states, their traditional locus of population, declined proportionally. by 1860, between a quarter and a sixth of the population of the ohio river states lay in the valley itself. at the same time, though, the ohio valley cities thrived. where in 1840 just less than four percent of the region ’ s overall population was urban ( and only three cities boasted as many as 8, 000 residents ), by 1860 some 14 percent lived in villages, towns and cities, and the region boasted 14 cities with 10, 000 or more residents. this new urban population was unlike any the region had seen before. between 1820 and 1849, nearly 2. 5 million foreigners came to the united states, largely from northern europe, representing a seven - fold increase


cities with 10, 000 or more residents. this new urban population was unlike any the region had seen before. between 1820 and 1849, nearly 2. 5 million foreigners came to the united states, largely from northern europe, representing a seven - fold increase in the incidence of immigration. by 1850, 47. 2 percent of cincinnatians were immigrants, and more than 70 percent came from either ireland or germany, in part responses to the terrible potato famine of the later 1840s in ireland and the failed democratic revolutions of 1848 for the germans. nearly a contiguous square mile of the cityscape was a virtual german “ stadt, ” with bustling streets bearing names like berlin, schiller and goethe, and with street signs and business placards posted in german script. the vibrant 10th ward was known simply as “ uber der rhein, ” or for anglos, “ over - the - rhine, ” a descriptive term that originated from the area ’ s proximity to the miami canal, which separated it from the rest of the city. many, like those in cincinnati, were catholics, which for many native - born protestants caused more consternation than the newcomers ’ ethnicities. by 1850, cincinnati was only the third most densely immigrant city in the nation. but those with more were also western cities : chicago and st. louis. ( surprisingly, all three led new york city, in which foreigners constituted 45. 7 percent of the population. ) but immigrants flocked to all the western cities. they made up some 17 percent of louisville ’ s population. they likewise settled heavily in covington, ky., and evansville, ind., creating a unique culture. the diversity that became much of america was as much the western border region ’ s as the nation ’ s. many of these germans were strongly antislavery. yet as the second year of the war began, positions on slavery did not easily divide north and south of the ohio. many of the region ’ s irish catholics supported slavery ’ s protection, while in large sections of the free states fighting - age “ butternut ” men, called “ copperheads ” by their republican opponents, laid out of the fight altogether or threatened to leave it, should they be conscripted or slavery be abolished by the “ friction of war, ” as abraham lincoln put it. others sympathized outright with the confederacy, and fights commonly broke out between them and their pro - war republican neighbors. for many of the border region ’ s dissenting white residents, the course and events


, ” as abraham lincoln put it. others sympathized outright with the confederacy, and fights commonly broke out between them and their pro - war republican neighbors. for many of the border region ’ s dissenting white residents, the course and events of the civil war pointed out clearly that a new alliance had emerged, one in which republicans in the northern and northwestern states appeared to be uniting in a conspiracy against liberty, which for many included the right of slaveholding. angry and disillusioned, many of these westerner dissenters sympathized with the region that now embodied their sense of betrayal and victimization — the beleaguered south. in the rural areas of missouri, and western kentucky and tennessee, guerrillas were waging a desperate fight against occupying troops and local unionists that grew out of their recognition that the cities in their states were virtual fortresses : recruiting and staging centers for the federal armies impossibly defended by hordes of blue - clad troops who guarded the supply and munitions depots and manufacturing centers for the federal government ’ s war machine. as the newly appointed general in chief, henry halleck, later realized, jefferson davis and his advisers had “ boldly determined to reoccupy arkansas, missouri, tennessee, and kentucky and, if possible, invade the states of ohio, indiana and illinois while our attention was distracted by the invasion of maryland. ” coordinated invasions of the border states on both sides of the appalachians, as well as west of the mississippi, would threaten the west ’ s major river cities and even the nation ’ s capital, perhaps turning the tide militarily. but the decision was more than strategic ; it was political. the federal government ’ s midterm elections loomed. success on the new war front would embolden dissenters and moderates in the border states, especially in the ohio valley, to vote against lincoln ’ s party, turn public support in the free states against the war, and possibly gain for the confederacy its most elusive prize : foreign recognition. the cumulative effect would be to force the lincoln administration to sue for peace. the confederacy ’ s tet offensive was set to begin. christopher phillips is a professor of history at the university of cincinnati. he is the author of six books on the civil war era, including “ damned yankee : the life of nathaniel lyon ” and the forthcoming “ the rivers ran backward : the civil war on the middle border and the making of american regionalism. ”


just a brief history of today. memorial day, originally called decoration day, is a day of remembrance for those who have died in our nation ' s service. there are many stories as to its actual beginnings, with over two dozen cities and towns laying claim to being the birthplace of memorial day. there is also evidence that organized women ' s groups in the south were decorating graves before the end of the civil war : a hymn published in 1867, " kneel where our loves are sleeping " by nella l. sweet carried the dedication " to the ladies of the south who are decorating the graves of the confederate dead " ( source : duke university ' s historic american sheet music, 1850 - 1920 ). while waterloo n. y. was officially declared the birthplace of memorial day by president lyndon johnson in may 1966, it ' s difficult to prove conclusively the origins of the day. it is more likely that it had many separate beginnings ; each of those towns and every planned or spontaneous gathering of people to honor the war dead in the 1860 ' s tapped into the general human need to honor our dead, each contributed honorably to the growing movement that culminated in gen logan giving his official proclamation in 1868. it is not important who was the very first, what is important is that memorial day was established. memorial day is not about division. it is about reconciliation ; it is about coming together to honor those who gave their all. memorial day was officially proclaimed on 5 may 1868 by general john logan, national commander of the grand army of the republic, in his gerenal order no. 11, and was first observed on 30 may 1868, when flowers were placed on the graves of union and confederate soldiers at arlington national cemetery. the first state to officially recognize the holiday was new york in 1873. by 1890 it was recognized by all of the northern states. the south refused to acknowledge the day, honoring their dead on separate days until after world war i ( when the holiday changed from honoring just those who died fighting in the civil war to honoring americans who died fighting in any war ). it is now celebrated in almost every state on the last monday in may ( passed by congress with the national holiday act of 1971 ( p. l. 90 - 363 ) to ensure a three day weekend for federal holidays ), though several southern states have an additional separate day for honoring the confederate war dead : january 19 in texas, april 26 in alabama, florida, georgia, and mississippi ; may 10 in south carolina ; and june 3 ( jefferson davis


for federal holidays ), though several southern states have an additional separate day for honoring the confederate war dead : january 19 in texas, april 26 in alabama, florida, georgia, and mississippi ; may 10 in south carolina ; and june 3 ( jefferson davis ' birthday ) in louisiana and tennessee. in 1915, inspired by the poem " in flanders fields, " moina michael replied with her own poem : we cherish too, the poppy redthat grows on fields where valor led, it seems to signal to the skiesthat blood of heroes never dies. she then conceived of an idea to wear red poppies on memorial day in honor of those who died serving the nation during war. she was the first to wear one, and sold poppies to her friends and co - workers with the money going to benefit servicemen in need. later a madam guerin from france was visiting the united states and learned of this new custom started by ms. michael and when she returned to france, made artificial red poppies to raise money for war orphaned children and widowed women. this tradition spread to other countries. in 1921, the franco - american children ' s league sold poppies nationally to benefit war orphans of france and belgium. the league disbanded a year later and madam guerin approached the vfw for help. shortly before memorial day in 1922 the vfw became the first veterans ' organization to nationally sell poppies. two years later their " buddy " poppy program was selling artificial poppies made by disabled veterans. in 1948 the us post office honored ms michael for her role in founding the national poppy movement by issuing a red 3 cent postage stamp with her likeness on it. traditional observance of memorial day has diminished over the years. many americans nowadays have forgotten the meaning and traditions of memorial day. at many cemeteries, the graves of the fallen are increasingly ignored, neglected. most people no longer remember the proper flag etiquette for the day. while there are towns and cities that still hold memorial day parades, many have not held a parade in decades. some people think the day is for honoring any and all dead, and not just those fallen in service to our country. there are a few notable exceptions. since the late 50 ' s on the thursday before memorial day, the 1, 200 soldiers of the 3d u. s. infantry place small american flags at each of the more than 260, 000 gravestones at arlington national cemetery. they then patrol 24 hours a day during the weekend to ensure that each flag remains standing. in 1951, the


of the 3d u. s. infantry place small american flags at each of the more than 260, 000 gravestones at arlington national cemetery. they then patrol 24 hours a day during the weekend to ensure that each flag remains standing. in 1951, the boy scouts and cub scouts of st. louis began placing flags on the 150, 000 graves at jefferson barracks national cemetery as an annual good turn, a practice that continues to this day. more recently, beginning in 1998, on the saturday before the observed day for memorial day, the boys scouts and girl scouts place a candle at each of approximately 15, 300 grave sites of soldiers buried at fredericksburg and spotsylvania national military park on marye ' s heights ( the luminaria program ). and in 2004, washington d. c. held its first memorial day parade in over 60 years. to help re - educate and remind americans of the true meaning of memorial day, the " national moment of remembrance " resolution was passed on dec 2000 which asks that at 3 p. m. local time, for all americans " to voluntarily and informally observe in their own way a moment of remembrance and respect, pausing from whatever they are doing for a moment of silence or listening to ' taps. " the moment of remembrance is a step in the right direction to returning the meaning back to the day. what is needed is a full return to the original day of observance. set aside one day out of the year for the nation to get together to remember, reflect and honor those who have given their all in service to their country. but what may be needed to return the solemn, and even sacred, spirit back to memorial day is for a return to its traditional day of observance. many feel that when congress made the day into a three - day weekend in with the national holiday act of 1971, it made it all the easier for people to be distracted from the spirit and meaning of the day. as the vfw stated in its 2002 memorial day address : " changing the date merely to create three - day weekends has undermined the very meaning of the day. no doubt, this has contributed greatly to the general public ' s nonchalant observance of memorial day. " on january 19, 1999 senator inouye introduced bill s 189 to the senate which proposes to restore the traditional day of observance of memorial day back to may 30th instead of " the last monday in may ". on april 19, 1999 representative gibbons introduced the bill to the house ( h. r


mcgarvie, dave w. ; burgess, raymond ; tindle, andrew g. ; tuffen, hugh and stevenson, john a. due to copyright restrictions, this file is not available for public download | google scholar : | | look up in google scholar | the torfajokull central volcano lies in iceland ’ s southern flank zone ( a non - rifting zone ) and last erupted in the 15th century. peralkaline rhyolites from its pre - holocene formations have been dated by the ar - ar method. ages from 67±9 ka to 384±20 ka indicate pleistocene eruptions, with the oldest age ( 384 ka ) also being from the most evolved rhyolite ( a pantellerite ). the oldest age indicates that a mature and evolved magmatic - volcanic system was well established by the mid - pleistocene and that the central volcano has been active for at least 400 ka. good correlation is found between the ar - ar ages of sustained rhyolite eruptions into ice sheets ( i. e. rhyolite tuya formation ) and oxygen isotope stages dominated by cold conditions. this is the first stage of developing a new proxy that uses rhyolitic glaciovolcanic edifices to provide estimates of past icelandic ice sheet thicknesses. the geochemistry of the dated samples corroborates earlier work showing a simple but enigmatic trend of steadily - decreasing alkalinity towards the present ( i. e. older rocks are more evolved ). the new ages reveal a hitherto - unrecognised drop in rhyolite alkalinity after 83 ka, which may be linked to the evacuation of c. 16 km3 of rhyolite during a subglacial eruption into the last ( weichselian ) ice sheet, for which two new and overlapping ar - ar ages of 67±9 ka and 72±7 ka have been obtained. this rhyolite eruption, which is the largest known from torfajokull, heralded a major change in the magma system as all subsequent eruptions are of small volume ( < 0. 3 km3 ), dominated by subalkaline compositions, and characterised by interactions with mafic magmas. this change may be linked to lower rhyolite magma replenishment rates and / or to the increasing influence of rift zone volcano - tectonics. | item type : | | journal article | | copyright holders : | |


there are different types of insomnia, most of which cause people to lay in bed awake, frustrated that they are unable to fall asleep or stay asleep. as a result, they toss and turn, and irritability increases. insomnia can take various forms, including early morning arousal ( difficulty staying asleep ), sleeping latency ( difficulty falling asleep ), fragmented sleep ( waking up multiple times during the night ), and sleeping very lightly and waking feeling unrefreshed. many people with insomnia want to avoid medicine because they are concerned about potential addiction, or feeling spacey or drowsy throughout the day. finding the causes of insomnia sleep - wake cycles are dictated by internal circadian rhythms. these rhythms are strongly influenced by light entering through the eyes, which signals the brain to regulate production of certain hormones, including one called melatonin. circumstances that unnaturally diminish the entrance of light into the eyes can disrupt the natural circadian rhythm, the production of necessary hormones, and therefore, an individual ' s proper sleep - wake cycle. such circumstances include blindness and failing eyesight due to aging. traveling to different time zones and jet lag, as well as working the night shift, disturb the natural circadian rhythm as well. insomnia can also be a sign of an underlying medical condition such as depression, an over - active thyroid, high blood pressure, heart disease, asthma, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, dementia, or pain disorders. several lifestyle factors can contribute to sleep disturbance. keeping a sleep - wake diary is helpful in identifying and modifying these factors, which include : - use of stimulants, including caffeine, nicotine, and ingredients in common drugs such as cold and weight - loss medicines. some people have difficulty falling asleep, others wake during the night. - use of alcohol. while it may help you fall asleep, alcohol consumption is likely to produce interrupted sleep and is not recommended as an insomnia treatment. - working night or rotating shifts. - lack of regular exercise. - exercising too close to bedtime - eating too close to bedtime. - excessive time on the computer or watching television. treating insomnia with lifestyle changes the most effective and frequently used conventional treatments to establish a restful sleep pattern are behavioral, not medicinal. these include achieving proper sleep hygiene, as well as making other lifestyle alterations. good sleep hygiene includes : - going to bed at the same time each night - reserving your bed for sleep and sex -


restful sleep pattern are behavioral, not medicinal. these include achieving proper sleep hygiene, as well as making other lifestyle alterations. good sleep hygiene includes : - going to bed at the same time each night - reserving your bed for sleep and sex - watching television or reading in another room - avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and cigarettes, especially in the afternoon and evening - not laying in bed watching the clock. if you cannot fall asleep 15 - 20 minutes, get up and listen to calming music or read - exercising often, but not too close to bedtime - limiting naps - sleeping in a place with very little light and noise distraction if nothing seems to be working for you, there are treatment options available. consider trying : - relaxation techniques — a multidisciplinary team, including medical doctors, specializing in sleep disturbances can train and guide people in such approaches as yoga, meditation, deep relaxation, biofeedback, hypnosis, massage, and / or guided imagery. practicing one of these techniques within 30 minutes of bedtime may be helpful. simple changes in bedtime routine may also be effective. these include taking a warm bath, listening to soothing music, and drinking warm milk. - acupuncture — positive effects of the use of this ancient chinese practice have been shown ; however, more proof is needed before it can be recommended as an effective treatment for insomnia. a typical protocol is to receive acupuncture treatments weekly until a normal sleep pattern is achieved, followed by maintenance sessions. however, a licensed and certified acupuncturist will determine the most appropriate treatment regimen for each individual. - light therapy — for night - shift workers suffering from insomnia, light therapy may effective. this therapy involves using very bright lights in the work setting and then, when trying to sleep during the day, doing so in a very dark room while wearing sunglasses or a sleep mask. - cognitive therapy — this behavioral method involves addressing misconceptions and unrealistic expectations about both insomnia and the nature of sleep. some issues addressed during cognitive therapy include napping to compensate for poor sleep at night, anxiety about bedtime, fear of sleeplessness, beliefs about necessary hours of sleep, and attributing insomnia to age, ability to sleep, and / or possible chemical imbalance. treating insomnia with prescription sleep medications long - term use of sleeping pills is not recommended, as addiction is possible, and more research needs to be done on safety and effectiveness. for


, ability to sleep, and / or possible chemical imbalance. treating insomnia with prescription sleep medications long - term use of sleeping pills is not recommended, as addiction is possible, and more research needs to be done on safety and effectiveness. for temporary relief of insomnia, the following medicines may be prescribed : - short - acting sedative - hypnotics known as non - benzodiazepines. zolpidem ( ambien ), zaleplon ( sonata ), and eszopiclone ( lunesta ) fall into this category. - melatonin receptor agonists. - benzodiazepines ( tranquilizers ). the national sleep foundation recommends that people taking sleep medicine begin with the lowest possible dose that is effective, use the drugs on a short - term basis, and take the drugs intermittently if they are using them on a long - term basis. treating insomnia with herbs and supplements while some cultures have a long history of using supplements and herbal remedies for the treatment of insomnia, such practices have only gained popularity over the last few decades in the united states and other western nations. check with your doctor before trying herbs or supplements to make sure they are safe. some have serious side effects and others may mix poorly with medication you are already taking. although herbal remedies may be helpful for some people, most scientific studies have been unable to prove them effective in treating insomnia. some that may hold promise are : treating insomnia with melatonin this neurotransmitter is secreted by the pineal gland and it regulates the sleep cycle. melatonin is secreted at night, and the secretion is suppressed by bright light during the day. when melatonin secretion is not synchronized with the light - dark cycle, sleep disturbances occur. frequently touted as a valuable supplement for insomnia, melatonin has shown only mixed results for insomnia in studies. melatonin may be useful for temporary sleep disturbances from a change in schedule ( daytime work to nighttime ) or sudden disruption of the circadian rhythm as with jet lag. speak with your doctor if you would like to try it, particularly because there are certain circumstances in which it should not be used until more information is available : pregnancy, breast - feeding, autoimmune disorders, leukemia, and lymphoma. substances to avoid in addition to caffeine, excessive alcohol, and particular medicines, certain herbs


share this page unu youtube chanel ourworld flickr photos how things work beekeeping relieves land degradation in kyrgyzstan agricultural heritage across the millennia linking local history and traditions to modern agriculture can revitalize land management with community pride and sustainable practices. re - creating eelgrass beds in the seto inland sea a videobrief in our satoumi series looks at how fishers and experts are restoring the ecosystem that nurtures coastal fish. satoumi – co - managing marine resources in shiretoko in a remote part of japan, stakeholders cooperate to preserve the area ’ s exceptional ecology. satoumi in an okinawan coral reef system in a remote part of japan, stakeholders are cooperating to preserve the area ’ s exceptional ecology. satoumi in ago bay : embracing integrated coastal management a bay, historically prized as the marine product supplier to japan ' s imperial court, is being revived. from mountain to sea : a vision for the rebuilding of tohoku an oyster farming author shows how tsunami - hit tohoku should rebuild by tapping into the region ' s rich traditions. the changing socio - ecology of japan ’ s ishikawa coast the landscapes and livelihoods of this part of japan are facing many threats, including ocean acidification. japanese agricultural heritage systems recognized sado island and the noto peninsula are the first sites in japan, and the developed world overall, to be listed as globally important. japan should look to satoyama and satoumi for inspiration traditional ways of living in harmony with nature offer the country hope as it rebuilds after the triple disaster. to serve the ecosystems that serve us it ' s time to move beyond the term “ ecosystem services ” and consider what it really takes to craft sustainable lifeways that span generations. satoumi : the link between humans and the sea japan ' s seto inland sea supports a variety of sea life and people and its integrated management would allow the reaping of benefits well into the future. preserving japan ’ s sea salt making tradition japan ' s centuries - old sea salt production landscapes can serve in developing models for integrated management of land and marine ecosystems. japan ’ s ‘ ama ’ free divers keep their traditions descendants of japan ’ s seafaring gypsies continue to sustainably manage their marine resources thanks to collectively set rules. harvest time in satoyama the idea of satoyama embodies particular views about nature and its integration with lifestyle, cultural values and resource management practices. » debate 2. 0 » how things work » special report » video brief


first lady grace coolidge plants a tree at the chevy chase playground, february 28, 1929. i ’ ve started doing research on district playgrounds so there ’ s a good chance that i ’ ll have a few posts about them in the near future. but for now, i ’ ll start with a historical side note that i stumbled upon related to playgrounds, trees, and presidential wives. apparently, from 1928 to 1934, the women ’ s city club was successful in inviting siting and former first ladies to attend their prominent tree planting ceremony. the first such tree planting occurred on may 1, 1928, at the park view playground as part of the he district playground program that included 42 municipal playgrounds. at the park view playground, mrs. william howard taft planted a red maple. according to the day ’ s program, during the exercises the school children danced around the tree singing the planting song. on february 28 of the following year, mrs. calvin coolidge planted a tree at the chevy chase playgrounds as one of her last acts as first lady. more than 1, 000 persons witnessed the ceremony. though this was the second such event at a district playground, it was described as an established custom by former first ladies in their final days in the capital before the inauguration of a new administration. mrs. woodrow wilson was honored in 1930 with a tree planting at the virginia avenue playground and mrs. herbert hoover planted a willow oak on october 22, 1931, at the mitchell park playground. after a two year break, mrs. franklin d. roosevelt planted the last such tree that i ’ ve been able to track down on october 28, 1934. this tree was planted at the mcmillan playground ( 1st and bryant ). it ’ s possible that the tradition was interrupted by the great depression, or world war ii, or that organizers had simply run out of presidential wives to honor. whatever the reason, i like the idea and would be happy to see it come back.


discriminating against people who do not speak your language is a big problem. a new study suggests that the preferences that lead to these problems are hard - wired at a very young age. even five - month - old infants, who can ’ t speak themselves, have preferences for native speakers and native accents. the human talent for language is one of our crowning evolutionary achievements, allowing us to easily and accurately communicate with our fellows. but as the biblical story of the tower of babel relates, linguistic differences can serve to drive us apart and act as massive barriers between different social groups. these barriers can give rise to linguistic discrimination, a far more insidious problem that it seems at first. language - based prejudices have led to horrific acts of human abuse, and even civil wars. genocide often finds itself paired with linguicide, since a race can be killed off more thoroughly if their language follows them. even today, people in a linguistic minority can find themselves denied access to healthcare, or at a disadvantage when looking for jobs. the issue cuts to the heart of several ongoing debates, from the role of second languages in education to whether immigrants must become fluent in the tongue of their host country. it should therefore be unsurprising to learn that we have strong preferences for our own language and for those who speak it. but katherine kinzler and colleagues from harvard university, have found that we develop these preferences from an incredibly young age, before we can speak ourselves, and well before we can even hope to understand the social issues at stake. kinzler tested 24 infants, aged 5 to 6 months, from households that only spoke english, to see if they had any linguistic preferences. each toddler watched videos of two women, one speaking english and the other, spanish. the women were all bilinguals and swapped the language they used in different trials to make sure that the babies weren ’ t showing preferences for physical traits like skin colour. the babies were then shown the two women side by side, but no longer speaking. they strongly expressed their preference for the english speakers by gazing at their screen for a longer time ( measuring gaze time like this is a standard test used by child psychologists ). once developed in early infancy, these preferences stick around into childhood, and most probably well beyond that. in very similar experiments, kinzler found that older infants ( 10 months or so ) prefer to accept toys from a woman who spoke their native language. the babies, from either boston or paris, were shown alternating films of an english or


that. in very similar experiments, kinzler found that older infants ( 10 months or so ) prefer to accept toys from a woman who spoke their native language. the babies, from either boston or paris, were shown alternating films of an english or french - speaking woman, who spoke for a while and then silently offered the child a toy. two real toys then appeared on the table in front of the infant, and they were twice as likely to pick the one in front of the native speaker. so even though the offering of the toy involved no spoken words, the infants still gravitated towards the woman who had spoken earlier in their familiar tongue. infants can even pick up on subtle differences in dialect. even when two speakers are talking in the same language, 5 - month old infants will prefer someone who speaks with a native accent to someone who speaks with a foreign twang. older children ( 5 years or so ) will similarly prefer to befriend another child who speaks with the same accent. at that age, children will have barely any understanding of the social circumstances that leads to different groups of people speaking the same language in different ways. and it ’ s unlikely that their parents had much influences, since even the 5 - month - old toddlers had these preferences. these early preferences can act as the foundations for more destructive behaviours and conflicts later on in life. but we must be very careful – an instinctive basis for a behaviour does not in any way justify it. instead, by telling us about the basis of linguistic prejudices, these results suggest that we must work even harder to overcome them. if they are hard - wired from an early age, then education from an early age seems like a sensible first step. perhaps, exposure to multiple languages early in life can soften these preferences, and it would be fascinating to see if the same results hold for babies from bilingual households. reference : kinzler, dupoux & spelke. 2007. the native language of social cognition. pnas 104 : 12577 - 12580 more on child development : - bilingual infants have better mental control - autistic children are less sensitive to the movements of living things - ask an ivf baby : does smoking while pregnant lead to antisocial behaviour? - babies ’ gestures partly explain link between wealth and vocabulary - babies can tell apart different languages with visual cues alone