’ t always come from us. ” photo credit : yacouba sawadogo on his farm in burkina faso / courtesy of oxfam america world food day is friday, and on opposite sides of the developed world, two large groups of experts have gathered to talk about the risks of food insecurity and what should be done to reduce hunger. in rome, the un ’ s food and agriculture organization is mulling how to feed the world in 2050, and in des moines, iowa, the world food prize forum will focus on the role of food in national security. last year ’ s spike in food prices raised the political profile of food security. g8 nations and the united states have pledged money and action. i spoke with per pinstrup - andersen, an agricultural economist at cornell university and a food prize laureate, to get his take on what that means. here are some excerpts. q. what do you think is different now in terms of the political will to address this problem? a. i think there is an increase in the political will. however, past initatives or past rhetoric of that kind didn ’ t really result in much action. i ’ m very concerned that we ’ re going to see a lot of additional rhetoric and a lot of plans being designed and discussed during the next year or so, but probably not very much action. insofar as developing country governments are concerned, i doubt if the political will has changed at all. there is a lot of talk. but unless the developing country governments decide to prioritize the eradication or at least the amelioration of poverty, hunger and malnutrition, not much is going to happen. from legacy reuters summits : tullow oil is the manchester united of the energy world - - at least when it comes to recruiting the finest talent. the oil industry has long complained of the difficulty of recruiting enough highly - qualified staff, but as europe ' s largest independent oil explorer by market value, tullow says it is a magnet for all those geologists ambitious to add discovering a new field to their cvs. " if you are successful, you will always attract... like everyone wants to play for manchester united, " aidan heavey, chief executive of tullow oil, told the reuters global energy summit. many oil companies, he said, have ceased exploring, partly because of a difficult financial climate, partly because of a lack of opportunities. tullow ' s exploration successes include major finds in uganda and offshore


oil, told the reuters global energy summit. many oil companies, he said, have ceased exploring, partly because of a difficult financial climate, partly because of a lack of opportunities. tullow ' s exploration successes include major finds in uganda and offshore ghana. apart from snapping up the finest geologists, tullow has also been busy grabbing credit. heavey said banks had made available $ 2 billion in credit in march this year. " it ' s a huge achievement in the current market, " heavey said. " it ' s probably soaked up most of the credit available for small oil companies. " it seems if you got a problem in washington today, you need a czar to take care of it. and now some powerful u. s. senators believe the agriculture sector should get one to sharpen efforts to feed the world ’ s poor. former agriculture secretary dan glickman told lawmakers on tuesday that too often agriculture takes a back seat to other “ sexier ” issues in policymaking, but it must be a priority if the country hopes to address global hunger and malnutrition. “ it is not a secondary factor, ” glickman said before the senate foreign relations committee. senator dick lugar, the republican leader of the committee, supported appointing a white house food coordinator to take on raising agriculture and food aid ’ s prominence. this “ food czar ” would be tasked with coordinating efforts between the u. s. agency for international development, the u. s. department of agriculture and other agencies involved in food aid and agriculture production. the need for a food czar doesn ’ t seem as far stretched when considering recent events that have nudged agriculture over into the realm of a national security issue. soaring food prices last year sparked food riots and led to political instability in some parts of the world. the threat of violence and coups continues as the recession makes it increasingly difficult for even more people to buy food. a food czar could possibly mitigate future riots by improving the united states ’ role in making other nations self - sufficient in agricultural production, an area some say the country has failed in. in fact, u. s. efforts to address the long - term challenge of persistant malnutrition earn an ‘ f, ’ according to political science professor and author robert paarlberg. he said u. s. agriculture assistance to africa has plummeted 85 percent since the 1980s. “ so as things have been getting steadily worse in africa, the united states goverment has curiously


vietnam has been one of the world ’ s fastest - growing economies over the past three decades. along with that growth has come the expansion of energy - intensive sectors such as manufacturing, transport and power generation. given the country ’ s dependence on fossil fuels, vietnam ’ s total greenhouse gas emissions have more than doubled over the past decade, and are expected to triple by 2030. although per capita co2 emissions are still low, vietnam has the 20th highest carbon intensity in the world. belo horizonte esta decidida a ser conhecida por seu compromisso com a sustentabilidade. nos ultimos anos, a iluminacao publica foi trocada por um sistema mais eficiente, conduziu - se um inventario de emissao de gases causadores de efeito estufa e foram criados programas de compras publicas e construcoes sustentaveis. a empresa responsavel pelo servico de limpeza publica e tratamento de residuos gera eletricidade a partir do biogas gerado no aterro sanitario. a cidade se orgulha de seus parques publicos e de sua area verde – com tamanho duas vezes maior que o recomendado pela organizacao mundial de saude ( oms ). the city of belo horizonte, brazil, is determined to be known for its commitment to sustainability. in recent years, the municipal government has switched public lighting to a more efficient system, conducted a greenhouse gas inventory, and created programs for sustainable public purchasing and building certification. the utility responsible for public cleaning services and waste treatment generates electricity using biogas from landfills. the city prides itself on its public parks and on having twice the green area inside the municipal boundaries than is recommended by who guidelines. the name of the city itself means “ beautiful horizon ”. read this post in portuguese ( leia este post em portugues. ) back in 2004, the electrical utility in brazil ’ s biggest city had a major problem. aes eletropaulo was losing a large proportion of its revenue due to almost half - a - million illegal connections, most of them in sao paolo ’ s slums. not only that, but they were causing often multiple - house fires


aes eletropaulo was losing a large proportion of its revenue due to almost half - a - million illegal connections, most of them in sao paolo ’ s slums. not only that, but they were causing often multiple - house fires on a monthly basis, along with frequent electrocutions. but the utility ’ s efforts to fix the problem were stymied by its poor relations with slum - dwellers, which made it almost impossible to work in these communities. for africa ’ s poorest families, lighting is often the most expensive item in their budget, typically accounting for 10 – 15 percent of total household income. the energy poor in africa spend about us $ 17 billion a year on fuel - based lighting sources. to put the full energy sector in perspective, independent estimates place worldwide spending on fuel - based lighting in developing countries at $ 38 billion. beyond household use, commercial use of fuel - based lighting can have even more acute economic impacts. fishermen on lake victoria in kenya, for example, often spend half their income for the kerosene they use to fish at night. yet, while consuming a large share of scarce income, fuel - based lighting provides little in return. fuel - based lamps, such as kerosene lamps, are costly, inefficient, and provide poor lighting. the smoke they emit causes respiratory and eye problems, while the flames from kerosene lamps are responsible for thousands of severe burns among children every year, along with untold numbers of devastating house fires. but many african countries are making strides to put fuel - based power behind them. kenya, for example, as i discuss in an article this week posted on interpvnet, has one of the largest and most dynamic per capita solar pv markets among developing countries, with over 300, 000 households having installed solar pv systems since the mid - 1980s. since 2000, annual sales for these systems have regularly topped 15 percent, and they account for roughly 75 percent of all solar equipment sales in the country. in addition, exciting and rapid developments in off - grid lighting with highly efficient long - lasting light emitting diodes ( led ) lamps are also changing the set of options in formerly neglected markets.


some cruise ships are dirty from bow to stern while others are more ocean friendly. the ships that are dirty can be dirty in myriad ways. they emit pollution through the stacks as they burn fossil fuels to run their engines and generate power. these large vessels, sometimes called floating cities, create a variety of waste, and often dump it directly into the oceans — thousands of gallons of human sewage, oily bilge water, hazardous waste, and gray water, which is water from sinks, showers, and laundry. luxury ships cruise waters all over the world from alaska to the mediterranean, often sensitive ecosystems and near - pristine waters, and restrictions on the range of ocean dumping vary from strict to nonexistent. but you can help lessen the impact of dirty cruise ships. 3 things you can do to clean up cruise ships : 1. select an ocean - friendly cruise line if you decide to take a cruise. 2. get involved with groups working to encourage clean cruising. 3. tell your friends about this issue. other great ways you can make a difference. links & videos cruise ship discharge assessment report – epa ethical destinations – ethical traveler cruise ship pollution – state environmental resource center green cruising – investigate west cruise control : how cruise ships affect the marine environment, ocean conservancy environmental impact of shipping, wikipedia


new energy future since first becoming human, we have been burning things to harness energy. to become fully human we ’ ll have to come out of the cave, quench the fires, and harness non - burning energy. the opportunities abound for us to continue to accomplish things as tremendous and evolved as space flight, the internet, and literature. but we ’ ll need to power our grand civilization in a far more sustainable and cleaner manner than the status quo. as we build this new energy future, there is a problem with the current system : burning things — like coal, gas, oil, and wood — releases carbon dioxide and other pollutants. at the current rate of consumption and burning, we are undermining our health, the health of future generations, and the health of the planet – including the beautiful and bountiful oceans. we can continue to burn things to make energy or we can support innovation and tap into natural sources of power such as the sun, wind, and tides. we can make the way we use the power much smarter and efficient, too. these are not even all the options. compared to the possible oceans of improvements, humanity is still dog - paddling in the shallow end of the kiddie pool. sometimes we seem determined to drown there just because we won ’ t stand up. this is the new energy future. stand up and embrace it. you can be a part. 3 things you can do to embrace the new energy future : 1. conserve energy at home and at work. 2. switch to renewable energy when and wherever possible. 3. change your driving habits to conserve fuel – walk, ride a bike or carpool. other great ways you can make a difference. the u. s. environmental protection agency defines renewable energy as “ fuel sources that restore themselves over a short period of time and do not diminish. ” by contrast, we mainly use fossil fuels like coal, gas, and oil, whose ancient energy stores, locked away in the earth for millions of years, we mine and deplete. even atomic energy efficiency means doing the same job with less energy. potential savings from energy efficiency number in the trillions of dollars, and would cut air pollution by 1. 1 gigatons by 2020, the same amount produced annually by the entire us fleet of passenger vehicles and light trucks. the idea of a smart grid promises to cost vs price the price of electricity from wind and solar is currently higher in most places in the world than electricity generated by fossil fuels. but the true


dr. berthold laufer ( left ) with two men and one boy. all in chinese costume or dress. hankow, ca. 1904. tea cups and pipe on table. © the field museum, a98299 berthold laufer ( 1874 - 1934 ), curator of asian anthropology from 1908 to 1934, was a pioneer in the study of asian cultures. with a doctorate in oriental languages from the university of leipzig, laufer was a sinologist who was fluent in more than a dozen languages, many of which were non indo - eurpoean. polymath and polyglot, his interests seemed unbounded and his linguistic skills unequaled. for information on his work and collections at the field museum, click here. laufer was born in cologne, germany. at a young age he was interested in music and the arts. he dreamt of becoming a dramatist, until discovering his passion for archeology in his early 20 ’ s. his family ’ s wealth afforded him a good education and in 1893 he attended the university of berlin where he first studied oriental languages. for more on laufer ’ s life and career, click here. late 19th century woodblock print tryptich depciting women viewing cherry blossoms, purchased by berthold laufer during his 1910 blackstone expedition. © the field museum, a112784c


what is urine therapy? the basic definition of “ urine therapy ” is using ( your own ) urine internally or externally as a way to aid or sustain your heath. urine therapy, which includes drinking, injecting, massaging with -, and / or bathing in - urine, is an ancient practice that is used today, not only in times of sickness, but also in times of good health for preventive health maintenance. it has been claimed to have proven helpful in a great number of varying illnesses, ranging from a simple cold and a throat - ache, to tuberculosis and asthma, from minor skin problems such as itching to major skin problems such as eczema, psoriasis and even skin cancer. but you probably ask, “ how can your own urine benefit your health? besides, isn ’ t it toxic? ” urine as a lifesaver during the nbc nightly news on october 16, 1992, tom brokaw reported that, “ in egypt, rescue workers found a 37 - year old man alive in earthquake rubble. he survived almost 82 hours by drinking his own urine. his wife, daughter and mother would not and they died ”. we ’ ve all heard stories of individuals who have either lived or died by being trapped in places without food or water for days. in those stories, the survivors were always the ones that drank their own urine. the ones that died probably could not overcome the misguided thoughts that urine is an unhealthy waste product of the body. but it ’ s not ; urine is simply a substance that the body does not need at the time, and a substance that the body secretes. and sometimes, it ’ s a lifesaver. what ’ s in urine? urine, 95 % of which is water, 2. 5 % of which is urea, and 2. 5 % of which is a mixture of minerals, salts, hormones, and enzymes, is not a toxic waste product. urine is a blood byproduct and though it contains some body waste, it is non - toxic. what happens when you consume your own urine? the small amount of toxins that are found in urine are not abundant enough to be toxic to the body. when you drink your own urine, it does not go directly to the blood stream. first it goes into the digestive system where its ingredients are sorted out. then, the useful ingredients are recycled while the toxins are rejected. when the level of toxins becomes too high, the toxins stimulate the intest


the blood stream. first it goes into the digestive system where its ingredients are sorted out. then, the useful ingredients are recycled while the toxins are rejected. when the level of toxins becomes too high, the toxins stimulate the intestines into flushing themselves out to eliminate any stagnated excrements accumulated in the colon. although we could probably filter out the toxins before drinking the urine, the toxins are needed because they stimulate a cleansing reaction in the body. urine, which remember, is a byproduct of our blood, becomes more purified the more it is recycled. thus, the cleaner the blood is, the cleaner the urine is, and vice - versa. and this is how urine therapy advocates conclude that urine therapy has a cleansing effect on the blood. a closer look at the details the toxins of urine are also necessary to vaccinate and protect the body from future illnesses. the main theory behind urine therapy after all, isn ’ t that it straight out cures diseases, but instead, it is geared more towards building immunity to diseases, much like vaccinations. the small amounts of possibly toxic substances which can be found in urine largely seem to have a positive effect on the immune system. an important task of the immune system is to rid the human body of diseased or unusable substances that have developed during the course of an illness, and when these substances reach healthy tissue, the blood becomes stronger, the activity of leukocytes ( white blood cells ) increases, and the patient probably recovers. this phenomenon is known as auto - inoculation or self - vaccination and can be seen as mother nature ’ s method of healing an illness without external intervention. urine therapy, therefore, can be seen as a form of self - vaccination : certain bodily substances which have been removed from the body, some of which may have been produced as a result of illness, are re - introduced into the body in small amounts. these substances are re - absorbed into the blood through either the intestines or the skin, and the immune system is then given the chance to react appropriately. how to use urine therapy? - midstream urine should be used, the exception being in a fast where urine is being passed every ten to fifteen minutes. the first flow should always be midstream. - urine should be sipped like tea and not drunk like water. this will prevent excessive problems in the form of loose stools and other eliminative processes. - the first


ten to fifteen minutes. the first flow should always be midstream. - urine should be sipped like tea and not drunk like water. this will prevent excessive problems in the form of loose stools and other eliminative processes. - the first flow of the day is the most important and the best time of the day to drink it is between three and four a. m.. - drink at least one liter of water per day. - pungent and salty food as well as excessive protein should be avoided. - urine passed during the night before three a. m. should not be used. - the quantity used is left up to the individual. initial adjustment phase : - prepare the mind by making a resolve to at lease attempt the process and examine your reactions, thoughts and feelings. - when you feel mentally prepared to attempt the actual practice, collect some fresh urine and start by rubbing your hands with it. feel its texture, smell it, and see whether it can actually clean your skin as well as some people claim. after about five minutes wash it off with cold water and feel the skin to see whether the urine has had an effect. do not use soap after rubbing. - the next phase of adjusting the body and mind is to put one drop onto the tongue. taste and smell play an important part in assessing its nature. - eventually you should build up the quantity you take in until you can drink a full glass of midstream urine and feel neutral in body and mind. then you will be ready to start more advanced curriculums. what are the claims by urine therapy advocates? so what does all of this information mean? according to urine therapy supporters, it means that urine is not only non - toxic, but it is also anti - bacterial, anti - fungal, and anti - viral. supposedly, a renowned heart specialist of bombay, india, once issued an appeal through a newspaper to members of the city, inviting them to write to him about their experience of urine therapy and especially about any cases of detrimental effects. the man ’ s purpose was to demonstrate that drinking urine is harmful to one ’ s body and ineffective medically. shortly after, the man received hundreds of letters in response to his appeal ; however, not a single letter of those hundreds reported negative effects. urine therapy advocates claim that to this day, despite the countless number of experiments performed using urine therapy, not a single case has been recorded finding unfavorable effects. in fact, they say that urine therapy might be a remedy for polio, rabies


there are several reasons why bud & roo makes a great book to get your little one reading. the illustrations are colourful and bright. children can related to the characters of bud & roo as one is a boy and one is a girl. the illustration of the ladybird intrigues little ones to explore and while they ’ re exploring they have the feel of a book in their hand. even though the illustrations couple up with the literary content there are three ways bud and roo will help your child learn how to read almost instantly. around the age of 4 or 5 children are learning sight words at their nursery or at school. perhaps they are even learning words and letters at home. there is a very large home - schooled community here in st. albans, hertfordshire. with the basic foundation of a few sight words based on the british school curriculum a child can learn how to read almost instantly after picking up bud & roo ’ s spectacular adventures - the beach. 3 ways bud & roo help kids learn to read 1. it builds confidence. with the short sentences a five - year old can finish the book from front to back and feel a great sense of accomplishment from reading the whole book on her or his own. 2. alliteration helps. when reading the repetition of the same consonant it helps the child strengthen various muscles in hes or her mouth which aides in the whole ‘ learning to read ’ process. also, which many writers do is use rhythmic patterns which encourages memory and sound to work together. 3. kids like bud & roo. children love the classic story of bud & roo ’ s spectacular adventures - the beach. let ’ s face it - it ’ s not a boring book. when your child starts school and the phonic books start coming out a parent thinks to his or her self ‘ who is nid and who is bog ’? a child often needs to cognitively map an image to the words to make it understandable. in other words, it ’ s never too early to teach comprehension. when you strengthen early comprehension skills as well as critical thinking skills ( ‘ where did the blue bucket come from ’? or ‘ the blue bucket belongs with the spade ’. ) a child will be able to pick up reading sooner. my girls are very excited every time they see the bud & roo book. it ’ s the simple phrases that can be read with confidence that makes a child smile. and, when a child feels good about something such as reading a book from start to finish they continue


3d printing and the ethics of value creation a technology that adds value to our lives is an ethically good thing. a technology that enables a whole range of services that add value to our lives is even better. smartphones are the obvious example : apple ’ s iphone has spawned an entire industry of app - makers. even more important, ethically, would be a technology that could make a real change in grass - roots manufacturing, one that would allow innovation to be democratized, and that would allow local entrepreneurs to solve all kinds of problems, both big and small. so, what if a single technology could do all of the following? what if it allowed a surgeon in an isolated northern canadian town to manufacture custom - made surgical implants, right in the clinic, to allow reconstructive surgery to be done locally, rather than sending her patient hundreds of kilometres to a larger city? what if it allowed a self - employed courier with an electric bike in a rural african community to have replacement parts for the bike made, cheaply and quickly, in the nearest town with electricity? what if it allowed every potential entrepreneur with a great idea, and some basic computer skills, to click “ print ” and have those ideas turned into physical realities? what if this technology meant you didn ’ t have to drive anywhere to replace the plastic bolt that was missing when you opened the box for that ikea desk, but instead just printed it out, yourself? all of those things — life - enhancing things, big and small — are part of the promise of 3d printing. if you haven ’ t yet heard of 3d printing, now is the time. 3d printing is exactly what it sounds like — printing 3 - dimensional objects much the way current desktop printers print 2 - dimensional text and images. although technologies vary, the most common method of 3d printing uses “ molten polymer deposition, ” basically laying down micro - thin layer after micro - thin layer of melted plastic to build things. such printers operate much like standard desktop inkjet printers, but with an extra axis of motion and a “ print ” head that squirts molten plastic rather than ink. to learn more about this technology, i paid a visit to toronto ’ s own panda robotics, a startup in the final phases of finishing its prototype pandabot printer. unlike many existing 3d printers, which are aimed at industrial applications, the pandabot is intended as a consumer gadget, priced at about $ 1000 and expected to ship in spring of 2013. the pandabot plugs into a computer via standard usb cable


unlike many existing 3d printers, which are aimed at industrial applications, the pandabot is intended as a consumer gadget, priced at about $ 1000 and expected to ship in spring of 2013. the pandabot plugs into a computer via standard usb cable. i asked pandabot co - founder kelly john rose why he thinks 3d printing is so exciting. “ it opens up a whole new economy, ” said rose, “ in customization for clients, in how designers can interact with their customers directly by creating designs and sending them cheaply over the internet to be printed out, and in how companies can provide better customer service by providing replacement parts at no cost to themselves. ” to provide a replacement part, all a company needs to do is create a printable cad file for the replacement part and make it accessible on its website. all the consumer has to do is download the file and hit “ print. ” it ’ s clear that the technology has significant implications for manufacturing and for supply chains. “ as 3d printing continues to evolve at an incredibly rapid rate, it won ’ t be long before we will simply purchase designs and print them out as needed at home rather than go to a store every time we need a new part, new mug, or new tool, ” rose enthuses. “ it essentially democratizes manufacturing. ” entry - level 3d printers like the pandabot are the all - important thin edge of the wedge, in terms of understanding the significance of this technology. industrial - quality 3d printers are now being used for rapid prototyping and for architectural modelling. there are also reports that the us military has deployed one or more 3d printers to the front lines in afghanistan, where engineers can use them to make replacement parts for vehicles and weapons right on the spot. advanced 3d printers can print objects out of metals, too, so the possibilities are endless. but cheaper, smaller - scale printers like the pandabot are going to play a crucial role in weaving 3d printers into our lives, and into the way we think about manufacturing. according to pandabot ’ s rose, “ the more 3d printers are out in people ’ s homes, the more companies will want to provide [ printable ] goods for them. the more companies provide goods for them, the more people will want these printers in their homes. it ’ s a positive feedback cycle that, once it starts, will change how we all purchase goods. ” technologies like this help us see that ethics isn ’ t just about rules. it ’ s about creating value, and finding fairer


what is thyroid cancer? thyroid cancer is a disease that you get when abnormal cells begin to grow in your thyroid gland. the thyroid gland is shaped like a butterfly and is located in the front of your neck. it makes hormones that regulate the way your body uses energy and that help your body work normally. thyroid cancer is an uncommon type of cancer. most people who have it do very well, because the cancer is usually found early and the treatments work well. after it is treated, thyroid cancer may come back, sometimes many years after treatment. what causes thyroid cancer? experts don ' t know what causes thyroid cancer. but like other cancers, changes in the dna of your cells seem to play a role. these dna changes may include changes that are inherited as well as those that happen as you get older. people who have been exposed to a lot of radiation have a greater chance of getting thyroid cancer. a dental x - ray now and then will not increase your chance of getting thyroid cancer. but past radiation treatment of your head, neck, or chest ( especially during childhood ) can put you at risk of getting thyroid cancer. what are the symptoms? thyroid cancer can cause several symptoms : - you may get a lump or swelling in your neck. this is the most common symptom. - you may have pain in your neck and sometimes in your ears. - you may have trouble swallowing. - you may have trouble breathing or have constant wheezing. - your voice may be hoarse. - you may have a frequent cough that is not related to a cold. some people may not have any symptoms. their doctors may find a lump or nodule in the neck during a routine physical exam. how is thyroid cancer diagnosed? if you have a lump in your neck that could be thyroid cancer, your doctor may do a biopsy of your thyroid gland to check for cancer cells. a biopsy is a simple procedure in which a small piece of the thyroid tissue is removed, usually with a needle, and then checked. sometimes the results of a biopsy are not clear. in this case, you may need surgery to remove all or part of your thyroid gland before you find out if you have thyroid cancer. how is it treated? thyroid cancer is treated with surgery and often with radioactive iodine. it rarely needs radiation therapy or chemotherapy. what treatment you need depends on your age, the type of thyroid cancer you have, and the stage of your disease. stage refers to how severe the disease is and how far, if at all, the cancer


it rarely needs radiation therapy or chemotherapy. what treatment you need depends on your age, the type of thyroid cancer you have, and the stage of your disease. stage refers to how severe the disease is and how far, if at all, the cancer has spread. your doctor may also remove lymph nodes in your neck to see if cancer has spread beyond the thyroid. finding out that you have cancer can be overwhelming. it ' s common to feel scared, sad, or even angry. talking to others who have had thyroid cancer may help. ask your doctor about cancer support groups in your area. can thyroid cancer be prevented? most thyroid cancer cannot be prevented. one rare type of thyroid cancer, called medullary thyroid cancer ( mtc ), runs in families. a genetic test can tell you if you have a greater chance of getting mtc. if this test shows that you have an increased risk, you can have your thyroid gland removed to prevent thyroid cancer later in life. frequently asked questions learning about thyroid cancer : living with thyroid cancer : experts don ' t know what causes thyroid cancer. like other cancers, changes in the dna of your cells seem to play a role. these dna changes may include changes that are inherited as well as those that happen as you get older. thyroid cancer can cause many symptoms, including : - a lump or swelling in your neck. this is the most common symptom. - pain in your neck and sometimes in your ears. - difficulty swallowing. - difficulty breathing or constant wheezing. - hoarseness that is not related to a cold. - a cough that continues and is not related to a cold. some people may not have any symptoms. their doctors may find a lump or nodule in the neck during a routine physical exam. thyroid cancer is a disease that occurs when abnormal cells begin to grow in the thyroid gland. you may notice a lump in your neck and then go to your doctor. or your doctor may notice a lump during a routine physical exam or on an imaging test that you are having for another health problem. thyroid cancer is usually found before the cancer has spread very far. this means that most people who are treated for thyroid cancer do very well. after it is treated, thyroid cancer may come back, sometimes many years after treatment. before starting your treatment, your doctor needs to find out which type of thyroid cancer you have. a biopsy can identify your type of cancer. during a biopsy, a small piece of thyroid tissue is removed, usually with a fine needle


treatment. before starting your treatment, your doctor needs to find out which type of thyroid cancer you have. a biopsy can identify your type of cancer. during a biopsy, a small piece of thyroid tissue is removed, usually with a fine needle. the thyroid tissue cells are then examined under a microscope. it is also important to find out the stage of your cancer. staging is a way for your doctor to tell how far, if at all, the cancer has spread. it also helps your doctor decide what kind of treatment you need. staging generally depends on the results of your radioactive iodine scan. if you have your thyroid gland surgically removed, you will probably need to take thyroid hormone medicine for the rest of your life to replace the hormones that were made by your thyroid. taking it will help regulate your metabolism and other body functions. what increases your risk a risk factor for thyroid cancer is something that increases your chance of getting this cancer. having one or more of these risk factors can make it more likely that you will get thyroid cancer. but it doesn ' t mean that you will definitely get it. and many people who get thyroid cancer don ' t have any of these risk factors. the most common risk factors for thyroid cancer include : - being female. - exposure to high levels of radiation, such as after a nuclear power accident. - a personal or family history of thyroid disease or thyroid cancer. - a family history of conditions such as men ( multiple endocrine neoplasia ) 2a, men 2b, or fmtc ( familial medullary thyroid carcinoma ). - being asian. - a history of radiation treatments to the head, neck, or chest during childhood. - other inherited medical conditions, such as gardner ' s syndrome and familial polyposis. when to call a doctor call your doctor if you have any of the following symptoms : - a lump or swelling in your neck. this is the most common symptom of thyroid cancer. - pain in your neck and sometimes in your ears that doesn ' t go away and is not caused by a cold or allergies - hoarseness that is not related to a cold - difficulty swallowing - difficulty breathing or constant wheezing - a cough that continues and is not related to a cold - bone pain who to see health professionals who can evaluate your symptoms and help determine your risk for thyroid cancer include : - endocrinologists. - family medicine physicians. - general practitioners. - internists. - nurse practitioners. -


to a cold - bone pain who to see health professionals who can evaluate your symptoms and help determine your risk for thyroid cancer include : - endocrinologists. - family medicine physicians. - general practitioners. - internists. - nurse practitioners. - physician assistants. to prepare for your appointment, see the topic making the most of your appointment. exams and tests in order to diagnose thyroid cancer, your doctor will ask about your medical history and do a physical exam. your doctor may check your vocal cords using a thin tube - like instrument that has a light ( laryngoscope ). your doctor may order a ct scan or an ultrasound to get a better look at your thyroid. if your doctor thinks that the lump or nodule could be cancerous, he or she may do a fine needle biopsy of the thyroid gland. other tests may be done before, during, or after your treatment for thyroid cancer. - serum thyroglobulin level tests check for cancer. - radioactive iodine scans help your doctor find out whether thyroid cancer has spread beyond the thyroid gland. - thyroid ultrasound is a safe and simple way to find out whether a thyroid nodule is solid or fluid - filled ( cystic ). it can also detect multiple thyroid nodules. if you have medullary thyroid cancer ( mtc ), a ct scan of the chest and belly and a bone scan may also be needed. at this time there are not any screening tests for thyroid cancer that work well for people at average risk. talk to your doctor about whether you need to be screened for thyroid cancer. people who have a family history of medullary thyroid cancer ( mtc ) may want to have a genetic test to look for a gene change called an ret mutation. before you have the test, it is a good idea to talk with a genetic counselor. he or she can help you understand what your test results may mean. the goal of treatment for thyroid cancer is to get rid of the cancer cells in your body. how this is done depends on your age, the type of thyroid cancer you have, the stage of your cancer, and your general health. most people have surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. sometimes a suspicious lump or nodule has to be surgically removed before you will know if you have cancer or not. after surgery, you may need treatment with radioactive iodine to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. when you no longer have all or part of your thyroid gland, you will probably need to take thyroid


removed before you will know if you have cancer or not. after surgery, you may need treatment with radioactive iodine to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. when you no longer have all or part of your thyroid gland, you will probably need to take thyroid hormone medicines for the rest of your life. these medicines replace necessary hormones that are normally made by the thyroid gland and prevent you from having hypothyroidism — too little thyroid hormone. for more information on hypothyroidism, see the topic hypothyroidism. your treatment for thyroid cancer may include : - surgery to remove the part of the thyroid gland that contains cancer. removing one part ( lobe ) is called a lobectomy. removing both lobes is called a total thyroidectomy. removing all but a very small part of the thyroid is called a near - total thyroidectomy. lymph nodes may also be removed during surgery. - radioactive iodine, which is used after surgery to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. after you have your thyroid surgically removed, you may have to wait several weeks before having radioactive iodine treatment to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. during the waiting period, you may have symptoms of hypothyroidism such as fatigue, weakness, weight gain, depression, memory problems, or constipation. - thyroid - stimulating hormone ( tsh ) suppression therapy. tsh suppression therapy reduces the tsh in your body, which may help prevent the growth of any remaining cancer cells. after treatment for thyroid cancer, you may need to take thyroid hormone medicine for the rest of your life to replace the hormones that your body no longer makes. you will also need follow - up visits with your doctor every 6 to 12 months. in addition to scheduling regular visits, be sure to call your doctor if you notice another lump in your neck or if you have trouble breathing or swallowing. at your follow - up visits, your doctor may order a blood test to measure your thyroid - stimulating hormone ( tsh ) level. this test helps your doctor know if you are taking the right amount of thyroid hormone medicine. your doctor may order other tests, such as a radioiodine scan, x - rays, or a ct scan. side effects of treatment the side effects of surgery for thyroid cancer are usually mild and last a couple of days. your doctor will talk to you about medicine you can take if you are having pain. you will likely need to take thyroid hormone medicine for the rest of your life to replace the hormones that your


thyroid cancer are usually mild and last a couple of days. your doctor will talk to you about medicine you can take if you are having pain. you will likely need to take thyroid hormone medicine for the rest of your life to replace the hormones that your body no longer makes. the most important side effect of radioactive iodine therapy ( rai ) is that you will become radioactive for a period of time. your doctor will give you written instructions to follow to prevent exposing others to radiation. for more information, see radioactive iodine. thyroid hormone therapy rarely causes side effects when you have the right dose. too much or too little thyroid hormone can cause side effects. taking high doses of thyroid hormone may cause a rapid or irregular heartbeat. high doses taken over time may also cause weakness in your bones ( osteoporosis ). home treatment may help you manage your side effects. treatment if the condition gets worse thyroid cancer may come back ( recur ). if thyroid cancer does recur, it may be found during a physical exam, on an ultrasound, or as a result of increasing thyroglobulin levels. unlike other types of recurrent cancer, recurrent thyroid cancer is often cured, especially if it has spread only to the lymph nodes in the neck. recurrent thyroid cancer or thyroid cancer that has spread ( metastasized ) to other parts of the body may be treated with surgery, radioactive iodine, or chemotherapy. your doctor may talk to you about being in a clinical trial. for some people with thyroid cancer, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. clinical trials for thyroid cancer are looking at targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. your doctor may talk to you about palliative care. this is medical care that provides an extra layer of support for people with serious and chronic illnesses. with palliative care, you have the help of a medical team to manage your symptoms, pain, and stress. for more information, see the topic palliative care. for more information about thyroid cancer treatments, see the topics : most cases of thyroid cancer cannot be prevented. you may be much more likely to get medullary thyroid cancer ( mtc ) if you have a gene carried by some families. a genetic test can show if you carry this gene. if your test is positive for the gene, you may want to talk with your doctor about having your thyroid removed to prevent getting thyroid cancer later in life. there are certain things you can do to feel better or to reduce the


you carry this gene. if your test is positive for the gene, you may want to talk with your doctor about having your thyroid removed to prevent getting thyroid cancer later in life. there are certain things you can do to feel better or to reduce the side effects of your treatment for thyroid cancer. healthy habits such as eating a balanced diet and getting enough sleep and exercise may help control your symptoms. if you have chemotherapy, your doctor may also give you medicines to control and prevent nausea and vomiting. you can try home treatments : - for nausea or vomiting, such as ginger or peppermint tea, gum, or candy. - for feeling very tired. if you lack energy or become weak easily, try to manage your energy and get extra rest. you may feel most tired at the end of treatment or just after treatment is completed. - for a dry mouth. take frequent sips of water throughout the day. sugar - free gum or sugar - free hard candy will help keep your mouth moist without promoting tooth decay. tart liquids and foods, such as lemonade or dill pickles, may help stimulate the flow of saliva. there are also saliva substitutes that you can buy at a drug store. - for hair loss. if you need high doses of radioactive iodine treatment, you may have some hair loss, but it is usually very mild. and you may be the only one who notices it. handling the stress of having cancer having cancer can be very stressful, and it may feel overwhelming to face the challenges in front of you. finding new ways of coping with the symptoms of stress may improve your overall quality of life. these ideas may help : - get the support you need. spend time with people who care about you, and let them help you. - take good care of yourself. get plenty of rest, and eat nourishing foods. - talk about your feelings. find a support group where you can share your experience. - stay positive. do things each day that will help you stay calm and relaxed. having cancer can change your life in many ways. for support in managing these changes, see the topic getting support when you have cancer. although thyroid cancer is generally treated with surgery, medicines may also be needed to treat the cancer and to replace thyroid hormones. medicines to treat thyroid cancer include : - radioactive iodine, which is used after surgery to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. - thyroid hormone therapy to reduce the tsh in your body. this slows the growth of any remaining cancer cells. - thyroid hormone medicine


treat thyroid cancer include : - radioactive iodine, which is used after surgery to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. - thyroid hormone therapy to reduce the tsh in your body. this slows the growth of any remaining cancer cells. - thyroid hormone medicine to replace necessary thyroid hormones that are made by your thyroid gland. if your thyroid gland is surgically removed, you will likely need to take thyroid replacement pills for the rest of your life. - chemotherapy, which sometimes is used to treat thyroid cancer that has come back after surgery and to treat anaplastic thyroid cancer that does not respond to radioactive iodine. - targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors ( tkis ), such as sorafenib and sunitinib. targeted therapy with tkis is being studied in clinical trials. after you have your thyroid surgically removed, you may have to wait several weeks before you have radioactive iodine treatment to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. during the waiting period, you may have symptoms of hypothyroidism such as fatigue, weakness, weight gain, depression, memory problems, or constipation. your doctor may also put you on a low - iodine diet before treating you with radioactive iodine. if you are on a low - iodine diet, you cannot eat foods that contain a lot of iodine, such as seafood and baked goods. depleting your body of iodine may make radioactive iodine treatment more effective, because your cells become " hungry " for iodine. after surgery, you may need to take thyroid hormone replacement pills for the rest of your life. taking these pills rarely causes side effects if you are taking the right amount. but too much thyroid hormone can cause you to feel hot and sweaty. it can also cause weight loss, a fast heart rate, chest pain, cramps, or diarrhea. and too little thyroid hormone can cause you to feel cold and tired. it can also cause weight gain, dry skin, or dry hair. 1 most people with thyroid cancer have surgery to remove the cancer. you may have part or all of your thyroid removed. the kind of surgery you have may depend on your age, the type of cancer you have, how much the cancer has spread, and your general health. - thyroid lobectomy removes only one part ( lobe ) of the thyroid gland. this surgery is an option if your cancer is small and is only in one lobe of your thyroid gland. - near - total thyroidectomy removes all but a very small part of


more information, talk to your doctor or a registered dietitian, or visit the thyroid cancer survivor ' s association website at www. thyca. org / rai. htm. people sometimes use complementary therapies along with medical treatment to help relieve symptoms and side effects of cancer treatments. some of the complementary therapies that may be helpful include : - acupuncture to relieve pain. - meditation or yoga to relieve stress. - massage or biofeedback to reduce pain and ease tension. - breathing exercises for relaxation. these mind - body treatments may help you feel better. they can make it easier to cope with treatment. they also may reduce chronic low back pain, joint pain, headaches, and pain from treatments. before you try a complementary therapy, talk to your doctor about the possible value and potential side effects. let your doctor know if you are already using any such therapies. they are not meant to take the place of standard medical treatment. other places to get help | american academy of otolaryngology — head and neck surgery ( aao - hns ) | | 1650 diagonal road | | alexandria, va 22314 - 2857 | the american academy of otolaryngology — head and neck surgery ( aao - hns ) is the world ' s largest organization of physicians dedicated to the care of ear, nose, and throat ( ent ) disorders. its web site includes information for the general public on ent disorders. | american cancer society ( acs ) | the american cancer society ( acs ) conducts educational programs and offers many services to people with cancer and to their families. staff at the toll - free numbers have information about services and activities in local areas and can provide referrals to local acs divisions. | american thyroid association | | 6066 leesburg pike | | falls church, va 22041 | the american thyroid association promotes scientific and public understanding of thyroid disorders. it publishes a monthly journal and manages a web site. cancer. net is the information website of the american society of clinical oncology ( asco ) for people living with cancer and for those who care for them. asco is the world ' s leading professional organization representing physicians of all oncology subspecialties. cancer. net provides current oncologist - approved information on living with cancer. | national cancer institute ( nci ) | | 6116 executive boulevard | | bethesda, md 20892 - 8322 | | web address : | | www. cancer


provides current oncologist - approved information on living with cancer. | national cancer institute ( nci ) | | 6116 executive boulevard | | bethesda, md 20892 - 8322 | | web address : | | www. cancer. gov ( or https : / / livehelp. cancer. gov / app / chat / chat _ launch for live help online ) | the national cancer institute ( nci ) is a u. s. government agency that provides up - to - date information about the prevention, detection, and treatment of cancer. nci also offers supportive care to people who have cancer and to their families. nci information is also available to doctors, nurses, and other health professionals. nci provides the latest information about clinical trials. the cancer information service, a service of nci, has trained staff members available to answer questions and send free publications. spanish - speaking staff members are also available. - national cancer institute ( 2007 ). what you need to know about thyroid cancer ( nih publication no. 07 - 4994 ). available online : http : / / www. cancer. gov / cancertopics / wyntk / thyroid. - national comprehensive cancer network ( 2011 ). thyroid carcinoma. nccn clinical practice guidelines in oncology, version 2. available online : http : / / www. nccn. org / professionals / physician _ gls / pdf / thyroid. pdf. other works consulted - american cancer society ( 2011 ). cancer facts and figures 2011. atlanta : american cancer society. available online : http : / / www. cancer. org / acs / groups / content / @ epidemiologysurveilance / documents / document / acspc - 029771. pdf. - american thyroid association guidelines taskforce ( 2009 ). revised american thyroid association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. thyroid, 19 ( 11 ) : 1167 – 1214. also available online : http : / / thyroidguidelines. net / revised / taskforce. - cooper ds, et al. ( 2007 ). the thyroid gland. in dg gardner, d shoback, eds., greenspan ' s basic and clinical endocrinology, 8th ed., pp. 209 – 280. new york : mcgraw - hill. - national cancer institute ( 2011 ). thyroid cancer ( pdq ) : treatment — health professional version. available online : http : / / www.


click the study aids tab at the bottom of the book to access your study aids ( usually practice quizzes and flash cards ). study pass is our latest digital product that lets you take notes, highlight important sections of the text using different colors, create " tags " or labels to filter your notes and highlights, and print so you can study offline. study pass also includes interactive study aids, such as flash cards and quizzes. highlighting and taking notes : if you ' ve purchased the all access pass or study pass, in the online reader, click and drag your mouse to highlight text. when you do a small button appears – simply click on it! from there, you can select a highlight color, add notes, add tags, or any combination. if you ' ve purchased the all access pass, you can print each chapter by clicking on the downloads tab. if you have study pass, click on the print icon within study view to print out your notes and highlighted sections. to search, use the text box at the bottom of the book. click a search result to be taken to that chapter or section of the book ( note you may need to scroll down to get to the result ). view full student faqs - identify the uses of colons. - properly use colons in sentences. the colon ( : ) a punctuation mark that is used to indicate a full stop. colons can introduce lists, quotes, examples, and explanations. is another punctuation mark used to indicate a full stop. use a colon to introduce lists, quotes, examples, and explanations. you can also use a colon after the greeting in business letters and memos. dear hiring manager : to : human resources from : deanna dean colons to introduce a list use a colon to introduce a list of items. introduce the list with an independent clause. the team will tour three states : new york, pennsylvania, and maryland. i have to take four classes this semester : composition, statistics, ethics, and italian. colons to introduce a quote you can use a colon to introduce a quote. mark twain said it best : “ when in doubt, tell the truth. ” if a quote is longer than forty words, skip a line after the colon and indent the left margin of the quote five spaces. because quotations longer than forty words use line spacing and indentation to indicate a quote, quotation marks are not necessary. my father always loved mark twain ’ s words : there are basically two types of people. people


the quote five spaces. because quotations longer than forty words use line spacing and indentation to indicate a quote, quotation marks are not necessary. my father always loved mark twain ’ s words : there are basically two types of people. people who accomplish things, and people who claim to have accomplished things. the first group is less crowded. long quotations, which are forty words or more, are called block quotations. block quotations frequently appear in longer essays and research papers. for more information about block quotations, see chapter 11 " writing from research : what will i learn? ". colons to introduce examples or explanations use a colon to introduce an example or to further explain an idea presented in the first part of a sentence. the first part of the sentence must always be an independent clause ; that is, it must stand alone as a complete thought with a subject and verb. do not use a colon after phrases like such as or for example. correct : our company offers many publishing services : writing, editing, and reviewing. incorrect : our company offers many publishing services, such as : writing, editing, and reviewing. capitalize the first letter following a colon for a proper noun, the beginning of a quote, or the first letter of another independent clause. do not capitalize if the information following the colon is not a complete sentence. proper noun : we visited three countries : belize, honduras, and el salvador. beginning of a quote : my mother loved this line from hamlet : “ to thine own self be true. ” two independent clauses : there are drawbacks to modern technology : my brother ’ s cell phone died and he lost a lot of phone numbers. incorrect : the recipe is simple : tomato, basil, and avocado. on your own sheet of paper, correct the following sentences by adding semicolons or colons where needed. if the sentence does not need a semicolon or colon, write ok. don ’ t give up you never know what tomorrow brings. our records show that the patient was admitted on march 9, 2010 january 13, 2010 and november 16, 2009. allow me to introduce myself i am the greatest ice - carver in the world. where i come from there are three ways to get to the grocery store by car, by bus, and by foot. listen closely you will want to remember this speech. i have lived in sedona, arizona baltimore, maryland and knoxville, tennessee. the boss ’ s message was clear lateness would not be tolerated. next


click the study aids tab at the bottom of the book to access your study aids ( usually practice quizzes and flash cards ). study pass is our latest digital product that lets you take notes, highlight important sections of the text using different colors, create " tags " or labels to filter your notes and highlights, and print so you can study offline. study pass also includes interactive study aids, such as flash cards and quizzes. highlighting and taking notes : if you ' ve purchased the all access pass or study pass, in the online reader, click and drag your mouse to highlight text. when you do a small button appears – simply click on it! from there, you can select a highlight color, add notes, add tags, or any combination. if you ' ve purchased the all access pass, you can print each chapter by clicking on the downloads tab. if you have study pass, click on the print icon within study view to print out your notes and highlighted sections. to search, use the text box at the bottom of the book. click a search result to be taken to that chapter or section of the book ( note you may need to scroll down to get to the result ). view full student faqs 8. 6 exceptions to the octet rule - to assign a lewis dot symbol to elements not having an octet of electrons in their compounds. lewis dot structures provide a simple model for rationalizing the bonding in most known compounds. however, there are three general exceptions to the octet rule : ( 1 ) molecules, such as no, with an odd number of electrons ; ( 2 ) molecules in which one or more atoms possess more than eight electrons, such as sf6 ; and ( 3 ) molecules such as bcl3, in which one or more atoms possess less than eight electrons. odd number of electrons because most molecules or ions that consist of s - and p - block elements contain even numbers of electrons, their bonding can be described using a model that assigns every electron to either a bonding pair or a lone pair. molecules or ions containing d - block elements frequently contain an odd number of electrons, and their bonding cannot adequately be described using the simple approach we have developed so far. bonding in these compounds will be discussed in chapter 23 " the ". there are, however, a few molecules containing only p - block elements that have an odd number of electrons. some important examples are nitric oxide ( no ), whose biochemical importance was described in earlier chapters ; nitrogen dioxide ( no2 ), an ox


, however, a few molecules containing only p - block elements that have an odd number of electrons. some important examples are nitric oxide ( no ), whose biochemical importance was described in earlier chapters ; nitrogen dioxide ( no2 ), an oxidizing agent in rocket propulsion ; and chlorine dioxide ( clo2 ), which is used in water purification plants. consider no, for example. with 5 + 6 = 11 valence electrons, there is no way to draw a lewis structure that gives each atom an octet of electrons. molecules such as no, no2, and clo2 require a more sophisticated treatment of bonding, which will be developed in chapter 9 " molecular geometry and covalent bonding models ". more than an octet of electrons the most common exception to the octet rule is a molecule or an ion with at least one atom that possesses more than an octet of electrons. such compounds are found for elements of period 3 and beyond. examples from the p - block elements include sf6, a substance used by the electric power industry to insulate high - voltage lines, and the so42− and po43− ions. let ’ s look at sulfur hexafluoride ( sf6 ), whose lewis structure must accommodate a total of 48 valence electrons [ 6 + ( 6 × 7 ) = 48 ]. if we arrange the atoms and electrons symmetrically, we obtain a structure with six bonds to sulfur ; that is, it is six - coordinate. each fluorine atom has an octet, but the sulfur atom has 12 electrons surrounding it rather than 8. the third step in our procedure for writing lewis electron structures, in which we place an electron pair between each pair of bonded atoms, requires that an atom have more than 8 electrons whenever it is bonded to more than 4 other atoms. the octet rule is based on the fact that each valence orbital ( typically, one ns and three np orbitals ) can accommodate only two electrons. to accommodate more than eight electrons, sulfur must be using not only the ns and np valence orbitals but additional orbitals as well. sulfur has an [ ne ] 3s23p43d0 electron configuration, so in principle it could accommodate more than eight valence electrons by using one or more d orbitals. thus species such as sf6 are often called expanded - valence moleculesa compound with more than an octet of electrons around an atom.. whether or not such compounds really do use d orbitals in bonding is


one or more d orbitals. thus species such as sf6 are often called expanded - valence moleculesa compound with more than an octet of electrons around an atom.. whether or not such compounds really do use d orbitals in bonding is controversial, but this model explains why compounds exist with more than an octet of electrons around an atom. there is no correlation between the stability of a molecule or an ion and whether or not it has an expanded valence shell. some species with expanded valences, such as pf5, are highly reactive, whereas others, such as sf6, are very unreactive. in fact, sf6 is so inert that it has many commercial applications. in addition to its use as an electrical insulator, it is used as the coolant in some nuclear power plants, and it is the pressurizing gas in “ unpressurized ” tennis balls. an expanded valence shell is often written for oxoanions of the heavier p - block elements, such as sulfate ( so42− ) and phosphate ( po43− ). sulfate, for example, has a total of 32 valence electrons [ 6 + ( 4 × 6 ) + 2 ]. if we use a single pair of electrons to connect the sulfur and each oxygen, we obtain the four - coordinate lewis structure ( a ). we know that sulfur can accommodate more than eight electrons by using its empty valence d orbitals, just as in sf6. an alternative structure ( b ) can be written with s = o double bonds, making the sulfur again six - coordinate. we can draw five other resonance structures equivalent to ( b ) that vary only in the arrangement of the single and double bonds. in fact, experimental data show that the s - to - o bonds in the so42− ion are intermediate in length between single and double bonds, as expected for a system whose resonance structures all contain two s – o single bonds and two s = o double bonds. when calculating the formal charges on structures ( a ) and ( b ), we see that the s atom in ( a ) has a formal charge of + 2, whereas the s atom in ( b ) has a formal charge of 0. thus by using an expanded octet, a + 2 formal charge on s can be eliminated. note the pattern in oxoanions of the heavier p - block elements, the central atom often has an expanded valence shell. less than an octet of electrons molecules with atoms that possess less than


2 formal charge on s can be eliminated. note the pattern in oxoanions of the heavier p - block elements, the central atom often has an expanded valence shell. less than an octet of electrons molecules with atoms that possess less than an octet of electrons generally contain the lighter s - and p - block elements, especially beryllium, typically with just four electrons around the central atom, and boron, typically with six. one example, boron trichloride ( bcl3 ) is used to produce fibers for reinforcing high - tech tennis rackets and golf clubs. the compound has 24 valence electrons and the following lewis structure : the boron atom has only six valence electrons, while each chlorine atom has eight. a reasonable solution might be to use a lone pair from one of the chlorine atoms to form a b - to - cl double bond : this resonance structure, however, results in a formal charge of + 1 on the doubly bonded cl atom and −1 on the b atom. the high electronegativity of cl makes this separation of charge unlikely and suggests that this is not the most important resonance structure for bcl3. this conclusion is shown to be valid based on the three equivalent b – cl bond lengths of 173 pm that have no double bond character. electron - deficient compounds such as bcl3 have a strong tendency to gain an additional pair of electrons by reacting with species with a lone pair of electrons. note the pattern molecules with atoms that have fewer than an octet of electrons generally contain the lighter s - and p - block elements. note the pattern electron - deficient compounds have a strong tendency to gain electrons in their reactions. draw lewis dot structures for each compound. - becl2 gas, a compound used to produce beryllium, which in turn is used to produce structural materials for missiles and communication satellites - sf4, a compound that reacts violently with water include resonance structures where appropriate. given : two compounds asked for : lewis electron structures a use the procedure given earlier to write a lewis electron structure for each compound. if necessary, place any remaining valence electrons on the element most likely to be able to accommodate more than an octet. b after all the valence electrons have been placed, decide whether you have drawn an acceptable lewis structure. a because it is the least electronegative element, be is the central atom. the molecule has 16 valence electrons ( 2 from be and 7 from each cl ). drawing


have been placed, decide whether you have drawn an acceptable lewis structure. a because it is the least electronegative element, be is the central atom. the molecule has 16 valence electrons ( 2 from be and 7 from each cl ). drawing two be – cl bonds and placing three lone pairs on each cl gives the following structure : b although this arrangement gives beryllium only 4 electrons, it is an acceptable lewis structure for becl2. beryllium is known to form compounds in which it is surrounded by less than an octet of electrons. a sulfur is the central atom because it is less electronegative than fluorine. the molecule has 34 valence electrons ( 6 from s and 7 from each f ). the s – f bonds use 8 electrons, and another 24 are placed around the f atoms : the only place to put the remaining 2 electrons is on the sulfur, giving sulfur 10 valence electrons : b sulfur can accommodate more than an octet, so this is an acceptable lewis structure. draw lewis dot structures for xef4. molecules with an odd number of electrons are relatively rare in the s and p blocks but rather common among the d - and f - block elements. compounds with more than an octet of electrons around an atom are called expanded - valence molecules. one model to explain their existence uses one or more d orbitals in bonding in addition to the valence ns and np orbitals. such species are known for only atoms in period 3 or below, which contain nd subshells in their valence shell. - general exceptions to the octet rule include molecules that have an odd number of electrons and molecules in which one or more atoms possess more or fewer than eight electrons. what regions of the periodic table contain elements that frequently form molecules with an odd number of electrons? explain your answer. how can atoms expand their valence shell? what is the relationship between an expanded valence shell and the stability of an ion or a molecule? what elements are known to form compounds with less than an octet of electrons? why do electron - deficient compounds form? list three elements that form compounds that do not obey the octet rule. describe the factors that are responsible for the stability of these compounds. what is the major weakness of the lewis system in predicting the electron structures of pcl6− and other species containing atoms from period 3 and beyond? the compound aluminum trichloride consists of al2cl6 molecules with the following structure ( lone pairs of electrons removed for


of the lewis system in predicting the electron structures of pcl6− and other species containing atoms from period 3 and beyond? the compound aluminum trichloride consists of al2cl6 molecules with the following structure ( lone pairs of electrons removed for clarity ) : does this structure satisfy the octet rule? what is the formal charge on each atom? given the chemical similarity between aluminum and boron, what is a plausible explanation for the fact that aluminum trichloride forms a dimeric structure rather than the monomeric trigonal planar structure of bcl3? draw lewis electron structures for clo4−, if5, secl4, and sbf5. draw lewis electron structures for icl3, cl3po, cl2so, and asf6−. draw plausible lewis structures for the phosphate ion, including resonance structures. what is the formal charge on each atom in your structures? draw an acceptable lewis structure for pcl5, a compound used in manufacturing a form of cellulose. what is the formal charge of the central atom? what is the oxidation number of the central atom? using lewis structures, draw all of the resonance structures for the bro3− ion. draw an acceptable lewis structure for xenon trioxide ( xeo3 ), including all resonance structures. clo4− ( one of four equivalent resonance structures ) the formal charge on phosphorus is 0, while three oxygen atoms have a formal charge of −1 and one has a formal charge of zero.


views of u. s. army general miles ' campaign against the native american sioux, show long covered wagon trains, buffalo herds, and soldiers in uniforms drinking and washing in a river next to their horses. dakota indians - - war - - 1870 - 1880. ; indians of north america - - war - - 1870 - 1880. ; bathing - - 1870 - 1880. ; bison - - 1870 - 1880. ; covered wagons - - 1870 - 1880. white men in conestoga wagons, and on foot, and north american indians on horseback hunt stampeding buffalo on probably the oregon trail in nebraska. indians hold bows and arrows and lances, and some of the settlers shoot rifles. women and children... indians of north america - - nebraska - - 1840 - 1860. ; oregon national historic trail - - 1840 - 1860. ; platte river ( neb. ) - - 1840 - 1860. ; bison hunting - - nebraska - - 1840 - 1860. ; covered wagons - - nebraska - - 1840 - 1860. ; pioneers - - nebraska - - 1840 - 1860. ;... transcript of a document originally written by maria davies mcgrath in 1934. this document contains transcripts of all three volumes, arranged alphabetically by pioneers last name. within each entry is a brief biography of the individual ( s ) who... display a larger image and more item information when the pointer pauses over a thumbnail thumbnail with title grid with smaller thumbnails and more detail select the collections to add or remove from your search


macroscopic properties and microscopic models as a simple example of how the macroscopic properties of a substancea material that is either an element or that has a fixed ratio of elements in its chemical formula. can be explained on a microscopic level, consider the liquida state of matter in which the atomic - scale particles remain close together but are able to change their positions so that the matter takes the shape of its container mercury. macroscopically, mercury at ordinary temperatures is a silvery liquid which can be poured much like water — rather unusual for a metalan element characterized by a glossy surface, high thermal and electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility.. mercury is also the heaviest known liquid. its densitythe ratio of the mass of a sample of a material to its volume. is 13. 6 g cm – 3, as compared with only 1. 0 g cm – 3 for water. when cooled below – 38. 9°c mercury solidifies and behaves very much like more familiar solid metals such as copper and iron. mercury frozen around the end of a wooden stick can be used to hammer nails, as long as it is kept sufficiently cold. solid mercury has a density of 14. 1 g cm – 3 slightly greater than that of the liquid. when mercury is heated, it remains a liquid until quite a high temperature, finally boilingthe process of a liquid becoming vapor in which bubbles of vapor form beneath the surface of the liquid ; at the boiling temperature the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure of the gas in contact with the liquid. at 356. 6°c to give an invisible vaporthe gaseous state of a substance that typically exists as a liquid or solid ; a gas at a temperature near or below the boiling point of the corresponding liquid.. even at low concentrations gaseous mercury is extremely toxic if breathed into the lungs. it has been responsible for many cases of human poisoning. in other respects mercury vapor behaves much like any other gas. it is easily compressible. even when quite modest pressures are applied, the volume decreases noticeably. mercury vapor is also much less dense than the liquid or the solid. at 400°c and ordinary pressures, its density is 3. 6 × 10 – 3 g cm – 3 about one four - thousandth that of solid or liquid mercury. a modern chemist would interpret these macroscopic properties in terms of a < span style = " background - color : navy ; color : white ; " / > sub - microscopic model involving atoms of mercury. as shown in the following figure


or liquid mercury. a modern chemist would interpret these macroscopic properties in terms of a < span style = " background - color : navy ; color : white ; " / > sub - microscopic model involving atoms of mercury. as shown in the following figure, the atoms may be thought of as small, hard spheres. like billiard balls they can move around and bounce off one another. in solid mercury the centers of adjacent atoms are separated by only 300 pm ( 300 × 10 – 12 m or 3. 00a ). although each atom can move around a little, the others surround it so closely that it cannot escape its allotted position. hence the solid is rigid. very few atoms move out of position even when it strikes a nail. as temperature increases, the atoms vibrate more violently, and eventually the solid melts. in liquid mercury, the regular, geometrically rigid structure is gone and the atoms are free to move about, but they are still rather close together and difficult to separate. this ability of the atoms to move past each other accounts for the fact that liquid mercury can flow and take the shape of its container. note that the structure of the liquid is not as compact as that of the solid ; a few gaps are present. these gaps explain why liquid mercury is less dense than the solid. in gaseous mercury, also called mercury vapor, the atoms are very much farther apart than in the liquid and they move around quite freely and rapidly. since there are very few atoms per unita particular measure of a physical quantity that is used to express the magnitude of the physical quantity ; for example, the meter is the unit of the physical quantity, length. volume, the density is considerably lower than for the liquid and solid. by moving rapidly in all directions, the atoms of mercury ( or any other gas for that matteranything that occupies space and has mass ; contrasted with energy. ) are able to fill any container in which they are placed. when the atoms hit a wall of the container, they bounce off. this constant bombardment by atoms on the < span style = " background - color : navy ; color : white ; " / > sub - microscopic level accounts for the pressure exerted by the gas on the macroscopic level. the gas can be easily compressed because there is plenty of open space between the atoms. reducing the volume merely reduces that empty space. the liquid and the solid are not nearly so easy to compress because there is little or no empty space between the atoms. you may have noticed that although our sub -


last week, we looked at the peculiarities of the first born and middle child. today, we ’ ll examine the last born, only child and twins. the way they behave can help you in crafting your story ’ s characters. last born children last born children fight hard to get noticed. they are often the class clown, the maverick, the life of the party. their older siblings consider them spoiled. characteristics of the youngest include : | manipulative | | charming | | show off | | people person | | casts blame on others | | engaging | | good salesperson | | precocious | | risk taker | | outgoing | careers include “ on stage ” professions – tv announcers and anchor people, salespeople ( because of their ability to manipulate people ). they like jobs where they can work alone and do things at their own pace. | outgoing, affectionate, creative, confident, uncomplicated, | | spoiled, manipulative, immature, self - centered, impetuous, feel they live in the shadow, rebellious, absentminded | why? parents are “ taught out ” and let the kid fend for himself. they are suckers for praise and encouragement. their attention - seeking antics can be turned around with a “ i ’ ll show them ” attitude. famous last born children include howard stern, jay leno, danny devito, steve martin. if the first born child is pressured to succeed, the only child is the mega first born, squared. they are super perfectionists, super reliable, super scholarly and any of the other super * latives generally applied to the first born. how an only born ’ s personality is molded depends on why he ’ s an only. if his parents tried to have other children but could only have one, all their energy and attention is heaped on him. he can become very pampered and spoiled and may have problems in later life with self - centeredness. if he is an only child because it was a conscious decision of his parents ’, he may have grown up with a very structured, disciplined expectation of being the “ little adult. ” resentment at being deprived of his childhood might cause problems. an only child ’ s personality can swing from responsible, upstanding citizen to scared and rebellious because they ’ re not in as much control as they look. | matures faster, gets along better with older or younger people, responsible, ambitious, perfectionists, conscientious, loves facts and details |


backyard and playground safety keep your children ’ s fun safe by following these safety guidelines for backyard, pool, and playground if you have a pool in your backyard, follow these guidelines : - surround the pool with a fence that is at least 48 inches high. check with your city or county for additional requirements regarding pool fencing, covers, or alarm systems. - never leave a small child alone in or near a pool or spa / hot tub, even for a minute. a child can drown in less than three minutes. - keep toys, tricycles, wagons, and balls away from the pool. children may attempt to retrieve toys that fall into the water and then fall in - keep electrical appliances ( such as radios ) away from the poolside as they pose a shock hazard if wet. - a pool cover should cover the pool completely and attach to the patio floor so children cannot slip under it. choose a pool cover that is designed for safety — not simply a cover that is designed to maintain the pool - a hot tub should have a locking cover that you put on whenever the hot tub is not in use. - empty “ baby ” pools and put them away after every use, because they can fill with rain or water from sprinklers. keep these essential safety items near your home pool : - a telephone or cell phone and phone numbers for emergency services - a poster with safety and cpr instructions - shepherd ’ s hook, safety ring, and rope


| persian gulf states table of contents omani economic development may be divided into three phases : a period of rapid expansion between 1970 and 1986 ; economic retrenchment and rationalization between 1986 and 1989 as a result of the 1985 - 86 oil price collapse ; and a period of stabilized growth since 1990. economic growth and structural change have proceeded rapidly in oman during the rule of sultan qabus ibn said. oman, however, lagged behind such neighboring gulf amirates as kuwait and the uae as a result of the late discovery of oil, financial constraints, and political instability in the first half of the 1970s. nonetheless, increased government expenditure as a result of the commercial production and export of oil transformed the standard of living in oman. by the latter half of the 1980s, oman emerged as a middle - income country after entering the development process as one of the poorest arab states. per capita income rose from us $ 360 in 1970 to us $ 3, 140 in 1980 and to us $ 7, 000 in 1991. when sultan qabus ibn said assumed power in 1970, he immediately implemented an economic development and modernization program. priority was given to expanding the country ' s almost nonexistent infrastructure. in the early 1970s, substantial progress was made in developing physical and social infrastructure, mainly in the form of roads, a new deepwater port, an international airport, electricity - generating plants, desalination plants, and schools, hospitals, and low - cost housing. government revenue derived almost exclusively from oil receipts made this possible. economic growth was accompanied by uneven structural development, however. in 1960 agriculture accounted for 75 percent of the gross domestic product ; by oman ' s fiscal year 1991, its share had fallen to less than 3 percent. by contrast, industry ( including petroleum ), which accounted for only 8 percent of gdp in 1960, increased to 59 percent by 1985. manufacturing increased only from 1 percent to 3 percent and services from 18 percent to 38 percent in the same period. as a result, in 1993 oman ' s economy was dominated by the petroleum sector and the services sector. aware of the vulnerability produced by dependency on a depletable natural resource, the government has increased funding for sectors based on renewable natural resources that can provide sustainable economic growth. the government is concentrating on the agriculture and fishing sectors, encouraging tourism, and constructing light industrial parks with the objective of exporting consumer goods to its gulf cooperation council ( gcc ) partners. for more recent information about the economy, see facts about oman. source : u. s.


the highly complex steps in the mountain carving process at crazy horse can be summed up in relatively simple terms. we are making a very large duplicate of korczak ’ s sculpture to tell the story of north american indian cultures. that artwork depicts the lakota warrior, crazy horse, seated on his horse and pointing over the horse ’ s head as he says, “ my lands are where my dead lie buried. ” in order to convey that powerful story on a monumental scale on the mountain we follow three basic steps : 1 ) measure korczak ’ s model ; 2 ) measure the mountain ; 3 ) remove all the rock that doesn ’ t fit! in reality each of these steps gets quite complex and requires the use of powerful tools and techniques, but the guiding principles remain quite simple. the members of the crazy horse mountain crew are experts in precision blasting, equipment operation and engineering. they maintain a strong emphasis on safety in all steps of the operation and are proud to have an outstanding safety record. here ’ s a little closer look at each of the meticulously detailed steps this team carries out to carve the mountain : measuring systems have evolved steadily during the 60 - year history of the mountain carving. korczak relied on artistic estimates and his incredibly practiced eye and natural feel for dimensions and scale. after his death, his family and the mountain crew developed a mechanical pointing system to measure the 1 / 34th scale model of crazy horse ’ s face. after completion of the face, we designed and built another mechanical pointing system to measure the 1 / 300th scale model of the entire carving. more recently laser scanning methods have been used to measure the 1 / 34th scale model and just in the past year brand new technology has been used to measure the 1 / 300th scale model with a laser scanning arm. monique ziolkowski is currently working to build a 1 / 60th scale model that will combine the artistic elements of korczak ’ s story with dimensions and geologic details from the mountain. some combination of mechanical pointing systems and laser scanning technology will likely be used to measure this model when it is complete. korczak used a combination of his artistic eye, tape measures and a beautiful old theodolite ( survey instrument ) to determine the basic location of his model within the mountain and begin the process of removing excess rock. a 60 - foot long measuring boom was fixed to the top of crazy horse ’ s head in 1987 to direct the work on the face. a plumb bob suspended from that measuring boom was used to transfer numbers from the


process of removing excess rock. a 60 - foot long measuring boom was fixed to the top of crazy horse ’ s head in 1987 to direct the work on the face. a plumb bob suspended from that measuring boom was used to transfer numbers from the pointing system on the 1 / 34th model of crazy horse ’ s face. when work moved beyond the face in 1998, a survey control system was developed and a modern survey instrument was used to measure the entire mountain. this instrument, known as a total station, measures very precise angles and distances from known control points to calculate 3 dimensional coordinates for any point on the mountain. it uses an infrared beam reflected from a hand held prism to measure distances up to several thousand feet with accuracy to the nearest 1 / 1000th of a foot. measurements from korczak ’ s models are transferred to the mountain using this same instrument and survey control system. laser scanning equipment has been used to measure the entire mountain on several occasions over the past 10 years. these instruments work on the same principle as the total station to measure angles and distances from known control points to points of interest on the rock. they use a laser beam reflected from the rock to measure the distances without need of a prism at each point. this allows for measuring huge numbers of points very quickly and accurately to build ‘ digital models ’ of the mountain in our engineering computers. the next step in measuring on the mountain will be to apply the best possible methods to measure the geologic structure of the mountain in addition to the basic geometry of the mountain. this information becomes critical in refining the shape of the models and in planning for long term stability of the memorial. rock is removed from the mountain primarily with explosives. again this complex process can be summed up in basic steps : drill precisely placed holes in the granite ; load explosives in the holes ; time the detonation sequence of those explosives ; push the blasted rock ( known as ‘ muck ’ in the mining industry ) off the mountain with heavy equipment and finally remove the last layer of rock in the finishing stage. all blasts at crazy horse are designed, drilled and executed to protect the rock that is left after the blast. this is the opposite of most blasting operations, where the main concern is the final size and location of the material being blasted away. the mountain crew prepares most blasts using a system that explosives engineers call “ pre - splitting. ” it is similar to perforating a piece of paper to allow it to tear evenly. the rock to be removed is drilled on all sides with a series of parallel


crew prepares most blasts using a system that explosives engineers call “ pre - splitting. ” it is similar to perforating a piece of paper to allow it to tear evenly. the rock to be removed is drilled on all sides with a series of parallel drill holes. explosives are detonated throughout the entire length of each of the drill holes, cleanly removing the desired rock while leaving the remaining rock undamaged. here ’ s a more detailed look at each of the steps in the rock removal process : equipment has evolved from korczak ’ s use of a single - jack ( sledge hammer and hand steel ) to drill the holes for the first blast on the mountain. korczak quickly advanced to pneumatic jack hammer drills powered by ‘ buda ’, the ancient air compressor which quit frequently during the work day and forced him to make many trips down and back up the 741 steps to the top of the mountain. he then progressed to wagon drills, a larger drifter drill mounted on a d8 cat and finally air track drills. these machines required less manual labor but still relied on gas or diesel powered air compressors to drive the hammer. the mountain crew did much of the drilling for crazy horse ’ s face using hand held rotary hammer drills powered by more modern, efficient electric air compressors. we still drill 1 3 / 8 inch or 1 5 / 8 inch holes up to 21 feet deep using these hand drills on rare occasions when the track drills cannot be maneuvered to the drilling site. hydraulic drills are now the standard and our fleet includes three of these very efficient machines mounted on tracks or rubber tires. most of our holes are drilled about 20 feet deep using 2 inch diameter carbide steel bits. our largest machines approach drilling rates up to 10 feet per minute! the next generation of these drills will be faster and more efficient and will have enclosed cabs to better protect the mountain crew from the noise and dust generated in the drilling process. when most people think of explosives, they imagine dynamite. the primary types of explosives used here at crazy horse, however, are not dynamites but detonating cord and small diameter water gel or emulsion based pre - split products. dynamite is very effective at fragmenting rock, but expends all of its energy in an area equal to the length of the cartridge – a very small portion of the drill hole. our blasts using detonating cord and pre - split products can be designed to expend the same amount of energy over the entire length of the drill holes.


equal to the length of the cartridge – a very small portion of the drill hole. our blasts using detonating cord and pre - split products can be designed to expend the same amount of energy over the entire length of the drill holes. this provides much better control of the explosive energy and does much less damage to the rock that is not removed by the blast. in a typical blast at crazy horse up to several hundred drill holes are loaded with the appropriate size of detonating cord or pre - split explosives. after the product is in place the holes are filled with small crushed stone. the stone fills the open space in the hole and better focuses the explosive energy to precisely split the rock. the typical blast is actually a carefully timed series of smaller blasts spaced only a few milliseconds apart. the vibration and damage caused by the blast can be controlled by limiting the amount of explosive detonated in each section of the blast. the distance to what will be the finished surface of the mountain carving ( “ final grade ” ) dictates the distance between drill holes and the type and amount of explosive used in each hole. the closer to final grade, the smaller the drill hole spacing and the smaller the explosives charge weight in each hole. timing between the blast sections is controlled by the blasting caps ( detonators ). this is another area where advancing technology is making a big difference in our mountain carving operation. electric blasting caps which are susceptible to premature detonation caused by static or nearby lightning strikes or radio transmissions are no longer used. our most common method uses non - electric delay detonators fired by sending a spark through long plastic tube or with a highly secure 2 - way radio controlled remote initiation system. we have also used the latest technology – a system of electronically controlled, programmable detonators which allow nearly infinite choices in blast timing. we expect systems like this to play a key role in controlling blasts as we work closer to finished grade in the future. removing the blasted rock or muck from the mountain is accomplished with heavy equipment. here again there has been a steady improvement in the type, size and efficiency of the equipment used over the past 60 years. a typical blast today produces 2000 to 3000 tons of rock fragments. these rocks range in size from small gravel up to the occasional 10 ton boulder and most remain on the blasting bench rather than falling off the mountain from the force of the blast. the mountain crew spends 2 or 3 days with a combination of excavators and bulldozers to move this rock


to the occasional 10 ton boulder and most remain on the blasting bench rather than falling off the mountain from the force of the blast. the mountain crew spends 2 or 3 days with a combination of excavators and bulldozers to move this rock off the mountain and clear the way for the drills to prepare the next blast. to lend some perspective to the quantity of rock being handled – the average dump truck on the highway is hauling about 15 tons of material. it would take 200 truck loads to haul away the rock from just one large blast on the mountain! when the crew returns to finishing work it will be accomplished as it was on crazy horse ’ s face by drilling to isolate small blocks of rock ( 100 to 1, 000 pound chunks ). these blocks may be blasted off using very light explosives. in very detailed areas of the carving, drill holes are located so close together that they almost contact each other and mechanical wedges are used as an alternative to explosives. a jet torch is used to finish the surface of the mountain carving. the jet removes drill marks and smoothes the final surface. the torch runs on diesel fuel and compressed air. the 3, 300 degree ( f ) jet flame causes tiny fragments of rock to flake off as the result of heat expansion, leaving a polished surface. the variety of minerals in the pegmatite granite makes torching a challenge because each mineral reacts differently to the heat. the final step in finishing is to seal the natural seams in the granite so that water cannot infiltrate and cause damage during freeze / thaw cycles. crazy horse memorial has received many generous gifts of equipment, explosives and technical services over the years. in the past few years, for example, donations and significant discounts have been received from the following companies : atlas copco cmt sandvik mining & construction rdh mining equipment atlas copco compressors gardner denver compressors kuefler lightning protection sioux steam cleaner corp east coast drilling | explosives & blasting technology buckley powder company austin powder company intermountain west energies davey bickford usa | measuring & engineering technology eagle point software real earth models thatcher & associates the primary source of funding for the work of carving crazy horse comes from visitor admission fees. generous contributions from corporations provide critical additional resources to make continued work on the mountain carving possible.