were unable to effectively resist ottoman armies. the ottomons defeated both bulgarian and serbian christian armies. the serbs were defeated at kosovo ( 1389 ). an ottomon campaign succeeded in taking two - thirds of bulgar territory ( 1393 ). the ottomans destroyed veliko tarnovo. despite heroic resistance at vidin, another ottoman victory at nikopol ( 1396 ) allowed them to sweep over the remaining bulgarian territory. both bulgaria and serbia were was absorbed into the ottoman empire. bulgaria became the ottomon province of roumelia. ottomon rule over the balkans was finalized with the fall of constaninople ( 1453 ). bulgaria like most of the other medieval christian states in the balkans were overcome by the ottomans and absorbed into their empire during the l4th and l5th centuries. the ottomans were only finally stopped at the gates of vienna in 1683. ottoman rule in the balkans was oppressive, although accounts vary widely. it seems fair to describe ottomon administration as oppresive, but within the context that they were much less oppressive than comparable measures in western christendom. there were numerous unsuccesful rebellions by their christian subjects. the ottomans conducted a sustained campaign to to destroy bulgarian christianity and the bulgarian language, major components of bulgarian nationalism. the turks recognized christianity as a legitimate religion in the empire. they recognized orthodox eastern church in constantinople and the patriarch there as the sumprme christian authority which served to undercut the bulgarian church and bulgarian culture. the construction of churches were restricted and not permitted to rival mosques. modern bulgarian historians emphasized the taking of christian children who were converted to islam and made ottomon administrators or the fierce janissaries, a major component of the ottomon empire. the revulsion of this practice by modern historians probably was not as strongly felt at the time. as a result of ottoman promotion of islam, sometimes through the sword. this appears to have been especially the case in the rhodopes. more commonly the ottomons used economic and social measures to promoye conversions. some bulgarians, as a result, converted to islam. most bulgarians, however, clung to their christian faith. a bulgarian reader disagrees with this interpretation. ottomon rule in the balkans is a matter of considerable controversy, strongly colored by recent balkan history. a bulgarian reader writes, " i totaly, radically and undoubtedly disagree with your description. the bulgarians were torchured and murdered in case they did not convert. it was definately systematic!!! it was done purposely


recent balkan history. a bulgarian reader writes, " i totaly, radically and undoubtedly disagree with your description. the bulgarians were torchured and murdered in case they did not convert. it was definately systematic!!! it was done purposely. " there is no doubt that the ottomons were oppressive rulers. there were numerous incidebnts of brutality, especially when repressing rebellions. the ottomon conquest, however, was not a holocaust. the christians of the balkans were allowed to retain their christianity. the proof of this is that only in albania did the population become predominately muslim. this is in sharp contrast to christian practices, such as the forced conversion and expulsion of the moors from spain ( 1492 ). nowhere in christian dominated europe was islam tolerated. bulgaria ' s desire for independence began to grow in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. bulgarian historians call this the national revival. here the french revolution and subsequent napoleonic wars may have been a factor. increasing russian pressure on the ottomans may have been another factor. an increasingly asertive bulgarian nationl spirit can be seen in the work of artists and craftsmen. traders began to increasingly turn toward western markets, although ottoman authorities placed limitations on such trade. as turkish power weakened bulgarians began to suffer rising taxes and inflation, the result of unsuccessful turkish wars against the austrians and the russians. resentment against the turks grew. it was at this time that the ottomans introduced reforms aimed at assimilating the bulgarians. the bulgarians were not, however, by the early 19th century at all interested in assimilation. many bulgarians had begun to think of independence. the bugarians by the 19th century in a national revival with a revived interest in popular customs and folklore. clandestine revolutionary groups began plotting against the turks. some bulgarians became the haiduks or bandits / highway men who oprerated from mountain hideouts where ottoman authorities were increasingly reluctant to veture. this was another factor on weakening the ottoman hold on bulgaria. today the haiduks are remembered in bulgarian folk songs a good example is irto dance with the inspirational song " sleznai paule ot balkana " ( sleznai paule of the balkans ). the crimean war ( 1853 - 56 ) temporarily reduced russian pressure on the ottomans, but the independence movement in bulgaria continued to grow. the bulgarian church achieved independence from the greek patriarchate ( 1870 ). was successful. vasil levsky helped organize revolutionary committees throughout the country. ottoman officials arrested him ( 1873 ). they hanged


, but the independence movement in bulgaria continued to grow. the bulgarian church achieved independence from the greek patriarchate ( 1870 ). was successful. vasil levsky helped organize revolutionary committees throughout the country. ottoman officials arrested him ( 1873 ). they hanged him, but his revolutionary network was firmly ebtrenched. kristov botev ( 1848 - 76 ) wrote nationalist poems while leading an armed band. he died in the pirin mountains. bulgarian revolutionaries launched a revolt at koprivshtitsa ( april 1876 ). the turks suppressed the revolt with great brutality. the turks massacred about 15, 000 people at plovdiv. this city is today of a notable bulgarian boys ' choir. ) the ottomans also destroyed 58 in supressing the revolt. european public opinion was outraged at the turkish attrocities. the europens led by russia decided to intervene and declared war. the russians were joined by both the romanians and bulgarians forces. the bulgarians call this the war of independence. the resulting russo - turkish war ( 1877 - 78 ) destroyed ottoman power in the balkans. russia alone suffered 0. 2 million casulties in the resulting war. the russian army advanced to within 50km of istanbul before the ottomans sued for peace. the war was ended with the peace of san stefano. bulgarian natiionalists were disappointed as bulgaria was partitioned. the ottomn ' s ceded 60 percent of their balkan territories to bulgaria. sofia became the capital of bulgaria, but the turks regained control over macedonia, thrace, and eastern roumelia. the ottomon state might have been destroyed at partitioned at this time if the great powes had been able to decided on how to do this. the russians wanted the straits ( the bosporus and dardenelles ) for their black sea warm water ports, but the british and french were determined to keep the straits out of russian hands. the modern bulgarian state originated with the defeat of ottoman turk forces by the russian army and bulgarian volunteers in 1878 - 79. the great powers intervened to prevent the creation of a strong bulgarian state under the influence of the russians. instead a bulgarian state was created which was nominally left under the jurisdiction of the ottomans and two other liberated areas were returned to the ottomans. still some of bulgaria was libetated and a bularian nation created. the bulagarian monarchs have come from german families, despite the fact that bulagria was in large part created by the russian tsars in their wars with the ottoman turks. the first


was libetated and a bularian nation created. the bulagarian monarchs have come from german families, despite the fact that bulagria was in large part created by the russian tsars in their wars with the ottoman turks. the first grand national assembly ( the bulgarian parliament ) in 1879 elected the german prince alexander of battenberg as prince of bulgaria. the prince had had participated in the liberation war, which earned him some initial respect in bulgaria and russia. prince alexander objected to the principality ' s democratic constitution and attempted to institute royal authority. this led to an unstable political situation. some of the bulgarian populated areas controlled by the ottomans were united with the principality after a popular insurection in 1885. prince alexander became attached to the prussian princess victoria, daughter of frederich iii. princess victoria was prince alexander were supported by the crown princess victorria as well as queen victoria. within the family, prince alexander was called sandro. prince wilhelm objected on family grounds. bismarck for political reasons. he wanted to maintain prussia ' s alliance with russia. bulgarian hostilities with serbia followed, instigated by austria. finally pro - russian elements staged a coup, arrested alexander, and sent him to russia. a counter - coup brought the prince back to sofia. however, the russian czar ' s opposition eventually forced alexander to abdicate. the battenburg name would appear again, this time in english history and in the anti - german world war i histeria would be changed to mountbatten. his brother was prince louis of battenberg ferdinand ' s father was august of saxe - coburg - gotha ( 1818 - ). his mother was french princess antoinette ( antonia ) kohary ( 1797 - ). ferdinand had four brothers and sisters. ferdinand married marie louise ( bourbon ) of parma in 1893. ferdinand and marie louise had four children. boris iii ( 1894 - ) was the eldest. prince alexander who was a member of the hessian royal family and a nephew of tsar alexander ii. after he was ousted, ferdinad was elected by the bulgraians creating an international incident because several countries, especially the russians objected. its prime minister stefan stambolov used his iron hand to smother the russofile army and political opposition in the country. substantial areas populated by bulgarians remained outside the principality. insurections were brutally suppresed by the ottomans. an internal crisis in turkey during 1908 which resulted in the " young turks " coming to power, made the bulgarians hurry. taking advantage


areas populated by bulgarians remained outside the principality. insurections were brutally suppresed by the ottomans. an internal crisis in turkey during 1908 which resulted in the " young turks " coming to power, made the bulgarians hurry. taking advantage of the sultan ' s dethronement in that same year, bulgaria declared its legal independence and became a kingdom. up to that point, it had formally existed as an independent principality under the nominal suzerainty of the ottoman empire. bulgaria had been planning a war with the ottomans for years. finally they succeded in reaching an alliance with serbia and greece and in the first balkan war defeated the ottomans. king ferndinand remained neutral in 1914, but finally joined the war on the side of the central powers ( germany and austria ). the bulgarians achieved some success. the outbreak of the socialist revolution in russia during 1917 and the bolshevik ideas for peace and social change were gaining some popularity among the bulgarian workers and farmers. the collapse of germany and austria in 1918 allowed the allies to increase pressure on bulgaria. army units mutinied and almost seized sofia in an effort to remove ferdinand, but failed. the government was forced to seek a truce with the allies. an armistice was concluded in september 1918. the peace which followed saw the loss of additional territories. ferdinad was forced to abdicate in october 1918. he was, however, the only monarch of one of the central powers who succeded in saving the throne for his dynasty. boris iii ' s father was ferdinand i of saxe - coburg - goth, king of bulgaria. boris wore dresses as a little boy. as an older boy, kneepants sailor suits seem to have been a popular outfit for both him and his broyther. prince boris and cyril were commonly dressed in identical or similar outfits. borris iii was crowned in 1918 after the abdication of his father. bulgaria ' s disastrous participation in world war i had made king ferdinand very unpopular. boris was only about 24 years old when he became king. the king was forced to assume executive authority as fascism grew in power. the king tried to keep bulgaria out of world war ii, but with the german army on the border, he was forced to declare war on britain and america and to provide war materials. despite intense german pressure, he refused to declare war on the soviet union or to turn over bulgaria ' s jews to the nazis. king boris died under misterious conditions in 1943, possibly as a result of a hear attack or perhaps more sinister


materials. despite intense german pressure, he refused to declare war on the soviet union or to turn over bulgaria ' s jews to the nazis. king boris died under misterious conditions in 1943, possibly as a result of a hear attack or perhaps more sinister causes. his young son prince simeon, who was only 6 years old, was left to deal with the germans and advancing soviet army. simeon borissov saxe - coburg - gotha was born in 1937. as heir to the throne, simeon was given the title prince of tirnovo. he spent his early childhood with his parents and elder sister princess marie - louise, in the palace of vrana, near sofia, where he began school. he succeeded his popular father, boris iii, as king of bulgaria during world war ii in 1943. a regency was forned as he was only 6 - years old at the time. the germans were already retreating in ruissia at the time. the red army reached bulgaria in 1944. after the occupation by the red army, king simeon remained the nominal ruler under a new council of regents. power of course was in thehands of the occupying russians. the russians in 1946 rigged a plebiscite which abolished the monarchy. bulgaria became one of the russians ' eastern european satellites. the 9 - year old king went into exile. the royal exiles sailed to alexandria, egypt, where the young king went to victoria college, a british school ( 1951 - 57 ). he then attended the lycee francais, madrid, spain ( 1958 - 59 ), valley forge military academy, wayne, pennsylvania ( 1959 - 62 ). he specialized in business administration and law courses. he married in 1962 and has five children. he speaks bulgarian, english, french, german, italian, spanish, and fair knowledge of arabic and portuguese. his religion is eastern orthodox. he became a spamish businessman. cherneva, iveto. e - mail message, february 15, 2004. navigate the boys ' historical clothing web site royal pages : [ main royal pages ] [ austria ] [ belgium ] [ denmark ] [ france ] [ germany ] [ german states ] [ italy ] [ luxenburg ] [ monaco ] [ netherlands ] [ norway ] [ romania ] [ russia ] [ spain ] [ united kingdom ] created : june 6, 1998 last updated : 12 : 05 am 3 / 17 / 2005 navigate the boys ' historical clothing web site royal pages :


description of historic place queenston heights is an extensive hillside area on the niagara escarpment, centred on a heavily wooded, landscaped park which includes an elegant 57. 9 metres ( 190 foot ), classical column containing sir isaac brock ' s grave. the park marks the site of the battle of queenston heights in the war of 1812. queenston heights was declared a national historic site of canada because : - the battle of queenston heights was fought here when an attempted invasion by american troops was repulsed by british / canadian forces early in the war of 1812, - the importance of queenston heights, and the difficulty of achieving a meaningful historic interpretation at lundy ' s lane, renders this the main battlefield to be interpreted in commemorating the war of 1812 in the niagara peninsula. the heritage value of queenston heights national historic site of canada resides in the completeness of the found forms and spatial inter - relationships of the remaining cultural landscape of the large area over which the battle was fought. this includes the landing place in queenston, the locations of the defending british batteries, the portage road, the redan battery, the cliffs, the slope upon which the british charges were made and where major / gen. brock and lt / col. macdonnell died, sheaffe ' s march, and the heights where the british victory was secured. fort drummond, a feature of queenston heights, has been separately recognized as a national historic site of canada. sources : hsmbc minutes, june 1968 ; commemorative integrity statement, 1989. key features contributing to the heritage value of this site include : - the cultural landscape as a product of its parts including archaeological remains, natural landscape, built landscape features including military defence works, the portage road, the redan battery and fort drummond, - the spatial relationships of these resources, - the found forms of the redan battery, including its earthworks, breastworks and expense magazine, - the found forms, materials, and associated earthworks of fort drummond, - the remains of vrooman ' s battery, - the natural features of the site relevant to the battle, including the landing place at queenston, the cliffs, the slope upon which british charges occurred, sheaffe ' s route of march, and the plateau on the heights, - the found form, route, and continuing legibility of remnants of the portage road from queenston to chippewa, - the viewplanes of the portage road from the battery, from the heights to lewiston and to queenston, from the road from niagara -


a nocturnal bird of prey. ( am2 : dp. 1, 009 ( f. ) ; l. 18710 ; 1 b. 356 ; dr. 104 ; s. 14 k. ; cpl. 78 ; a. 2 3 ; cl. lapwing ) the first owl ( am2 ) was laid down 25 october 1917 by the todd shipbuilding corp., brooklyn, n. y. ; launched 4 march 1918 ; sponsored by miss ruth r. dodd ; and commissioned 11 july 1918, lt. ( j. g. ) charles b. babson in command. following a new york to charleston towing assignment, owl reported to the 5th naval district at norfolk, 22 august 1918. employed as a minesweeper for the remaining months of world war i, she then served as a light ship in the inner approach to chesapeake bay until 10 july 1919. from that time until 1936, she was primarily engaged in providing towing services along the eastern seaboard and in the caribbean. between june 1936 and january 1941, she operated with units of the aircraft division, base force, providing planeguard, seaplane tender, and target and mooring buoy planting services from new england to the caribbean. then, temporarily attached to train, patrol force at culebra, p. r., she steamed to bermuda in may for towing and servicing duties with mindiv 14. redesignated at137, 1 june 1942, she was based at bermuda until june 1943. during that time, towing and escort duties frequently took her to the east coast, while numerous salvage and rescue missions, including aid to the submarine r1 and torpedoed argentine tanker victoria, kept her busy at bermuda and in nearby convoy lanes. detached from bermudan duty in june, owl spent the last six months of 1943 with desron 30 operating out of guantanamo bay. she then steamed back to norfolk for overhaul, and sailed for europe. she arrived at falmouth, u. k., 14 march 1944 to join the allied forces gathering for the invasion of france. redesignated ato137 on 15 may 1944, she arrived off the normandy coast two days after d - day. as ground forces pushed inland, she towed port and road construction materials to the french coast, thus aiding the all important flow of men and equipment to the front. availability at falmouth early in the new year, 1945, preceded her return to the united states, 27 february, and midatlantic coast towing assignments. transferred to the pacific fleet, she sailed from newport, 5 may


up next in how to use microsoft excel ( 29 videos ) get a handle on microsoft excel - - the industry standard for spreadsheets - - with the help of computer whiz shir moscovitz in these howcast videos. hi, my name is shir and i ' m the founder and ceo of shirconsulting. com where we focus on converting the existing data from your business into massive savings and extraordinary profits. today we ' re going to learn the basics of excel. let ' s get started. so now let ' s talk about moving cells around inside of the worksheet. i can do it in a number of ways. i can use the mouse to select the cells i want and as soon as i hover over the edge of the selected cells, i get four diff, four directional arrows. if i click and drag that - i ' m physically moving all of those. i tend to stay away from that. i am just hitting undo to go back which is ctrl + z. i like to do instead a ctrl + x which is a cut and then click where i want to move it to and hit ctrl + v to paste. this cut and paste will always work and that ' s why i recommend using it for all moving needs. you can also insert new cells in between current data. so if i want to move everything down and move some stuff around that way - i click on the cell that i want, i right click and then i do insert. it then asks me in this little window - do i want to shift the cells to the right or down? i want to try shifting them down. i can do this all at once across these five by doing, by selecting all five, right clicking on it, hitting insert and shifting the cells down. i can do the same thing with vertical cells. i select all these, i right click on it, i hit insert and i shift them to the right. and now i have new cells over here. the best method to move cells around is to select what you want, hit ctrl + x to cut, click where you want to paste it, and then hit ctrl + v to paste. another important reason to do that is to maintain the cell references. we ' ll go over that later but that ' s a very important concept. and that ' s how you move cells around in microsoft excel.


inls 740 : digital library evaluation the imls / niso framework of guidance for building good digital collections states : collections principle 6 : a good collection has mechanisms to supply usage data and other data that allows standardized measures of usefulness to be recorded. many such mechanisms exist. for this exercise we will look at two of them : automatically - collected weblog statistics and user comments. the digital library that you will be building for this course will not be fully enough developed, nor used heavily enough, for evaluation data to be meaningful. we will therefore be looking at data from a well - established dl : documenting the american south. docsouth is the flagship project of the carolina digital library and archives, and contains several collections, with a wide range of types of materials, file formats, and presentation styles. imagine that you are the head of docsouth, or the head of the cdla, or the university librarian. what would you want or need to know about docsouth, in order for you to do your job? develop a set of evaluation questions about docsouth. for example : - which of docsouth ' s collections receive the most / least use? - what user communities make the greatest / least use of docsouth ' s collections? for what are different user communities using the docsouth collections? - how to users navigate the docsouth site? what are users browse paths? for what do users search? - given users ' behaviors on the docsouth site, what functionality or tools might be most appropriate to provide? these are just suggestions : other evaluation questions of your invention are fair game. then, look at the two sources of data to which we have access about docsouth : you may or may not be able to answer your evaluation questions with the data available to you, or you may be able to answer different questions. part of this exercise is for you to identify the questions that you ideally want to be able to answer, and then the questions that are actually answerable given the data available to you. given that gap, make recommendations about additional data that it would be useful to collect, to answer important but currently unanswerable questions. this assignment will proceed in two stages : individually then collectively. first, individually develop a set of evaluation questions, look at both datasets, identify which of your questions are answerable or not, and brainstorm about additional data that docsouth should collect. next, make a post to the course site about all of that. please tag


about speech, language & communication needs ( slcn ) speech, language and communication underpin everything we do – making our needs known, expressing our likes and dislikes, interacting with others and building relationships. we often take these skills for granted, but many children struggle to communicate. they have speech, language and communication needs or slcn. a child with speech, language and communication needs : - might have speech that is difficult to understand - they might struggle to say words or sentences - they may not understand words that are being used, or the instructions they hear - they may have difficulties knowing how to talk and listen to others in a conversation children may have just some or all of these difficulties ; they are all very different. speech, language and communication are crucial for reading, learning in school, for socialising and making friends, and for understanding and controlling emotions or feelings. slcn is often called a ‘ hidden difficulty ’. many children with slcn look just like other children, and can be just as clever. this means that instead of communication difficulties people may see children struggling to learn to read, showing poor behaviour, having difficulties learning or socialising with others. some children may become withdrawn or isolated. their needs are often misinterpreted, misdiagnosed or missed altogether.


the global hunger index ( ghi ) is designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger globally and by country and region. calculated each year by the international food policy research institute ( ifpri ), the ghi highlights successes and failures in hunger reduction and provides insights into the drivers of hunger. by raising awareness and understanding of regional and country differences in hunger, the ghi aims to trigger actions to reduce hunger. to reflect the multidimensional nature of hunger, the ghi combines three equally weighted indicators in one index number : - undernourishment : the proportion of undernourished as a percentage of the population ( reflecting the share of the population with insufficient calorie intake ) ; - child underweight : the proportion of children younger than the age of five who are underweight ( low weight for age reflecting wasting, stunted growth, or both ), which is one indicator of child undernutrition ; and - child mortality : the mortality rate of children younger than the age of five ( partially reflecting the fatal synergy of inadequate dietary intake and unhealthy environments ). the ghi ranks countries on a 100 - point scale. zero is the best score ( no hunger ), and 100 is the worst, although neither of these extremes is reached in practice. this widget was developed by harvestchoice ( put this map on your website )


use the free adobe acrobat reader to view a pdf file of this article harry dexter white and the international monetary fund james m. boughton harry dexter white profoundly influenced both the design of the imf and its development, yet his important work is not widely appreciated today. the fiftieth anniversary of his death offers an opportunity to review his accomplishments and career. both of the founding fathers of the bretton woods institutions died of heart attacks while at the peak of their intellectual powers and before they could see the imf and the world bank grow into the pillars of the postwar economic system : john maynard keynes ( at left in the above photograph ) at age 62 in april 1946, and harry dexter white ( at right ) at age 55 in august 1948. keynes, of course, was not only the preeminent economist of his day but also a cultural icon, as much a graduate of the bloomsbury group as of cambridge university. the fiftieth anniversary of his passing was commemorated by a host of conferences, articles, and books. white, in contrast, stayed in the background throughout most of his life, and the danger exists that his achievements will be, to paraphrase abraham lincoln, " little noted nor long remembered. " but, in a more mundane phrase, he certainly had his " fifteen minutes of fame. " in november 1953, more than five years after his death, his face was on the cover of time magazine, his name was on the front pages and in the editorial columns of newspapers around the world, and questions about his 1946 appointment as an executive director at the imf led to an ugly battle in which three u. s. presidents — the then incumbent, dwight d. eisenhower ; his predecessor, harry s. truman ; and a future president, richard m. nixon — became engaged. understanding what harry white stood for and what he had accomplished was impossible in those circumstances. the fiftieth anniversary of his death offers an occasion to reassess his contributions. without question, harry dexter white was one of the two great intellectual founders of the imf and the world bank. as the chief international economist at the u. s. treasury in 1942 – 44, he drafted the u. s. blueprint for the imf that competed with the plan drafted for the british treasury by keynes. the final compromise adopted at bretton woods, new hampshire in july 1944 retained much of the flavor of the white plan : it defined the imf not as a world central bank but as a promoter of economic growth through


for the british treasury by keynes. the final compromise adopted at bretton woods, new hampshire in july 1944 retained much of the flavor of the white plan : it defined the imf not as a world central bank but as a promoter of economic growth through international trade and financial stability. when the imf began operations in 1946, president harry s. truman named white as its first u. s. executive director. since no deputy managing director post had yet been created, white served occasionally as acting managing director and generally played a highly influential role during the imf ' s first year. his health deteriorated, however, and he resigned in march 1947 and died of heart failure the following year. harry white ' s path to prominence followed a classic script for success in america. born in boston, massachusetts in october 1892, he was the son of lithuanian immigrants. as a young man, he worked for a time in the family hardware business and then served in the u. s. army in france during world war i. not until he was 30 did he begin serious university studies : first at columbia ; then at stanford, where he received his first degree in economics ; and finally at harvard, where in 1930 he completed a prize - winning ph. d. thesis on french international payments in the prewar period. white taught at lawrence college in appleton, wisconsin for a few years until he received an unexpected letter from professor jacob viner of the university of chicago in 1934. viner was working on an assignment at the u. s. treasury department in washington, and he asked white to come work for him. white left academia for good and spent the next 12 years at the treasury, where he eventually became assistant secretary. an american internationalist as early as 1935, white maintained in his internal treasury writings that recovery of the u. s. economy from the great depression would require a restoration of international monetary stability. on a trip to england that year, he had his first meeting with keynes and other prominent british economists, men who shared his views on this issue and from whom he gained a sense of the importance of anglo - american cooperation in monetary affairs. when the united states entered the second world war in december 1941, secretary of the treasury henry morgenthau jr. put white in charge of all international matters for the department. although white could have more than occupied himself with the complexities of the war effort, he immediately began to look further ahead and drafted the ambitious plan that would restore international stability after the war through the creation of the imf and the world bank


department. although white could have more than occupied himself with the complexities of the war effort, he immediately began to look further ahead and drafted the ambitious plan that would restore international stability after the war through the creation of the imf and the world bank. although white lacked the stature of keynes, either as intellectual or as icon, he had a strong foundation as an economist. he was not known as a great innovative thinker, and he published very little. even so, he gained keynes ' s respect as a strategist and debater, and his internal writings at the treasury reveal both a clear understanding of international policy and an ability to explain the issues with unusual clarity. his de facto leadership of the u. s. team at bretton woods was essential in determining the form and function of the imf, and he was a dominant influence on u. s. international economic policy throughout world war ii. nonetheless, it was because of the strength of american economic and political power, not the superiority of white ' s intellectual powers, that the imf was shaped primarily by the white plan rather than the keynes plan. for the most part, white ' s views on international trade and finance were consonant with those of the anglo - saxon economic mainstream of his time. three themes were important for shaping both the postwar international monetary system and the role of the imf. first, it was imperative to avoid the mistakes made after the first world war. the world economy must be founded on cooperative competition among nations, not on hegemony or autarky, and economic growth should be given at least as high a priority as stabilization. second, the international flow of capital should encourage trade and not be allowed to become an independent and possibly disruptive force. white and keynes agreed on those two points, as did most economists. third, a multilateral official agency should be established to promote the first two goals. white and keynes also agreed on that point, but they differed on how strong and how independent the agency should be. part of the conventional wisdom about the origins of the imf is that it was a response to the depression of the 1930s and was designed primarily to prevent a recurrence of global deflation. certainly the avoidance of ruinous competitive devaluations and of trade and exchange restrictions was uppermost in both keynes ' s and white ' s thinking, but they saw those policy errors as creatures of the 1920s, as the result of the mercantilist debacles that flowed from the versailles peace conference. such mistakes had contributed to


uppermost in both keynes ' s and white ' s thinking, but they saw those policy errors as creatures of the 1920s, as the result of the mercantilist debacles that flowed from the versailles peace conference. such mistakes had contributed to the depression and then had fed on it, but they would have been just as disastrous if they had led instead to an inflationary spiral. white saw the avoidance of either deflation or inflation as a precondition for sustained economic growth, as did keynes. he was no fan of the classical gold standard, but he argued persistently within the u. s. treasury for a stable monetary standard that the government could manage with some flexibility but that would still link the u. s. dollar firmly to gold. his plan for the imf placed the dollar and its ties to gold at the center of the international monetary system, in the belief that it would provide a stable anchor for policies conducive to growth. a paper prepared by white and his staff shortly after bretton woods linked this proposal directly to the avoidance of the errors of the 1920s and to the new keynesian consensus. " long before the [ second world ] war, " the paper recalled, " the necessary monetary and financial basis for international prosperity had been weakened by competitive currency depreciation, by exchange restriction, by multiple currency devices, " and the like. after the war, " only through international cooperation will it be possible for countries successfully to apply measures directed toward attaining and maintaining a high level of employment and real income which must be the primary objective of economic policy. " the second tenet underlying white ' s design for the imf was that capital flows had to be controlled, or else they would become an independent and disruptive force against normal trade relations between nations. in contrast to the global economy of the 1990s, international capital flows at that time played only a limited role in supporting trade. white developed his thinking on that point while pursuing his ph. d. at harvard in 1930 and writing a thesis on french international trade and finance. his thesis challenged the conventional view that france had raised its national income during the decades before the first world war by running a persistent trade deficit financed by the income from foreign investments. white interpreted the evidence as showing that french investors had systematically overestimated the risk - adjusted rates of return on those investments and that the macroeconomic effects of foreign investment were not necessarily positive. he concluded that his study " supports, in my opinion, the growing belief that capital exports are not always beneficial to the export


the imf to create an international credit instrument to supplement dollars in reserves. keynes had made such a proposal in his own plan, but white had rejected the idea as being too ambitious. shortly before his death, however, white drafted a proposal to amend the articles of agreement to enable the imf to create its own reserve assets. that plan was circulated internally at the imf, but no action was taken on it. not for another two decades would the idea come to fruition, when the first amendment to the articles was adopted and the imf began allocating sdrs to member countries. frustration and decline the core of white ' s thinking on these and other economic problems was a belief that cooperation among governments was necessary for global prosperity. the key relationship between the wars had been between the united states and great britain, but after the war cooperation with the soviet union would be even more important, both politically and economically. one way to promote that cooperation would be to bring the soviet union into the imf, even if its economic principles were opposed to open trade and finance. white ' s 1942 plan for a stabilization fund stressed that to exclude the soviet union from participating because of its socialist economy would be an " egregious error. " despite some resistance from keynes and others, white succeeded in getting the soviet union to participate in the bretton woods conference in 1944, but his goal was frustrated when joseph stalin decided a year later that the country would not join the imf. in a paper that white was writing at the time of his death, he lamented the " tensions between certain of the major powers " that had brought " almost catastrophic " consequences, including an " acute lack of confidence in continued political stability and the crippling fear of war on a scale unprecedented and almost unimaginable in its destructive potentialities. " white ' s intensely personal internationalism came under heavy criticism in the united states once the wartime military alliance with the soviet union against the axis countries was no longer in force. during the investigations of the mccarthy era, attacks on his motives ranged from the questionable to the bizarre. his meetings with soviet officials around the time of bretton woods were interpreted as espionage. his efforts during the war to hold the nationalist government in china accountable for hundreds of millions of dollars in u. s. financial aid were interpreted as an effort to undermine chiang kai - shek in favor of mao tse - tung. his assistance in drafting a plan to limit the reindustrialization of germany after the war was interpreted as part of a grand


s. financial aid were interpreted as an effort to undermine chiang kai - shek in favor of mao tse - tung. his assistance in drafting a plan to limit the reindustrialization of germany after the war was interpreted as part of a grand design to create an economic vacuum in europe to be exploited by the soviet union. whatever mistakes white may have made in these and other projects seem trivial today when set next to the excesses of his enemies and to the personal price that he was made to pay. his spirited defense of his loyalty to the united states and its values, made at hearings before the committee on un - american activities of the u. s. house of representatives in august 1948, left him exhausted. he died three days afterwards. five years later, at the height of the loyalty investigations led by wisconsin senator joseph mccarthy, president eisenhower ' s attorney general accused former president truman of knowing that white was a soviet spy before appointing him to the executive board of the imf. although truman successfully fought off both that charge and a subpoena compelling him to testify on the matter, white was vilified in congress and in the press. the exposure irreparably damaged his personal reputation. what remains of his legacy is the international monetary fund, which still bears his imprint more than any other ' s. suggestions for further reading : j. keith horsefield., 1969, the international monetary fund 1945 – 1965 : twenty years of monetary cooperation ( washington : international monetary fund ). david rees, 1973, harry dexter white : a study in paradox ( new york : coward, mccann & geoghegan ). harry dexter white, 1933, the french international accounts, 1880 – 1913 ( cambridge, massachusetts : harvard university press ).


how to create a mind the secret of human thought revealed publication date : november 2012 ray kurzweil, the bold futurist and author of the new york times bestseller the singularity is near, is arguably today ' s most influential technological visionary. a pioneering inventor and theorist, he has explored for decades how artificial intelligence can enrich and expand human capabilities. now, in his much - anticipated how to create a mind, he takes this exploration to the next step : reverse - engineering the brain to understand precisely how it works, then applying that knowledge to create vastly intelligent machines. drawing on the most recent neuroscience research, his own research and inventions in artificial intelligence, and compelling thought experiments, he describes his new theory of how the neocortex ( the thinking part of the brain ) works : as a self - organizing hierarchical system of pattern recognizers. kurzweil shows how these insights will enable us to greatly extend the powers of our own mind and provides a road map for the creation of super - intelligence? humankind ' s most exciting next venture. we are now at the dawn of an era of radical possibilities in which merging with our technology will enable us to effectively address the world ' s grand challenges. how to create a mind is certain to be one of the most widely discussed and debated science books in many years? a touchstone for any consideration of the path of human progress.


it ' s snake - bird season in north carolina. the ostrich - necked, fan - tailed fish hunter also known as a water turkey, or anhinga, typically resides in the bayous of louisiana and florida. however, it will migrate north in the summer if it finds a swampy, low - lying lake with trees to perch on — not around, but inside the lake. as the audubon society notes on its web site, " the more retired and secluded the spot, the more willingly does the snake - bird remain about it. " falls lake, built by the u. s. army corps of engineers in the early 1980s to prevent flooding and provide a water source for the region, is a summer refuge for snake - birds. navigating the muddy brown waters, our motorboat passes a flock of them gathered on the branches of dead trees. three birds are perched on what looks like the points to a wooden crown, barely jutting through the low - lying waters near lick creek. as they lift off, they do not go far. unlike most aquatic birds, their feathers do not repel water ; instead, as they dive, horizontally, they allow the water to drag them down, until they just skim the surface, like a river snake. if they need to, they will completely submerge. after we gawk at the snake - birds, the neuse riverkeeper boat stalls in the lake near lick creek, where deposits of silt and mud cause the lake ' s depth to quickly fluctuate from 15 feet to 2 feet. as the motor restarts, greenish - brown muck shatters the reflective pool, and power lines in the distance reminds us that we are in the middle of a metropolitan area. the raleigh - durham area has not always been kind to falls lake. since the late 1990s, three streams snaking into east durham — ellerbee, lick and little creeks — have been classified as impaired by the environmental protection agency due to runoff from development. roads and roofs and other impervious surfaces are the largest sources of pollution ; they prevent water from being naturally cleansed of pollutants, which then drain into the lake and kill or damage aquatic life. floating by stumps and strange birds, we look to the water ' s edge, where trees ' roots are exposed to a shoreline that looks like a mountain cliff — a reminder of how quickly this man - made lake can evaporate. the drive back to durham is remarkably rural : farmhouses and


beloved prophet muhammad, may god send his praises upon him, was born in mecca, saudi arabia circa 570 c. e. he is an example for all of humanity. he was a remarkable man at all times. he excelled in all walks of life by being a prophet, ruler, philosopher, orator, soldier, husband, friend, father, uncle, nephew, and a grandfather. he was a man of love, patience, courage, wisdom, generosity, intelligence and magnitude who inspired millions of lives throughout the world. god says in the quran that he was sent as a mercy for the people of the world. “ we sent thee not save as a mercy for the peoples. ” ( quran 21 : 107 ) his prophetic mission began at the age of forty, circa 610 c. e., and continued until 632 c. e. from the path of ignorance, mankind was lead to the straight path and was blessed with the guidance of god. shortly before his death, prophet muhammad delivered a sermon during the hajj, which came to be known as his “ final sermon ”. this final sermon was not only a reminder to his followers, but also an important admonition. the final sermon confirms the end of his prophetic mission. year 10 a. h. of the islamic calendar is considered to be one of the most significant years for three reasons. firstly, this was the year when the prophet delivered his last sermon during his farewell pilgrimage to mecca. secondly, this was the year where number of deputations came to the prophet to announce their islam as well as their tribes. thirdly, it was the golden period of islam when multitudes of people embraced the faith by accepting the message of the prophet. prophet muhammad undertook his farewell pilgrimage in the year 10 a. h. his farewell pilgrimage to mecca is one of the most significant historical events in the minds of muslims, for it was the first and last pilgrimage made by prophet muhammad, as well as being the model for performing the fifth pillar of islam, the hajj. prophet muhammad ’ s final sermon was delivered during the hajj of the year 632 c. e., the ninth day of dhul hijjah, the 12th month of the lunar year, at arafat, the most blessed day of the year. there were countless muslims present with the prophet during his last pilgrimage when he delivered his last sermon. the final sermon after praising, and thanking god, the prophet, may god send his praises upon him said : “ o people,


day of the year. there were countless muslims present with the prophet during his last pilgrimage when he delivered his last sermon. the final sermon after praising, and thanking god, the prophet, may god send his praises upon him said : “ o people, lend me an attentive ear, for i know not whether after this year, i shall ever be amongst you again. therefore, listen to what i am saying to you very carefully and take these words to those who could not be present here today. o people, just as you regard this month, this day, this city as sacred, so regard the life and property of every muslim as a sacred trust. return the goods entrusted to you to their rightful owners. hurt no one so that no one may hurt you. remember that you will indeed meet your lord, and that he will indeed reckon your deeds. god has forbidden you to take usury ( interest ), therefore all interest obligation shall henceforth be waived. your capital, however, is yours to keep. you will neither inflict nor suffer any inequity. god has judged that there shall be no interest, and that all the interest due to abbas ibn abd ’ al muttalib shall henceforth be waived... beware of satan, for the safety of your religion. he has lost all hope that he will ever be able to lead you astray in big things, so beware of following him in small things. o people, it is true that you have certain rights with regard to your women, but they also have rights over you. remember that you have taken them as your wives only under a trust from god and with his permission. if they abide by your right then to them belongs the right to be fed and clothed in kindness. do treat your women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers. and it is your right that they do not make friends with any one of whom you do not approve, as well as never to be unchaste. o people, listen to me in earnest, worship god, perform your five daily prayers, fast during the month of ramadan, and offer zakat. perform hajj if you have the means. all mankind is from adam and eve. an arab has no superiority over a non - arab, nor does a non - arab have any superiority over an arab ; white has no superiority over black, nor does a black have any superiority over white ; [ none have superiority over another ] except by piety and


no superiority over a non - arab, nor does a non - arab have any superiority over an arab ; white has no superiority over black, nor does a black have any superiority over white ; [ none have superiority over another ] except by piety and good action. learn that every muslim is a brother to every muslim and that the muslims constitute one brotherhood. nothing shall be legitimate to a muslim which belongs to a fellow muslim unless it was given freely and willingly. do not, therefore, do injustice to yourselves. remember, one day you will appear before god and answer for your deeds. so beware, do not stray from the path of righteousness after i am gone. o people, no prophet or apostle will come after me, and no new faith will be born. reason well, therefore, o people, and understand words which i convey to you. i leave behind me two things, the quran and my example, the sunnah, and if you follow these you will never go astray. all those who listen to me shall pass on my words to others and those to others again ; and it may be that the last ones understand my words better than those who listen to me directly. be my witness, o god, that i have conveyed your message to your people. ” thus the beloved prophet completed his final sermon, and upon it, near the summit of arafat, the revelation came down : “ … this day have i perfected your religion for you, completed my grace upon you, and have chosen islam for you as your religion … ” ( quran 5 : 3 ) even today the last sermon of prophet muhammad is passed to every muslim in every corner of the word through all possible means of communication. muslims are reminded about it in mosques and in lectures. indeed the meanings found in this sermon are indeed astounding, touching upon some of the most important rights god has over humanity, and humanity has over each other. though the prophet ’ s soul has left this world, his words are still living in our hearts.


| scientific name : | | ctenosaura melanosterna ( cayos cochinos subpopulation ) | | taxonomic notes : | | because this species was described relatively recently, it is often referenced in the literature as ctenosaura palearis or enyaliosaura palearis, the sister species that it was split from. | | red list category & criteria : | | critically endangered b1ab ( iii, v ) + 2ab ( iii, v ) ver 3. 1 | | assessor / s : | | pasachnik, s., montgomery, c. e. & henningheim, e. | | reviewer / s : | | grant, t. & hoffmann, m. | | contributor / s : | | ariano - sanchez, d., burgess, j. & ruyle, l. | within cayos cochinos the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana is restricted to the two larger islands and a few very small satellite cays. the individuals on the small cays were most likely introduced by people and do not represent stable populations. extent of occurrence and area of occupancy for this iguana is 2. 2 km². iguanas occur throughout the land space but there is a gradual decline in the quality of the habitat on both islands, and in the number of mature iguanas on cayo mayor. declines will be transferred to cayo menor as hunting pressure has increased. the presence of invasive alien mammals on both islands threatens the iguana. in addition, increasing common green iguana ( iguana iguana ) populations on cayo menor poses a threat to the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana population due to increased competition for forage. these factors combined with the close proximity of the two islands make this population highly susceptible to the impacts of any hurricane. local extinctions of iguanas on small, low elevation islands has been observed after a hurricane for other iguana species in the caribbean ( hayes et al. 2004 ). this is a non - genuine change from the previous assessment due to misinterpretation of the criteria. | range description : | | the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana is known only from the valle de aguan in northern honduras and the cayos cochinos archipelago off the caribbean coast of honduras, where it occurs primarily on the two largest islands : cayo mayor ( grande ) and cayo


tailed iguana is known only from the valle de aguan in northern honduras and the cayos cochinos archipelago off the caribbean coast of honduras, where it occurs primarily on the two largest islands : cayo mayor ( grande ) and cayo menor ( pequeno ). these two cays are approximately one kilometre distant from each other. the extent of occurrence is estimated to be 2. 2 km² for the cayos cochinos subpopulation. this subpopulation occurs from sea level up to 140 m. | native : honduras ( honduran caribbean is. ) | range map : | | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | the total population size is not known, but is estimated to be less than 3, 000 mature individuals within the cayos cochinos. although the geographic range of the cayos cochinos subpopulation is substantially smaller than for the valle de aguan subpopulation, the density of individuals throughout the valle is extremely low, and it is believed iguana numbers are greatest on cayos cochinos ( s. a. pasachnik pers. obs. 2011 ). the population trend is currently stable on cayo menor ( pequeno ), but recent increases in the population density of common green iguana ( iguana iguana ) may result in increased competition for resources. the population on cayo mayor ( grande ) seems to be at low density, most likely due to hunting and predation by feral dogs. hunting pressure has been seen to increase on cayo menor as local villagers from cayo mayor visit the island for additional resources. the cayos cochinos subpopulation is genetically distinct from the valle de aguan iguanas and has been described as a separate evolutionarily significant unit ( pasachnik et al. 2011 ). | habitat and ecology : | | the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana inhabits tropical and subtropical dry forest and scrubland from 0 to 140 meters above sea level ( holdridge 1967, dinerstein et al. 1995 ). it is semi - arboreal and diurnal, taking refuge in hollow logs and rock crevices at night. on cayos cochinos, iguanas utilize forest edge habitat consisting of sandy beach strand vegetation and rocky cliffs, as well as areas of open forest, including tree fall gaps. this iguana is omnivorous, consuming fruit, flowers, leafy vegetation, arthropods


. the exact number of animals being exported is difficult to determine because declaration of the species name is not necessary for importation and the exportation is illegal, thus undocumented. exportation is largely to the united states and europe. the cost of an individual iguana in the valle de aguan varies from $ 1 to 90 usd, depending on size and sex. cayos cochinos is located within a marine natural monument, and within the cays the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana is offered protection from exploitation ( although the level of protection and enforcement varies between islands ). in an effort to reduce illegal trade and over - harvesting, the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana was recently listed in appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ). research is needed on this iguana ' s life history and ecology. conservation actions recommended include educational awareness and trade and harvesting regulation and enforcement at both the national and local level. | citation : | | pasachnik, s., montgomery, c. e. & henningheim, e. 2012. ctenosaura melanosterna ( cayos cochinos subpopulation ). in : iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 19 june 2013. | | feedback : | | if you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please fill in the feedback form so that we can correct or extend the information provided |


| scientific name : | | carcharias taurus ( southwest atlantic subpopulation ) | | species authority : | | rafinesque, 1810 | | taxonomic notes : | | see compagno ( 1984, 2001 ) for a detailed discussion of the taxonomical background for this species and for its separation from the genus odontaspis. off india it appears to have been referred to as c. tricuspidatus ( compagno 1984 ) but this name was synonymized with c. taurus ( compagno 2001 ). | | red list category & criteria : | | critically endangered a2abcd ver 3. 1 | | assessor / s : | | chiaramonte, g., domingo, a. & soto, j. | | reviewer / s : | | musick, j., dudley, s., soldo, a., francis, m., valenti, s. v. & kyne, p. m. ( shark red list authority ) | a large migratory coastal shark with one of the lowest reproductive rates known among chondrichthyans, giving birth to only one or two large young every two years. as a result, annual rates of population increase and ability to sustain fishing pressure are extremely low. although the species is widespread in subtropical and temperate waters of the atlantic, indian and western pacific oceans, as well as the mediterranean sea, regional populations are isolated and are not thought to mix. in the southwest atlantic, the species ranges from rio de janeiro, brazil ( 21°s ) to san matias gulf, argentina ( 41°30 ’ s ). although it is not directly fished in this region, it does have commercial value as a bycatch in benthic trawling and gillnet fisheries and is harvested throughout this range by commercial, artisanal and recreational ( mainly in argentina ) fishing. in uruguay, this species has been taken for over 50 years by the artisanal fleet and it formed an important component of gillnet catches off southern brazil in the 1980s. catches have declined dramatically off uruguay from 784 kg per fishing day in 1985 to 32 kg per fishing day in 2001 and off southern brazil from a cpue of 11. 7 to 0. 3 sharks per 1, 000 meters of net during the 1980s and 1990s, respectively. recent surveys ( 2005 ) also appear to indicate that catches in the gillnet fisheries off southern brazil have declined considerably relative to levels in the 1980s. aggregations off brazil were also targeted by spear


000 meters of net during the 1980s and 1990s, respectively. recent surveys ( 2005 ) also appear to indicate that catches in the gillnet fisheries off southern brazil have declined considerably relative to levels in the 1980s. aggregations off brazil were also targeted by spear - fishers for sport in the 1970s and 1980s. this species is assessed as critically endangered due to a combination of a severe depletion along the brazilian coast since the 1970s and declining trends in the uruguayan coastal fisheries. coastal fishing pressure is intense and continuing within its range along the south atlantic coast of south america. the species is listed as threatened with over - exploitation on annex ii of the brazilian federal law of threatened and overexploited aquatic species. however there are no known species - specific management measures in place for it within the region and protection measures are urgently required. carcharias taurus has a broad but disjunct distribution in littoral and sub - littoral waters, primarily in subtropical to warm temperate regions around the main continental landmasses, except in the eastern and central pacific ( compagno 1984, 2001 ; gilmore et al. 1983 ). it is not known from deepwater, unlike odontaspis ferox. southwest atlantic subpopulation : in the southwest atlantic c. taurus ranges from rio de janeiro, brazil ( 21°s ) to san matias gulf, argentina ( 41°30 ’ s ) ( menni 1986, soto 2001 ). native : argentina ( buenos aires, rio negro ) ; brazil ( parana, rio de janeiro, rio grande do sul, santa catarina, sao paulo ) ; uruguay | fao marine fishing areas : | | atlantic – southwest | range map : | | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | | population : | | morphometric and meristic analysis indicate that the southwest atlantic subpopulation is a probable “ closed group ” with common characteristics, but not a distinct species ( sadowsky 1970, compagno 2001 ). although there is no information on the population size of c. taurus in the southwest atlantic, past and present fishing pressures have led to significant declines in catches ( see threats section below ). | | habitat and ecology : | | carcharias taurus generally occurs in warm - temperate and subtropical waters, ranging from the surf zone and shallow bays to approximately 200 m depth on the outer continental shelf. the species is most usually found on or near the bottom in reef areas but may occasionally occur in midwater or at the


warm - temperate and subtropical waters, ranging from the surf zone and shallow bays to approximately 200 m depth on the outer continental shelf. the species is most usually found on or near the bottom in reef areas but may occasionally occur in midwater or at the surface ( compagno 1984 ). embryonic oviphagy and intra - uterine cannibalism occurs in this species and only two large pups are produced per litter every second year ( gilmore et al. 1983, goldman 2002, goldman et al. in press ). as a result, annual rates of population increase are very low, greatly reducing its ability to sustain fishing pressure. size at birth is about 95 to 105 cm tl ( gilmore et al. 1983 ). maximum size attained is 300 to 320 cm tl ( females ) and 220 to 270 cm tl ( males ) ( compagno 2001 ). age and size at maturity varies regionally. age at maturity is reported at 7. 7 years ( females ) and 4. 5 years ( males ) in the southwest atlantic by lucifora ( 2003 ). lucifora ( 2003 ) reports size at maturity in the southwest atlantic as 218 to 235 cm tl ( females ) and 193 cm tl ( males ). longevity is estimated at 18. 3 years in females and 12. 8 years in males in the southwest atlantic ( lucifora 2003 ). average reproductive age is 17. 1 yrs from demographic analysis ( goldman 2002 ). natural mortality is mhoenig = 0. 205, mjensen = 0. 211 and mpauly = 0. 198 from analyses from the southwest atlantic ( lucifora 2003 ). because this species typically inhabits shallow inshore areas it is rarely, if ever caught by large - scale industrial fisheries operating on the high seas. however, its nearshore distribution makes it susceptible to small - scale multi - species and artisanal fisheries as well as recreational fisherman, spearfishers and shark control programs. as a bycatch in other fisheries it is often reported as unidentified shark or not reported at all and as such the extent of the impact that these fisheries have had on c. taurus is unknown for most of its geographic range. consequently this species could be at a high risk of unrecognized depletion in many countries. the sand tiger is not subjected to directed fishing in south america, but nevertheless does have commercial value ( including the jaws ) as a non target catch in benthic trawling and gillnet fisheries and is


captures increased in the late 1970s, mainly in summer, reaching a peak in the mid 1980s. thereafter there was a continued decline, with catches decreasing from 784 kg per fishing day in 1985 to 32 kg per fishing day in 2001 ( a. domingo pers. obs ). only occasional captures are recorded from 2000 to the present. there are also occasional captures in the trawl net and longline fisheries. lucifora ( 2003 ) estimated that 889 sharks ( ci 95 % = 625 to 1, 140 ) were captured by anglers during three consecutive summers ( 1999 - 2001 ) in anegada bay, argentina. out of 175 sharks observed, 153 suffered serious injuries of the internal organs caused by hooks. crespo and corcuera ( 1990 ) report extensive damage to shark catches in gillnets by marine mammals ( sea lions bite out the belly of entangled sharks and eat the liver ). | conservation actions : | | further studies of the biology and reproduction of this species in the southwest atlantic are needed. this species has been listed as a species threatened with over - exploitation on annex ii of the brazilian federal law of threatened and overexploited aquatic species since 2004 ( vooren and klippel 2005 ). also the prohibition of trawl fishing within three nautical miles from the coast of southern brazil is now being enforced satisfactorily. however, the species is still caught as bycatch in the legally permitted coastal gillnet fisheries and offshore trawl and gillnet fisheries. it is recommended that the species is protected throughout its inshore range along the southwest atlantic coast of south america, particularly in areas of critical habitat and areas where the adult population still exists. a management plan is being considered for development for this species in the bahia san blas reserve ( anegada bay, argentina ). | | citation : | | chiaramonte, g., domingo, a. & soto, j. 2007. carcharias taurus ( southwest atlantic subpopulation ). in : iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 19 june 2013. | | feedback : | | if you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please fill in the feedback form so that we can correct or extend the information provided |


| scientific name : | | mesoplodon bidens | | species authority : | | ( sowerby, 1804 ) | | red list category & criteria : | | data deficient ver 3. 1 | | assessor / s : | | taylor, b. l., baird, r., barlow, j., dawson, s. m., ford, j., mead, j. g., notarbartolo di sciara, g., wade, p. & pitman, r. l. | | reviewer / s : | | hammond, p. s. & perrin, w. f. ( cetacean red list authority ) | there is no information on global abundance or trends in abundance for this species. it is not believed to be uncommon but it is potentially vulnerable to low - level threats and a 30 % global reduction over three generations cannot be ruled out ( criterion a ). | range description : | | sowerby ' s beaked whales are known almost exclusively from the colder waters of the north atlantic, from at least massachusetts, usa to labrador, canada in the west, and from iceland to norway in the east ( mead 1989 ; macleod et al. 2006 ). this is the most northerly distributed of the atlantic species of mesoplodon, with most records north of 30°n. there are a number of strandings or sightings considered to be extralimital in the mediterranean sea, and from the gulf of mexico side of florida. | native : belgium ; canada ; denmark ; france ; germany ; gibraltar ; iceland ; ireland ; netherlands ; norway ; portugal ; spain ; sweden ; united kingdom ; united states | fao marine fishing areas : | | atlantic – eastern central ; atlantic – northeast ; atlantic – northwest | range map : | | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | | population : | | very little is known of the population biology of this species. it is one of the most commonly seen mesoplodonts in some parts of its range. | | habitat and ecology : | | as with other members of the genus, these whales occur almost exclusively in deep waters past the continental shelf edge. although it is one of the most commonly stranded mesoplodon species, there have been few sightings at sea, and it is poorly known. de buffrenil ( 1995 ) mentioned that two sightings were north of scotland and west of the orkney islands, in waters several 100 m deep.


e. 2001. a mass stranding of cetaceans caused by naval sonar in the bahamas. bahamas journal of science 8 ( 2 ) : 2 - 12. barlow, j. 1999. trackline detection probability for long - diving whales. in : g. w. garner, s. c. amstrup, j. l. laake, b. j. f. manley, l. l. mcdonald and d. g. robertson ( eds ), marine mammal survey and assessment methods, pp. 209 - 221. balkema press, netherlands. cox, t. m., ragen, t. j., read, a. j., vos, e., baird, r. w., balcomb, k., barlow, j., caldwell, j., cranford, t., crum, l., d ' amico, a., d ' spain, a., fernandez, j., finneran, j., gentry, r., gerth, w., gulland, f., hildebrand, j., houser, d., hullar, t., jepson, p. d., ketten, d., macleod, c. d., miller, p., moore, s., mountain, d., palka, d., ponganis, p., rommel, s., rowles, t., taylor, b., tyack, p., wartzok, d., gisiner, r., mead, j. and benner, l. 2006. understanding the impacts of anthropogenic sound on beaked whales. journal of cetacean research and management 7 ( 3 ) : 177 - 187. de buffrenil, v., 1995. mesoplodon bidens - sowerby - zweizahnwal. in : d. robinueau, r. duguy and m. klima ( eds ), handbuch der saugetiere europas, pp. 545 - 560. aua - verlag, wiesbaden, germany. fernandez, a., edwards, j. f., rodriguez, f., espinosa, a., de los monteros, herraez, p., castro, p., jaber, j. r., martin, v. and arebelo, m.


., rodriguez, f., espinosa, a., de los monteros, herraez, p., castro, p., jaber, j. r., martin, v. and arebelo, m. 2005. " gas and fat embolic syndrome " involving a mass stranding of beaked whales ( family ziphiidae ) exposed to anthropogenic sonar signals. veterinary pathology 42 : 446 - 457. gomercic, h., gomercic, m. d., gomericic, t., lucic, h., dalebout, m., galov, a., skrtic, d., curkovic, s., vukovic, s. and huber, d. 2006. biological aspects of cuvier ' s beaked whale ( ziphius cavirostris ) recorded in the croatian part of the adriatic sea. european journal of wildlife research 52 ( 3 ) : 182 - 187. hooker, s. k. and baird, r. w. 1999. observations of sowerby ' s beaked whales, mesoplodon bidens, in the gully, nova scotia. canadian field - naturalist 113 : 273 - 277. jepson, p. d., arebelo, m., deaville, r., patterson, i. a. p., castro, p., baker, j. r., degollada, e., ross, h. m., herraez, p., pocknell, a. m., rodriguez, f., howie, f. e., espinosa, a., reid, r. j., jaber, j. r., martin, v., cunningham, a. a. and fernandez, a. 2003. gas - bubble lesions in stranded cetaceans. nature 425 : 575 - 576. learmonth, j. a., macleod, c. d., santos, m. b., pierce, g. j., crick, h. q. p. and robinson, r. a. 2006. potential effects of climate change on marine mammals. oceanography and marine biology : an annual review 44 : 431 - 464. macleod, c. d., perrin, w. f., pitman, r. l., barlow, j., balance, l., d ' ami


and marine biology : an annual review 44 : 431 - 464. macleod, c. d., perrin, w. f., pitman, r. l., barlow, j., balance, l., d ' amico, a., gerrodette, t., joyce, g., mullin, k. d., palka, d. l. and waring, g. t. 2006. known and inferred distributions of beaked whale species ( ziphiidae : cetacea ). journal of cetacean research and management 7 ( 3 ) : 271 - 286. malakoff, d. 2002. suit ties whale deaths to research cruise. science 298 : 722 - 723. mead, j. g. 1989. beaked whales of the genus mesoplodon. in : s. h. ridgway and r. harrison ( eds ), handbook of marine mammals, vol. 4 : river dolphins and the larger toothed whales, pp. 349 - 430. academic press. ostrom, p. h., lien, j. and macko,. a. 1993. evaluation of the diet of sowerby ' s beaked whale, mesoplodon bidens, based on isotopic comparisons among northwestern atlantic cetaceans. canadian journal of zoology 71 : 858 - 861. reeves, r. r., smith, b. d., crespo, e. a. and notarbartolo di sciara, g. 2003. dolphins, whales and porpoises : 2002 - 2010 conservation action plan for the world ' s cetaceans. iucn / ssc cetacean specialist group, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk. wang, j. y. and yang, s. c. 2006. unusual cetacean stranding events of taiwan in 2004 and 2005. journal of cetacean research and management 8 : 283 - 292. waring, g. t., hamazaki, t., sheehan, d., wood, g. and baker, s. 2001. characterization of beaked whale ( ziphiidae ) and sperm whale ( physeter macrocephalus ) summer habitat in shelf - edge and deeper waters off the northeast us. marine mammal science 17 ( 4 ) : 703 - 717. | citation : | | taylor, b. l., baird, r.,


scale / arpeggio / chord are you hip to the coolness of how the pitches of a scale become an arpeggio, and how this sequencing of pitches within the arpeggio can then be stacked vertically and struck simultaneously to create chords? if necessary, read on. the following musical example simply presents a c major scale in measure 1, then respells the major scale using the intervals of the major and minor thirds, the essential tertian chord building intervals within equal temper. it is in this respelling of the pitches of the major scale by thirds that creates the c major arpeggio, as in measure 3, then stacks the pitches of the arpeggio atop one another to create a c major chord as presented in bar 4 below. thus, scale / arpeggio / chord. vwala. example 1. can you see and hear how the scale in bar 1 becomes the arpeggio in bar 3? then how the arpeggio in bar 2 is simply stacked one pitch upon another to create the chord in bar 4? cool with this? does the sound of the arpeggio and chord sound a bit off to you? no worries, chords of this dimension are a quite rare in the music. just looking to learn the three terms here and how they are created from the exact same group of pitches. got these three components under your fingers? so why is understanding how scales evolve into arpeggios and into chords potentially so important to the creative musician? well, when improvising our own melodies i. e., soloing over chord changes, a rather nice approach oftentimes combines elements of each of these three possibilities. each have their own unique ways of building excitement and when smoothly combined together within a song, it gives the player a wider range of orchestrative techniques to enhance their ideas. perhaps try this next idea when time permits. pick a tune you really know well. play scales through the first chorus, arpeggiate the changes in the second, then play chords in the third chorus. as this ability develops, simply try to create ideas that contain elements of each of these three approaches in your lines within one chorus. oftentimes, fluidly combining scales, arpeggios and chords is indicative of a very advanced musical intellect. what about the sound of the extended arpeggio and chord from the above example? can we alter some of the pitches to improve the sound and why must we alter pitches anyway? click here to get there. what about in the blues? monk


july 16, 2012 dr. seuss and the holocaust in france seventy years ago this week, 15 - year - old annie kriegel was sitting in her paris high school classroom, taking an exam, when her mother suddenly burst into the room and warned her not to come home — the nazis were preparing to round up and deport any jews they could get their hands on. more than 3, 000 miles away, the cartoonist known as dr. seuss was setting pen to paper to alert america about what was happening to the jews in france. annie found a place to stay that night. the next morning, as she later recalled, she was making her way towards the city ’ s jewish quarter when, “ at the crossing of the rue de turenne and the rue de bretagne, i heard screams rising to the heavens. ” they were “ not cries and squawks such as you hear in noisy and excited crowds, but screams like you used to hear in hospital delivery rooms. all the human pain that both life and death provide. a garage there was serving as a local assembly point, and they were separating the men and women. ” stunned, the teenager sat down on a nearby park bench. “ it was on that bench that i left my childhood. ” ( kriegel ’ s experience is recounted in susan zucotti ’ s 1993 book, the holocaust, the french and the jews. ) over the course of the next two days, more than 13, 000 jews were rounded up in paris by the germans, with the active collaboration of the vichy french government headed by nazi supporter pierre laval. the majority of those arrested were couples with children. they were held for five excruciating days in the velodrome d ’ hiver stadium, in the summer heat without food or water. eyewitnesses described it as “ a scene from hell. ” then they were deported by train to the gas chambers of auschwitz. the brutal details of the roundup process were amply reported in the american press. the new york times described the “ scenes of terror and despair ” in the streets of paris, including suicides, jewish patients dragged violently from hospital beds, and children violently separated from their parents. unfortunately, the article was relegated to page 16. theodor geisel, who drew editorial cartoons for pm under the pen name “ dr. seuss, ” was outraged by the news from france and decided to use his cartooning skills to help publicize the plight of the jews. the future creator of such


cape town is the second most populated city in south africa and is where the jewish community established its roots and began to grow and flourish. in 1820, a large number of british settlers immigrated to cape town, including three jewish families that in total made up about 20 people. over the next three decades, british jewish immigrants established additional synagogues, as well as cemeteries and other philanthropic institutions. jewish immigrants from germany and holland arrived in cape town in the early 19th century seeking fortune and adventure, which enabled the community to grow slowly and steadily. between 1880 and 1910, the jewish population swelled from 4, 000 to 40, 000 with yiddish - speaking immigrants from lithuania, thus revitalizing the jewish community of cape town. in 1930, increased feelings of anti - semitism surfaced in south africa but with the institutionalization of the apartheid agenda, anti - semitism became much less of an issue. many jewish organizations and individuals from cape town played a significant role within the anti - apartheid movement during the mid 1900 ’ s. prior to the second half of 2003, many in the jewish community left south africa primarily due to concerns about crime and the economy. presently, the jewish community of cape town numbers around 17, 000, which makes up about 25 percent of the total jewish population of south africa. to begin a day of sightseeing, head to the " museum mile, ” which is located at 88 hatfield street in the center of town. here stands the museum complex, which compromises many jewish sites. one such site is the old synagogue or the gardens synagogue, named because it was erected in the gardens district of cape town, 1863. the synagogue is of a neo - classical style, and also houses the museum of the history of the jewish people in south africa, established in 1958, and an exhibition of jewish ceremonial art. in 1996 the decision was taken to incorporate the old museum into the new south african jewish museum, which was formally opened in 2000 by nelson mandela. the synagogue links via a courtyard to the south african jewish museum, which is a piece of bold architectural design. the museum uses multi - media platforms to tell the history of the jews of south africa. the museum also shows a daily documentary titled, nelson mandela. a righteous man, which helps understand how certain events shaped south africa. next door to the old synagogue is the great synagogue, opened in 1905, which seats 1, 400. this is arguably one of the city ’ s finest and most magnificent buildings. in particular, the stained - glass windows are pieces of art in their right


door to the old synagogue is the great synagogue, opened in 1905, which seats 1, 400. this is arguably one of the city ’ s finest and most magnificent buildings. in particular, the stained - glass windows are pieces of art in their right. sparkling golden mosaics adrorn either side of the holy ark and a beautiful chandelier hangs from the dome. the synagogue is used for services and is free to tour with donations accepted. also forming part of this museum complex is the cape town holocaust center, the first holocaust center in africa, opened in 1999. this is a permanent exhibition that includes sections on the pseudo - science of race and the stories of holocaust survivors who made their home in cape town. as with many holocaust centers, this is a very moving exhibition that also tackles the institutionalized racism of apartheid. the museum complex is open every day apart from saturdays and jewish and public holidays. the cost for an adult is r40, and children under the age of 16 go free. touring the museum complex will take the best part of the morning, and conveniently the complex is home to the kosher cafe riteve. here they serve a selection of kosher meals and snacks. the average cost for lunch is r150 per person. for the afternoon, a visit to the only kosher winery awaits, situated on the slopes of paarl mountain. zandwijk wines, premium vineyard and winery, is nestled in the south eastern slopes of paarl mountain, and is the only kosher winery in south africa dedicated exclusively to kosher wines and juices. as well as wine tasting, a visit to the wine cellars is available and also the the option to bring a picnic to enjoy in the grounds. a cheese and wine tasting is r20 per person, and the cellar tour with standard wine tasting is r10 per person. when visiting it ’ s important to pre book and remember to take cash with you as there are no atm ’ s at the site. the winery is located at pieter hugo rd, courtrai, paarl, western cape. paarl is just 40 minutes on the r44, off the n1, a quick drive or taxi ride from cape town. for the evening, head back to central cape town and to sea point. here there ’ s a big jewish community with some kosher options for dinner such as avron ’ s place. initially inspired by manhattan and new york eateries, avron ’ s serves up kosher food from schnitzel


symptoms in adults that require immediate medical attention : - headaches that get worse - weakness, numbness or decreased coordination - repeated vomiting - cannot be awakened - have one pupil - - the black part in the middle of the eye - - larger than the other - convulsions or seizures - slurred speech - getting more and more confused, restless or agitated symptoms in children that require immediate medical attention : - any of the danger signs for adults ( see above ) - child won ' t stop crying - child can ' t be consoled - child won ' t nurse or eat post - concussion syndrome can occur to people who suffer a head injury. they may have poor memory and concentration, headache, fatigue and dizziness for weeks or months after the injury. in children who have even a moderate concussion, there may be an increase in irritability, angry behavior and meanness for up to a year. the aans recommends that athletes not return to play while they have these symptoms and that those who have had repeated concussions should consider ending participation in that sport. the neck supports the head and is very flexible, so many injuries to the neck occur from a fall or an abrupt jerking of the head ( whiplash ). neck pain can be caused by strains, sprains or fractures. strains and sprains are injuries to the muscles and ligaments. pain can also come from injury to nerves that branch from the neck into the arms and hands. the action that injures a neck does not have to be sudden. injury can occur over a period of time from activities that strain the neck such as mountain bike riding and horseback riding. symptoms that indicate medical attention is necessary : - neck pain after an injury ; if the pain is severe, the person should not be moved and emergency medical personnel should be called - pain or numbness radiating down an arm, or weakness in an arm - pain that continues for a period of time if severe neck pain occurs after an injury, such as in a motor vehicle accident, diving accident or fall, a trained professional, such as a paramedic, should immobilize the person to avoid the risk of further injury and possible paralysis. seek immediate medical care.


after gaining familiarity with the lives and music of copland and ellington, students write each a formal letter expressing how culture is reflected in music. students create a bio - poem about the composer ’ s life and music. through the use of music, students will make connections with the historical events in colonial america and europe during the early 19th century. using the music of sousa and tchaikovsky, students will understand how music can become a patriotic symbol and help depict historical events. students will have made visual and numerical representations of change by making aural observations of the musical dynamics of a recorded excerpt from beethoven ' s fifth symphony, first movement. they will record the data in a bar graph and make observations about the changes and effects, which they may apply as a storytelling device. this lesson introduces argentine culture through the study of tango to students taking spanish language. the lesson focuses on the works of vocalist carlos gardel and composer astor piazzolla, as well as the use of spanish infinitive verbs. students listen to vivaldi ' s the four seasons, autumn, and describe emotion, tempo, and dynamics. students engage kinesthetically as they move to the music and learn about the composer. students learn the scientific reasons for fall leaves changing color. students sing the poem " little leaves " to the tune of twinkle, twinkle and the tune of row, row, row your boat. students do a choral reading of " colors of fall. " students will collect real autumn leaves, then draw and paint them as their interpretation of vivaldi ' s autumn. this lesson integrates language arts with visual and performing arts. students immerse themselves in the world of the russian folktale, the firebird, and then explore other avenues of appreciating the tale through listening and dancing to stravinsky ' s firebird suite, as well as engaging in theater and visual arts activities. students will develop the ability to articulate moods and imagery in music through poetry. they will be able to do this through comparing and contrasting two pieces of beethoven ' s music via language and movement. they will depict beethoven in an art piece and learn about his life. using saint - saens ' carnival of the animals as a stimulus prompt, students will generate descriptive language of several animals ( with special focus on verbs ), culminating in the writing of a poem about the animal of their choice. this lesson will contrast aaron copland ' s appalachian spring ( classical ) and stephane furic ' s crossing brooklyn ferry ( jazz ), and the role the poems crossing brooklyn ferry


webmd health news keith barnard, md oct. 4, 2012 – an operation known as hip resurfacing - - an alternative to hip replacement often recommended for younger patients - is prone to frequent failure and should not be used in women, a new study shows. researchers looked at data from 434, 650 operations carried out in england and wales between 2003 and 2011, of which 31, 932 ( 7. 4 % ) were resurfacings. hip resurfacing is similar to hip replacement. in a replacement operation, though, the rounded top section of the thigh bone, known as the femoral head, is completely removed and replaced. during resurfacing surgery, the femoral head is ground down to an even surface and given a metal cap. hip resurfacings always have metal - on - metal bearings, while total hip replacements can have a variety of bearing options, such as ceramic, metal, or plastic. researchers from the university of bristol looked at the failure rate of resurfacing implants since the united kingdom ' s national joint registry was set up in 2003. they used data from the next seven years to compare them with total hip replacements. they found that the predicted seven - year failure rate for a 55 - year - old woman who had undergone hip resurfacing ranged from 8. 54 % to 11. 67 %. this failure rate was dependent on the size of the femoral head, with the smallest sizes more prone to early failure. these failure rates were much higher than full replacements with a metal ball and a polyethylene socket, where the failure rate was between 1. 81 % and 2. 25 % over seven years. men also experienced higher failure rates with resurfacing surgery compared to total replacement. the findings appear in the online edition of the lancet. ashley blom, md, phd, is a professor of orthopaedic surgery in the university of bristol ’ s school of clinical sciences, and one of the paper ' s authors. " resurfacing failure rates in women were unacceptably high. in view of these findings, we recommend that resurfacing procedures are not undertaken in women, " she says. furthermore, " the national joint registry for england and wales has the biggest joint replacement database in the world, allowing us to analyze over 30, 000 hip resurfacings up to seven years after surgery. our findings show that resurfacings with smaller head sizes are prone to early


and wales has the biggest joint replacement database in the world, allowing us to analyze over 30, 000 hip resurfacings up to seven years after surgery. our findings show that resurfacings with smaller head sizes are prone to early failure, and in particular that resurfacing in women has much worse implant survival, irrespective of head size, " she says. the researchers also write that their findings cannot simply be explained by the use of smaller head sizes, since women fared worse than men even with the same head size. women might have a higher risk of osteoporotic fractures in the thigh bone, or they may be more susceptible to complications from metal - on - metal prostheses. the researchers acknowledge that surgeons will need to weigh other factors when assessing whether hip resurfacing is suitable for a patient, such as the relative benefits of total hip replacement and resurfacing surgery on patient function and quality of life. in an editorial to the study, art sedrakyan, md, phd, of weill cornell medical college in new york, said : " regulators and surgeons need to make proper recommendations for patients, such as not using resurfacing in women, and developing decision aids for patients to convey the benefits, harms, and uncertainty related to second surgery with large metal - on - metal implants. " nicola lennard, md, the deputy clinical director of the medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency in the u. k., says : " decisions about what hip implants to use in patients are made by clinicians after careful consideration of the risks and benefits for each individual patient. this involves taking into account the patient ’ s age, gender, and activity level. for some patients a resurfacing hip implant may be the most clinically appropriate implant for them. " the use of these hip resurfacing implants has fallen from about 11 % in 2006 to about 2. 5 % in 2011, and only about one in six hip resurfacings were carried out on women in 2011. this change is a result of a better understanding by clinicians of the risks and benefits of hip resurfacing compared with other kinds of hip replacements in different patient groups. " sources : blom, a. the lancet, published online oct. 2, 2012. sedrakyan, a. the lancet, published online oct. 2, 2012. news release, the lancet. medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency (


the following are recommended books for parents and educators. a guide to collaboration for iep teams this book contains everything necessary for establishing effective iep meetings. the former president of the texas council of administrators of special education, chuck noe, m. a., acknowledges this and says, " martin ' s ideas work " and he recommends this book to " anyone wanting to strengthen the quality of meetings and outcomes. " the book targets the needs of administrators, teachers, resource professionals, and parents. it is a skills - based book that will help these groups to design, review, and modify ieps for children with special education needs. a parent ' s guide to special education the term ' special education ' encompasses dozens of learning challenges : developmental delay, learning and physical disabilities, emotional disturbance, retardation, language impairment, autism, and others. by nature of this diversity, navigating even well - run, well - funded special education programs can be daunting. a parent ' s guide to special education offers invaluable information and a positive vision of special education that will help them through a potentially overwhelming process. filled with practical recommendations, sample forms, and enlightening examples, this is a priceless resource for helping every child learn. meeting the challenge : special education tools that work for all kids this book is intended to serve as a freestanding reference for teachers whose classes include students with academic or behavioral difficulties. the recommended best practices were originally developed for students with disabilities but have been found to be effective with all students. each chapter provides principles, suggestions and specific tools ( such as sample check lists, rubrics, forms, word lists, observation guides, planning guides, and lesson plans ). negotiating the special education maze negotiating the special education maze is one of the best tools available to parents and teachers for developing an effective education program for their child or student. every step is explained, from eligibility and evaluation to the individualized education program ( iep ) and beyond. this edition covers changes in disability laws, including the americans with disabilities act ( ada ) and individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). it reviews early intervention services for children from birth to age three, and for those who have young adults with special needs, it also covers transitioning out of school. the complete iep guide : how to advocate for your special ed child the individualized education program, or iep, determines the nuts and bolts of your child ' s special education. this includes the specific classroom set up, curricula, support services


complete iep guide : how to advocate for your special ed child the individualized education program, or iep, determines the nuts and bolts of your child ' s special education. this includes the specific classroom set up, curricula, support services, and program and educational goals. understanding every aspect of the iep process will help you avoid surprises along the way. the complete iep guide walks you step - by - step through the iep process. the book provides all the instructions, suggestions, strategies, resources and forms you need to proceed from the beginning, when you first suspect a problem, to the end, when your child completes school. wrightslaw : from emotions to advocacy wrightslaw : from emotions to advocacy, second edition will teach you how to plan, prepare, organize and get quality special education services. in this comprehensive, easy - to - read book, you will learn your child ' s disability and educational needs, how to create a simple method for organizing your child ’ s file and devising a master plan for your child ' s special education. you will understand parent - school conflict, how to create paper trails and effective letter writing. this book includes dozens of worksheets, forms and sample letters that you can tailor to your needs wrightslaw : special education law wrightslaw : special education law, 2nd edition provides a clear roadmap to the laws and how to get better services for all children with disabilities. this wrightslaw publication is an invaluable resource for parents, advocates, educators, and attorneys. you will refer to this book again and again. proceeds from the sale of books purchased from our recommended books section can help support ld online.