' used to ' or ' use to ' vs would i was asked on pal talk recently how to use used to and would. if we say something used to happen we are talking about repeated events and actions in the past, usually things that happened a long time ago and are now finished. to express this we can use either used to or would. - when i was young i used to play with my dolls. = when i was young i would play with my dolls. of course i no longer play with dolls! - we used to go out a lot in the summer. implies that we no longer go out much. if you want to talk about repeated states or habits in the past, you must use used to, you cannot use would : : - my dog used to bark at cats. - i used to smoke. - i used to be an administrative assistant. - i used to live in england. you should use ' use to ' without a d in sentences when it follows ' did ' or ' didn ' t ' ( don ' t worry too much about this because lots of people get it wrong ). the question form is ‘ did you use to …? '. when asking a closed question you put did / didn ' t in front of the subject followed by use to, you cannot use would. - did you use to go out with my sister? - did they use to own the company? - didn ' t we use to go to the same school? also when asking questions about states in the past you cannot use would. - what sort of things did you use to like when you were young?. in the negative you cannot use would without a change in meaning. - i didn ' t use to play with my dolls. if i said i wouldn ' t play with my dolls. it would mean i refused to play with my dolls. - we didn ' t use to go out much in the winter months. if i said we wouldn ' t go out much. it would mean we refused to go out much.! note - the general rule is when there is did or didn ' t in the sentence, we say use to ( without d ) when there is no did or didn ' t in the sentence, we say used to ( with d ). there is also a difference between " used to do something and to be used to something ".


successful environment projects based on the results of the lions clubs service activity report, lions have dedicated more than 9 million hours to protecting the environment in the last ten years. environment projects have included tree planting, recycling, education, environmental clean - up, water preservation, and green technology projects as well as involvement in environmental advocacy / governance. - memorial forest ( dist. 36 - o, usa ) : oregon lions worked with lion frank lockyear to create a vietnam memorial forest. this environment project, called " say yes to trees, ” will plant 60, 000 trees to memorialize every fallen american in vietnam. - international reforestation cooperation ( dist. j - 1, uruguay ) : the punte del este and montevideo pocitos lions clubs created a local joint commission of agriculture to promote the planting of 50 million trees. this reforestation effort grew from the club to the district level. lions expanded the project by working with district governors in georgia and florida ( usa ) who donated pine seeds compatible with growing conditions in uruguay. - trees for africa ( md 105, england ) : lions in md 105, in concert with the europa forum, financed the planting of trees in africa through twinned clubs. european lions financed the trees, and african lions provided progress updates and verified the planting. - student memorial forest ( dist. 324 - c2, india ) : the lions club of snehapuri donated trees for a school planting project. each student watered his or her own tree. name plates affixed to the saplings identified each tree. - recycling center ( dist. 17 - sw, usa ) : lions of stafford, ks ( pop. 2, 000 ) organized a recycling center that processes 5, 000 pounds of trash every two weeks. working with commissioners, the city engineer and other interested parties, lions arranged for an empty building to be the recycling center, and a local waste disposal company to pick up aluminum, plastic, newspaper and glass. the unmanned facility is opened and closed daily by local police. - reusable beverage cups ( dist. 111 - sm, germany ) : at a christmas fair, the bad wimpfen lions club initiated a concept to sell beverages in reusable cups. the achievement earned the club an environment certificate from the mayor. - promoting improved disposal ( dist. 310 - b, thailand ) : many restaurants, schools and homes dump cooking grease in waterways. accumulated grease hardens in outbound pipes and blocks water flow or causes grease to overflow into the public drainage system. to solve this problem


dist. 310 - b, thailand ) : many restaurants, schools and homes dump cooking grease in waterways. accumulated grease hardens in outbound pipes and blocks water flow or causes grease to overflow into the public drainage system. to solve this problem, the lions devised a simple method to trap grease and collect it in a bin. later, the grease is buried under trees as fertilizer or dried in the sun to become charcoal. - noise pollution ( md a, canada ) : canadian clubs compiled statistical data on the effects of noise pollution, which resulted in a report that serves as a prototype for clubs in other countries interested in adressing noise pollution issues. - multi - faceted program ( md 103, france ) : various service projects addressed different aspects of the environment, including a recycling program, a tree planting program, the clearing of a nature trail and preservation of a species of wild birds of prey. lions also removed air pollution damage from religious and cultural monuments, and held district seminars on improving the environment. - save the himalayas ( dist. 322 - b, india ) : a bicycle rally created awareness of the environmental crisis facing the himalaya mountains and the ganges river. - save the rhino project ( dist. 412, zimbabwe ) : the lions club of umfuli dedicated a fundraiser to save the black rhinoceros. contributions from the successful benefit ball totaled us $ 70, 000. - hawaiian island clean - up campaign ( dist. 50, usa ) : the kihei lions club supports annual clean up, forestation and preservation efforts on their island. - cemetery clean - up ( dist. 335 - a, japan ) : the akashi futami lions club sponsors three cemetery cleanup projects per year, where they pull weeds and pick up litter. - noxious weed eradication ( dist. 323 - d, india ) : the miraj lions club organized an environment project to collect and destroy parthenium grass ( gajar gawat ), which poses a health threat to the community. the club paid workers to remove the grass. - purifying the seas ( dist. 108 - y, italy ) : the agrigento lions club created a plan to save the mediterranean sea in accordance with the united nations ' blue plan. the club sponsors lectures, holds informational programs on safeguarding the mediterranean from pollution and holds fundraisers to support this program. - ecosystem preservation ( dist. 111 - nb, germany ) : lions aided in the reconstruction of a river ecosystem


. the club sponsors lectures, holds informational programs on safeguarding the mediterranean from pollution and holds fundraisers to support this program. - ecosystem preservation ( dist. 111 - nb, germany ) : lions aided in the reconstruction of a river ecosystem by altering the path of a local river. lions will also help restore the river and an accompanying bird sanctuary. - river clean up ( dist. 333 - b, japan ) : the utosonomiya lions club cleaned a local river and then stocked it with fish. - potable water ( dist. 411, tanzania ) : local lions clubs donated a safe drinking water system to the town of morogoro. more than 1, 000 residents have benefited from having access to safe drinking water. - solar energy for a recycling center ( dist. 36 - r, usa ) : the eugene bethel lions club in oregon developed an experimental solar unit to use as an energy source for their community recycling center. - electric car ( dist. 103 - ip, france ) : lion michel baury, chairman of the national committee on the environment, helped develop an electric traction car. he worked with the city of paris, and organizations including the unep, the committee for the european year of the environment and the electricite de france to complete his car. in 1990, he raced his car in the international formula e grand prix of touquet and a year later, entered it in the vincennes grand prix. - international court for the environmental safeguard of the mediterranean sea ( md 108, italy ) : lions developed an international court to preserve their water source. the court maintains a seat in rome, and has 18 member countries. it reviews violations compromising the equilibrium of the environment or those living in the area. sentences, arbitrations and declarations according to international rules are served to those responsible for damaging the sea. - suggesting improvements ( dist. b - 9, mexico ) : the district advocated that local government agencies institute strict control of the area ' s air, land and water. the lions proposed emission controls and increased oversight of landfill usage. in addition, they suggested a new sewage system to eliminate contamination of the general drainage system while effectively recycling water. lions clubs international 300 w. 22nd street, oak brook, il 60523 - 8842


when are we in a recession? a recession is complicated to define, but there are many indicators to examine. credit : wallet image via shutterstock to the average american, it might seem ludicrous to suggest that the united states is not in a recession right now. but economists ' fuzzy definition of the term makes it hard to say when a recession actually starts until we ' re well into one. last week, the international monetary fund said the united states likely will slide into recession. and one thing ' s for sure : when we get there, the economy will be in the toilet. there are, of course, more technical definitions. you might hear, for example, that recession occurs when gross domestic product ( gdp ) growth is negative for two or more consecutive quarters. but that ' s not an adequate measure, most economists agree. the national bureau of economic research ( nber ), a non - profit group that includes economics researchers and professors from all over the country, has a somewhat formal definition that is often cited, said michael bernstein, provost and professor of economics and history at tulane university. " nber would define a recession as a significant decline in economic activity that spreads across the economy and that lasts more than a few months, " bernstein said. " normally it would be visible in data on real income, employment, industrial output, sales, gross domestic product ( gdp ), that sort of thing. " as for duration, recessions can last for those " few months " or up to about two years. the factors that predict a recession also are not entirely simple. the stock markets have received a lot of attention during this year ' s economic decline, but bernstein said that economists have found that stock market indicators alone aren ' t very good predictors of recessions. " as much as we try, we cannot demonstrate a close statistical relationship between how the stock market moves and how the so - called business cycle moves. sometimes they ' re linked, sometimes not, " he told livescience. the stock market can certainly fall in relation to a recession though, as it appears to be doing now. " in the current context, the market right now is falling because of a perception, apparently a very accurate perception, that the banking and finance system is at great risk for losing money, " bernstein said. the terms " bear market " and " bull market " also have nothing to do with whether or not the economy is in a recession, bernstein said. they ' re simply colloquial expressions : the market is bearish when


" bernstein said. the terms " bear market " and " bull market " also have nothing to do with whether or not the economy is in a recession, bernstein said. they ' re simply colloquial expressions : the market is bearish when people are nervous about buying and start selling off shares, whereas in a bullish market people take more risks and are buying more. one factor that is a better predictor of recession is the real estate market, bernstein said. when houses are being built, jobs are created and production in construction - related industries goes up ; when real estate stagnates, those jobs and the related production are lost. refinancing on homes also frees up money that homeowners can spend on other things, but when homes drop in value, there ' s no money to spend. these types of problems in the housing market were a factor in the current economic mess, which bernstein says has every indication of becoming a full - blown recession. the economy hasn ' t been in a downturn for long enough yet to call it a recession at the moment, but unless things change drastically, we ' ll be in one in just a few more months. " there ' s no sign at the moment that we can avoid this thing, " he said. recessions and depressions past the last recession the country faced was nearly a decade ago when the " dot - com " bubble burst, taking under countless companies and sending many to the unemployment line. but that downturn was mild compared to the recession the economy is likely heading into, bernstein said, which will probably be more comparable to the u. s. recession of the late 1980s. " the last big slide was 1987, when the stock market went down by about 20 percent, and the economy went into the toilet for about five years, " bernstein said. of course, none of the 10 recessions since 1945 that the nber recognizes compares to the magnitude of the great depression. though the great depression lasted for about a decade, it isn ' t necessarily longevity that turns a recession into a depression. it ' s the depth of the crisis, bernstein said. the 1930s saw a 25 to 30 percent drop in gdp, and unemployment went up to 25 percent. " these are mind - boggling numbers compared to what we ' ve been through since world war ii, " he said. for comparison, the national unemployment rate was 6. 1 percent as of september this year, according to the bureau of labor statistics. real gdp ( the output of goods and


concussions on the rise among athletes ( newsusa ) - notice how many professional athletes have been sidelined lately by concussions? experts have, and - - with the problem also affecting youth sports from soccer to bicycling to football - - they ' re labeling it " a national epidemic. " " not only are most athletes susceptible to concussions from collisions, but in pro hockey alone there are more than 50, 000 ' hits ' annually - - and too many are serious injuries to the head, " says dr. ted carrick, board - certified chiropractic neurologist and distinguished professor of neurology at life university, who treats professional athletes from around the world, and is active in the foundation for chiropractic progress. a concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a bump, blow or jolt to the head that can change the way the brain functions. symptoms include dizziness, instability and confusion. using methods that rely on brain - based, non - invasive, drug - free approaches - - like chiropractic care and physical rehab - - can help re - establish balance and maximal brain and nervous system functionality. doctors of chiropractic are trained in recognizing signs of concussions, and directing appropriate care or referral as part of an integrated health team. learn more at www. yes2chiropractic. org. distributed by internet broadcasting. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


piri reis map? discovery near cuba? scott stones? piri reis map the piri reis map of 1513 is the first surviving map that shows the americas ( the vinland map may be older but only shows a part of north america ). the piri reis map shows north america, south america, greenland and antarctica which had not yet been discovered. piri reis was a famous admiral of the turkish fleet in the sixteenth century. his passion was cartography, he was always on the lookout for new maps and other such documents. in 1513 a map had been commissioned him. piri reis was high rank within the turkish navy which allowed him to have a privileged access to the imperial library of constantinople. he was considered an expert on mediterranean lands and coastlines, and he even wrote a famous sailing book called kitabi bahriye where he described all the details of coastlines, harbors, currents, shallows, bays and straits of the mediterranean and aegean seas. he died in 1554 or 1555 being beheaded for unknown reasons. it is said that in a now - forgotten sea battle he met, among the prisoners, a sailor who claimed to have been sailing along with columbus in his three journeys to the new world, and that he was one of his pilots. it turned out that columbus had a map of the lands he was chasing, and that this map now was in the possession of that pilot. the admiral piri reis got to put hands and eyes on the map ; then in 1513 he compiled a world map based on that map and on the other antique charts from his collection - many of which had survived from the days of the great library of the map had drawn the attention of scholars in 1929 when it had been discovered in the archives of the imperial palace in constantinople. the map showed the outline of south america very accurately. this was surprising since columbus had discovered the new world only 21 years earlier in notes made by piri indicated he had based his map on earlier maps, including one consulted by columbus before his famous voyage. this excited the scholars since there had been rumors that there existed a pre - columbian map of the new world. piri ' s claim that he had possessed the " lost map " intrigued historians. it wasn ' t the accuracy of the south american coastline that interested mallery, though. it was what was shown at the very bottom of the map : a chunk of land that looked very much like antarctica. this was surprising since antarctica had not been discovered until


' t the accuracy of the south american coastline that interested mallery, though. it was what was shown at the very bottom of the map : a chunk of land that looked very much like antarctica. this was surprising since antarctica had not been discovered until 1820. even more intriguing was a section of the coastline of this southern part of it looked very much like the coast of queen maud land which was a section of antarctica. the strange thing was that the coast of queen maud land had been covered with a thick sheet of ice for many centuries and its shape was only known now to modern mapmakers through the use of modern seismographic equipment. this made mallory wonder if the admiral had somehow owned maps that dated back before the ice sheet covered the coast and if the coast had been somehow surveyed from the air. most serious professional geographers, though, rejected mallery ' s radical theory without even considering it carefully. professor charles h. hapgood, of keene state college at the university of new hampshire, did take an interest in the map and mallory ' s thoughts. professor hapgood was known for his support of unorthodox theories. with the help of some of his students, hapgood did a careful examination of piri ' s map and several other old maps and published a book on the subject called maps of the ancient sea kings. the book suggests that at one time in the ancient past there was a world - wide civilization with advanced technology. though this civilization was destroyed, some of its knowledge survived to wind up in the maps. later, an even more radical theory for piri ' s map was advanced from writer eric von daniken. von daniken, a supporter of the idea that aliens had visited earth in the distant past, noted that the map resembled what might be seen from space if you took a picture of earth from directly over cairo, egypt. he suggested that the map was the result of aerial photographs taken from an alien critics of hapgood and von daniken offer a more mundane explanation for the map. they start by pointing out that lots of maps from that era displayed a continent at the bottom of the earth, though none had yet been found. there was a general belief going back to the time of the greeks that all the continents must have been connected at one time. this lead to the belief in a southern continent ( interestingly enough, they were correct. the modern theory of plate tectonics supports the idea of single land mass in the very distant past ). the critics point out that


connected at one time. this lead to the belief in a southern continent ( interestingly enough, they were correct. the modern theory of plate tectonics supports the idea of single land mass in the very distant past ). the critics point out that the land mass shown on the map may have a similar coastline to that of queen maud land, but the similarity is not unmistakable. what is on piri ' s map, they argue, is just a lucky attempt to display an unknown, but suspected land. the similarity, say critics, is just coincidence. they also point out that the map shows south america and antarctica connected, which they have not been for many millions of years. also information about weather conditions and animal life in antarctica as found on the map is other experts speculate that though the first recorded sighting of land in the antarctica was in 1820, there may have been earlier unreported voyages to the southern reaches. though this might not explain the coastline of queen maud land on the piri map, it might be the reason that there was such a strong belief in the existence of a southern continent. maps of the ancient sea kings an ancient map that king henry owned in 1500 a. d. clearly shows greek documents and maps showing atlantis that christopher columbus studied before he set sail for america, including the 1482 benincasa map showing 3 atlantis islands that no longer exist! explorers view ' lost city ' ruins under caribbean december 6, 2001 - reuters explorers using a miniature submarine to probe the sea floor off the coast of cuba said on thursday they had confirmed the discovery of stone structures deep below the ocean surface that may have been built by an unknown human civilization thousands of years ago. researchers with a canadian exploration company said they filmed over the summer ruins of a possible submerged ` ` lost city ' ' off the guanahacabibes peninsula on the caribbean island ' s western tip. the researchers cautioned that they did not fully understand the nature of their find and planned to return in january for further analysis, the expedition leader said on thursday.


greater dof with secondary electron imaging is largely a matter of working distance - - defined as the distance ( in mm ) from the objective lens to the top of the sample being imaged. of course, the lenses in this type of instrument are electromagnetic ( not glass ) lenses, and can effect different crossover ( focus ) points based on current supplied to the lens coils. the longer the wd, the greater the dof, ( but this entails other tradeoffs as with every operating parameter ). of course, this is a familiar principle to any photographer ; the closer you move to an object, the shallower the dof is. the wd i used for this shot was 28mm, which is considered very long. i also use a tilt of around 30 degrees. this adds an additional sense of depth. if you were trying to convey the three dimensionality of a sphere, or ping pong ball for example, the worst way to photograph it would be from directly above. better to come in obliquely from the side. the protozoa ( protists is a better word ) that live in the guts of lower termites are often very large, and this presents a challenge for dof. this one in question is about 40 microns long, but others can be up to 300 microns long. we beleive that they have evolved large size in order to engulf the relatively large wood fragments that make their way to the hindgut after being chewed by the termites jaws. focus stacking is something i ' ve never tried, but for some large cells, i ' ve taken multiple images with different portions in focus. if someone can point me to a tutorial for focus stacking, in photoshop ( i use cs2 ) i would appreciate it! thanks very much for this explanation. never worked with or read about this kind of equipment before so i still didnit quite get it. due to that i asked to mr. google who provided the following reference. of course there could be a lot of different sems but the key details that caught my eye were : dthe scanning electron microscope has many advantages over traditional microscopes. the sem has a large depth of field, which allows more of a specimen to be in focus at one time. e http : / / www. purdue. edu / rem / rs / sem. htm # 2 my next question is : does a sem require a light source? the shading on the image you displayed is so delicate it


efforts to fight poverty this is gwen outen with the voa special english development report. the world bank estimates that more than one thousand million people live on less than one dollar a day. these are the poorest of the poor, about one - sixth of the world population. martin ravallion works for the development research group at the world bank. he says about fifty percent of the people in several african nations are among the world ' s poorest. these nations include ethiopia, sierra leone, tanzania and zambia. but even though these areas remain extremely poor, mr. ravallion says world poverty has been cut in half over the last twenty years. he says the number of poor people dropped by almost four hundred million between nineteen eighty - one and two thousand one. to reduce poverty, the world bank says developing nations should expand the possibilities for business and investment. the bank ' s newest world development report notes that private industry creates more than ninety percent of jobs in developing countries. the report for two thousand five is based on questions asked of more than thirty thousand businesses in fifty - three developing countries. world bank researchers found that companies are most concerned about how governments decide to enforce laws. about ninety percent of those in guatemala reported policy conflicts with their government. this was true of more than seventy percent of businesses in belarus and zambia. many companies also express concerns about problems like dishonesty and undependable electricity supplies. last week, about fifty heads of state discussed ways to reduce poverty during a one - day conference in new york. the leaders and top officials met before the opening of the united nations general assembly meeting. french president jacques chirac and brazilian president luis inacio lula da silva called for a world tax to help finance an anti - poverty campaign. diplomats say international finances, airplane tickets and sales of heavy weapons are just some of the things that could be taxed. agriculture secretary ann veneman and another official represented the united states at the conference. she said taxes on world trade would be undemocratic and impossible to put in place. the u. n. has a goal to reduce by half the remaining number of poor people in the world by two thousand fifteen. this voa special english development report was written by jill moss. this is gwen outen.


there is clear and unambiguous scientific evidence that documents how rising atmospheric carbon dioxide is leading to increasingly acidic seawater. this phenomenon has been termed ‘ ocean acidification ’ and presents a real threat to marine organisms that build their structures of calcium carbonate and, by extension, the organisms that feed on and live among them. marine conservation institute is working with partners from the scientific community, political arena, and coastal fishing and aquaculture industries to address the emerging threat of ocean acidification and the impacts on the marine ecosystems upon which we all depend. reducing carbon dioxide emissions to zero overnight is highly unlikely, but working towards carbon dioxide reduction over the coming decades is imperative if we are to avoid the worst possible scenarios. the opportunity exists for creating innovative solutions for adapting to the problems associated with climate change and ocean acidification, gaining a better understanding of what society stands to lose ( biologically and economically ), and hedging our bets by protecting areas of the ocean most likely to survive the coming changes to our oceans. this issue of current highlights ocean acidification, a term used to describe the ongoing global scale changes in seawater chemistry caused largely by human combustion of fossil fuels. ocean acidification will have severe consequences for marine life and humankind, and has been nicknamed global warming ’ s “ evil twin. ” the articles in this special issue focus on multiple facets of ocean acidification, including threats to marine organisms, economic implications for fisheries and ecosystem services, and policy options for mitigating negative impacts. because the dangers posed by ocean acidification are so serious, responsible carbon policy must be implemented immediately at all levels of government and individuals must do their part to curtail carbon consumption, in the hope of safeguarding the future of our oceans.


maryland is the first state in the nation to require high school students to engage in service - learning activities as a condition of graduation. each of the 24 school districts in maryland implements the service - learning graduation requirement differently, because they tailor the specifics of their program to their local community. service - learning fact sheet history of service - learning in maryland what does a service - learning project look like? · biology classes at c. milton wright high school in harford county grew submerged aquatic vegetation know as wild celery in their classrooms as part of the grasses in classes project sponsored by the chesapeake bay foundation and the maryland department of natural resources. students then planted the grasses in the bay to help improve the overall health of the chesapeake bay. · fairmount - harford high school students in baltimore city were all involved in a renovation of an abandoned community lot. this multidisciplinary project had students designing and maintaining the lot. they have mapped and cleared the lot, researched and planted appropriate vegetation, and built picnic tables and a gazebo. · stevensville middle school students in queen anne ' s county engage in a project called serving seniors, a service - learning unit connected to math, science, social studies, and language arts / reading classes in partnership with the department of aging. students define service - learning, study citizenship, and become aware of the needs of the community, especially the changing physical and mental characteristics of aging. students then develop relationships with elderly residents of their community who are living in nursing homes or are involved with a senior center. · see our growing archive of high - quality service - learning project ideas. service - learning is not the same as... volunteerism : volunteers engage in service for a variety of personal reasons. they do not necessarily link their service to academic studies nor do they receive academic credit for their efforts. community service : people engaging in community service do so for a variety of reasons. this is a broad term that can encompass court ordered, stipended or volunteer service. it also does not necessarily link to academic studies. work study internship : student interns frequently work at for - profit business to benefit the financial standing of that business. they are not necessarily working to improve their communities through these internship experiences. there can be overlap between work study internships and service - learning. students are engaged in service - learning if through their internship experiences they work to improve the health or welfare of their community while linking this to their academic studies.


from our 2010 archives preexisting health issues add to problems for disaster survivors thursday, aug. 26 ( healthday news ) - - natural and man - made disasters are difficult for any person to endure, but researchers point out that these situations are particularly tough on people with disabilities and mental disorders. latest medicinenet news their research is published in a series of articles in a special section of the journal rehabilitation psychology that focuses on disaster management for people with disabilities. " katrina taught us a harsh lesson about the plight of vulnerable people in times of disaster and national emergency, " journal editor timothy elliott, of texas a & m university, said in a news release from the american psychological association, which publishes the journal. one study looked at hurricane katrina survivors with a wide range of disabilities. the researchers interviewed case managers and supervisors who provided services to 2, 047 individuals with disabilities and their families after the 2005 storm. two years after the disaster, these survivors still faced major barriers to housing, transportation and disaster services. they were also less likely to have jobs, which affected their ability to pay utility bills or buy furniture when they finally made it into more permanent housing. the researchers also found that people with disabilities were more likely to have medical needs, which affected their ability to travel to service agencies or get jobs. case management with disabled survivors takes longer because they need help in many multiple areas of their lives, the study authors noted. " case managers who are knowledgeable about the needs of people with disabilities are essential when navigating an already difficult service system following a disaster of [ katrina ' s ] magnitude, " lead author laura stough, of texas a & m university, noted in the news release. in another report in the journal, researchers examined the impact of both hurricane katrina and the 1995 oklahoma city bombing. for the research, 182 mostly injured bombing survivors were assessed, as were 421 hurricane evacuees who had been evaluated in a mental health clinic at a dallas shelter. the most common psychiatric diagnosis for the bombing victims was post - traumatic stress disorder, with 34 % of participants suffering from the problem. the second most common psychiatric diagnosis was major depression, according to the article. but the analysis noted that the hurricane actually affected a greater number of people who were members of an already disadvantaged population. the main tasks in the mental health clinic were rapid diagnostic assessment, resumption of psychotropic medications, and a link - up to psychiatric care for already existing disorders, they explained. " interventions to address unmet treatment needs for an abundance of pre -


from our 2012 archives lifesaving defibrillators often not nearby when needed latest heart news friday, may 11 ( healthday news ) - - potentially lifesaving automated external defibrillators ( aeds ) are not close at hand in most cases of cardiac arrest that occur in public places, according to a new study. cardiac arrest occurs when an abnormal heart rhythm causes the heart to stop beating. automated external defibrillators are devices that use electrical shocks to restore the heart to a normal rhythm. the findings may help explain why cardiac arrest survival rates remain below 10 percent in most areas of the united states, despite aed and cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cpr ) awareness programs, according to the researchers at the university of pennsylvania school of medicine. for the study, the research team examined the locations of nearly 3, 500 out - of - hospital cardiac arrests and the locations of more than 2, 300 automated external defibrillators throughout philadelphia county. the devices were most commonly located in schools and on university campuses ( 30 percent ), in office buildings ( 22 percent ) and in residential buildings ( 4 percent ). the investigators found that just 7 percent of cardiac arrests occurred within a 200 - foot radius of an automated external defibrillator, which is about a two - minute round - trip walk from the scene of the emergency. ten percent of cardiac arrests occurred within 400 feet and 21 percent occurred within 600 feet - - a six - minute walk - - of an automated external defibrillator location. the study was slated for presentation friday at the annual meeting of the society for academic emergency medicine in chicago. it ' s been found that cardiac arrest victims ' chances of survival fall by about 10 percent with each minute that passes without cpr and defibrillation. patients who receive an automated external defibrillator shock six minutes or more after suffering a cardiac arrest have very low survival rates. " aeds are an essential part of the ' chain of survival ' that ' s necessary to save cardiac arrest victims, " senior author dr. raina merchant, an assistant professor of emergency medicine, said in a penn medicine news release. " despite thousands of them in the community, our results show they are usually not readily available during cardiac arrests. without an aed, the minutes bystanders spend waiting for paramedics to arrive could mean the difference between life and death. " the researchers said their findings highlight the need to place automated external defibrillators more strategically in communities and to develop


by john gillingham published online ( 2010 ) introduction : that those who invaded ireland in the late twelfth century were encouraged to think that they were engaged in a civilising mission is well - known. but did they also believe that a deliberate policy of civilising could have been devised and implemented? in his book on governance of norman and angevin england, 1086 - 1272 ( 1987 ) lewis warren wrote that for much of the period 1086 - 1272 ‘ the means for the direct exercise of royalauthority were restricted in scope. the essence of the matter is that early medieval societies were in practice fashioned and controlled more by social, economic and religious factors than by institutionalized government and the will of rulers ’. he – and the many others who say similar things – may be right, but is this what people at the time thought? did they imagine that the means for the exercise of royal authority were indeed restricted in scope? or did they assume that societies could be fashioned by the will of rulers and institutionalised governments? the answers to these questions matter because, as rees davies wrote, ‘ how men see the world – how it is and how it should be – very considerably shapes how they act and their reasons for doing so ’. no one wrote more illuminatingly about perceptions and expectations than rees davies did and it is with this virtual world of perceptions and expectations that i shall be concerned. did many of the english imagine that their kings could set out to ‘ civilise ’ celtic societies as a matter of conscious policy? and if they did, then by what means did they expect such a policy to be promoted? did they think that the twelfth - and early thirteenth - century kings of england had sufficient power to be able to implement such a policy?


definition of fear of blood fear of blood : an abnormal and persistent fear of blood. sufferers of this very common phobia dread the sight of their own blood, the sight of the blood of another person or an animal, and sometimes printed or filmed images of blood or even thoughts of blood. blood may remind them of their own vulnerability to injury and of the eventuality of death. some sufferers of hemophobia experience an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. other sufferers experience an atypical phobic reaction characterized by a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate, causing paleness and weakness. they may even faint. those with the latter reaction may develop a new fear : the fear of fainting. through the ages, writers have done little to calm the fear of blood. in homer ' s iliad, waterways run red with blood as a wrathful achilles harvests his crop of trojans. in shakespeare ' s macbeth, blood becomes a terrifying symbol of guilt to lady macbeth, and she washes her hands raw to rid them of blood, real or imagined. in bram stoker ' s dracula blood becomes the nurture of a vampire. this fear of blood is termed " hemophobia, " a word derived from the greek " haima " ( blood ) and " phobos " ( fear ). other english words derived from " haima " include " hemodialysis " ( a procedure that removes impurities from the blood ), " hemoglobin " ( a blood component that transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body ) and " hemorrhage " ( rapid blood loss ). alternate name for hemophobia : hematophobia. last editorial review : 6 / 14 / 2012 back to medterms online medical dictionary a - z list need help identifying pills and medications? get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!


cancer is a group of abnormal cells often — though not always — consolidated into a mass called a tumor. the common characteristic of all cancer cells is the absence of normal growth control mechanisms. normal, healthy cells grow and reproduce only to replace cells that have died or, in young animals, to support ordinary growth and development. cancer cells have no such restraints ; they keep growing and reproducing even when there is no need for new cells. they often invade and damage or destroy nearby healthy cells. any tissue in a body can develop cancer cells ; no area of a body is immune to cancer. more than 100 types of cancer are known. cancers are named based on the type of cell or organ in which the cancer develops. thus, as an example, hepatocellular carcinoma is a specific type of cancer involving the liver. while many types of cancer cause the development of tumors, not all tumors are malignant ( cancerous ). tumors can be benign ( noncancerous ). benign tumors, while they may need to be treated or removed, are not usually as dangerous as malignant tumors. malignant tumors invade and destroy nearby cells and organs. they can be difficult to remove because of the involvement of nearby organs. further, malignant tumors often spread ( metastasize ) to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the bloodstream. last full review / revision july 2011


throughout his life, durer was in thrall to the idea that the perfect human form corresponded to a system of proportion and measurements and could be generated by using such a system. near the end of his life, he wrote several books codifying his theories, including the underweysung der messung ( manual of measurement ), published in 1525, and vier bucher von menschlichen proportion ( four books of human proportion ), published in 1528 just after his death. durer ' s fascination with ideal form is manifest in adam and eve. the first man and woman are shown in nearly symmetrical idealized poses : each with the weight on one leg, the other leg bent, and each with one arm angled slightly upward from the elbow and somewhat away from the body. the figure of adam is reminiscent of the hellenistic apollo belvedere, excavated in italy late in the fifteenth century. the first engravings of the sculpture were not made until well after 1504, but durer must have seen a drawing of it. durer was a complete master of engraving by 1504 : human and snake skin, animal fur, and tree bark and leaves are rendered distinctively. the branch adam holds is of the mountain ash, the tree of life, while the fig, of which eve has broken off a branch, is from the forbidden tree of knowledge. four of the animals represent the medieval idea of the four temperaments : the cat is choleric, the rabbit sanguine, the ox phlegmatic, and the elk melancholic.


injection molding is a manufacturing process for producing plastic parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials. material is fed into a heated barrel, then mixed and forced into a mold cavity by a reciprocating screw or a ram injector, where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mold cavity. after a part is designed, usually by an industrial designer or an engineer, molds are then manufactured by an injection mold company, where it is assigned to a mold maker or toolmaker. the mold is usually constructed using either steel or aluminum and precision - machined to form the features of the desired part. injection molding is widely used for manufacturing a variety of parts, from the smallest component to entire body panels of cars. plastic injection molding is the preferred process for manufacturing plastic parts. injection molding is used to create many things such as electronic housings, containers, bottle caps, automotive interiors, pocket combs, and most other plastic products available today. it is ideal for producing high volumes of plastic parts, due to the ability of making multi - cavity injection molds, where multiple parts are made with one cycle. some disadvantages of this process are expensive tooling investment, the need to prototype ( some custom complex parts may encounter problems during the injection molding process, such as warp ) and surface defects. glossy surface, diamond buff polish non - glossy surface, paper polish rough surface, stone polish very rough surface, dry blash polish


diseases and conditionsdysthymia pediatric diseases and conditionsmajor depression in adolescents mood disorders in children and adolescents dysthymia, also known as dysthymic disorder, is classified as a type of affective disorder ( also called mood disorder ) that often resembles a less severe, yet more chronic form of major ( clinical ) depression. however, persons with dysthymia may also experience major depressive episodes at times. depression is a mood disorder that involves a child ' s body, mood, and thoughts. it can affect and disrupt eating, sleeping, or thinking patterns, and is not the same as being unhappy or in a " blue " mood, nor is it a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed or wished away. children with a depressive illness cannot merely " pull themselves together " and get better. treatment is often necessary and many times crucial to recovery. there are three primary types of depression, including : major depression ( clinical depression ) bipolar disorder ( manic depression ) dysthymic disorder ( dysthymia ) dysthymia occurs in up to 1. 7 percent of children, and in up to 8 percent of adolescents. although less severe, yet more chronic than major depression, the following are the most common symptoms of dysthymia. however, each adolescent may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : persistent feelings of sadness feeling hopeless or helpless having low self - esteem feelings of wanting to die difficulty with relationships sleep disturbances ( i. e., insomnia, hypersomnia ) changes in appetite or weight irritability, hostility, aggression a decrease in the ability to make decisions suicidal thoughts or attempts frequent physical complaints ( i. e., headache, stomach ache, fatigue ) running away or threats of running away from home loss of interest in usual activities or activities once enjoyed hypersensitivity to failure or rejection for a diagnosis of dysthymia to be made, a depressed or irritable mood must persist for at least one year in children or adolescents and must be accompanied by at least two other major depressive symptoms ( noted above ). the symptoms of dysthymia may resemble other medical problems or psychiatric conditions. always consult your adolescent ' s health care provider for a diagnosis. because depression has shown to often coexist with other psychiatric disorders, such as substance abuse or anxiety disorders, seeking early diagnosis and treatment is crucial to the recovery of your adolescent. a child psychiatrist or other mental health professional usually diagnoses dysthymia following a


to often coexist with other psychiatric disorders, such as substance abuse or anxiety disorders, seeking early diagnosis and treatment is crucial to the recovery of your adolescent. a child psychiatrist or other mental health professional usually diagnoses dysthymia following a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation. an evaluation of the adolescent ' s family, when possible, in addition to information provided by teachers and care providers may also be helpful in making a diagnosis. specific treatment for dysthymia will be determined by your adolescent ' s health care provider based on : your adolescent ' s age, overall health, and medical history extent of your adolescent ' s symptoms your adolescent ' s tolerance for specific medications or therapies expectations for the course of the condition your opinion or preference mood disorders, including dysthymic disorder, can often be effectively treated. treatment should always be based on a comprehensive evaluation of the adolescent and family. treatment may include one, or more, of the following : antidepressant medications ( especially when combined with psychotherapy has shown to be very effective in the treatment of depression in children and teens ) psychotherapy ( most often cognitive - behavioral and / or interpersonal therapy ) for the adolescent ( focused on changing the adolescent ' s distorted views of themselves and the environment around them ; working through difficult relationships ; identifying stressors in the adolescent ' s environment and learning how to avoid them ) consultation with the adolescent ' s school parents play a vital supportive role in any treatment process. dysthymia is associated with an increased risk for major depression if a child or adolescent does not receive appropriate treatment. dysthymia also increases the risk for a child or adolescent to develop other mental health disorders. appropriate treatment helps to reduce the severity of symptoms and the risk for relapse of a depressive episode. because episodes of dysthymia may last for longer than five years, long - term, continued treatment may help to prevent reoccurrence of the depressive symptoms.


no, this is not the moon : credit to bad astronomy, which never disappoints! the nasa probe messenger flew by the planet mercury last week, sending back the first close - up, high - resolution photos of the solar system ' s smallest planet. these images are exciting, and ba says it quite well : but there ’ s a terrible beauty in all these pictures. mercury is a strange little world. hot, dense, battered, cracked … it ’ s as unlike earth as any solid body can be, and it ’ s exactly those contrasts that will help us understand more about planetary geology and environments. we travel the solar system for many reasons — to learn about strange, new worlds ; to discover new science ; to have our brains tickled at the wonder and majesty of nature — but it ’ s funny how so many of these findings wind up helping us understand our own planet. that may not be the only reason we go, or even the most important one, but it ’ s still a fine thing to do. the very reasons to get excited about mercury are the same reasons i love ultrarunning : "... to learn about strange, new worlds ; to discover new science ; to have our brains tickled at the wonder and majesty of nature.... "


the lab technician retested khan ' s blood, and results came back in november. " it was definitely in the lethal range for cyanide in the blood, " cina said. cook county policy is not to perform autopsies on anyone under 50 unless the death is suspicious or an autopsy is requested. cyanide is among the most potent and deadly poisons, but it is not easy to get. the u. s. consumer product safety commission prohibits the retail sale of products with cyanide salts. it is, however, available from industrial sources. it cleans metal and is used in research labs and mining. cyanide can be found in some household products, such as acetonitrile false fingernail remover. there are also tiny quantities of it in cigarette smoke, and even smaller amounts in almonds, the pits of stone fruits such as apricots, and lima beans. someone would have to eat a large quantity of those foods for them to become toxic. " like everything else, dose makes the poison, " said dr. robert geller, medical director of the georgia poison center and an associate professor at emory university school of medicine. he co - wrote a study about cyanide poisoning and pediatric patients. for someone to die from cyanide poisoning, he or she would have to inhale or consume a large quantity, which can cause a quick death, according to geller. if someone received a less severe exposure, such as through eating, the person would show early symptoms of weakness, confusion, headache, dizziness and shortness of breath. if untreated, the person could experience nausea, hypertension, vomiting, coma, seizure and then death due to cardio - respiratory arrest. a person who has been poisoned with cyanide may take on a cherry - red coloring, and the retinal veins and arteries would appear red because the person ' s cells cannot get oxygen from the blood. in a small number of cases, a patient ' s breath may smell like bitter almonds due to the excretion of unmetabolized cyanide, but more often than not it ' s undetectable, according to geller. " in terms of intentional poisonings, you don ' t have a lot of that with cyanide, " geller said. the georgia poison center has handled more than 800, 000 cases of poisoning, he said, and cyanide rarely turned up in those cases.


when dr. samuel w. torrey of beverly, massachusetts, died in 1917, his obituary spoke of his reputation as a “ skillful surgeon, a sound and searching diagnostician, and a wise counselor and devoted friend in general practice. ” becoming deaf as a young man had not prevented him from receiving a degree from the university of vermont, serving as a quartermaster for the union in the civil war, and taking a medical degree at the college of physicians and surgeons in new york city in 1868. he opened a practice in beverly and founded a private hospital which he later donated to the city. in addition to a distinguished reputation, he left behind a small leather drug kit, handwritten notes on the preparation and therapeutic uses of heavy metals, and a casebook of gynecological patients. in his casebook are notations of prescriptions for hydrastis ( goldenseal ), viburnum ( black haw ), podophyllum ( mayapple ), cascara sagrada, and other herbal preparations. in his drug kit are vials of strychnine ( from the seeds of plants in the genus strychnos ), cocaine ( from coca ), heroin and morphine ( from poppies ), and an asthma remedy containing lobelia and boneset, both common native north american plants. on his bookshelf, he quite likely had a copy of a manual of materia medica and pharmacology, a standard reference text of the time containing descriptions and methods of preparing several hundred medicinal plants. yet had you asked dr. torrey if he were an herbal doctor, he would almost surely have denied it. herbal medicine in those times tended to be associated with folk practitioners, whose methods were regarded by the medical community as superstitious at worst, hit - or - miss at best, or with thomsonians, who were regarded as quacks. the followers of samuel thomson ( 1769 - 1843 ) believed that metals and minerals, being heavy and from the earth, would draw a patient down ; plants, which grew upward, elevated one. thomsonians used only botanical materials and steam inhalation therapy. the eclectics were medical doctors who used native american plants and took a broader and more rational view of their therapeutic benefits, but tended to be lumped into the “ quack ” category nevertheless. the metals and minerals shunned by the thomsonians were fundamental to conventional medical practice of the day. the nineteenth century saw great leaps forward in scientific knowledge — an understanding of such important


to be lumped into the “ quack ” category nevertheless. the metals and minerals shunned by the thomsonians were fundamental to conventional medical practice of the day. the nineteenth century saw great leaps forward in scientific knowledge — an understanding of such important principles as the bacterial causes of infection, the circulation of blood, the nature of digestion. but for much of the century, illnesses of all kinds were still regarded as an overexcitement of the body ’ s systems. treatments consisted primarily of measures to subdue rapid pulse, elevated temperature, and other symptoms of disease by bloodletting ( either with leeches or by opening veins ) or thorough purging with toxic substances such as calomel ( mercurous chloride ). dr. torrey ’ s notes include detailed discussions of the preparation and uses not only of calomel and other forms of mercury, but also of arsenic, antimony, copper, zinc, and lead — all of which were used to cause vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, and / or profuse salivation. purging was not inconsistent with herbal treatments. lobelia, samuel thomson ’ s herb of choice, is also poisonous and a strong emitic ( a nickname was “ pukeweed ” ), and dr. torrey ’ s podophyllum was used as a somewhat gentler alternative to calomel. then, as now, herbal and allopathic ( conventional ) medicine had similar aims but a philosophical gap between “ scientific ” and “ natural ”. the common ground, one feels on reading dr. torrey ’ s casebook, is a careful attention to the individual patient that is a hallmark of herbal medical practice but is too often lost in allopathic medicine today. judging from his notes, this highly respected professional spent careful, extensive time in examining, counseling, and treating patients. whether middle - class housewives, immigrant maids, or “ lost ” women, whether paying or non - paying, whether gravely ill or clearly hypochondriac, dr. torrey ’ s patients had the benefit of a kind of care that transcends the form and content of the pills he administered. herbal derivatives in dr. torrey ’ s medical kit the therapeutic uses of the herbs listed here are among those espoused in the nineteenth century ; they have not necessarily held up to the present day. belladonna. deadly nightshade ( atropa belladonna ). a perennial herb of the nightshade family ( other members include potatoes,


appetite, gastric secretions, and bile flow. constricts blood vessels, reduces muscle spasms ; slightly sedative, strongly antibacterial. used to treat chronic dyspepsia, cystitis, constipation, bronchitis, jaundice, gonorrhea, hemorrhoids, fissured nipples, etc. lobelia. indian tobacco ( lobelia inflata ). a north american annual herb of the lobelia family. narcotic, purgative, nerve tonic ; stimulates respiration and discharge of phlegm ; induces vomiting and sweating ; reduces inflammation ; promotes urination. used to treat asthma, croup, whooping cough, constipation. podophyllum. mayapple ( podophyllum peltatum ). a low - growing north american perennial herb of the barberry family. slow - acting laxative, irritant. increases intestinal secretions, bile flow, induces vomiting. has been called “ vegetable calomel ” for its action on the liver. used to treat constipation, torpid liver, diarrhea, jaundice, syphilis, etc. veratrum. false or american hellebore ( veratrum viride ). a tall, leafy north american perennial herb of the lily family. sedative, irritant. induces vomiting and sweating, slows heart rate, lowers blood pressure, paralyzes the spine. used to treat heart disease, typhoid, pneumonia, spinal spasms. viburnum. black haw ( viburnum prunifolium ). a small north american tree of the honeysuckle family. nerve tonic, astringent. promotes urination, relieves spasms. used to treat threatened miscarriage, nervous diseases of pregnancy, abnormally profuse menstrual flow, pain following childbirth, asthma, hysteria. lyons, albert s., and r. joseph petrucelli, ii. medicine : an illustrated history, new york : harry n. abrams, inc., 1978. warner, john harley. the therapeutic perspective : medical practice, knowledge, and identity in america, 1820 - 1885. cambridge, massachusetts : harvard university press, 1986. right : dr. torrey ’ s medical kit and notes speak between the lines about the role of herbs in nineteenth - century medicine. linda ligon is the former editorial director of herbs for health. dr.


bell ' s palsy is an unexplained episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis that begins suddenly and worsens over three to five days. this condition results from damage to the 7th ( facial ) cranial nerve, and pain and discomfort usually occurs on one side of the face or head. it can strike anyone at any age, but it occurs most often in pregnant women, and people who have diabetes, influenza, a cold or another upper respiratory ailment. according to the national institute of neurological disorders and stroke, this nerve disorder affects about 40, 000 u. s. adults and children each year. bell ' s palsy strikes men and woman equally. it is less common before age 15 or after age 60. bell ' s palsy is not considered permanent, but in rare cases it does not disappear. currently, there is no known cure for bell ' s palsy ; however, recovery usually begins two weeks to six months from the onset of the symptoms. the majority of people with bell ' s palsy recover full facial strength and expression. a specific cause of bell ' s palsy is unknown, however, it has been suggested that the disorder is due to inflammation that is directed by the body ' s immune system against the nerve controlling movement of the face. the weakness or symptoms seen in bell ' s palsy is sometimes associated with the following : - high blood pressure - lyme disease - guillain - barre syndrome - myasthenia gravis - infection, especially following a viral infection with herpes simplex virus ( a virus that is related to the cause of the common " cold sores " of the mouth ) these conditions cause weakness through a different mechanism than the usual inflammation of bell ' s palsy. click image to enlarge the following are the most common symptoms of bell ' s palsy. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : - disordered movement of the muscles that control facial expressions, such as smiling, squinting, blinking, or closing the eyelid - loss of feeling in the face - loss of the sense of taste on the front two - thirds of the tongue - hypersensitivity to sound in the affected ear - inability to close the eye on the affected side of the face the symptoms of bell ' s palsy may resemble other conditions or medical problems. always consult your doctor for a diagnosis. one uniformly recommended treatment for bell ' s palsy is protecting the eye from drying at nighttime or while working at a computer. eye care, which


catalyst volume 22 issue 3 this issue of catalyst includes the following articles : the price of rice this article looks at how genetics has increased yields of rice, a staple food for billions of people. what causes the aurora? the aurora borealis is caused by the interaction of the solar wind with the earth ' s magnetic field. this article explains how satellites are testing thoeires of how this happens. this catalyst article looks at the changing definition of the kilogram, a unit of mass and a base unit in the si system ( the international system of units ). what ' s in a cell? this catalyst article explores the complex structure of cells, and numerous theories of how they were formed. this article looks at how californians are being encouraged to prepare for the next big earthquake. seven billion - and counting the human population of earth has reached seven billion. this article explores the impact human activity may have on the planet. marie curie - a life of discovery this article looks at marie curie who discovered two radioactive elements and showed that radioactivity was a property of atoms, not compounds. going bananas about radioactivity this article looks at how we are exposed to radiation from many different sources, including the food we eat - even bananas. catalyst is a science magazine for students aged 14 - 19 years. annual subscriptions to print copies of the magazine can be purchased from mindsets. health and safety any use of a resource that includes a practical activity must include a risk assessment. please note that collections may contain archive resources, which were developed at a much earlier date. since that time there have been significant changes in the rules and guidance affecting laboratory practical work. further information is provided in our health and safety guidance.


the island of colombia is located in south america and has the third largest spanish speaking population in the world. because of its geographical location in relation to the equator, the climate of colombia is tropical and isothermal ( constant temperature ). the tourism industry of colombia has been rapidly growing since the 1940 ' s and there are many areas that are popular for tourists and festivals that draw in high numbers of people from all over the world. located in pasca, colombia the archeological was founded by the catholic priest jaime hincapie santamaria. the museum is home to a large collection of pre - colombian relics and chibchan mummies, the now extinct muisca tribe. there is also a replica of the famous golden ship balsa muisca and a natural zoo and a large insectary. the museum of gold is home to the malagana treasure which is a group of gold and other artifacts plundered in 1992 by a mob during a “ gold rush ”. the gold originally came from a cemetery near hacienda malagana, located in western colombia and was discovered in 1992. over 150 ancient gold relics were seized during this endeavor and these relics represent the tombs where they had been placed many centuries before. during 2004, the museum underwent extensive renovations and once the project was completed in 2007, the museum viewers experienced newer and improved displays which explained the culture and history surrounding the malagana treasure. the monumento a los lanceros is a large sculpture complex that was designed by the colombian artist rodrigo arenas bentancur. the vargas swamp lancers was designed as a memorial to honor of the vargas swamp battle which occurred in july of 1815. it is recognized as the largest monument in colombia and depicts the 14 lancers commanded by colonel juan jose rondon. the sculpture is made of bronze and stands 33 meters high with 14 soldiers and their horses suspended in mid - air and framed by a concrete structure. the colombian city of medellin is the site of the annual festival of the flowers. the celebration is one of the most important in the city and the main feature is the silleteros parade, a pageant, automobiles, a pasa fino equestrian parade and musical entertainment. the first festival took place in 1957 and consisted of a display of flowers located in the metropolitan cathedral, which was organized by the gardening society of medellin. malpelo island is 300 miles off the east coast of colombia and this region is home to the world heritage site, malpelo nature reserve. the island is home to some 500 hammerheads and silk


by the gardening society of medellin. malpelo island is 300 miles off the east coast of colombia and this region is home to the world heritage site, malpelo nature reserve. the island is home to some 500 hammerheads and silk sharks and is one of the few places in the world where the smalltooth sand tiger has been seen. the unesco foundation named it a protected area to preserve the biodiversity of this unique island. there are many wonderful places in colombia that offer stellar lodgings and the finest amenities possible. the hotel morrison in bogotb is in one of the most recognized commercial areas in all of colombia. the rooms are decorated in an exquisite european style and have marble fixtures throughout. the location is in an area rife with restaurants, bars, clubs, shopping and entertainment. the sofitel altamira hotel is located at the city entrance and within minutes of a golf course and fine dining restaurants. the hotel offers guests horse back riding, tennis courts and three swimming pools and activities that cater exclusively to children. there is also 24 - hour concierge service, dry cleaning, a porter, an overnight shoe shine, a beauty parlor and spa located on the grounds of the hotel. colombia is filled with exciting latin nightlife, street vendors who sell precious gems and is the cultural and intellectual hub of south america.


( naturalnews ) according to finnish researchers, a diet rich in carotenoids such as lycopene and beta - carotene may significantly lower the risk of stroke for men. higher concentrations of carotenoids in the blood were associated with as much as a 55 - 59 percent decrease in the likelihood of having a stroke during the 12 - year study of over 1, 000 finnish men aged 46 - 65. fruit and vegetable consumption and carotenoid concentration in the blood has gradually been gaining a positive reputation in maintaining cardiovascular health. lycopene ( commonly found in tomatoes and watermelon ) and beta - carotene ( which can be found in carrots, pumpkin, and spinach ) are two of the chief carotenoids believed to help in the prevention of stroke. the magic of carotenoids carotenoids have numerous preventive effects. they have been renowned for their ability to help prevent lung and prostate cancer, and their antioxidant properties may be responsible for preventing the build - up of plaque in the arteries, which is a crucial contributor to heart disease and stroke. these benefits may arise as much from the general diet and lifestyle that accompany the consumption of large amounts of carotenoid - containing vegetables. because of this, scientists are unable to draw a causal connection between carotenoids and stroke. the research is promising ; however, and researchers and public health advocates alike are eager to point to results of studies like this to encourage a well - rounded, veggie - heavy diet. the highest concentrations of carotenoids can be found in fruits and vegetables with red, orange, and yellow skins or flesh. heavy hitters include tomato paste, sweet potatoes, carrot juice, papayas, citrus fruits, and leafy greens. aim for at least five servings of fruits and vegetables each day, and eat carotenoid - containing foods with a source of fat to help your body absorb the nutrients properly. supplements may also be effective, although fewer studies have demonstrated a strong connection between carotenoid pills and improved cardiovascular health. most physicians recognize the value of these amazing antioxidants but also recommend a varied, nutritious diet and regular physical activity as the best way to promote cardiovascular health. in addition, although the study did not extend to women or young individuals, researchers expect that a diet high in carotenoids and fruits and vegetables will hold similar preventive effects for the general population. about the author : katie brindamour


. in addition, although the study did not extend to women or young individuals, researchers expect that a diet high in carotenoids and fruits and vegetables will hold similar preventive effects for the general population. about the author : katie brindamour is a certified health education specialist and passionate health and wellness freelance writer. she enjoys cooking, yoga, gardening, searching for the perfect wine and chocolate combination, and spending time with friends. she has a masters in biology and is currently pursuing her phd in health services management and policy. she also enjoys blogging for women ' s healthcare topics and healthline networks. free online report shows how we can save america through a nutrition health care revolution. " eating healthy is patriotic! " click here to read it now... healing power of sunlight and vitamin d in this exclusive interview, dr. michael holick reveals fascinating facts on how vitamin d is created and used in the human body to ward off chronic diseases like cancer, osteoporosis, mental disorders and more. click here to read it now... get the full story the international medical council on vaccination has released, exclusively through naturalnews. com, a groundbreaking document containing the signatures of physicians, brain surgeons and professors, all of which have signed on to a document stating that vaccines pose a significant risk of harm to the health of children. click here to read it now... ranger storable organics gmo - free, chemical - free foods and superfoods for long - term storage and preparedness. see selection at www. storableorganics. com


community indetail, part 3 myths and realities myth 1 : institutions are the best setting for some individuals with severe intellectual and developmental disabilities. four groups of people are often cited as the most difficult to serve in the community. - medically fragile : some institution residents have complex medical conditions such as seizure disorder, aspiration risk, and dysphagia, requiring intensive medical support. if skilled nursing and medical planning are provided, successful community placement of people with complex medical issues can be ensured ( kozma et al., 2003 ). - dual diagnoses : half of institution residents have a condition requiring psychiatric attention ( lakin et al., 2009 ). often people with dual diagnoses need high levels of services and supports that require integrated interventions from both id / dd and mental health providers. often id / dd providers do not have the capacity to provide treatment for mental health issues, and mental health providers do not have the capacity to provide self - care supports to address id / dd issues. joint system planning can be difficult because the two types of services are available through different funding streams ( day, 2009 ). - involved with the criminal justice system : developmental services agencies are expected to serve a public safety function for these individuals. this can be challenging in the context of developing a system designed to promote self - determination and community participation ( bascom, 2009 ). - older people who have spent many years in the institution : older residents who have spent many years in an institution present several challenges ; they ( or their parents or guardians ) may feel that the institution is their home and they do not want to be uprooted. many have never had the experience of living in the community. some states have developed specific strategies to meet the needs of challenging populations, including those with the most significant challenges. people with co - occurring developmental disabilities and mental illnesses and older adults with developmental disabilities are particularly vulnerable populations. they face barriers to services related to a lack of coordination and collaboration across service systems, as well as gaps in research, clinical expertise, and access to appropriate programs. this lack of coordination has many causes, including separate systems for financing services ; a reluctance by mental health and developmental disabilities systems to allocate scarce resources for a high - needs population that could be served in another service system ; established provider networks that are not cross - trained ; and the evolution of advocacy movements emphasizing different priorities. in many cases, specific barriers to service may be both a cause and a result of the lack of coordination across systems. in 2002, the surgeon


; established provider networks that are not cross - trained ; and the evolution of advocacy movements emphasizing different priorities. in many cases, specific barriers to service may be both a cause and a result of the lack of coordination across systems. in 2002, the surgeon general addressed the needs of vulnerable populations in a national blueprint to improve the health of persons with [ mental retardation ]. states and advocates have implemented strategies and programs to address the needs of people with complex medical needs, dual diagnoses, and older adults with development disabilities. for example : - to facilitate the closure of agnews developmental center, california created 23 licensed homes in the community that provide sophisticated medical support ( sb 962 homes ). although they are expensive ( an average monthly cost of $ 15, 000 per person ), they seem to be meeting the needs of a medically fragile population ( california health and human service agency, 2010 ). - in 2008, tennessee opened a 16 - bed icf / dd with medical services including 24 - hour nursing care. - missouri advocates founded the association on aging with developmental disabilities to increase awareness of the importance of providing community - based services and support focusing on older adults with developmental disabilities. - the florida department of elder affairs sponsored training for service providers on meeting the needs of aging people with developmental disabilities. ( www. adrc - tae. org / tiki - download _ file. php? fileid = 30426 ) - as part of a federal lawsuit settlement, the state of hawaii is required to take specific steps to identify people with developmental disabilities within the mental health system and ensure that there are smooth discharges from the state psychiatric hospital. - in 2008, the new jersey department of human services convened the dual diagnosis task force to examine and resolve the serious lack of services, unmet service needs, and other significant obstacles to receiving mental health and developmental disability services. the task force made recommendations on a framework for change that would enable the service system to effectively serve the needs of children and adults with developmental disabilities and co - occurring mental health and / or behavior disorders. - oregon and several other states use person - centered planning, coupled with individual budgeting, to adequately address complex individual needs. - maryland ’ s rosewood center placed 17 of the 30 court - committed individuals in the community and 13 in a secure residential facility to ensure public safety. in the community, the individuals were placed in small residences with a range of supports, including one - to - one supervision and / or awake overnight supervision, or creative monitoring in a small ( up


13 in a secure residential facility to ensure public safety. in the community, the individuals were placed in small residences with a range of supports, including one - to - one supervision and / or awake overnight supervision, or creative monitoring in a small ( up to three individuals ) residential setting with day, vocational, or supported employment services. monitoring may include oversight by another agency ( regular reporting to a probation officer through the department of corrections ) or monitoring devices ( alarmed windows and doors ) ( maryland developmental disabilities administration, 2008 ). myth 2 : the quality of care cannot be assured in a community - based residential setting. opponents of institutional closure argue that it is easier to monitor the quality of a small number of large institutions rather than a large number of smaller facilities. proponents of deinstitutionalization admit that “ in the early phases of deinstitutionalization, efforts to develop quality assurance strategies suited to community services were sometimes subordinated in the rush to meet court - ordered deadlines ” ( bradley and kimmich, 2003 ). most states have now developed mechanisms to monitor the quality of community - based services. however, no quality assurance mechanism is foolproof, and incidents of abuse, neglect, and even death occur in the community, just as they do in institutions. we have found no studies comparing the rate of adverse incidents in the community with the rate in institutional settings. family, friends, and neighbors play important roles in assuring safety and service quality for people in community - based settings. several researchers found that family presence and participation in the person ’ s life can be an important safeguard for security and service quality ( lemay, 2009 ) and should be regarded as the most important and dependable source of quality assurance. although there are few specific federal requirements as to how states must assure quality, states must persuade the centers for medicare and medicaid services ( cms ) that the state can assure health and welfare. cms has established a quality framework that addresses access, pcp and service delivery, provider capacity, participant safeguards, rights and responsibilities, outcomes and satisfaction, and system performance. though it is not regulatory, it provides a framework for certain expectations of quality outcomes for hcbs waiver program services. in recent years, most states and communities have increased regulation or oversight of community - based services. most states have multifaceted systems of quality assurance, including the participation of different stakeholders in and outside government and the service system. systems of quality assurance include the following ( from bascom, 2009 ) : - licensure


community - based services. most states have multifaceted systems of quality assurance, including the participation of different stakeholders in and outside government and the service system. systems of quality assurance include the following ( from bascom, 2009 ) : - licensure : group homes and other community residences where three or more unrelated people with disabilities live require licensure. - quality management reviews : reviewers assess medicaid - funded services to ensure compliance with state and federal medicaid standards. in vermont, for example, site visits are conducted every two years, with follow - up as appropriate. - guardianship : public guardians who are provided to adults with developmental disabilities play distinct quality assurance functions. they are expected to have regular ( in some states at least monthly ) face - to - face contact with the people for whom they are guardians and to monitor their welfare and quality of life and advocate for appropriate services. - safety and accessibility checks : all residences of people with developmental disabilities are inspected for compliance with safety and accessibility standards. - consumer and family surveys : annually, about 25 states participate in the national association of state directors of developmental disability services and human services research institute nci survey, which canvasses consumer and family members to measure the satisfaction of people receiving services and to measure what services people report receiving. ( http : / / www2. hsri. org / nci ) - critical incident reporting process : most states have a critical incident reporting process, whereby developmental disability service providers report to the state developmental disability agency when certain incidents take place, such as the death of someone receiving services ; use of restrictive procedures ; allegations of abuse, neglect, or exploitation ; or criminal behavior by or against someone receiving services. - grievance and appeals : the only formal federal requirement for developmental disability service providers is that they provide rights of appeal for eligibility decisions. however, many states require each developmental disability service provider to have written grievance and appeals procedures and to inform applicants and service recipients of that process. - abuse complaints : any human service provider is legally required to file an immediate report of any suspected abuse, neglect, or exploitation of a vulnerable adult. - medicaid fraud unit : the medicaid fraud unit is a specially staffed unit within the office of the attorney general. it investigates allegations of criminal activity, including abuse, neglect, or exploitation, in any medicaid - funded facility or involving a person receiving medicaid - funded supports. - service coordination : the role of service coordinator or case manager often includes the functions of monitoring and advocacy. in


including abuse, neglect, or exploitation, in any medicaid - funded facility or involving a person receiving medicaid - funded supports. - service coordination : the role of service coordinator or case manager often includes the functions of monitoring and advocacy. in some states, the service coordinator is the focal point for individual - based quality assurance at the local level. - advocacy : empowered service users and families are powerful components in the quality assurance chain. self - advocacy groups work to empower people with disabilities to learn about their rights, step forward, and speak for themselves. in addition, advocacy organizations such as the arc provide information, support, and advocacy for people with disabilities and their families. - other organizations : other organizations develop the capacity to monitor specific groups of people. for example, the guardianship trust in vermont provides regular, structured individually based citizen monitoring of residential services provided by the state. brandon training school association is an alliance of parents and other people concerned with the well - being of former residents of brandon training school. myth 3 : community - based settings do not offer the same level of safety as institutional settings. all states take measures to make sure that people, whether living in institutions or in the community, are healthy, safe, and protected from harm. however, if the state ’ s safeguards are not rigorous, closely enforced, and monitored, people with developmental disabilities are not safe, regardless of where they live. two significant factors increase the risk of abuse and neglect : isolation from family and a system that rewards compliant attitudes among people with developmental disabilities ( valenti - hein and schwartz, 1995 ). the nci 2009 – 2010 survey shows that the majority of people with id / dd feel safe in their home, in their neighborhood, and their work / day program / daily activity. more than 90 percent of the individuals surveyed reported that they have someone to go to when they feel afraid. nevertheless, some opponents of deinstitutionalization claim that the safeguards offered in the community are inadequate to ensure the physical safety of a very vulnerable population. based on newspaper reports, protection and advocacy investigations, and state investigations, it is clear that instances of abuse and neglect occur in community settings, and some of them result in unnecessary deaths. however, the same can be said about institutions. for example, the 2009 “ fight club ” incident, in which institution workers forced residents to fight one another while employees taped the incidents on their cell phones, made national news. in 2007, the atlanta journal - constitution published an expose on state mental health hospitals


example, the 2009 “ fight club ” incident, in which institution workers forced residents to fight one another while employees taped the incidents on their cell phones, made national news. in 2007, the atlanta journal - constitution published an expose on state mental health hospitals that revealed more than 100 suspicious deaths of patients during the previous five years ( judd, 2010 ). the 2002 death of brian kent in kiley center in waukegan, illinois, revealed a pattern of neglect caused by unprofessional attitudes, administrative indifference, lack of competence, and caregiver fatigue ( equip for equality, 2008 ). as systems of care become more sophisticated and mature, states are able to move toward increasing their quality assurance efforts to protect health and safety. missouri, for example, has instituted a health identification planning system, which represents the quality monitoring process for the discovery and remediation of health and safety concerns for individuals in division of developmental disability community residential services. a health inventory tool is completed on all people when they enter a community placement and annually, as well as when there are significant health changes. regional office registered nurses complete nursing reviews on individuals with a defined score on their health inventory. these reviews evaluate the provider ’ s health supports and services, evaluate the individual ’ s response to treatment, and identify unmet health care needs. missouri also created an office of constituent services to serve as an advocate for people with id / dd. myth 4 : mortality rates are higher in the community for individuals with id / dd than in institutions. older adults or adults who are medically fragile have a higher mortality rate regardless of where they live ( or their geographic location ). as a result, mortality comparisons are not straightforward and require complex statistical approaches. for example, a massachusetts study on deaths showed that the average age at death varied across residential settings. the study indicated generally that the average age of death for each residential setting reflects the relative age and health status of the residents in each of the residential settings. the study also showed that mortality rates are lowest among people living at home or with family. ( center for developmental disabilities evaluation and research ( cdder ), 2010 ). the study showed that people with developmental disabilities generally died of the same causes as the general population. heart disease remained the leading cause of death and alzheimer ’ s disease the second leading cause. the massachusetts department of developmental services ( dds ), in collaboration with the cdder, has focused on the health status of people with developmental disabilities. examples of projects they have taken on in massachusetts include the following


’ s disease the second leading cause. the massachusetts department of developmental services ( dds ), in collaboration with the cdder, has focused on the health status of people with developmental disabilities. examples of projects they have taken on in massachusetts include the following : - identification and customization of a health screening tool for use by direct supportive providers - development of preventive health guidelines for individuals with mental retardation - root cause analysis training and support - incident management protocol development - mapping the community - based system of mental health and physical health supports - annual mortality reports - annual quality assurance reports and the development of web - based quality briefs - implementation of the dds stop falls pilot to identify patterns and risk factors for falls among people with id / dd - implementation and evaluation of a pilot study of dds ’ s new health promotion and coordination initiative - support in development of training modules for community providers - quantitative analysis of clinical service capacity within the residential provider system - analysis of medicaid pharmacy utilization claims data an increasing number of states conduct mortality studies, review each death, and have proactively begun programs and initiatives to improve the health status of people with developmental disabilities. however, adults with developmental disabilities are more likely to develop chronic health conditions at younger ages than other adults due to biological factors related to syndromes and associated developmental disabilities, limited access to adequate health care, and lifestyle and environmental issues. they have higher rates of obesity, sedentary behaviors, and poor nutritional habits than the general population ( yamaki, 2005 ). most studies find that the mortality rate is comparable across settings or is favorable in community settings. for example : - conroy and adler ( 1998 ) found improved survival for people leaving the pennhurst institution for life in the community and no evidence of transfer trauma. - lerman, apgar, and jordan ( 2003 ) found the death ratio of 150 movers who left a new jersey institution was quite comparable to a matched group of 150 stayers after controlling for critical high risk variables. - heller et al. ( 1998 ) found that, although transitions from institutions or nursing homes to community settings may result in short - term stress and risks that may affect mortality ( transfer trauma ), the long - term survival rates improve. - hsieh et al. ( 2009 ) found that, regardless of residential location, those who had a greater variation in the physical environment and greater involvement in social activities had a lower risk of mortality. despite such findings, opponents of deinstitutionalization continue to use the mortality argument. in its advocacy


pope benedict writes nothing new in jesus of nazareth : part 2 when he states that the jewish people are not collectively responsible for jesus ’ death. readers will be pardoned if they think otherwise, since some media outlets have treated the holy father ’ s statements as if they were revelations. perhaps that ’ s understandable, given the history of the relations between christians and jews. but it ’ s still not news. likewise, readers may think pope benedict has said something novel about a related topic — the conversion ( or non - conversion ) of jews to christianity. according to some reports, christians shouldn ’ t try to convert jews, in benedict ’ s view. is that so? what does benedict actually say? let ’ s begin with what he doesn ’ t say. he doesn ’ t say that jews shouldn ’ t become christians, that jews shouldn ’ t recognize jesus as the messiah. nor does he say christians shouldn ’ t try to convert jews. some background should help. in speaking of jesus ’ discourse about the destruction of the temple in a. d. 70 and the end of the world, pope benedict explains the place of evangelization in the unfolding of history. he quotes st. bernard of clairvaux ’ s words to pope eugene iii that he needn ’ t concern himself with the conversion of the jewish people ; god has left the matter until the time when “ the full number of the gentiles ” to become christians has been reached ( pp. 44 - 45 ). benedict then quotes commentator hildegard brem, who says that bernard ’ s comments reflect roman 11 : 25, which brem interprets to mean that “ the church must not concern herself with the conversion of the jews, since she must wait for the time fixed for this by god, ‘ until the full number of the gentiles come in ’ ” ( p. 45 ). it ’ s clear that benedict thinks israel, in some sense, “ retains its own mission ” ( p. 46 ). the church ’ s mission, on the other hand, is to focus on the gentiles. he interprets the lord ’ s teaching about the destruction of the temple as linked to the “ times of the gentiles ” — an unspecified period between the time of jesus and the end of the world. during the “ times of the gentiles, ” “ the evangelization of the gentiles ” is “ the disciples ’ particular task — thanks above all to the special commission given to paul as a duty and a grace


of the world. during the “ times of the gentiles, ” “ the evangelization of the gentiles ” is “ the disciples ’ particular task — thanks above all to the special commission given to paul as a duty and a grace ” ( p. 46 ). in other words, the age of the church stresses converting the gentiles to the message of jesus, not converting jews. but it ’ s an illicit jump from saying that the focus of the church during the “ times of the gentiles ” is on non - jews to concluding that christians should not evangelize jews. does benedict mean that christians should never present jesus as messiah to the jewish people? is jesus the gentile - only messiah? are there, in fact, two covenants, one for jews ( the mosaic covenant ) and one for gentiles ( the new covenant of jesus )? benedict says none of the above. he maintains jesus to be the messiah of everyone — jews as well as gentiles. it is also clear that the holy father doesn ’ t oppose presenting jesus to the jews as the messiah. the pope writes that “ the nucleus of jesus ’ eschatological message includes the proclamation of an age of the nations, during which the gospel must be brought to the whole world and to all people ” ( p. 46 ). the “ whole world ” means the “ whole world ” and “ all people ” means “ all people, ” including the jewish people. what ’ s more, benedict insists, based on romans 11 : 25, that, ultimately, “ all israel ” will come to accept jesus as messiah. at the same time, it is clear that pope benedict believes that the focus of evangelization during the “ times of the gentiles ” should be non - jews. he does not repudiate a “ mission to israel ” as much as de - emphasize it in preference to evangelizing the rest of the world. why? benedict ’ s thinking about the “ times of the gentiles ” is shaped by st. paul in 2 corinthians 3 : 14 - 16, who speaks of a sort of spiritual veil over the eyes of israel in its reading of the old testament and its failure to see jesus as the messiah. in romans 11 : 25, paul speaks of the majority of israel ’ s not embracing jesus for a time as a providential plan to bring the gentiles into god ’ s people. some christians have promoted evangelizing the jewish people as a way