infidel, as in the case of rousseau, is sometimes constrained to utter its testimony aloud ; and at other times, when danger comes or death threatens, his alarm and terror divulge the truth, that his rock is not as our rock, himself being judge. unhappy infidel! is there a god? hast thou an immortal soul? until thou canst, with unfaltering hardihood, answer, no to both these inquiries, do not cast away from thee the bible, the book of god, the light of immortality. though the bible was written by inspired men, they are to be regarded merely as the instruments chosen, fitted, and employed by god, for the production of this work. god himself is the author of the bible. when we read its sacred pages, we should realize that god speaks to us, and when we suffer it to lie neglected, we should remember that we are refusing to listen to god, when he proffers to instruct us on subjects of infinite moment. the bible contains the testimony of god, and is therefore a rule of faith. the declarations of an honest man ought to be believed, much more ought those which are made by the god of truth ; " if we receive the witness of men, the witness of god is greater. " to reject the testimony of god, is to make him a liar. to call a fellow - man a liar, is to offer an insult of the grossest character. this insult we offer to the great god, when we refuse to receive his testimony, given to us in his holy word. the bible contains the precepts of god, and is therefore a rule of duty. we are bound to obey the commands of parents and civil rulers, but god has a higher claim on our obedience. he is our father in heaven, and the supreme lawgiver of the universe. against this high authority we rebel, when we refuse to obey the precepts of the bible. the bible contains the promises of god, and is therefore a rule of hope. it determines, not only what we are to believe and to do, but also what we are to expect. it presents, as the foundation of our hope, the promise and the oath of god, two immutable things, in which it is impossible for god to lie. we look to him as the rewarder of those that diligently seek him, and all our confidence respecting the nature and extent of this reward, and the certainty of our obtaining it,


things, in which it is impossible for god to lie. we look to him as the rewarder of those that diligently seek him, and all our confidence respecting the nature and extent of this reward, and the certainty of our obtaining it, is founded on the sure word of prophecy, the bible. whether, as a rule of faith, of duty, or of hope, the authority of the bible is supreme. we may rely on the testimony of men, but they sometimes deceive us. we may regulate our conduct by the command of those who are over us, or by the dictates of our own conscience, but rulers may command what is wrong, and conscience is not infallible. we may cherish hopes founded on human promises, or the natural tendencies of things, but human promises are often delusive, and the promises of nature are buds which, however beautiful and fragrant, are often blasted before they produce fruit. god never deceives. " the grass withereth, and the flower thereof falleth away, but the word of the lord endureth forever. " when the bible speaks, all else may be silent, and its decisions leave no room for doubt and admit no appeal. the authority of the bible is independent. it was not conferred on it by the inspired men who wrote it ; nor does it derive any from the persons who have transmitted it to us. the purest church on earth cannot invest it with authority ; much less can the corrupt church of rome. the inspired writers referred the authority of what they wrote to god ; and here it must rest. the transcribers of the manuscripts, who have been the agents of providence in preserving and transmitting the sacred volume to us, and the printers and bookbinders by whose labors this volume is so widely circulated, have conferred no authority on it, and it has received as little from the church of rome as from these. it possesses authority simply because it is the word of god. the authority of the bible is immediate. its address is directly from god, and directly to the mind and heart of every individual reader. we have no mediator but christ, and no infallible interpreter but the holy spirit. we may derive assistance from men in understanding the bible, but they have no right to understand it for us. we should employ our own minds in the study of god ' s word, and allow no human interpreter to intervene between god and our own conscience. we should say, each one for himself, " speak


they have no right to understand it for us. we should employ our own minds in the study of god ' s word, and allow no human interpreter to intervene between god and our own conscience. we should say, each one for himself, " speak, lord, for thy servant heareth. " what a precious gift is the bible! who will not prize it? who will not bind it to his heart? we stand on the narrow isthmus of life, between two oceans, the boundless past and the boundless future. the records of eternity past are beyond our reach, but the ancient of days has opened them, and has revealed to us in the bible whatever it is necessary that we should know. the vanishing present is all important to us, because on it depends our everlasting all, but who will instruct us how to use the swiftly passing moments as we ought? the only wise god has condescended to speak to us in the bible, and to teach us how to order our steps in life ' s short way, so as to insure life eternal. the future world is just before us. for myself, i realize that i am standing on the shore of the boundless ocean, with but an inch of crumbling sand remaining. i hear the shrieks of the dying infidel at my side, to whose view all is covered with impenetrable darkness. he, too, has come to the brink, and would gladly refuse to proceed, but he cannot. perplexed, terrified, shuddering, he plunges in and sinks, he knows not whither. how precious, at this trying moment, is the book of god! how cheering this light from heaven! before it i see the shades retiring. the bible lifts its torch - - nay, not a feeble torch, such as reason may raise, to shine on the darkness and render it visible ; the bible sheds the light of the noonday sun on the vast prospect before me, and enables me, tranquil and joyful, to launch into eternity with the full assurance of hope. mortals, hastening to the retributions of eternity, be wise ; receive the revelation from heaven presented to you in the bible ; attend diligently to its instructions, and reverence its authority, as the word of the final judge before whom you will soon appear. 2 tim. iii. 16. 1 cor. xiv. 37. 2 peter i. 19, 20, 21 ; macknight ' s translation. brown ' s


i ’ m sure everyone reading this has heard the debate over whether that top dog free operating system should be called “ linux ” or “ gnu / linux ”, but how big a contribution is gnu or linux to that operating system? as conventional wisdom has it, it ’ s the availability of applications that make a system valuable, and this is where free software really shines. linux contributes only about 6 % to the cost value of a full operating system, but then again, gnu contributes only about 15 % — who do we have to thank for the remaining 79 %?! and why don ’ t we hear them complaining about what it ’ s called? this isn ’ t really about “ gnu / linux ”, it ’ s really about asking “ where does free software come from? ” in order to answer that question in any really definitive way, of course, you first have to collect all the relevant free software applications into one giant collection so you can do statistical analysis on them. wouldn ’ t it be nice if somebody would do that for us? debian gnu / linux represents the largest such collection in existence, and with something like 15, 000 packages, it comes pretty close to representing the “ universe ” of free software ( or at least, “ working ” free software, there ’ s plenty more that isn ’ t ready for prime time yet, as a quick look at sourceforge will tell you ). debian will do nicely. meanwhile david wheeler ( who you may recall is an occasional contributor to free software magazine ), wrote a package called sloccount to count “ physical source lines of code ” ( sloc ) in software projects, as well as evaluate them in terms of their “ estimated replacement cost if they had to be redeveloped from scratch according to proprietary methods ”, represented by their “ constructive cost model ” ( cocomo ) costs ( which was, of course, originally developed to help managers estimate the cost of proprietary software development projects ). this model is convenient to use, because it only needs physical source lines of code as an input, and that ’ s the easiest thing to collect. there are more sophisticated cost models out there ( cocomo ii for a start ), but they require more sophisticated input, and are therefore harder to use on a large automated estimation project. so cocomo i it is. observing these two wonderful facts, a group of researchers in spain decided to have a go at debian with sloccount, and published their results. their interests are in things like what programming languages were used


. so cocomo i it is. observing these two wonderful facts, a group of researchers in spain decided to have a go at debian with sloccount, and published their results. their interests are in things like what programming languages were used, but the complete data set can be used to answer some other questions, too. including the question of who writes free software. the dataset lists sloc, package size, and cocomo estimated cost for each package considered. the packages are meant to cover the entire bulk of debian source packages, but without overly duplicating code ( for example, if two closely related branches exist, pick only one of them ). this makes sense, because presumeably the code was only developed once, and so copying didn ’ t cost much ( some would say that ' s the whole point of free software ). so, in the end, they have 8, 560 packages listed for sarge ( not the entire set, but fairly close ). less for earlier distributions, of course. now where do they come from? one way to estimate affiliation is by looking for dashed package names : for example, it ’ s probably fair to count, say, mozilla - suite as both being products of the mozilla project. even if such a package is actually maintained by a third party, it ’ s still part of the “ mozilla culture ” surrounding the mozilla project. many large free software projects are like that : a well organized core with a halo of unaffiliated supporters. for the gnu project, however, there is a simpler way : they have a list. which is nice, because they have quite a few projects. fortunately, debian is pretty conservative with package names, so if they package, say, “ gcc ”, there ’ s a strong chance the package name will contain the string “ gcc ”, so we can filter. also, all debian package names are strictly lowercase ( this is policy ), so we know exactly what to do to compare. this makes it a snap to cross - reference the gnu package list against the debian collection. combining the two techniques, we can get a good picture of who ’ s behind all those packages. here it is : this estimate is by total accumulated sloc, so it doesn ’ t draw any distinction between lots of small packages and one giant package. this means, for example, that it overestimates the value of gnu versus linux. both are underestimated


estimate is by total accumulated sloc, so it doesn ’ t draw any distinction between lots of small packages and one giant package. this means, for example, that it overestimates the value of gnu versus linux. both are underestimated against the field of smaller independent packages. however, sloc are a nicely objective measure, so it ’ s good to start with this. to get a better picture of the division by value, however, we can use the cocomo estimated replacement cost numbers. these are a kind of lower limit to the value : because presumeably, you would have to spend this much to create these packages in order to use them. if they were developed by a proprietary organization and then sold, they would have to be sold at prices that would raise at least this much ( distribution costs and profits would probably at least double these costs ). in any case, here ’ s what that valuation looks like : you may be a little surprised by the total cost figure at the bottom of the chart. yep. that ' s in adjusted year 2000 us dollars, and is equivalent to approximately one half of the cost to develop the first space shuttle. that ’ s a lot of value. note of course, this is not necessarily what it actually cost to develop : we assume that free software methods are considerably more cost - efficient, and most of the contributions were “ in kind ” donations of time, so actual cost is much harder to compute. but this chart is really about the pie slices : gnu, while being the single largest contributor, still only accounts for 15. 3 %. meanwhile, linux isn ’ t even number two — that honor goes to a set of desktop applications, openoffice. org. more to the point, more than half of the applications come from “ the field ” — thousands of individual applications created by individuals or companies for their own reasons, not backed by any of the high - profile, high - mindshare free software organizations. i don ’ t mean to diminish the importance of the flagship organizations in maintaining free software. but it ’ s the fleet backing them up that makes the system into the powerful force that it is. the fairest term for what we like about “ gnu / linux ” is probably neither “ gnu ” nor “ linux ”, but rather just the “ free software operating system ”. free software operating systems are made valuable principally by the contribution of individual developers. i should probably mention that david originally used sloccount to analyze the red hat distribution, and


“ linux ”, but rather just the “ free software operating system ”. free software operating systems are made valuable principally by the contribution of individual developers. i should probably mention that david originally used sloccount to analyze the red hat distribution, and while that ’ s interesting, it ’ s not as up to date or as comprehensive as the research i refer to here. maybe i ’ ll write about that on another day. i got this information from transcripts from the columbia accident investigation board, reviewing the program. the cost adjustment is my own, based on government tables for adjusting the cost of large scale projects ( not the consumer price index, which is inaccurate for these kinds of figures ). the actual cost in 1980 dollars, was actually less than the figure for sarge, but that ’ s just because of inflation. this is the cost to the first flight ( of columbia ), and does not include program maintenance costs, which, over some 25 + years of flight is obviously much higher. that ’ s the fairest comparison i can make because it compares development to development in adjusted dollars. gives you pause, doesn ’ t it? copyright ©2007 terry hancock / creative commons attribution - sharealike license ( http : / / creativecommons. org / licenses / by - sa / 3. 0 ) originally published at www. freesoftwaremagazine. com. you must retain this notice if you reprint this article. unless otherwise noted, the illustrations in this piece have the same attribution and licensing.


instead of tony the tiger in the tank, how about aunt jemima? would it be possible to use a simple sugar syrup ( about 50 % water and 50 % sugar ) as a vehicle fuel? one of the biggest challenges of large - scale use of biofuels is that refining the fuel is often extremely energy - intensive. most products of biological processes are water - soluable, since biological process all take place in a water medium. unfortunately, however, most current internal combustion engines can ' t run on a fuel + water mixture, so it is necessary to remove the water from the fuel as part of the process of refining the biofuel. this can take almost as much energy as is present in the fuel to begin with. ( note that oil - based biofuels, like biodiesel, don ' t have this problem since the oil will naturally separate from the water. however, oil - producing plants tend to have a much lower yield of oil than sugar - producing plants have of sugar. ) so if you can build an engine capable of running efficiently on a fuel + water mixture, you can get a lot more biofuel for the amount of energy you put into growing and refining the fuel. in addition to making the biofuel much more sustainable, this also makes the economics of producing biofuels much more compelling since it ' s no longer necessary to buy massive amounts of fuel to separate the fuel from the water. once you ' ve decided to use a fuel + water mixture, sugar becomes a much more compelling fuel choice than ethanol. ethanol production always begins by fermenting sugar anyway ( even cellulose - derived ethanol, since that uses enzymes to break the cellulose down into simple sugars ), and sugar has a significantly higher energy density than ethanol. sugar is a lot cheaper, too. the only reasons to prefer ethanol over sugar are ( a ) ethanol can be used in existing engines with little or no modification, and ( b ) ethanol is a liquid, and sugar is a solid, and solid fuels are really hard to deal with in an internal combustion engine. but if we ' re designing a new engine specifically to run on a fuel + water mixture, we ' ve already decided that compatibility with existing engines doesn ' t matter ; and a sugar syrup is a liquid. sugar syrup has some other advantages : it ' s readily available from a wide variety of sources, it has a low freezing point and high boiling point, and the desired 50 % mixture can be achieved fairly readily by removing water


sugar syrup is a liquid. sugar syrup has some other advantages : it ' s readily available from a wide variety of sources, it has a low freezing point and high boiling point, and the desired 50 % mixture can be achieved fairly readily by removing water from certain plant saps ( no need to dry it all the way to granulated sugar ). you can even make the stuff at home, cheaply and easily. i don ' t know if a syrup - powered engine is possible, but i think it would be. the challenge is that before the fuel can burn, the water has to boil completely inside the cylinder, since the water boils ( even at high pressure ) at a lower temperature than the ignition point of the sugar. boiling the water takes energy and cools the gas inside the cylinder, making it harder for the fuel to ignite. this isn ' t an insurmountable problem : you just have to get the cylinder that much hotter to overcome to cooling effect of the water in the mixture. the trick is to design the engine so that the energy used to boil the water can be recovered to help turn the engine. since the role of the water in the syrup is essentially to vaporize and cool the combustion gasses, the engine has to be designed for a slightly higher volume of slightly cooler gas. thinking in terms of modifying an existing engine design, i would think that a diesel engine would be ideal, since it ' s intended to operate with very high compression and hot cylinders, and fuel which burns as a mist rather than a vapor. somewhat higher compression ( to yield a hot enough gas to ignite the syrup ) may be the only change necessary. one final note : sugar actually is used as a rocket fuel for some model rockets, typically mixed with potassium nitrate ( saltpeter ), but this is normally done with solid dry sugar, not syrup, since if the mixture has any water in it it becomes difficult to ignite. i did find, however, some youtube videos of experiments with including sugar syrup in a rocket propellant.


african - american poetry : 1760 - 1900 the database of african - american poetry, 1760 - 1900, provides access to the full text of the works of nearly 3, 000 poems by 54 african - american poets of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. the database includes the poems of such well - known figures as paul laurence dunbar and phillis wheatley and the verse of many lesser - known poets whose works may only be found in anthologies or private libraries. most of the poets in the database were not acknowledged during their lifetimes, but only granted recognition posthumously. covering a wide range of topics from slavery and abolition to love and death, this collection provides a unique portrait of early america through the reflections of african - american poets during the 18th and 19th centuries. it contains a rich variety of poetic styles and types including elegies, odes, ditties, hymns, and sonnets. generally, the policy has been to use first editions whenever possible ; later editions were selected if they were more inclusive. where poems appeared in their original dialect in an earlier edition and standardized in a later edition, both forms have been included for comparison purposes. poems originally published in periodicals have also been included. textual apparatus and front matter to the poems are generally omitted, except the poet ' s own notes, which are included in the database. the contents are based upon the bibliography of william french et al, afro - american poetry and drama, 1760 - 1975 : a guide to information sources ( gale research, 1979 ). express link ( bookmark ) : http : / / www. galileo. usg. edu / express? link = zlda


article by joe celko ( 71062. 1056 @ compuserve. com ). nobody is sure where or when chinese dominoes came into existence, but they were reported by european travelers during the renaissance and are still popular in asian countries today. it is assumed that chinese dominoes were the ancestor of mah jong. chinese dominoes are different from the usual set of western dominoes in many ways. about the only things they have in common are a relationship to dice, being made from a hard black material and having their spots drilled into the surface and then colored for visibility. chinese dominoes are longer and narrower than the " double square " shape in european sets. this is because the games played with them use the tiles like playing cards to build melds or like dice to make totals rather than to build chains of tiles. they have to have a shape which allows several of them to be held at once, so most pieces are about one inch wide and about 2. 5 inches long. chinese dominoes have no dividing bar in the center to separate the two ends. the two ends are separated by either distance, clustering or colors. the games depend on the total number of pips, so easily identifying the ends is not as important. following the convention of chinese dice, the one pip and the four pip are always colored red. the other pips are all colored white, except for the double six. the double six separates the two ends by coloring three pips red and three pips white in each cluster of pips. twos are shown as two white spots side by side ( like chinese dice ) on the extreme end, not on a diagonal like western dominoes and dice. there are no blanks tiles. korean sets sometimes use a large red spot for the one, again following the convention of chinese dice. the three pips are usually shown as a diagonal, except on the double three dominoes, where the spots are laid out as two horizontal, two vertical and two horizontal groupings. unlike western dominoes, there are no blank tiles in chinese sets. the western set has 28 tiles in the standard double six set while the chinese set has 32 tiles. the ranking, name, coloring and arrangement of pips of chinese dominoes is based on tradition. the total count of pips is important in many of the chinese games ; in most western domino games, the total is not as important as the values on each half of the tile. chinese dominoes are also divided into two series : military


tradition. the total count of pips is important in many of the chinese games ; in most western domino games, the total is not as important as the values on each half of the tile. chinese dominoes are also divided into two series : military and civil. the military series consist of ten dominoes : 1 - 2 1 - 4 2 - 3 2 - 4 2 - 5 2 - 6 3 - 4 3 - 5 3 - 6 4 - 5 notice that there are no military double tiles. the civil series is made of two of each of the following dominoes : 1 - 1 1 - 3 1 - 5 1 - 6 2 - 2 3 - 3 4 - 4 4 - 6 5 - 5 5 - 6 6 - 6 notice that all doubles are civil tiles. the better quality western dominoes have a spinner in the middle of their dividing bar. this is a little, metal, rounded nail head that keeps the face of the tile from scratching on the table top when they are shuffled and to allow them to spin so they shuffle better. chinese dominoes are always flat faced. they are mixed in the same manner as western dominoes, but while western games leave the tiles loosely spread on the table top in a boneyard, chinese games build a woodpile by stacking the dominoes in a row to a height which varies from game to game. the hands for the games are dealt from the woodpile by throwing dice ( usually three ) and counting the stacks in the woodpile. the first player gets the stack determined by the dice and then each player takes the next one in line. there are traditional pairs that have names and rankings, much like the names that we assign to dice throws. if you shoot craps you know that 1 - 1 is " snake eyes ", 6 - 6 is " boxcars ", 4 - 4 is a " hard eight " ;. similarly, the jack of spades and the queen of diamonds are a " pinochle " in the card game of the same name. the game cabinet - firstname. lastname @ example. org - ken tidwell


my asiatic lilies that in previous years were pink, white, and yellow came up orange and black this year. what happened? — doug sheehan, ludlow, vt this is frustrating, but not unusual, and you can ’ t tell with complete certainty what happened to your lilies. the black - spotted orange lilies ( as a child, i called them tiger lilies ) are very robust. if there were any small bulbs, or even bulb scales, from orange and black ones mixed in with the pastel - flowering bulbs when you planted them, they may have grown and thrived while the more delicate bulbs diminished and eventually died out. little “ bulbils, ” the seed - like miniature bulbs that often form along the stems of asiatic lilies, should produce plants that are identical to those from which they came. but you can ’ t count on real seeds from the plant ’ s seed pods to “ come true. ” so if you didn ’ t deadhead your lily flowers faithfully before seed pods matured, it ’ s likely they produced ripe seeds which reverted to the more common ancestral orange and black form. after falling to the ground, some may have grown, then bloomed orange and black after several years, eventually taking over your lily displays. they won ’ t revert back to pink, white, or yellow again.


happy independence day! geckos native to the u. s. to celebrate us independence day, gecko time presents some information about geckos which are native to mainland united states. this does not include geckos which have been introduced from other locales. there are three genera native to the united states, two of which contain a single species and one which includes at least four species. phyllodactylus xanti and the four coleonyx species ( brevis, switaki, reticulatus, variegatus and its subspecies ) are native to california and southwestern united states ; sphaerodactylus notatus ( “ reef gecko ” ) is native to the florida keys. coleonyx are probably the most widely kept of all native u. s. geckos, both in this country and abroad. the most popular are coleonyx variegatus and its subspecies ( c. v. abboti, bogerti, variegatus and the less popular c. v. utahensis and san lucan ) and coleonyx brevis. other species found in the united states are c. v. switaki, and reticulatus. various coleonyx species are distributed throughout the western and southwestern states including ( but not necessarily limited to ) california, utah, arizona and texas. these geckos are small and smooth - skinned, reaching a maximum length of about 5 inches. they are born with brown and yellow bands which develop into adult coloring, ranging from bands to splotches to spots. they are eublepharids with movable eyelids, nocturnal and terrestrial. although they inhabit areas with very dry climates, it is possible that they spend a fair amount of time in caves and crevices where there may be a microclimate with higher humidity. the coleonyx i have kept have thrived when exposed to higher humidity. my primary experience has been with coleonyx variegatus bogerti, also known as the “ tucson banded gecko ”. care of coleonyx is very similar to that of leopard geckos, though they are quite a bit smaller. opinions vary about whether to keep them on a particulate substrate or not. after much thought and research, i decided to keep them on a ceramic tile substrate with some areas of eco - earth provided in containers. the geckos often spent much of their time under pieces of slate dug into the eco - earth. i have found the coleonyx i ’


decided to keep them on a ceramic tile substrate with some areas of eco - earth provided in containers. the geckos often spent much of their time under pieces of slate dug into the eco - earth. i have found the coleonyx i ’ ve kept to be extremely alert and entertaining. they eat small crickets and occasionally mealworms with gusto. they are very aware of any change in their environment. if another gecko is introduced to the enclosure, they will approach warily with tail waving slowly, may occasionally nip at the newcomer and then will usually settle down and co - exist peacefully. although i have not been able to reliably handle my coleonyx, a friend to whom i sold a juvenile reports that it regularly climbs on his hand, allows him to “ play ” with it and will eat from his hand. this species, also known as the “ reef gecko ” is the only united states gecko not found in the western part of the country. according to www. herpedia. com it is the smallest north american gecko, reaching a size of about 2 ½ inches. a terrestrial gecko without eyelids, it is brown with dark speckling and an orange tail on the underside. maureen winter writes about her experience keeping this gecko sphaerodactylus notatus is a delightful little gecko to keep. they are one of the many sphaerodactylus which can be seen exploring the terrarium daily. this is one gecko which quickly settles in. once settled you will find it to be quite friendly, it may even crawl onto your hand as you are misting, but general holding is not recommended for this small animal. one of the first things i noticed about this cute little gecko when bringing it home was that it has the ability to move around both of its eyes at various different angles separately at the same time. talk about talent! a great thing about sphaerodactylus notatus is that they can be kept in a minimum enclosure size of 2 gallons. they can be kept in bigger enclosures of course, but it is not really needed and may even stress them out due to their small size. in the wild sphaerodactylus notatus is generally found in the leaf litter, under stones and dead wood. due to this, their lighting in captivity needs not to be dramatic : a single fluorescent t5 tube with a rating of 4, 000k or 6500k will do. if your enclosure is a little larger than 2 gallons, you can even


. due to this, their lighting in captivity needs not to be dramatic : a single fluorescent t5 tube with a rating of 4, 000k or 6500k will do. if your enclosure is a little larger than 2 gallons, you can even mix the two types of bulbs. it is not required to provide sphaerodactylus with spot or uvb lamps ; the latter may even kill the gecko when used for prolonged periods. lighting is maintained for 12 hours daily, with reduced illumination in the winter months, so the females my regain their strength for the next breeding season. in captivity sphaerodactylus notatus should be kept at temperatures of 79 - 82f with around 70 % humidity. 70 % humidity is easily achieved by misting them once daily. their substrate can either be plain sand or a sand, coconut fiber, peat moss mixture, with the latter being the preferred choice. it is also important to place pieces of flat cork or scattered leaves around the terrarium floors, so the geckos may hide if need be. the walls of the terrarium may be decorated with stone or cork. the diet of sphaerodactylus notatus in captivity consists of micro - food, such as drosophila melanogaster, springtails, newborn firebrats, micro crickets and tropical woodlice. a small bowl of crushed up cuttlefish bone is an important fixture of the terrarium for breeding females. all feeder insects should be dusted with a high quality supplement. i strongly recommend supermin & calcium plus icb by rephasy or other equally high quality supplements. misting their tank once daily will also provide them with their daily water supply. sphaerodactylus notatus should be kept in pairs only, as females of this species can be as equally aggressive as trying to house two males together. i was unable to locate anyone who keeps phyllodactylus xanti, also known as the “ leaf toed gecko ”. it would be lovely to hear from someone who keeps them if you ’ re out there. these western geckos are, according to www. herpedia. com, 4 - 5 inches long, without eyelids and nocturnal. their coloring is “ translucent pink to gray, occasionally with dark brown blotches. the back scales are small and granular with lengthwise rows of wart - like tubercles ( quoted from herpedia. com ) ”. they get their common name from the leaf shaped pads on the ends of


brown blotches. the back scales are small and granular with lengthwise rows of wart - like tubercles ( quoted from herpedia. com ) ”. they get their common name from the leaf shaped pads on the ends of their toes. this species is found in southwestern california and the islands in the gulf of california. california herp has some great photos of this species and their habitat. if you live near or travel to the florida keys or the southwest, enjoy searching for these “ native americans ”! born and raised on long island, new york, maureen winter has been keeping reptiles and amphibians on and off since the age of 7. her first reptile was a red eared slider. later on she kept various amphibians ranging from hyla cinerea to litoria caerulea and was quickly hooked. eventually maureen moved to munster, germany and longed to have her beloved amphibians once again. she began with litoria caerulea and her hobby grew to keeping various species of dart frogs. after a year of owning dart frogs maureen desired to have some geckos and soon her first geckos, phelsuma klemmeri, were purchased. shortly after, she began keeping many different geckos. she currently works with various pheulsuma, lygodactylus, sphaerodactylus, and lepidodactylus lugubris, alongside her many frogs. aliza is a home care speech therapist living in the boston area. she has been breeding leopard geckos since 2005 and has recently been successful in breeding coleonyx geckos as well. other interests which she pursues in her copious free time include work in ceramics, practicing aikido and surfing the internet.


fall is better known for big harvests and feasts, but fall can also be a great time to plant and grow certain cool - weather veggies in your garden. while certain plants take advantage of the lingering summer heat in early autumn, there are a number of hardy greens and frost tolerant vegetables that you can plant, even late in the season. if you ’ re looking to start some end - of - the - year gardening, here are some good crops to plant before the winter. kale and certain lettuces can be great for a winter garden. kale is much hardier than lettuce and can survive even very cold winters, but lettuce will fare much better in milder seasons. however, cold weather can sweeten the taste of lettuce, so the winter is a great time to grow. kale may be an unfamiliar green for many people, but it ’ s a very nutritious green that will be a great addition to many holiday dishes. when cold weather approaches, just make sure that you properly cover your crops to avoid freezing. spinach is a great winter crop, and it can be grown throughout the season, even in the coldest areas. spinach won ’ t require much help to grow during the winter it will need to be covered and need about a foot between plants to grow. rather than harvesting the full plant, only take a few leaves from each plant at a time. this will let you harvest for the full season and keep plants as healthy as possible. we recommend using our soil20 soil conditioner to help retain water so you can water during warmer days to release water slowly. garlic and shallots most people will wait until spring to plant garlic and shallots, but you can get the jump on most gardeners to set up a large, tasty crop. garlic and shallots planted in fall and harvested in summer will result in larger bulbs with stronger flavor than those planted in late spring. both plants will need at least a month in the ground to get established before the ground freezes. once the cold comes, the plants will go dormant until the spring thaw. as soon as they thaw, your garlic and shallots will have a healthy head start leading to a big crop in the summer. transplant flowering vegetables brassicas plants like broccoli, brussels sprouts and cauliflower, are tasty additions to any fall garden, especially in warmer climates. since most will have to be harvested before the first freeze, it can be easier to transplant


brassicas plants like broccoli, brussels sprouts and cauliflower, are tasty additions to any fall garden, especially in warmer climates. since most will have to be harvested before the first freeze, it can be easier to transplant rather than planting from seeds. if you want to transplant, you ’ ll want slightly acidic soil. to set up a proper growing schedule, do some math and add 10 days to the plant ’ s maturity date and count backwards from the first expected frost. definitely harvest these before the first hard freeze if you ’ re in a colder area, but if you ’ ll have a mild winter these will be great additions to winter meals. you won ’ t be harvesting these throughout the winter, but the fall is an excellent time to plant rootcrops for a spring harvest. late maturing roots like carrots, beets and rutabaga are easy to plant. if you have about 30 days before your first expected freeze, you can stock up on some quick growing rootcrops like chives and green onions, but you ’ ll have to move quickly to plant these. fresh herbs are an important addition to any holiday feast, and homegrown herbs are the best. luckily, you don ’ t need your full garden to plant a good herb crop, just move them inside the house. herbs like basil, rosemary, oregano, parsley, chives and more can easily be grown indoors. put them in pots, with a sunny growing location. just be careful not to overwater them.


the u. s. institute of medicine ( iom ) of the national academies should be congratulated for its thoughtful conclusions concerning the use of chimpanzees in a range of nih research projects. after a careful and in - depth study of the issue, the iom last month issued a report entitled “ chimpanzees in biomedical and behavioral research : assessing the necessity. ” the iom stated, “ given that chimpanzees are so closely related to humans and share similar behavioral traits, the national institutes of health should allow their use as subjects in biomedical research only under stringent conditions including the absence of any other suitable model and inability to ethically perform the research on people … in addition, use of these animals should be permissible only if forgoing their use will prevent or significantly hinder advances necessary to prevent or treat life - threatening or debilitating conditions … based on these criteria, chimpanzees are not necessary for most biomedical research. ” the iom goes on to point out that the “ nih also should limit the use of chimpanzees in behavioral research to studies that provide otherwise unattainable insights into normal and abnormal behavior, mental health, emotion, or cognition … nih should require these studies to be performed only on acquiescent animals using techniques that are minimally invasive and are applied in a manner that minimizes pain and distress. animals used in either biomedical or behavioral studies must be maintained in appropriate physical and social environments or in natural habitats. ” it ’ s important to emphasize that the iom does not call for a complete ban on the use of chimps in research. what it does is lay out a humane roadmap, long overdue in some cases. as a former graduate biological anthropology student, i have taken courses that explored primate physiology and behavior. many of my assigned readings focused on chimpanzees and the other great apes. although i have never met a chimpanzee face - to - face in the wild, i have visited many zoos and wildlife parks over the years where chimpanzees lived in various states of captivity. on a number of occasions for my anthro and animal behavior courses, i assumed the role of observer of chimp activities and wrote reports for my classes. granted that i was always carrying out my studies in artificial environments, i saw enough to realize that chimpanzees are truly, and significantly, different from most other animals. each year we seem to be greeted


and wrote reports for my classes. granted that i was always carrying out my studies in artificial environments, i saw enough to realize that chimpanzees are truly, and significantly, different from most other animals. each year we seem to be greeted with a new research report on the intelligence of chimpanzees. most recently it was revealed that some chimps actually fashion a small branch so that it has a sharp point — in essence, they are making a spear that they then use to hunt and kill small prosimians ( for food ) living inside trees. these and other types of behaviors have led many primatologists to conclude that chimpanzees are highly intelligent. partially based on these and other attributes, the iom issued its report. the institute also cited the development of cell - based technologies and other animal models that make the use of chimps unnecessary in specific research projects. i fully understand that opinions, pro and con, on the use of chimpanzees in biomedical research make for a controversial issue. from my point of view, it would be ideal if one day we no longer need to rely on these unique and magnificent primates as research subjects. but that day probably remains way ahead in the future. for now, i applaud the iom report.


about harold clayton urey, nobel prize in chemistry, 1934 harold clayton urey ( april 29, 1893 – january 5, 1981 ) was an american physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the nobel prize in chemistry in 1934. he played a significant role in the development of the atom bomb, but may be most prominent for his contribution to theories on the development of organic life from non - living matter. harold clayton urey was born in walkerton, indiana, on april 29, 1893, as the son of the rev. samuel clayton urey and cora rebecca reinoehl, and grandson of pioneers who settled in indiana. his early education in rural schools led to his graduation from high school in 1911 after which he taught for three years in country schools. in 1914 he entered the university of montana and received his bachelor of science degree in zoology in 1917. he spent two years as a research chemist in industry before returning to montana as an instructor in chemistry. in 1921 he entered the university of california to work under professor lewis and he was awarded the degree of ph. d. in chemistry in 1923. he spent the following year in copenhagen at professor niels bohr ' s institute for theoretical physics as american - scandinavian foundation fellow to denmark and on his return to the united states he became an associate in chemistry at johns hopkins university. in 1929 he was appointed associate professor in chemistry at columbia university and he became professor in 1934 ; during the period 1940 - 1945 he was also director of war research, atomic bomb project, columbia university. he moved to the institute for nuclear studies, university of chicago in 1945 as distinguished service professor of chemistry and became martin a. ryerson professor in 1952. he was george eastman visiting professor, university of oxford, during 1956 - 1957 and in 1958 he took his present post as professor - at - large, university of california. professor ' s urey ' s early researches concerned the entropy of diatomic gases and problems of atomic structure, absorption spectra and the structure of molecules. in 1931 he devised a method for the concentration of any possible heavy hydrogen isotopes by the fractional distillation of liquid hydrogen : this led to the discovery of deuterium. together with the late dr. e. w. washburn, he evolved the electrolytic method for the separation of hydrogen isotopes and he carried out thorough investigations of their properties, in particular the vapour pressure of hydrogen and deuterium, and the equilibrium constants of exchange reactions. he later worked on the separation of uranium isotopes and


for the separation of hydrogen isotopes and he carried out thorough investigations of their properties, in particular the vapour pressure of hydrogen and deuterium, and the equilibrium constants of exchange reactions. he later worked on the separation of uranium isotopes and, more recently, he has been concerned with the measurement of paleotemperatures, investigations into the origin of the planets, and the chemical problems of the origin of the earth. he is the author of the books atoms, molecules and quanta ( 1930, with a. e. ruark ), and the planets ( 1952 ). he was editor of the journal of chemical physics during 1933 - 1940 and he has written numerous papers on the structure of atoms and molecules, the discovery of heavy hydrogen and its properties, separation of isotopes, measurement of paleotemperatures and the origin of planets. these have been published in many different chemical journals. professor urey received the willard gibbs medal ( american chemical society ) in 1934 ; davy medal ( royal society, london ), 1940 ; franklin medal, 1943 ; medal for merit, 1946 ; cordoza award, 1954 ; honor scroll award ( american institute of chemists ), 1954 ; joseph priestley award, 1955 ; alexander hamilton award, 1961 ; and the j. lawrence smith award ( national academy of sciences ), 1962. he has received honorary doctor of science degrees of montana, princeton, newark, columbia, oxford, washington and lee, mcmaster, yale, indiana, birmingham universities, and of the universities of athens, durham, and saskatchewan ; also honorary doctor of law degree from wayne university and the university of california. he is a member of many of the more important scientific societies of the world, and is honorary fellow of the chemical society ( london ), the national institute of sciences of india and the weizmann institute of science ( israel ). in 1926 he married frieda daum. they have three daughters and one son. from nobel lectures, chemistry 1922 - 1941, elsevier publishing company, amsterdam, 1966


about william frend de morgan william frend de morgan ( 16 november 1839 – 15 january 1917 ) was an english potter and tile designer. a life - long friend of william morris, he designed tiles, stained glass and furniture for morris & co. from 1863 to 1872. his tiles are often based on medieval designs or persian patterns, and he experimented with innovative glazes and firing techniques. galleons and fish were popular motifs, as were " fantastical " birds and other animals. many of de morgan ' s tile designs were planned to create intricate patterns when several tiles were laid together. born in gower street, london, the son of the distinguished mathematician augustus de morgan and his highly educated wife, de morgan was always supported in his desire to become an artist. at the age of twenty he entered the royal academy schools, but he was swiftly disillusioned with the establishment ; then he met morris, and through him the pre - raphaelite circle. soon de morgan began experimenting with stained glass, ventured into pottery in 1863, and by 1872 had shifted his interest wholly to ceramics. in 1872, de morgan set up a pottery works in chelsea where he stayed through 1881 — his most fruitful decade as an art potter. the arts and crafts ideology he was exposed to through his friendship with morris and his own insistent curiosity, led de morgan to begin to explore every technical aspect of his craft. he soon rejected the use of blank commercial tiles, preferring to make his own biscuit, which he admired for its irregularities and better resistance to moisture. his inventive streak led him to spend hours designing a new duplex bicycle gear and also lured him into complex studies of the chemistry of glazes, methods of firing, and pattern transfer. william de morgan ( c. 1890 ), sands ends pottery : a tile inspired by middle east examples. de morgan was particularly drawn to eastern tiles. around 1873 – 1874, he made a striking breakthrough by rediscovering the technique of lustre ware ( characterized by a reflective, metallic surface ) found in hispano - moresque pottery and italian maiolica. nor was his interest in the east limited to glazing techniques, but it permeated his notions of design and colour, as well. as early as 1875, he began to work in earnest with a " persian " palette : dark blue, turquoise, manganese purple, green, indian red, and lemon yellow, study of the motifs of what he referred to as " persian " ware ( and what we


, he began to work in earnest with a " persian " palette : dark blue, turquoise, manganese purple, green, indian red, and lemon yellow, study of the motifs of what he referred to as " persian " ware ( and what we know today as fifteenth - and - sixteenth century iznik ware ), profoundly influenced his unmistakable style, in which fantastic creatures entwined with rhythmic geometric motifs float under luminous glazes. william and his wife evelyn the pottery works was always beset by financial problems, despite repeated cash injections from his wife, the pre - raphaelite painter evelyn pickering de morgan, and a partnership with the architect halsey ricardo. this partnership was associated with a move for the factory from merton abbey to fulham in 1888. during the fulham period de morgan mastered many of the technical aspects of his work that had previously been elusive, including complex lustres and deep, intense underglaze painting that did not run during firing. however, this did not guarantee financial success, and in 1907 william de morgan left the pottery, which continued under the passenger brothers, the leading painters at the works. " all my life i have been trying to make beautiful things, " he said at the time, " and now that i can make them nobody wants them. " william de morgan turned his hand to writing novels, and became better known than he ever had been for his pottery. his first novel, joseph vance, was published in 1906, and was an instant sensation in the united states as well as the united kingdom. this was followed by an affair of dishonour, alice - for - short, and it never can happen again. the genre has been described as ' victorian and suburban '. william de morgan died in london in 1917,, of trench fever, and was buried in brookwood cemetery. recollections of william de morgan praise him both for his personal warmth and the indomitable energy with which he pursued his kaleidoscopic career as designer, potter, inventor and novelist. collections of de morgan ' s work exist in many museums, including the victoria and albert museum, and the william morris gallery in london, a substantial and representative collection in birmingham, and a small but well - chosen collection along with much other pottery at norwich. his dragon charger is in the dunedin public art gallery in new zealand.


you are here biopharmaceutical glossaries homepage / search > biology > informatics > maps genomic & genetic genomic & genetic glossary & taxonomy of exactitude in science finding guide to terms in these glossaries biology & chemistry map site map related glossaries include genomics technologies genomic technologies genomic informatics sequencing biology snps & genetic variations 2d gel maps : used in expression mapping. bac maps : bacterial artificial chromosome maps, a type of physical map. google = about 2, 560, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 4, 480 june 23, 2004 related terms : genome fingerprint maps ; cell biology bac biological atlas : maps describing different aspects of protein function should be compiled into a " biological atlas " by integrating the information contained in the atlas, increasingly meaningful biological hypotheses could be formulated. however, it should be kept in mind that these hypotheses will still need to be tested back in the context of relevant biological settings, perhaps using more refined approaches. marc vidal " biological atlas of functional maps " cell 104 : 333 339, february 9, 2001 ] bottom - up : see contig maps, high - resolution physical mapping : does this relate in some way to bottom - up research? research cdna maps : shows the locations of expressed dna regions ( exons ) on the chromosomal map. because they represent expressed genomic regions, cdnas are thought to identify the parts of the genome with the most biological and medical significance. a cdna map can provide the chromosomal location for genes whose functions are currently unknown. for disease - gene hunters, the map can also suggest a set of candidate genes to test when the approximate location of a disease gene has been mapped by genetic linkage techniques. [ primer on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us ] http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 google = about 53, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 266 june 23, 2004 related term : cdna gene definitions cell mapping : the determination of the subcellular location of proteins and of protein - protein interactions by the purification of organelles or protein complexes followed by mass - spectrometric identification of the components. most proteins are thought to exist in the cell not as free entities but as part of ‘ cellular machines ’ which perform cellular functions cooperatively. systematic identification of protein complexes would permit these machines to be defined and allow ‘ physical maps ’ to be


components. most proteins are thought to exist in the cell not as free entities but as part of ‘ cellular machines ’ which perform cellular functions cooperatively. systematic identification of protein complexes would permit these machines to be defined and allow ‘ physical maps ’ to be created for a variety of cell types and states. such information is of great value for the assignment of protein function. [ blackstock & weir “ proteomics ” trends in biotechnology : 121 - 134 mar 1999 ] google = about 2, 110, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 3, 200 june 23, 2004 cell maps : a cell map specifies the proteins that constitute a given organelle within a given cell type. cell maps for normal and diseased cells can be constructed which give insight into the role proteins have in disease and can guide the drug development process. paul kearney " mapping and navigating the human proteome " annual meeting of the canadian applied and industrial mathematics society, june 7 - 9, 2001, victoria, b. c. canada http : / / www. pims. math. ca / industrial / 2001 / caims / kearney. html google = about 777, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 8, 320 june 23, 2004 chromosomal maps : genes or other identifiable dna fragments are assigned to their respective chromosomes, with distances measured in base pairs. these markers can be physically associated with particular bands ( identified by cytogenetic staining ) primarily by in situ hybridization, a technique that involves tagging the dna marker with an observable label ( e. g., one that fluoresces or is radioactive ). the location of the labeled probe can be detected after it binds to its complementary dna [ cdna ] strand in an intact chromosome. as with genetic linkage mapping, chromosomal mapping can be used to locate genetic markers defined by traits observable only in whole organisms. because chromosomal maps are based on estimates of physical distance, they are considered to be physical maps. the number of base pairs within a band can only be estimated. [ primer on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us ] http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 related terms : cdna map, cytogenetic map ; gene amplification & pcr fish ; narrower term : radiation hybrid rh maps any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome. mesh, 1967 clone


terms : cdna map, cytogenetic map ; gene amplification & pcr fish ; narrower term : radiation hybrid rh maps any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome. mesh, 1967 clone - based maps : the physical map of the human genome published by nature is a clone - based physical map of 3. 2 gigabases ( 25 times larger than any previously mapped genome ). this approach involved generating an overlapping series of clones for the whole genome. with a fingerprinted bac map clones could be selected for sequencing ensuring comprehensive coverage of the genome. [ international human genome mapping consortium " a physical map of the human genome " nature 409 : 934 - 941, 15 feb. 2001 ] related term : cell biology clone cnv map : we have constructed a first - generation cnv map of the human genome through the study of 270 individuals from four populations with ancestry in europe, africa or asia.... a total of 1, 447 copy number variable regions ( cnvrs ) which can encompass overlapping of adjacent gains or losses, covering 360 megabases ( 12 % of the genome ) were identified in these populations... notably, the cnvrs encompassed more nucleotide content per genome than snps, underscoring the importance of cnv in genetic diversity and evolution. richard redon et. al, global variaiton in copy number in the human genome, nature 2006 nov 23 ; 444 ( 7118 ) : 444 - 454 the new global cnv map will transform medical research in four areas. the first and most important area is in hunting for genes underlying common diseases. to date, attempts to identify these genes have not really considered the role cnvs may play in human health. second, the cnv map is being used to study familial genetic conditions. third, there are thousands of severe developmental defects caused by chromosomal rearrangements. the cnv map is being used to exclude variation found in unaffected individuals, helping researchers to target the region that might be involved. the data generated will also contribute to a more accurate and complete human genome reference sequence used by all biomedical scientists. http : / / www. gene - quantification. de / cnv. html google = about 723 dec 8, 2006 comparative genome mapping : comparative genome mapping in the sequence - based era : early experience with human chromosome 7, jw thomas et. al. genome research 10 ( 5 )


. de / cnv. html google = about 723 dec 8, 2006 comparative genome mapping : comparative genome mapping in the sequence - based era : early experience with human chromosome 7, jw thomas et. al. genome research 10 ( 5 ) : 624 - 33, may 2000 google = about 423, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 735 june 23, 2004 contig mapping : overlapping of cloned or sequenced dna to construct a continuous region of a gene, chromosome or genome. mesh, 1999 google = about 1, 830 june 23, 2004 related terms : high - resolution physical mapping ; sequencing : contig contig maps : contig maps are important because they provide the ability to study a complete, and often large segment of the genome by examining a series of overlapping clones which then provide an unbroken succession of information about that region. [ nhgri ] the bottom - up approach involves cutting the chromosome into small pieces, each of which is cloned and ordered. the ordered fragments form contiguous dna blocks ( contigs ). currently, the resulting library of clones varies in size from 10, 000 bp to 1 mb. an advantage of this approach is the accessibility of these stable clones to other researchers contig construction can be verified by fish [ fluorescence in situ hybridization ], which localizes cosmids to specific regions within chromosomal bands. consist of a linked library of small overlapping clones representing a complete chromosomal segment. while useful for finding genes localized to a small area ( under 2 mb ), contig maps are difficult to extend over large stretches of a chromosome because all regions are not clonable. dna probe techniques can be used to fill in the gaps, but they are time consuming. [ primer on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us ] http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 related terms : macrorestriction maps, physical maps ; sequencing contig cosmid maps : " constructing chromosome - and region - specific cosmid maps of the human genome " carrano av, de jong pj, branscomb e, slezak t, watkins bw genome 31 ( 2 ) : 1059 - 65, 1989 cytogenetic maps : the visual appearance of a chromosome when stained and examined under a microscope. particularly important are visually distinct regions, called light and dark bands, which give each of the chromosomes


31 ( 2 ) : 1059 - 65, 1989 cytogenetic maps : the visual appearance of a chromosome when stained and examined under a microscope. particularly important are visually distinct regions, called light and dark bands, which give each of the chromosomes a unique appearance. this feature allows a person ' s chromosomes to be studied in a clinical test known as a karyotype, which allows scientists to look for chromosomal alterations. [ nhgri ] the lowest resolution physical map. dna maps : see genetic maps disease maps : ontologies to represent the terminological relationships among concepts necessary to construct a knowledge - base of neurological disorders. a. gupta, b ludascher, js grethe, me martone, towards a formalization of disease - specific ontologies for neuroinformatics. neural netw. 2003 nov ; 16 ( 9 ) : 1277 - 1292. est maps : related term expression mapping ests expressed sequence tags : see dna markers, useful for mapping. related term sts sequence tagged sites epigenome maps : through the epigenomics mapping centers and data coordinating center, the epigenomics roadmap program will provide high resolution maps of epigenetic marks across the full human genome for a representative selection of cell and tissue types. the mapping centers will begin with established methodologies and the purpose of the discovery rfas is to develop and validate additional marks which would be incorporated into the comprehensive mapping strategies of the centers. epigenomics, nih roadmap for medical research, 2008 http : / / nihroadmap. nih. gov / epigenomics / faq. asp epitope mapping : methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry. [ mesh, 1995 ] see also definition in iupac provisional glossary biomolecular screening google = about 3, 390, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 17, 600 may 10, 2004 related terms : pharmaceutical biology antibody, epitope evolutionary genetics : evolutionary study of genes has been purely theoretical, but it can provide useful information for guiding gene mapping. people are now finding, for example, that a lot of things are not true associations ; instead, they are an artifact of association. you can make such mistakes when you are looking at two individuals who share a common ancestry. understanding the phylogeny helps us, for example, understand horizontal gene transfer between


things are not true associations ; instead, they are an artifact of association. you can make such mistakes when you are looking at two individuals who share a common ancestry. understanding the phylogeny helps us, for example, understand horizontal gene transfer between microorganisms. for humans or other sexually reproducing organisms, the use of phylogenetic information improves resolution for making associations by helping to avoid type i errors - that is, finding an association that is actually merely due to sharing a recent common ancestor, or, in other words, being closely related. related terms : phylogenomics exon mapping : obtaining gene structure through the assembly of information from different peptides. confirmant, science, exon mapping http : / / www. confirmant. com / expression map : see expression imbalance map, gene expression map, protein expression maps. see also under transcript maps expression imbalance map eim : a new visualization method, for detecting mrna expression imbalance regions, reflecting genomic losses and gains at a much higher resolution than conventional technologies such as comparative genomic hybridization ( cgh ). simple spatial mapping of the microarray expression profiles on chromosomal location provides little information about genomic structure, because mrna expression levels do not completely reflect genomic copy number and some microarray probes would be of low quality. the eim, which does not employ arbitrary selection of thresholds in conjunction with hypergeometric distribution - based algorithm, has a high tolerance of these complex factors. m. kano et. al, " expression imbalance map : a new visualization method for detection of mrna expression imbalance regions " physiological genomics 13 ( 1 ) : 31 - 46, mar. 18, 2003 expression mapping : the creation of quantitative maps of protein expression from cell or tissue extracts, akin to the est maps commercially available. this approach relies on 2d gel maps and image analysis, and opens up the possibility of studying cellular pathways and their perturbation by disease, drug action or other biological stimuli at the whole - proteome level … expression mapping is a valuable tool in the discovery of disease markers and its use in gaining information in toxicological and drug - action studies seems assured. it is unclear at present how successful this approach will be in elucidating cellular pathways and their importance in disease processes, and how much the precise measurement of protein levels matters when compared with the rough guide provided by the measurement of mrna levels … the ability to measure protein - level changes directly would seem to carry inherent advantages and


the laboratory is a potential genetic marker. [ primer on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us ] http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 related term : linkage maps. genetic maps : also known as a linkage map. a chromosome map of a species that shows the position of its known genes and / or markers relative to each other, rather than as specific physical points on each chromosome. [ nhgri ] the value of the genetic map is that an inherited disease can be located on the map by following the inheritance of a dna marker present in affected individuals ( but absent in unaffected individuals ), even though the molecular basis of the disease may not yet be understood nor the responsible gene identified. genetic maps have been used to find the exact chromosomal location of several important disease genes, including cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, tay - sachs disease, fragile x syndrome, and myotonic dystrophy. [ primer on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us ] http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 in 1913, alfred sturtevant, a member of thomas hunt morgan ' s fly group at columbia university, drew the first genetic map - " the linear arrangement of six sex - linked factors in drosophila, as shown by their mode of association ". ever since, the map of the genes has been, in fact, the map of gene defects. only about fifteen years ago, when dna sequencing and the art of locating genes on chromosomes began to be practical, were geneticists able to isolate a gene sequence and then reason forward to what it specifies. horace freeland judson " talking about the genome " nature 409 : 769, 15 feb. 2001 can be cytogenetic, linkage, or physical maps. also called dna maps. starting genetic maps is easier than finishing them. related terms : functional genomics positional cloning ; sequencing finished sequence, " working draft " google = about 26, 900, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 145, 000 june 23, 2004 genome control maps : would identify all the components of the transcriptional machinery that have roles at any particular promoter and the contribution that specific components make to coordinate regulation of genes. the map will facilitate modeling of the molecular mechanisms that regulate gene expression and implicate components of the transcription apparatus in


the components of the transcriptional machinery that have roles at any particular promoter and the contribution that specific components make to coordinate regulation of genes. the map will facilitate modeling of the molecular mechanisms that regulate gene expression and implicate components of the transcription apparatus in functional interactions with gene - specific regulators. r. young et al “ dissecting the regulatory circuitry of a eukaryotic genome ” cell 95 : 717 - 728 nov. 25 1998 genome fingerprint map : the collection of all fingerprint clone contigs placed in a genome - wide map. ( nickname " bac map " or " fpc map ". ) uc - santa cruz, us, human genome project working draft terminology, 2001 http : / / genome. ucsc. edu / goldenpath / term. html google = about 9, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 27, june 23, 2004 genome map : physical map of the human genome, nature 409, 934 - 941 ( 15 february 2001 ) | doi : 10. 1038 / 35057157 http : / / www. nature. com / nature / journal / v409 / n6822 / full / 409934a0. html genetic, physical and / or transcript maps. google = about 29, 000 june 23, 2004 ; about 1, 530, 000 aug 8, 2007 genome mapping : http : / / link. bubl. ac. uk / genomemapping / google = about 37, 500 aug. 26, 2002 ; about 45, 500 june 23, 2004 gene indices - genomics maps, tigr http : / / www. tigr. org / tdb / tgi / map. shtml genomic mapping : while a few technologies for functional analysis on a genomic basis are being developed at present, additional approaches and technologies for genomic interpretation that can be applied efficiently and economically at the level of an entire genome will be required for comprehensive analyses. informatics will continue to play an important role in achieving all of these goals, as well as in ensuring the maintenance and accessibility of the forthcoming data. the development and application of new technologies for acquisition, management, analysis, and dissemination of genomic data are still required. technologies for genomic mapping, sequencing, and analysis nih guide, vol. 26, number 8, march 14, 1997 pa number : pa - 97 - 044 http : / / grants. nih. gov / grants / guide / pa - files / pa - 97 -


, and analysis nih guide, vol. 26, number 8, march 14, 1997 pa number : pa - 97 - 044 http : / / grants. nih. gov / grants / guide / pa - files / pa - 97 - 044. html google = about 2, 720 aug. 26, 2002 ; about 13, 200 june 23, 2004, about 61, 100 jan. 11, 2006 ; about 98, 700 aug 8, 2007 haplotype map : francis collins, director of the nhgri, speaking at bio 2001 ( san diego ca, us, june 2001 ) announced plans for a public - private effort to create a human haplotype map. creators hope this so - called haplotype map will be a tool for pinning down the genes that contribute to the development of complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and mental illness. l. helmuth " map of the human genome 3. 0 " science 293 ( 5530 ) : 583 - 5 july 27, 2001 agreeing on a definition of haplotype is only one of the challenges. google = about 503, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 4, 830 june 23, 2004, about 30, 700 jan. 11, 2006 ; about 55, 200 dec 8, 2006 ; about 69, 500 aug 8, 2007 haplotype map project, national human genome research institute, nih, us http : / / www. genome. gov / page. cfm? pageid = 10001688 hapmap : see international hapmap haplotype mapping : is often carried out as part of a genome scan. in a population isolate, the appearance of a rare mendelian disease is almost always attributable to a single founder gene or mutation. the disease allele can be identified by searching for a common haplotype signature shared among patients. as the ancestral haplotype signature is passed from generation to generation, it is disrupted by recombination. partial conservation of the haplotype signature in a patient strongly suggests that the disease locus resides in the conserved region of the haplotype. [ l. peltonen et. al, " use of population isolates for mapping complex traits " nature reviews genetics 1 : 182 - 190 ( 2000 ) http : / / www. nature. com / nrg / journal / v1 / n3 / slideshow / nrg1200 _ 182a _ bx4. html google = about 176, aug. 26, 2002 ;


2000 ) http : / / www. nature. com / nrg / journal / v1 / n3 / slideshow / nrg1200 _ 182a _ bx4. html google = about 176, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 866 june 23, 2004 ; about 14, 700 jan. 11, 2006 heat map : algorithms high density maps : genetic maps with ( many ) markers at relatively short intervals. high dimensional brain mapping : high - dimensional brain mapping is a new analytic method that quantitatively characterizes the shape as well as volume of a brain structure. in this study, high - dimensional brain mapping was used to evaluate hippocampal shape and volume in patients with major depressive disorder and healthy comparison subjects. ja poesner et. al, high - dimensional mapping of the hippocampus in depression, american journal of psychiatry 160 ( 1 ) : 83 8 - 9, jan. 2004 high - resolution genetic maps : 2 - 5 cm [ centimorgans ]. genetic mapping resolution has been increased through the application of recombinant dna technology, including in vitro radiation - induced chromosome fragmentation and cell fusions ( joining human cells with those of other species to form hybrid cells ) to create panels of cells with specific and varied human chromosomal components. primer on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 related term : macrorestriction maps. high - resolution physical mapping : the two current approaches are termed top - down ( producing a macrorestriction map ) and bottom - up ( resulting in a contig map ). with either strategy the maps represent ordered sets of dna fragments that are generated by cutting genomic dna with restriction enzymes. the fragments are then amplified by cloning or by polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) methods. electrophoretic techniques are used to separate the fragments according to size into different bands, which can be visualized by direct dna staining or by hybridization with dna probes of interest. the use of purified chromosomes separated either by flow sorting from human cell lines or in hybrid cell lines allows a single chromosome to be mapped. [ primer on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us ] http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 homology map : the davis human / mouse homology


on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us ] http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 homology map : the davis human / mouse homology map, a table comparing genes in homologous segments of dna from human and mouse sources, sorted by position in each genome. a total of 1793 loci are presented, most of which are genes. the authors did not include pseudogenes, members of multigene families where specific homology relationships could not be determined, nor any other genes for which homology was in doubt. in addition, for 568 of the loci there are provisional assignments of markers that link the homology map with that of the gene map of the human genome.. these links also provide a rough approximation of the position of markers in the genethon linkage map. in constructing this table, the authors first ordered genes so as to best maintain order according to both human cytogenetic position and mouse genetic map position. within these homologous regions, genes were ordered according to the mouse genetic mapping data. [ ncbi, us " human mouse homology map ] http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / omim / homology / google = about 4, 670, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 1, 770 june 23, 2004 related terms : functional genomics interactome map : - omes & - omics google = about 10, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 135 june 23, 2004 international hapmap project the international hapmap project is a partnership of scientists and funding agencies from canada, china, japan, nigeria, the united kingdom and the united states to develop a public resource that will help researchers find genes associated with human disease and response to pharmaceuticals. http : / / www. hapmap. org / the goal of the international hapmap project is to develop a haplotype map of the human genome, the hapmap, which will describe the common patterns of human dna sequence variation. the hapmap is expected to be a key resource for researchers to use to find genes affecting health, disease, and responses to drugs and environmental factors. the information produced by the project will be made freely available. international hapmap project http : / / www. hapmap. org / abouthapmap. html the goal of the international hapmap project is to produce a resource that describes the ha


by the project will be made freely available. international hapmap project http : / / www. hapmap. org / abouthapmap. html the goal of the international hapmap project is to produce a resource that describes the haplotypes in the human genome and the snps that tag them. it is estimated that roughly 300, 000 to 500, 000 tag snps can be chosen that contain most of the information on the patterns of variation of the 10 million common snps in the human genome. by using the hapmap tag snps, researchers will be able to examine candidate regions or even the entire genome for association with a phenotype in an efficient and comprehensive way. additional genotyping for the human haplotype map, apr. 16, 2004 rfa number : rfa - hg - 04 - 005 http : / / grants1. nih. gov / grants / guide / rfa - files / rfa - hg - 04 - 005. html the hapmap project, nature 7064, 27 oct. 2005 http : / / www. nature. com / nature / journal / v437 / n7063 / edsumm / e051027 - 01. html linkage disequilibrium : see snps & genetic variations. evidence for linkage disequilibrium can be helpful in mapping disease genes since it suggests that the two [ alleles ] may be very close to one another. [ nhlbi ] linkage maps : a map of the relative positions of genetic loci on a chromosome, determined on the basis of how often the loci are inherited together. distance is measured in centimorgans ( cm ). [ doe ] also known as a genetic map or genetic linkage map. localizome mapping : one can imagine comprehensive mapping projects of the " localizome ", with the goal of recording not only where all proteins of a proteome can be found but also when. [ marc vidal " biological atlas of functional maps " cell 104 : 333 339, february 9, 2001 ] related terms : interactome maps, phenome maps, transcriptome maps ; - omes & - omics localizome locus : gene definitions. any genomic site, whether functional or not, that can be mapped through formal genetic analysis. [ nhlbi ] related term markers. macrorestriction map : describes the order and distance between enzyme cutting ( cleavage )


a peptide map does not disclose the precise order of the amino acids in a protein, although it may point to areas of difference between similar proteins. tr. at 493, 506 - 7 ; ori scientific terms at 2. additional work must be done to determine the amino acid sequence of a particular peptide, and then to determine the order of the sequence within the protein as a whole. research integrity adjudications panel subject : aug. 6, 1993 docket http : / / www. os. dhhs. gov / dab / decisions / dab1431. txt google = about 783, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 5, 850 june 23, 2004 phenome mapping : the conceptual matrix for a comprehensive " phenome " mapping project would be as follows : one axis represents all available knockouts while the other represents a large series of standardized phenotypes that can be screened. marc vidal " biological atlas of functional maps " cell 104 : 333 339, february 9, 2001 google = about 11, aug.. 26, 2002 ; about 55 june 23, 2004 phenome maps : can be thought of as lists of similar phenotypes that could be referred to as " pheno - clusters " marc vidal " biological atlas of functional maps " cell 104 : 333 339, february 9, 2001 google = about 7, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 24 june 23, 2004 related terms : interactome maps, localizome maps, transcriptome maps ; omes & omics phenome. physical mapping : the determination of the linear positions of genes on a dna molecule ; distances are measured in physical units, i. e., base pairs, kilobases, and megabases. genetic glossary, judith hall, m. d. and william horton, m. d., growth, genetics and hormones journal, june 1997 http : / / www. kumc. edu / gec / gloss. html physical maps : a map of the locations of identifiable landmarks on dna ( e. g. restriction enzyme cutting sites, genes ) regardless of inheritance. distance is measured in base pairs. for the human genome, the lowest - resolution physical map is the banding patterns on the 24 different chromosomes ; the highest resolution map would be the complete nucleotide sequence of the chromosomes. [ doe ] a chromosome map of a species that shows the specific physical locations of its genes and / or markers on each chromosome. physical maps are particularly important when searching for disease


highest resolution map would be the complete nucleotide sequence of the chromosomes. [ doe ] a chromosome map of a species that shows the specific physical locations of its genes and / or markers on each chromosome. physical maps are particularly important when searching for disease genes by positional cloning strategies and for dna sequencing. [ nhgri ] related terms : clone - based maps, contig maps, cosmid maps, cytogenetic maps, restriction mapping. narrower term : bac maps. see also human genome project genomics positional cloning : see functional genomics. requires a genetic map with a large number of markers ( especially in the region of interest ), and the use of physical mapping and dna sequencing technologies to isolate and sequence the targeted gene. protein expression map : since 2d electrophoresis gel patterns reveal not only the amounts of protein, but is unrivaled in its ability to detect post - translational modifications, the 2de protein map provides much more relevant information about cellular dynamics than the corresponding expression map at the mrna level. by comparing the 2de gel patterns of samples exposed to different physiological conditions or different drug treatments it is possible to identify groups of proteins with related functions or whose expression is interdependent ( expression proteomics ). john barrett ’ s research group, “ parasite proteomics ” aberystwyth university, wales, uk http : / / www. aber. ac. uk / ~ mpgwww / proteome / proteome. html google = about 22, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 190 june 23, 2004 protein expression mapping pem : details the distribution and abundance of protein in specific samples, under defined physiological conditions. [ chi proteomics ] quantitative study of global changes in protein expression in tissues, cells or body fluids using 2d gels and image analysis. currently carried out by 2d gel electrophoresis, though alternatives are under investigation. [ blackstock & weir “ proteomics ” trends in biotechnology : 121 - 134 mar 1999 ] the researchers ( in the laboratory of marc vidal [ then at ] at massachusetts general hospital [ now at dana - farber cancer institute ] ) were able to develop and validate ( using known biological information derived from sources other than their two - hybrid assay ) a map that reveals both known and new potential interactions and provides a functional annotation for approximately 100 uncharacterized gene products. the researchers believe that protein interaction mapping is now feasible for c. elegans


two - hybrid assay ) a map that reveals both known and new potential interactions and provides a functional annotation for approximately 100 uncharacterized gene products. the researchers believe that protein interaction mapping is now feasible for c. elegans on a genome - wide scale and should contribute to the understanding of molecular mechanisms in this organism and in human diseases. [ walhout aj, sordella r, lu x, “ protein interaction mapping in c. elegans using proteins involved in vulval development. ” science 287 ( 5450 ) : 116 - 122. jan 7 2000 google = about 36, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 92 june 23, 2004 protein interaction mapping : methods for determining interaction between proteins. mesh, 2002 google = about 419, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 2, 090 june 23, 2004 protein interaction maps : hybrigenics " comprehensive protein interaction maps using automated yeast - two - hybrid methodology in pathogens and in cdna of normal and diseased tissues. " moving up a dimension : proteomics deal making " chi ' s genomelink 5. 2 http : / / www. chidb. com / newsarticles / issue5 - 2. asp google = about 645, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 4, 820 june 23, 2004 protein linkage maps : with respect to a genome - wide use of the two - hybrid assay in the case of yeast, the goal is to find which proteins in the yeast genome interact with every other protein. this process would generate protein linkage maps, delineating large networks of interacting proteins. the approximately 6, 000 yeast proteins can potentially interact in 18 million pairwise combinations. google = about 58, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 422 june 23, 2004 proteome map : a number of organizations have announced plans to produce a map of the proteome, including myriad genetics, large scale biology, curagen and others. whether the human proteome will be successfully mapped in three years depends on how you define " proteome " scientific american aug. 2001 google = about 151, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 757 june 23, 2004 qtl mapping quantitative trait loci mapping : a phenotype driven approach to gene function. as such it permits the discovery of new genes and can be contrasted with gene - driven approaches such knock - out and knock - in mice which allow for the study of known genes. qtl reflect natural genetic variations as they exist


approach to gene function. as such it permits the discovery of new genes and can be contrasted with gene - driven approaches such knock - out and knock - in mice which allow for the study of known genes. qtl reflect natural genetic variations as they exist in the mouse strains under study. we are limited to detecting those genes that vary among the available strains. however the natural variations among mouse strains are vast and largely untapped. gary churchill ' s statistical genetics group qtl mapping, jackson laboratory, 2000 http : / / www. jax. org / research / churchill / research / qtl / rflp ( restriction fragment length polymorphism ) : see genetic variations & snps polymorphic sequences that result in rflps are used as markers on both physical maps and genetic linkage maps. rflps are usually caused by mutation at a cutting site. see marker. [ doe ] genetic variations & snps radiation hybrid rh map : a genome map in which stss are positioned relative to one another on the basis of the frequency with which they are separated by radiation - induced breaks. the frequency is assayed by analyzing a panel of human – hamster hybrid cell lines. these hybrids are produced by irradiating human cells, which damages the cells and fragments the dna. the dying human cells are fused with thymidine kinase negative ( tk− ) live hamster cells. the fused cells are grown under conditions that select against hamster cells and favor the growth of hybrid cells that have taken up the human tk gene. in the rh maps, the unit of distance is centirays ( cr ), denoting a 1 % chance of a break occurring between two loci. ncbi handbook, nlm us, 2002, 2003 http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / books / bv. fcgi? rid = handbook. glossary. 1237 google = about 1, 200 aug. 26, 2002 ; about 8, 060 june 23, 2004 ; about 27, 500 june 14, 2007 broader term : chromosome maps radiation hybrid mapping : a method for ordering genetic loci along chromosomes. the method involves fusing irradiated donor cells with host cells from another species. following cell fusion, fragments of dna from the irradiated cells become integrated into the chromosomes of the host cells. molecular probing of dna obtained from the fused cells is used to determine if two or more genetic loci are located within the same fragment of donor cell dna. mesh,


dna from the irradiated cells become integrated into the chromosomes of the host cells. molecular probing of dna obtained from the fused cells is used to determine if two or more genetic loci are located within the same fragment of donor cell dna. mesh, 2001 google = about 6, 590, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 14, 800 june 23, 2004 radiation hybrid mapping information page, rutgers univ., 2008 http : / / compgen. rutgers. edu / old / rhmap / receptor mapping : in silico & molecular modeling google = about 416, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 790 june 23, 2004 resolution : degree of molecular detail on a physical map of dna, ranging from low to high. [ doe ] related terms : genetic maps, high - resolution, physical maps. restriction endonucleases : cell biology restriction map : a description of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites within a piece of dna. generating such a map is usually the first step in characterizing an unknown dna, and a prerequisite to manipulating it for other purposes. typically, restriction enzymes that cleave dna infrequently ( e. g. those with 6 bp recognition sites ) and are relatively inexpensive are used to produce at a map. l. augsten, ra bowen, m rouge " restriction mapping " biotechnology and genetic engineering " 2000 http : / / arbl. cvmbs. colostate. edu / hbooks / genetics / biotech / enzymes / maps. html restriction mapping : use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of dna. mesh, 1989 google = about 5, 770, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 31, 300 june 23, 2004 ; about 610, 000 aug 8, 2007 snp maps : a collection of snps that can be superimposed over the existing genome map, creating greater detail and facilitating further genetic studies. [ snp consortium ] current estimates indicate that a very dense marker map ( 30, 000 - 1, 000, 000 variants ) would be required to perform haplotype - based association studies. we have constructed a snp map of the human genome with sufficient density to study human haplotype structure, enabling future study of human medical and population genetics. [ international snp map working group " a map of human genome sequence variation containing 1. 42 millions single nucleotide polymorphisms " nature 409 : 928


human haplotype structure, enabling future study of human medical and population genetics. [ international snp map working group " a map of human genome sequence variation containing 1. 42 millions single nucleotide polymorphisms " nature 409 : 928 - 934, 15 feb. 2001 ] google = about 451, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 4, 030 june 23, 2004 ssr simple sequence repeats : genetic variations & snps often used as a mapping marker sts sequence - tagged sites : see also snps & genetic variations useful for orienting the physical mapping and sequence data reported from different laboratories. [ doe ] pcr - based stss have been used as landmarks for construction of various types of genomic maps. [ electronic pcr, ncbi, us ] http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / sts / related term est expressed sequence tag sts map : see sts - content mapping sts - content mapping : a physical mapping method in which the presence of stss on large - insert clones ( e. g. yacs ) is used to infer linkage and ordering of the sites. [ ncbi ] self - organizing maps : algorithms syntenic map : chromosomal maps showing the collinear relationships between the genomes of different organisms. often these chromosomal regions from related organisms ( such as various grass species ) contain corresponding genetic information and similar gene order. glossary, national plant genome initiative, interagency working group on plant genomes, 1999 http : / / www. ostp. gov / html / genome / genome _ 6. html tandem repeats : see snps & genetic variations useful as a marker in physical mapping. telomere maps : telomeres are the tips of the chromosomes. they are crucial in maintaining the chromosomes ' stability and are important in the cell cycle and ageing. because of the way the physical maps are constructed, many telomeres of chromosomes are left out. riethman et al. used a special way of capturing the ends of all the telomeres to ensure that the whole - genome map stretches all the way to the tips of the chromosomes. the authors also show from their computational analysis that these areas are not boring junk dna but contain many interesting gene sequences likely to be important to our cells. nature genome gateway press releases, human genome issue, 15 feb. 2001 http : / / www. nature. com / genomics / human / overview / press - releases. html top - down :


gene sequences likely to be important to our cells. nature genome gateway press releases, human genome issue, 15 feb. 2001 http : / / www. nature. com / genomics / human / overview / press - releases. html top - down : see high - resolution physical mapping. any relation to top - down research? see research transcript maps : in only a year or two, most human genes will be sequence - tagged and placed on various physical maps. such a ‘ transcript map ’ ( or ‘ expression map ’ ) of the genome will be an important part of the sequencing infrastructure, as well as a critical resource for the positional candidate approach to gene cloning. one of the specific goals of the us human genome project is the construction of a high resolution sts map of the genome... one of the early problems with gene - based stss was that there simply were not enough unique human gene sequences to bother with. but all of that changed with the advent of est sequencing, at which time several groups began mapping ests albeit on a limited scale and only to the resolution of a chromosome assignment. mark s boguski and gregory d schuler “ establishing a human transcript map ” nature genetics 10 : 369 - 371, 1995 expression map of the genome. google = about 359, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 6, 330 june 23, 2004 related term expression mapping. transcriptome maps : consist of " expression clusters " of co - regulated genes. challenges ahead for computational biology include the integration of clusters obtained for the transcriptome, the interactome, the phenome, and the localizome. marc vidal " biological atlas of functional maps " cell 104 : 333 339, february 9, 2001 google = about 33, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 534 june 23, 2004 related terms : interactome maps, localizome maps, phenome maps. whole genome clone - based maps : in their paper, the international human genome mapping consortium describe how they constructed the first whole - genome physical map, how they created the templates from which the genome was sequenced and demonstrated how the map was essential for the accurate assembly of the human genome by the publicly funded effort. four short reports accompanying the whole - genome mapping paper ( bruls ; bentley ; kucherlaparti ; page ), describe alternative mapping strategies that were implemented for chromosomes 12, 14 and y, as well as a host of other chromosomes. information from all these papers were integrated into the whole - genome paper and demonstrate how


1884 drew pocket map of florida description : an extremely scarce and important map of florida drawn by horace drew in 1884. this highly uncommon map, the earliest known example of which was issued in 1867, is considered to be the only pocket map of florida actually printed in florida. the first edition of this map was printed by columbus drew from his offices in jacksonville florida and subsequently updated in an unknown number of editions into the 1880s. this example was printed by horace drew, son and successor to columbus. it reflects the rapid and hopeful development of florida through the middle and late 19 century, with numerous railways, roads, and canals noted. of particular note is the lucie canal, shown here leading from lake okeechobee to the atlantic. this canal was part of a plan, supported by drew, to drain the everglades via a series of well placed water channels. fortunately the lucie canal was never built and the unique everglades biosphere has been preserved for us to enjoy today. also of interest is the extensive notation in the lower left quadrant regarding the florida land survey. even in the late 19th century much of florida remained federally administrated public land. it was the work of the florida land survey, upon which this map is based, to plat out the land for sale to settlers. drew ' s notations explain the process and how do identify land available for purchase. drew additionally notes the sites of various important battles during the seminole wars. considered the holy grail of 19th century florida cartography, this map is a must for any serious collection focusing on the american southeast. dated and copyrighted, " entered according to act of congress in the year 1884 by horace drew, in the office of the librarian of congress, at washington. " date : 1884 ( dated ) references : rumsey, 5190. 001 ( 1870 edition ). fitzgerald, 167 ( 1874 edition ). phillips, ( maps ) 285 ( 1874 edition ). library of congress, map division, g3931. p3 1874. d7 rr 195. baxter, j. m., tequesta - an annotated checklist of florida maps, p. 115. cartographer : columbus drew ( 1820 - 1891 ) was a florida physician, politician, writer, bookseller, publisher and printer active in the mid to late 19th century. drew acquired a degree in medicine from washington university in baltimore before relocating to florida to establish a practice in jacksonville. drew quickly became a leading citizen and, being an ardent union man, held the post of state com