{"text": "finding suggests new therapy for genetic disorder la jolla, ca \u2013 a home movie of toddlers will show them wobble and weave, often to the amusement of adult viewers. but for babies born with the rare genetic disease ataxia - telangiectasia, commonly known as a - t, what may seem like normal and adorable lack of polish accelerates into a progressive and pervasive loss of muscle control and early death. by locating the source of neurodegeneration, a new salk study suggests a course of potential treatment, bringing hope to those afflicted by this currently incurable disease. \" the exciting thing here is that there are therapies available that now make sense to try, \" said brad margus, president of the a - t children ' s project, a patient advocacy group for patients with a - t. ataxia refers to the altered gait produced by the neurodegenerative effects of the disease ; telangiectasia refers to patches of dilated blood vessels commonly seen in patients ' skin. babies born with a - t appear perfectly normal and healthy for their first several years. as toddlers or young schoolchildren they show their first symptoms, typically by beginning to sway. \" the seriousness of the condition is not immediately clear, \" said salk assistant professor carrolee barlow, m. d., lead author of the study, which appears in the current issue of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. \" but by their teen years, most are in wheelchairs, and many lose control of their eye movements, so even reading or focusing on a game becomes difficult. \" a - t patients are also prone to cancers, usually leukemias and lymphomas, and lack a robust immune system. before the age of 30, most succumb to either cancer or infection. with colleagues at the national institutes of health, barlow developed mice that lacked the gene atm, shown in 1995 to be the cause of a - t. the mice display symptoms closely paralleling the course of the human disease. \" developing an animal model for the disease provided the breakthrough we needed to find the underlying defect, an inability to cope with oxidative damage, \" said barlow. in the current study, barlow and collaborators examined brain cells from the cerebellums of these mice, the part of the brain known to be affected by a - t. \" the cerebellum is the central control panel for all movements, \" said barlow. \" for instance, if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47331371806273004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.760075"} {"text": "brain cells from the cerebellums of these mice, the part of the brain known to be affected by a - t. \" the cerebellum is the central control panel for all movements, \" said barlow. \" for instance, if you hold your arm out to your side and decide to lift it over head, your cerebellum informs the rest of your brain and body about where your arm is and in which direction it should be moved. \" in a - t patients, important cells in the cerebellum, called purkinje cells, slowly but steadily die off, causing the progressive loss of motor control. when barlow and colleagues looked at the purkinje cells in the atm - deficient mice, they found the likely killer. \" the cells showed clear evidence of oxidative damage, \" said barlow. \" we all encounter oxidants, commonly called free radicals, in our day - to - day lives \u2013 they ' re byproducts of ordinary metabolism. most of us can contain or repair the insults these toxins inflict on our cells, but in people with a - t, the defense system appears to be impaired in these important brain cells. \" oxidants are highly reactive compounds that wreak havoc with the sensitive chemical balance inside cells, creating \" molecular debris. \" inside the brain cells of atm - deficient mice, barlow and colleagues found telltale scars of oxidative assault. the results were somewhat unexpected, since the product of the atm gene is not an enzyme specialized to cope with oxidative stress. rather, it is a kinase, a type of protein that typically switches other proteins on and off. \" so we think the atm protein most likely turns on defense system molecules, \" said barlow. \" when it ' s missing, oxidative damage builds up inside these brain cells, until key enzymes and other proteins no longer function and the cells die. this type of cumulative effect is seen in other neurodegenerative disorders and, in fact, one school of thought states that normal aging is due to an accumulation of oxidative damage. \" she noted an intriguing similarity between the atm gene and a gene called age - 1, found in the tiny experimental worm caenorhabditis elegans. worms that manufacture extra age - 1 live much longer than their counterparts. \" the worm findings underscore the central role of oxidative defense in maintaining life, \" said barlow. \" they also suggest that it may be possible to prolong life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5433431526909585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.761132"} {"text": "worms that manufacture extra age - 1 live much longer than their counterparts. \" the worm findings underscore the central role of oxidative defense in maintaining life, \" said barlow. \" they also suggest that it may be possible to prolong life by administering anti - oxidant medications. vitamin e is one anti - oxidant found in our diets, and there are other more potent drugs that could be tried to prolong the lives of people with a - t. \" said margus : \" dr. barlow ' s study is the first to present hard empirical evidence of what is actually causing brain cells to die in this disease. and that gives us a rationale for potential treatment. \" the oxidative defense defect may also help to explain the high cancer rate seen in a - t patients, since damage to dna can result in the types of mutations that give rise to cancer cells. collaborators on the study include phyllis a. dennery at stanford university, mark k. shigenaga at the university of california, berkeley, mark a. smith at case western reserve university, jason d. morrow and l. jackson roberts ii at vanderbilt university, anthony wynshaw - boris at the university of california, san diego and rodney l. levine at the national heart, lung, and blood institute. the study, titled \" loss of the ataxia - telangiectasia gene product causes oxidative damage in target organs \" was supported by the national institutes of health, the burroughs wellcome fund, and the a - t children ' s project. barlow holds the frederick b. rentschler developmental chair. brad margus can be reached at ( 800 ) 543 - 5728. the a - t children ' s project can assist in arranging patient interviews : ( 561 ) 395 - 2621. the salk institute for biological studies, located in la jolla, calif., is an independent nonprofit institution dedicated to fundamental discoveries in the life sciences, the improvement of human health and conditions, and the training of future generations of researchers. the institute was founded in 1960 by jonas salk, m. d., with a gift of land from the city of san diego and the financial support of the march of dimes birth defects foundation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4938859971197974, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.762147"} {"text": "books > atlases > rare book - city atlas by braun and hogenberg the most famous cities atlas : braun and hogenberg ' s magnificent collection of town map engravings braun & hogenberg, civitates orbis terrarium. part i, ii and iii in 1 vol. cologne, gottfried von kempen ( part i & ii ), 1575 and bertram buchholtz ( part iii ), 1593. latin text. with 3 engraved title - pages, 176 engraved plates, depicting 300 cities ( one plate with coat of arms ) : detailed perspective town plans and views, all beautiful coloured by contemporary hands. calf binding, restored, new spine ( original spine preserved ), covers gilt paneled with central arabesque motifs. the civitates orbis terrarum, published in cologne between 1572 and 1617, is the most famous of the early town atlases. the civitates was, like ortelius ' theatrum, one of the best - selling works in the last quarter of the 16th century. although it had no comparable predecessor, it immediately answered a great public demand because social, political and economic life at that time was concentrated in cities. apart from that, the pictorial style of the plans and views appealed very much to the uneducated public. for many cities, these are the first plans and views ever published. many of them include figures in the foreground showing local costumes or other regional details. the first volume was published in 1572. ultimately the publication would consist of six folio parts with a total of 363 plates of 543 town illustrations. since each part has its own title and there is no title for the entire set, the title of the first part, civitates orbis terrarum, is often used as a pars - pro - toto title. but even more often we see the series denoted by the names of the most important compilers - the \" braun & hogenberg \". georg braun was the editor of this series, and frans hogenberg was the most important engraver. they relied mainly on existing maps, but also on drawings made by the antwerp artist joris hoefnagel ( 1542 - 1600 ), who had travelled through most of western europe. after joris hoefnagel ' s death his son jakob continued the work for the \" civitates \". another important source for maps was the danish cartographer heinrich van rantzau ( rantzovius - 1526 - 1599 ), who provided maps of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3654792252523976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.765173"} {"text": "the school ' s playground consists of play structures and tetherball, volleyball, basketball and wall ball courts. for safety and supervision, students should remain within their designated play areas. lunch court rules - stay in your seat until dismissed. - raise your hand for permission before leaving the lunch court area ( i. e., bathroom, classroom, etc. ). - no tossing or throwing food. - do not switch tables. - throw away all of your trash and stack your tray. - no talking and hand up when signal is on. - no kicking the balls on the playground. - no playing in or around bathroom areas. - no playing wall ball or bouncing balls against the buildings. - students must freeze and take a knee when bell rings. - place balls in ball cages ; do not throw them in. - do not run in unsafe areas ( i. e., lunch court, bathroom areas, etc. ). - no chasing, tag or dodgeball games. - be responsible for picking up after yourself ( i. e., equipment, etc. ). - playground balls must stay in the ball areas and away from the play structures. - no food, drinks or lunch bags on the playground. - no hanging on the ball or sitting on the rope. - make sure the ball - playing area is clear of other students before you start playing. - do not pull on the net or move the net up and down. - do not spike the ball over the net. - do not kick the volleyball. - do not run or fight over the volleyball. - limit team numbers to a safe size ( 8 - 10 per side ). - no jumping or hanging over the sides or the tops of slides. - move in one direction on the bars. - no standing on the bars. - keep feet on structure platforms. - no running on or around structures. - third - through fifth - graders only on the red structure ; no second - graders or younger. - no running or pushing. - feet first down the slides. - no running up the slides. students may only play on the structures during school hours ( e. g., recess, lunch play or p. e. ) for their safety, students may not play on the structures at any other time ( e. g., before or after school or at any event after school hours. ) - no hanging on the rim or net. - only half court games with safe numbers per team ( 8 - 10 ). - no physical contact with other players. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4773266282201013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.767758"} {"text": "putting the \" fun \" in fundraising raising money for your child ' s school can be a tricky process. but with the right tools, clear - cut goals, and a positive attitude, you can help lead the class to the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow \u2014 even if you ' ve never organized a fundraiser before. so clear your calendar and get ready to be the chairperson of a successful, fun, money - making event! t - minus 3 - 6 months what ' s your objective? first, focus on the goal of your fundraising project. the most important question to ask is, of course, \" why do we need to raise money? \" once you know that, consider other specifics : - who can be involved to help raise money? ( parents, teachers, kids, the community? ) - what is the most appropriate way to raise money for this cause? - when is the money needed, and when can fundraiser be scheduled? - where can the fundraiser be held ( if applicable )? - how much money needs to be raised to make an impact? brainstorm for these basic \" who, what, when, where, why, and how \" questions, and see what other ideas, questions, and concerns arise from the session. all the answers you come up with will be crucial for setting a specific fundraising goal, and any questions that remain can be a collaborative effort once your committee is in place. being very specific now will help your fundraiser to run smoothly. so make sure your cause has a realistic goal and you can orchestrate an appropriate benefit for it. once you outline the details of your objective, you ' ll be one step closer to success. enlist a supporting cast recruit a small group of volunteers ( 3 or 4 other parents or teachers ) to help you. this group will brainstorm with you and you can delegate some part of the work, such as publicity or finances, to each member of the group. don ' t be afraid to ask for advice. seek out a parent who previously ran a successful fundraising effort and learn the tricks to getting it done right. determine the details all those questions you asked yourself before? it ' s time to decide on the answers! why? whether you ' ve decided on a school - wide effort that will donate earnings to charity, a sports - team attempt to make money for new equipment, or a classroom fundraiser for new textbooks, congratulations! you have a cause, and you ' re going to work hard for it. now brainstorm different strategies to earn the appropriate amount for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42524052808551016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.778619"} {"text": ", a sports - team attempt to make money for new equipment, or a classroom fundraiser for new textbooks, congratulations! you have a cause, and you ' re going to work hard for it. now brainstorm different strategies to earn the appropriate amount for your goal ( see what? below ). who? think about potential resources available for your project. can the community contribute to the fundraiser, or will it be a smaller endeavor? how many volunteers can you recruit before it becomes a circus? what role will the children play? what? here ' s the fun part : deciding what kind of fundraiser you are going to have! here are some tried - and - true money - raisers ( but don ' t limit yourself to these \u2014 the more you think outside the box, the more attention you may get ) : bake sale. one of the simplest fundraisers to coordinate, bake sales benefit everyone. because the sale usually takes place in the cafeteria during lunch or after school, it doesn ' t disrupt class, which administrators and teachers always appreciate. students and faculty enjoy modestly priced, homemade snacks. and since the volunteers ( i. e., the bakers ) generally give their time, energy, and tasty treats from the goodness of their hearts, your fundraiser is inexpensive to produce. book drive / sale. organize a book drive where families can donate old titles their children have outgrown. once collected, hold a sale in the school gymnasium or auditorium for students. it ' s a great way for kids to buy books at low cost, and any unsold books can be donated to the less fortunate or given to the school library. catalog. there are many fundraising companies that can help you with big events. usually the goods are catalog orders, and kids go door - to - door selling products ranging from seasonal cookie tins to candles to toys. fundraisers such as these take research and cooperation, since you will be working with a third - party representative. before you agree to work with a company, ask : - can the company ' s program help you reach your financial goal? - how many years of experience does the company have? - will there be a written contract between the school and the company? - what ' s the quality of the products? - are products paid for in advance or upon delivery? - does the company understand and comply with your state sales tax laws? - will the company provide promotional assistance ( parent letters, posters, samples for display, etc. ), or does that fall to you? -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4608870271881941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.779782"} {"text": "for in advance or upon delivery? - does the company understand and comply with your state sales tax laws? - will the company provide promotional assistance ( parent letters, posters, samples for display, etc. ), or does that fall to you? - what is the policy regarding damaged, unsold, or backordered products? - how are products shipped, and when? who pays? is there a prize for the top seller? candy grams. a halloween fundraising favorite, candy grams are fun for kids and relatively easy to pull off. there are two stages : first, the selling stage, where you and your volunteers set up a station at school. during lunch, students pay a small amount ( 50 cents to a dollar ) to order a small bag of candy with a written note for a friend or a teacher. after you collect orders for a week or two, you enter the delivery stage, where volunteers bring the candy grams to lucky recipients. carnations. who wouldn ' t want to receive a pretty carnation on valentine ' s day? carnations are accessible, low - cost flowers sent to friends or teachers with a valentine note attached ( though this fundraiser could work any time of the year ). carnation sales follow the same two - step process as candy grams. car wash. a longtime favorite of sports teams. the upsides to car washes are many : the kids have fun and are usually enthusiastic about the task ; it can take place after school ; and supplies are inexpensive. the potential downsides? finding a place to hold the event \u2014 and mother nature ' s cooperation! dance - a - thon. ask students to collect pledges for a good cause, and the rest of the fundraiser is a virtual party! organizing a dance - a - thon can be complicated and costly : coordinating music, finding a place to hold it ( school gym? youth center? ), scheduling ( at night? after school? on a weekend? ), getting chaperones, collecting pledges ( before or after the event? ), etc. but dance - a - thons are fun for kids, who get to boogie down for a good cause. - penny war. set up a friendly competition between grades or classes with a penny war. each \" team \" gets a huge jar as a piggy bank, and students try to win by dropping spare change into the banks. rules vary from school to school. but generally, teams earn points by adding pennies ( one point for each penny ) to their jars,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.483278293739527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.781192"} {"text": "a huge jar as a piggy bank, and students try to win by dropping spare change into the banks. rules vary from school to school. but generally, teams earn points by adding pennies ( one point for each penny ) to their jars, and points can be deducted by putting other coins in \" the enemy ' s \" jar ( minus five points for a nickel, minus ten for a dime, and so forth for coin values ). best of all, whoever wins gets a pizza party. when? you ' ll need plenty of time to plan, but you may need to raise money by a certain date. also, make sure your fundraiser doesn ' t conflict with another big school event. check with at least two or three people in the administration ' s office before setting the dates : the principal, of course, your child ' s teacher, and at least one secretary in charge of managing the school ' s calendar. aim for a two - week run. that gives a week for your effort to build momentum, and a week for it to peak. after 14 days, you may find that interest has waned \u2014 and your volunteers have other commitments to attend to. where? of course, this will depend on what you ' re doing. if you are holding a car wash, research highly trafficked parking lots. for a dance - a - thon, you ' ll need to book the school gymnasium for the event and send volunteers door - to - door to collect pledges. use your imagination to envision the best location for your fundraiser. how? as in, how much money do you need to raise? determining your prices can make or break a fundraiser. so draw up a budget that includes what the costs are going to be ( renting space, buying supplies, advertising, any prizes, etc. ), how much you are going to charge ( donations, set prices, or pledges ), and how much you expect to make. t - minus 1 month : put everything in place approximately a month before the big event, you should have enough volunteers standing by. assign them specific tasks to help run and administer the fundraiser so you can be sure that nothing will conflict with their duties, short of an emergency. construct a master schedule of important dates for everyone to use as a reference. include the following : - promotions like press releases or newsletter articles - arrival dates for company promotional materials if you are doing a catalog fundraiser - deadlines for money to be turned in - p. a. announcements - committee meetings - delivery of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4619299903241022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.782691"} {"text": "a reference. include the following : - promotions like press releases or newsletter articles - arrival dates for company promotional materials if you are doing a catalog fundraiser - deadlines for money to be turned in - p. a. announcements - committee meetings - delivery of products and / or prizes - volunteer commitments - announcement of results to all participants - wrap - up meeting to review the entire event - kick - off activities be sure to inform teachers so that they may incorporate fundraising efforts into their schedules as well. take time to meet with your committee to review the logistics. make a list of materials that you ' ll be responsible for and those that others \u2014 the school, the volunteers, or the fundraising company ( if you are using one ) \u2014 will supply. t - minus 2 weeks : promote, promote, promote! get the word out! give fliers to all classrooms so teachers can send them home to parents. include your fundraising goal in p. a. announcements and pta newsletters. hang posters around the school and post dates on the school bulletin boards. if the school has a web site, contact the webmaster so details about the fundraiser can be front and center on the page. take advantage of parents ' night, if one is scheduled during this time, and arrange a display with product samples from your project. word of mouth is also key, so make some phone calls to relevant members of the community. t - minus 1 week : psyche up the crowd within a week before the fundraiser begins, schedule a short but enlivening rally to kick off the event. ask the principal if this can be school - wide or, if not, go from classroom to classroom with your presentation. build enthusiasm towards meeting the goal, and explain what the kids can do to help. pass out more fliers for students to take home, and mention what the prize will be for the winner. prizes can be anything : a pizza party, a class trip to the roller skating rink, a gift certificate, a picture in the local newspaper, etc. just be sure to get the okay from the school administration beforehand! t - minus 1 day : countdown to kickoff you ' re almost there! in the 24 hours before the fundraiser begins, everything should be running so smoothly that all you need to do is make some phone calls. check in with volunteers, teachers, the principal, the company you elected to use, and your committee members. clear up any last - minute concerns they might have, and confirm that all the supplies and materials needed to make the fundraiser a hit are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40171356356804544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.784054"} {"text": ". check in with volunteers, teachers, the principal, the company you elected to use, and your committee members. clear up any last - minute concerns they might have, and confirm that all the supplies and materials needed to make the fundraiser a hit are in the right hands. the big day and beyond : step back and support now you can watch with pride as your fundraiser reaches its goal \u2014 and then some! during the event, you ' ll need to : show support : roll up your sleeves and take an active part, whether that means helping sell brownies at a bake sale, taking a child door - to - door for catalog fundraisers, motivating volunteers, or announcing progress on the p. a. track progress : keep reminding your volunteers of important deadlines. make sure everything \u2014 order forms, tallies, pledges \u2014 are well - organized and have at least two copies of everything on file. and always be sure to give updates on how much is being raised! deliver the goods : make sure volunteers will be available to deliver products or prizes. have a trusted committee member help you with troubleshooting, such as dealing with missing pledges, orders, or paperwork. finally, announce your success everywhere you can : on bulletin boards, over the p. a., in newsletters, and on posters. - give credit : be sure to thank everyone involved in your fundraiser, from your committee to the volunteers. call one final meeting with your team to review the effort and take notes on what you might do differently next time. once you have all the information, submit a report to the principal in a brief meeting. if you used a catalog company, provide the representative with results, comments, and suggestions in order to build a working relationship. now exhale. and congratulate yourself on well - executed, successful fundraiser! recommended products for your child ages 6 - 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3812727698961722, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.785601"} {"text": "* note : this is an abbreviated project idea, without notes to start your background research, a specific list of materials, or a procedure for how to do the experiment. you can identify abbreviated project ideas by the asterisk at the end of the title. if you want a project idea with full instructions, please pick one without an asterisk. make your own fertile soil using kitchen scraps, manure, leaves, grass clippings, and other compostable materials. which materials make the best compost? how does the amount of nitrogen change the rate at which the compost forms? how does traditional composting compare to worm composting, or vermiculture? how does the temperature of the compost pile change? the ask an expert forum is intended to be a place where students can go to find answers to science questions that they have been unable to find using other resources. if you have specific questions about your science fair project or science fair, our team of volunteer scientists can help. our experts won ' t do the work for you, but they will make suggestions, offer guidance, and help you troubleshoot. if you like this project, you might enjoy exploring these related careers : not all dirt is created equal. in fact, different types of soil can make a big difference in some very important areas of our society. a building constructed on sandy soil might collapse during an earthquake, and crops planted in soil that doesn ' t drain properly might become waterlogged and rot after a rainstorm. it is the job of a soil scientist to evaluate soil conditions and help farmers, builders, and environmentalists decide how best to take advantage of local soils. have you ever noticed that for people with asthma it can sometimes be especially hard to breathe in the middle of a busy city? one reason for this is the exhaust from vehicles. cars, buses, and motorcycles add pollution to our air, which affects our health. but can pollution impact more than our health? cutting down trees, or deforestation, can contribute to erosion, which carries off valuable topsoil. but can erosion alter more than the condition of the soil? how does an oil spill harm fish and aquatic plants? how does a population of animals interact with its environment? these are questions that environmental scientists study and try to find answers to. they conduct research or perform investigations to identify and eliminate the sources of pollution or hazards that damage either the environment or human and animal health. environmental scientists are the stewards of our environment and are committed to keeping it safe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5103059495647835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.792865"} {"text": "dec. 1, 2009 bacteria are quite creative when infecting the human organism. they invade cells, migrate through the body, avoid an immune response and misuse processes of the host cell for their own purposes. to this end, every bacterium employs its own strategy. in collaboration with a british research group, structural biologists from the helmholtz centre for infection research in braunschweig, germany, and the university of bielefeld, germany, have now elucidated one mechanism of listeria bacteria. two so - called invasion proteins are crucial for infection. each binds a specific receptor on the surface of human cells, which stimulates the host cell to take up the pathogen. normally, these receptor molecules exert a different function, for example the regulation of cell growth and wound healing. the group ' s results have now been published in the current issue of the journal of molecular biology. spoiled meat is one of the sources for listeria infections leading to listeriosis. pregnant women, newborns and immune compromised people are susceptible for a severe progression of this disease. firstly, the pathogen breaches the intestinal barrier and thus enters the body. the key for further spreading is the invasion protein internalin b that is located on the bacterial surface. on human cells, internalin b activates a receptor molecule called \" met, \" thereby signaling the host cell to take up the pathogen. inside the cell, listeria uses the host cell ' s nutrients and is somehow sheltered from an immune response. until now, the researchers did not know how the bacterial invasion protein activates the human receptor. to solve this question, the structural biologists from the hzi first analysed the crystal structures of the single internalin b molecule and of its complex bound to human met. \" in x - ray structural analysis we noticed that in protein crystals two internalin b molecules align characteristically, \" says hartmut niemann, assistant professor at the university of bielefeld. professor dirk heinz, head of the structural biologists at the hzi, explains : \" this gave rise to the idea of a dimer - - two congregated internalin b molecules - - playing a pivotal role in the activation of the met receptor. \" minor changes in the internalin b molecule confirmed their hypothesis : inhibiting the congregation of two internalin b molecules prevented the activation of met. on the other hand, strengthening the interaction resulted in particularly strong receptor activation. these results may lead to the development of new protein drugs in the future. \" met plays a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5490753828278867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.796954"} {"text": "apr. 11, 2012 a newly published article in the journal nursing for women ' s health highlights the importance of a woman ' s ability to time her childbearing. the author asserts that contraception is a means of health promotion and women who work with their health care providers to ensure they are healthy prior to conceiving can minimize their risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth. according to the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) there were more than four million births in the u. s. in 2009. a study by kuklina et al. ( 2009 ) shows an increase in severe obstetric complications from 1998 - 1999 to 2004 - 2005, with renal failure increasing by 21 %, pulmonary embolism by 52 % and the need for blood transfusion by 92 %. moreover, maternal mortality has risen sharply in the past 20 years with a low of 6. 6 maternal deaths per 100, 000 live births in 1987, rising to 12. 7 in 2007. \" there is a new urgency to ensuring that women have access to affordable contraceptive services given the rising rates of maternal morbidity and mortality in the u. s, \" explains catherine ruhl, cnm, ms, director of women ' s health programs at the association of women ' s health, obstetric and neonatal nurses ( awhonn ) in washington, dc. \" if women are able to choose when, and if, to become pregnant, they can protect themselves and their baby from pregnancy - related complications by ensuring they enter pregnancy in good health. \" ruhl points out that contraception counseling and birth control methods should be considered prevention, which in turn promotes good health. in the u. s. health conditions such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension have increased in women, increasing the risk of pregnancy complications. federal data sources report that slightly less than half of women who gave birth in 2007 had a healthy pre - pregnancy weight. a certified nurse - midwife, ruhl suggests that women discuss their reproductive goals and contraception options with their health care providers. \" women deserve to have a full understanding of the benefits of being in the best health possible prior to pregnancy, and have providers who will partner with them to achieve their goals, \" she concludes. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - catherine ruhl. contraception is health promotion. nursing for women \u2019 s health, 2012 doi : 10. 1111 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4652736141615057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.802799"} {"text": "july 13, 2012 an international team, led by institute of genetics and developmental biology, chinese academy of science, and bgi, the world ' s largest genomics organization, has completed the genomic sequence and analysis of salt cress ( thellungiella salsuginea ), a wild salt - tolerant plant. the salt cress genome serves as a useful tool for exploring mechanisms of adaptive evolution and sheds new lights on understanding the genetic characteristics underlying plant abiotic stress tolerance. the study was published online in pnas. salt cress is a typical halophyte with high resistance to cold, drought, oxidative stresses and salinity. due to its small plant size, short life cycle, copious seed production, small genome size, and an efficient transformation, salt cress could serve as an important genetic model system for botanist, geneticists, and breeders to better explore the genetic mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance. in the study, researchers sequenced the genome of salt cress ( shandong ecotype ) using the paired - end solexa sequencing technology. the genomic data yielded a draft sequence of salt cress with about 134 - fold coverage. the final length of the assembled sequences amounted to about 233. 7 mb, covering about 90 % of the estimated size ( ~ 260 mb ). a total of 28, 457 protein - coding regions were predicted in the sequenced salt cress genome. researchers found that the average exon length of salt cress and a. thaliana genes was similar, whereas the average intron length of salt cress was about 30 % larger than that of a. thaliana. the evolutionary analysis indicated that salt cress and its close relative - arabidopsis thaliana - diverged from approximately 7 - 12million years ago. when tracing the differences between salt cress and a. thaliana, researchers found salt cress was characterized by a dramatically different lifestyle, a unique gene complement, significant differences in the expression of orthologs, and a larger genome size. noticeably, the salt cress genome showed a dramatically higher content of transposable elements ( tes ) than that of a. thaliana, which may be the reason for its enlarged genome size. in common with other higher plants, salt cress genome was consisted of abundance of long terminal repeat ( ltr ) retrotransposons. salt can have drastic effects on the growth and yield of agronomical crops. it is estimated that salinity render", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5020162507808192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.807725"} {"text": "higher plants, salt cress genome was consisted of abundance of long terminal repeat ( ltr ) retrotransposons. salt can have drastic effects on the growth and yield of agronomical crops. it is estimated that salinity renders about one - third of the world ' s irrigated land unsuitable for crop production. in this study, researchers identified many genes in salt cress that contribute to its success in high - salt environments, such as the genes related with cation transport, abscisic acid signaling, and wax production. junyi wang, director of science & technology, research & cooperation center, bgi, said, \" salt cress provides an excellent model and opportunity for researchers to explore plant ' s mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance. the completed genomic sequence of salt cress will boost the advancement of stress tolerance research as well as provide a valuable theoretic instruct and technical support for researchers worldwide to better face the challenges of the soil salinization in irrigation area, the development and utilization of shallow offshore waters and beaches, and food security. \" other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - h. - j. wu, z. zhang, j. - y. wang, d. - h. oh, m. dassanayake, b. liu, q. huang, h. - x. sun, r. xia, y. wu, y. - n. wang, z. yang, y. liu, w. zhang, h. zhang, j. chu, c. yan, s. fang, j. zhang, y. wang, f. zhang, g. wang, s. y. lee, j. m. cheeseman, b. yang, b. li, j. min, l. yang, j. wang, c. chu, s. - y. chen, h. j. bohnert, j. - k. zhu, x. - j. wang, q. xie. insights into salt tolerance from the genome of thellungiella salsuginea. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 2012 ; doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 1209954109 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4938081468794211, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.808494"} {"text": "feb. 4, 2013 stanford university school of medicine investigators have identified a clutch of cells that - - if seen in a male patient ' s blood after receiving a brand - new immune system in the form of a bone - marrow transplant from a female donor - - herald the onset of chronic graft - versus - host disease, or cgvhd. in this devastating syndrome, the patient ' s tissues come under a vicious and enduring assault by the transplanted cells. \" the overwhelming majority of patients who have these cells in their blood either have or will develop cgvhd within one to three months, \" said david miklos, md, phd, assistant professor of medicine and senior author of the new study, which will be published online feb. 4 in proceedings of the national academy of sciences. until now there have been no good predictive indicators for the onset of cgvhd, he said. the discovery of this easily measured marker in the blood could help guide new therapies designed to mitigate or prevent cgvhd, the primary adverse outcome of transplantation of bone marrow from one person to another. bone marrow transplants are most commonly used to treat leukemia and lymphoma, conditions incurred when a blood or immune cell, respectively, becomes cancerous and proliferates. together, these diseases account for some 50, 000 to 75, 000 new cases annually in the united states. bone marrow transplantation involves first clearing a patient ' s body of his or her own immune cells and then transplanting bone marrow, the source of all blood - and immune - forming cells, from a tissue - matched donor. the new cells, which are free of cancer, repopulate the patient ' s bone marrow and eventually give rise to a functioning set of blood and immune cells, providing a lifelong cure. but in about half of such transplant procedures, patients ultimately develop cgvhd, miklos said. in the one - quarter of all these transplants that involve male recipients and female donors, the risk is even higher. that ' s an intentional tradeoff : while female - to - male bone - marrow transplants put the recipient at 40 percent higher risk of either acute or chronic gvhd than sex - matched transplants, they also reduce the male recipient ' s risk of a cancer relapse by 35 percent. cancer cells are, at heart, unstable and make all kinds of bizarre proteins, fragments of which they tend to display on their surface - - a red flag to the immune system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49711029051628247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.815900"} {"text": "recipient ' s risk of a cancer relapse by 35 percent. cancer cells are, at heart, unstable and make all kinds of bizarre proteins, fragments of which they tend to display on their surface - - a red flag to the immune system. the new immune system is therefore especially vigilant for cancerous cells that somehow survived the effort to destroy them, putting the patient at risk of a relapse. but the immune system attacks not only infectious bugs or cancerous cells but any cells that it perceives as \" foreign, \" including healthy cells bearing surface features the immune system hasn ' t become accustomed to over the course of its long - term exposure to the body ' s various tissues. so, the occupying army of immune cells from the donor all too often mounts a vicious, enduring, all - fronts attack on the recipient ' s healthy tissues. the standard treatment for cgvhd is to administer steroids, which can globally suppress the entire immune system. this therapy has its drawbacks : notably, a greatly increased vulnerability to infectious disease, weight gain, osteoporosis, muscle weakness and severe mood swings. plus, it doesn ' t always work or, often, becomes a lifelong requirement. the early warning indicator miklos ' team found is a particularly configured kind of b lymphocyte, one of many cell types that compose our immune system and are routinely infused in a bone marrow transplant. until recently, b cells have not been commonly suspected to induce cgvhd, because the job they ' re most well - known for is producing antibodies, an array of secreted proteins similar to arrows with designer tips. these arrowheads ' vastly varying shapes - - by some estimates, as many as a quadrillion ( the number one followed by 15 zeroes ) in a single person ' s immune system - - give antibodies a collective capacity to bind to virtually every other protein that may dot a foreign cell ' s surface. antibodies can grab onto an infecting pathogen, for example, immobilizing it and flagging it for an all - out assault and likely destruction by a heavyweight hit squad of aggressive immune cells. even when not engaged in antibody production, every b cell has surface receptors whose shapes closely resemble the \" designer tips \" of the antibodies the cell or its progeny will ultimately produce and secrete, should it become active. it was this shared feature that permitted the first - ever association of a set of b cells with the onset of cgvhd, miklos said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.527363302188816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.816922"} {"text": "antibodies the cell or its progeny will ultimately produce and secrete, should it become active. it was this shared feature that permitted the first - ever association of a set of b cells with the onset of cgvhd, miklos said. essentially all human cells package their genetic materials as 23 chromosome pairs, each composed of one maternally derived and one paternally derived member. in 22 of those pairs, both members are closely similar. one pair, however - - the one that determines our sex - - consists of two chromosomes that, in a woman, are closely similar ( two copies of the x version ) but, in a man, are as different as a pair of unmatched socks ( denoted x and y ). virtually every cell in a man ' s body contains a y chromosome, and so all these cells display, on their surfaces, certain fragments of the proteins produced according to the instructions of that y chromosome. analyses of entire sequences of the human genome have predicted that nine of these proteins would differ from their x - chromosome - produced counterparts by 5 percent or more. six of these so - called \" h - y proteins \" have been found to trigger strong immune responses by a woman ' s immune system. one of them, known as dby, and especially a small fragment of this protein called dby - 2, generates a particularly robust response. in earlier studies, miklos and his colleagues observed a telltale sign of b - cell involvement in cgvhd among men who had received cells from female donors : the presence, in these patients ' blood, of antibodies directed at sections of h - y proteins, especially dby - 2. but while these antibodies were highly associated with the development of cgvhd, they didn ' t precede its onset - - they became noticeable soon after clinical symptoms first emerged - - so they couldn ' t be the cause of the syndrome. then perhaps the b cells that would produce and secrete these antibodies were, even before they started doing that, involved in some other way in inducing cgvhd. in the new study, the investigators found a way to conjugate a fluorescent dye to dby - 2 - targeting receptors on b - cell surfaces, tagging those cells so they could be detected by a technique called fluorescence - activated cell sorting, or facs. leonard herzenberg, phd, professor emeritus of genetics at stanford and a co - author of the new study, invented facs in 1972 and has been instrumental in its continued development", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5322631161475033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.817889"} {"text": "a technique called fluorescence - activated cell sorting, or facs. leonard herzenberg, phd, professor emeritus of genetics at stanford and a co - author of the new study, invented facs in 1972 and has been instrumental in its continued development since then. miklos and his associates looked at blood from 28 male patients at stanford hospital who, starting in 2005, had received transplants of bone marrow from female donors and had agreed in advance to let researchers periodically draw their blood and store the samples in a freezer at the stanford bone marrow transplant research repository. years later, the researchers examined the blood samples retrospectively. when they looked at samples drawn roughly six months after the transplant, they observed that 16 of the 28 had detectable levels of dby - 2 - targeting b cells, accounting for 0. 5 - 1. 0 percent of all the b cells. considering the trillions of different possible receptor varieties that, in theory, might be present in all, that ' s a huge percentage. moreover, of those 16 patients, medical records showed that 15 had ultimately developed cgvhd. six of them already had it by the time their blood was first drawn, so it ' s impossible to say whether the cells or the disease came first. the other nine didn ' t yet have cgvhd, but went on to develop it between a month and a year later. of those 12 whose blood did not show evidence of the presence of the dby - 2 - targeting b - cells, only five ultimately developed cgvhd. miklos said he thinks this kind of assay might be useful in carefully monitoring patients for early warnings of impending cgvhd and, if the signs are there, beginning aggressive pre - emptive treatment. miklos cautioned that larger, prospective studies are necessary to establish dby - 2 ' s utility. miklos and his associates have shown in other studies that an injectable drug called rituximab ( itself an antibody ) that attacks b cells while sparing other immune - cell types can reduce the incidence of cgvhd in female - to - male - transplant recipients. miklos has conducted four different clinical trials ( including one ongoing national cancer institute - funded study still enrolling patients ) using rituximab along with steroids to treat cgvhd. the study, whose first author is research scientist bita sahaf, phd, was funded by grants from the national institutes of health ( hl0843", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5161418825150015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.818828"} {"text": "web edition : december 13, 2012 print edition : december 29, 2012 ; vol. 182 # 13 ( p. 34 ) according to one popular notion, everyone has a twin somewhere. who knows, maybe the same is true for planets. maybe there \u2019 s even a doppelganger earth orbiting at just the right distance from a sunlike star to support life. in his latest book, science writer lemonick provides a behind - the - scenes look at the decades - long search for just such a planet. the endeavor, long considered a scientific backwater with little chance of success, is now one of the hottest fields in astronomy. like any nascent field of science, the search for exoplanets poses a challenge that has lured both established researchers and ambitious students. these pioneers aim to detect planets too distant to see directly, by discerning the subtle wobbles of stars being tugged back and forth by the planets, as well as slight dimmings that result when planets pass in front of their parent stars. in a fascinating chronicle of camaraderie and competition, lemonick profiles the prominent researchers in an astronomical discipline that is coming of age. he follows the twists and turns in their careers as well as the towering hurdles they faced and ultimately solved \u2014 including oft - denied funding requests and the equally daunting search for respect among scientific peers. at first, researchers could discern only exceptionally large planets closely orbiting small stars. but techniques used to detect exoplanets are becoming more and more sensitive, and scientists may be getting close to discovering a mirror earth \u2014 a find that might be revealed within months, not years, lemonick contends. \u2014 sid perkins walker & co., 2012, 294 p., $ 26", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5361282469990305, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.820930"} {"text": "cyberattacks : a call for collaborative action we need to develop a collective consciousness for coping with the growing menace of cyber attacks, says stanton sloane. news of cyber security attacks is becoming all too familiar. recent reports propose how to combat sophisticated, custom - created malware designed to penetrate government and private industry computer networks, and steal national security secrets. this has raised overall awareness of the problem, but not as much attention has been placed on a key business concern : the theft of commercial intellectual property. we need to develop a collective consciousness for coping with the growing menace of cyber attacks, particularly given the economic and safety issues triggered when valuable intellectual property is the target. that ' s why advocating a public - private industry collaboration makes the most sense. the isolated efforts of individual nations, industry groups, or companies will be ineffective against 21st century intellectual property crime. this is a bigger problem. a few examples illustrate the point : - according to the office of the united states trade representative ( ustr ), intellectual property theft costs american corporations $ 250 billion every year. among those affected are manufacturers, distributors, retailers, employees, artists, consumers, and governments. - the costs of intellectual property theft are not solely economic ; the public ' s health and safety is also affected. for instance, intellectual property thieves can make huge profits from selling cheap counterfeit versions of products, not only where safety and reliability are essential, but also when brand recognition is key to consumer confidence and loyalty. one example : counterfeit airplane parts played a role in at least 166 u. s. - based accidents or mishaps during a recent 20 - year period. - united states customs and border protection estimates that 750, 000 american jobs have been lost due to counterfeiting. - the u. s. chamber of commerce global intellectual property center estimates that intellectual property in the united states is worth between $ 5 trillion and $ 5. 5 trillion. it accounts for approximately half of u. s. exports with roughly 40 percent driving u. s. economic growth. the impact of intellectual property theft on the u. s. economy is irrefutable. - research from the non - profit u. s. cyber consequences unit indicates that the destruction from a single wave of cyber attacks on critical infrastructure could exceed $ 700 billion, or the equivalent of 50 major hurricanes hitting u. s. soil at once. beyond the economic impacts, theft of intellectual property provides a significant advantage in learning curve for the thief. my hypothetical example would be the time involved in developing manufacturing techniques to produce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5199444106713795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.827011"} {"text": "or the equivalent of 50 major hurricanes hitting u. s. soil at once. beyond the economic impacts, theft of intellectual property provides a significant advantage in learning curve for the thief. my hypothetical example would be the time involved in developing manufacturing techniques to produce advanced jet engine components. theft of the processes, techniques, and tools required to produce these components instantly provides the thief with years of experience, and quickly levels the competitive landscape. this is not a new problem. but when we move from the realm of music \u201c pirates \u201d or theft of soft drink formulations into organized, state - led thefts of critical technologies, the threat to national security increases exponentially, even though it is not a direct attack on our defense networks. there is no simple solution to this problem. the first step, however, must be recognition of the scale and scope of the problem. it is underestimated today. given the impact an average hacker can create with a simple virus, you can appreciate what a well - financed foreign government - sponsored intelligence organization can do to penetrate a commercial company ' s network and extract critical intellectual information. simple virus detection software is not an adequate defense against that type of threat. it is a complex system engineering problem, one which requires a collective government - industry collaboration to counter. there also needs to be consequences for nations that conduct these activities, or who fail to pursue and prosecute criminals operating within their borders. granted, that is a hard problem to solve in an age of globalization where international relations are very sensitive, but the alternative is an accelerating shift of technology and financial power out of this country. while current political rhetoric makes us feel good about increasing the country ' s investment in research and technology, it is pointless to do so if it is just going to be pirated by our foreign adversaries. we are simply saving them the time and money of doing it themselves. the time for action is now. a \u201c cyber pearl harbor \u201d is in reality an \u201c economic pearl harbor. \u201d the only difference is that the enemy has quietly opened all the underwater valves on the ships, instead of dropping torpedoes. dr. stanton sloane was appointed president and ceo of sra international in april 2007.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5483758734258602, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.828143"} {"text": "meeting the water quality challenges 49. the revised bathing water directive significantly increases the water quality standards which we need to meet. four new classifications are introduced - excellent, good, sufficient, and poor, based on concentrations of bacteria ( intestinal enterococci and escherichia coli ) found in the water. the good standard is broadly equivalent to the existing guideline standard. 50. member states are required to ensure that by 2015 all bathing waters are of at least sufficient standard, and that appropriate measures are taken to increase the numbers of bathing waters classified as excellent or good. classification is based on four years ' worth of data, which means that results from 2012 onwards will be used in the 2015 classification. 51. applying data from recent years against these criteria suggests that up to one - third of currently designated bathing waters in scotland might be classified as poor. this is not only dependent on the quality of the water, but also on whether or not appropriate management actions are taken. a number of samples can be discounted in each year - the revised directive allows up to 15 % of samples to be disregarded - provided that the pollution is short - term, the failure was predicted and that authorities advised bathers appropriately. most bathing waters which currently meet the guideline standards of the existing directive are expected to meet the criteria for classification as excellent under the new directive. 52. the area most at risk of having its bathing waters classified as poor is the south - west of scotland. whilst this can be partly ascribed to sewers in need of upgrading, a larger, and less tractable problem is that of diffuse pollution from agriculture. this is currently a particular problem in the south - west, where dairy farming is relatively intense. 53. the scottish executive intends to use measures and mechanisms which are either already in place or are currently being developed to tackle these problems. identifying risks to compliance 54. as a first step, and at an early stage in the process of implementing the new directive, sepa will be asked to identify risks to compliance at each bathing water. it is important to do this quickly, so that these risks can be included in the interim report of significant water management issues in each river basin district. this report is due to be published in 2007 as part of the river basin management planning process associated with the water framework directive. 55. this report will inform river basin management plans and the bathing water profiles required by the revised bathing water directive ( see section ' revised bathing water directive - meeting the public participation and information provision challenges ' ). point source pollution 56", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46235101394319394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.841328"} {"text": "water framework directive. 55. this report will inform river basin management plans and the bathing water profiles required by the revised bathing water directive ( see section ' revised bathing water directive - meeting the public participation and information provision challenges ' ). point source pollution 56. the water environment ( controlled activities ) ( scotland ) regulations 2005 ( car ) come into force on 1 april 2006, and will be the primary means by which activities that may influence water quality will be authorised. bathing waters are recognised as \" protected areas \" under the car regime, and therefore sepa will need to take risks to compliance into consideration when determining applications for authorisations of any point sources of pollution. diffuse pollution from agriculture 57. the scottish executive is currently consulting on measures to reduce diffuse pollution from agriculture. we are proposing that national general binding rules be introduced to ensure that all farmers adopt a basic level of good practice. these general binding rules will be mainly drawn from existing guidelines, and so should prove to be a light - touch form of regulation for those farmers who have already adopted this good practice. 58. where the national gbrs prove to be insufficiently effective at reducing diffuse pollution, then further targeted measures may be taken by requiring higher levels of authorisation under the car regime. in particular, we are also proposing that from 2008, targeted general binding rules ( gbrs ) will be applied in areas where there is a high risk of pollution. 59. however, measures to reduce diffuse pollution will not just be regulatory. the content of tier three of the executive ' s land management contracts scheme for farmers is due to be finalised in 2006. this should contain some measures to encourage farmers to invest in measures designed to reduce diffuse pollution. the results of the recent pilot projects will be valuable here. however, it is likely that the funds available for such schemes will be limited. 60. diffuse pollution from agriculture is also a cause for concern with regards to compliance with other directives, such as the water framework directive and the nitrates directive. farmers will continue to be encouraged to adopt good practice, as outlined in documents such as the four point plan, the farm soils plan and the pepfaa code ( http : / / www. scotland. gov. uk / topics / agriculture / environment / pepfaa / intro ). 61. further evaluation of the various farm pilot projects is ongoing. this will provide data on the extent to which measures tested in these projects are effective. 62. the biogas and composting project has also modelled various scenarios for using this technology, including farm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48916467743153363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.842465"} {"text": "further evaluation of the various farm pilot projects is ongoing. this will provide data on the extent to which measures tested in these projects are effective. 62. the biogas and composting project has also modelled various scenarios for using this technology, including farm based plants and community based plants in both a traditional grazing scenario and a zero grazing scenario. early indications are that adopting a zero grazing approach might provide the necessary economic conditions to make the biogas plants viable. careful consideration of the conclusions of the research will be necessary. scottish water investment 63. in february 2005, scottish ministers announced the objectives they wish scottish water to meet in the next investment programme, quality and standards 3. this programme will run from 2006 to 2014 and will continue the work of modernising and improving the water and sewerage services in scotland. these objectives include improvements to some 64 km of bathing waters to meet the microbiological standards of the bathing water directive 76 / 160 / ec. the ministers ' statement can be found on the executive ' s website at http : / / www. scotland. gov. uk / topics / environment / water / 17583 / investment. 64. the requirements of the revised directive were not agreed at the time of planning the q & s 3 investment programme. with the new requirements in mind, it is likely that the scottish executive, sepa and scottish water will need to consider the implications for the water industry. once this has been done, it will then be possible to determine if any changes need to be made to ministers ' objectives for the second part of the q & s 3 programme post - 2010. bathing water quality sampling 65. the revised directive permits a certain amount of flexibility in sampling. a sample must be taken no later than four days after the date specified in the monitoring calendar. many of scotland ' s bathing waters are at the highest risk of pollution during and immediately following periods of rainfall. this flexibility allows sampling times to be delayed during such periods, when it is most unlikely that anyone will be bathing. it also means that sampling reflects the quality of the water actually enjoyed by bathers. it is the intention of the scottish executive that this flexibility should be used where necessary. however, this will present resourcing challenges for sepa, as previous sampling has used a fixed timetable of visits to bathing waters. sepa are undertaking a trial of flexible sampling in 2006, to better understand the issues that may result from introducing these changes. 66. it is required that following the classification of a bathing water as poor, the causes of the failure to achieve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49515633799227343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.843563"} {"text": "waters. sepa are undertaking a trial of flexible sampling in 2006, to better understand the issues that may result from introducing these changes. 66. it is required that following the classification of a bathing water as poor, the causes of the failure to achieve sufficient status shall be identified and addressed. to this end, following any such classification, sepa shall be asked to investigate the causes, and to devise and implement an improvement plan. it is anticipated that this will be done within the measures described in the relevant sub - basin management plan. 67. whilst the criteria relating to the classification of bathing waters are bacteriological, other parameters must also be considered in the management of the bathing water. amongst these considerations is the presence of litter pollution. this, of course, refers to its presence in the water itself. however, it would be naive to ignore the direct relationship between a bathing water and the associated beach. 68. responsibility for controlling litter on beaches is, in most cases, the responsibility of local authorities. it is important to recognise that these local authorities are legally required - and indeed are funded - to carry out this task, and that any other scheme which may come into being should not replace this obligation. 69. nevertheless, it is equally important to recognise the important role which the local community has to play in this regard. this role can be positive - taking ownership of and responsibility for their local environment - or it can at times be destructive - contributing to pollution of the bathing water and its environs. 70. the scottish executive will explore the possibility of devising a scheme to encourage the involvement of local community groups by providing modest levels of funding in exchange for undertaking activities designed to improve the environment surrounding their local bathing water, including reducing levels of litter. 71. in considering such a scheme, the scottish executive will look to the experiences of schemes currently in existence, such as the coastcare programmes in wales and australia, the green coast initiative in wales, the marine conservation society ' s adopt - a - beach scheme, the atlantic beach guardian programme in canada, and others from around the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4646500968137744, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.844487"} {"text": "six new characters foster global citizenship from a floating island panwapa helps children gain empathy for others while encouraging a broader international perspective. when new york city mayor michael bloomberg announced that october 10, 2007 was officially \" panwapa day \" in new york city, it was one of many such celebrations around the world. political leaders also celebrated in mexico city, hong kong, tokyo, and london, marking the launch of a multimedia project designed to foster global citizenship to today ' s four - to seven - year - olds, while encouraging community participation. answering the need for a child - oriented global awareness curriculum the road to these celebrations began in london, where sesame workshop and the merrill lynch foundation together hatched a plan to bring a global awareness curriculum to kids. they did so knowing that there was very little media available to children that would help them make sense of our ever - changing world. for example, there was no curriculum available that would teach children about the economic disparity between countries and people. sesame workshop was eager to play a role in developing a safe virtual environment where children could strike out on adventures, meet new people, and learn about different countries. sesame workshop producer emily reardon was one panwapa team member who saw what the workshop could bring to the table. \" it seemed citizenship was not addressed in children ' s media and sesame workshop was in a position to start talking about [ the issue ] in a playful but researched way, \" reardon says. the workshop had an enthusiastic partner in the merrill lynch foundation, which had just established its global ambassadors program to engage teens in global issues and teach them diplomacy ; panwapa is a way for the foundation to expand this sensibility to younger children. the advisory panel established five educational goals for panwapa, following the major points that educators have identified as central to global citizenship : - increase children ' s awareness of the wider world around them - encourage children to appreciate similarities and value differences between themselves and others - instill a sense of responsibility for one ' s own actions - encourage active community participation - increase understanding of and response to economic disparity at its core, panwapa is a multimedia initiative that harnesses the efforts of international educators and media producers to help children gain the perspectives and competencies that form the basis of becoming global citizens. the panwapa experience when a child visits panwapa. com, she is transported to panwapa island, a floating island that travels the world ' s oceans. on panwapa island, children and their caregivers enter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47081242998460804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.851819"} {"text": "citizens. the panwapa experience when a child visits panwapa. com, she is transported to panwapa island, a floating island that travels the world ' s oceans. on panwapa island, children and their caregivers enter the virtual panwapa community and meet new panwapa muppet friends, including athena the owl and azibo the monster. children can then \" travel \" safely around the world and visit with panwapa kids from other countries. they can also watch interactive movies, learn words in other languages, and go on international treasure hunts to collect themed trading cards. when a child visits panwapa. com, she can also design her own panwapa kid, an avatar that will represent her throughout her journeys on the site. she can choose from an array of body colors, eyes, mouths, hairstyles, shoes, and outfits ; instructions on the site encourage children to experiment with different combinations. a child ' s avatar might look and dress similar to the actual child, or it might look like someone from another culture, or even like an astronaut or a dragon. after the child creates a panwapa kid, it ' s time to build a panwapa home. the child can choose the shape, building materials, and surrounding landscape for his home. when the home is built, the child is ready to go out and visit other panwapa kids at their homes. as the child explores panwapa world, she will encounter \" information booths \" in some countries that feature fascinating cultural and geographical highlights about those places. developing a site from a global perspective when developing the project, the panwapa team put a high value on making sure every child would feel represented. panwapa executive director brett pierce recalls, \" the challenge of creating this site is creating it from a global perspective. we had a strong sense that we were creating something new. there ' s nothing like this in other languages. \" pierce says that the breakthrough idea was the floating island. in order for the project to be global, panwapa island could not be rooted in one place, associated with one particular region. as a floating body, panwapa is free to visit different climates, meet different people and animals, and hear different languages. content was developed in five languages simultaneously : english, spanish, chinese, japanese, and arabic, and producers considered every detail of the project from multiple points of view. the project also includes a dvd with original panwapa island adventures, and print materials including a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.508126365718037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.852772"} {"text": "developed in five languages simultaneously : english, spanish, chinese, japanese, and arabic, and producers considered every detail of the project from multiple points of view. the project also includes a dvd with original panwapa island adventures, and print materials including a caregiver guide, which is offered in the project ' s five languages. these diverse print materials aim to inspire children to make an active change in their neighborhood. the unique curriculum is already a success with teachers, and pierce notes that due to teachers ' overwhelming response, sesame workshop developed a full set of curriculum materials to help teachers bring panwapa ' s lessons into the classroom. \" we weren ' t going to develop any formal set of lesson plans, \" says pierce, \" it was the teachers who said, \" i was looking for this! \" pierce, reardon, and the rest of the panwapa team are excited to take the floating island further into the unknown, and to increase its social networking and gaming activities. with more and more panwapa kids joining the site each day, pierce already considers panwapa a success. \" watching six brand new characters come to life in a vibrant setting who are playfully working through these issues with a global resonance, and then empowering the child to do the same online \u2026 this was a dream project, \" he says. panwapa is available as a free download on itunes and as a free video on demand ( vod ) via pbs kids sprout. merrill lynch foundation, boeing global corporate citizenship, the annenberg foundation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47472087638490845, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.856376"} {"text": "einstein quickly settled into his new american life in princeton, new jersey. his appointment at princeton ' s institute for advanced study could have afforded him the total solitude he always said he needed to think clearly through the great problems of physics. but einstein refused to retreat entirely from the great problems of the moment for mankind. he continued to speak out against nazi aggression and anti - semitism in europe and offered his support to the zionist project of building a jewish state in israel ( though he called for a policy of moderation and reconciliation when it came to the growing jewish conflict with the palestinian arabs who also inhabited the ancient holy land ). most of all, einstein advocated a pacifistic vision of a world dominated by peaceful internationalist institutions rather than warlike nationalistic states. by the late 1930s, however, it had become clear \u2014 even to the pacifist einstein \u2014 that peaceful international institutions had no hope of stopping the growing evil of adolf hitler ' s nazi germany. in the meantime, scientists \u2014 many of them german scientists \u2014 had made great progress in exploring the research path laid out by e = mc2. they had achieved nuclear fission \u2014 the chain - reaction splitting of atoms \u2014 in laboratory tests and recognized the real - world potential for tiny masses of radioactive material to release massive amounts of energy. the wartime application of fission was the atomic bomb, a fearsome weapon that german scientists, by the late 1930s, understood was not only theoretically possible but perhaps technologically feasible to construct. dozens of emigre scientists \u2014 many of them, like einstein, jewish refugees from hitler \u2014 arrived in america in the 1930s and ' 40s fearing that nazi researchers could help the fuhrer conquer the globe by developing the world ' s first atomic super - weapon. in 1939, one of those refugee scientists, hungarian physicist leo szilard, tried to convince president franklin d. roosevelt to address the threat of german nuclear weapons by launching the americans ' own atomic bomb program. but szilard, who at the time didn ' t have much stature outside the scientific community, couldn ' t get roosevelt to take him seriously. so he turned to his friend albert einstein, the world ' s most famous scientist. einstein, the pacifist, signed his name to a letter urging the president to support american research into \" extremely powerful bombs of a new type \" that might be built using fissionable uranium. roosevelt, awakened by einstein ' s letter to the coming reality of atomic warfare, secretly authorized the manhattan project, a huge ( and hugely expensive ) crash program of nuclear research that produced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5281694821350539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.861073"} {"text": "of a new type \" that might be built using fissionable uranium. roosevelt, awakened by einstein ' s letter to the coming reality of atomic warfare, secretly authorized the manhattan project, a huge ( and hugely expensive ) crash program of nuclear research that produced, in 1945, the world ' s first atomic bombs. ( ironically, we now know that the germans abandoned their own atomic program at just about the same time fdr, fearing german superiority in the field, launched the manhattan project. and the first working atomic bombs only became available for use in the summer of 1945, after the germans had surrendered and world war ii in europe was over ; a weapon built to stop hitler thus ended up being dropped on the japanese instead. ) though einstein did not participate in the manhattan project itself \u2014 the government judged him a poor security risk for top - secret research \u2014 his letter to roosevelt proved to be the crucial turning point in the weaponization of e = mc2. thus albert einstein, lifelong pacifist, might fairly be described as the father of the atomic bomb. einstein himself recognized the irony, viewing his own role in ushering in the atomic age with a mixture of regret and resignation. in 1954, the last year of his life, he admitted to an old friend, \" i made one great mistake in my life \u2014 when i signed the letter to president roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made ; but there was some justification \u2014 the danger that the germans would make them. \" 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5375102150619432, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.861709"} {"text": "tackling foot problems ` the article opens : \u2019 did you know how your feet play an important role to be \u201c active \u201d through out the day? due to busy schedule, we tend to ignore problems in feet. most of the time, our feet are mushrooms, stuck in dark, most people making them susceptible to all bacteria, fungi or irritation. have you ever wondered how rigid bony foot disables you to wear shoes. burning pain in the toes may also be in the ball of the foot. what are problems faced by the people? how effectively these problems can be solved. can we take due precaution to avoid the probability of getting our feet damaged. article goes on to describe about various infections that affect our feet, thus we may be coerced to be \u201c inactive \u201d. acute problems like, heel spurs, warts, corns and calluses, athlete \u2019 s foot are some of the major problems, which can cause trouble to us. selecting right type of shoes can help to prevent cracks in the feet. some of the exercises that can help to improve the functioning of feet are : while seated, ( 1 ) rise onto the balls of your feet ( 2 ) go up on to your toes ( 3 ) curl your toes under / hold each position for 5 seconds. repeat three times every day. good for people with hammertoes, toe cramp and arch pain. taking care of the feet is of utmost importance. if we ignore in the early stage, the problem may aggravate. it \u2019 s possible that it may require operation. why don \u2019 t we pay due attention to our feet, as an integral part of the body? often people may go in for self medication for minor problems. however, consulting a doctor well in time can help to prevent fungal infections in feet. word count : 300 phone : 00 91 22 93242 99938 h1 / 001, asavari, vasant vihar po, lokpuram, thane ( west ) pin : 400 610, india", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4285950088659348, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.863907"} {"text": "ibm \u2019 s watson : interfacing with god ibm \u2019 s watson is like nothing we have ever seen before. while humans use neuronal memory banks to access information stored in the brain, watson has the ability to use the internet and internal data as its extended mind. when asked a question, it creates a statistical average based upon the information gathered, and gives a confident probabilistic answer. yes, i said confident. let me give you an example to explain my meaning. if an individual earns a phd in medical school, they become confident in their ability to diagnose disease, based on the information they gathered. watson is the same. to date, it can process 500 gigabytes ( approximately 1 million books ) per second. when it gives a reply to an inquiry, the response is based upon a confident probabilistic answer. in other words, like a human, it gives the answer it is most sure of. and currently, watson is providing such hypotheses everyday. the supercomputer has been attending medical school since november of last year, and ibm predicts that it will graduate far quicker than its peers. could it potentially take on the algorithmic persona of the fictional house m. d., without the downfall of addiction? time will only tell, but there is already evidence that could potentially give us a glimpse into that reality. the voice in my head, and every thought that i have, is created from ( and limited to ) the sum of all the connections in my brain. this creates what i like to call my \u2018 neuronal persona \u2019, known to the outside world as kevin. similarly, watson has the ability to interface and interact with all information stored and connected in servers around the world. from this accumulation of data, watson creates a persona with a different method, a little something i have dubbed an \u2018 algorithmic persona \u2019. thus, could watson obtain the ability to articulate the sum of all human understanding? well, let \u2019 s take a look at that. interfacing will invoke algorithmic persones in the digital extended mind. the best way to describe this is to use a hypothetical future, in which we will most likely have total immersion virtual realities. watson, by that point, will be accessible to every human on the planet, and will have the ability to channel different algorithmic persones based on the inquiry. for instance, if i wanted to attend the school of athens and discuss science with plato, watson would present itself and interact with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5754645742234944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.868485"} {"text": "accessible to every human on the planet, and will have the ability to channel different algorithmic persones based on the inquiry. for instance, if i wanted to attend the school of athens and discuss science with plato, watson would present itself and interact with me based on every existing record of the famous philosopher. this brings us to wonder : what questions could be answered with the archives of all human knowledge? the word became flesh. in the beginning was the word, and the word was with god, and the word was god. - john 1 : 1 as i am writing this, i am uploading to the extended mind, and in essence, i \u2019 m adding to the digital memory cloud of the inevitable algorithmic persones. in this knowledge, i find myself curious to know how the words i am currently typing will be used in the statistical reasoning of watson. if a person were to query \u2018 is watson god? \u2019, then watson would give an answer based on the understanding of \u2018 god \u2019 in the collective mind of humans. would it answer \u2018 yes \u2019? and if so, could a person debate otherwise? using cleverbot. com, a popular online algorithmic persona, i asked that very question. pictured below was the conversation that took place. this is quite an intriguing and speculative question, but for now we can consider the depth of meaning behind it. in a potential future, watson \u2019 s digital bible might read something like this : the word became digital. in the beginning there was code, and the code was with god, and the code was god. can the collective human understandings of god manifest through algorithmic personas? is humanity prepared to interface with god? and if so, what questions will we ask? kevin russell @ technooptimist playlist of all things watson ( updated regularly, so check back often ) :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5652557468102084, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.869293"} {"text": "written by : emilio d \u2019 alise ( sosf staff journalist ) perhaps not all are aware 2009 has been designated the international year of astronomy. what does this mean? it means the public will be targeted by a world - wide effort to raise awareness of what \u2019 s revolving above our heads. more precisely, we revolve under it, and i can say it these days without fearing a visit from the inquisitors. yep, it \u2019 s the 400th anniversary of galileo incurring their wrath. galileo saw something and wanted to make others aware of it, and now, 400 years later, the aim is not just to raise awareness, but to elicit participation by people young and old, from varied backgrounds, and in far and near places around the world. the hub for this effort is the international year of astronomy website. this is a deceptively simple and unassuming site that opens up to a wide variety of groups, associations, universities, and international groups all wanting to make observing the universe a better understood, and enjoyed, activity. sure, people can go to the site on their own, but i figure making a few suggestions, and providing the more interesting links here, may spur more people to make the virtual journey. it was difficult to sort through everything and choose a manageable number of things to write about ; what interests me varies with the mood i \u2019 m in, the time of day, the time of year, and the last meal i ate. i resolved the issue by writing about the links i find myself revisiting. the order of the following is not an indication of ranking, or of my preference ; it \u2019 s just the order they appear on the international year of astronomy website. 100 hours of astronomy this is a worldwide event whose key goals is having as many people as possible look through a telescope as galileo did 400 years ago. it consists of a number of public outreach activities scheduled for april 2nd through april 5th. the closest event near me is at the colorado national monument ( near grand junction, co ). given some cooperation by the weather, i plan to attend. i mention the weather because the months of april and may are likely candidates for major snow events around these parts. the observation itself is scheduled during favorable viewing conditions ( i. e. the moon is not too bright ), but while we can predict what the moon will do, weather is not so easily predicted, especially here in colorado. this ambitious project aims to give ten million people their first look through an astronomical telescope.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5357877271913118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.893591"} {"text": "e. the moon is not too bright ), but while we can predict what the moon will do, weather is not so easily predicted, especially here in colorado. this ambitious project aims to give ten million people their first look through an astronomical telescope. the plan is to do so by providing high - quality, low - cost ( around $ 10 ) telescope kits. the telescopes will be provided in kit form as this will get the recipient involved in the understanding of the construction, and in having some investment in the tool they will use. i like this idea a lot, and plan to get some for my nephews. the only thing i am unsure about is the design of the telescope would have people see an inverted image, and while this is not necessarily a big deal when observing stars, it takes some getting used to when tracking an object like a planet or the moon. i do understand that will keep the cost down, and it is part of the learning process, but still, i \u2019 m hoping it will not turn some people off from learning to use it. dark skies awareness this project ties in nicely with the energy concern we read about in the news. the project aims to make people aware of the \u201c adverse impact of excess artificial lighting on local environments \u201d. i moved to colorado four years ago. i lived in a detroit suburb, and although i have lived here in colorado four years now, i still stop and stare when i walk outside on a clear night, or head to work in the early hours. it \u2019 s hard to convey the view by just saying \u201c you see the stars \u201d ; a more accurate phrase is \u201c you experience the stars \u201d. i can walk out onto my deck before going to bed and stare at the big dipper which seems to be hanging just out of arm \u2019 s reach. satellites are crossing the sky, and as your eyes adjust the gazillion light sources separate into groups of individual points of light. grab a pair of binoculars, and you get lost looking at stars whose light traveled billion of years to strike the receptors in your eyes. i don \u2019 t live in a truly dark area ; the glow of colorado springs is to the south of me, and to the north denver spills its glow over the horizon toward me. still, the sky above is dark enough to offer a spectacular sight... unless one of my neighbors left their outdoor lights on. the point is that in 30 years of living in michigan i was deprived of the opportunity to see the universe above me for all but a few", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5080857376365354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.894768"} {"text": "is dark enough to offer a spectacular sight... unless one of my neighbors left their outdoor lights on. the point is that in 30 years of living in michigan i was deprived of the opportunity to see the universe above me for all but a few nights i spent in the upper peninsula, or at some vacation place. it would be nice if more people realized what they are missing, and actively worked to limit light pollution. it saves energy, and provides cheap entertainment in the form of mesmerizing displays of twinkling stars. from earth to the universe those of us fascinated with the beauty hidden in the dark skies above will periodically seek out images captured by orbital and earth - bound telescopes. some of these photographs are truly stunning. the photographs deemed the most stunning are scheduled to travel around the world in exhibits held in public places ; public parks, airports, malls, and anywhere diverse people can be exposed to the beauty of near and deep sky objects. there are a number of us and international events already planned, and more are in the process of being scheduled. ( note : if the reader wants some hands - on involvement, there is a project called galaxy zoo that might be of interest. in short, it aims to classify a large database of galaxies based on shape. this is done by people who sign up and essentially look at pictures of various galaxies and classify them according to a given criteria. you could be the first to ever look at a particular picture, and discover something new... or rather, very old. ) the world at night i am an amateur photographer, and this effort has spurned my interest in expanding ( shameless plug ) my photography into the realm of nighttime photography. the world at night galleries aim to showcase landmarks and symbols of various nations against the backdrop of the night sky. perhaps viewing photographs from locales we are used to associate with the nightly news will remind us our politics, grudges, and differences are insignificant when put against the backdrop of the vastness of the visible sky. it may seem a hopeless cause, but every person who is moved to look beyond the pettiness of a world lost to misguided self - importance, that person is a prophet for improving the human condition. not everyone can afford the time, expense, and effort of telescope observation, but nearly everyone can be made aware they need only raise their eyes a little bit to discover where our hope for the future lies. for surely if we continue looking down, the dirt we gaze upon will forever keep its hold on us. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5396898978743508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.895832"} {"text": "coral reef scientist slams brumby over ' reckless vandalism ' one of the world ' s leading coral reef scientists has slammed the brumby government ' s proposal to export victoria ' s brown coal to india as \" reckless vandalism \". john \" charlie \" veron, who discovered a quarter of the world ' s identified coral species, said any move to export the state ' s vast reserves of brown coal would only further endanger the great barrier reef. \" it ' s reckless vandalism. brown coal would have to be the dirtiest, nastiest form of energy there is. it is absolutely essential that it remains in the ground. that is obvious, \" he told the age. the sunday age revealed in september that energy minister peter batchelor had championed in a cabinet committee a 40 - year proposal to export 12 million tonnes of brown coal to india. mr brumby has said that, given environmental approval processes, there is no reason why victoria should not export its coal. \" australia exports oil, australia exports gas, australia exports black coal and australia exports uranium, \" he said. \" so why you would single out brown coal and say you can ' t export that? \" but dr veron, the townsville - based author of the three - volume corals of the world, said that avoiding every tonne of carbon dioxide was now crucial to save the world ' s reefs. moreover, he said science had now shown that corals will struggle to survive with the carbon dioxide levels already in the atmosphere. high levels of carbon dioxide - the world is currently at 378 parts per million of carbon dioxide - have two impacts on corals. as the globe warms, so too does the sea, which sparks coral bleaching. but scientists now understand that the bigger problem is ocean acidification, when the chemistry of the ocean changes because of the large amounts of carbon dioxide they absorb from the atmosphere. these changes reduce the ability of reefs to form and regrow after bleaching events. mr veron, who recently gave a talk on climate change and corals at the royal society introduced by sir david attenborough, said the current targets the world ' s politicians are talking about - 450 and 500 parts per million - would leave only \" a very small band of ocean left in which corals can live \". \" they will struggle just to exist, let alone build reefs, \" said dr veron, who has clocked 7000 hours of diving research on coral reefs. brown coal, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4116131851818077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.898890"} {"text": "international organizations in south africa the year 1994 marked a watershed in south africa ' s international relations, as it was welcomed into regional and international organizations, such as the un, the organization of african unity ( oau ), the nonaligned movement, and many others. the un already had played an important role in south africa ' s transition to democracy beginning in august 1992, when united nations security council resolution 772 authorized the united nations observer mission in south africa ( unomsa ) to help quell political violence. unomsa deployed thirty members in november of that year, and increased the number to 1, 800 to oversee the april 1994 elections. president mandela addressed the oau summit in tunis in june 1994, when south africa assumed its seat in that organization for the first time. he emphasized his support for other african leaders and south africa ' s solidarity with african interests. also in june 1994, south africa rejoined the british commonwealth of nations, which included fifty - one former british colonies. this action followed a thirty - three - year absence that had begun when south africa declared itself a republic in 1961. south africa became the eleventh member of the southern african development community ( sadc ) on august 29, 1994, when deputy president thabo mbeki attended a sadc meeting at the organization ' s headquarters in gaborone, botswana. sadc ' s predecessor, the southern african development coordination conference ( sadcc ), had been established in 1979 to attempt to reduce regional economic dependence on south africa. on september 21, 1994, south africa became the twenty - fourth member of the south atlantic peace and cooperation zone and attended that organization ' s meeting in brasilia. last updated on monday 4th august 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43980545832094914, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.901230"} {"text": "origin and physics of the sentient universe within the whole of reality, within the vast domains of philosophy and science, can there be anything more vital and important than finding the answers to the meaning of life? is there any intrinsic relationship between the existence of mind and the universe itself? scientists have come up with very convincing theories, backed by calculations, that describe the origin of the universe ; unfortunately, mankind as a whole seems to come out of these theories as some sort of accident, rather than with any kind of intent. alan guth at mit states : \u201c we have no cosmic purpose, we should find meaning within our lives, and be content with that, \u201d he tells us. on the other hand, it is very likely that mind was present at the formation of the universe, and more important, the reason for the existence of the universe itself. the explanation rests within philosophy and scientific theory ; philosophy describes the metaphysical reality, and science describes its physical structure, although they often don \u2019 t seem to have anything in common, as yet. since mind plays the primary role in this essay, and because the mind manifests in various ways, it is necessary to find definitions specific to its nature. mind can be referred to as : psyche, anima, nous, intellect, thought, conscience, soul, spirit, quintessence, sentience, and in older theories the fabled fifth element, the aether. also, for graphical and explanatory purposes, mind : henceforth m - theory, is divided into three categories, or states, or functions ; they are : mind - flux or m - flux, mind - field or m - field, and mind - factor or m - factor. m - flux refers to primordial mind, to mind without content ; mind as an ontological foundation or function. m - field refers to stellar entities, such as stars and galaxies, the life source often occurring in many planetary systems. m - factor pertains to living organisms, probably from the level of cells to intelligent beings. in this critique they are not considered unique just to the planet earth ; life most likely thrives throughout the universe. mind is a form of mass / energy, probably associated with gravity ; this is referred to as the m - force. the latest and most convincing idea concerning the formation of the universe come from inflation theory. the prominent physicist alan guth worked out the basic idea. physicists predicted as early as 1922 and confirmed in the 1960s that the universe came from a tiny point that exploded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.597079934350021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.915635"} {"text": "latest and most convincing idea concerning the formation of the universe come from inflation theory. the prominent physicist alan guth worked out the basic idea. physicists predicted as early as 1922 and confirmed in the 1960s that the universe came from a tiny point that exploded into a fireball of extreme heat and density. this point became known as a singularity, it is believed that at the time of the singularity all the known forces of the universe were unified. the four forces are gravity, electromagnetism, the strong, and the weak nuclear forces. fairly recently all of these forces, except gravity, have been unified in what is now called a grand unified theory or gut. understanding gravity at the atomic level has been elusive ; gravity at the cosmic plane is well known having been described by newton several centuries ago. at the level of stars and galaxies, gravity is a powerful force pervading the universe, but is almost undetectable at subatomic levels. a theory of quantum gravity will have to be understood before all four forces of nature can be unified. nonetheless, gravity is essential to holding everything together, and from coming apart. prior to inflation theory scientists knew little about how the big bang, as it is called, came into being. inflation solved many riddles about the beginning of creation that have come to be accepted by most physicists and cosmologists today. within a second of this explosive period the universe expanded by 25 orders of magnitude. this means that the universe expanded from a point a billionth the size of a proton, which is one of the building blocks of matter, to the size of a marble. it then slowed and cooled over time to the size it is today, and is still expanding. this is equivalent to a pearl exploding to the size of the milky way. the power of this fireball is unimaginable, within the first fraction of a second ( approximately a decimal point followed by 33 zeros and a one ) the forces of raw energy began splitting apart. guth surmises that the whole universe may be a \u201c free lunch. \u201d 23 this is not an easy concept to explain. one reason is that it comes out of the weird world of quantum mechanics. quantum theory holds that in any physical system probability rules over absolutes. it is impossible to predict the properties of an atom, although one can predict the properties of atoms in general. now think of a pure vacuum ; it seems counter intuitive, and even contradictory to say that something can come out of nothing, but due to quantum uncertainties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6611053761612391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.916618"} {"text": "to predict the properties of an atom, although one can predict the properties of atoms in general. now think of a pure vacuum ; it seems counter intuitive, and even contradictory to say that something can come out of nothing, but due to quantum uncertainties something can come out of nothing. in cloud chamber experiments particles do materialize out of a vacuum and disappear back into it, but only for a micro second. physicists call it a vacuum fluctuation. even empty space contains a slight energy field. out of this primordial vacuum came a hot plasmic stew from which bubbled subatomic particles that existed for only a short time. inflation theorists call this eruption a false vacuum. since the universe is still expanding from the initial big bang, the false vacuum is considered to have a repulsive gravitational force. as the expansion doubled exponentially, so too did the energy of gravity, and hence the doubling of matter, such as particles of electrons, positrons, and neutrinos. to explain the emergence of matter, cosmologists say that some state of the false vacuum decayed ; this is an important aspect of creation. einstein recognized this possibility when he realized that energy and matter are essentially equivalent \u2013 as in e = mc2. after about 300, 000 years, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow simple atoms to form, like hydrogen, helium, and lithium. the dense fog that existed before dissipated, and the universe became very dark ; there were as yet no stars. before getting too far ahead, it is necessary to incorporate m - theory into the scenario being created in this essay. the purpose is to present the latest ideas and theories in physics and cosmology that are consistent with m - theory. it should be very important that any attempt to explain ultimate reality cannot be complete until it includes the very consciousness that formulates the explanation. it should be emphasized that this is a theory without much evidence to back it up ; other than it makes logical sense, and brings metaphysics and physics together in a common purpose. as discussed in the exegesis, theoretically, all the energy being sucked into a black hole disappears as it passes through the event horizon, and comes out as a singularity forming a new universe. m - flux comes through as the source of cosmic consciousness carrying with it the universal laws. gravity manifests both as a repulsive force driving the expansion, and the attractive force pulling matter together. the brief period before inflation has been referred to as the era of quantum gravity. quantum gravity has never been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6457591262659487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.917646"} {"text": "consciousness carrying with it the universal laws. gravity manifests both as a repulsive force driving the expansion, and the attractive force pulling matter together. the brief period before inflation has been referred to as the era of quantum gravity. quantum gravity has never been detected, but has to be assumed for the sake of theory, once its nature is discerned it should fit in with the other three known forces ; this will be a rare moment for science. the repulsive gravitational field, or m - force, or false vacuum, had the power to explode from an incredibly dense point into a universe. with the doubling of energy and its subsequent decay into particles of simple matter, we might think of this as the first act of creation. matter and energy separated out of the m - force to become opposing entities. after the inflationary period ended the m - force returned to a less energetic state, forming the primordial m - flux as stars were born, now governed by the classic laws of newtonian mechanics. about a century ago albert einstein observed the universe as it appeared, unmoving and static with stars and galaxies fixed in their positions. but he also realized that the gravitational attraction between these bodies would slowly pull them together, although that did not seem to be happening. so he introduced a few calculations into his general theory of relativity that created an opposing force to counter gravity. he called it lambda, and it later became known as the cosmological constant. in 1929 edwin hubble using the new 100 - inch telescope on mt. wilson discovered that the stars and galaxies were actually moving away from each other, and that the universe was expanding. einstein quickly dropped lambda. soon new ideas arose concerning the shape of the universe and the geometries that determine it. einstein \u2019 s theory of relativity entailed a non - euclidean geometry that resulted in a closed universe because space bends in on itself ; it has a finite volume and the shape of a sphere. ironically, a spaceship traveling in a straight line will eventually return to where it started. in a closed universe gravity will overcome the expansion and begin to contract ; all the stars and galaxies will be pulled back into what is called a big crunch. in another cosmological model, a universe with very little mass will lack enough gravitational force to stop the expansion, so space is open, or infinite in volume, and the universe will expand forever. there is a third model that is precisely the borderline between a closed and an open universe. it is the exact point between eternal expansion and eventual collapse ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6433623138450506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.918614"} {"text": "expansion, so space is open, or infinite in volume, and the universe will expand forever. there is a third model that is precisely the borderline between a closed and an open universe. it is the exact point between eternal expansion and eventual collapse ; cosmologists say that it has reached critical mass density. amazingly the universe is at that point today ; amazing because theorists are at a loss to explain why those values are so precise, and because there is no compelling necessity that they should be. when in perfect balance scientists say that omega equals one ; if less than one, an open universe results ; if more, a closed universe. a universe in which omega equals one is said to be flat. ( referring to its euclidean geometry ). the conservation of energy in a flat universe is maintained due to the perfect equilibrium of all the negative energy of gravity and all the positive energy of matter. precise measurements of the energy left over from the big bang, called the cosmic background radiation, confirmed that omega equals one. if energy and mass are equivalent, then enough gravity will preserve the balance required to keep omega at one. \u201c paul steinhardt of princeton university theorizes that the delicate balance between energy and matter would be suspicious if there were no communication between the two. he proposes that repulsive energy senses the presence of matter and changes its strength and distribution to maintain a balance of densities. \u201d 24 this is consistent with m - theory, and may hint at something mystical going on. while this may all be very interesting, it is crucial to understanding how m - flux, here associated with dark matter, came to be identified, and why its role is so important in this discussion. when astronomers attempt to tally up all the matter in the universe they come up 90 to 99 percent short of what should be out there. it is interesting to wonder what astronomers are thinking when they look through their telescopes, knowing that maybe they are only seeing one percent of what is in the heavens. the m - flux, or dark matter, exists throughout the universe, but remains elusive until revealing itself through its gravity. this is most apparent around galaxies and clusters of galaxies. as galaxies bunch within huge clumps of dark matter, the light coming from behind these galaxies bends to reveal the outline of this invisible stuff. super computer simulations predict that bright galaxies will group tightly together under powerful gravitational forces within huge concentrations of dark matter. it is almost as if a parent were gathering its children unto itself. recent studies have surprised the scientific community with the realization that the expansion of the universe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6425055979223511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.919722"} {"text": "simulations predict that bright galaxies will group tightly together under powerful gravitational forces within huge concentrations of dark matter. it is almost as if a parent were gathering its children unto itself. recent studies have surprised the scientific community with the realization that the expansion of the universe is not slowing down as expected, in fact, it is accelerating. some unknown and unseen force, now being called dark energy, is behind this discovery. the repulsive force of inflation may well explain the acceleration. the early universe was smooth and uniform, and very nearly without structure or features. the gravity of m - flux, or dark matter, evenly and smoothly distributed throughout space, remained quietly still for millions of years. eventually slight perturbations of gravity began to grow from tiny primordial fluctuations. these became the seeds of later galaxy formation once stars began forming. the m - flux slowly clumped and formed halos around regions that had grown to slightly higher concentrations of gaseous matter. as the halos grew more massive, they pulled in and confined small amounts of hydrogen and helium gas ; exactly what the first stars were made from. this happened rapidly enough that the material did not fragment, but instead grew into massive hot stars. light flooded through the universe, ending the cosmic dark ages. soon numerous other stars flashed into existence. these first stars differed from many stars that exist today because they lacked any heavy elements such as iron and gold, but within their hot cores, under intense pressure and heat, the simple atoms were crushed into more complex heavy elements. these first stars, being as heavy and massive as they were, tended to have short lives, and ended by exploding their outer shells into space. such stars are called supernovas. future generations of stars, such as our sun, could now form from this new material. without heavy metals, life could not have evolved on earth. we, quite literally, along with our cars and televisions, are the products of stellar forces, not only physically but as sentient beings as well. in our nomenclature this is the transition from negative m - flux to positive m - field. in terms of physics the negative false vacuum decayed into matter that accreted into stars with an attractive gravitational force. the m - flux, as defined, may have had nothing more than a vague intent or purpose. with the intent now further realized in the m - field of stars, the means took shape with the power and the material to act. certain individual stars were born with an objective that contained a plan ; from universal m - flux to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5857686036938432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.921531"} {"text": "intent or purpose. with the intent now further realized in the m - field of stars, the means took shape with the power and the material to act. certain individual stars were born with an objective that contained a plan ; from universal m - flux to particular m - field, m - factor, sentience, now became possible. in plain terms, life emerging from the cosmos is much more than an accident. as a single mushroom produces millions of spores, only a few ever produce mushrooms. it is the same with stars, they spawn life, but only a few ever do so ; conditions are rather exacting. when an astronomer observes the heavens, she sees stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. this arrangement enhances the possibility for life. it took billions of years for stars to form life supporting planets, and those planets must be at the right distance from the star, in what ' s called the habitable zone. the star must also be in the right place within the galaxy ; too close to the center or too far from the outer edge would make life impossible. our star is more than a burning ball of gas. the m - field of the sun, now governed by the metaphysics of plotinus, turns to earth and through heat and light m - factor merges into living organisms of matter, energy and sentience. the process gives back to the cosmos what it has taken in, never cut off from its source, returning to itself what it has always been in eternal perpetuation, in living legacy to be born again. what has been said so far may sound reasonable, but if it \u2019 s true, then it has profound implications. m - theory puts mind at the beginning of creation. cosmologists put mind at the end of creation. m - theory in our system is based on the platonic philosophy of plotinus, but the scientific view is consistent with genesis, which tells how god made everything first, then added adam and eve ; finally he gave them choice, or sentience. oddly enough, science doesn \u2019 t need a god as creator since everything can pretty well be explained without him. our theory is mystical, but doesn ' t need genesis, yet somehow requires a spiritual something or source that gives rise to the idea of creation through the laws of physics. m - theory presumes that the big bang erupted from something prior, rather than nothing, suggesting an eternal cycle. big bang theory postulates a beginning of time and space in our universe giving it a sense of temporality and finiteness that occurred", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5808771186811903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.922939"} {"text": "m - theory presumes that the big bang erupted from something prior, rather than nothing, suggesting an eternal cycle. big bang theory postulates a beginning of time and space in our universe giving it a sense of temporality and finiteness that occurred about thirteen thousand million years ago. life on earth began between one and two thousand million years ago. humans diverged from primates about seven or eight million years ago. the development of human intelligence has taken many thousands of years, but it has only been in recent times that early civilizations began to use mathematics as a tool to improvise new theories and methods of construction. in the last few thousand years alone the leap in knowledge has been exponential. m - factor, sentient life, rests on three pillars : mind, matter, and energy. like the universe, they are in perfect balance, proportion, and unity. while we may think of ourselves as being rather insignificant in the vast scheme of things, it may actually be the other way around. on the following page is a graphic representation of how this hypothetical theory might work in the diagram of the three circles. it depicts our inner relationship to the outer world that gives existence a meaning and purpose. the center where the three circles overlap represents a mandala of the soul, the self is the dot at that center. i want to thank to dr. gary bowman of the physics and astronomy dept. at northern arizona university for his helpful suggestions and comments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6209879020424276, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.923976"} {"text": "the south east europe programme area includes 16 countries. for 14 countries the eligible area is the whole territory of the country, namely for albania, austria, bosnia and herzegovina, bulgaria, romania, croatia, the former yugoslav republic of macedonia, greece, hungary, serbia, montenegro, slovakia, slovenia and republic of moldova. in 2 countries only certain regions are eligible : in italy these eligible regions are : lombardia, bolzano / bozen, trento, veneto, friuli - venezia - giulia, emilia romagna, umbria, marche, abruzzo, molise, puglia basilicata, and in ukraine : cjermovestka oblast, ivano - frankiviska oblast, zakarpatska oblast and odessa oblast. the area has been undergoing a fundamental change in economic and production patterns following the 1990 changes. while some regions, especially the capital cities, are adapting well to the new challenges, others are trying to re - orientate themselves. significant for the programme area are regional disparities in terms of economic power, innovation, competitiveness and accessibility between urban areas and rural areas. | | | the 16 participating countries are : | the see transnational cooperation programme has been created out of the former interreg iiib cadses programme. in the new structural funds period ( 2007 - 2013 ), the cadses transnational cooperation area has been divided into two spaces : south east europe and central europe, each of them benefiting as a distinct area : the south east europe programme and the central programme. the south - east europe area is the most diverse, heterogeneous and complex transnational cooperation area in europe, made up of a broad mix of countries. the emergence of new countries and with it the establishment of new frontiers has changed the patterns of political, economic, social and cultural relationships. | * only some of its regions | in the european transportation network, south east europe is acting as a bridge between north, south, east and west europe. the existing networks however cannot keep pace with the rise in demand and the increasingly demanding standards specifications. a large number of instruments and concepts like the trans - european networks ( tens ) and the pan - european transport corridors cross the area, but need to be further developed. there are rivers suitable for freight transportation, maritime borders and the danube, an important international inland waterway and integrating factor in many fields, such as transport, trade and environment. south east europe is characterised by broad biodiversity and natural resources of high environmental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4267070568274558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.927455"} {"text": "nutrition and sports performance is a complex and essential relationship for serious sports men and women to understand and it can help them achieve success in their chosen sport. sports nutrition also aids injury prevention and speeds up recovery times from an injury. the correct diet and fluid intake coupled with appropriate training is the difference between winning and losing. fuelling the body with the right nutrition can be key to success. good sports nutrition promotes brain function and muscle activity. physical training and performance requires the right diet ( quantity and quality ) that will provide the athlete with energy. each sport has its own individual requirements as does each individual sports man and woman. these requirements dictate the nutritional demands of training and competition. sports nutrition applies scientific methods to the applications of the sport to provide a diet that meets the needs of both athlete and discipline. sports performance is fundamentally affected by dehydration. the importance of water and fluid replacement in sports nutrition is paramount to supporting the activity of tissue cells in the body. these cells carry nutrients and oxygen around the body, eliminating toxins and removing excess body heat. during physical exercise, body heat increases and water is lost through evaporation or sweating. in hot environments, sports activity can attribute to sweat losses of 4 - 5 pints an hour. water loss is partly offset by metabolic water produced from proteins, carbohydrates and fat metabolising in the body. however, sports nutrition dictates that hydrating the body properly requires fluid intake before, during and after activity. a sports nutritionist will calculate fluid losses by measuring body weight before and after a session to determine how much fluid is required. optimum levels should never be exceeded as overloading on fluids can lead to stomach discomfort and breathing difficulties during the activity. modern sports nutrition recommends special carbohydrate - electrolyte drinks for intense activity that has a longer duration but water is typically recommended for low to moderate level activity. a diet rich in carbohydrate and low in fat improves long - term and short - term sports performance. high - intensity exercise requires more carbohydrates to ensure the liver and muscle glycogen levels are high. high liver and muscle glycogen levels improve performance and glycogen present in the liver is a source of glucose for the brain ( important for concentration, alertness and reaction time ). a wide range of carbohydrates are required to ensure essential vitamins and minerals are present. potatoes, bananas, pasta, bread, vegetables, cereals and porridge are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4982336931097447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.930690"} {"text": "researchers come across mysterious shapes on the sea bottom just west of cuba. patterns suggest an ancient civilization. by david ballingrud, times staff writer \u00a9 st. petersburg times, published november 17, 2002 paulina zelitsky remembers the hot july day two summers ago and the sudden, unpleasant feeling that she had stumbled into a place she was not supposed to be. the research vessel ulises sailed in the yucatan channel just off the west coast of cuba that day, hired by the castro government to look for undersea oil and gas - - old treasure ships, too, if they could be found. more than 2, 000 feet beneath the surface, in total blackness, the vessel towed a boombox - sized sonar on an electronic tether. pulsing sound waves, the sonar sketched a picture of the sea bottom on a computer screen aboard ulises far above. as zelitsky and her husband, paul weinzweig, watched the screen, the empty plain of sea bed suddenly gave way to images of massive geometric shapes, apparently cut from stone. as more shapes came into view, some appeared to be arranged in patterns over a large area about 20 - kilometers square. some stone appeared to be cut into blocks, and some blocks seemed perfectly aligned. they appeared to form corridors and the outlines of rooms, the two scientists said. there were round stones and pyramid - shaped ones, too. the sea bottom in that area is an undulating sand plain, zelitsky said. what they were seeing should not have been there. \" we were shocked, and frankly we were a little frightened, \" said zelitsky. \" it was as though we should not be seeing what we were seeing. our first thought was maybe we found some kind of secret military installation. \" finding a military installation on the bottom of the sea might unnerve anybody, and for the next six months the two researchers stayed busy with their work for the cuban government and said little about their discovery. \" but i tried to identify what we had seen, \" zelitsky said. \" then one day, in our office, i looked up and saw pictures of ancient mexican ruins on a calendar, and i made a mental connection. \" zelitsky and weinzweig, officers in a havana - based canadian company called advanced digital communication ( adc ), believe they might have found the remnants of a lost civilization perhaps 6, 000 years old. this site, perhaps built by a culture that far pre - dates the famous maya of the yucatan peninsula, might have been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5102916433849012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.941186"} {"text": "advanced digital communication ( adc ), believe they might have found the remnants of a lost civilization perhaps 6, 000 years old. this site, perhaps built by a culture that far pre - dates the famous maya of the yucatan peninsula, might have been the victim of a vast, mysterious cataclysm that somehow dropped it 2, 000 feet beneath the surface of the sea. \" nothing is known for certain now, \" weinzweig said, \" but oral tradition in early mexico speaks of an advanced civilization of tall white people who came from the east, and of an island that sank in a great natural disaster. \" in the ancient language of some early central american indians, he said, \" the word atlanticu means ' our good father, ' or, ' the place where our good father rests. ' \" then again, maybe not. maybe the intriguing shapes found by the sonar are just that - - intriguing shapes, carved over the centuries by whimsical mother nature. zelitsky and weinzweig don ' t think so, though, and plan to visit the site again with a manned submersible equipped with cameras and powerful lights - - when they have the money. others have interest in such a project, but haven ' t committed to it. \" they are interesting anomalies, but that ' s as much as anyone can say right now, \" said john echave, senior editor of national geographic magazine, who traveled to cuba to study the sonar images. \" but i ' m no expert on sonar, \" he said, \" and until we are able to actually go down there and see, it will difficult to characterize them. \" echave pointed out that hard - to - explain undersea geologic formations have cropped up elsewhere in the world, too, in places such as japan and nearby in the bahamas. in the bahamas, pilots and divers wondered for years about the so - called \" atlantis road, ' a long row of seemingly connected stone blocks in about 15 feet of water. gene shinn of the st. petersburg office of the u. s. geological survey became fascinated by the story and investigated in 1978. his conclusion : the blocks are natural, caused by a combination of sea level rise and erosion. nevertheless, echave said, \" we are talking to advanced digital and we have an interest in their project. we have to get the protocols in motion, but at this point we have not dotted the i ' s and crossed the t ' s. \" echave said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46969100596172497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.942119"} {"text": ", \" we are talking to advanced digital and we have an interest in their project. we have to get the protocols in motion, but at this point we have not dotted the i ' s and crossed the t ' s. \" echave said since any project undertaken would be scientific, he did not expect problems with the cuban or u. s. governments. dr. robert ballard is explorer - in - residence for the national geographic society and is founder and president of the institute for exploration at mystic aquarium in mystic, conn. he is best known, however, for the 1985 discovery of the passenger liner titanic deep in the north atlantic. ballard said he has heard of the formations in the yucatan channel but is not convinced they are the work of humans. \" that ' s too deep, \" he said of the 2, 000 - foot site. \" i ' d be surprised if it was human. you have to ask yourself, how did it get there? \" i ' ve looked at a lot of sonar images in my life, \" ballard said, \" and it can be sort of like looking at an an ink blot - - people can sometimes see what they want to see. i ' ll just wait for a bit more data. \" zelitsky and weinzweig say that ' s what they want, too : more data. in july 2001, the summer after the discovery, they returned to the site with geologist manuel iturralde, senior researcher of cuba ' s natural history museum. they sent down a remotely operated vehicle to examine and videotape the structures. images sent back by the rov confirmed the presence of large blocks of stone - - about 8 feet by 10 feet - - some circular, some rectangular, some in the shape of pyramids. some blocks appeared deliberately stacked atop one another, others appeared isolated from the rest. \" large structures in the middle of a desert, \" zelitsky called them. because of their white appearance underwater, zelitsky said the structures appear to be granite - - a good building stone but one foreign to that part of the world. \" there is no granite in cuba or the yucatan, \" zelitsky said. \" that area features limestone. \" granite is found in central mexico, however, and was used by ancient people such as the maya and an older civilization, the olmec, in their construction of cities and buildings. the second visit to the underwater site proved only marginally revealing, however. currents in the area are strong, weinzweig", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49488607962087633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.943013"} {"text": "by ancient people such as the maya and an older civilization, the olmec, in their construction of cities and buildings. the second visit to the underwater site proved only marginally revealing, however. currents in the area are strong, weinzweig said, and heavy sediment in the water made videotaping difficult. \" we ' ve done about as much as we can do with the technology we have, \" weinzweig said. \" the next step will be to go down there with a manned submersible, so we can move from place to place without a tether holding us back. \" the new submersible will need powerful lights and better cameras, he said, and a drill to bore into the stone to confirm they are made of granite. large stone pieces used by ancient civilizations in construction are called megaliths. with this in mind, zelitsky and weinzweig have dubbed their discovery \" mega. \" predictably, as word got around, others quickly gave it another name : the lost city of atlantis. the lost city of atlantis has warmed romantic hearts for thousands of years. the greek philosopher plato, who died in 347 b. c., called it a utopia destroyed by an earthquake, and people have been trying to find it since. they have looked from the aegean to antarctica, from europe to the bahamas, without success. in his book gateway to atlantis, andrew collins speculated the caribbean might turn out to be the site of atlantis and proposed that it might have been destroyed by a comet impact that devastated the eastern coastline with mammoth tsunamis or tidal waves. zelitsky and weinzweig dismiss the atlantis talk. the story is myth, said zelitsky, a russian - trained engineer. \" what we have found is more likely remnants of a local culture, \" once located on a 100 - mile \" land bridge \" that joined mexico ' s yucatan peninsula with cuba. this local culture, however, might be every bit as remarkable as atlantis. the maya, for example, developed a magnificent civilization on the yucatan peninsula beginning about a. d. 250 and peaking about a. d. 900. spain finally completed its conquest of the maya about 1500. the maya produced advanced architecture, painting, pottery and sculpture, and their grasp of mathematics and astronomy was remarkable for its time. they might have developed the first calendar, and were among the first to make paper and books of tree bark. they cut large stone blocks and made buildings, courtyards and pyramids, many for worship of numerous gods. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47696163656999174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.943917"} {"text": "remarkable for its time. they might have developed the first calendar, and were among the first to make paper and books of tree bark. they cut large stone blocks and made buildings, courtyards and pyramids, many for worship of numerous gods. but zelitsky thinks the mega site pre - dates even the ancient maya - - by a lot. recently excavated sculptures by the olmec and totonec peoples, also of the yucatan and central america, are about 4, 500 to 6, 000 years old, she said. \" the mayan nation came to the yucatan at much later times and learned the arts and sciences of civilization from earlier nations. \" we know little of these nations, she said, \" thanks to the spanish church, who burned all archives. \" today mexico and cuba are separated only by the 100 - mile width of the yucatan channel, and geologists have speculated for years that a \" land bridge \" once joined the two. according to this theory, underwater faults eventually parted and destroyed the bridge, swallowing the land above. but 2, 000 feet? if the megaliths are indeed ruins, how did they get so deep? zelitsky answers that large - scale underground movement of earth ' s tectonic plates is usually accompanied by volcanos and earthquakes. \" it ' s a very powerful event, ' she said, and the sinking of an island \" could have happened very quickly. \" while some megaliths on the sea bottom appear organized, she said, others do not. \" over about 20 square kilometers there are a large number of structures that appear jumbled, disorganized, \" she said. cuban geologist iturralde, she said, \" has clearly identified on the ocean bottom the coastal structures of a separated island. \" also, she said, the sea bottom at the site is covered with volcanic glass \" which could be generated only on the oxygenated surface. \" everyone should keep an open mind, said geologist iturralde. \" these are extremely peculiar structures, and they have captured our imagination, \" he said. \" if i had to explain this geologically, i would have a hard time. \" but, he added, just because no natural explanation for the so - called ruins is immediately apparent, it doesn ' t mean there isn ' t one. \" nature is able to create some really unimaginable structures, \" he said. he also raised a third possibility. the megaliths might be natural structures, he said, \" but transformed or adapted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4530591093449212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.944865"} {"text": "t mean there isn ' t one. \" nature is able to create some really unimaginable structures, \" he said. he also raised a third possibility. the megaliths might be natural structures, he said, \" but transformed or adapted by intelligent beings for dwelling or religious purposes. \" adc operates from the ulises, a 260 - foot trawler that was converted to a research vessel for the cuban government by the late french oceanographer jacques cousteau. the company made headlines a year ago with its discovery in nearby waters of the u. s. navy battleship maine, which was sunk under mysterious circumstances in 1898, touching off the spanish - american war. ( the ship had been sunk in havana harbor. in 1911 it was taken offshore and sunk again, honorably, with a u. s. flag flying from its bow. its exact location was unknown until it was found by weinzweig and zelitsky. ) in finding the maine and the mega site, advanced digital has made use of two major improvements in underwater exploration. one is side - scan sonar, which allows a wider sweep of ocean bottom than earlier sonar equipment, and the other is the satellite - based global positioning system, or gps. gps allows a surface vessel to fix its position to within a few feet and then to follow a precise, reliable search trackline. connected by cable to the vessel, side - scanning sonar sweeps the ocean floor with pulses of sound, providing a strikingly clear picture of objects on the bottom. when a promising object is detected, an rov can be dispatched to investigate. searches can be performed in 20, 000 feet of water. for now, though, weinzweig and zelitsky say they have their hands full keeping up with the terms of the contract with the cuban government. \" we have signed a long - term exclusive contract with the cuban government for the natural resources of the cuban gulf of mexico, \" weinzweig said. \" our money is private and comes from family and friends who have purchased shares in our offshore company. we have spent $ 4 - million over the last three years and we will require an additional $ 8 - million or $ 9 - million. \" this kind of work is very expensive and we require investment financing. however, our ownership in the final product, whether oil or treasure, would more than handsomely reward the investment required for conduct of deep and ultra deep work on the ocean bottom. \" for now we are busy with our other work, \" zelitsky said. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5209419903613495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.945895"} {"text": "corals corals all corals belong to the phylum cnidaria ( ni - da\u00b4 - ri - a ). the cnidarians are a natural group of invertebrate animals that have a simpler organization than most other inverte the corals discussed in this article are capable of growing very fast. fragging is in your future whether you realize it or not. some of the slimy beginner corals like mushrooms,... branching corals, especially shallow - water acroporawhichare primary habitat builders, will become brittle and more easily damaged leading to extensive habitat deterioration. although sedimentation and destructive fishing methods may pose more risk to indonesian coral reef ecosystems as a whole, the commercial extraction of corals cannot be overlooked. * oceanservice. noaa. gov / education subject review corals 8. noaa national ocean service education : corals nos home nos education home site index this site noaa corals roadmap corals lesson plans welcome what are corals? \u00a9 2004, petco animal supplies, inc. all rights reserved. ( 0315 ) 1 of 2 soft corals are leathery or fleshy colonies with a soft skeleton. they are hardier than hard corals and grow rapidly. most corals consist of many small polyps living together in a large group or a colony. a single polyp has a tube - shaped body with a mouth which is surrounded by tentacles. \u00a9 2004, petco animal supplies, inc. all rights reserved. ( 0315 ) 1 of 2 \" stony \" or \" hard \" corals have a hard calcium carbonate skeleton. they are a popular saltwater invertabrate for aquariums because of their beautiful colors or flower - like appearance. this report was written by patty debenham, ph. d. contributing authors and editorial assistance from : andrew baker, ph. d., elisabeth banks, shannon crownover, lauren cuneo, hollis a. hope, corinne knutson, cindy krupp, dawn m. martin, bruce mckay, elizabeth neeley, eric punkay, julia roberson...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4655424679273141, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.947920"} {"text": "reference : obesity, october 2010 on line from the keck school of medicine high fructose corn syrup is known to be a danger because it is so inflammatory. it creates inflammation in our bodies. you think of it as a sweetener and a sugar. the chemical fructose is actually in the aldehyde family and is not digested like glucose. it can only be digested in your liver, and in so doing it is changed into ldl fats. those ldl fats hang around in your liver and give you fatty liver because you have no way of regulating the speed at which you digest the fructose. with that comes inflammation through the fox1 gene. fructose is just plain trouble. so, what \u2019 s the big deal? well, i have been led to believe that high fructose corn syrup is 55 % fructose and 45 % glucose. that \u2019 s pretty close to the proportion of table sugar, which is exactly 50 : 50. hence, we have confidently been stating that drinking a fully sugared soda is as bad as having so many teaspoons of table sugar, but no worse. what the article from the journal, obesity, shows is that we have been sold a subtle bill of goods by the soda industry. while the common knowledge is that hfcs is 55 : 45, the industry is actually given a 20 % leeway in which the fructose content of soda can range. in other words, the fructose content of the soda can be as high as 20 % off their registered label of hfcs or 55 : 45. guess what the researchers found? coke and pepsi both push the limit of the 20 %. instead of being 55 : 45, they run 64 : 36. that \u2019 s not just high fructose, that \u2019 s really high fructose. the deceit is that fructose is so bad for you. instead of getting a drink that is 50 % fructose ( really awful for you ), both coke and pepsi are two thirds fructose ( really over the top bad ). what \u2019 s their incentive to do this? money. fructose is cheaper. fructose is sweeter, more stable and it \u2019 s easier to transport. there is no consideration of your well - being when it \u2019 s put in the sweetened beverage. this is food politics at its very worst. american food giants are cynical in their disregard for your safety and well - being. this is not accidental.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.428754979680887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.950936"} {"text": "there is no consideration of your well - being when it \u2019 s put in the sweetened beverage. this is food politics at its very worst. american food giants are cynical in their disregard for your safety and well - being. this is not accidental. it is well known to the soda industry what the effects of fructose are. this is cold calculated money. were fructose to be brought to the market today and introduced as a drug on the market, it would have a hard time passing muster with any hospital research committee. if any dietician or nutritional specialist would show its effects to a rational audience, and claim it as a valuable and useful food, it would never be permitted in the market place. because it is so ubiquitous, and in so many foods, we stand by quietly and let ourselves be exposed to it in every venue. www : what will work for me. time to rethink. if you are concerned about your personal health, you must simply stop all sugared sodas. they aren \u2019 t just made with sugar, they are made with two thirds fructose. our next series will be on the connection between diabetes and cancer. when you understand the link between fructose and diabetes, and diabetes and cancer, you will start looking at sugared soda as the way to commit slow death by cancer. and you thought soda was just empty calories. oh my.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4458346507782542, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.951538"} {"text": "therefore, the first question that comes to mind is : where did this figure come from? this is a question that you may commonly ask or be asked in procurement. in this specific case, no real details were provided as to how the number was determined and who performed the actual analysis. these two pieces of information are vital to all sourcing initiatives. my guess is that a decimal point was intended to be placed between the two digits. another possibility is that the 36 billion people represented the number of people watching mutually exclusive games. for example, if an individual only watched the u. s. vs. ghana game as well as the england vs. germany game, they would be counted as 2 out of the 36 billion. but that would just get complicated, wouldn \u2019 t it? if my guess happens to be right ( which we will never know ), decimal points have a great deal of purpose. however, there are some situations in which they do not serve a purpose at all. one example would be within a presentation which provides a spend breakdown. a powerpoint slide can become too crowded if decimal points are utilized and spend is extended out to the exact penny. you don \u2019 t want to get to that slide and find yourself saying, \u201c now, in the past year, you have spent $ 2, 497, 583. 08 on office supplies. \u201d i think you are better off saying \u201c about $ 2. 5 million. \u201d when working with numbers, and this goes beyond the world of procurement, it is first always important to make sure the numbers make sense. there is always room for human error. also, know where the data is coming from and who is actually working with the numbers. if you see a savings of 50 % by transitioning to another supplier, do not celebrate too quickly and blow your vuvuzela. there is a good possibility that quality is being compromised for price or that it is really only a savings opportunity of 5. 0 %.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4946461671471325, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.954386"} {"text": "market street railway co., 1893 - 1902 built 2009 by muni shops this striking yellow cable car displays the livery that powell - mason cable cars wore from 1893 to around 1905. it was recreated with help from our non - profit group. mayor gavin newsom and sfmta ceo nathaniel ford cut the ribbon on no. 15. this market street railway was formed in 1893 by interests from the southern pacific railroad, a politically dominant company in the california of that day, later vilified in frank norris \u2019 s famous novel the octopus. among its other acquisitions was the ferries & cliff house railway, which included the powell street cable car operations. in that day, the lines that ran from the company \u2019 s washington - mason powerhouse and carbarn included, among others, the powell - mason and the powell - jackson ( later called washington - jackson ), which started at powell and market and then ran east - west on washington and jackson streets to reach pacific heights. ( the powell - hyde line was not created until 1957 as part of a consolidation and reduction in cable car service. ) the market street railway company of 1893 dedicated a specific fleet of color - coded cars to each line. for example, among its market street cable car lines, the cars that continued out haight street were painted red, hayes street green, valencia street blue, and castro street white. the powell - mason cable cars were painted yellow with red trim. when united railroads took over the powell street cable lines in 1902, they initially left the cable cars in their line - by - line different colored liveries, simply painting \u201c united railroads \u201d on the side owner \u2019 s panels. this yellow livery disappeared from the powell - mason cable cars by 1905, but has now returned on cable car no. 15, which was constructed virtually from scratch by muni crafts workers to enter service in 2009. this piece of 21st century craftsmanship is a fitting tribute to the 19th century powell - mason line, which today is the oldest surviving transit line in america still operating its original route with its original type of equipment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43010758694750667, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.957183"} {"text": "it has been said that children have a natural musical taste and that play is the only activity that they take seriously. if this is so, teachers should not let song practice or any activity seem like work. they should keep it spontaneous. this has been shown to apply even to language teachers. acting on the idea that just as the selection of a particular tempo and beat in jazz may convey powerful and varied emotions, stress, and intonation pattern of the spoken language are essential elements for the expression of feelings and the intent of the speakers, carolyn graham designed jazz chants to teach the natural rhythm, stress and intonation patters of conversational american english. graham is not the only language teacher to recognize that music can be a wonderful medium for natural language learning, often called language acquisition. language teachers in turkey, for example, have been using english language songs to help children improve their english thorough enjoyable activities. readers who want to study related theoretical and research support can profit from examining the materials identified at the end of this article. i will present only some of the main supports as a rationale. but my main goal here is to share some songs and activities in the hope that more english language teachers around the world will use such enjoyable and effective means to enhance language learning and acquisition. the importance of songs, rhymes, chants, and musical games songs, rhymes, chants, and musical games are fantastic materials for the language teacher to use with young learners. they have innumerable virtues. the following are the ones which i like best : games / plays are a essential part of a curriculum, not a time filler or reward ( vale & feunteun ). here i would add songs, too. songs, rhymes, and chants are wonderful means of teaching stress and intonation patterns of english. play and music are a source of motivation, interest and... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2009, 11 ). music. studymode. com. retrieved 11, 2009, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / music - 253862. html \" music \" studymode. com. 11 2009. 11 2009 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / music - 253862. html >. \" music. \" studymode. com. 11, 2009. accessed 11, 2009. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / music - 253862. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4925336595109734, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.959551"} {"text": "young filmmakers challenge viewers to \" find your footprint \" the last time i mentioned young filmmakers, i was discussing college students. turns out they \u2019 re not the youngest people making environmentally - themed documentaries : the national geographic and p & g future friendly \u201c find your footprint \u201d contest solicited short films from elementary school classes in which the kids shared their ideas for conserving natural resources. the competition is already well underway : judges have already reviewed all seventy - five entries and chosen six finalists. visitors to the site can vote for the grand prize winning entry ; the winning group will receive some really cool technology for its classroom. of course, the kicker ( for me, anyway ) in a competition like this involves who really made the film : were the students directly involved in all aspects of production, or is it something basically scripted, shot, and edited by an adult? i thought the film on saving water from brooklyn \u2019 s ps 8 really came through as authentic ; the daily news seems to back this up in their article about the video. the idea came from a student who belongs to the school \u2019 s film club, and members did the shooting and editing. these kids are pretty excited about their current second place standing, but, as 10 - year - old madelaine smith told the daily news, there are other issues at play : \u201c \u201d i want people to know that [ kids ] can do these things, not just professional grownups. \u201d you can see their film above. check out the entries, vote if you \u2019 d like ( you have until march 16 to do so ), and let us know what you think about the work of these young filmmakers. more from sustainablog : - small farms still a very small part of organic production. - stimulate your own child \u2019 s imagination with non - toxic arts & crafts supplies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42099492913321934, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.961375"} {"text": "air speed indicator technology / aviation / air speed indicator air speed indicator : an instrument or device that measures the air speed of an aircraft through an air mass, but not its ground speed. indicated airspeed ( ias ) : a direct instrument reading obtained from an air speed indicator uncorrected for altitude, temperature, atmospheric density, or instrument error. compare calibrated airspeed and true airspeed. true air speed ( tas ) : because an air speed indicator indicates true air speed only under standard sea - level conditions, true air speed is usually calculated by adjusting an indicated air speed according to temper... view full definition laisse - faire : doctrine that a government should not interfere with business and economic affairs. oropharyngeal airway : an airway adjunct placed in the mouth to help keep the pharynx open. lagging indicators : economic indicators that follow rather than precede the country ' s overall pace of economic activity. see also : leading indicators and coincident indicators. laminar - flow airfoil : a low - drag airfoil designed to maintain laminar ( smooth, continuous ) flow over a high percentage of the chord about itself. often relatively thin, especially along the leading edge, with mos... view full definition leading economic indicators : economic series that tend to rise or fall in advance of the rest of the economy. light sport aircraft : special faa certification class ( lsa ) for an aircraft other than a helicopter or powered - lift \u2014 single - engine aircraft, airship, balloon, glider, gyrocopter, rotorcraft, weight - shift - control a... view full definition lens speed : largest lens opening ( smallest f - number ) at which a lens can be set. a fast lens transmits more light and has a larger opening than a slow lens. determined by the maximum aperture of the len... view full definition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5205958472546305, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.963289"} {"text": "durable goods disposal calculator : u. s environmental protection agency ( epa ) the epa created this durable goods disposal calculator to help users make informed decisions about the greenhouse gas ( ghg ) and energy impact they have. the calculator estimates ghg emissions benefits in metric tons carbon equivalent ( mtce ) and energy savings in millions british thermal units ( mmbtu ) for recycling, landfilling and combustion of 14 typical household durable goods ( refrigerators, freezers, dishwashers, gas and electric stoves / ovens, washers and dryers, televisions, vcrs, microwaves, carpets, cars, tires, and computers ). there are further conversions into easily understood units \u2014 e. g. gallons of gasoline not burned. the ghg emissions and energy factors in the calculator were developed using a life - cycle assessment methodology consistent with international ghg accounting standards. the calculator computes ghg emissions and energy consumption related to disposal activities using analyses of baseline and alternative disposal scenarios. for example, the tool can estimate the ghg emissions and energy benefits of disposing of appliances with varying percentages being recycled, combusted or landfilled. the calculator estimates ghg emissions benefits in metric tons carbon equivalent ( mtce ) and energy savings in million british thermal units ( mmbtu ) for recycling, landfilling and combustion of 14 typical durable goods. this tool will be useful for advanced sustainability officers looking to estimate the benefits of implementing a bulk electronics and appliance waste collection event or program. the calculator \u2019 s estimates also support ghg measurement and provide quantitative data for reporting initiatives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49041467767338237, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.964937"} {"text": "the bright cast of thought good afternoon, faculty, students, parents, members of the university, the laredo, and the south texas community. today we open a promising new era in the life of texas a & m international university as we meet to form our own chapter of phi kappa phi and to induct our first members. founded in 1897, phi kappa phi recognizes, honors, and encourages superior scholarship in all academic disciplines. by recognizing and honoring scholars, phi kappa phi stimulates academic excellence throughout all fields of study. in our life together as a learning community, \u201c scholar \u201d is surely one of our most essential yet elusive terms. both within and without the university scholars today often emerge somehow detached from life, living in a tower of ivory muddle. in their words and in their lack of action, modern scholars often resemble hamlet, \u201c sicklied o \u2019 er with the pale cast of thought. \u201d can we perhaps re - imagine the scholar in brighter hues? what does it mean to be a scholar? what are the characteristics of a scholar? is it just someone who is very, very smart? what does a scholar do? what privileges should a scholar expect? what responsibilities should he or she accept? finally, does being a scholar make one a part of a particular profession, or might a scholar be found in any walk of life? ralph waldo emerson, in his celebrated address \u201c the american scholar, \u201d has left us his answers to these fascinating questions, and i commend that essay to you for careful reading and rereading. to explain his term, emerson begins by describing the three influences which educate and form a scholar : nature, books, action. by nature, emerson means the endless, circular flow of life. \u201c every day, the sun ; and, after sunset, night and her stars. ever the winds blow ; ever the grass grows. every day, men and women conversing, beholding and beholden. the scholar is he of all men [ and women ] whom this spectacle most engages.... therein it resembles his own spirit, whose beginning, whose ending, he never can find, \u2014 so entire, so boundless. \u201d by books, emerson means the influence of the past. for the scholar, books guide, stimulate, inspire. the scholar aggressively engages a book, relating its words to his or her own spirit, looking forward, creating new life and new insights as he or she reads. \u201c one must be an inventor to read well, \u201d emerson insists. \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.523165546154541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.969490"} {"text": ", inspire. the scholar aggressively engages a book, relating its words to his or her own spirit, looking forward, creating new life and new insights as he or she reads. \u201c one must be an inventor to read well, \u201d emerson insists. \u201c there is then creative reading as well as creative writing. \u201d he cautions us lest the \u201c guide \u201d become \u201c tyrant. \u201d books can easily mislead us if we use them passively, emerson warns, \u201c as the love of the hero corrupts into worship of his statue. \u201d emerson will not allow a book to \u201c pin me down, \u201d to be \u201c warped by its attraction clean out of my own orbit, and made a satellite instead of a system. \u201d through the right use of books we become thinkers and therefore creators and inventors in the great human story. to read is a cooperative effort, a discussion between reader and author, separated only in time. \u201c meek young men grow up in libraries, believing it is their duty to accept the views, which cicero, which locke, which bacon, have given, forgetful that cicero, locke, and bacon were only young men in libraries, when they wrote these books. \u201d out of a study of the past captured and transmitted in books, the scholar seeks, creates, and articulates truth. action forms the third influence, the third component of a scholar \u2019 s education. for emerson, without action the scholar \u2019 s thought can \u201c never ripen into truth. \u201d thought is inseparable from action. \u201c the mind now thinks ; now acts ; and each fit reproduces the other. \u201d living the truth, doing it, is a total act ; to think it is a partial one. emily dickinson once wrote that shakespeare was her \u201c lexicon. \u201d for emerson, \u201c life is our dictionary. \u201d cervantes \u2019 message in his immortal don quijote, sculpted over a door in the foyer of our student center, comports well with emerson : \u201c cada uno es hijo de sus obras. \u201d each is the child of his or her acts. emerson plants the scholar in the midst of a life unstable, shifting, dynamic. a scholar sees his or her own being mirrored in the endless cycles of death and renewal in nature ; a scholar is inspired by his or her creative engagement of books ; a scholar is emboldened to act. scholarship thus conceived is not for the comfort - seeking or the faint - hearted. if we accept emerson \u2019 s portrait of the scholar, and if we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.517744843168363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.971179"} {"text": "is inspired by his or her creative engagement of books ; a scholar is emboldened to act. scholarship thus conceived is not for the comfort - seeking or the faint - hearted. if we accept emerson \u2019 s portrait of the scholar, and if we follow the implications of his description, all of us here today will recognize the mystery of our place in the natural order ; we will search the past, present in books, to create a new order here, in laredo ; and we will expend our energies turning thoughts into action. how could this awesome surge of creative energy, emerson \u2019 s scholar, have somehow been confused with the often halting, ineffective behavior of contemporary academic life? scholars think clearly and act decisively. they draw their thoughts from life and turn them into significant acts. emerson quite clearly saw that his own time was much \u201c infected with hamlet \u2019 s unhappiness, \u201d and he called scholars to a different bent. today, we begin this chapter of phi kappa phi at texas a & m international university pledging ourselves to the vision and the possibilities of scholarship described by mr. emerson. texas a & m international university came into being to change laredo and to change south texas. today our chapter of phi kappa phi joins that vision of change, to bring forth a better place to live, to work, to think, and to act. ray m. keck, iii", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.528272332370182, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.971816"} {"text": "mrs. zider ' s first grade... \" diving into learning fun! \" | home | join our dive into learning | class beach blog | meet mrs. zider | our classroom door is open | oceans of learning weekly class newsletter | calendar | parent volunteers | be a supportive parent | slide shows 12 / 13 | links for kids | links for parents | links for teachers | reading | spelling / phonics | writing | what a wonderful world | math | assessments | vote for our site | awards | win our award | educational quotes | take a trip down memory lane | wish list | guestbook | get site updates | site map | email | your child is bringing home a binder called a f. r. o. g. binder. this stands for \" for really organized 1st graders \". please check this binder every night and be sure that your child returns it to school the next day. the dividers are set for the year so we will gradually begin to use each section as the year goes on. i will discuss this notebook in detail at parent orientation. until then please be sure that the notebook stays organized as is and that nothing is taken out from the rings. the two inside binder pockets should be emptied nightly. also once we start take home books ( b. r. a. g. books ) with a reading log the pocket in the back should be used every night. please keep the log sheet in the plastic pocket so i can see it when i meet weekly with your child. this will all make more sense after parent orientation. please remind your child to keep the f. r. o. g. binder in good condition so that you won ' t have to replace it this year. there is a parent / teacher communication section for your questions or comments. just use the notebook paper to write on and leave the paper in so we have a record of our communications. this will help us work together as your child is green and growing this year in first grade. front inside cover pocket : ( left handprint ) : papers to be \" left \" at home such as graded work, notes, etc. zipper pouch : notes and money ( $ in envelopes ) calendar / behavior plan divider : daily calendar your child colors daily for behavior plan parent / teacher communication divider : notebook paper for us to send notes back and forth ( please leave all papers in as a record of our communication this year ) class newsletter divider : our weekly newsletter class mission statement divider : class mission statement spelling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5269526603231549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.974630"} {"text": "use default code snippets in. net to accelerate coding knowing how to use default code snippets in. net is really beneficial for any programmer. code snippets are pre - written codes in. net which programmer can quickly insert using shortcut keys. this makes programmer \u2019 s job easy by not having to retype frequent reused structures of code. code snippets are an excellent way to accelerate your coding. most frequently used code constructions are included. i \u2019 ll use messagebox in my first sample. whenever you need to use messagebox. show method, you write the entire one line code like this : but using default code snippets you could save time and build more productivity. type \u2018 mbox \u2019 and press tab key twice, and the visual studio ide will fill in messagebox. show method for you. let us try another. type \u2018 for \u2019 and press tab key twice. ide will generate the loop syntax automatically. for ( int i = 0 ; i < length ; i + + ) like this way, you can use the following default code snippets. these are the available code snippets in visual studio ide. # if creates # if and # endif directive. # region creates # region and # endregion directive. ~ creates a destructor. attribute creates a declaration for a class that derives from attribute. checked creates a checked code block. class creates a class declaration. ctor creates a constructor. cw creates a console. writline code block. do creates a do while loop. else creates an else code block. enum creates an enum declaration. equals creates a method declaration that overrides the equals method. exception creates a declaration for a class that derives from an exception. for creates a for loop. foreach creates a foreach loop. forr creates a for loop with decrementing loop variable. if creates a if block. indexer creates an index declaration. interface creates an interface declaration. invoke creates a block that invoke an event. iterator creates an iterator. iterindex creates a \" named \" iterator and indexer pair by using a nested class. lock creates a lock block. mbox creates a call to messagebox. show method. namespace creates a namespace declaration. prop creates an auto - implemented property declaration. propfull creates a property declaration with get and set successors. propg creates a read - only auto - implemented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4732890427024582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.977073"} {"text": "how hollywood converts 2 - d silver into 3 - d gold we live in a three - dimensional world, but film is a two - dimensional medium. so how do you create an illusion of depth where there is none? it \u2019 s a mind game, and the half dozen companies able to play it well are cashing in on hollywood ' s eagerness to turn 2 - d films into 3 - d. some of the films being converted to 3 - d are old movies that are being re - released in theaters, while others are new releases that were originally shot in 2 - d but converted in post - production. there ' s more than one way to shoot a 3 - d production, but here ' s why it works : \u201c most people see through two eyes and, although both eyes automatically focus on the same object, each eye sees it from two slightly different positions, which creates two separate images, \u201d jackson myers, director of corporate communications for imax, told technewsdaily. \u201c the brain naturally fuses these images together, creating a single, three - dimensional image. \u201d that process is mimicked in 3 - d movies. a left - eye view and a right - eye view of a scene are projected onto the screen simultaneously. when you wear 3 - d glasses, your left eye sees only the left view and your right eye sees only the right view. your brain does the rest, fusing the two images to create a single stereoscopic view just like in the real world. there are several schools of thought on the best way to create that stereoscopic view. one approach, used by director james cameron for his recent blockbuster \" avatar, \" is to shoot the original with two cameras, creating a stereoscopic view from the get - go. the more common and less costly approach, however, is to shoot the film with a single camera and then use computer software on a digital copy of the film to create a slightly different perspective, and then project the two images simultaneously. yet a third approach involves creating two completely new perspectives from the original film, a technique developed by 3 - d pioneer legend films, which converted tim burton \u2019 s latest movie, \" alice in wonderland, \" from 2 - d to 3 - d. \u201c the legend 3 - d process creates a stereo 3 - d perspective of two eyes from 2 - d footage rather than just [ a second eye perspective ] from a 2 - d image, \u201d said barry sandrew, who is the inventor of digital colorization and founder and president / coo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.491011436117781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.982046"} {"text": "stereo 3 - d perspective of two eyes from 2 - d footage rather than just [ a second eye perspective ] from a 2 - d image, \u201d said barry sandrew, who is the inventor of digital colorization and founder and president / coo of legend. the process begins with the breakdown of the film into shots and scenes, locations and transitions, sandrew explained. after the film is dissected into its smallest parts and 500 to 1, 000 representative frames are selected, a \" depth score \" is created that provides the variations in 3 - d effects throughout the film. the challenge is determining the amount of depth to apply to objects within the image. \u201c you want to create a 3 - d that feels natural to the audience, \" sandrew said. \" it can \u2019 t be too aggressive, but it has to be aggressive enough. you need a calculated balance in order to maintain realism. we can make the image appear anywhere from right in front of your face to an infinite distance behind the screen. you want to get a film that transports you to a place you can \u2019 t normally go. \u201d once the depth score is approved by the director, computers take over. special software segments everything in a scene and then computer graphics are used to simulate all of the objects in that scene. legend then adds optical flow techniques and sophisticated pattern analysis to help ensure accurate scene transitions and accurate backgrounds. the process takes between 12 and 16 weeks and costs a fraction of what it would to shoot in 3 - d. while computers and software are important for 3 - d film conversion, it is the movie director who must select the representative scenes that are used to create the depth score, and it requires a human eye to ensure that the computer - generated effects look right. \u201c it \u2019 s critical that the director is cognizant of depth transitions from shot to shot, \u201d sandrew said. \u201c if the transitions are too extreme it will give the audience a headache. just like a music score, an audience will tire from a constant, high - energy, high - volume score throughout the film. the same is precisely true for depth. \u201d so how do the final results stack up? can a 3 - d movie converted from 2 - d ever look as good as one originally shot with 3 - d cameras? \u201c they can actually look better, \u201d sandrew said. \u201c camera rigs and stereography in general are very difficult to pull off. both cameras have to be perfectly aligned and calibrated or there will be problems in the resulting stereo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5026846299617189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.982979"} {"text": "taken from someone ( sorry i don ' t have your name! ) who posted this earlier : ' a bagful of ( 9 ) ice - breakers ' here is a selection of ten ice - breakers ( 5 - 12 mins ) that i have used at upper levels ( upper. int. and above ) - most however, could also be adapted for lower levels. 1. spelling match - to revise recently presented ' difficult ' words ( 8 - 14 words ). here you choose a number of words you wish to test and divide the class into two teams ( a and b ). first, read out word one to team a and between them, they have to spell it verbally ( slowly ). if they spell the whole word without having to correct themselves, they score one point but if at any point they call out an incorrect letter ( in sequence ) then the ' part - word ' is handed over to team b to complete ( and back again if they make an error ). this proceeds until one team finishes off the word. you keep on going in the game ( i. e. word 1 - team a, word 2 - team b etc. ) until all the words have been presented. then simply tot up the points to see which team has won ( if there hasn ' t been a draw that is ). this is a fun, competitive way of revising vocab and practising spelling. 2. teaching / practising idioms by demonstration ( idiodem ). here the teacher can choose 6 - 10 idioms ( new or recently presented ) and simply demonstrate them with realia. it ' s up to you to choose idioms that lend themselves to this, e. g. to cut corners, ( no ) strings attached, hit the nail on the head etc. you could also present idioms pictorially. and finally, you could get the students themselves to present idioms in such ways. 3. ' imagine you are a / an... ' ( animate or inanimate things, e. g. a leaf, a snail, a stamp, a balloon etc. ). this is a fun speaking activity where each student in the gp. chooses a card ( with an animate / inanimate object typed or written on it ) blindly - you could number the cards and they choose a number. then they simply in turn, talk about their ' life ' as the thing in question whilst others have to guess ( for one point ) what the object is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5067480025133666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.991377"} {"text": "typed or written on it ) blindly - you could number the cards and they choose a number. then they simply in turn, talk about their ' life ' as the thing in question whilst others have to guess ( for one point ) what the object is. at the end you just add up the points to find the winner. as a follow - up activity in class, you could have a short discussion ( say at the end of the lesson ) with each student ' playing their given role '. a homework option could be to get students to write a composition on one of the things, e. g. ' my life as a snail '. 4. blanked newspaper headlines - just find 20 - 30 newspaper headlines with a ' guessable ' word blanked. have 2 - 4 teams, who must write their guesses independently on a piece of card / paper and then hold it up. allocate say 3 points for the exact word in the original word and 1 or 2 points for reasonable alternatives. the team with the most points will be declared the winner. this activity is based on the former british tv show ' blankety blank '. my ss have had great fun with this. 5. missing particles ( phrasal verbs practice ) - similar to activity 5 above but you only use phrasal verbs and blank out the particle ( in most cases this will be a preposition ). 6. anagrams - again, a fun activity. i find it good to write the letters on individual ' squares ' of card, which can be colour / number - coded. this enables the letters to be easily manipulated. put the ss into pairs and allocate one point for the pair which comes up with the answer first. a good idea is to start with say a 5 - letter anagram ( e. g. break - brake ) and gradually present anagrams with progressively more letters. determine the winning pair on points accumulated. great fun! 7. odd man / one out - this is an old, tried and tested classic. you can use 3 or 4 variants for each one, though i tend to find that, particularly where you have more teams, the latter is preferable. as i often teach advanced or proficiency levels, i tend to concentrate on more cryptic examples, e. g. a ) key b ) rubber c ) comb d ) jaw - b is the odd one out of course because it ' s the only one without teeth. of course if a student chooses another odd one out and can back this up with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5387815516884898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.992401"} {"text": ". g. a ) key b ) rubber c ) comb d ) jaw - b is the odd one out of course because it ' s the only one without teeth. of course if a student chooses another odd one out and can back this up with a good argument / reason, then that is perfectly acceptable. depending on time you could choose 12 - 20 of these for ss to have a good old crack at. you might also like students to write their own sets as a homework activity, to be tried in subsequent lessons by their classmates. 8. 20 - 25 - box - ' what ' s the word / phrase? ' - draw a grid of 20 - 25 boxes ( to fit a4 ) and number them ( 1 - 20 / 25 ) and choose a word / phrase that you want to revise ( say words / phrases recently presented in class ) for each box and then make each box into a question / statement or puzzle testing this word / phrase - you could have for example, ' give the antonym of... ', a word or phrase with some of the letters blanked, a ' jumbled word ' ( not to be confused with an anagram - that ' s of course if you ' re a purist like me! ), ' chopped word ' ( a word chopped into at least three parts set at different angles - for fun, i draw a little axe in such boxes ). these are just some of the ways to create boxes for each word, whatever you do, choose a variety and put those of ' same type ' in different parts of the grid for unpredictability. once you ' ve prepared your grid, simply give a copy to each student / pair in the group and then call out box numbers at random. whoever calls out the correct answer for each first, gets a point. you proceed until all the boxes have been ' used up '. it ' s important not to stop and go over any boxes during the game ( you can do this at the end - make this clear to students at the outset ). it ' s important to keep the ball rolling smoothly and quickly. at the end of the game, tot up the points to determine the overall winner. then you can go over any boxes that any ss didn ' t get. the speed, variety of questions / statements / puzzle types, unpredictability ( of box number order ) all contribute to make this game / activity ' competitive fun '. 9. fake words - ( noun formation - suffix practice ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5415719115117062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.993351"} {"text": "get. the speed, variety of questions / statements / puzzle types, unpredictability ( of box number order ) all contribute to make this game / activity ' competitive fun '. 9. fake words - ( noun formation - suffix practice ). particularly good for ss at advanced level and above. choose say 8 - 10 nouns, each having a different suffix. then split each word so that it is separated from its suffix ( this may result in some cases in a false word ). then just allocate each suffix to a different word / word part, so that all the words are mixed up - this should result in a set of ' fake words ', which ss will then have to ' unjumble ' by placing the correct suffix on each of the words / word parts. my example for an advanced group is as follows ; hostilness deterioratance stubbornence enlightenal perseverity insistment seizion disapprovure the actual words are of course, hostility, deterioration, stubbornness, enlightenment, perseverance, insistence, disapproval. my example was written to be ' intentionally tricky ' because amongst other things because it tests ss ability to distinguish between an ' ence ' noun and ' ance ' noun and the fake word ' perseverity ' might confuse students a bit if they know that ' severity ' is a word. in this activity, the ss ( preferably ) should find the eight suffixes first ( so they must split each fake word at th correct point ) and then they can go about ' reassembling ' the real nouns. depending on the strength of the ss in the group, you could get through this activity in 5 - 7 minutes or so. the ss i have done this activity with have found it both fun and interesting.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5447134937864673, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.993998"} {"text": "in a development that may lessen the epidemic of diarrhea - related deaths among children in developing countries, scientists in the laboratory of nobel laureate ferid murad, m. d., ph. d., at the university of texas health science center at houston have discovered a novel compound that might lead to an inexpensive, easy - to - take treatment. the results of pre - clinical tests have now been published the compound - a pyridopyrimidine derivative - targets acute secretory diarrhea caused by e. coli and other enterotoxigenic strains of bacteria, which produce toxins that stimulate the linings of the intestines, causing them to secrete excessive fluid, thereby producing diarrhea. diarrhea kills an estimated 1. 6 to 2. 5 million children every year, according to researchers quoted in the bulletin of the world health organization. enterotoxigenic strains of bacteria may account for a significant amount of these deaths, according to an article in clinical microbiology reviews. enterotoxigenic e. coli or etec is a leading cause of bacterial diarrhea. murad earned a nobel prize in medicine in 1998 for the discovery of nitric oxide ' s role in cardiovascular disorders. his previous work with nitric oxide led to novel therapies for hypertension, angina, pulmonary hypertension and erectile dysfunction. studies by his laboratory and others continue to examine possible applications of nitric oxide biology to stroke, blood clotting, septic shock and cancer, but most of this latter work is at a very early stage. other contributors to the study include : scott r. gilbertson, ph. d., the robert a. welch distinguished university chair in chemistry and the director of the program in chemical biology in the department of pharmacology and toxicology at the university of texas medical branch at galveston, and utmb colleague maria e. estrella jimenez ; and cirle warren, m. d., assistant professor of medicine at the university of virginia school of medicine, and guerrant. an international patent application for the use of this compound to treat secretory diseases is pending. financial support was provided by the welch foundation, the dunn foundation, the national institutes of health, the department of defense and the university of texas health science center at houston.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5000503927925314, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.996287"} {"text": "< br / > < br / > oh! i forgot that most books start off with only certain verb parts. \" puto, putare, putavi, putat ( um ) \" are the four principal parts of the verb. < br / > < br / > puto - 1st person present active indicative singular. i. e. \" i think \" < br / > putare - active infinitive. i. e. \" to think \" < br / > putavi - 1st person perfect active indicative singular. i. e. \" i have thought \" < br / > putat ( um / a / us ) - perfect passive participle. this is a fully declinable adjective. it means \" having been thought \" or just the adjective \" thought \" as in \" a thought idea \". < br / > < br / > you are fine if you know just the \" puto \" and \" putare \", until you want to express some complex ideas... such as participles and tenses. there are regular patterns in the forms, so you don ' t have to memorize them for all verbs, but for most verbs you do have to memorize all four forms < br / > you can just ignore the second two parts ( for now > : ( ) < br / > < br / > i ' m glad you enjoyed words ; it ' s an efficient and convenient resource. < br / > < br / > < br / > oh, and marie would be \" maria \". it means \" the seas \", the plural of \" mare \" ( another third declension noun ). i think the name itself is first declension, so feel free to use it! flebile nescio quid queritur lyra, flebile lingua murmurat exanimis, respondent flebile ripae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5089159255222315, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.998002"} {"text": "the common name for sedums is stonecrop. there is a stonecrop nursery in eastern new york which was the first garden created by frank cabot. frank created the garden conservancy, an organization which strives to preserve some of our exceptional gardens for posterity. each year it also runs its open days program which opens gardens to the public throughout the country. frank cabot went on to create les quatre vents, an outstanding garden at his family home in quebec. there are two sedums which most gardeners grow ; sedum acre, a tiny low - growing groundcover plant with bright yellow flowers. this is being used effectively in the peace garden in the plaza between the library and city hall. the other is autumn joy which is in bloom now and will continue to provide color for months to come. some references say it requires full sun. not so! i have it in three locations in my garden. i have several plants growing out of a south - facing wall. but there are tall oaks and maples to the south so that the only time it gets direct sun is in spring before the oaks leaf out. the rest of the year it is dappled light. another plant is in the east - facing bed on top of my long stone wall where it gets only morning sun. the third plant is in my shrub - perennial border where it gets a bit of sun mid - day. mine is the ordinary run - of - the - mill autumn joy, but there are several cultivars offered in nurseries. among these are : crimson, iceberg, which has white flowers, autumn fire and chocolate drop, growing only eight inches tall with brown leaves and pink flowers. there are two native sedums : roseroot, sedum rosa and wild stonecrop, sedum ternatum. a third wild live - forever, sedum teliphiodes, grows on cliffs and rocks in pennsylvania and southward.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43284310953826094, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:10.999985"} {"text": "fanciful velocipede of the day : the return of the dandy horse in 1817, the baron karl drais of mannheim invented a device that would change the world. drais had studied architecture and physics at the university of heidelberg, and he wanted to create a machine that a man could ride and move with his own power. the result was a seat balanced between two wheels, which, if kept at a reasonable speed, would seemingly defy gravity and stay upright. karl drais had invented the luftmaschine, otherwise known as the dandy horse. credit : wikimedia commons. drais died in poverty, and his invention was eventually modified to produce what we recognize today as the bicycle. like sharks, bicycles haven ' t evolved much. the two - wheeled, pedal - driven, chain - clicking, hand - braking bicycle is a universally recognized model of consistency. people have experimented with bicycles with one wheel, or three, or with no brakes at all, but the standard - issue bicycle prevails. but now, out of drais ' s own germany, comes a model that no one ( to our knowledge ) has tried since the heyday of the dandy horse. designers juri spetter and tom hambrock have come up with the fliz bike, a knowing tribute to baron drais that seems ride - ready for the streets of brooklyn. the name comes from the german word flitzen, which means \" speeding, \" and the project is currently a contender for the james dyson award for international student design. as one youtube commenter points out, it could difficult going uphill. here ' s the design : and here ' s a video of the fliz in action : all fliz bike images courtesy of fliz bike.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5024377253889184, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.001700"} {"text": "the barrow resource for acquired injury to the nervous system ( b. r. a. i. n. s. ) program at st. joseph \u2019 s hospital and medical center is the first of its kind in the nation and offers comprehensive, compassionate, cutting - edge treatment and rehabilitation to victims of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. the b. r. a. i. n. s. program combines numerous medical disciplines to help patients age 15 years old and up to meet their short - term and long - term recovery goals. patients receive a care and rehabilitation program that is designed specifically for each individual and may include : - trauma care - intensive care - child neurology - translational research - physical therapy - occupational therapy - speech therapy - injury prevention education - community resources - school education specialist inpatients and outpatients in the program have access to top neurological scientists and the translational research barrow is conducting on brain injuries. b. r. a. i. n. s. also is the first program in the united states to include educators in a multidisciplinary model and assist their reintegration into the classroom. \u201c our mission is to improve the outcomes of those who suffer from neurological injury through comprehensive and individualized care, collaboration with other medical institutions, and aggressive medical research. \u201d this interdisciplinary program is just part of the ground - breaking work under way at barrow, an internationally recognized leader in neurological research and patient care. barrow treats patients with a wide range of neurological conditions, including brain and spinal tumors, cerebrovascular conditions, and neuromuscular disorders. working together for the patient the b. r. a. i. n. s. program not only utilizes the medical and scientific staff at barrow, it also includes a collaboration with phoenix children \u2019 s hospital, arizona state university and the brain injury association of arizona. the new b. r. a. i. n. s. program is endorsed by the sarah jane brain foundation and the governor \u2019 s council on spinal and head injuries. view the b. r. a. i. n. s. team at barrow what is traumatic brain injury ( tbi )? traumatic brain injury ( tbi ) occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. tbi can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue. tbi has been called the \u201c signature injury \u201d of the iraq war, with some 320, 000 reported cases from the conflict. symptoms of a tb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4655192838425024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.006400"} {"text": "suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue. tbi has been called the \u201c signature injury \u201d of the iraq war, with some 320, 000 reported cases from the conflict. symptoms of a tbi can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the extent of the damage to the brain. a person with a mild tbi may remain conscious or may experience a loss of consciousness for a few minutes. other tbi symptoms include headache, confusion, lightheadedness, dizziness, blurred vision or tired eyes, ringing in the ears, bad taste in the mouth, fatigue or lethargy, a change in sleep patterns, behavioral or mood changes, and trouble with memory, concentration, attention, or thinking. a person with a moderate or severe tbi may show these same symptoms, but may also have a headache that gets worse or does not go away, repeated vomiting or nausea, convulsions, an inability to awaken, dilation of pupils, slurred speech, weakness, loss of coordination, and confusion and agitation. approximately 1. 5 million americanssustain a traumatic brain injury each year and the very young and very old are the most at risk. tbi is the number one cause of death in children and young adults. b. r. a. i. n. s. prevention program as part of the b. r. a. i. n. s. program, barrow offers the helmet your head safety program. the program focuses on the prevention of head and traumatic brain injuries and the effect they have on the individual, family and community. aimed at children in grades k - 12 and adults with mild tbi, the program advocates the use of helmets during recreational activities to prevent brain injury. the helmet your head curriculum is designed to be used in a variety of classroom settings. students learn about the consequences of sustaining severe brain injury in common activities such as bicycling, roller - blading, skateboarding, horseback riding, rock climbing and other sports. for more information, visit helmet your head. for more information, please call 602 - 406 - head ( 4323 ). barrow neurological institute of st. joseph ' s hospital and medical center 350 west thomas road phoenix, arizona 85013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5275412476951651, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.007219"} {"text": "it is estimated that an individual idu injects about 1, 000 times a year and that persons with diabetes who use insulin inject once or twice a day. providing community - based ways to safely dispose of used syringes is an important public health priority. as of 2004, injection drug use accounted for about one - fifth of all hiv infections and most hepatitis c infections in the united states. 1, 2 injection drug users ( idus ) become infected and transmit the viruses to others through sharing contaminated syringes and other drug injection equipment and through high - risk sexual behaviors. women who become infected with hiv through sharing needles or having sex with an infected idu can also transmit the virus to their babies before or during birth or through breastfeeding. to effectively reduce the transmission of hiv and other blood - borne infections, programs must consider a comprehensive approach to working with idus. such an approach incorporates a range of pragmatic strategies that address both drug use and sexual risk behaviors. one of the most important of these strategies is ensuring that idus who cannot or will not stop injecting drugs have access to sterile syringes. ( see the related fact sheets, access to sterile syringes and physician prescription of sterile syringes to injection drug users. ) ensuring access is only part of the equation, however. why are syringe disposal programs needed? it is estimated that an individual idu injects about 1, 000 times a year. 3 this adds up to millions of injections, requiring millions of syringes every year. providing ways for idus to safely dispose of used syringes is an important public health priority. the problem is much larger than just idus, though, for an estimated 2. 4 million diabetics also make about 1 billion injections of insulin each year. a 1990 survey of diabetics who inject insulin reported that 93 % of them threw their used syringes in the trash, 3 % disposed of them in the toilet, and only 4 % placed them in puncture - resistant containers. 4 is the public concerned about syringe disposal? with the advent of aids, used syringes discovered on the streets and in parks have created a high level of public concern. several instances in the late 1980s of medical waste, including syringes, washing up on the beaches of new york focused intense attention on the need to regulate and improve the safe disposal of used syringes and other \" sharps \" to prevent both needlestick injuries and the possible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4671323554389379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.013618"} {"text": "of medical waste, including syringes, washing up on the beaches of new york focused intense attention on the need to regulate and improve the safe disposal of used syringes and other \" sharps \" to prevent both needlestick injuries and the possible transmission of blood - borne diseases, such as hiv and viral hepatitis. federal, state, and local agencies have taken some steps to address this problem by passing laws and regulations controlling syringe and other hazardous waste disposal in health care settings. although needle stick injuries are occupational risks for sanitation, housekeeping, and janitorial workers, the risk of acquiring hiv infection from an accidental needle stick in the community is extremely low. the risk of acquiring hepatitis b and / or c is probably higher. despite this low absolute risk, the sheer volume of syringes used every year and the high level of public concern mean that communities must address the issue of safe disposal of used syringes. this is also important in light of the fact that the potential for used syringes to be discarded on streets and in neighborhoods is a primary factor in community opposition to programs that are intended to increase idus ' access to sterile syringes, such as pharmacy sales and syringe exchange programs ( seps ). for example, pharmacists, who play a pivotal role in efforts to increase the pharmacy sales of sterile syringes, cite the risk of discarded syringes near their stores as one of their greatest concerns in decisions whether or not to sell syringes. 5 ( see the related fact sheet pharmacy sales of sterile syringes. ) what safe disposal initiatives have already been tried? seps provide an important way for idus to safely dispose of used syringes. idus report a distinct preference for seps compared to other safe disposal methods, because they receive a sterile syringe in exchange for every used one. 6 ( see the related fact sheet syringe exchange programs. ) three other methods used in the u. s. also provide avenues for safe syringe disposal : what are the barriers to safe syringe disposal? most states have drug paraphernalia laws, which establish criminal penalties for the manufacture, sale, distribution, and possession of any item, including syringes, used to produce and consume illegal drugs. ( see the related fact sheet state and local policies regarding idus ' access to sterile syringes. ) idus in these areas have potent and realistic concerns that they will be arrested if they save used syringes or carry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4615491870872895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.014600"} {"text": "consume illegal drugs. ( see the related fact sheet state and local policies regarding idus ' access to sterile syringes. ) idus in these areas have potent and realistic concerns that they will be arrested if they save used syringes or carry them to a disposal site. a qualitative study of idu and community attitudes toward various methods of syringe disposal gave idus a chance to describe these fears : 6 \" they ' d [ the police ] catch you with a dirty syringe and you ' d go to jail for possession, so people ain ' t hardly gonna keep ' em laying around, keep ' em in a container or whatever. \" \" they know they can stop you, and if you come and dispose of them, they got a case there. \" \" chance of going to jail, i ' m not going to risk that. that ' s me. i got a probation, so i can ' t take the chance at all. i ' m so scared now. then i ' d have to go back and do all that time. \" drug paraphernalia laws and the resulting fear of arrest, make it less likely that syringes will be safely disposed of, make it harder to implement safe disposal programs, and consequently, contribute to unsafe disposal of used syringes. 6 another potential barrier is that many local, state, and federal laws govern the handling and disposal of infectious waste. they are critically important in determining whether a disposal program is workable, but they differ substantially from community to community. this makes it difficult to develop programs that could be adopted in more than one community. finally, community opposition to syringe disposal programs can be an important barrier. this opposition centers around fears that such programs may create a public safety and health problem, appear to condone drug use, make communities where they are located look bad, attract more drug users and dealers, and present opportunities for vandalism. what have communities done? initiatives to ensure that all those who inject - - both idus and diabetics - - can safely dispose of their used syringes have been an integral component of national efforts to reduce hazardous waste in the community and to control the epidemics of hiv and other blood - borne diseases. program planners have encouraged wide community involvement and worked to generate strong local support, including participation by physicians and other health care professionals, diabetes educators, law enforcement, pharmacists, community outreach workers, diabetics who use insulin, idus, sanitation workers, medical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48464103041494627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.015647"} {"text": "wide community involvement and worked to generate strong local support, including participation by physicians and other health care professionals, diabetes educators, law enforcement, pharmacists, community outreach workers, diabetics who use insulin, idus, sanitation workers, medical waste and refuse companies, and relevant state and national organizations. these discussions have addressed the laws and regulations that impede safe disposal efforts. disposal programs have protected the safety and anonymity of idus to maximize their involvement. an initiative in minnesota shows how various groups have worked together to develop a strong safe disposal program. in 1997, the state legislature passed a comprehensive hiv prevention bill, which included safe syringe disposal as an integral element of an initiative to increase idus ' access to sterile syringes through pharmacy sales. the syringe access initiative allowed pharmacies to sell up to 10 syringes without a prescription and allows individuals to legally possess up to 10 unused syringes at a time. pharmacies must certify that they participate in safe disposal activities and they may provide information to idus about drug treatment programs, safe syringe disposal, hiv counseling and testing, and hiv prevention. safe disposal activities included distributing information and education materials, distributing and collecting sharps containers for used syringes, referring individuals to a medical facility that accepts used syringes, providing information about area seps, and collecting used syringes from individuals. key elements of the initiative had a broad focus on all those who use syringes to inject - - both diabetics and idus - - and participation by many concerned groups, including pharmacists, health departments, community - based prevention workers, diabetes associations, legislators, and waste management companies. for more information read a comprehensive approach : preventing blood - borne infections among injection drug users, which provides extensive background information on hiv and viral hepatitis infection in idus and on the legal, social, and policy environment. it also describes strategies and principles for addressing these issues. this article was provided by u. s. centers for disease control and prevention. visit the cdc ' s website to find out more about their activities, publications and services.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4958721335749947, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.017303"} {"text": "african - american women and stis by gary bell march 31, 2010 recent news has not been kind about women and girls of color and their sexual health. in 2008, a centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) study reported that almost one - half of adolescent black females were infected with at least on sti ( sexually transmitted infection ). now, new evidence has further documented the impact of stis on women and girls of color. according to the cdc, 48 percent of black women between ages 14 and 49 have the virus which causes genital herpes. blacks in general are more than three times as likely as whites to have herpes simplex virus type 2 ( hsv - 2 ) ( 39. 2 percent vs. 12. 3 percent ). biological factors make women more susceptible to genital herpes than men. american women in general are nearly twice as likely as men to be infected ( 21 percent vs. 11 percent ). moreover, up to 80 percent of genital herpes infections in the united states are undiagnosed. the news is no better on the local front. a recent report from the philadelphia department of public health revealed a dramatic 238 % increase in primary and secondary cases of syphilis in females. many of the cases in females occurred in adolescents and young adults aged 15 - 24 years old. the high rates of genital herpes infections and syphilis, as well as other stis among women of color, may contribute toward the high rate of hiv in the black community by making transmission easier. in 2007, more than 25 % people infected with hiv in the united states were among women and girls aged 13 years and older. more than 278, 000 women and adolescent girls in this country are living with hiv. for female adults and adolescents, the rate of hiv / aids diagnoses for black females was nearly 20 times as high as the rate for white females and nearly 4 times as high as the rate for hispanic / latino females. last year, the cdc implemented new guidelines to encourage hiv testing to be a part of routine medical care. clearly, sexually transmitted infection screening should also be a part of this routine care. significant progress in reducing the spread of hiv in sub - saharan africa has been made by preventing, diagnosing and treating stis. it ' s time we apply these priorities in this country, especially in women and girls of color. add your comment : ( please note : your name and comment will be public, and may even show up in internet search results. be careful when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40133479495558533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.021363"} {"text": ". it ' s time we apply these priorities in this country, especially in women and girls of color. add your comment : ( please note : your name and comment will be public, and may even show up in internet search results. be careful when providing personal information! before adding your comment, please read thebody. com ' s comment policy. ) transition to hope this year marks bell ' s 14th as the executive director of the philadelphia - based bebashi ( blacks educating blacks about sexual health ), founded in 1985 as the nation ' s first aids organization serving african americans with hiv. bell has been widely praised, not only for increasing funding and accountability at a time when hiv donations have plummeted, but also for launching such innovative programs as a women ' s initiative, prison - discharge planning, and, most recently, a diabetes intervention. more about gary : subscribe to gary ' s blog : may 16, 2013 - hpv vaccination - - a wasted resource for african americans? a blog entry by gary bell february 1, 2013 - the opioid solution and hiv : from the frying pan into the fire - - a blog entry by dave r. december 24, 2012 - compulsory sexual education : a blog entry by gary bell december 3, 2012 - world aids day 2012 - - a blog entry by gary bell november 13, 2012 - preventing hiv transmission with youth infected at birth : a blog entry by gary bell a brief disclaimer : the opinions expressed by thebody. com ' s bloggers are entirely their own, and do not necessarily reflect the views of thebody. com itself.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48166538536907844, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.022071"} {"text": "how different are we? an investigation of confucian values in the united states. as a result of the increased globalization globalization process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, is becoming standardized around the world. factors that have contributed to globalization include increasingly sophisticated communications and transportation of markets in recent years, a large number of researchers have focused their efforts on many of the interesting differences that exist across diverse cultures ( i. e. adler, 1983 ; hofstede, 1980, 1991 ; husted et al., 1996 ; schlegelmilch and robertson, 1995 ; trompenaars, 1994 ). the work of hofstede ( 1980, 1983, 1984 ) and his four cultural dimensions cultural dimensions are the mostly psychological dimensions, or value constructs, which can be used to describe a specific culture. these are often used in intercultural communication - / cross - cultural communication - based research. see also : edward t. of individualism / collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity masculinity / mas \u00b7 cu \u00b7 lin \u00b7 i \u00b7 ty / ( mas? ku - lin\u00b4i - te ) virility ; the possession of masculine qualities. 1. the quality or condition of being masculine. 2., and power distance has been extremely well documented in the literature ( abratt et al., 1992 ; geletkanycz, 1997 ; vitell et al., 1993 ). hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) recently developed a fifth dimension, confucian dynamism, which is designed to assess a culture ' s tendency toward certain confucian traits such as concept of time. while there have been myriad studies which have analyzed an \u00b7 a \u00b7 lyze tr. v. an \u00b7 a \u00b7 lyzed, an \u00b7 a \u00b7 lyz \u00b7 ing, an \u00b7 a \u00b7 lyz \u00b7 es 1. to examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. chemistry to make a chemical analysis of. 3. culture at the societal so \u00b7 ci \u00b7 e \u00b7 tal of or relating to the structure, organization, or functioning of society. adj. level of analysis, little has been done to explore how individual members of certain cultures may vary in their perceptions of cultural traits ( dorfman and howe ll, 1988 ). in fact, many of the generalizations about cultural implications related to organizational behavior have minimal support at the individual level and may be inappropriate ( chen et", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5698806111755449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.074567"} {"text": "certain cultures may vary in their perceptions of cultural traits ( dorfman and howe ll, 1988 ). in fact, many of the generalizations about cultural implications related to organizational behavior have minimal support at the individual level and may be inappropriate ( chen et at., 1998 ). although many economists have projected that the chinese economy will be one of the world ' s largest in the next decade, the western understanding of traditional chinese work values is marginal. much of the recent industrial success of hong kong hong kong ( hong kong ), mandarin xianggang, special administrative region of china, formerly a british crown colony ( 2005 est. pop. 6, 899, 000 ), land area 422 sq mi ( 1, 092 sq km ), adjacent to guangdong prov. and taiwan has been attributed to confucianism ( yeung and tung, 1996 ). as the level of influence on world trade patterns by traditional confucian societies increases it will be advantageous for trade partners to obtain a better conceptualization con \u00b7 cep \u00b7 tu \u00b7 al \u00b7 ize v. con \u00b7 cep \u00b7 tu \u00b7 al \u00b7 ized, con \u00b7 cep \u00b7 tu \u00b7 al \u00b7 iz \u00b7 ing, con \u00b7 cep \u00b7 tu \u00b7 al \u00b7 iz \u00b7 es to form a concept or concepts of, and especially to interpret in a conceptual way : of how confucian values relate to their own traditional value systems. moreover, growing ethnic diversity within the united states united states, officially united states of america, republic ( 2005 est. pop. 295, 734, 000 ), 3, 539, 227 sq mi ( 9, 166, 598 sq km ), north america. the united states is the world ' s third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area., in particular the increase of descendants descendants. those who have issued from an individual, and include his children, grandchildren, and their children to the remotest degree. ambl. 327 2 bro. c. c. 30 ; id. 230 3 bro. c. c. 367 ; 1 rop. leg. 115 ; 2 bouv. n. 1956. 2. from asian nations noun 1. asian nation - any one of the nations occupying the asian continent country, land, state - the territory occupied by a nation ; \" he returned to the land of his birth \" ; \" he visited several european countries \", has added credence to the study of cultural differences between asian and anglo value sets. managers in multinational", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5711427111030676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.075730"} {"text": ", state - the territory occupied by a nation ; \" he returned to the land of his birth \" ; \" he visited several european countries \", has added credence to the study of cultural differences between asian and anglo value sets. managers in multinational firms that either employ asian workers or engage in trade with asian firms will be at a serious competitive disadvantage if they overlook the importance of asian traditions and values in the workplace as we approach the new millennium. the purpose of this article is to report the results from a test of the relationship between confucian dynamism and hofstede ' s ( 1980 ) four initial cultural dimensions at the individual level of analysis. subsequent studies by triandis et al. ( 1985 ) and dorfman and howell ( 1988 ) have found significant support for the existence of hofstede ' s ( 1980 ) dimensions at the individual level. hofstede ( 1980, 1991 ) also contends that variation does exist related to his cultural dimensions within societies. nevertheless, researchers have overlooked the link between confucian dynamism and hofstede ' s ( 1980 ) initial dimensions at the individual level. a study of this nature is important for both theoretical and practical reasons. from a theory development perspective, the extension of confucian dynamism to the individual - level of analysis will help build on the prior work of triandis et al. ( 1985 ) and dorfman and howell ( 1988 ). while individual - level measures have been developed and validated for dimensions such as individualism individualism political and social philosophy that emphasizes individual freedom. modern individualism emerged in britain with the ideas of adam smith and jeremy bentham, and the concept was described by alexis de tocqueville as fundamental to the american temper. versus collectivism collectivism any of several types of social organization that ascribe central importance to the groups to which individuals belong ( e. g., state, nation, ethnic group, or social class ). it may be contrasted with individualism. and uncertainty avoidance, the work on confucian dynamism at this level is still in its infancy stage. executives and managers in nations that have a wealth of people from diverse backgrounds may also find the results of this study interesting. as the overseas chinese a list of famous people with chinese ancestry living outside of the republic of china and the people ' s republic of china. leaders and politicians in the next section, the initial cultural dimensions of hofstede ( 1980 ) will be reviewed. this will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5964430495352738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.076996"} {"text": "a list of famous people with chinese ancestry living outside of the republic of china and the people ' s republic of china. leaders and politicians in the next section, the initial cultural dimensions of hofstede ( 1980 ) will be reviewed. this will be followed by an analysis of confucian dynamism ( hofstede and bond, 1988 ) and how these societal level cultural dimensions have been extended to individuals. next, formal hypotheses will be developed, tested, and empirical results will be reviewed. the article concludes with a discussion of the results of the present study, limitations, managerial implications, and potential research areas to be explored in the future. in this section the work of hofstede ( 1980 ) and hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) will be reviewed. this is followed by an analysis of how these societal - level traits relate to the individual level of analysis. the research of culture that has consistently received convincing recognition by both scholars and practitioners is the work of hofstede ( 1980, 1983, 1984 ). hofstede ' s four dimensions of individualism vs. collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and power distance have dominated the literature in the past two decades ( geletkanycz, 1997 ; hickson, 1996 ; vitell et al., 1993 ). the dimensions developed and empirically examined by hofstede ( 1980 ) represent a lifetime of work surrounding the often complex phenomena of culture. hofstede ' s data set, which contains over 116, 000 subjects from 66 nations, is decidedly the most exhaustive sample of culture - based research that exists today. the sample was collected over a number of years and the survey employed was designed to measure different values that are dominant among people from different nations. these values were then classified into cultural dimensions which were hofstede ' s basis for generalizations about national culture. hofstede does acknowledge that every person in a nation does not necessarily have all of the characteristics assigned to that culture, and as a result subsequent studies have developed scales and explored how individuals within different nations relate to hofstede ' s dimensions ( i. e., dorfman and howell, 1988 ; vitell at al., 1993 ). hofstede ' s ( 1980 ) dimensions are defined as follows : individualism versus collectivism : the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family and neglect the needs of society. uncertainty avoidance : the extent to which people in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5943339010657329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.078182"} {"text": "hofstede ' s ( 1980 ) dimensions are defined as follows : individualism versus collectivism : the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family and neglect the needs of society. uncertainty avoidance : the extent to which people in a society feel threatened by ambiguous situations. masculinity : the degree of typical masculine masculine. that which belongs to the male sex. 2. the masculine sometimes includes the feminine, vide an example under the article man, and see also the articles gender, worthiest of blood ; poth. intr. au titre 16, des testamens et donations testamentaires, n. values such as assertiveness assertiveness / as \u00b7 ser \u00b7 tive \u00b7 ness / ( ah - ser\u00b4tiv - nes ) the quality or state of bold or confident self - expression, neither aggressive nor submissive., paternalism paternalism ( p \u00b7 \u00b7 n, and a lack of concern for others. power distance : the level of acceptance by a society of unequal distribution in power. more recently hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) have identified a fifth dimension which is called confucian dynamism. this cultural dimension was empirically established in hofstede and bond ' s ( 1988 ) 22 - country study, yet has received little attention since its initial analysis. nonetheless, this dimension is unique and interesting in that it focuses on time orientation and confucian values. it is based on the chinese value survey which was originally developed in china by the chinese culture connection ( hofstede and bond, 1988 ). prior to this study nearly all cross - cultural studies cross - cultural comparisons take several forms. one is comparison of case studies, another is controlled comparison among variants of a common derivation, and a third is comparison within a sample of cases. of values were based on survey instruments developed by western researchers. below the values in line with confucian dynamism analyzed by hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) are presented. hofstede and bond state \" the values on the left select those teachings of confucius that are more oriented o \u00b7 ri \u00b7 ent 1. orient the countries of asia, especially of eastern asia. a. the luster characteristic of a pearl of high quality. b. a pearl having exceptional luster. 3. toward the future ( especially perseverance perseverance see also determination. redid dictionary manuscript burnt in fire. [ br. hist. : brewer handbook, 752 ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6051463181168675, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.079332"} {"text": "high quality. b. a pearl having exceptional luster. 3. toward the future ( especially perseverance perseverance see also determination. redid dictionary manuscript burnt in fire. [ br. hist. : brewer handbook, 752 ] call of the wild, the dogs trail steadfastly through alaska \u2019 s tundra. [ am. lit. and thrift thrift : see leadwort. ), whereas those on the right select confucian values oriented toward the past and present \" ( 1988 : 16 ). the relative importance of : ordering relationships by status having a sense of shame noun 1. sense of shame - a motivating awareness of ethical responsibility sense of duty conscience, moral sense, scruples, sense of right and wrong - motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a person ' s thoughts and actions the relative unimportance of : personal steadiness and stability protecting your face respect for tradition reciprocation reciprocation / re \u00b7 cip \u00b7 ro \u00b7 ca \u00b7 tion / ( re - sip? ro - ka\u00b4shun ) 1. the act of giving and receiving in exchange ; the complementary interaction of two distinct entities. 2. an alternating back - and - forth movement. of greetings, favors, gifts the essential purpose of confucian dynamism is to identify the time orientation of cultures, and is based in part on the work of the great chinese philosopher confucius. a high score along this dimension reflects a culture ' s tendency toward a future - minded mentality. hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) contend that people in nations that have high confucian dynamism scores tend to associate more with the values of persistence, respect for status, thrift, and having a sense of shame. empirical results ( hofstede and bond, 1988 ) indicate that people from hong kong, thailand, and japan are high in confucian dynamism values. low scores along this dimension reveal a culture ' s orientation toward the present and past. members of low confucian dynamism cultures value the relative importance of personal steadiness and stability, saving face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of greetings, favors, and gifts. nations that scored low along this dimension included canada, pakistan, and the united states ( hofstede and bond, 1988 ). hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) have theorized that there is an overlap between some of the values", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5849687999084825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.080288"} {"text": ". nations that scored low along this dimension included canada, pakistan, and the united states ( hofstede and bond, 1988 ). hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) have theorized that there is an overlap between some of the values incorporated in the confucian dynamism dimension and the four original hofstede cultural dimensions. specifically, hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) propose that nations which are high in confucian dynamism ( neo - confucian countries ) will score high on power distance, low on individualism, and mid - range on masculinity. interestingly, no relationship was hypothesized between confucian dynamism and uncertainty avoidance. this may have occurred as a result of the dichotomous di \u00b7 chot \u00b7 o \u00b7 mous 1. divided or dividing into two parts or classifications. 2. characterized by dichotomy. di \u00b7 chot nature of confucian dynamism ( with high scores as future - minded and low scores as present / past oriented ). culture at the individual level while many researchers have identified vast differences across cultures ( e. g., hofstede, 1980 ; trompenaars, 1994 ) an obvious recognition of differences within cultures has also been important to this research stream ( hofstede, 1991 ; rokeach, 1973 ). the recent works of triandis et al. ( 1985 ; 1988 ) and dorfman and howell ( 1988 ) have attempted to identify some of the many values that lead to cultural heterogeneity het \u00b7 er \u00b7 o \u00b7 ge \u00b7 ne \u00b7 i \u00b7 ty the quality or state of being heterogeneous. the state of being heterogeneous. within societies. perhaps the most pivotal studies of culture at the individual level can be traced to the ongoing work of triandis and his associates ( 1972, 1985, 1988 ). triandis has performed numerous studies of how societal - level cultural patterns translate to the individual level of analysis. for example, triandis et al. ( 1985 ) utilized a survey instrument to measure individual level cultural tendencies of 159 undergraduate students. the focus of the study was on the psychological dimension allocentrism versus idiocentrism which corresponds at the societal level to collectivism versus individualism ( hofstede, 1980 ). allocentrism refers to collectivist col \u00b7 lec \u00b7 tiv \u00b7 ism the principles or system of ownership and control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6073504034219186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.081611"} {"text": "worried about the future than a person who has a low concern for uncertainty. hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) differentiate between present / past confucian values and future values. hypothesis 2a : individual scores on the present and past values of confucian dynamism will be negatively related to uncertainty avoidance. hypothesis 2b : individual scores on the future values of confucian dynamism will be positively related to uncertainty avoidance. the sample for this study consisted of 255 upper - level undergraduate business students, all volunteers, at a large university in the southeastern region of the united states. over 80 percent of the surveys that were issued were returned. the mean age of the students was 21. 5 years and the sample consisted of 48 % women and 52 % men. although the use of students has been criticized in the past there are several reasons why they are appropriate for this study. first, a primary objective of this study is to understand how individuals identify everyday cultural values and the results do not need to be grounded in high level managerial impressions. second, recent research has revealed that the use of a student sample may in fact be representative of an organizational population ( wyld et al., 1993 ) and is appropriate for the investigation of cultural construct development at the individual level ( triandis et al., 1985, 1988 ). a survey was utilized to collect cultural data from the respondents in the context of marketing research, a representative sample drawn from a larger population of people from whom information is collected and used to develop or confirm marketing strategy. ( see appendix ). the scale employed is designed to measure an individual ' s beliefs along each of hofstede ' s four initial dimensions as well as confucian dynamism. the first 22 items on this scale were developed by dorfman and howell ( 1988 ) and the reliabilities ( cronbach ' s alpha cronbach ' s ( alpha ) has an important use as a measure of the reliability of a psychometric instrument. it was first named as alpha by cronbach ( 1951 ), as he had intended to continue with further instruments. ) have been satisfactory and consistent in studies performed with both mexican and chinese managers. the reliabilities for the current study were as follows : individualism / collectivism. 72, masculinity. 87, power distance. 85, and uncertainty avoidance. 86. the final eight items on the scale were developed for the present study to measure confucian dynamism ( hofstede and bond, 1988", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5938354726525819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.085652"} {"text": "72, masculinity. 87, power distance. 85, and uncertainty avoidance. 86. the final eight items on the scale were developed for the present study to measure confucian dynamism ( hofstede and bond, 1988 ). the first four items relate to hofstede and bond ' s future confucianism while the remaining four items are the basis for past / present scores. these items were based on the time values associated with confucian dynamism provided by hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) and were pretested to clarify any i nconsistencies in meaning ( alreck and settle, 1995 ). analytical procedures analytical procedures is one of financial audit skill which help an auditor understand the client ' s business and changes in the business, to identify potential risk areas and to plan other audit procedures. ordinary least - squares regression was used to analyze the data and to test the hypotheses. this method of data analysis is appropriate for the present study based on the hypotheses that have been posed and the relationships among the variables ( lewis - beck, 1980 ). the cultural dimension variables have been measured on quasi - interval ( likert ) scales. the overall objective of the regression procedures was to test the relationship between the independent variables ( four initial cultural dimensions ) and the dependent variables ( confucian dynamism items ). the regression analyses consist of three independent models, one for each hypothesis. in the first model the subjects ' responses to confucian dynamism ( confuc ) are regressed on individualism / collectivism ( indiv ), masculinity ( mascul ), power distance ( power ), and uncertainty avoidance ( uncert ). in the second model the respondents ' confucian dynamism perceptions of the past ( past ) are regressed on indiv, mascul, power, and uncert. finally, in the third model perceptions of the future ( future ) are regressed on the scores from the initial fo ur dimensions. table 1 contains the descriptive statistics descriptive statistics see statistics. and correlation coefficients correlation coefficient a measure that determines the degree to which two variable ' s movements are associated. the correlation coefficient is calculated as : for the subjects in this study. significant correlations were found between confucian dynamism and the variables power ( p [ less than ]. 05 ), future ( p [ less than ]. 001 ), and past ( p [ less than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5742913882806454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.086552"} {"text": "the subjects in this study. significant correlations were found between confucian dynamism and the variables power ( p [ less than ]. 05 ), future ( p [ less than ]. 001 ), and past ( p [ less than ]. 00l ). future was also significantly correlated cor \u00b7 re \u00b7 late v. cor \u00b7 re \u00b7 lat \u00b7 ed, cor \u00b7 re \u00b7 lat \u00b7 ing, cor \u00b7 re \u00b7 lates 1. to put or bring into causal, complementary, parallel, or reciprocal relation. 2. to indiv ( p [ less than ]. 0l ) and uncert. additionally, past was related to uncert ( p [ less than ]. 05 ) and future ( p [ less than ]. 05 ). two significant correlations were found among hofstede ' s initial dimensions : between indiv and uncert ( p [ less than ]. 01 ) and between mascul and power ( p [ less than ]. 01 ). hypothesis 1 claimed that individual scores on confucian dynamism will be positively related to power distance, negatively related to individualism, and unrelated to masculinity. table 2 shows the results from the multiple regression multiple regression the estimated relationship between a dependent variable and more than one explanatory variable. analysis performed to test hypothesis 1. the omnibus omnibus : see bus. f - test, which is used to determine if the overall model is significant, was statistically significant ( f = 1. 697 ; p [ less than ]. 10 ). as hypothesized the relationship between power distance and confucian dynamism was positive and significant ( standardized standardized pertaining to data that have been submitted to standardization procedures. standardized morbidity rate see morbidity rate. standardized mortality rate see mortality rate. =. 124 ; p [ less than ]. 05 ). further, no significant relationship was evident between masculinity and confucian dynamism. while there was a negative relationship for individualism, as hypothesized, it was not significant. thus, hypothesis 1 is partially supported with power distance as the only hypothesized variable that was significant. table 3 contains the regression results that pertain to pertain to verb relate to, concern, refer to, regard, be part of, belong to, apply to, bear on, befit, be relevant to, be appropriate to, appertain to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6230469858239591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.088772"} {"text": "regression results that pertain to pertain to verb relate to, concern, refer to, regard, be part of, belong to, apply to, bear on, befit, be relevant to, be appropriate to, appertain to the testing of hypothesis 2a which stated that individual scores on the present and past values of confucian dynamism will be negatively related to uncertainty avoidance. although the omnibus f - test was not significant the relationship between uncertainty avoidance and past perceptions of confucianism was negative as hypothesized and significant ( [ beta ] = -. 105 ; p [ less than ]. 10 ). therefore, hypothesis 2a received marginal support. hypothesis 2b, which stated that individual scores on the future values of confucian dynamism will be positively related to uncertainty avoidance, received the strongest support. table 4 contains the results for the testing of hypothesis 3. the f - test was significant ( f = 4. 765 ; p [ less than ]. 001 ) as was the hypothesized relationship between uncertainty avoidance and future perceptions of confucianism ( =. 257 ; p [ less than ]. 001 ). therefore, it appears that individuals who score high along uncertainty avoidance are also more concerned about the future and tend to be future orientated o \u00b7 ri \u00b7 en \u00b7 tate v. o \u00b7 ri \u00b7 en \u00b7 tat \u00b7 ed, o \u00b7 ri \u00b7 en \u00b7 tat \u00b7 ing, o \u00b7 ri \u00b7 en \u00b7 tates to orient : \" he.... it should be noted that the three regression models were run with all four of the cultural dimension variables. this was done to establish control over the effects of the other independent variables ( lewis - beck, 1980 ) while minimizing the error variance due to correlations among the variables. other control variables, such as age and gender, were also included in order to minimize the effects of outside influences on error variance. the goals of this study were to ( 1 ) test the cultural dimension confucian dynamism at the individual level of analysis and ( 2 ) analyze the relationship between confucian dynamism and hofstede ' s ( 1980 ) initial four dimensions. according to according to 1. as stated or indicated by ; on the authority of : according to historians. 2. in keeping with : according to instructions. 3. triandis ( 1972 ) the importance of cross - cultural research lies in defining relationships between variables that are sensitive to cultural influences. the results of this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6108300082316309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.091205"} {"text": "the authority of : according to historians. 2. in keeping with : according to instructions. 3. triandis ( 1972 ) the importance of cross - cultural research lies in defining relationships between variables that are sensitive to cultural influences. the results of this study have revealed some interesting patterns that may exist in individuals ' perceptions of time and their relationship to other cultural phenomena such as power, uncertainty, individuality individuality, n collective characteristics or traits that distinguish one person or thing from all others., and gender roles. moreover, the results have indicated a number of potential areas for future researchers such as the relationship between confucian dynamism and other cultural traits ( e. g., trompenaars, 1994 ). specifically, the support of power distance within hypothesis 1 indicates that confucian dynamism is consistent at the individual level of analysis with hofstede and bond ' s ( 1988 ) societal level results. this adds to the prior evidence of triandis et at. ( 1988 ) and dorfman and howell ( 1988 ) that supports the identification of hofstede ' s other dimensions other dimensions is a collection of stories by author clark ashton smith. it was released in 1970 and was the author ' s sixth collection of stories published by arkham house. it was released in an edition of 3, 144 copies. at the individual level. in other words adv. 1. in other words - otherwise stated ; \" in other words, we are broke \" put differently, confucian traits may exist anywhere in the world, not just in asia. the results of hypothesis 2b are perhaps the most interesting in this study. the strong significant support of a relationship between uncertainty avoidance and the future values of confucian dynamism unveils a relationship at the individual level of analysis that hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) did not find at the cultural level. indeed, it makes intuitive sense that individuals that fear uncertainty also are quite concerned about the future. conversely con \u00b7 verse 1 intr. v. con \u00b7 versed, con \u00b7 vers \u00b7 ing, con \u00b7 vers \u00b7 es 1. to engage in a spoken exchange of thoughts, ideas, or feelings ; talk. see synonyms at speak. 2., low uncertainty avoidance people would tend to be less fearful about events that will occur in the future. at the societal level of analysis there are clearly many interactions among the other elements, such as economic conditions and form of government, that wash out the connection between uncertainty avoidance and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5928987871841536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.092924"} {"text": "people would tend to be less fearful about events that will occur in the future. at the societal level of analysis there are clearly many interactions among the other elements, such as economic conditions and form of government, that wash out the connection between uncertainty avoidance and futuristic fu \u00b7 tur \u00b7 is \u00b7 tic 1. of or relating to the future. a. of, characterized by, or expressing a vision of the future : futuristic decor. there are a number of inherent limitations involved with a study of this nature. first, in organizational studies organizational studies, organizational behaviour, and organizational theory are related terms for the academic study of organizations, examining them using the methods of economics, sociology, political science, anthropology, communication studies, and psychology., the use of self - reported data is often confounded with a number of biases, such as social - desirability bias ( alreck and settle, 1995 ). second, the use of a purely u. s. sample has a number of ramifications ramifications npl \u2192 auswirkungen pl for the generalizability of results. clearly the laws and social norms of the united states help shape each member of this nation ' s personal values and culture. specifically, the construct of confucian dynamism is grounded in asian values asian values was a concept that came into vogue in the 1990s, predicated on the belief in the existence in asian countries of a unique set of institutions and political ideologies which reflected the region ' s culture and history. which may cloud the present results. nonetheless, learning about this construct and its underlying values adds to our understanding of the cultural interface between u. s. and asian managers. a third limitation is that the claim by hofstede and bond ( 1988 ) that confucian dynamism measures time orientation may not be completely valid. while the values of persistence, respect for status, thrift and shame are claimed to be future - based values they could perhaps be better classified as work orientated confucian values. the values of stability, saving face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of greetings, favors and gifts ( purportedly pur \u00b7 port \u00b7 ed assumed to be such ; supposed : the purported author of the story. pur \u00b7 port present and past values ) may also be in need of a better term. perhaps the term \" socially orientated \" confucian values is a stronger fit with these measures. finally, additional cultural factors regarding the sample, such as race, religion,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6068816413893583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.093986"} {"text": "present and past values ) may also be in need of a better term. perhaps the term \" socially orientated \" confucian values is a stronger fit with these measures. finally, additional cultural factors regarding the sample, such as race, religion, economic status, and nationality nationality, in political theory, the quality of belonging to a nation, in the sense of a group united by various strong ties. among the usual ties are membership in the same general community, common customs, culture, tradition, history, and language., may have played a role in each individual ' s response. the results of this study have some interesting managerial implications as well. as the united states becomes more heterogeneous, with an increasing asian population, managers will need to develop a better understanding of the many diverse values in the work place. specifically, the results presented in this article suggest that there are certain values that are commonplace in u. s. managers ( i. e., uncertainty avoidance ) that are related to the asian notion of confucianism. thus, generalizations about diverse societies and how they view relationships to others and the environment may not be completely appropriate in the future. managers should focus on the value set of each individual when developing policies and determining who should deal with certain foreign trade partners. further, u. s. expatriates that are on foreign assignment in asia may also benefit from additional knowledge about the similarities and differences between their own value set and those of their asian counterparts. human resource managers may be interested in the cultural makeup makeup in the performing arts, material used by actors for cosmetic purposes and to help create the characters they play. not needed in greek and roman theatre because of the use of masks, makeup was used in the religious plays of medieval europe, in which the angels ' faces of employees to facilitate better job synergy the enhanced result of two or more people, groups or organizations working together. in other words, one and one equals three! it comes from the greek \" synergia, \" which means joint work and cooperative action.. for example, a person who is high in confucian dynamism may be interested in a position that deals with the future, such as planning or budgeting. individuals that possess strong uncertainty traits may not be best suited for positions that deal with many ambiguities, such as developing new sales territories overseas. managers in multinational firms may also be interested in using a similar scale when developing cultural training programs for expatriates. there is little doubt that if managers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6007864475314237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.095141"} {"text": "for positions that deal with many ambiguities, such as developing new sales territories overseas. managers in multinational firms may also be interested in using a similar scale when developing cultural training programs for expatriates. there is little doubt that if managers can develop a stronger comprehension of the variety of values that exists within their own firms they will be in a stronger position when engaging in trade with firms from culturally diverse nations. at some point, researchers should investigate how confucian dynamism holds up at the individual level in asian nations. this is the logical extension of the present research project. other future studies should endeavor to analyze differences in age, gender, education, and religion and how they relate to the constructs employed in this study. overall, it is hoped that this research endeavor has advanced the development of an understanding of cultural values at the individual level of analysis. in the future, researchers may choose to replicate rep \u00b7 li \u00b7 cate 1. to duplicate, copy, reproduce, or repeat. 2. to reproduce or make an exact copy or copies of genetic material, a cell, or an organism. a repetition of an experiment or a procedure. this study in a different cultural environment or to perform a similar study in order to explore the relationship between confucian dynamism and other organizational constructs. abratt, r., d. nel and n. higgs. 1992. \" an examination of the ethical beliefs of managers using selected scenarios in a cross - cultural environment. \" journal of business ethics business ethics, the study and evaluation of decision making by businesses according to moral concepts and judgments. ethical questions range from practical, narrowly defined issues, such as a company ' s obligation to be honest with its customers, to broader social 11 : 29 - 35. adler, n. 1983. \" cross - cultural management research : the ostrich ostrich, common name for a large flightless bird ( struthio camelus ) of africa and parts of sw asia, allied to the rhea, the emu and the extinct moa. it is the largest of living birds ; some males reach a height of 8 ft ( 244 cm ) and weigh from 200 to 300 lb and the trend. \" academy of management review 8 ( 2 ) : 226 - 232. alreck, p. and r. settle. 1995. the survey research handbook ( 2nd edition ). homewood, il : irwin. chen, c., x. chen and j. meindl. 1998. \" how can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5336795115851336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.096204"} {"text": "232. alreck, p. and r. settle. 1995. the survey research handbook ( 2nd edition ). homewood, il : irwin. chen, c., x. chen and j. meindl. 1998. \" how can cooperation be fostered? the cultural effects of individualism - collectivism. \" academy of management review 23 ( 2 ) : 285 - 304. dorfman, p. and j. howell. 1988. \" dimensions of national culture and effective leadership patterns : hofstede revisited. \" in advances in international comparative management. eds. r. n. farmer and e. g. mcgoun. jai jai java advanced imaging jai justice et affaires interieures ( french : justice and home affairs ) jai journal of astm international jai just an idea jai jazz alliance international jai joint africa institute press. pp. 127 - 150. geletkanycz, m. 1997. \" the salience sa \u00b7 li \u00b7 ence also sa \u00b7 li \u00b7 en \u00b7 cy n. pl. sa \u00b7 li \u00b7 en \u00b7 ces also sa \u00b7 li \u00b7 en \u00b7 cies 1. the quality or condition of being salient. 2. a pronounced feature or part ; a highlight. noun 1. of ' culture ' s consequences ' : the effects of cultural values on top executive commitment to the status quo [ latin, the existing state of things at any given date. ] status quo ante bellum means the state of things before the war. the status quo to be preserved by a preliminary injunction is the last actual, peaceable, uncontested status which preceded the pending controversy.. \" strategic management journal 18 : 8 : 615 - 634. hickson, d. 1996. \" the asq asq american society for quality asq arab studies quarterly asq automated software quality asq administrative science quarterly asq ages & stages questionnaires asq allowable sale quantity asq ascension island ( dod radar ) years then and now through the eyes of a euro - brit. \" administrative science quarterly administrative science quarterly, founded in 1956, is one of the most eminent academic journals in the field of organizational studies. it is published by cornell university. people claimed to have been involved as founders include james d. 41 : 217 - 228. hofstede, g. 1980. culture ' s consequences : international differences in work - related values. beverly hills beverly hills, city ( 1990 pop. 31, 971 ), los angeles co., s calif", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5668780922417199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.097302"} {"text": "217 - 228. hofstede, g. 1980. culture ' s consequences : international differences in work - related values. beverly hills beverly hills, city ( 1990 pop. 31, 971 ), los angeles co., s calif., completely surrounded by the city of los angeles ; inc. 1914. the largely residential city is home to many motion - picture and television personalities., ca : sage. _ _ _ _ _. 1983. \" national cultures in four dimensions : a research - theory of cultural dimensions among nations. \" international studies of management and organization 13 : 52 - 60. _ _ _ _ _. 1984. \" the cultural relativity cultural relativity, n technique for understanding the various ways in which people explain their behavior. of the quality of life concept. \" academy of management review 9 : 389 - 398. _ _ _ _ _ and m. h. bond. 1988. \" the confucius connection : from cultural roots to economic growth. \" organizational dynamics 16 ( 4 ) : 5 - 21. _ _ _ _ _. 1991. cultures and organizations : software of the mind. london : mcgraw - hill. husted, b., j. dozier dozier may be : lewis - beck, m. 1980. applied regression, an introduction. newbury park, ca : sage. rokeach, j. 1973. the nature of human values human values is the universal concept that preserves and enhances homo sapiens as a species, this applies to every human being on the present universe, anything against this values brings the consequence of a self species extermination event ( ssee ) like hate, racism or war.. new york new york, state, united states new york, middle atlantic state of the united states. it is bordered by vermont, massachusetts, connecticut, and the atlantic ocean ( e ), new jersey and pennsylvania ( s ), lakes erie and ontario and the canadian province of, ny : the free press. schlegelmilch, b. and d. robertson. 1995. \" the influence of country and industry on ethical perceptions of senior executives in the u. s. and europe. \" journal of international business studies 4th qtr. : 859 - 881. triandis, h. 1972. the analysis of subjective culture. new york, ny : wiley. _ _ _ _ _, k. leung, m. villareal, and f. clack. 1985. \" allocentric versus idiocentric tendencies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5502454406598749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.098305"} {"text": "h. 1972. the analysis of subjective culture. new york, ny : wiley. _ _ _ _ _, k. leung, m. villareal, and f. clack. 1985. \" allocentric versus idiocentric tendencies : convergent and discriminant dis \u00b7 crim \u00b7 i \u00b7 nant an expression used to distinguish or separate other expressions in a quantity or equation. validation. \" journal of research in personality 19 : 395415. _ _ _ _ _, r. bontempo, m. villareal, m. asai, and n. lucca. 1988. \" individualism and collectivism : cross - cultural perspectives on self - ingroup relationships. \" journal of personality and social psychology the journal of personality and social psychology ( often referred to as jpsp ) is a monthly psychology journal of the american psychological association. it is considered one of the top journals in the fields of social and personality psychology. 54 ( 2 ) : 323 - 338. trompenaars, f. 1994. riding the waves of culture. new york, ny : irwin. vitell, s., s. nwachukwu and j. barnes. 1993. \" the effects of culture on ethical decision - making : an application of hofstede ' s typology typology / ty \u00b7 pol \u00b7 o \u00b7 gy / ( ti - pol\u00b4ah - je ) the study of types ; the science of classifying, as bacteria according to type. the study of types ; the science of classifying, as bacteria according to type.. \" journal of business ethics 12 : 753 - 760. wines, w. and n. napier. 1992. \" toward an understanding of cross - cultural ethics : a tentative model. \" journal of business ethics 11 : 831 - 841. wyld, d., c. jones, and s. cappel. 1993. \" nothing like the real thing? an empirical look at the use of managerial and non - managerial student subjects in ethical inquiry in management. \" paper presented at the southern academy of management meeting, atlanta, ga. yeung, i. and r. tung. 1996. \" achieving business success in confucian societies : the importance of guanxi ( connections ). \" organizational dynamics autumn : 54 - 65. descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients variable mean s. d. 1 2 3 4 5 1 confuc 3. 17. 34 1. 00 2 indiv 2. 83. 61", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5541976925250325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.099247"} {"text": "less than ]. 05 results of multiple regression analysis past perceptions independent variables dependent variable : past std. beta t indiv. 034. 529 mascul. 011. 144 power. 081 1. 233 uncert -. 105 - 1. 571 [ + ] age. 030. 467 gender -. 035 -. 446 [ r. sup. 2 ]. 026 adjusted [ r. sup. 2 ]. 002 f. 5314 n = 255 ( +. ) p [ less than ]. 10 results of multiple regression analysis future perceptions independent variables dependent variable : future std. beta t indiv -. 092 - 1. 474 [ + ] mascul. 091 1. 217 power. 085 1. 360 uncert. 257 4. 005 [ * * * ] age. 025. 419 gender. 069. 915 [ r. sup. 2 ]. 104 adjusted [ r. sup. 2 ]. 083 f 4. 765 [ * * * ] n = 255 ( * * *. ) p [ less than ]. 001 ( +. ) p [ less than ]. 10 individualism vs. collectivism * group welfare is more important than individual rewards. * group success is more important than individual success. * being accepted by the members of your work group is very important. employees should only pursue their goals after considering the welfare of the group. * managers should encourage group loyalty even if individual goals suffer. * individuals may be expected to give up their goals in order to benefit group success. * it is important to have job requirements and instructions spelled out in detail so that employees always know what they are expected to do. * managers expect employees to closely follow instructions and procedures. * rules and regulations are important because they inform employees what the organization expects of them. * standard operating procedures standard operating procedure medtalk a technique, method or therapy performed ' by the book, ' using a standard protocol meeting internally or externally defined criteria ; a formal, written procedure that describes how specific lab operations are to be performed. are helpful to employees on the job. * instructions for operations are important for employees on the job. * meetings are usually run more effectively when they are chaired by a man. * it is more important for men to have a professional career than it is for women to have a professional career. * men usually solve problems with logical analysis ; women usually solve problems with intuition intuition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5637044139780885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.101384"} {"text": "run more effectively when they are chaired by a man. * it is more important for men to have a professional career than it is for women to have a professional career. * men usually solve problems with logical analysis ; women usually solve problems with intuition intuition, in philosophy, way of knowing directly ; immediate apprehension. the greeks understood intuition to be the grasp of universal principles by the intelligence ( nous ), as distinguished from the fleeting impressions of the senses.. * solving organizational problems usually requires an active forcible forc \u00b7 i \u00b7 ble 1. effected against resistance through the use of force : the police used forcible restraint in order to subdue the assailant. 2. characterized by force ; powerful. approach which is typical of men. * it is preferable to have a man in a high level position rather than a woman. * managers should make most decisions without consulting subordinates. * it is frequently necessary for a manager to use authority and power when dealing with subordinates. * managers should seldom ask for the opinions of employees. * managers should avoid off - the - job social contacts with employees. * employees should not disagree with verb 1. disagree with - not be very easily digestible ; \" spicy food disagrees with some people \" hurt - give trouble or pain to ; \" this exercise will hurt your back \" management decisions. * managers should not delegate important tasks to employees. * managers must be persistent to accomplish objectives. * there is a hierarchy to on - the - job relationships and it should be observed. * a good manager knows how to economize e \u00b7 con \u00b7 o \u00b7 mize v. e \u00b7 con \u00b7 o \u00b7 mized, e \u00b7 con \u00b7 o \u00b7 miz \u00b7 ing, e \u00b7 con \u00b7 o \u00b7 miz \u00b7 es 1. to practice economy, as by avoiding waste or reducing expenditures. * it is important to have a conscience in business. * personal stability is not critical to success in business. * respect for tradition hampers performance. * the exchange of favors and gifts is not necessary to excel. * upholding one ' s personal image makes little difference in goal achievement. note : the individualism vs. collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and power distance scale items were developed by dorfman and howell ( 1988 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5644996515817402, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.102430"} {"text": "| shah jahan the magnificent | | \" shah jahan on a globe \" from the smithsonian institution | | reign | | 1628 - 1658 | | full name | | shahab - ud - din muhammad shah jahan | | born | | 1 may 1592 | | died | | 22 january 1666 ( aged 74 ) | | place of death | | agra | | wives | | akbarabadi mahal ( d. 1677 ) kandahari mahal ( b. 1594, m. 1609 ) mumtaz mahal ( b. 1593, m. 1612, d. 1631 ) hasina begum sahiba ( m. 1617 ) muti begum sahiba qudsia begum sahiba fatehpuri mahal sahiba ( d. after 1666 ) sarhindi begum sahiba ( d. after 1650 ) shrimati manbhavathi baiji lal sahiba ( m. 1626 ) | offspring | | jahanara begum, dara shukoh, shah shuja, roshanara begum, aurangzeb, murad baksh, gauhara begum | shahab uddin muhammad shah jahan i ( full title : al - sultan al - ' azam wal khaqan al - mukarram, abu ' l - muzaffar shihab ud - din muhammad, sahib - i - qiran - i - sani, shah jahan i padshah ghazi zillu ' llah [ firdaus - ashiyani ] ) ( also spelled shah jehan, shahjehan, urdu : \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba, persian : \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 ( 5 january 1592 \u2013 22 january 1666 ) was the ruler of the mughal empire in india from 1628 until 1658. the name shah jahan comes from persian meaning \" king of the world. \" he was the fifth mughal ruler after babur, humayun, akbar, and jahangir. while young, he was a favourite of akbar. even while very young, he could be pointed out to be the successor to the mughal throne after the death of jahangir. he succeeded to the throne upon his father ' s death in 1627. he is considered to be one of the greatest mughals and his reign has been called the golden age of mughals. like akbar, he was eager to expand his empire. the chief events of his reign were the destruction of the kingdom of ahmadnagar ( 1636 ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4091829122197944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.118960"} {"text": "one of the greatest mughals and his reign has been called the golden age of mughals. like akbar, he was eager to expand his empire. the chief events of his reign were the destruction of the kingdom of ahmadnagar ( 1636 ), the loss of kandahar to the persians ( 1653 ), and a second war against the deccan princes ( 1655 ). in 1658 he fell ill, and was confined by his son aurangzeb in the citadel of agra until his death in 1666. on the eve of his death in 1666, the mughal empire spanned almost 750, 000, 000 acres ( 3, 000, 000 km2 ), about 2 / 10 the size of modern india. the period of his reign was the golden age of mughal architecture. shah jahan erected many splendid monuments, the most famous of which is the taj mahal at agra built as a tomb for his wife mumtaz mahal ( birth name arjumand banu begum ). the pearl mosque at agra, the palace and great mosque at delhi also commemorate him. the celebrated peacock throne, said to be worth millions of dollars by modern estimates, also dates from his reign. he was the founder of shahjahanabad, now known as ' old delhi '. the important buildings of shah jahan were the diwan - i - am and diwan - i - khas in the fort of delhi, the jama masjid, the moti masjid and the taj. it is pointed out that the palace of delhi is the most magnificent in the east. shah jahan was born as prince khurram shihab - ud - din muhammad, in 1592 in lahore, pakistan as the third and favorite son of the emperor jahangir, his mother being a rathore rajput princess, known as princess jagat gosain who was jahangir ' s second wife. the name khurram - persian for ' joyful ' - was given by his grandfather akbar. his early years saw him receive a cultured, broad education and he distinguished himself in the martial arts and as a military commander while leading his father ' s armies in numerous campaigns - mewar ( 1615 ce, 1024 ah ), the deccan ( 1617 and 1621 ce, 1026 and 1030 ah ), kangra ( 1618 ce, 1027ah ). he was responsible for most of the territorial gains during his father ' s reign. he also demonstrated a precocious talent for building, impressing his father at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3911089383045065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.120039"} {"text": "was very handsome... lal pointed out that aurangzeb may have been involved in \" magnifying a rumour into a full - fledged scandal \", and wrote : \" aurangzeb had disobeyed shahjahan, he had incarcerated him for years, but if he really helped give a twist to shahjahan ' s paternal love for jahan ara by turning it into a scandal, it was the unkindest cut of all his unfilial acts. \" inheritance of power and wealth in the mughal empire was not determined through primogeniture, but by princely sons competing to achieve military successes and consolidating their power at court. this often led to rebellions and wars of succession. as a result, a complex political climate surrounded the mughal court in khurram ' s formative years. in 1611 his father married nur jahan, the widowed daughter of a afghan immigrant. she rapidly became an important member of jahangir ' s court and, together with her brother asaf khan, wielded considerable influence. arjumand was asaf khan ' s daughter and her marriage to khurrum consolidated nur jahan and asaf khan ' s positions at court. khurram ' s intense military successes of 1617 ce ( 1026 ah ) against the lodi in the deccan effectively secured the southern border of the empire and his grateful father rewarded him with the prestigious title ' shah jahan bahadur ' ( brave king of the world ) which implicitly sealed his inheritance. court intrigues, however, including nur jahan ' s decision to have her daughter from her first marriage wed shah jahan ' s youngest brother and her support for his claim to the throne led khurram, supported by mahabat khan, into open revolt against his father in 1622. the rebellion was quelled by jahangir ' s forces in 1626 and khurram was forced to submit unconditionally. upon the death of jahangir in 1627, khurram succeeded to the mughal throne as shah jahan, king of the world, the latter title alluding to his pride in his timurid roots. shah jahan ' s first act as ruler was to execute his chief rivals and imprison his step mother nur jahan. this allowed shan jahan to rule without contention. although his father ' s rule was generally peaceful, the empire was experiencing challenges by the end of his reign. shah jahan reversed this trend by putting down a islamic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4133468410809961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.124747"} {"text": "his step mother nur jahan. this allowed shan jahan to rule without contention. although his father ' s rule was generally peaceful, the empire was experiencing challenges by the end of his reign. shah jahan reversed this trend by putting down a islamic rebellion in ahmednagar, repulsing the portuguese in bengal, capturing the rajput kingdoms of baglana and bundelkhand to the west and the northwest beyond the khyber pass. under his rule, the state became a huge military machine and the nobles and their contingents multiplied almost fourfold, as did the demands for more revenue from the peasantry. it was however a period of general stability \u2014 the administration was centralised and court affairs systematised. historiography and the arts increasingly became instruments of propaganda, where beautiful artworks or poetry expressed specific state ideologies which held that central power and hierarchical order would create balance and harmony. the empire continued to expand moderately during his reign but the first signs of an imperial decline were seen in the later years. under shah jahan the mughal empire attained its highest union of strength with magnificence. the land revenue of the mughal empire under shah jahan was 20\u00be millions. the magnificence of shah jahan \u2019 s court was the wonder of european travelers. his peacock throne, with its trail blazing in the shifting natural colors of rubies, sapphires, and emeralds, was valued by the jeweler tavernier at 6\u00bd millions sterling. his political efforts encouraged the emergence of large centres of commerce and crafts \u2014 such as lahore, delhi, agra, and ahmedabad \u2014 linked by roads and waterways to distant places and ports. he moved the capital from agra to delhi. under shah jahan ' s rule, mughal artistic and architectural achievements reached their zenith. shah jahan was a prolific builder with a highly refined aesthetic. he built the legendary taj mahal in agra as a tomb for his beloved wife, mumtaz mahal. among his other surviving buildings are the red fort and jama masjid in delhi, the shalimar gardens of lahore, sections of the lahore fort ( such as sheesh mahal, and naulakha pavilion ), and his father ' s mausoleum. legend has it that shah jahan wanted to build a black taj mahal for himself. there is no reputable scholarship to support this hypothesis, however, nor other horrific legends that shah jahan maimed, blinded, or killed those responsible for designing and building his tomb. his son aurangzeb led a rebellion when shah jahan became ill", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4083887103490749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.125807"} {"text": "no reputable scholarship to support this hypothesis, however, nor other horrific legends that shah jahan maimed, blinded, or killed those responsible for designing and building his tomb. his son aurangzeb led a rebellion when shah jahan became ill in 1657 ce ( 1067 ah ) and publicly executed his brother and the heir apparent dara shikoh. dara was the eldest of the sons of mumtaz mahal. dara had assumed the role of regent in his father \u2019 s stead which brought animosity towards him swiftly by his brothers. upon receiving this information, his younger brothers, shuja, viceroy of bengal, and marad, viceroy of gujarat, declared their independence, and marched upon agra in order to claim their riches. aurangzeb, the third son, the ablest and most virile of the brothers join them and being placed in chief command, attacked dara ' s army close to agra and completely defeated him. although shah jahan fully recovered from his illness, aurangzeb declared him incompetent to rule and put him under house arrest in agra fort. jahanara begum sahib, shan jahan ' s second daughter, voluntarily shared his 8 - year confinement and nursed him in his dotage. in january of 1666 ce ( 1076 ah ), shah jahan fell ill with strangury and dysentery. confined to bed, he became progressively weaker until, on 22 january, he commanded the ladies of the imperial court, particularly his consort of later years akbarabadi mahal, to the care of jahanara. after reciting the kalima and verses from the qu ' ran, he died. jahanara planned a state funeral which was to include a procession with shah jahan ' s body carried by eminent nobles followed by the notable citizens of agra and officials scattering coins for the poor and needy. aurangzeb refused to accommodate such ostentation and the body was washed in accordance with islamic rites, taken by river in a sandalwood coffin to the taj mahal and was interred there next to the body of his beloved wife mumtaz mahal. shah jahan exemplified one of the highest points in the mughal empire but also foreshadowed its downfall through the succession of emperors in the mughal line. with his accession and downfall at the hands of his sons aside, shah jahan can clearly be seen as a leader who changed the landscape of india dramatically in the course of his reign ; when you take into consideration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3918446318863104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.126801"} {"text": "succession of emperors in the mughal line. with his accession and downfall at the hands of his sons aside, shah jahan can clearly be seen as a leader who changed the landscape of india dramatically in the course of his reign ; when you take into consideration that the legacy that brought him down as well as his great accomplishment, shah jahan gives us a great wealth of knowledge into the internal workings of an empire that was built from conquering, violence, and tolerance while alluding to the unstable hierarchy and the right to power in the mughal empire. he came to power through violence and betrayal and was ultimately brought down by the same means, exacerbating the legacy of the mughals. shah jahan has left behind a grand legacy of structures constructed during his reign. the most famous of these is the taj mahal in agra built to hold the tomb for his favorite wife, mumtaz mahal. upon his death, his son aurangazeb had him interred in it next to mumtaz mahal. among his other constructions are delhi fort also called the red fort or lal qila ( urdu ) in delhi, large sections of agra fort, the jama masjid ( grand mosque ), delhi, the wazir khan mosque, lahore, pakistan, the moti masjid ( pearl mosque ), lahore, the shalimar gardens in lahore, sections of the lahore fort, lahore, the jahangir mausoleum \u2014 his father ' s tomb, the construction of which was overseen by his stepmother nur jahan and the shahjahan mosque, thatta, pakistan. he also had the peacock throne, takht e taus, made to celebrate his rule. numerous accounts of shah jahan ' s personal life were recounted by contemporary european writers. like all his ancestors, shah jahan ' s court included many wives, concubines, and dancing girls. several european chroniclers have noted this. niccolao manucci wrote that \" it would seem as if the only thing shah jahan cared for was the search for women to serve his pleasure \" and \" for this end he established a fair at his court. no one was allowed to enter except women of all ranks that is to say, great and small, rich and poor, but all beautiful. \" when he was detained in the red fort at agra, aurangzeb permitted him to retain \" the whole of his female establishment, including the singing and dancing women. \" manucci notes that shah jahan didn ' t lose his \" weakness for the flesh \" even when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41074059927973444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.127763"} {"text": "the red fort at agra, aurangzeb permitted him to retain \" the whole of his female establishment, including the singing and dancing women. \" manucci notes that shah jahan didn ' t lose his \" weakness for the flesh \" even when he had grown very old. however, most of the european travellers in india had access to such information primarily through bazaar gossip and not first hand. the song bone marrow by canadian band protest the hero makes references to / is about shah jahan. shah jahanborn : 5 january 1592 died : 31 january 1666 shah jahan ( fl. 1627 - 1658 ), mogul emperor of delhi, the fifth of the dynasty. after revolting against his father jahangir, as the latter had revolted against akbar, he succeeded to the throne on his father ' s death in 1627. it was during his reign that the mogul power attained its greatest prosperity. the chief events of his reign were the destruction of the kingdom of ahmadnagar ( 1636 ), the loss of kandahar to the persians ( 1653 ), and a second war against the deccan princes ( 1655 ). in 1658 he fell ill, and was confined by his son aurangzeb in the citadel of agra until his death in 1666. the period of his reign was the golden age of indian architecture. shah jahan erected many splendid monuments, the most famous of which is the taj mahal at agra, built as a tomb for his wife mumtaz mahal ; while the pearl mosque at agra and the palace and great mosque at delhi also commemorate him. the celebrated \" peacock throne, \" said to have been worth 6, 000, 000 also dates from his reign ; and he was the founder of the modern city of delhi, the native name of which is shahjahanabad. < < shah alam shah jahan, son of jahangir, son of akbar, son of humayun, son of babur son of unknown great grandson (? ) of taimur ( tamerlane ). regnal name : ghiyasuddin shah jahan name before ascending to the throne : shahzada ( prince ) khurram the name is also spelt shah jehan, or just shahjahan. dara shikoh, aurangzeb, jahanara begum,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4234104107502233, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.128588"} {"text": "an aerial view of downtown west bend wisconsin. | elevation | | 932 ft ( 284 m ) | | - annex of barton | | november 1, 1961 | | - summer ( dst ) | | cdt ( utc - 5 ) | | postal code | | 53095 or 53090 | location of west bend within wisconsin. west bend is a city in and the county seat of washington county, wisconsin, united states in southeastern wisconsin. the population was estimated to be 29, 894 people in 2008. the city has a strong german heritage. in 1845, the wisconsin territorial legislature authorized the building of a road to connect fond du lac and milwaukee. byron kilbourn, one of the highway commissioners, and jasper vliet, a surveyor, were put in charge of determining the route the road would take and of identifying a good halfway point for travelers. the path they chose is now u. s. route 45 and the rest stop is present - day west bend. because many people used the resting place it evolved into a popular area. the milwaukee river running through the town eventually played a major role in the city ' s history. it was because of the western bend in the river that west bend got its name. the river also produced enough energy to power saw mills and gristmills. the railroad arrived in in 1873, bringing with it more settlers and industrialization. at this time, west bend saw a growth spurt, and in 1885 the city officially became an incorporated wisconsin community. in 1845 early settler barton salisbury, while on a surveying trip up the milwaukee river, found a rapids that he believed would be a good source of power for a sawmill. he built a log hut on the west side of the river and the village of barton was born. on november 1, 1961, the city of west bend annexed the village of barton. in 2009, a controversy arose after a local couple complained about the presence of sexually explicit books in the young adult section of the west bend community memorial library. they circulated an online petition that called for the books to be labeled as explicit and moved to the adult section, as well as for the library to install internet content filters and purchase books that represented a balance of materials related to heterosexuality and homosexuality. the library board refused to change its policy or to restrict access to the books in question. as a result, the city ' s common council voted against reappointing four members of the library board, stating that they were \" not serving the interest of the community. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36697461526097885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.136105"} {"text": "change its policy or to restrict access to the books in question. as a result, the city ' s common council voted against reappointing four members of the library board, stating that they were \" not serving the interest of the community. \" the christian civil liberties union also filed a claim against the west bend library, asking that francesca lia block ' s book baby be - bop be \" burned or destroyed \", drawing further media attention to the local library dispute, though garning no support in the local area. on july 30, 2009, pew research center reported that the library controversy was the third most blogged about topic from july 20 - 24, behind news about president barack obama ' s first six months in office and gossip about the tv show dr. who, but drawing more attention in the blogosphere than the arrest of henry louis gates. according to the united states census bureau, the city has a total area of 12. 9 square miles ( 33. 5 km\u00b2 ), of which 12. 7 square miles ( 32. 9 km\u00b2 ) is land and 0. 2 square miles ( 0. 6 km\u00b2 ) is water. the total area is 1. 86 % water. in 2008, the population of west bend was estimated to be 29, 894, an increase of 6. 2 % over 28, 152 people at the 2000 census. at the 2000 census, there were 28, 152 people, 11, 375 households and 7, 518 families residing in the city. the population density was 2, 218. 3 per square mile ( 856. 5 / km\u00b2 ). there were 11, 926 housing units at an average density of 939. 7 / sq mi ( 362. 9 / km\u00b2 ). the racial makeup of the city was 97. 30 % white, 0. 34 % black or african american, 0. 42 % native american, 0. 53 % asian, 0. 01 % pacific islander, 0. 61 % from other races, and 0. 79 % from two or more races. 1. 84 % of the population were hispanic or latino of any race. there were 11, 375 households of which 32. 7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53. 3 % were married couples living together, 9. 4 % had a female householder with no husband present, and 33. 9 % were non - families. 27. 5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43396324402526587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.137133"} {"text": "% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33. 9 % were non - families. 27. 5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. the average household size was 2. 44 and the average family size was 3. 00. age distribution was 25. 5 % under the age of 18, 8. 6 % from 18 to 24, 31. 1 % from 25 to 44, 20. 3 % from 45 to 64, and 14. 4 % who were 65 years of age or older. the median age was 35 years. for every 100 females there were 93. 1 males. for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89. 6 males. the median household income was $ 48, 315, and the median family income was $ 56, 299. males had a median income of $ 39, 904 versus $ 23, 816 for females. the per capita income for the city was $ 22, 116. about 3. 4 % of families and 5. 0 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 5 % of those under age 18 and 3. 7 % of those age 65 or over. although many current residents of west bend work in neighboring communities, the city ' s economy has been historically based in manufacturing and financial services. west bend mutual insurance company was founded in the city in 1894 and west bend savings bank ( now westbury bank ) in 1926. the west bend aluminum company ( later the west bend company ) was founded in 1911 by bernhardt c. ziegler, and remained in west bend until 2003. ziegler had previously founded the securities brokerage company b. c. ziegler & co. in 1902. in 1915 robert h. rolf founded amity leather in downtown west bend, which eventually became the world ' s largest manufacturer of leather billfolds. amity leather left the city in 1996. the strong economy in west bend in the 1930s led ripley ' s believe it or not to claim that west bend was the only city in the united states that did not enter the great depression. in 1949, the printing company serigraph, inc. was founded in a garage in west bend and went on to employ people all over the world. the gehl company is also located in west bend. the west bend municipal airport is located three miles east of west bend. both share one campus, but are two separate academic schools there are the two public", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3752948714298258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.139514"} {"text": "on to employ people all over the world. the gehl company is also located in west bend. the west bend municipal airport is located three miles east of west bend. both share one campus, but are two separate academic schools there are the two public high schools in west bend, west bend east and west bend west. the two schools are located within the same building. the entire city is covered by a single school district. the university of wisconsin \u2013 washington county ( uwwc ) is located in the city, as is a campus of moraine park technical college. west bend is a city of trails. a paved riverwalk snakes through the city along the banks of the milwaukee river. the recently completed eisenbahn trail, a rails to trails project, has added another trail for walking, running, biking, and skating. west bend also has numerous parks and play areas. just north of downtown is regner park, which offers a wooded area for hiking, a baseball diamond, a community swimming pond with a beach, a fishing pond, and several softball and soccer fields. on the southeast side of the city is quaas creek park, home to the roman \" doc \" gonring athletic complex and quaas creek trail. this facility includes scenic bike / pedestrian trails, a canoe launch, three softball fields with two concession stands, and a children ' s playland area. this park was a community effort, funded with public and private donations, state and federal grants, and supported by efforts of the west bend athletic association and the west bend parks department. the city ' s downtown area has several specialty shops, an active night life and historic buildings. maxwell street days and german fest are two popular summer events held in the downtown. seafood fest is held every year at regner park on the first weekend in june. the farmer ' s market every saturday in downtown west bend is a place to buy fresh fruit, vegetables, and flowers. a more recent annual event in riverside park is jazzfest. activities include visiting historic downtown west bend or going for a ride in wisconsin ' s first indoor go - kart track ( stockys ). a theater, an ice skating rink, a locally - owned 1950s styled custard stand ( toucans ) and numerous coffee shops round out some of the entertainment options available. west bend is also home of the museum of wisconsin art, an art museum dedicated to showing the works of wisconsin artists. the old courthouse and old jailhouse museums and the new west bend co. / regal ware museum attract visitors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42029795390453467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.140445"} {"text": "a forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell an asset at a certain future time for a certain price. it can be contrasted with a spot contract, which is an agreement to buy or sell an asset today. a forward contract is traded in the over - the - counter ( otc ) market, usually between two financial institutions or between a financial institution and one of its clients. however, this also means it is more difficult to reverse a position, as the counterparty must agree to cancel the contract. this also increases credit risk for both parties. forward contracts ability to lock in a purchase or sale price without incurring much direct cost makes it attractive for hedging as well as speculation. a example would help illustrate the mechanics of a forward contract. suppose on january 1, 2012 an indian textile exporter receives an order to supply his product to a big retail chain in the us. spot price of inr / us exchange rate is rs 45 / dollar. after six months, the exporter will receive $ 1 million ( rs 4. 5 crore ) for his products. since all his expenditure is in rupee term therefore he is exposed to currency risk. let \u2019 s assume that his cost of production is rs 4 crore. to avoid uncertainty, the exporter enters into a six - month forward contract with a bank ( with some fees ) at rs 45 to a dollar. so the exporter is hedged completely. if exchange rate appreciates to rs 35 after six months, then the exporter will receive rs 3. 5 crore after converting his $ 1 million and the rest rs 1 crore will be provided by the bank. if exchange rate depreciates to rs 60 / dollar then the exporter will receive rs 6 crore after conversion, but has to pay rs 1. 5 crore to the bank. so no matter what the situation, the exporter will end up with rs 4. 5 crore. the only risk exporter faces is counterparty risk ( what if the bank or the retail chain goes bankrupt ). futures contract are very similar to forward contract except they are exchange traded, or defined on standardised assets. the futures markets are characterised by the ability to use very high leverage relative to the stock market. futures can be used either to hedge or to speculate on the price movement of the underlying asset. for example, a producer of oil could use futures to lock in a certain price and reduce risk ( hedge ). on the other hand, anybody could speculate on the price movement of oil by going long or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4918666649371657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.143119"} {"text": "dvt flying advice reassessed \u201c sitting in a window seat during a long flight can increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis, \u201d according to the daily telegraph. it has long been known that flying is associated with an increased risk of deep vein thrombosis ( dvt ), a type of serious blood clot in a major vein, but new us guidance has looked at a range of factors that could potentially raise the risk. those of you thinking of booking your summer holiday might be interested to know that flying in cramped budget seats, while often annoying, presented no greater risk than flying in business class. and while pricey booze available during a flight can prove wallet - damaging, the guidelines say there was no firm evidence that drinking it could bring on dvt. however, sitting by a window during a long - haul flight was associated with a greater risk because of the limited opportunities for walking around. people \u2019 s age, previous dvt and recent operations were among the other factors found to raise dvt risk. the evidence - based guidelines were produced by the american college of chest physicians to address the risk of both dvt after long - haul flights and the potentially fatal lung clots ( pulmonary embolisms ) that can follow. the guidelines also include recommendations about the best ways for travellers to reduce their risk of dvt. the guidelines seem to debunk the long - held assumption that a lack of legroom causes dvt. this much - debated phenomenon is often referred to as \u201c economy - class syndrome \u201d. what is \u201c economy - class syndrome \u201d? it is long established that inactivity is associated with dvt, and so some people believe that the lack of legroom when flying in economy class can increase the risk of developing a blood clot. this has led to the theoretical phenomenon being dubbed \u201c economy - class syndrome \u201d. some have also suggested that dehydration is more common during economy travel and may increase the risk of dvt. however, the existence of this so - called \u201c economy - class syndrome \u201d is controversial and has never been proven. what is dvt? deep vein thrombosis or dvt is when blood clots form in a deep vein. a clot that develops in a vein is also known as \u2018 venous thrombosis \u2019. dvt most commonly affects the leg veins or deep veins in the pelvis. it can cause pain and swelling in the leg but in some cases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.431195121675334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.148546"} {"text": "clot that develops in a vein is also known as \u2018 venous thrombosis \u2019. dvt most commonly affects the leg veins or deep veins in the pelvis. it can cause pain and swelling in the leg but in some cases there may be no symptoms. dvt can lead to the potentially life - threatening condition known as a pulmonary embolism. this occurs when a clot breaks off into the bloodstream and travels to the chest, where it blocks one of the blood vessels in the lungs. experiencing dvt and pulmonary embolism together is known as venous thromboembolism ( vte ), which is a condition that can be life - threatening. each year more than 25, 000 people in england die from vte contracted in hospital. this is approximately 25 times the number of people who die from mrsa. vte occurs in hospitals as a result of patients lying sedentary in bed for extended periods following an operation. in recent years the nhs and department of health have run a major programme of measures to help reduce the rates of vte developed in hospitals. for example, many patients are now given a vte risk assessment when being booked into hospital. who is at risk of dvt? in the uk each year about one person in every 1, 000 is affected by dvt. anyone can develop it but there are certain known risk factors that include : - increasing age - previous venous thromboembolism - family history of thrombosis - medical conditions such as cancer and heart failure - inactivity ( for example after an operation or on a long - haul flight ) - being overweight or obese where has the advice come from? the advice comes from new evidence - based guidelines produced by the american college of chest physicians ( accp ). the findings were published in the february issue of the medical journal chest. the guidelines are extensive, running over hundreds of pages. they detail both the risk factors for dvt and measures to diagnose and prevent dvt. what do these guidelines tell us? the evidence review that informed the guidelines looked at a range of risk factors for the development of dvt in long - distance travellers. these included the use of oral contraceptives, sitting in a window seat, advanced age, dehydration, alcohol intake, pregnancy and sitting in an economy seat compared to business class. the reviewers conclude that developing dvt or pulmonary embolism from a long - distance flight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42888443869847753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.149498"} {"text": "click the animation below to learn more. scoliosis is the lateral deviation of the spine and affects not only adults, but more commonly affects children and adolescents. 4 % of children aged 10 - 14 have detectable scoliosis. 60 - 80 % of those affected are girls. while most cases of childhood and adolescent scoliosis stop progressing once spinal maturity is reached, progression of the curve past spinal maturity is not uncommon. infantile - infantile scoliosis is a lateral spine deviation occurring during the first 3 years of life and is twice as common in males. approximately 74 - 97 % resolve on their own but those that do progress do so in a severe and disabling manner. this condition is, however, rare in north america. juvenile - juvenile scoliosis refers to scoliosis occurring in children aged 3 until the age of puberty - approximately 10 years of age. juvenile scoliosis can continue to progress in severity, and thus, monitoring every 3 - 6 months with radiographs is required. continual monitoring is performed through adolescence because of the high risk of progression. if progression occurs without appropriate treatment severe spinal deformity and cardiovascular compromise can result. adolescent - adolescent scoliosis is scoliosis detected in those who have reached puberty but have yet to reach adulthood. this is the most common type of idiopathic scoliosis ( unknown cause ). like juvenile scoliosis, adolescents should be monitored until spinal maturity is reached to prevent possible progression and future health problems. since the abnormal curvature may not be obvious upon inspection of the back, even to the trained eye, an uneven shoulder height or clothes not appearing to hang off the body symmetrically may be the first indication. also, a complaint of back pain, ache, discomfort or fatigue may be present. however, this does not generally occur until later stages after the spinal ligaments and muscles have been chronically irritated. while most cases of childhood and adolescent scoliosis stop progressing once spinal maturity is reached, progression of the curve past spinal maturity is not uncommon. if the lateral curvature continues to progress, cardiovascular compromise can result - ultimately leading to severe disability or death. scoliosis treatment in the child consists of : the goal is to eliminate discomfort and prevent progression of the lateral curvature. if the curvature continues to progress severe spinal deformity can occur resulting in physical disability and cardiovascular compromise.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4694123143891371, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.153528"} {"text": "all digital oscilloscopes measure by sampling the analog input signals and digitizing the values. when an oscilloscope samples an input signal, samples are taken at fixed intervals. at these intervals, the size of the input signal is converted to a number. the accuracy of this number depends on the resolution of the oscilloscope. the higher the resolution, the smaller the voltage steps in which the input range of the instrument is divided. the acquired numbers can be used for various purposes, e. g. to create a graph. the sinewave in the above picture is sampled at the dot positions. by connecting the adjacent samples, the original signal can be reconstructed from the samples. you can see the result in the next illustration. the rate at which samples are taken by the oscilloscope is called the sample frequency, the number of samples per second. a higher sample frequency corresponds to a shorter interval between the samples. as is visible in the picture below, with a higher sample frequency, the original signal can be reconstructed much better from the measured samples. the sample frequency must be higher than 2 times the highest frequency in the input signal. this is called the nyquist frequency. theoretically it is possible to reconstruct the input signal with more than 2 samples per period. in practice, at least 10 to 20 samples per period are recommended to be able to examine the signal thoroughly in an oscilloscope. when the sample frequency is not high enough, aliasing will occur. changing the sample frequency of an instrument in the multi channel software can be done in various different ways : when sampling an analog signal with a certain sampling frequency, signals appear in the output with frequencies equal to the sum and difference of the signal frequency and multiples of the sampling frequency. for example, when the sampling frequency is 1000 hz and the signal frequency is 1250 hz, the following signal frequencies will be present in the output data : | multiple of sampling frequency | | 1250 hz signal | | - 1250 hz signal | | - 1000 | | - 1000 + 1250 = | | 250 | | - 1000 - 1250 = | | - 2250 | | 0 | | 0 + 1250 = | | 1250 | | 0 - 1250 = | | - 1250 | | 1000 | | 1000 + 1250 = | | 2250 | | 1000 - 1250 = | | - 250 | | 2000 | | 2000 + 1250 = | | 3250 | | 2000 - 1250 = | | 750 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5520115703878867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.163978"} {"text": "| | 1000 | | 1000 + 1250 = | | 2250 | | 1000 - 1250 = | | - 250 | | 2000 | | 2000 + 1250 = | | 3250 | | 2000 - 1250 = | | 750 | as stated before, when sampling a signal, only frequencies lower than half the sampling frequency can be reconstructed. in this case the sampling frequency is 1000 hz, so we can we only observe signals with a frequency ranging from 0 to 500 hz. this means that from the resulting frequencies in the table, we can only see the 250 hz signal in the sampled data. this signal is called an alias of the original signal. if the sampling frequency is lower than 2 times the frequency of the input signal, aliasing will occur. the following illustration shows what happens. in this picture, the green input signal ( top ) is a triangular signal with a frequency of 1. 25 khz. the signal is sampled with a frequency of 1 khz. the corresponding sampling interval is 1 / ( 1000 hz ) = 1 ms. the positions at which the signal is sampled are depicted with the blue dots. the red dotted signal ( bottom ) is the result of the reconstruction. the period time of this triangular signal appears to be 4 ms, which corresponds to an apparent frequency ( alias ) of 250 hz ( 1. 25 khz - 1 khz ). in practice, to avoid aliasing, always start measuring at the highest sampling frequency and lower the sampling frequency if required. use function keys < f3 > ( lower ) and < f4 > ( higher ) to change the sampling fequency in a quick and easy way. the next illustration gives an example of what aliasing can look like. in this picture, a sine wave signal with a frequency of 257 khz is sampled at a frequency of 50 khz. the minimum sampling frequency for correct reconstruction is 514 khz. for proper analysis, the sampling frequency should have been approximately 5 mhz. with a given sampling frequency, the number of samples that is taken determines the duration of the measurement. this number of samples is called record length. increasing the record length, will increase the total measuring time. the result is that more of the measured signal is visible. in the images below, three measurements are displayed, one with a record length of 12 samples, one with 24 samples and one with 36 samples. the total duration of a measurement can easily be calculated, using the sampling frequency and the record length : measurement duration in seconds = record length in samples / sampling frequency in hz changing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.534910678633465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.165462"} {"text": "length of 12 samples, one with 24 samples and one with 36 samples. the total duration of a measurement can easily be calculated, using the sampling frequency and the record length : measurement duration in seconds = record length in samples / sampling frequency in hz changing the record length of an instrument in the multi channel software can be done in various different ways : the combination of sampling frequency and record length forms the time base of an oscilloscope. to setup the time base properly, the total measurement duration and the required time resolution have to be taken in account. there are several ways to find the required time base setting. with the required measurement duration and sampling frequency, the required number of samples can be determined : record length in samples = measurement duration in seconds * sampling frequency in hz with a known record length in samples and the required measurement duration, the necessary sampling frequency can be calculated : sampling frequency in hz = record length in samples / measurement duration in seconds in the multi channel software, both record length and sampling frequency can be set independently, to give the best flexibility. they can be selected from menu ' s, using toobar buttons but also keyboard short cuts are available, for more information, refer to : the multi channel software also provides controls to change record length and sample frequency simultaneously to specific combinations to obtain certain time / div values : when digitizing the samples, the voltage at each sample time is converted to a number. this is done by comparing the voltage with a number of levels. the resulting number is the number of the highest level that ' s still lower than the voltage. the number of levels is determined by the resolution. the higher the resolution, the more levels are available and the more accurate the input signal can be reconstructed. in the image below, the same signal is digitized, using three different amounts of levels : 16, 32 and 64. the number of available levels is determined by the resolution : number of levels = 2 resolution in bits the used resolutions in the previous image are respectively : 4 bits, 5 bits and 6 bits. the smallest detectable voltage difference depends on the resolution and the input range. this voltage can be calculated as : minimum voltage = full scale range / number of levels in the 200 mv range, the full scale ranges from - 200 mv to + 200 mv, the full range is 400 mv. when a 12 bit resolution is used, there are 212 = 4096 levels. this results in a smallest detectable voltage step of 0. 400 v / 4096 = 97. 7 \u00b5v.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5435657789919728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.166459"} {"text": "the two infants, 11 months and eight months old, suffered from a rare life - threatening disorder called severe combined immunodeficiency. because a genetic mutation kept their immune systems from fending off even the most innocuous infections, both faced lifelong confinement in sterile shielded environments. now, 10 months after undergoing treatment in france to correct the defect, these \" bubble babies \" are out of their bubbles - - back at home and acting for all the world like normal babies. doctors have successfully treated many young scid patients before with various types of bone - marrow transplants. what distinguishes these two babies, researchers reported in science last week, is that they are the first to be treated, apparently successfully, entirely by gene therapy. says dr. alain fischer, who headed the gene team at hopital necker - enfants malades in paris : \" preliminary evidence is of a faster and more complete immune reconstitution after gene therapy. \" typically, gene therapists use viruses to deliver replacement genes into a patient ' s body. in a slight variation on that strategy, fischer and his colleagues removed some of the children ' s bone marrow, sorted out the cells they needed and infected them with the gene - bearing virus. then the researchers injected the treated cells back into their young patients. within two weeks, the children started showing signs of a healthy immune system. the true test will come as doctors at other medical centers try to replicate fischer ' s treatment. no one wants to sound too optimistic, particularly in light of the death from an unrelated gene therapy of an american six months ago. but for scid at least, it ' s starting to look like gene therapy could be a winner. - - by christine gorman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47235909199564674, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.168391"} {"text": "in 1886, on this day robert louis stevenson published his now - famous work \" kidnapped : a tale of the ' 45 \". the story of the gallant and courageous alan breck stewart and his hapless victim, lord president duncan forbes of culloden captured the visual imagination of the reading public all around the british isles. alan breck, a former soldier in the pay of king george ii who deserted to the jacobite cause in the aftermath of the battle of prestonpans, would become a legendary figure in the eyes of his jacobite comrades and the most famous ( or infamous, depending upon one ' s own personal loyalties ) member of the stewart clan. lord president forbes ' s adventures as the unwilling companion of the younger alan breck, on the other hand, would cement his status and legacy as one of the more humorously tragic figures of the ' 45 rebellion. an alternate \" tale of the ' 45 \" by jared myersthe whole affair began in the aftermath of the jacobite invasion of england, when lord president forbes took it upon himself to gain the ear of various highland chieftains throughout the north of scotlandand, in effect, bribe them with government monies to either remain neutral in the current conflict or to raise companies in support of george ii to fight against the jacobite rebels. his first move, albeit belated, was to ensure the loyalty of the campbells of argyll to the government, which would then have gained the loyalty of every campbell sect throughout the highlands. through shrewd diplomacy and more than a few guineas, he achieved this objective, and the campbells to a man put aside their previous neutrality and declared for king george ii with the duke of argyll at their head. it seemed that no sooner had the disheartened jacobites retreated to scotland with the duke of cumberland hot pursuit than word came that they had a campbell army of nearly a thousand men preparing to hold the highlands for the hanoverians. lord president forbes had intended the campbell army to be the death - knell of the rebellion, believing that the jacobite forces would be too discouraged to face a new threat in front of them with the english at their back ( as a precaution, he continued to attempt to bribe any clan that had not taken up arms for the jacobites, most notably the grants and the macleods ). as fate would have it, nothing could have been further from the truth. with many of the clans in service to prince charlie being mortal enemies of clan campbell, the thought of engaging their hated enemy brought new zeal and vigor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4646668819158456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.179465"} {"text": "the macleods ). as fate would have it, nothing could have been further from the truth. with many of the clans in service to prince charlie being mortal enemies of clan campbell, the thought of engaging their hated enemy brought new zeal and vigor into their hearts and breathed new life into the stuart cause. lord george murray, with the full consent and approval of the bonnie prince, ordered the rebels north to retake the highlands, anticipating ( and as it turned out, rightly so ) that cumberland would break off his pursuit of the jacobites to retake edinburgh and glasgow. it was around this time that the now - celebrated plot became the brainchild of the brave alan breck stewart. gaining an audience with prince charles and lord george, he convinced both commanders that forbes and his bribery money was a greater threat to the stuart cause than the entire campbell army, and offered himself as the remedy. \" turn me loose, and i ' ll tak ' oot the bluidy churl \", was his now - famous line. given leave to do just that, alan breck chose 8 companions from among his appin clansmen ( earning for themselves the nickname \" 9 men of appin \" ) to accompany him on his quest. learning that forbes was on his way to skye to meet with ( and bribe ) the macleods into allying with the campbells, breck and his comrades force - marched their way to the outskirts of fort william ( whose garrison had been recalled to dundee at the onset of the ' 45 ), where they lay in wait for their target and intercepted his carriage 16 hours later as it proceeded on its way to skye. so it was that instead of being an emissary for king george ii to the macleods of skye, forbes found himself the kidnapped guest of alan breck stewart - and thus was born the future title of robert louis stevenson ' s immortal novel. the news of forbes ' s capture spread like wildfire around the countryside of fort william, which was built upon the ancient lands of clan cameron. by his bold action, alan breck not only captured a great enemy of the jacobite cause, but also won more cameron recruits to the stuart cause. he sent the new recruits southward to join the main rebel army and take the news of his success to lord george, but instead of taking forbes back to the jacobite army himself ( as was the original plan ), breck came up with a new plan that was simultaneously bold, daring, and not a least bit dangerous - he continued with his app", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44349072908454107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.180564"} {"text": "to lord george, but instead of taking forbes back to the jacobite army himself ( as was the original plan ), breck came up with a new plan that was simultaneously bold, daring, and not a least bit dangerous - he continued with his appin comrades ( and an unwilling forbes and his government monies ) to skye, in order to gain an audience with the macleods. it was to forbes ' s shock ( and the appin men ' s humor ) that he looked on as alan breck bribed the macleod chieftains ( with great success ) with government money to take up arms - for the stuart cause! oh, what poetic justice it was for forbes to watch king george ' s money bring clan macleod to field for king james! thus did robert louis stevenson write about the adventures of alan breck and the \" kidnapped \" duncan forbes, as they roved the highlands of scotland together in service of the jacobite cause - one man ( breck ) willingly so, the other ( forbes ) most unwilling and with no choice in the matter as a prisoner of the aforementioned man. duncan forbes was forced to watch ( and often ridiculed ) as clans that he originally intended to turn against bonnie prince charlie now joined the jacobites and swore allegiance to the stuart monarchy, and were paid for it with hanoverian pounds that had been meant for the opposite purpose. forbes had set out to prevent a general rising of the clans for prince charlie - now, as the prisoner and forced companion of alan breck, he was watching that very thing happen before his eyes. together they were entertained by the arthurs, the buchans, the calders, the craigs, the davidsons, the drummonds, the fletchers, the gayres, the grants, the gunns, the hendersons, the hunters, the keiths, the kincaids, the lamonts, the mathesons, the menzies, the moncreiffes, the morrisons, the munros, the ogilvies, the oliphants, the rattrays, the spaldings, the sutherlands, and any clan with half - a - dozen fighting men that had not already declared for king james and prince charlie. where appealing to old allegiances weren ' t enough, hanoverian guineas changed hands, and the white cockade began appearing all over the highlands while hundreds, then thousands, of clansmen marched in support of the stuart cause, as did alan breck, his men of appin, the remainder of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4128105089447427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.181489"} {"text": ", hanoverian guineas changed hands, and the white cockade began appearing all over the highlands while hundreds, then thousands, of clansmen marched in support of the stuart cause, as did alan breck, his men of appin, the remainder of king george ' s money, and his kidnapped captive. so it was that after the rejuvenated jacobite army, now consisting of virtually every highland clan not named campbell, crushed clan campbell in open battle, sacked inverarary, and burned inverarary castleto the ground, that alan breck stewart freed his long - suffering captive and kindly bid him a good day and farewell while shaking his hand. so it was duncan forbes accepted the proffered hand of his admittedly - friendly captor and admitted that his highland captor \" had grown favorably upon him, despite everything \", and returned to his home in inverness ( minus several thousand pounds formerly belonging to a certain hanoverian monarch, the remainder of which was now in the care and custody of a jacobite prince ). so it was that robert louis stevenson became a renowned author throughout europe in the year of 1886 after the publishing of \" kidnapped : a tale of the ' 45 \". and so it was that the duke of cumberland, expecting to face a ragged, worn, starving, miniscule jacobite army, instead looked on in confused horror as 19, 000 highlanders charged his lines at drummossie moor on the fateful day of april 16th, 1746.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40640318786915364, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.182050"} {"text": "by rabbi daniel travis \" [ yosef ] sent his brothers away. as they were leaving he told them, ' don \u2019 t argue on the road. ' \" ( bereshith 45 : 24 ) yosef was not worried that they might have a petty argument over some trivial matter ; rather he cautioned them not to become involved in intricate halachic discussions. yet the torah commands us to learn torah whenever we can, especially when we are traveling. why then should yosef have told them not to discuss torah topics on the road? yosef was actually concerned for their safety : torah learning can result in fierce conflicts in the struggle to arrive at a clear understanding of the torah \u2019 s true intent. because of the superior strength of yosef \u2019 s brothers, and the dangers of the road that threaten any traveler, yosef was fearful that some tragedy might result if they involved themselves in such disputes ( 1 ). shlomo hamelech tells us that the torah \u2019 s ways are ways of pleasantness ( 2 ). this being the case, how can learning torah lead to vehement disputes? one of the qualities of a jew is that he does not accept anything that is not absolute truth. indeed, it is forbidden to accept teachings as torah unless one is convinced that they are absolutely true ( 3 ). when two people study torah together, since they are both working towards the same goal \u2013 both are battling to arrive at the truth \u2013 it is inevitable that when they finally agree upon the truth, pleasantness will reign between them. although two people learning torah may at first be enemies, by the time they together arrive at the truth they will be the closest of friends ( 4 ). rav yochanan and reish lakish shared just such a relationship. every time rav yochanan spoke words of torah, reish lakish would bombard him with questions. nevertheless, rav yochanan loved reish lakish so much that when reish lakish died rav yochanan tore thirteen garments in mourning ( 5 ). for one who avidly seeks the truth, a refutation of his words is much more valuable than a proof to support his viewpoint. so much so that our sages often tried to refute their own opinions ( 6 ). when two people are arguing over matters of torah or halachah, one or the other will often make a mistake in the course of their discussion. can he be considered guilty of falsehood? since both are involved in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4557036434900411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.184809"} {"text": "there are different types of microphone and diverse ways of classifying them. here, we will look at the polar patterns and diverse technologies available. microphones are designed with one purpose in mind, converting acoustic energy into electrical energy and as part of the process, they use a diaphragm. now that the common ground has been pointed out, the concentration will be shifted to the differences. basically, there are 5 different types of microphone technologies : - carbon : carbon dust was used by the earliest microphones for the purpose of identifying audio signal. telephones used this type of microphones and still, they can be found in some of the telephones available today. in this case, carbon dust is used for the purpose of running current through and the carbon is compressed as a result of the fluctuating current as sounds waves hit the diaphragm. - crystal : in this type of microphone the crystals used change shape as a result of electrical properties change. a diaphragm is attached to crystal and the crystal creates a signal once the diaphragm gets vibrated by sound. - ribbon : in this type of microphone, a strong magnetic field is used for the purpose of suspending a thin metal wire. current flowing through this is changed as the ribbon is moved by sound waves. this means that rather than this type of microphone responding to air pressure, it responds air velocity. - dynamic : in this case, the diaphragm is designed to move between 2 magnets ( positive and negative ) once hit by sound waves and because of this movement, a small current is created. - condenser : this type of microphone has been around for over a century and it requires external voltage which is also known as phantom power. the backplate and diaphragm create a capacitor. there is a varying capacitance because of the relation between the backplate and the diaphragm. polar pattern is the next category used to differentiate microphones and this refers to uniqueness of the region around the microphone from which audio signal gets picked up. in this case, there are 5 categories as well : - cardoid : directly in front of the microphone there is strong sensitivity and this is coupled with rejection from behind and good sensitivity at the sides. ( as shown in fig ) - supercardoid : same as cardoid with the slight difference of reduced sensitivity around the sides. there is a small area behind the microphone that includes the pickup range ( as shown in fig ) - hypercardoid : it is an ex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5257221792604642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.188928"} {"text": "the volume of water \u2013 325, 851 gallons \u2013 that would cover an acre of ground to a depth of one foot ; roughly a year \u2019 s supply for two families. the process by which air flows through soil. aeration helps keep soil healthy. in places where the ground has been compacted, aeration is reduced. a professional trained to provide care and maintenance to trees and other woody plants. the underground bed or layer of earth, porous stone or gravel that contains or supplies groundwater. see groundwater. soil used to fill in around the root area of a newly planted tree or shrub. having no soil around the roots of a tree ( for transporting to a planting site ). a wall or mound of dirt that helps hold rainwater within a defined area. best management practice ( bmp ) in a given field, a tool or technique generally recognized as one of the best available. stormwater bmps include cisterns, infiltration basins, swales, strategic tree plantings and other technologies. bio - remediation uses biological processes to repair pollution damage. for example, a grass swale can bio - remediate much of the pollution caused by automobile use by holding heavy metals in the soil at harmless concentrations as well as by the action of soil bacteria, which gradually breaks down hydrocarbon waste. the portion of land area covered by the spread of a tree, including its leaves and branches. the process of removing carbon from the air ; one of the many benefits trees provide. a planting bed that has been specially designed to hold and absorb storm flows from adjacent areas, usually from parking lots. a planning or creative problem - solving activity in which an interdisciplinary group of participants is assigned a complicated design project and asked to complete it within a very short period of time. a tank or recess used to capture and store rain water for later use. ordinary people training to take responsibility to grow and care for the forest in their communities. holes drilled into the ground - sufficiently deep to allow rainwater to quickly flow back into the ground. an area that contains living organisms interacting with each other and the non - living environment. the wearing away of the land by the movement of water, air or ice. the loss of water from the soil both by evaporation and by transpiration from the plants growing on it. a plant which has living leaves or needles year round. any item or substance that is used for filtering impurities. the first rain that happens after a long period of dry weather. in between rainstorms, pollution and grime", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5754131794518026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.197360"} {"text": "growing on it. a plant which has living leaves or needles year round. any item or substance that is used for filtering impurities. the first rain that happens after a long period of dry weather. in between rainstorms, pollution and grime build up on the city \u2019 s outdoor surfaces. the first - flush rain washes the accumulated grime and pollution off the streets and into the underground storm drain system, where it eventually makes its way to the ocean. technologies that re - create natural functions of a forest ; some examples : mulched swales, french drains, cisterns and rain barrels. a shallow trench lined with a permeable surface collects allows rainwater to seep into the ground. functioning community forest an urban community where local residents and businesspeople have joined together to transform their neighborhood into a sustainable ecosystem that functions like a healthy, natural forest. the documented, historical increase in earth \u2019 s surface temperature and projected increase predicted for the future. it is closely linked to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions produced by human activity. untreated household waste water which has not come into contact with toilet waste ; includes : used water from bathtubs, showers, bathroom sinks and water from washing machines and laundry tubs ; does not include : waste water from kitchen sinks, dishwashers, toilets or laundry water from soiled diapers green design / sustainable design to significantly reduce or eliminate the negative impact of buildings on the environment and on the building occupants, green building design and construction practices address : sustainable site planning, safeguarding water and water efficiency, energy efficiency, conservation of materials and resources, and indoor environmental quality. ( u. s. green building council definition ) a warming of the earth \u2019 s surface temperature as a result of \u201c greenhouse gases \u201d ( carbon dioxide, ozone, water vapor ) accumulating in the atmosphere and trapping the sun \u2019 s radiation. biodegradable waste \u2013 fallen leaves, branches and hedge clippings, etc. \u2013 which is typically removed from yards and parks. water that saturates the soil at some distance below the surface, held in rocks and soil. see aquifer. the process where by rainwater soaks down into the surface to replenish groundwater supplies. any substance used for planting. this is almost always soil. sometimes soil will be substantially amended with additives, fertilizers, and organic material. substantially amended soil is commonly referred to as growing medium. portions of a property covered by buildings, pavement and other hard and impervious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.572265049054193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.198398"} {"text": "almost always soil. sometimes soil will be substantially amended with additives, fertilizers, and organic material. substantially amended soil is commonly referred to as growing medium. portions of a property covered by buildings, pavement and other hard and impervious materials. heat can slowly build up in an object over time. this is called heat gain. in a building, heat gain is most often the consequence of many hours of sunshine striking and warming the exterior walls and roof. heat island effect the increase in ambient temperature caused by a prevalence of heat - retaining buildings and paved surfaces. according to the u. s. environmental protection agency, on hot summer days urban air temperatures can be up to 10\u00baf hotter than the surrounding countryside. the absorption of surface water by the soil. also called percolation. an area particularly well suited and / or altered for directing storm water back into the soil. pavement that blocks water from soaking into the ground beneath it. almost all asphalt and concrete pavement is impermeable. leed ( leadership in energy and environmental design ) a rating system established by the u. s. green building council to encourage and accelerate the global adoption of sustainable green building and development practices through the creation and implementation of universally understood and accepted tools and performance criteria. treepeople \u2019 s conference center earned a platinum leed rating ( the highest ). an instrument used to measure water that percolates through soil. a ground covering, especially of organic materials, that holds water, slows evaporation and enriches the soil. raking up dropped leaves and branches takes away natural mulch and causes the soil to dry out, harden and become less healthy for the trees and plants in it. one hundred - year storm a probability - based measure of storm magnitude. on average, a 100 - year storm can be expected to occur every 100 years. similarly, a 50 - year storm is expected to occur every 50 years, on average. the absorption of surface water by the soil. also called infiltration. the rate at which water can filter into the soil. some soil types, such as sand, have a very high percolation rate ; other soils types, such as clay, have a very slow percolation rate. permeable pavement is honey - combed with voids, or air - pockets. these voids allow water to migrate down through the pavement into the soil below. water that is fit to drink. a barrel used to store rainwater harvested from rooftops and drains ; the water can be saved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5388478242798538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.199487"} {"text": "voids, or air - pockets. these voids allow water to migrate down through the pavement into the soil below. water that is fit to drink. a barrel used to store rainwater harvested from rooftops and drains ; the water can be saved for irrigating in dry weather. bringing back the healthy, natural functions of an ecosystem. the reestablishment of a forest by planting or by natural regrowth. a method of sloping your land to create lowered areas that can retain and absorb rainwater. riparian retention and treatment area a retention or recharge area where plants native to rivers or lakes are installed to consume and clean the water therein. stormwater flowing across the surface of the earth. in urban environments, runoff becomes contaminated with pollutants as it flows across impermeable surfaces such as streets, roofs and parking lots. a method of teaching and learning that combines curriculum - based instruction with meaningful service to the community. trees large enough to shade a two - story building. in some climates, shade trees lose their leaves in the winter. some evergreen trees are suitable shade trees, but they may shade the house or street during the winter when people would prefer to have the light and warmth of the sun. sheet flow is stormwater that flows in even sheets across a flat surface, such as a parking lot. soaker hoses are water conserving means of watering shrub beds especially. these hoses contain small perforations that allow water to flow gradually and continually onto the soil. they work particularly well with cisterns as they operate well with the low water pressures typically delivered by cisterns an opening along a road through which runoff flows and then enters an underground system leading to the ocean. rainwater that hits the surface of the earth. stormwater can evaporate, percolate into the ground or flow across the surface to the nearest storm drain inlet, stream, or wetland area. if stormwater does not evaporate or percolate into the ground, it becomes runoff. the soil layer below the \" topsoil \" layer. below the surface of the ground. the ability for humans to maintain a successful long - term existence by taking measures to ensure that our natural resources are not depleted or irreparably damaged. a natural or sculpted channel that slows runoff. usually vegetated or covered with mulch, it can filter pollutants and increase aquifer recharge. transagency resources for environmental and economic sustainability project. the forest ( trees,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5338332843761037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.200520"} {"text": "get answers to your gamma knife questions. infratentorial brain tumors ; brainstem glioma symptoms occur very early with posterior fossa tumors and may include : symptoms from posterior fossa tumors also occur when the tumor damages local structures, such as cranial nerves. symptoms of cranial nerve damage include : diagnosis is based on thorough history and physical examination, followed by imaging tests. the best way to look at the posterior fossa is with an mri scan. ct scans are usually not helpful. the following procedures may be used to remove a piece of tissue from the tumor to help with diagnosis : maity a, pruitt aa, judy kd, phillips pc, lustig r. cancer of the central nervous system. in : abeloff md, armitage jo, niederhuber je, kastan mb, mckenna wg, eds. abeloff \u2019 s clinical oncology. 4th ed. philadelphia, pa : elsevier churchill livingstone ; 2008 : chap 70. wilne s, collier j, kennedy c, koller k, grundy r, walker d. presentation of childhood cns tumours : a systematic review and meta - analysis. lancet oncol. 2007 ; 8 ( 8 ) : 685 - 695. \u00a9 2011 university of maryland medical center ( ummc ). all rights reserved. ummc is a member of the university of maryland medical system, 22 s. greene street, baltimore, md 21201. tdd : 1 - 800 - 735 - 2258 or 1. 866. 408. 6885", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49462813027711994, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.202985"} {"text": "a day at the roman town aguntum on the last weekend in july, i was invited by a friend ( who volunteers there as part of her archaeological studies ) to visit her at the archaeological park aguntum near lienz ( tyrol ). next to the museum, which shelters a selection of aguntum findings, is also a vast excavation area where archaeologists are busy digging ( one can actually watch them at their work. ) aguntum is a mysterious place indeed, archaeologists are baffled by several findings and haven ` t found an answer to all the questions yet... the oldest document of aguntum, which was the only roman settlement in tyrol, is a passage from the ancient writer \" pliny the elder \". he lists aguntum among those settlements in noricum that were promoted to \" municipia \" by emperor claudius in the middle of the 1st century a. d. one can assume that only settlements of a certain economic range were promoted. aguntum ' s significance was due to its geographic position close to important trade routes. as confirmed by findings dating back to the time before claudius, aguntum certainly was a prospering trade and business center. raw materials from the \" tauern \" mountains such as copper, gold, wood and resin were highly sought after in the southern countries. only a small fraction of the original roman town has yet been archaeologically examined : the town walls, the \" atrium \" house, the craftsman quarter, the big thermal baths, a magnificent ( perhaps public ) building ( more parts of it being excavated at the moment ) and the early christian funeral church. today the whole extension of aguntum is not known yet and it will be difficult to determine because the debant brook changed its course and now runs through parts of the town. aguntum had its best period in the peaceful times of the 1st and 2nd centuries a. d. after having been destroyed several times aguntum worked its way up to a final period of prosperity in the 6th century. the last time aguntum was mentioned was on the occasion of the battle between slavs and bavarians in 610 a. d. the slavs were victorious and settled nearby aguntum afterwards. the atrium, a luxurious roman villa with ornamental garden and marble fountain, provides an insight of the wealth that must have been here at ancient times. the atrium ( the only one of it ' s kind in the alps ) is remarkable as it is with it ' s open space completely unsuitable for the harsh winters in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.36812082462541273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.214768"} {"text": ", provides an insight of the wealth that must have been here at ancient times. the atrium ( the only one of it ' s kind in the alps ) is remarkable as it is with it ' s open space completely unsuitable for the harsh winters in the mountainous region. the city wall is another unique feature of aguntum, as it has windows and doors, and doesnt cover the whole city. in fact the walls go only 600 roman feet ( 190 yards ) left and right of the city gate then it stops. either the remaining parts of the wall haven ` t been found or it had only representing status, sort of to show off that they can if they want... ( it was a peacful corner of the empire when it was built ). another rare find is the retirement documents of publius cornelius crispinus who served in the praetorian guard during antonius pius reign. after his long service he retired and settled afterwards in aguntum. the document states not only his name but his career and what land he received after he retired. a copy of it was archived in rome at the time, as was the custom for legal land rights and passage of citizen status to heirs. the diploma was a highly prized trophy by retired veterans and their heirs and they were often split so each child could have a piece. the aguntum find is a rare and beautifully preserved example of a complete, fully readable piece. all in all i had a wonderful day and my thanks go to monika and hannes ( head of public relations at aguntum ) for their i also took some photos of the area, so check out the photo gallery. did you know? aguntum was not planned in a raster system, but it arose from a former celtic settlement. province of noricum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4237531722630674, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.215448"} {"text": "tallahassee, fla., march 16 ( upi ) - - when it comes to biting, crocodiles are the heavyweight chomp champions of the animal world, florida researchers say. greg erickson of florida state university said he and his colleagues had wondered just how hard alligators and crocodiles can bite. the answer? a bite force value of 3, 700 pounds for a 17 - foot saltwater crocodile, the highest bite force ever recorded, florida state reported thursday. but it ' s nothing compared with the largest extinct crocodilians, erickson said, 35 - to 40 - foot animals that bit at forces as great as 23, 100 pounds. measuring bite force in a living crocodile or alligator is dangerous work, he said. \" i have to admit, the first time i placed our meter into the maw of an adult crocodile, i was nervous. it was all over in the blink of an eye. \" when it struck, it nearly wrested my grip from the handle. the noise of the jaws coming together was like a gunshot. the power of the animal was astounding, and the violence of the event frightening. \" gators and crocs have similar maximal bite - force capacity pound for pound, he said, because they basically all have the same musculoskeletal design, just different snouts and teeth. \" it is analogous to putting different attachments on a weed eater - - grass cutter, brush cutter, tree trimmer, they all have the same type of engine, \" erickson said. \" there are bigger and smaller engines, with higher and lower horsepower, but they have the same attachments. \" if there ' s one lesson to be taken from his research, he said, it ' s to keep a good distance between yourself and the nearest crocodile. \" if you can bench - press a pickup truck, then you can escape a croc ' s jaws, \" erickson warned. \" it is a one - way street between the teeth and stomach of a large croc. \" | additional science news stories | sanford, fla., may 24 ( upi ) - - pictures and texts from trayvon martin ' s cellphone show a different side of the teenager a florida man is accused of killing unprovoked, defense attorneys say. new york, may 24 ( upi ) - - a new york judge has released amanda bynes on her own recognizance after the actress was arrested for throwing a bong out of her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4171278691576087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.219570"} {"text": "boating safety topics the boat and water safety course topics include : - introduction to boating : types of power boats ; sailboats ; outboards ; paddle boats ; houseboats ; different uses of boats ; various power boating engines ; jet drives ; family boating basics. - boating law : boat registration ; boating regulation ; hull identification number ; required boat safety equipment ; operating safely and reporting accidents ; protecting the marine environment ; federal boat law ; state boating laws ; personal watercraft requirements. - boat safety equipment : personal flotation devices ( \" life jackets \" ) ; fire extinguishers ; sound - producing devices ; visual - distress signals ; dock lines and rope ; first aid kit ; anchors and anchor lines ; other boating safety equipment. - safe boating : bow riding ; alcohol and drug abuse ; entering, loading, and trimming a boat ; fueling portable and permanent tanks ; steering with a tiller and a wheel ; docking, undocking and mooring ; knots ; filing a float plan ; checking equipment, fuel, weather and tides ; using charts ; choosing and using an anchor ; safe pwc handling ; general water safety. - navigation : the u. s. aids to navigation system ; types of buoys and beacons ; navigation rules ( sometimes referred to as right - of - way rules ) ; avoiding collisions ; sound signals ; pwc \" tunnel vision. \" - boating problems : hypothermia ; boating accidents and rescues ; man overboard recovery ; capsizing ; running aground ; river hazards ; strainers : emergency radio calls ; engine problems ; equipment failures ; carbon monoxide ( co ) ; other boating and pwc problems. - trailering, storing and protecting your boat : types of trailers ; trailer brakes, lights, hitches, tires, and bearings ; loading, balancing, and towing ( and backing ) a trailer ; boat launching and retrieving ; boat storage and theft protection ; launching, retrieving and storing a pwc. - hunting and fishing, water - skiing and river boating : carrying hunting gear and weapons in a boat ; fishing from a boat ; water - skiing safety guidelines and hand signals ; water - skiing with a pwc ; navigating rivers, and other boating tips.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4530889353425339, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.225030"} {"text": "you know that dog biscuit shaped like a bone but made mostly of wheat? the fact that your dog is satisfied with it instead of going for a piece of your thigh may be one of the big reasons why its ancestors evolved from wolves to house pets. a team of swedish researchers has compared the genomes of wolves and dogs and found that a big difference between the two is a dog \u2019 s ability to easily digest starch. on its way from pack - hunting carnivore to fireside companion, dogs learned to love \u2014 or at least live on \u2014 wheat, rice, barley, corn and potatoes. as it turns out, that \u2019 s also a change that human beings underwent as they came out of the forest, built permanent settlements and began to grow grain. \u201c i think it is a striking case of co - evolution, \u201d said erik axelsson, a geneticist at uppsala university. \u201c the fact that we shared a similar environment in the last 10, 000 years caused a similar adaptation. and the big change in the environment was the development of agriculture. \u201d the findings, published wednesday in the journal nature, support the hypothesis that dogs evolved from wolves who found a new food source in refuse on the outskirts of human settlements. eventually they came to tolerate human contact and were brought into the household to be guards, workers and companions. another theory is that dogs were descended from wolves captured by hunter - gatherers, who tamed and bred them. dog evolution is a contentious subject, and the new findings are unlikely to settle the debate. among the uncertainties is when some wolves began to evolve into dogs. human - tolerant \u2014 if not fully domesticated \u2014 canids may have existed as long as 33, 000 years ago. archaeological remains reveal dogs and human beings sharing the same graves 11, 000 ago. that was at the dawn of agriculture ; the two species appear to have been at least acquaintances by then. \u201c pretty much everyone without an agenda agrees that we don \u2019 t really have a good handle about why wolves domesticated into dogs when they did, \u201d said adam boyko, a geneticist at cornell university who studies dog evolution and was not involved in the new research. \u201c but it does seem reasonable, and in agreement with the fossil and genetic record, that it could have predated agriculture somewhat. \u201d the evidence of natural selection in the number and efficiency of key digestive enzymes supports the hypothesis that dogs may have domesticated themselves as a way to exploit the garbage of permanent human settlements. \u201c humans had nothing to do with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45770686654668197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.228993"} {"text": "the process of identifying remains and restoring a sense of humanity to people who have vanished and been ignominiously murdered may be one of the most humanitarian acts one can commit. \u201c to me, the very essence of humanitarianism is a respect for human dignity and human life in the face of forces that seek to strip those rights from the powerless, \u201d says bioarchaeology phd student, maricarmen vega. having worked with the peruvian forensic anthropology team ( epaf ) since 2006, vega returns a degree of dignity to los desparecidos ( the disappeared ) of peru by identifying the remains of those who went missing during two decades of internal strife. the struggle, between successive governments and a pair of terrorist organizations during the 1980s and 1990s, led to 69, 000 deaths and an estimated 8, 500 - 15, 000 disappearances. the 2003 peruvian truth and reconciliation commission report into these atrocities paints a picture of systematic torture, kidnapping and assassinations by all parties involved, but left many questions unanswered. to this day, families continue to search for justice and closure for the thousands who remain missing. \u201c i am particularly interested in human rights and want to apply my knowledge of bioarchaeology on behalf of the living, \u201d vega says. the skills she employs during exhumations and analyses of victims of war crimes and human rights abuses allow epaf to provide evidence for judicial prosecution and to help identify victims so families can recover the remains of loved ones, give them a dignified burial and gain a degree of closure about their deaths. in the process, vega is shedding an important light on a dark period in peru \u2019 s recent history. over the past five years, she has worked with epaf on a variety of cases, including the notable excavation of a mass grave for 123 people shot in putis by the peruvian army in 1984. vega \u2019 s expertise in the analysis of children \u2019 s bones and commingled human remains enabled her to become an expert witness for the prosecution of perpetrators of the largest single massacre of the country \u2019 s armed conflict. given the far - reaching nature and high number of perpetrators, these cases \u2013 including one that led to the prosecution of former president alberto fujimori \u2013 require a high degree of courage, professionalism, sensitivity and awareness of potential dangers. vega \u2019 s background as a forensic anthropologist has also led her to prepare a series of manuals epaf now uses worldwide. \u201c they are a part of the material epaf shares with justice and human rights organizations around the world to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4359692953354418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.233064"} {"text": "select a letter to view treatments and services back to document stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the united states after heart disease, cancer, and lower respiratory disease. it is also a leading cause of adult disability. although more strokes occur in the elderly, stroke is also a major cause of disability and death among middle - aged people. strokes occur when something interferes with the normal flow of blood to the central nervous system. ischemic strokes are caused by blood clots or cholesterol plaques that block the flow of blood through arteries. hemorrhages occur when arteries burst inside of, or on, the brain surface. when blood flow is interrupted, the brain doesn ' t get the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and cells begin to die. relatively few brain cells will be affected if the interruption is brief, and the person may recover fully. otherwise, the damage may vary in the degree of severity and can be permanent. the part of the brain that ' s damaged depends on the location of the stroke. areas commonly affected include those that involve sensory perceptions, movement, memory, thought patterns, or behavior, and the ability to talk or understand speech. treatment for stroke victims includes medication, surgery, hospital care, and rehabilitation. if someone with a stroke goes to the hospital early enough, clot dissolving medication - - called a thrombolytic, such as tpa, - - can be given. anyone having a stroke should seek medical attention immediately. these are warning signs : sudden weakness or numbness of the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body sudden dimness or loss of vision, particularly in only one eye loss of speech or trouble talking or understanding speech sudden, severe headaches with no known cause unexplained dizziness, unsteadiness or sudden falls, especially combined with any other symptom strokes can happen to anyone. you may prevent a stroke by taking the following actions : control your blood pressure. high blood pressure ( over 140 / 90 ) is the biggest risk factor for stroke. don ' t smoke. chemicals in tobacco raise your blood pressure, reduce the amount of oxygen your blood carries to your brain, make blood thicker and stickier, and promote clotting. control your cholesterol. high ldl ( \" bad \" ) cholesterol levels damage your arteries and promote the formation of plaque. maintain a healthy weight. being overweight increases your risk for high blood pressure. be physically active. getting regular aerobic exercise helps overall cardiovascular health. eat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5044231956239775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.236677"} {"text": "palace & mosque : islamic art from the v & a this exhibition was made possible by the generous donation funding the redevelopment of the v & a ' s islamic middle east gallery. it was seen by almost 290, 000 people in venues around the world including washington, fort worth, tokyo, and sheffield. most of the objects from palace and mosque were displayed in the new jameel gallery, which opened to the public on 20 july 2006. some of the more than 100 works of islamic art included in the palace and mosque exhibition are shown below. click on the thumbnails for larger images and more information. by the tenth century, the political unity of the first islamic empire had dissolved, but the principles that lay behind it endured. they formed the basis of the islamic states that governed roughly the same territory until the early twentieth century, when secular regimes began to be established. as a result, islamic art was able to flourish for another thousand years. the formation of islamic art owed a great deal to islam as a religion, but it also reflected a sophisticated secular culture. ' islamic art ' is therefore a broad cultural term rather than one based on an exclusively religious definition. it is the art of both palace and mosque. the exhibition was divided into several themes. the widespread use of inscriptions in the arabic script was explored in the written word. by contrast, ornaments that includes human and animal figures was found only in the art made for courts and courtiers. works made for places of worship, both muslim and christian, were examined in mosque, shrine and church. the impact of the region ' s rulers on islamic art was considered in ottoman patronage. finally, the intense interaction between the middle east, china and europe was the subject of artistic exchange. palace and mosque served as testimony to the ability of the v & a ' s collections to communicate the richness and depth of the islamic cultures of the past.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49543553315397576, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.240076"} {"text": "san diego \u2014 san diego ( ap ) - you ' ll never look at hummingbirds the same again. the pentagon has poured millions of dollars into the development of tiny drones inspired by biology, each equipped with video and audio equipment that can record sights and sounds. they could be used to spy, but also to locate people inside earthquake - crumpled buildings and detect hazardous chemical leaks. the smaller, the better. besides the hummingbird, engineers in the growing unmanned aircraft industry are working on drones that look like insects and the helicopter - like maple leaf seed. researchers are even exploring ways to implant surveillance and other equipment into an insect as it is undergoing metamorphosis. they want to be able to control the creature. the devices could end up being used by police officers and firefighters. their potential use outside of battle zones, however, is raising questions about privacy and the dangers of the winged creatures buzzing around in the same skies as aircraft. for now, most of these devices are just inspiring awe. with a 6. 5 - inch wing span, the remote - controlled bird weighs less than a aa battery and can fly at speeds of up to 11 mph, propelled only by the flapping of its two wings. a tiny video camera sits in its belly. the bird can climb and descend vertically, fly sideways, forward and backward. it can rotate clockwise and counterclockwise. most of all it can hover and perch on a window ledge while it gathers intelligence, unbeknownst to the enemy. \" we were almost laughing out of being scared because we had signed up to do this, \" said matt keennon, senior project engineer of california ' s aerovironment, which built the hummingbird. the pentagon asked them to develop a pocket - sized aircraft for surveillance and reconnaissance that mimicked biology. it could be anything, they said, from a dragonfly to a hummingbird. five years and $ 4 million later, the company has developed what it calls the world ' s first hummingbird spy plane. \" it was very daunting up front and remained that way for quite some time into the project, \" he said, after the drone blew by his head and landed on his hand during a media demonstration. the toughest challenges were building a tiny vehicle that can fly for a prolonged period and be controlled or control itself. aerovironment has a history of developing such aircraft. over the decades, the monrovia, calif. - based company has developed everything from a flying mechanical reptile to a hydrogen - powered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4733480707509472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.244148"} {"text": "prolonged period and be controlled or control itself. aerovironment has a history of developing such aircraft. over the decades, the monrovia, calif. - based company has developed everything from a flying mechanical reptile to a hydrogen - powered plane capable of flying in the stratosphere and surveying an area larger than afghanistan at one glance. it has become a leader in the hand - launched drone industry. troops fling a four - pound plane, called the raven, into the air. they have come to rely on the real - time video it sends back, using it to locate roadside bombs or get a glimpse of what is happening over the next hill or around a corner. the success of the hummingbird drone, however, \" paves the way for a new generation of aircraft with the agility and appearance of small birds, \" said todd hylton of the pentagon ' s research arm, defense advanced research projects agency. these drones are not just birds. lockheed martin has developed a fake maple leaf seed, or so - called whirly bird, loaded with navigation equipment and imaging sensors. the spy plane weighs. 07 ounces. on the far end of the research spectrum, darpa is also exploring the possibility of implanting live insects during metamorphosis with video cameras or sensors and controlling them by applying electrical stimulation to their wings. the idea is for the military to be able to send in a swarm of bugs loaded with spy gear. the military is also eyeing other uses. the drones could be sent in to search buildings in urban combat zones. police are interested in using them, among other things, to detect a hazardous chemical leak. firefighters could fling them out over a disaster to get better data, quickly. it is hard to tell what, if anything, will make it out of the lab, but their emergence presents challenges and not just with physics. what are the legal implications, especially with interest among police in using tiny drones for surveillance, and their potential to invade people ' s privacy, asks peter w. singer, author of the book, \" wired for war \" about robotic warfare. singer said these questions will be increasingly discussed as robotics become a greater part of everyday life. \" it ' s the equivalent to the advent of the printing press, the computer, gun powder, \" he said. \" it ' s that scale of change. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49579074194705414, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.245107"} {"text": "all about itches all about itches daniel behroozan ( dermatologist ) gives expert video advice on : what is an ' itch '? ; what ' s the connection between histamine and itching? ; when does itching indicate a serious condition? and more... what is an ' itch '? well, an itch is really any stimulus in the skin, and specific to the skin, and that stimulus is transmitted to the brain, and then that causes a reflex reaction in the patient or in the person to scratch the skin, and that ' s what we define an itch as. what ' s the connection between histamine and itching? there ' s a very simple connection between histamine and itching. in the blood there are certain cells that will release histamine when stimulated, that will then activate nerves in your skin, that will transmit a message to your brain that there is an itch, and your brain will then cause you to scratch. when does itching indicate a serious condition? itching can be a very simple condition that is usually caused by a simple vibratory stimulus in the skin, a change in the temperature, a light touch of a feather. when itching progresses and is uncontrollable or does not stop, that can lead to you thinking that it may be a much more serious condition. does itching ever indicate skin cancer? there are certain kinds of skin cancers that can itch. there is one kind of skin cancer that is called contanious t - cell lymphoma. that is a blood cancer that spreads to the skin that can cause diffuse itching all over the body. but the usually skin cancers that we think about such as basal cell carcinoma, spin cell carcinoma, or melanoma usually do not itch. they are usually growths in the skin that often bleed. when is it not ok to scratch an itch? when it ' s not okay to scratch an itch is first of all when you ' re making the itch worse by continually scratching and irritating your skin more or if you ' re breaking down the skin for any reason, causing an ulcer or an infection. that ' s probably not okay to scratch an itch and you should stop. unfortunately, sometimes you can ' t help yourself because it ' s a never ending cycle where you scratch and you itch and you scratch and you itch. so, at that point you need to seek the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4954483765342823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.247713"} {"text": "surface area : 64 square kilometres what the natives are called : alamedanos or \u201c lameatos \u201d outstanding sights : andalusian rural museum, roman baths archaeological site and visitor centre, jose maria \u2018 el tempranillo \u2019 mausoleum and courtyard, la camorra scenic viewpoint, church of la inmaculada concepcion, fountain at la placeta. geographical location : in the northern part of the antequera region, 72 kilometres from malaga and 432 metres above sea level. annual rainfall is about 610 litres per square metre and the average temperature is 16\u00ba c. the municipality of alameda lies in the antequera region in the northern part of the province of malaga and stretches over a plain on which only a few low hills interrupt a level landscape abounding with olive groves, as might be expected in a territory so close to the countryside of cordoba and seville. due to its location alameda was, like other neighbouring villages, a crossroads between the provinces of malaga, granada and seville, so the first human settlements date back to the chalcolithic or eneolithic period ( 2, 500 b. c. ), but the most numerous relics from past ages relate to the roman domination. the historian pliny refers to the city of astigi vetus, which would have stood in the same place presently occupied by alameda. here three of the most important roman roads converged, an unmistakable sign of the importance of this locality during that era. from that time, except for the discovery of a \" little treasure \" from the sixth century ( the visigoth period ), no reliable documents exist exploring the history of alameda until well into the sixteenth century, despite the fact that during the arabic domination the entire region of antequera \u2013 all of andalusia, in fact \u2013 played a significant part. the village passed into the hands of the marquises of estepa in the sixteenth century, and for a while it belonged to the province of seville. in the late seventeenth century, coinciding with the economic recovery of the entire region, alameda also benefited from greater economic activity and regained a degree of importance. the municipality was finally incorporated into the province of malaga in the nineteenth century under the new administrative regime. the easiest and fastest way to get to this locality from the city of malaga is to take the a - 45 ( n - 331 ) to the outskirts of antequera, and there to connect with the a - 92 and go towards seville. upon arrival at mollina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39551046721647787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.250497"} {"text": "- 1. amd64 architecture - amd64 program model - 3. porting applications on amd64 the article briefly describes amd64 architecture by amd company and its implementation em64t by intel company. the architecture ' s peculiarities, advantages and disadvantages are described. development of computer - solved tasks demands more and more from the hardware these tasks are being solved on. the requirements to computer systems of personal - computer class have been growing year by year for 20 years already. it happens because people wish to solve on their personal computers more and more complex tasks which have been earlier solved only on high - performance mainframes. what are these requirements to the personal computers for solving complex tasks? of course, these are requirements of main - memory size and processor ' s performance ( don ' t mix up with frequency! ). ia32 architecture ( intel architecture 32 ) dominating during the last decade offers 4gb ( 2 ^ 32 ) of main memory of which only 2gb are usually allocated to an application ; different register blocks and sets of various tricks such as branch predication block, which should increase the system ' s performance without increasing such an abstract parameter as processor ' s frequency. modern tasks for personal computers approach 2gb while processors ' frequency increase cannot help increase performance. newly - developed 64 - bit architectures sparc64 and intel itanium can to some extend serve to solve the problem of modern 32 - bit computers ' limitations. but they are intended for hi - end systems and are not available as cheap solutions. it is amd64 architecture by amd company and its implementation em64t by intel company which are to become really popular. these architectures are twins and programs compiled for one of them can be launched on the other as well. but it is the solution by amd that historically appeared first. em64t is actually only an implementation of amd64 by intel. amd64 architecture is now implemented in processors of all classes : mobiles, work - stations, servers. despite evident advantages of amd64 platform ( which are described in detail in this article ) it doesn ' t introduce anything revolutionary into computing machinery. porting from 32 bits to 64 bits didn ' t lead to quality improvements while previous porting from 16 bits to 32 bits had increased systems ' safety and performance significantly. amd64 architecture is fully described in five documentation volumes provided by amd company. this chapter provides a brief description based on the first volume. pay attention that in official documentation this architecture is defined as amd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4731903886244482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.265812"} {"text": "increased systems ' safety and performance significantly. amd64 architecture is fully described in five documentation volumes provided by amd company. this chapter provides a brief description based on the first volume. pay attention that in official documentation this architecture is defined as amd x86 - 64 what underlines its backward compatibility. amd x86 - 64 architecture is a simple but powerful backward - compatible extension of the obsolete industrial architecture x86. it adds 64 - bit address space and extends register resources for supporting more performance for recompiled 64 - bit programs providing support of obsolete 16 - bit and 32 - bit code of applications and operational systems without modifying or recompiling them. necessity of 64 - bit x86 architecture is explained by applications which need large address space. these are high - performance servers, data managers, cad - systems and of course games. such applications will gain an advantage due to 64 - bit address space and more registers. few registers available in obsolete x86 architecture limit computing - task performance. more registers provide sufficient performance for most applications. x86 - 64 architecture introduces two new peculiarities : 1. extended registers ( picture 1 ) : - 8 general - purpose registers ; - all 16 general - purpose registers are 64 - bit ; - 8 new 128 - bit xmm registers ; - a new command prefix ( rex ) for access to extended registers. 2. special mode \" long mode \" which is shown in table 1 : - up to 64 - bit virtual addresses ; - 64 - bit command pointer ( rip ) ; - flat address space. picture 1. set of x86 - 64 registers table 1. processor operating modes. table 2 contains comparison of registers ' and stack ' s resources available to an application in different modes. left columns show resources provided by obsolete x86 architecture which are available only to compatibility. right columns show resources available in 64 - bit mode. the difference between the modes is marked grey. table 2. registers and stack available in different modes as shown in table 2 obsolete x86 architecture ( this mode is called legacy mode in x86 - 64 ) supports 8 general - purpose registers. but actually only 4 registers are usually used : eax, ebx, ecx, edx. registers ebp, esi, edi, esp have a special purpose. x86 - 64 architecture adds 8 general - purpose registers and enlarges the register range from 32 bits to 64 bits. it allows compilers to increase code performance. a 64 - bit compiler can use registers for storing variables more efficiently.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5112748295249374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.266882"} {"text": "purpose. x86 - 64 architecture adds 8 general - purpose registers and enlarges the register range from 32 bits to 64 bits. it allows compilers to increase code performance. a 64 - bit compiler can use registers for storing variables more efficiently. the compiler also allows you to minimize memory access by locating operation inside general - purpose registers. - x86 - 64 architecture supports the whole set of x86 instructions and adds some new instructions for supporting long - mode. the commands are divided into several subsets : - general - purpose commands. these are main x86 integer commands used in all programs. most of them are intended for loading, saving and processing data located in general - purpose registers or memory. some of these commands manage the command stream providing passage from one program section to another. - 128 - bit media - commands. these are sse and sse2 ( streaming simd extension ) commands intended for loading, saving or processing data located in 128 - bit xmm registers. they perform integer or floating - point operations over vector ( packed ) and scalar data types. as vector commands can perform one operation over a data set independently they are called single - instruction, multiple - data ( simd ) commands. they are used for media - and science applications for processing data blocks. - 64 - bit media - commands. these are multimedia extension ( mmx ) and 3dnow! commands. they save, restore and process data located in 64 - bit mmx registers. like 128 - bit commands described before they perform integer and floating - point operations over vector ( packed ) and scalar data. - x87 commands. they are intended for working with the floating point in obsolete x87 applications. they process data in x87 registers. some of these commands connect two or more subsets of the commands described above. for example, such are commands of data transmission between general - purpose registers and xmm or mmx registers. let ' s consider in detail the operating modes shown in table 1 supported by x86 - 64. in most cases addresses ' and operands ' sizes can be overlayed by a command prefix. let ' s describe long - mode at first. this is an extension of the obsolete protected mode. long - mode consists of two submodes : 64 - bit mode and compatibility mode. 64 - bit mode supports all the new possibilities and register extensions introduced into x86 - 64. compatibility mode supports binary compatibility with existing 16 - bit and 32 - bit code. long - mode doesn ' t support obsolete", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4983220759104885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.267905"} {"text": "- bit mode and compatibility mode. 64 - bit mode supports all the new possibilities and register extensions introduced into x86 - 64. compatibility mode supports binary compatibility with existing 16 - bit and 32 - bit code. long - mode doesn ' t support obsolete real mode or obsolete virtual - 8086 mode and it also doesn ' t support hardware task switching. as 64 - bit mode supports 64 - bit address space you need to use a new 64 - bit operational system for its work. meanwhile, the existing applications can be launched without recompiling in compatibility mode under the os working in 64 - bit mode. for 64 - bit command addressing a 64 - bit register ( rip ) and a new addressing mode with single flat address space for code, stack and data are used. 64 - bit mode implements support of extended registers through a new prefix group of rex commands. in 64 - bit mode addresses ' size is 64 bits on default but implementations of x86 - 64 may have a smaller size. an operand ' s size is 32 bits on default. for most instructions the operand ' s size can be overlaid using a prefix of rex - type commands. 64 - bit mode provides data addressing relative to the 64 - bit register rip. x86 architecture provided addressing relative to ip register only in control transfer commands. rip - relative addressing increases efficiency of position - independent code and code addressing global data. some opcode commands were redefined to support extended registers and 64 - bit addressing. compatibility mode is intended for executing existing 16 - bit and 32 - bit programs in a 64 - bit os. applications are launched in compatibility mode with the use of 32 - or 16 - bit address space and can have access to 4gb of virtual address space. commands ' prefixes can switch 16 - and 32 - bit addresses and operands ' sizes. from the application ' s viewpoint compatibility mode looks like the obsolete protected x86 mode but from the viewpoint of the os ( address translation, processing of interruptions and exceptions ) 64 - bit mechanisms are used. legacy mode provides binary compatibility not only with 16 - and 32 - bit applications but with 16 - and 32 - bit operational systems as well. it includes three modes : - protected mode. 16 - and 32 - bit programs with segmental memory organization, privilege and virtual memory support. address space is 4gb. - virtual - 8086 mode. supports 16 - bit applications launched as tasks in protected mode. address space is 1mb. - real mode. supports 16 - bit programs with simple register addressing of segmented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5040853312488109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.268940"} {"text": "memory support. address space is 4gb. - virtual - 8086 mode. supports 16 - bit applications launched as tasks in protected mode. address space is 1mb. - real mode. supports 16 - bit programs with simple register addressing of segmented memory. virtual memory and privileges are not supported. 1mb of memory is available. legacy mode is used only when 16 - and 32 - bit os are operating. let ' s outline the main advantages of amd x86 - 64 architecture. - 64 - bit address space. - extended register set. - developer - habitual command set. - possibility of launching obsolete 32 - bit applications in a 64 - bit os. - possibility of using a 32 - bit os. the new architecture amd x86 - 64 hasn ' t introduced crucial disadvantages into 32 - bit architecture. we can point out only a bit increased programs ' memory requirements because of the larger size of addresses and operands. but it won ' t influence however significantly the code size or the requirements to available main memory. but the fact is that amd x86 - 64 hasn ' t introduced anything significantly new. there is no performance gain. on the average, you can expect 5 - 15 % performance gain after recompiling a program. nearly all modern os now have versions for amd64 architecture. thus, microsoft presents windows xp 64 - bit, windows server 2003 64bit, windows vista 64bit. the leading unix system developers also provide 64 - bit versions, such as, for example, linux debian 3. 1 x86 - 64. but it doesn ' t mean that the whole code of such a system is completely 64 - bit. some os code and many applications still can remain 32 - bit as amd64 provides backward compatibility. 64 - bit windows version, for example, uses a special mode wow ( windows - on - windows 64 ) which translates 32 - bit applications ' calls to the resources of a 64 - bit os. let ' s consider in detail amd64 program model available to a programmer in 64 - bit windows [ 3, 4 ] shortly called win64. let ' s begin with address space. although a 64 - bit processor can theoretically address 16 exabyte ( 2 ^ 64 ) win64 now supports 16 terabytes ( 2 ^ 44 ). there are several reasons for this. existing processors can provide access only to 1 terabyte ( 2 ^ 40 ) of actual storage. the architecture ( but not the hardware part ) can extend this space up to 4 petaby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4691326171427658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.270214"} {"text": "2 ^ 44 ). there are several reasons for this. existing processors can provide access only to 1 terabyte ( 2 ^ 40 ) of actual storage. the architecture ( but not the hardware part ) can extend this space up to 4 petabytes. but anyway we need a great memory size for page tables representing memory. ( see table 3 ). | 32 - bit mode | | 64 - bit mode | | process ' s general address space | | 4gb | | 16tb | | address space available to a 32 - bit process | | 2gb ( 3gb if the system is loaded with / 3gb key ) | | 4gb if the application is compiled with / largeaddressaware key ( 2gb otherwise ) | | address space available to a 64 - bit process | | impossible | | 8tb | | system page table ( pte ) | | 660mb - 900mb | | 128gb | table 3. main memory limitations in windows like in win32 the addressed memory range is divided into user and system addresses. each process receives 8tb and 8tb remain in the system ( unlike 2gb and 2gb in win32 correspondingly ). different windows versions have different limitations shown in table 4. | actual storage and number of processors | | 32 - bit models | | 64 - bit models | | windows xp home | | 4 gb, 1 cpu | | not present | | windows xp professional | | 4 gb, 1 - 2 cpu | | 128 gb, 1 - 2 cpu | | windows server 2003, standard | | 4 gb, 1 - 4 cpu | | 32 gb, 1 - 4 cpu | | windows server 2003, enterprise | | 64 gb, 1 - 8 cpu | | 1 tb, 1 - 8 cpu | | windows server 2003, datacenter | | 64 gb, 8 - 32 cpu | | 1 tb, 8 - 64 cpu | | windows server 2008, datacenter | | 64 gb, 2 - 64 cpu | | 2 tb, 2 - 64 cpu | | windows server 2008, enterprise | | 64 gb, 1 - 8 cpu | | 2 tb, 1 - 8 cpu | | windows server 2008, standard | | 4 gb, 1 - 4 cpu | | 32 gb, 1 - 4 cpu | | windows server 2008, web server | | 4 gb, 1 - 4 cpu | | 32 gb, 1 - 4 cpu | | vista home basic | | 4 gb, 1 cpu | | 8 gb, 1 cpu |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47035769403173455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.271771"} {"text": "1 - 4 cpu | | windows server 2008, web server | | 4 gb, 1 - 4 cpu | | 32 gb, 1 - 4 cpu | | vista home basic | | 4 gb, 1 cpu | | 8 gb, 1 cpu | | vista home premium | | 4 gb, 1 - 2 cpu | | 16 gb, 1 - 2 cpu | | vista business | | 4 gb, 1 - 2 cpu | | 128 gb, 1 - 2 cpu | | vista enterprise | | 4 gb, 1 - 2 cpu | | 128 gb, 1 - 2 cpu | | vista ultimate | | 4 gb, 1 - 2 cpu | | 128 gb, 1 - 2 cpu | table 4. limitations of different windows versions like in win32 a page ' s size is 4kb. first 4kb of address space are never shown, i. e. the least true address is 0x10000. unlike win32 system dll are loaded exceeding 4gb. all the processors implementing amd64 have support for \" cpu no execution \" bit which is used by windows for implementing the hardware technology \" data execution protection \" ( dep ) which forbids execution of user data instead of code. it allows you to increase programs ' safety excluding influence of such errors as execution of the buffer with data as code. the peculiarity of amd64 compilers is that they can most efficiently implement registers for passing parameters into functions instead of using the stack. it allowed win64 architecture developers to get rid off such a notion as calling convention. in win32 you can use different conventions ( ways of passing parameters ) : _ _ stdcall, _ _ cdecl, _ _ fastcall etc. in win64 there is only one calling convention. let ' s consider an example of how four arguments of integer - type are passed in registers : - rcx : first argument - rdx : second argument - r8 : third argument - r9 : fourth argument arguments after the first four integers are passed on the stack. for float arguments xmm0 - xmm3 both the registers and the stack are used. the difference in calling conventions leads to that you cannot use both 64 - bit and 32 - bit code in one program. in other words, if an application is compiled for 64 - bit mode all the used dll libraries must be 64 - bit too. while writing 64 - bit code you can get additional performance gain thanks to special optimization. this question is considered in detail in optimizing instructions. one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4656812445502853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.272800"} {"text": "compiled for 64 - bit mode all the used dll libraries must be 64 - bit too. while writing 64 - bit code you can get additional performance gain thanks to special optimization. this question is considered in detail in optimizing instructions. one of the purposes of high - level languages is to reduce as far as possible the binding of program code to the architecture and provide the most possible portability between hardware platforms. for example, c + + programs written correctly are theoretically independent from the hardware platform. and, ideally, to compile the corresponding 32 - bit applications for amd64 platform it is enough only to change the compiler and just recompile the program. but in practice everything is more complicated. software using assembler code for 32 - bit processors still exists. many programs written in high - level languages contain assembler blocks. that ' s why it is often impossible just to recompile a large project. the solution of this problem is clear. firstly, you can refuse porting an application on a new platform. it can be a very reasonable solution because, for example, windows - family os provide good backward compatibility due to wow64 technology. the second variant is to rewrite the program code. moreover, it seems reasonable to rewrite it using high - level languages. by the way, pay attention that visual c + + compiler doesn ' t support compilation of assembler blocks in 64 - bit compilation mode anymore. presence of assembler program code is not the only obstacle we face while mastering 64 - bit systems. while porting programs on 64 - bit systems different errors occur relating to changing of the data model ( type size ). what ' s more, some errors become apparent only while using large memory size which was unavailable in 32 - bit systems. such errors are well described in the article \" 20 issues of porting c + + code on the 64 - bit platform \". all said above relates mostly to c / c + + applications. it is better with managed code ( c # ) although we can face some small problems here as well. unfortunately, large program complexes are often built using libraries written in c / c + +. and that ' s why in case of a large c # project it most likely contains c / c + + modules or libraries which can be unsafe and contain vulnerabilities. for testing and checking program code ported on a 64 - bit platform you can use different special methods and tools. for example, such static analyzers as viva64 ( for windows systems ) and pc - lint", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4162052591381608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.273819"} {"text": "unsafe and contain vulnerabilities. for testing and checking program code ported on a 64 - bit platform you can use different special methods and tools. for example, such static analyzers as viva64 ( for windows systems ) and pc - lint ( for unix systems ) can provide good results. to learn more about this toolkit read the article \" comparison of analyzers ' diagnostic abilities while testing 64 - bit code \". undoubtedly, amd64 architecture offered by amd company turned out to be needed on market. amd64 ' s advantage is that it allows you to smoothly switch to 64 - bit programs without losing compatibility with obsolete 32 - bit applications. but there is nothing revolutionary in amd64. migration of 32 - bit programs on amd64, as experiments demonstrate, allows you, firstly, to solve tasks which are much more memory - demanding and, secondly, get about 10 % performance gain \" just so \" without changing code due to optimization of an application by the compiler for the new architecture. we may conclude that amd64 architecture postponed the problem of limited available main - memory size for many years but didn ' t solve the problem of modern personal computers ' performance gain. the future is still with multi - core and multi - processor systems. - intel software developer ' s manual. volume 1 : basic architecture. http : / / www. viva64. com / go. php? url = 212 - amd x86 - 64 architecture programmer ' s manual. volume 1 : application programming. http : / / www. viva64. com / go. php? url = 213 - mike wall. tricks for porting applications to 64 - bit windows on amd64 architecture. http : / / www. viva64. com / go. php? url = 214 - matt pietrek. everything you need to know to start programming 64 - bit windows systems. http : / / www. viva64. com / go. php? url = 215 - software optimization guide for amd athlon 64 and amd opteron processors. http : / / www. viva64. com / go. php? url = 59 - compiler usage guidelines for 64 - bit operating systems on amd64 platforms. http : / / www. viva64. com / go. php? url = 216 - daniel pistelli. moving to windows vista x64. http : / / www. viva64. com / go. php? url = 217 - andrey karp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45744114225034516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.274719"} {"text": "the top dieting mistake and how to avoid it as millions of dieters resolve to lose weight in the new year, it can be helpful to know what not to do as you start a new diet. according to jill garling, r. n. for the hmr program for weight management at valley view hospital, there is one popular diet strategy that is almost certainly doomed to fail. she explains, \u201c the idea of eating less in order to lose weight is one of the biggest dieting myths that exist today. \u201d she adds \u201c if you follow that advice, chances are you \u2019 re going to feel deprived and hungry. and when people are hungry, they go for the quickest food they can find, which in most cases will be higher calorie. \u201d she adds that, \u201c it may be possible to muscle through being really hungry and stick to your diet, but for every time someone does stare down the cookies, or the chips, pizza, candy, etc., there are countless times when the cookies will win. when you let yourself get hungry, all bets are off, and for that moment, the diet is over. \u201d the good news is that dieting doesn \u2019 t have to be that way. jill says the research is clear \u2026 instead of simply trying to eat less, you can eat more \u2014 a lot more \u2014 lower calorie, higher volume foods such as fruits and vegetables that can actually fill you up without the calories adding up. being full makes it a lot easier to resist temptations to eat off the diet, and as a result, you lose more weight. she adds that \u201c in our hmr weight - loss program we tell our dieters that it \u2019 s possible to eat a lot of food and still lose weight. \u201d she says, \u201c it \u2019 s much more important to change what you \u2019 re eating than it is to try to change how much you \u2019 re allowing yourself to eat. \u201d she offers the following examples : breakfast : instead of a 3 oz. donut for about 350 calories, have a weight - loss shake with a cup of strawberries blended in. you \u2019 ll feel more full with almost a half - pound of food, for only 200 calories. lunch : instead of a fast food burger and fries ( 940 calories and about 14 oz. of food ) have a low calorie packaged entree with two cups of vegetables for 20 oz. of food and only 320 calories. for more easy and filling calorie \u201c wins \u201d from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4336755002011227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.277380"} {"text": "sweatshops & plantations across the developing world, hundreds of free trade zones have been created. known as export processing zones ( epzs ), they are industrial areas where, typically, factory owners pay no tax, the minimum wage is suspended and safety is neglected. twelve - hour shifts are the norm and trade unions are often illegal. in many factories, people ' s health is put in jeopardy on a daily basis ; their wages are low, working days are long, living conditions cramped and women are particularly vulnerable to violence and sexual harassment. there is little job security, and no medical services or maternity leave. employment opportunities within epzs are seen as a way out by many in extreme poverty. however, many remain poor even after they have secured employment. workers experience terms and conditions of work that are discriminatory, exploitative and oppressive. they face sexual harassment and physical abuse, job insecurity, abuses around pay and working hours. they are forced to work in unsafe conditions and face discrimination because of their gender, where over 80 % of epz workers are women. war on want does not believe that boycotts of companies involved in this practice is the answer - workers who desperately need an income will lose their livelihoods. instead, war on want works with the following partners to improve working conditions and worker rights.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47872136570785045, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.278892"} {"text": "with the threat of a government shutdown beyond us \u2014 for now \u2014 attention in washington is turning to the looming debate on raising the federal debt limit. the current legal limit on government borrowing is set at just under $ 14. 3 trillion. treasury secretary timothy f. geithner and other economic officials are warning that the limit must increase by early july or the u. s. government will begin defaulting on loans and other obligations, a move that would likely further destabilize the global economy. ( colleagues lori montgomery and zachary a. goldfarb lay out the stakes in today \u2019 s post ) republicans say they \u2019 re unlikely to secure the votes needed to raise the limit unless the white house agrees to more spending cuts ; the white house wants a \u201c clean vote \u201d on raising the debt limit with no strings attached. under current estimates, the federal debt limit would have to increase by at least $ 738 billion in order to finance the government for the remainder of fiscal 2011 through the end of september, according to the congressional research service. and what happens if congress and the white house can \u2019 t reach an agreement by early july? simply put, exceeding the debt limit isn \u2019 t likely to bring the government to a screeching halt the way a government shutdown would. employees wouldn \u2019 t be sent packing, and paychecks would still be issued. but hitting the debt limit would likely delay the government \u2019 s payment of financial obligations and might disrupt the flow of other normal government operations. the treasury department has yet to face a situation in which it was unable to pay its obligations as a result of reaching the debt limit, according to crs. but it has taken \u201c extraordinary actions \u201d during previous debt limit debates in order to meet the government \u2019 s financial obligations. if it gets close to the limit, \u201c the federal government implicitly would be required to use some sort of decision - making rule about whether to pay obligations in the order they are received, or, alternatively, to prioritize which obligations to pay, while other obligations would go into an unpaid queue, \u201d crs wrote in a february report. \u201c in other words, the federal government \u2019 s inability to borrow or use other means of financing implies that payment of some or all bills or obligations would be delayed. \u201d treasury officials believe they don \u2019 t have the legal authority to prioritize which payments to make, meaning the government would have to pay its obligations as they come due, crs said. another possibility : the office of management and budget could reapp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40364647132847375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.282755"} {"text": "treasury officials believe they don \u2019 t have the legal authority to prioritize which payments to make, meaning the government would have to pay its obligations as they come due, crs said. another possibility : the office of management and budget could reapportion budget spending to slow spending in some cases. using this approach wouldn \u2019 t prevent financial obligations from being paid, according to crs. perhaps the most troubling possibility \u2014 at least for federal employees and federal beneficiaries \u2014 is that the treasury could delay investing in various federal trust funds or take money out of them in order to keep cash flow below the debt limit. federal law prohibits the government from using the social security and medicare trust funds to pay off the debt, but the government may withdraw funds to provide for the payment of benefits and administrative expenses. the treasury also is permitted to delay investment in the thrift savings plan \u2019 s g - fund and the civil service retirement fund \u2014 two accounts used to finance the retirement of some civilian federal employees and u. s. postal service retirees. even if the treasury withheld funds from those accounts, it must make them whole again after a debt limit impasse is over. but tapping them would affect interest payments and payouts to beneficiaries \u2014 a scenario the government would hope to avoid. reaching the debt limit wouldn \u2019 t impact everyday americans in quite the same way a shutdown could, but the potential impact on the global economy \u2014 and the pocketbooks of some federal employees \u2014 means we \u2019 ll be keeping close tabs on the ongoing debate in the coming months. leave your thoughts in the comments section below. fy - eye : d. c. mayor, some council members, arrested for protesting federal budget cuts to the city. pakistan wants the cia out.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4017432585087142, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.283548"} {"text": "cdc : breast cancer more deadly in black women breast cancer death rate for black women 41 % higher than white women while breast cancer is still the most commonly diagnosed form of cancer among american women, the number of patients dying from the disease continues to decline. that ' s the good news ; the bad news is that those statistics do not look so good for african - american women. a new report from the centers for disease control and prevention suggests that large gaps between black and white women in terms of mortality and stage of diagnosis continue to persist. black women still have a disproportionately higher breast cancer death rate - 41 percent higher than white women. this finding is based on 2005 to 2009 data, showing that even though african - american women have a lower incidence of breast cancer, they are more likely to die of this disease than women in any other racial or ethnic group. diagnosis of breast cancer at more aggressive stages is also more common among black women than white women. there were nine more deaths among black women for every 100 breast cancers diagnosed compared to white women. the report says that mammography may be less frequently used among black women than white women, based on self - reported data. it ' s also more common for a longer amount of time to pass between mammograms for black women than white women. once a woman receives abnormal mammography results, it takes longer for her to get a diagnosis if she ' s black than if she ' s white, studies have shown. the report also points out that black women more commonly have subtypes of tumors that are harder to treat, especially a kind called triple negative breast cancer. \" further research is needed to determine the etiology of biological characteristics of breast cancer in black women to design effective prevention and treatment strategies, \" the report said. this report also points out that african - american women still aren ' t receiving the same quality of breast cancer treatment as white women typically do. white women are also more likely to begin treatment within 30 days of diagnosis. if women of both races received the same treatment, death rates could fall by almost 20 percent, dr. marcus plescia, director of the division of cancer prevention and control at cdc, told reporters wednesday. the affordable care act is designed to allow access to health care that wasn ' t possible for some women before, including mammograms, said ileana arias, principal deputy director for the cdc. this report does have some limitations that it acknowledges : the study did not verify cause of death. race and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4185944416604264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.286543"} {"text": "print this data under the koppen climate classification climate classification, \" dry - summer subtropical \" climates are often referred to as \" mediterranean \". this climate zone has an an average temperature above 10\u00b0c ( 50\u00b0f ) in their warmest months, and an average in the coldest between 18 to - 3\u00b0c ( 64 to 27\u00b0f ). summers tend to be dry with less than one - third that of the wettest winter month, and with less than 30mm ( 1. 18 in ) of precipitation in a summer month. smany of the regions with mediterranean climates have relatively mild winters and very warm summers. the koppen climate classification subtype for this climate is \" csb \". ( mediterran climate ). the average temperature for the year in springerville is 48. 4\u00b0f ( 9. 1\u00b0c ). the warmest month, on average, is july with an average temperature of 66. 9\u00b0f ( 19. 4\u00b0c ). the coolest month on average is january, with an average temperature of 31. 4\u00b0f ( - 0. 3\u00b0c ). the highest recorded temperature in springerville is 100. 0\u00b0f ( 37. 8\u00b0c ), which was recorded in june. the lowest recorded temperature in springerville is - 28. 0\u00b0f ( - 33. 3\u00b0c ), which was recorded in december. the average amount of precipitation for the year in springerville is 11. 9 \" ( 302. 3 mm ). the month with the most precipitation on average is august with 3. 0 \" ( 76. 2 mm ) of precipitation. the month with the least precipitation on average is april with an average of 0. 4 \" ( 10. 2 mm ). there are an average of 64. 0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in august with 13. 0 days and the least precipitation occurring in april with 3. 0 days. in springerville, there ' s an average of 18. 6 \" of snow ( 47. 2 cm ). the month with the most snow is january, with 4. 4 \" of snow ( 11. 2 cm ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37404983356539917, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.291114"} {"text": "temperatures and precipitation | the weather - history for more than 4700 stations worldwide what was the weather in london on august, 11th 1998. or in sydney? or in lerwick? you can answer these questions now with the new ' history ' - service from weatheronline. simply select a location from the list. then choose the parameter that you want to have being displayed ( e. g. maximum or minimum temperature or precipitation ) from the list at the left input field. please use the other input fields to select the desired time - period ( between 4 and 52 weeks ) and the year and month you want to start from. was it a warm or wet summer? april too cool? have a look at our monthly summaries! you would like to see the curve of the daily maximum temperature in london for the time - period between august 1998 and august 1999. first, select the location ' london ' from the list at the right. the location london is represented by the weather station at london - heathrow. therefore, strictly speaking, the curve you ' ll get is the daily maximum temperature at london - heathrow. as this is the case for many locations the name of the actually reporting weather station will always be shown in graph ' s title. the maximum temperature, a time period of 4 weeks and the present month and year are set by default. therefore you only have to change the time - period to 52 weeks and to select the starting month and year. in this case august 1998. submit your settings with ' go ' and your requested curve will be produced. | the daily maximum temperatures in london for the time - period between october 2, 2000 and october 30, 2000. | | the daily minimum temperatures in london for the same time - period. | | the daily precipitation in london for the same time - period. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44398878842682127, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.293128"} {"text": "how to create a two - dimensional array? posted by yfpeng ( yfpeng ), 17 september 2002as i promised i will ask you more questions. i guess we can use two - dimensional arrays in perl - i saw some examples but their elements are all hard - coded. i want to create an empty two - dimensional array first, then push elements into this array. the elements are paired, e. g. if i push an t into the first array ( in the two - dimensional array ), then it will push a into the same position of the second array, so the 2 - d array looks like : ttgc... - - the first array aacg... - - the second array it is like a matrix. how to do this in perl. thanks very much. posted by admin ( graham ellis ), 17 september 2002perl uses \" lists \" rather than arrays - they can do everything an array can go in other languages ( except give you problems when you run off the end ), and lots more things besides... amazingly, you don ' t have to tell perl what ' s a list of lists ( oh - sorry - that ' s what a \" 2 dimensional array \" should be called ). it works it out for itself from your code, and creates all necessary structure parts on the way. they call that auto - vivification your 2d array looks like a dna sequence, with the first ' row ' being a sequence, and the second row being the reverse complement ( which no doubt you ' ll want to reverse later ). here ' s a sample program that reads in a file containing a single fasta sequence, splits in into a list, makes a second copy in reverse order, and switches as and ts, cs and gs. it then puts it all into a list of lists, as per your question. finally, it lists it out to \" prove \" that it ' s worked, using 2d array type notation. \" more than simple lists and hashes \" is a huge topic and i ' ve just started to scrath the surface here... think i may have to refer you to a more substantial set of material that i can possibly write on the board if you want to take it further. by the way... output from my program was with the input file being posted by yfpeng ( yfpeng ), 17 september 2002thanks for your neat and excellent code... by the way, do you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47838803234551763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.298412"} {"text": "it further. by the way... output from my program was with the input file being posted by yfpeng ( yfpeng ), 17 september 2002thanks for your neat and excellent code... by the way, do you charge for this? fyi, i am a graduate student in bioinformatics. but you still have two predefined arrays ( sequence and reverse sequence ) for your list. i want the list to be empty first, then i will go through the sequence, check if there is an a, if so i push a into the first array and t into the second array of the same column... check for the rest of as and do the same. this procedure will go for c and g too. then i will count how many a t pairs, how many c g pairs in the sequence. your code has given me some ideas, but i am still thinking about how to achieve this? thanks. posted by admin ( graham ellis ), 18 september 2002you ask \" do we charge \"... no. i ' ve posted some background to what we ' re about onto another of the boards here ( it ' s of more general interest that just the perl crew : the reasoning being this board i ' ll come back to the perl question in an hour or two - i ' m just in the middle of soring out an email server that ' s got into some trouble.... posted by yfpeng ( yfpeng ), 18 september 2002i was just kidding ( for the excellent help you guys provide here ). actually my last message was kind of silly, since we know a pairs t, c pairs g, why bother storing them in a list? what i wanted to do is store a, c, t, g in one row, and their occurrence in the other row, because i need to count the frequency of each one. the list should look like : row # 1 ( nucleotide ) attcgagtct row # 2 ( occurrence ) 1111111111 then count the occurrence of a ( 1 + 1 = 2 ), etc., and sort row # 2 so that i know the one with the most frequency. interesting bioinformatics question, isn ' t it? thanks posted by admin ( graham ellis ), 18 september 2002quote : i know... but many a true word is spoken in jest. folks come on the courses i give in the expectation that they '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5242330924437748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.299333"} {"text": "isn ' t it? thanks posted by admin ( graham ellis ), 18 september 2002quote : i know... but many a true word is spoken in jest. folks come on the courses i give in the expectation that they ' ll not be able to ask me questions when the course is over - that ' s the way it works on other courses - and just wonder what my motivation is in providing email / board help. thanks for giving me ( even in jest! ) the opportunity to answer that! now... on to the bioinformatics question. separate message, ithink? posted by admin ( graham ellis ), 18 september 2002i might not be understanding the current question properly here - but i think it boils down to \" how many each of c a g and t are there in a list of single characters? just dashed that out - so there may be a couple of typos. i ' ve used a hash with the keys being a c g and t to be my table of counters, then i ' ve just stepped through the list in @ dna. note the heavy use of $ _ ( did you know that print with no parameters prints the contents of $ _? ). when perl 6 comes along, $ _ will be even more powerful and important - expect to hear a lot about \" topicalkization \" posted by yfpeng ( yfpeng ), 18 september 2002i did not phrase the problem clearly. yes, we can use a counter for each character, but then i need to sort a, c, t, g by their occurrence. that is why i was thinking about using a list - the first row is each a, c, t, g ( each one can occur multiple times in the sequence ), the second row is occurrence ( when i find one a in the sequence, i put 1 in the second row of the same column ), then sort the first row in descending order according to the second row ( ocurrence or frequency ). i do not know if we can do this in perl - but i guess it can, since i found can do a lot of \" strange \" things from a beginner ' s point of view. hopefully the problem is a little more clear. posted by yfpeng ( yfpeng ), 18 september 2002it probably make more sense to use hash in this case, i am trying... posted by admin ( graham ellis ), 19 september 2002i ' m", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5564000248234269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.300217"} {"text": "elevation : 7, 736 feet type : gold, silver discovered on june 2, 1903, by william hill, john a. anderson, and bert ferguson, and patented on august 21, 1935, the marietta mine explores two veins : the marietta vein, which trends slightly northeast, dips east 350 to 400 and is 2 to 2. 5 ft thick, and the metallic vein, which strikes n 450 e, 350 - 500 se and is about 5 ft thick. the same veins or vein systems appear to be explored in the irene, high up, and greenback mines to the northeast. they are lenticular quartz veins, with quartz boudins and free gold, auriferous pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and stibnite (? ). the mine developed separate ore shoots on the two veins, with strike lengths of 300 to 350 ft, and stopes reaching 200 to 300 ft above the crosscuts and drifts on the veins. the veins were oxidized to a depth of about 300 ft. in 1938, average assays of the ore ranged from $ 9 au per ton to $ 10. 79 au per ton. assays of ore remaining in the mine in 1938 averaged 0. 21 to 0. 34 opt au and 1. 2 to 3. 7 opt ag. the marietta and metallic veins were mined separately. the marietta vein is opened by an east - to southeast - trending crosscut that intersected the vein at the 740 - ft point, and drifts were run on the vein for about 460 ft north and 100 ft south. a stope about 400 ft long and 120 to 160 ft high was mined mainly above the north drift. an inclined winze about 75 ft deep was sunk on the vein near the crosscut entrance, and drifts run 140 ft on the vein at the 70 - ft level. the metallic vein was cut in the marietta crosscut about 160 ft beyond the marietta vein, and drifts were run along it for 720 ft to the northeast and 690 ft to the southwest. the vein was stoped 60 to 80 ft above the northeast drift for a length of about 150 ft, and a raise extended to the surface. a winze was also sunk about 195 ft on the incline near the southwest end of the drift, and levels and stopes extended to both the northwest and the southeast on the vein at the 110 - ft and 195 - ft levels, totaling about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44344794136924676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.303282"} {"text": ". a winze was also sunk about 195 ft on the incline near the southwest end of the drift, and levels and stopes extended to both the northwest and the southeast on the vein at the 110 - ft and 195 - ft levels, totaling about 300 ft on each level. another winze was sunk about 95 ft beneath the 195 level, but the vein at this level was not developed. the metallic vein also was intersected in an adit that crosscut about 100 ft to the vein. a drift was run along the vein about 270 ft to the northwest, and the vein was stoped to the surface. the total production from the marietta mine is unknown. the mine was a significant producer from 1919 to 1922 and in the 1930s ( figs. 19, 20 ). its last known production was in 1938. from 1935 to 1938, the mine yielded 25, 332 tons of ore valued at more than $ 200, 000. most of this ore came from the stopes on the metallic vein where it is cut in the marietta crosscut, and from the stope to the surface in the metallic adit. the total yield from the mine is probably between $ 400, 000 and $ 500, 000. source : the gold mines of the virginia city mining district, madison county, montana. montana bureau of mines and geology. bulletin 133, 2004", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41789516462601456, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.303957"} {"text": "spiders may seem scary, but as far as bug bites in children go, spider bites are pretty uncommon and rarely lethal. in fact, spiders usually like to keep to themselves and only bite if they \u2019 re frightened ( arachnophobes, rejoice! ). if your child is bitten by a spider, expect a reaction similar to a bee sting ( like redness and swelling ), and make her feel better with this advice for treating spider bites : treating spider bites in children : - keep it clean. wash the area carefully with soap and water several times a day until the bite heals. - head off infection. apply an antibiotic ointment and keep your child \u2019 s hands as clean as possible. - ease any pain. if your child complains that the bite hurts or seems fussier than usual, an age - appropriate dose of acetaminophen or ibuprofen will help ( learn more about safe medicine for toddlers ). - call the doctor if your child develops symptoms of infection ( redness, swelling, pus, a warm feeling around the bite ). most spiders are harmless, but there are two that are poisonous : the brown recluse spider ( which is small, oval, and has a violin - shaped mark on its back ) releases venom that can cause swelling, changes in skin color, and a blister. the black widow spider has a shiny black body and an orange hourglass shape on its underbelly. symptoms of a black widow spider bite include nausea, vomiting, chills, fever, and muscle aches. if your child has any of these symptoms \u2014 or you know that she \u2019 s been bitten \u2014 go to the emergency room right away. preventing spider bites in children : - spider bites, just like other bug bites in children, can be avoided by showing extra caution outdoors. your sweetie should wear shoes at all times when outside. does she have a tiny green thumb? make sure she wears gloves while she \u2019 s playing in the garden ( a spider - friendly place ). - insect repellent prevents most bug bites in children. you can use one containing up to 30 percent deet or 10 percent picaridin ( but don \u2019 t use either on infants under two months ). limit it to your child \u2019 s clothing and any exposed skin except his hands and face. if you aren \u2019 t sure if a particular insect repellent is okay for your child, ask your doctor to recommend a safe one. this should keep mosquito bites and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39055072280972586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.307206"} {"text": "new website invites public to help identify seafloor life and habitats for immediate release media relations office september 13, 2012 the public is invited to help identify objects they see in images of the seafloor through a new interactive website called \u201c seafloor explorer. \u201d the result of a unique collaboration between oceanographers studying seafloor habitats, web programmers and social scientists, seafloor explorer ( www. seafloorexplorer. org ) launches september 13. the team has more than 40 million images, but are launching the site with a preliminary set of 100, 000 \u2013 all of them taken by habcam, a habitat mapping underwater vehicle. habcam was developed and built by the habcam group, which comprises marine biologists and engineers from the woods hole oceanographic institution ( whoi ) as well as fishermen and other scientists. the seafloor explorer interactive website was funded by a grant from the alfred p. sloan foundation, and built in collaboration with the habcam group by the citizen science alliance ( csa ), the developers behind interactive sites found on zooniverse. org. public contributors to the website will say whether they see fish, scallops and other organisms in each image, provide basic measurements, and describe whether the seafloor is sand or gravel, and whether they see boulders and other interesting objects in the frame. \u201c we \u2019 re really excited about this project, \u201d says dr. scott gallager, a whoi biologist in the habcam group and principal investigator of the cooperative institute for the north atlantic region national oceanic and atmospheric administration project to develop the next generation habcam imaging system, the first project to use the new annotation tool. \u201c we \u2019 ll gain a greater understanding of organisms living on the seafloor and create maps of habitats at a resolution that we would not be able to do without this kind of help \u2013 because of the manpower required. \u201d ultimately contributions by the public will help scientists answer questions about the distribution of scallops and other resources relative to their predators such as starfish and the composition of their habitat. along the way, the contributors have a chance to enjoy working with seafloor imagery that has never been seen before, through a unique web interface. \u201c there \u2019 s a lot of technology under the hood to make this a compelling user experience, \u201d says dr. arfon smith, director of citizen science at the adler planetarium, home of the zooniverse websites. the idea of using the public to provide analysis of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45768626253995004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.312302"} {"text": "of technology under the hood to make this a compelling user experience, \u201d says dr. arfon smith, director of citizen science at the adler planetarium, home of the zooniverse websites. the idea of using the public to provide analysis of scientific data is relatively new and is gaining acceptance in scientific circles. over the past several years, csa has developed the statistical context by which data extracted by citizens are interpreted. in that time, the csa has used their technique in 14 projects such as galaxy zoo ( www. galaxyzoo. org ), planet hunters ( www. planethunters. org ), and old weather ( www. oldweather. org ), and the work has resulted in more than 40 peer - reviewed scientific papers. \u201c the website \u2019 s primary focus is to deliver on a real science goal that couldn \u2019 t be delivered in any other way or without significant financial resources, \u201d says smith. \u201c with careful analysis of the data collected, the results are at least as good as what one would get from a professional. the method is somewhat radical, but the output is quite traditional. \u201d the habcam team hopes the seafloor explorer website will add to the growing confidence of this kind of carefully monitored and administered citizen science. \u201c csa set a precedent and found a way to take crowd - sourced data and produce a valid scientific product, \u201d says amber york, a habcam researcher in gallager \u2019 s lab. the habcam imagery used in this project was collected in coastal regions of the northeast, including georges bank, the mid - atlantic bight, and the stellwagen bank national marine sanctuary. to collect imagery, habcam is towed from a ship and \u201c flies \u201d approximately 2. 5 m ( 6 - 8 ft. ) above the seafloor, collecting six to 10 images per second. getting help going through the millions of images collected is one of the reasons the habcam group reached out to the citizen science alliance. the team also hopes the seafloor explorer project will help them in efforts to develop automated classification of images. \u201c we have the right tools now to do automated classification of say, scallops and substrate. but what we need are training sets, \u201d says york. \u201c we need images that humans have identified and have said \u2018 yes, that \u2019 s a scallop right there. \u2019 \u201d \u201c then our automated tools can use the human - annotated training sets to identify scallops in images humans haven \u2019 t looked at yet, \u201d adds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.516307031359603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.313263"} {"text": "and have said \u2018 yes, that \u2019 s a scallop right there. \u2019 \u201d \u201c then our automated tools can use the human - annotated training sets to identify scallops in images humans haven \u2019 t looked at yet, \u201d adds gallager. seafloor explorer marks the first ocean - based citizen science website created by csa. \u201c our heritage is in astronomy, \u201d says smith. \u201c so it is really exciting to launch this project. science is overwhelmed by the amount of data we \u2019 re able to collect with advanced technology, and having people help out is great. \u201d csa \u2019 s umbrella website, zooniverse, has had approximately 700, 000 volunteers contribute to data analysis, a number that increases by nearly 5, 000 each week. with seafloor explorer, csa says it will reach a new community of people and hopes, after analysis of the results by the scientists involved, to add another 150, 000 images in the next year. \u201c we \u2019 re really led by the goals of the science team, \u201d says smith. \u201c over the next several months, we will look for the next opportunities. \u201d media contact for zooniverse. org + 1 312 542 2200 ( office ) + 1 312 694 3243 ( cell ) the csa is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators who collectively develop, manage and utilize internet - based citizen science projects in order to further science itself, and the public understanding of both science and of the scientific process. these projects use the time, abilities and energies of a distributed community of citizen scientists who are our collaborators. the woods hole oceanographic institution is a private, non - profit organization on cape cod, mass., dedicated to marine research, engineering, and higher education. established in 1930 on a recommendation from the national academy of sciences, its primary mission is to understand the oceans and their interaction with the earth as a whole, and to communicate a basic understanding of the oceans ' role in the changing global environment. originally published : september 13, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4841967851689905, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.314057"} {"text": "the burning of fossil fuels like coal, gas and oil releases particles into the atmosphere. when fossil fuels are not burned completely, they produce black carbon - - otherwise known as soot. soot looks like a black or brown powder and though it ' s made up of tiny particles, it can have a big impact on climate. black carbon stays in the atmosphere for several days to weeks and then settles out onto the ground. it can be produced from natural causes like when lightning causes a forest fire. most black carbon results from human practices like slash and burn methods for clearing land, using diesel engines, and industrial processes that burn coal, gas and oil, and coal burning in homes. black carbon is produced around the world and the type of soot produced varies by region. black carbon adds to global warming in two ways. first, when soot enters the atmosphere, it absorbs sunlight and generates heat, warming the air. second, when soot settles on snow and ice, it makes the surface darker, so the surface absorbs more sunlight and generates heat. this warming causes more snow and ice to melt, in what can be a vicious cycle. black carbon lowers the albedo of a surface. scientists use the term \" albedo \" as an indicator of the amount of energy reflected by a surface. albedo is measured on a scale from zero to one ( or sometimes as a percent ). - very dark colors have an albedo close to zero ( or close to 0 % ). - very light colors have an albedo close to one ( or close to 100 % ). soot is dark in color, and so has a low albedo and reflects only a small fraction of the sun ' s energy. forests have low albedo, near 0. 15. snow and ice, on the other hand, are very light in color. they have very high albedo, as high as 0. 8 or 0. 9, so they reflect most of the solar energy that gets to them, absorbing very little. the more dark surfaces on earth, the less solar energy is reflected and this means more warming as more solar radiation is absorbed. soot makes surfaces ( or the atmosphere ) darker and so adds to global warming. scientists say that black carbon emissions are the second largest factor in global warming, after carbon dioxide. reducing black carbon is one of the fastest ways for slowing global warming. luckily, many policies have been put in place to lessen black carbon around the world, and the technology needed to lessen black carbon already exists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5161652192266188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.318181"} {"text": "winnipeg free press - print edition faces of the aboriginal community born in 1737 at the prince of wales fort, he was taken in by the chief factor to live there after his father died. he became a \" leading indian \" of churchill and became the middleman between the hudson ' s bay co. traders and the aboriginal people. he guided samuel hearne to the coppermine river in the northwest territories from 1770 to 1772 and was credited with making the expedition a success because he helped the explorers live off the land. he committed suicide in 1782 after he witnessed the french destroy the fort. he was born in 1774 near present - day sault ste. marie before leading his people west to settle at netley creek. he was a friend to the selkirk settlers and warned governor semple about plans by the nor ' westers to destroy the red river settlement, advice that semple ignored, costing him and 20 others their lives at the battle of seven oaks. peguis later helped lord selkirk make treaties with the cree and saulteaux and was presented with a treaty medal for his help. he later was given an annual pension from the hudson ' s bay co. a missionary persuaded peguis and some of his people to settle in the st. peter ' s area north of present - day selkirk. after being baptized into the anglican church, he took the name william king, and his children used the last name prince. he died in 1864. he was born in 1793 in what is now saskatchewan. his his mother was aboriginal and his father scottish and a partner in the north west co. he moved to montreal after his father died in 1799 and returned with the north west co. to be in charge of an outpost on the qu ' appelle river in 1812. he was a leader of the metis. he led the bois - brules at the battle of seven oaks in 1816 and was sent to montreal the next year to face murder charges. after being cleared, he went west again and was later employed by the hudson ' s bay co. he built one of the first water mills on the assiniboine river until he received a grant of land at present - day st. francois xavier to found a settlement known as grantown, where several metis joined him. he died in 1854 and is buried in the church in st. fran\u00dfois xavier. grant avenue is named for him and grant ' s old mill is a recreation of his mill. he is known today as the captain in the former captain kennedy ' s tea house, now the maple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3947305511182579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.354392"} {"text": "in the church in st. fran\u00dfois xavier. grant avenue is named for him and grant ' s old mill is a recreation of his mill. he is known today as the captain in the former captain kennedy ' s tea house, now the maple grove tea room in kennedy house. he was born in 1813 to a hudson ' s bay co. chief factor and an aboriginal woman. he was educated in orkney, scotland, and was later employed by the hbc. he left the hbc to go into business for himself and later commanded two of the search expeditions for sir john franklin, discovering the bellot strait and being the first to use dogs and sleds from an exploring ship. he settled in the house along the red river in 1861 and was a founding member of the historical society of manitoba. he died in 1890. he first came to the hudson ' s bay co. post in churchill in 1824. he joined capt. john franklin ' s overland expedition in 1825 and then joined the hbc in 1827, where he helped open trade to the inuit. he helped interpret for the peter dease and thomas simpson expedition in 1839 to the mackenzie and coppermine rivers and then for the john rae expedition in 1846. he always maintained his identity as an inuit, refusing to go to church and always insisting at least one other inuit had to go on an expedition with him. ooligbuck point in the northwest territories is named in his honour. he died in 1852. he was a politician. he was born in 1828 at edmonton house, educated at the red river settlement and was hired by the hudson ' s bay co. he was appointed to the council of assiniboia in 1868 and then served as a member of the manitoba legislative council until 1876. from 1871 to 1874, he served as speaker and then agricultureminister after re - election in 1877. he was a founder of the winnipeg board of trade. he died in 1879. he was born in st. boniface in 1844 and is considered the founder of manitoba. he was educated at the red river settlement and the college of montreal. returning to the red river settlement, he became involved in the issue of possible canadian annexation of the settlement and ended up leading the metis opposition. he became president of the national committee of the metis, and under his leadership, a provisional government was formed. because of the execution of thomas scott, riel was forced to flee into the united states. even though he was elected mp for provencher in both 1873 and 1874, he couldn ' t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4175280468798385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.356585"} {"text": ", and under his leadership, a provisional government was formed. because of the execution of thomas scott, riel was forced to flee into the united states. even though he was elected mp for provencher in both 1873 and 1874, he couldn ' t take his seat. he was granted amnesty as long as he stayed in the u. s. for five years. he was asked by settlers in saskatchewan to lead them against the canadian government in 1884, culminating in the north - west rebellion a year later. after the defeat at batoche, he was tried for treason and hanged. he was buried in the st. boniface cathedral cemetery and is commemorated by a manitoba holiday in february and riel avenue. william berens ( tabasigizikweas ) he was born in 1866, the son of chief jacob berens. he was chief of the berens river first nation from 1917 until he died in 1947. he allowed an anthropologist to work in his community during the 1930s, so the world learned about his people ' s history and culture. he helped open commercial fishing on lake winnipeg to aboriginals. during the second world war, he created controversy by refusing to let his people join the military. instead, he allowed them to alleviate labour shortages by working on farms to harvest crops. angelique and marguerite nolan the sisters were born in the 1800s in sault ste. marie and were educated by the sisters of the congregation of notre dame in montreal. after the pair returned here, bishop provencher asked them to run the first formal catholic school for aboriginal girls here. the school opened in 1829, and they ran it until 1834. they then travelled back to quebec, where they started another school to integrate the aboriginal and metis way of life with a catholic education. they also worked there and translated an ojibwa dictionary and several other textbooks into aboriginal languages. she was born in 1898 and baptized fanny beardy. she was adopted by a teacher from england who worked at the residential school in norway house. the pair moved to vancouver, where she studied elocution and won medals at contests organized by the woman ' s christian temperance union. she toured, giving lectures and performing legends and character portrayals of aboriginal people. she died of tuberculosis in 1928. he was born in 1915 and was the grandson of chief peguis. he was a member of the legendary devil ' s brigade fighting unit in the second world war and was decorated with 10 medals, becoming the country ' s most decorated aboriginal soldier of the second world war. he served", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38380506606261733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.357652"} {"text": "was the grandson of chief peguis. he was a member of the legendary devil ' s brigade fighting unit in the second world war and was decorated with 10 medals, becoming the country ' s most decorated aboriginal soldier of the second world war. he served again in the korean war. in later life, he lived in poverty and died in 1977. she was born in grand marais in 1921. she moved to selkirk and worked for the town for 20 years also volunteering at the selkirk friendship centre and the manitoba metis federation. she held an annual christmas dinner for the needy that routinely fed 200 people. she was a senator with the manitoba metis federation. she was honoured with the order of the buffalo hunt and was named selkirk woman of the year. she died in 2002. he was born in 1926 at sagkeeng and went to the residential school there. he worked various jobs in the community until being elected chief in 1965. he helped form the manitoba indian brotherhood and was elected its first president in 1968, focusing on community development programs for northern manitoba and communication between winnipeg and northern communities until retiring in 1974. he was the province ' s first grand chief in 1971. he was the first aboriginal person to receive an honorary doctorate from the university of manitoba, and he received the order of canada in 1987. he died in 1992. she was born in 1928 and spent part of her childhood in the tuberculosis sanatorium in saskatchewan. she was the first aboriginal to receive a nursing degree at the holy family hospital in prince albert. she worked as a nurse, then went on to develop aboriginal organizations. she served as executive director of the indian - metis friendship centre in winnipeg and head of the department of indian health studies at the university of regina. she was given the jean goodwill award by the manitoba indian nurses association, an award created in her honour. goodwill died in 1997. she was born at the sioux valley dakota nation in 1929 and suffered abuse as a child at the elkhorn residential school. when she was 16, she began working as a housekeeper in a hospital in south dakota. after getting married, she returned to manitoba and later became a drug - and alcohol - abuse counsellor for the friendship centre and co - ordinator of the national native alcohol and drug abuse program. she also worked with numerous organizations, including agassiz youth centre, alcoholics anonymous and alateen. she was awarded many honours, including the governor general ' s award, the order of manitoba, the canada 125 medal for outstanding citizenship and the national aboriginal achievement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42772260328841993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.358651"} {"text": "with numerous organizations, including agassiz youth centre, alcoholics anonymous and alateen. she was awarded many honours, including the governor general ' s award, the order of manitoba, the canada 125 medal for outstanding citizenship and the national aboriginal achievement award. she died in 2009 and is commemorated by the gladys cook educational centre. she was born at pine creek reserve in 1929 and attended residential school until she was 18. she pioneered the first native court communicators program by using her ojibwa language to help aboriginals understand the law and the court system. she was appointed the canadian delegate to the fifth united nations congress in geneva, switzerland, and spoke on women, youth and aboriginal people. she worked or volunteered for numerous organizations, including the indian and metis friendship centre, the native clan organization, the main street project and the province ' s correctional institutions. she was inducted into the order of the buffalo hunt and received a national aboriginal achievement award. she died in 2007. he was a metis leader. born in 1931, he was a trapper and guide before becoming involved in metis politics. he was a founder of the manitoba metis federation and served as vice - president before being elected president in 1975. he received the order of manitoba and the order of the metis nation and was named an mmf senator. he died in 2009. he was considered one of the best old - time fiddlers in the country. he was born in 1939 and picked up the fiddle at five. he won numerous awards through the years including fiddle champion at the manitoba indian days for eight years running. his album, skiffle fiddle, was named the best fiddle cd at the canadian aboriginal music awards in 1996. he died in 2009. john joseph ( j. j. ) harper he was executive director of the island lake tribal council. he was shot and killed in 1988 by a winnipeg police officer after being mistaken for a young car thief. the slaying helped spark the province ' s aboriginal justice inquiry, which recommended sweeping changes to the system. she was born at the chemawawin cree nation in ontario in 1955 and came to manitoba when the community was relocated here eight years later. she became a nurse and rose to become president of the manitoba indian nurses association and president of the national aboriginal nurses association in 1978. she was integral in creating the kekinan centre, the first senior citizens home for aboriginal people in the province and the first in a canadian city. she died in 1986. he was born in churchill and raised in rankin inlet, nunav", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4187525087875312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.359661"} {"text": "1978. she was integral in creating the kekinan centre, the first senior citizens home for aboriginal people in the province and the first in a canadian city. she died in 1986. he was born in churchill and raised in rankin inlet, nunavut, by his inuit father and his mother of ukrainian descent. he has played hockey for the brandon wheat kings and was the first player of inuit descent to play in a regular - season nhl game when he began playing for the nashville predators in 2003. niigaanwewidam james sinclair he is from the site of the former peguis first nation north of winnipeg. he now lives in winnipeg, where he teaches at the university of manitoba and is a writer. his works have appeared in prairie fire and tales from moccasin avenue : an anthology of native stories. he writes a monthly column published in urban ndn, the city ' s former alternative aboriginal newspaper, and is a regular contributor to the winnipeg free press. he is the owner of asham curling supplies, which, besides selling curling equipment, also outfits championship curling teams around the world. he is the founder of the asham stompers, which preserves the history of the metis people by dancing the red river jig. he is the commissioner of the treaty relations commission of manitoba. he is from the opaskwayak cree nation in the pas. he was the director of education of ocn and he has a master ' s of education administration from the university of manitoba. he served in the u. s. army ' s special operations and received the distinguished honour graduate award. he received national and provincial environmental awards for his outdoor education program at ocn ' s joe a. ross school. he writes a monthly column for the winnipeg free press. she grew up in brandon and was the first metis woman to graduate with a four - year bachelor of arts degree in world religion at brandon university. she has hosted a radio program, the word, for streetz 104. 7 fm in winnipeg, and was the primary author of the education resource book for the manitoba museum exhibit first nations as first farmers. she ran provincially for the green party. he was vice - president of the manitoba warriors and was imprisoned for more than three years in federal penitentiaries. he began his career in film and television by enrolling in the city ' s aboriginal broadcast training initiative. he was a puppet wrangler on the children ' s tv series tipi tales and has directed the films patrick ross in 2005, walk to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4342889315674694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.360635"} {"text": "began his career in film and television by enrolling in the city ' s aboriginal broadcast training initiative. he was a puppet wrangler on the children ' s tv series tipi tales and has directed the films patrick ross in 2005, walk to the beat of the drum in 2006 and sister in 2007. from the keeseekoowenin ojibwa first nation and winnipeg, she is a singer - songwriter. she received five nominations at the aboriginal people ' s choice music awards in 2006 and was named best female artist at the canadian aboriginal music awards in 2007. he was named by postmedia news as one of nine aboriginal movers and shakers you should know. while working at the cbc, he hosted 8th fire, won an adrienne clarkson rtnda award and was nominated for a gemini award. his hip - hop career has garnered him an aboriginal people ' s choice music award. he is now the director of indigenous inclusion at the university of winnipeg. she graduated from the university of winnipeg with a ba in environmental studies and international studies and from the university of manitoba with an ma in native studies. she was the director of justice for the southern chiefs organization. she is now a special adviser on aboriginal women ' s issues in the province ' s aboriginal and northern affairs department. she was born in northern manitoba and went to school in saskatchewan. she worked in journalism before moving to winnipeg in 1977. she founded ka ni kanichihk to support women and their families and is its executive director. she was a principal founder of mother of red nations women ' s council of manitoba and was on the executive of the native women ' s association of canada. she founded the aboriginal youth achievement awards. she has been granted an honorary doctorate from the university of winnipeg and received the order of manitoba earlier this year. gerry st. germain he was born in manitoba - - a direct descendant of cuthbert grant - - and grew up near the former grantown near st. fran\u00dfois xavier. he was a winnipeg police officer before moving to vancouver and going into real estate development and farming. he was elected a tory mp in 1983 and was the first metis to be appointed to the federal cabinet when he served as minister of state for transport and forestry. he was president of the progressive conservative party of canada. he was named to the senate by prime minister mulroney in 1993, serving there until retiring earlier this year at age 75. he is a metis author who holds the canada research chair in narrative, community and indigenous cultures at the university of manitoba ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36551852078445635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.361638"} {"text": "was named to the senate by prime minister mulroney in 1993, serving there until retiring earlier this year at age 75. he is a metis author who holds the canada research chair in narrative, community and indigenous cultures at the university of manitoba ' s faculty of arts. he is an associate professor of english at the university and has written books, including the exalted company of roadside martyrs and lake of the prairies, which won the drainie - taylor prize for biography. he has served on the jury for the scotiabank giller prize. she is from south indian lake and works as a broadcaster and writer. she has worked at aptn, cbc and global and currently works at nci - fm. she has won a blizzard award and an award from the native american journalism association. she wrote a book of poetry, this is a small northern town, which won the aqua books lansdowne prize for poetry in 2009. he is a metis comedian based in winnipeg who has headlined festivals. his ryan mcmahon : unreserved television comedy special on cbc made him the first native comedian every to have an hour - long comedy special on cbc tv. he is a winnipeg city councillor. he began boxing at 15 and was the no. 1 - ranked canadian middleweight in 1983. he later became a youth worker at the ma mawi wi chi itata centre, received a social work degree at the university of manitoba and was vice - president of the old st. boniface residents association. he was elected a city councillor in 1995. he ran unsuccessfully for mayor against sam katz in 2004 after glen murray resigned. he was re - elected to council in 2006. she was born in ottawa in 1990 and moved to winnipeg with her family the same year. she began busking at the forks and in 2002 became the youth ambassador for the manitoba campaign to ban land mines. she released spirit of the strings, an instrumental fiddle album, in 2005, and her vocal release, possibilities, in 2008. she won the vina del mar international song festival with her song try anything in 2011. she has been honoured with the queen ' s golden jubilee medal and the premier ' s volunteer services award. she was born in winnipeg and is the granddaughter of olympic long - distance runner joe keeper and daughter of joseph keeper, who has received the order of canada. she acted in north of 60 as rcmp officer michelle kenidi and starred in the short docudrama for angela. she was elected liberal mp for churchill in 2006. she lost the next election and is now a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4183215762320429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.362630"} {"text": "has received the order of canada. she acted in north of 60 as rcmp officer michelle kenidi and starred in the short docudrama for angela. she was elected liberal mp for churchill in 2006. she lost the next election and is now a partner in kistikan pictures. she has been honoured with the order of manitoba. also known as c - weed, he is a singer - songwriter. his cover of evangeline was no. 1 on the canadian country music chart in 1980 and his next single, high and dry, hit no. 1 in 1981. he and his band have toured the world. he worked for the manitoba audio recording industry association to create the aboriginal music program in 2004, and a year later served as executive producer of the newly created manito ahbee festival. he was born in grand rapids and received his law degree at the university of manitoba in 1977. he was president of the first native student association in the country. he was a lawyer in the pas until he began working for the assembly of manitoba chiefs as a legal adviser. he was elected national chief of the assembly of first nations in 1991 and served until 1997. he is the chief of the misipawistik cree nation. he is an aboriginal aids activist. he was a founder of the manitoba aboriginal aids task force and was program manager there from 1991 to 2001. he was a founder of the canadian aboriginal aids network in 1997 and was a founding director of the two - spirited people of manitoba. he was born at the sagkeeng first nation in 1944 and went to a residential school in sagkeeng and winnipeg. he was elected chief of sagkeeng in 1973. he was elected grand chief of the assembly of manitoba chiefs in 1991 and national chief of the assembly of first nations in 1997. he owns and operates ishkonigan, a firm that specializes in consultation and mediation services for indigenous communities. he has been honoured with the order of manitoba. he was born at the opaskwayak cree nation in 1947 and went to high school in cranberry portage. after graduating, he returned to his community and worked as a band manager until becoming executive director of the swampy cree tribal council in 1979. he was elected chief in 1985 and was elected ndp mla for the pas in 1990. after the ndp formed the government, he was named conservation minister and later aboriginal and northern affairs minister. he died in 2008. he is notable for saying no. he was born at the red sucker lake first nation in 1949 and was elected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4074224506025088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.363574"} {"text": "in 1990. after the ndp formed the government, he was named conservation minister and later aboriginal and northern affairs minister. he died in 2008. he is notable for saying no. he was born at the red sucker lake first nation in 1949 and was elected chief in 1978. he became the first treaty indian to be elected as a provincial politician when he became an ndp mla for rupertsland in 1981. he was appointed northern affairs minister until the fall of the pawley government in 1988. he became famous in 1990 for holding an eagle feather and voting no against the meech lake accord, helping to scuttle the constitutional amendment. he was named newsmaker of the year by the canadian press. he became liberal mp for churchill in 1993 and served until being defeated in 1997. he was born in st. laurent in 1951. he became involved with the manitoba metis federation in 1967, rising to be its president from 1984 to 1993. he was president of the metis national council from 1988 to 1993. he was appointed the province ' s 21st lieutenant - governor in 1992, the first metis to serve in the position. he was honoured with the order of manitoba in 2001 and an honorary degree from the university of manitoba in 1996. he was born and raised in duck bay. he worked for the province ' s justice department until being elected president and chairman of the manitoba metis federation. he has received the queen ' s diamond jubilee medal and an honorary doctorate from the university of winnipeg. he was raised in garden hill and became a pilot and public relations manager for a regional airline. he returned to garden hill and was elected a band councillor in 1996 and chief in 1998, serving a total of four terms. he was elected grand chief of manitoba keewatinowi okimakanak in 2009. born in winnipeg, he grew up at the pine creek first nation. while swimming for the university of calgary, he tried out for the olympic team and was a national finalist. he received a ba in native studies at the university of alberta and later a law degree at the university of saskatchewan. he became chief of the pine creek first nation. he is now grand chief of the assembly of manitoba chiefs. he was chief of the waywayseecappo first nation for 10 terms and one term at the birdtail sioux first nation. earlier this year, he was elected grand chief of the southern chiefs ' organization. she was born into a metis family in camperville. she moved to winnipeg as an adult and became active in the aboriginal community. she was senator for the national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41108917072576084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.364546"} {"text": ". earlier this year, he was elected grand chief of the southern chiefs ' organization. she was born into a metis family in camperville. she moved to winnipeg as an adult and became active in the aboriginal community. she was senator for the national association of friendship centres, president of the aboriginal council of winnipeg, the indigenous women ' s collective and the circle of life thunderbird house. she was executive director of the manitoba association of native languages. she sat on several boards, including ma mawi wi chi itata centre and the median credit union. she was honoured with the order of the buffalo hunt in 1998 and the order of manitoba in 2000. she died in 2010. he was born at the garden hill first nation in 1944 and first began painting while attending the residential school in portage la prairie. he studied fine arts at the university of manitoba and became part of the professional native indian arts association in 1973, better known as the indian group of seven. he worked as a senior arts adviser to the federal indian and northern development department and helped lay the groundwork for the organizations that would help future generations of first nations artists. he died in 1984. she was born in 1919 in ontario. she moved to northern manitoba with her husband in 1964 and had her first public solo art exhibition in 1967. one of her works was commissioned for canada ' s pavilion at expo 1970 in japan. she opened a craft store in winnipeg in 1971, which later became the wah - sa gallery, and was commissioned by the manitoba museum of man and nature to create the mural the creation of the world for the province ' s centennial. she co - founded the indian group of seven in 1973. she became the first first nation female artist to show at the national gallery of canada. she has been inducted into the order of canada and received the governor general ' s laureate, visual and media arts, the country ' s highest honour in the field of visual arts. he was born in warroad, minn., in 1933 and grew up at the buffalo point first nation. he was a golden gloves boxer while serving in the u. s. army, and that ' s also when he started to paint. he began his art career in the 1960s and was part of the indian group of seven. he is known for painting wildlife with gentle, flowing lines and his work is in the collection of queen elizabeth ii. he died in 1996. he was born in ashern and grew up on the lake manitoba first nation. when he was 8, both his parents died and he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4045875906730574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.366406"} {"text": "wildlife with gentle, flowing lines and his work is in the collection of queen elizabeth ii. he died in 1996. he was born in ashern and grew up on the lake manitoba first nation. when he was 8, both his parents died and he was raised by family members. he has acted in the movies flags of our fathers and cowboys and aliens and tv shows north of 60, the rez, and law and order : special victims unit. he is currently starring in the cbc tv show arctic air. shingoose ( curtis jonnie ) he was born in winnipeg and raised on the roseau river first nation and in steinbach. he was part of a nebraska - based boystown concert choir and various rock bands in the united states. he moved to winnipeg in 1973 and began singing in a country - folk style. he has released numerous recordings and his best - known songs are loved ones ( originally wounded knee blues ), indian time and reservation blues. he became chief of the peguis first nation in 1981. he garnered international headlines when he invited the south african ambassador to peguis in 1987 to see the conditions at his reserve. he was interim grand chief of the assembly of manitoba chiefs from 1987 to 1989 and was honoured with a commemorative medal for the 125th anniversary of confederation and a national aboriginal achievement award. based in winnipeg, he is a comedian and standup comic who has hosted his own national television specials on cbc and ctv. he has hosted several aboriginal day live national broadcasts. he is co - host and writer of the gemini - nominated tv show fish out of water on aptn. he was born in 1951 in a tent pitched on a snowbank on the manitoba / nunavut border and went to the guy hill indian residential school, where he was sexually abused. he obtained his ba in music and english at the university of western ontario. he has written the plays the rez sisters and dry lips oughta move to kapuskasing, which both won dora mavor moore awards for best new play. he was inducted into the order of canada in 1994, and in 2000 maclean ' s named him one of the 100 most important people in canadian history. she is an executive producer and president of two winnipeg - based production companies, eagle vision and meeches video productions. she is executive producer of the sharing circle and the children ' s series tipi tales. in 2006, she co - produced the movie capote, which earned philip seymour hoffman an oscar for best actor, and the ctv movie elijah, which won two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42649433659046443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.367598"} {"text": "she is executive producer of the sharing circle and the children ' s series tipi tales. in 2006, she co - produced the movie capote, which earned philip seymour hoffman an oscar for best actor, and the ctv movie elijah, which won two gemini awards. she has been honoured with a national aboriginal achievement award and the ymca - ywca women of distinction award. he is a member of the peguis first nation and grew up in winnipeg. he has a ba in economics from trent university. he is the chairman of aboriginal music manitoba and vice - chairman of the manito ahbee festival. he is a member of the pimicikamak cree nation. he was grand councillor of the four nations confederacy of manitoba in 1981 and 1982. he was first elected as an ndp mla in rupertsland in 1993 and has been re - elected five times. he has served as minister of aboriginal and northern affairs, minister of culture, heritage and tourism and as deputy premier. he was born and raised in selkirk and received his law degree at the university of manitoba in 1979. he was appointed the associate chief judge of the provincial court, the province ' s first aboriginal judge, in 1988. he was co - commissioner of the aboriginal justice inquiry. he was appointed to the court of queen ' s bench in 2001. currently, he is chairman of the truth and reconciliation commission of canada. he is of metis descent. he worked in the province ' s crown attorneys office from 1993 until being appointed a provincial court judge in 2005. he was named chief judge of the provincial court in 2009. born in 1987, from shamattawa but raised in winnipeg ' s north end, he began working with community groups in 2005. he organized the weekly bell - tower rallies in the north end for youth who oppose the violence in the area. he lives in winnipeg ' s north end and went to school there, later graduating with a ba in justice and law enforcement from the university of winnipeg. he was co - ordinator of the innovative learning centre at the u of w and director of the winnipeg aboriginal sport achievement centre. he was elected mla in 2011 and is the children and youth opportunities minister. she is a lecturer in the university of manitoba ' s department of native studies. she is a filmmaker who won a gemini award for her documentary, two worlds, which looked at the saskatoon police department ' s starlight rides. her films have also been seen at festivals across north america and televised on cbc and aboriginal peoples television network. she is a groundbreaking professor in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40557343510887967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.368715"} {"text": "a gemini award for her documentary, two worlds, which looked at the saskatoon police department ' s starlight rides. her films have also been seen at festivals across north america and televised on cbc and aboriginal peoples television network. she is a groundbreaking professor in the university of manitoba ' s department of native studies. she was one of the first to put forward an aboriginal - based critical voice and theory and has been at the forefront of pushing for the development of native studies as a field of study. she wrote defeathering the indian in 1975 and when the other is me in 2010. she was honoured with the 2005 aboriginal achievement award. he is an assistant professor in the university of manitoba ' s native studies department and the former executive director of the office of university accessibility. he was an elementary school teacher in ontario and quebec before moving to winnipeg and becoming a housing officer and employment development co - ordinator at the manitoba metis federation. he was an mmf board member in the early 1980s. he has been head of the u of m ' s native studies department. she is a professor in native studies at the university of manitoba who specializes in aboriginal economies. she is also director of aboriginal business education partners at the asper school of business and is regional co - chair of the poverty action research program. sherry farrell racette born in manitoba and a member of quebec ' s timiskaming first nation, she is an artist and an associate professor in both the university of manitoba ' s native studies and women and gender studies departments. she illustrated the award - winning children ' s books dancing in my bones and call of the fiddle and her art is in the collections of the canada art bank, mackenzie art gallery and saskatchewan arts board. she is an assistant law professor at the university of manitoba. she received her call to the bar in both ontario and manitoba after graduating with a master of laws degree from the university of arizona. she worked on a case of genocide submitted to the inter - american commission of human rights while working at a community legal clinic in guatemala. she is currently working on implementing the un declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples and has created a handbook on the declaration. marcia anderson decoteau she is an assistant professor at the university of manitoba ' s department of community health sciences and the section head of first nations, metis and inuit health. she is president of the indigenous physicians association of canada and past chairwoman of the pacific region indigenous doctors congress. she was honoured with a national aboriginal achievement award in 2011. he is acting director of the university of manitoba", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48970619574216445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.369757"} {"text": "nations, metis and inuit health. she is president of the indigenous physicians association of canada and past chairwoman of the pacific region indigenous doctors congress. she was honoured with a national aboriginal achievement award in 2011. he is acting director of the university of manitoba ' s centre for aboriginal health education. he graduated from the university ' s faculty of medicine and completed his postgraduate training in 1990. he received his master ' s of clinical sciences degree in family medicine at the university of western ontario in 2004. his research studies the experience of first nations and metis patients in the patient - physician therapeutic relationship, and he is the medical lead for the diabetes integration project. nicknamed the riverton rifle, he was born in riverton in 1950. he is one of the all - time top scorers in the western canada junior hockey league, scoring 87 goals during the 1967 - 68 season. he was drafted third in 1970 by the boston bruins. he played 13 seasons in the nhl, the most memorable ones with the philadelphia flyers, where he helped win the stanley cup in 1975, and was awarded the conn smythe trophy in 1976. that season, he scored 19 goals in 16 games during the playoffs, even though his team lost the stanley cup. he has been inducted into the manitoba sports hall of fame, manitoba hockey hall of fame and philadelphia flyers hall of fame. ray st. germain he first played the accordion but switched to guitar and has been playing it ever since. he has performed across canada and around the world. he hosted the national television shows time for livin ' and my kind of country on cbc - tv and ray st. germain country and big sky country on cknd. he was elected to the canadian country music hall of honour in 2010. she has served as both band councillor and chief at the sayisi dene first nation for most of her adult life. she has been head of the executive council of the keewatin tribal council and served on the boards of the manitoba women ' s council and awasis child and family services. she played a key role in helping the federal government recognize the land rights of the sayisi dene during the creation of nunavut. she is co - author of night spirits : the story of the relocation of the sayisi dene, which chronicles the story of her band ' s relocation by the federal government from a nomadic life to the outskirts of churchill. born in saskatchewan and raised in russell, he played in the nhl from 1988 to 2003. he made up for his small size with aggressiveness, scoring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4510217386585893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.373020"} {"text": "of her band ' s relocation by the federal government from a nomadic life to the outskirts of churchill. born in saskatchewan and raised in russell, he played in the nhl from 1988 to 2003. he made up for his small size with aggressiveness, scoring more than 1, 000 points in his career and helping the calgary flames win the stanley cup in 1989. he helped canada win a gold medal at the 2002 olympics. he wrote his autobiography, playing with fire, in which he detailed how he was sexually abused by his former coach, graham james, who was later convicted and is currently serving prison time. he was a poet and a playwright who was nominated for the john hirsch award for the most promising manitoba writer in 2002. he was co - founder of winnipeg ' s aboriginal writers collective. he died in 2005. sources : winnipeg free press archives, university of manitoba, manitoba historical society, canadian encyclopedia and various websites. - - compiled by kevin rollason republished from the winnipeg free press print edition december 29, 2012 j12 updated on saturday, december 29, 2012 at 8 : 01 am cst : adds photos, removes duplicate text more first nations more first nations ( 4 of 14 articles for this year ) 12 / 29 / 2012 7 : 39 am 0 photo store gallery africa is one complex and gloriously unmanageable ' theme ' to choose to kick off our 2012 series, our city our world, which is why it took up the whole newspaper on jan. 18. hard - working chinese immigrants, once banned, have risen to the highest echelons of manitoba. german immigrants have played a surprisingly large role in the development of the province. arriving in manitoba in the 1870s unprepared for a brutal winter, icelandic settlers and their descendants have left their mark on our province. industrious italians rose from peasant roots and adapted to canadian society by mastering l \u2019 art d \u2019 arrangiarsi ( the art of getting by ). it used to be the only time prairie folks met spanish - speaking people was when they vacationed down south. more often now, they ' re the people next door. when the first middle east families immigrated to manitoba, mosques were unheard of and even yogurt was exotic. but now all that has changed. a booming filipino community nearly 60, 000 strong has transformed manitoba. as the city ' s indo - canadian population experiences dramatic growth, its pioneers recall their warm winnipeg welcome. scarred by holodomor, the ukrainian community helped shape winnipeg ' s cultural mosaic. manitoba ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3928316123715868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.374519"} {"text": "setfsuid - set user identity used for file system checks # include / * glibc uses int setfsuid ( uid _ t fsuid ) ; setfsuid sets the user id that the linux kernel uses to check for all accesses to the file system. normally, the value of fsuid will shadow the value of the effective user id. in fact, whenever the effective user id is changed, fsuid will also be changed to new value of effective an explict call to setfsuid is usually only used by programs such as the linux nfs server that need to change what user id is used for file access without a corresponding change in the real and effective user ids. a change in the normal user ids for a program such as the nfs server is a security hole that can expose it to unwanted signals from other user ids. setfsuid will only succeed if the caller is the superuser or if fsuid matches either the real user id, effective user id, saved set - user - id, or the current value of fsuid. on success, the previous value of fsuid is returned. on error, the current value of fsuid is setfsuid is linux specific and should not be used in programs intended to be portable. no error messages of any kind are returned to the caller. at the very least, eperm should be returned when the when glibc determines that the argument is not a valid uid, it will return - 1 and set errno to einval without attempting the system call.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4675049042586346, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.376003"} {"text": "century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. one whose business is to keep cows ; a dairyman ; a herdsman. - n. a person, in a city or town, who keeps stall - fed cows and retails the milk. \u201c is not the ant, therefore, entitled to be regarded as a cow - keeper, and are not the tiny little aphides his milch - cows? \u201d \u201c young allen ran on, the soldier pursuing him, till he entered his father ' s premises, who was a cow - keeper, and _ there _ the soldier shot him. \u201d \u201c his calling, with the interval of a brief military service in the fencibles, was the tending of cattle, in the several gradations of herd, drover, and bo - man, or responsible cow - keeper - - the last, in his pastoral county, a charge of trust and respectability. \u201d \u201c at the commencement of the winter, a cow - keeper in the neighborhood told our man that we should give our cows a little mangel - wurzel. \u201d \u201c and whether i am known by one name or another - - - or whether i can draw a bow as well or better than a cow - keeper, or whether it is my pleasure to walk in sunshine or by moonlight, are matters, which, as they do not concern you, so neither need ye busy yourselves respecting them. ' \u201d \u201c they say that caedmon was a cow - keeper : but the shepherds of theocritus and virgil are figments of a courtly brain, and wordsworth himself, in his boldest flights of theory, was forced to allow of selection. \u201d \u201c in humphry clinker ( published in 1771 ), in the letter of april 24, we read that there was ' a peal of the abbey bells for the honour of mr. bullock, an eminent cow - keeper of tottenham, who had just arrived at bath to drink the waters for indigestion. \u201d \u201c on wednesday, jack went out again and hired himself to a cow - keeper, who gave him a jar of milk for his day ' s work. \u201d \u201c as cow - keeper, vergniaud, having a wife and three sons, being in debt to \u201d \u201c during the restoration he was, in turn, cow - keeper on the rue du petit - banquier, keeper of a livery - stable, and cabman. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 cow - keeper \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43925383966449183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.378439"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a man of noble rank. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. one of the nobility ; a noble ; a peer. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. one of the nobility ; a noble ; a peer ; one who enjoys rank above a commoner, either by virtue of birth, by office, or by patent. - n. a titled peer of the realm \u201c november 2nd, 2009 virgin nobleman sir richard branson has abandoned his efforts to hire a heroic commander of a miraculous hudson river plane crash for his intergalactic spaceship mission. \u201d \u201c the bird carols as sweet a lay for the toil - worn peasant, who labors from morn till night, to gain a scanty subsistence, as for the titled nobleman, who rolls along in his gilded chariot. \u201d \u201c on the 14th of july, 1909, during the sitting of the british house of commons, a certain nobleman - a real earl - charged a labour member with being drunk, and a hub - bub arose and the labour member resented it, and said he was not drunk. \u201d \u201c there had been much gossip about a certain italian nobleman who had wooed her openly and madly. \u201d \u201c in that same world, one man, even a nobleman, is of little account. \u201d \u201c he had informed them of the earl of mar ' s danger, and the policy as well as justice of rescuing so powerful and patriotic a nobleman from the threatened execution. \u201d \u201c at one of the first of the evening parties which they attended, the general topic of conversation was the conduct of a certain french nobleman, the baron \u201d \u201c the person whom you speak of as a nobleman was presented to me as ' mr. vincent, an artist. \u201d \u201c when he became a man he mortally offended a certain polish nobleman by some improprieties in which he became involved with the nobleman ' s wife. \u201d \u201c did you ever hear that, in the last century, or in the century before the last, to put my story far enough back, so that it shall not touch anybody living ; when a certain english nobleman, lord \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 nobleman \u2019. words in the bible evoking biblical stories or with special spiritual meaning. proper names have been reduced to the minimum. these politically incorrect words for people contain the element ' man ', ' son ', or ' boy '. everything that contains a man in it its a rhetorical question. looking for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.490875083432649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.381000"} {"text": "beijing - what exactly is the chinese dream? you could define it using current key words buzzing on the internet : \u201c the counter - attack of the diao - sze \u201d, meaning the little people, and in particular the poor who succeed in raising their status in society through their own great efforts. the chinese dream is related to the \u201c american dream. \u201d they are not much different in their core meaning ; one gains a better life through one \u2019 s own continuous hard work. it means that people have to achieve prosperity through their own labor, courage, creativity and determination, rather than by belonging to a specific social class or relying on the assistance of others. a society with a \u201c dream \u201d is a society full of hope. a few years ago, an essay that was circulating online called \u201c i struggled for 18 years to be able to sit down and have coffee with you.. \u201d provoked a lot of both comment and sentiment in china. in the essay, the author, a son of a farmer, depicted how he struggled through long years of hard work and a university degree to change his place in society. part of the blame is the unfair household registration ( hukou ) system that still deprives most migrant workers \u2019 children of equal access to school, to medical insurance, as well as any chance of a formal job in the cities. if the article threw into relief the inequality of chinese society, at least, there was still somehow hope in the author \u2019 s bitterness. alas, today \u2019 s china is facing a different plight, where it would be true to say : \u201c i have been struggling for 18 years, and i still can \u2019 t have coffee with you... \u201d in sociological terms what is happening is class - solidification. the solidification refers to the fact that social mobility is no longer smooth. each class is closed up in its own small circle. there \u2019 s no more flow either up or down, but only inter - generation transmission. in chinese practice, this means the appearance of terms such as \u201c princelings \u201d, \u201c 2g rich \u201d, and the \u201c 2g migrant - workers. \u201d the chance to rise up in society no longer depends on one \u2019 s diligence or guts but rather a \u201c competition of one \u2019 s parents \u201d ( pindie ). the chinese dream is disappearing. dou xiaohong, a demographic scholar, conducted a survey recently. using birthplaces, age, and education level he extracted several groups of graduates from a college in hunan province so as to analyze the relationship", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5509711847583526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.385167"} {"text": "in developed nations, where people are constantly connected to the internet through 3g or wifi, it \u2019 s difficult to understand the incredible importance that physical libraries still possess. after all, what modern american highschool student still goes to the library to research his or her next essay? \u201c well, \u201d you might think, \u201c why should they, when they have jstor, google scholar, and other online academic databases, even online gambling? \u201d however, what you have to keep in mind is : not everyone is as lucky as you are. building from the ground up although the infrastructure in developing countries has made enormous progress in the last few decades, they still have a long way to go. for example, as of 2012, many developing countries have easy access to cell phones but internet access is not nearly so ubiquitous. this means that physical libraries are still immensely important because \u2026 - they provide self - sufficiency : all developing nations have the facilities to buy, or produce, some computer equipment, but there are still many people without it \u2014 most commonly poor and rural people. however, while these men, women, and children cannot produce computers \u2014 or wifi routers \u2014 they can make books. - they help preserve local traditions : because they can make books, people from these rural villages can preserve their culture, their history, and their unique story telling. communities that have physical libraries are able to offer their children \u2014 and adults \u2014 the opportunity to contribute to something tangible and important. - they allow access to information : one thing that does carry over from developed to developing nations is the mantra, \u201c education leads to more opportunities, and thus a better life. \u201d while it \u2019 s true that mit and the un have done their best to help education in the developing world through their $ 100 laptops that are powered by a hand or foot crank, paraphrasing bill gate \u2019 s famous criticism \u2014 what good will a computer do without internet access? word processing maybe, but, as long as internet access remains elusive, to get information they still need a good library. the call to arms therefore, if you have skills that could be helpful \u2014 either as a teacher, librarian, or a book binder \u2014 please consider volunteering your time to teach those skills. there are great organizations, such as the peace corps, that can help you find a community that needs them and facilitates your travel. however, even if you don \u2019 t have the skills mentioned above, and want to help build libraries in the developing world, consider donating money to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4528514820383882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.390646"} {"text": "the end of the second world war brought many photo opportunities for the victors. the soviets and the western allies had promoted the concept of an antifascist brotherhood during the war, and photos were taken all over the world of the allies embracing and celebrating their victory. before the war ended, the three major allied nations began to discuss the postwar world in a series of conferences with the three leaders. roosevelt, churchill, and stalin met at yalta in march 1945 and truman, atlee and stalin met in potsdam in july 1945. roosevelt had first used the term \" united nations \" when 26 nations signed the declaration of the united nations on january 1, 1942. from april to october 1945, 51 nations met in san francisco and created the united nations. the headquarters were set up in new york after the charter was ratified by a majority of the member nations. the major allies ( china, soviet union, france, great britain, and the united states ) held seats on the security council, each country held veto power over any decision the united nations made. the reality was that huge cracks were appearing in the allied unity. with no more enemies to fight, the suspicions held at bay until victory was obvious became public and bitter. churchill later wrote that he already suspected the soviets were replacing the axis as the aggressors before the european war ended. america, enjoying a brief monopoly on the atom bomb, conducted tests in the bikini atoll on july 25, 1946. the world was impressed by the casual destruction of so many warships as much as it was by the bomb itself. the berlin airlift heightened the cold war tension in 1948. in 1949 the western powers came together to form the north atlantic treaty organization ( nato ). when the soviets and soon the french, british, and chinese acquired the bomb, huge arsenals were quickly built. the ability to annihilate the planet many times over evolved into the concept of mutual assured destruction ( mad ) which meant that neither side would start a war if they were guaranteed to be destroyed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5077249240471651, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.392998"} {"text": "urbanization can be the engine for progress of cities and provide great opportunities for individuals and families to prosper. however, urbanization can bring many difficult health challenges. rapid, unplanned urbanization, when not managed properly, can give rise to urban poverty, growth of slums, health problems and widening inequities. urban health equity is a pressing concern, especially for the poor. the urban poor are often socially excluded, and face the following challenges : lack of social support systems ; unsafe living and working conditions ; discrimination ; isolation, powerlessness ; and inability to pay for goods and services. the poorer a person is, the worse is his or her health. the urban poor suffer from unfavorable, living conditions. oftentimes, they cannot afford the prohibitive high costs of health services. they face illnesses and premature deaths from preventable deaths, due to lack of safe drinking water, improper sanitation, health facilities, safety, security and health information. the urban poor is constantly exposed to social and economic determinants of health status and other outcomes. it is often asked : \u201c why do we keep treating people for illness, only to send them back to the conditions that created the illness in the first place? \u201d addressing social determinants will help provide the answer to this question.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45123202865527257, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.395719"} {"text": "here is my take on the difference. for a short answer, \" sticking \" means staying in contact with the opponent so that he cannot separate to execute an effective technique. \" adhering \" means making the opponent stay in contact with you so that you can uproot him and make him stay in contact with your technique. for a long answer, consider sunzi ' s ( sun - tzu ' s ) art of war, especially chapter 5, lines 21 - 23 and chapter 6, lines 7, 17, 22 - 24, 26 - 34. as we have discussed before on this forum, understand that the title of chapter 5 ( translated on my hyperlink as \" energy \" ) is usually translated in tai chi contexts as \" posture \" ( e. g., the 13 postures ) or as \" tendency \" ( e. g., going along with the opponent ' s \" tendency ) and the title of chapter 6 is usually translated as \" empty and full \" or \" substantial and insubstantial. \" also consider the daodejing ( tao te ching ), expecially chapter 78. the strategy of taijiquan is to use the soft to overcome the hard - - or perhaps more clearly translated - - to use the yielding to overcome the unyielding. if, however, taijiquan truly used only yielding, this would be a violation of the philosophical doctrine of taiji, which says that yin and yang can never separate. in taijiquan, using the yielding as a strategy must therefore have its own yin and yang. in my current view, the yin part of tai chi \" yielding \" is what we generally call \" following \" and the yang part is what we generally call \" sticking. \" with these two in harmony, you can both frustrate and control the opponent through his own actions ( or inaction ). \" yielding \" also has its yin and yang. i would think that the yin of \" yielding \" is what is called \" following \" ( \" sui2 \" ) as a term of art, and the yang part is what is called \" connecting \" ( \" lian2 \" ). to properly \" yield, \" you have not only to avoid resisting the opponent, you must also avoid losing contact so that there is something to yield to. \" sticking \" also has its yin and yang. what is properly called \" sticking \" ( \" nian2 \" ) is the yin part. this involves putting some of yourself into every move of the opponent,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5195242418760172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.399533"} {"text": "that there is something to yield to. \" sticking \" also has its yin and yang. what is properly called \" sticking \" ( \" nian2 \" ) is the yin part. this involves putting some of yourself into every move of the opponent, so that you can always add the 10 percent in the wrong place that frustrates his purposes. what is called \" adhering \" is arguably the yang part. where the opponent seeks pressure, you gladly offer it, but perhaps 10 percent less then what he needs. this way, the opponent always tries for more, and you can make him follow you to his disadvantage. if you stick to the opponent and make the opponent stick to you, you always have leverage to affect his empty and full. you have him coming and going. the typical fault in trying to \" follow \" is that you do too much and get \" ahead \" of your opponent. you do not let him go where he is trying to go, and you resist. in resisting, you deny yourself the energy you need to use against him and provide a handle he can instead use against you. the typical fault in trying to stay \" connected \" is that you do too little and you lose your way. if you have lost track of your opponent ' s tendency, how can you continue to follow? how can you use the interplay of yin and yang, empty and full if there is a link missing from the chain of cause and effect? the typical fault in trying to \" adhere \" is that you do too much and go against your opponent ' s motion. your opponent will not try to go where the opposition appears too fierce. you must give pressure where the opponent wants ( or perhaps needs ) pressure in order to encourage the opponent to move. too much pressure, and you signal the opponent to stop or to choose another path. the typical fault in trying to \" stick \" is to do too little and not fill up the \" empty space \" between you and the opponent. your \" flatness \" opens up gaps between the opponent that allows him freedom of action. i believe that yang chengfu said that distinguishing empty and full is the number one rule in taijiquan. if you ponder the strategic, tactical, and physical ramifications of this, you can get some ideas for how you might want to train push hands.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5758091910660228, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.400670"} {"text": "at the core of a - level geography lies an understanding of process \u2013 both physical mechanisms such as overland flow and human movements like migration. the operation of these processes is dependent upon environmental factors. climate change is an increasingly important factor that helps determine the rates at which these all - important processes operate. and they are what shape our physical and human geography here in the uk - our weather, our landforms, our plants, animals and soils - as well as our cities, businesses and people. the significance of climate change makes it a factor that can \u2013 and should \u2013 be incorporated into any geographical discussion. the purpose of these resources is to show how climate change has become an important factor controlling the operation of all of the processes that a - level students study during their course. uncertainty over the rate at which climate change will occur means that students need to tread carefully when making sweeping assertions about the scale of predicted changes. most importantly, there is an important distinction to be made between the changes that we know will certainly now occur - and those additional changes that could occur if nothing more is done to stabilise, and ultimately reduce, levels of greenhouse gas emissions. if we work together to tackle climate change, then hopefully today \u2019 s a - level students will grow old in a world which is different \u2013 but not too different!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5001522815245187, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.402172"} {"text": "provide a physical, tangible demonstration of capabilities related to the critical terminal descent / landing phase for an airless body mission allow for evaluation of flight - like components of hardware and software in a real, integrated system define and prove processes and interactions of the diverse, distributed team and obtain \u201c lessons learned \u201d before the flight build train and engage young engineers with hands - on experience illustration of the warm gas test article ( wgta ). credits : johns hopkins university applied physics laboratory view large imagewarm gas test article ( wgta ) \u2013 provides a platform to develop and test algorithms, sensors, avionics, software, landing legs, and integrated system elements to support autonomous landings on airless bodies, where aero - braking and parachutes are not options. cold gas test article ( cgta ). credits : david higginbotham, nasa marshall view large imagecold gas test article ( cgta ) \u2013 served as a precursor to the wgta and provided a platform for algorithm development and testing, short - duration ( 10 - s ) flights, and autonomously controlled descent. designed to emulate robotic flight lander design \u2019 s sensor suite, software environment, avionics processors, gn & c algorithms, ground control software, composite decks, and landing legs approx. 1 min. flight duration and descends from 30 meters to support complex algorithm testing can accommodate 3u or 6u size processor boards incorporates core flight executive ( cfe ) operating environment that allows for modular software applications 12 - thruster acs configuration with option to fire only 6 acs thrusters. provides capability to support testing of hazard avoidance or precision landing algorithms. emulates pulse or throttle system. gravity off - set thruster can be set to different g levels to emulate descent onto various airless bodies. completed wind tunnel testing of wgta model to maximize hardware and personnel safety. testing occurred in june 2010 and simulated both horizontal and vertical flights. credits : texas a & m view large image", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5013093674286315, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.407978"} {"text": "volume 12, number 12 \u2014 december 2006 books and media foodborne pathogens : microbiology and molecular biology caister academic press, norwich, england, 2005 pages : 453 ; price : us $ 299. 00 foodborne pathogens can create a considerable amount of work at state and local health departments. between foodborne outbreaks, restaurant inspections, environmental testing, botulism reports, customer complaints, and confirmation of isolates referred for testing, many health department resources are directed toward these pathogens and preventing illness from them. moreover, the mass media are increasingly interested in food safety, particularly after large, multistate outbreaks caused by escherichia coli o157 : h7 and salmonella, among other pathogens, and increasing public interest in raw and unpasteurized foods that are perceived as more natural or healthy. the audience for foodborne pathogens : microbiology and molecular biology appears to be public health practitioners working on epidemiologic, environmental, and laboratory aspects of foodborne illness. one of the book ' s strengths is that it attempts to include reference material on epidemiology and on the molecular and microbiologic aspects of the various pathogens. however, as the title suggests, the emphasis is on molecular and microbiologic aspects, and much of the information is extremely technical and primarily for the laboratory scientist. the book includes a range of food pathogens, from bacteria and viruses to mycotoxins. the primary omission is bovine spongiform encephalopathy. chronic wasting disease is included briefly in a chapter on potential food pathogens, which makes the omission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy all the more striking. in addition to separate chapters on individual pathogens or groups of pathogens, the book covers laboratory issues, including animal and cell culture models, molecular approaches for detection, and stress responses of foodborne pathogens. other chapters are based on more sensational topics, such as bioterrorism and food, although this chapter discusses the subject in general terms. in a chapter on biosensor - based detection of foodborne pathogens, the authors conclude, not convincingly, that biosensors will soon be as widespread as glucose kits and home pregnancy tests. overall, the book is a good reference for health departments, especially the chapters on individual pathogens. however, the book could have used stronger editorial oversight. books like this one, in which experts in highly specialized fields are each invited to write a chapter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5120331866144322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.413722"} {"text": "overall, the book is a good reference for health departments, especially the chapters on individual pathogens. however, the book could have used stronger editorial oversight. books like this one, in which experts in highly specialized fields are each invited to write a chapter, will by their very nature lack an overriding point - of - view, but at the very least, the book should have had a strong introduction to put the content in context. a large number of pathogens have emerged or been identified in the past 30 years, and a great deal of media attention is given to food - related illness. this book appears to be aimed at industrialized countries, despite the perception that the food supply in these countries is safe. because much food is imported and exported throughout the world, including to and from industrialized nations, some basic discussion of the extent of foodborne illness in different parts of the world, and the resulting risk to the overall food supply, would have helped to frame the need for the book and the resources many health departments are putting toward foodborne illness. suggested citation for this article : balter s. foodborne pathogens : microbiology and molecular biology [ book review ]. emerg infect dis [ serial on the internet ]. december 2006 [ date cited ]. http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 3201 / eid1212. 061077", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4850023995475519, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.414313"} {"text": "what is the meaning of child dedication? the act of dedicating children to the lord was a common practice of blessing among the people of god in both old and new testament times. in addition, it was also a statement by the parents recognizing that their child really belonged to god. samuel \u2019 s mother dedicates her son to the lord : \" sir, do you remember me? \" hannah asked. \" i am the woman who stood here several years ago praying to the lord. 27 i asked the lord to give me this boy, and he has granted my request. 28 now i am giving him to the lord, and he will belong to the lord his whole life. \" and they worshiped the lord there. 1 samuel 1 : 26 - 28 jesus was dedicated to the lord : then it was time for their purification offering, as required by the law of moses after the birth of a child ; so his parents took him to jerusalem to present him to the lord. 23 the law of the lord says, \" if a woman \u2019 s first child is a boy, he must be dedicated to the lord. \" luke 2 : 22 - 23 as christians today, we dedicate children with the same purpose in mind. as a parent, what is expected of me? dedication is a public expression of faith and commitment on the part of the parents and of blessing on the part of god through his church. this act by the parents is a prayerful declaration of their stewardship over god \u2019 s gracious gift to them. one day some parents brought their children to jesus so he could touch and bless them. but the disciples scolded the parents for bothering him. when jesus saw what was happening, he was angry with his disciples. he said to them, \" let the children come to me. don \u2019 t stop them! for the kingdom of god belongs to those who are like these children. i tell you the truth, anyone who doesn \u2019 t receive the kingdom of god like a child will never enter it. \" then he took the children in his arms and placed his hands on their heads and blessed them. mark 10 : 13 - 16 child dedication is more than a ritual. it \u2019 s a commitment on the part of parents to honor the will and the word of god. as a part of this dedication parents are asked to : - recognize that your children belong to god and have been born to experience his love and to serve him. - pray daily for god \u2019 s direction in your lives and in the lives of your children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44305231161228537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.421780"} {"text": "as a part of this dedication parents are asked to : - recognize that your children belong to god and have been born to experience his love and to serve him. - pray daily for god \u2019 s direction in your lives and in the lives of your children. - faithfully participate in worship with your children. - teach your children the truths of god \u2019 s word in your home. - anticipate and seek to gently lead your children to personal faith in christ. and you must commit yourselves wholeheartedly to these commands that i am giving you today. repeat them again and again to your children. talk about them when you are at home and when you are on the road, when you are going to bed and when you are getting up. deuteronomy 6 : 6 - 7 fathers, do not provoke your children to anger by the way you treat them. rather, bring them up with the discipline and instruction that comes from the lord. ephesians 6 : 4 should i have my child baptized? baptism is an outward expression of a personal commitment to christ by faith ( see baptism ). at abundant life community church we wait to baptize our children until they are old enough to understand personal sin, the need for salvation and that baptism signifies dying to an old way of life and being raised to a new life in christ. generally, we expect that most youth by the age of 12 are capable of this kind of understanding. we urge parents with infants or young children to dedicate them to the lord now and commit to disciple them toward personal faith in christ and baptism. what will the dedication be like? parents and relatives are invited to assemble and participate with you during your child \u2019 s dedication. the dedication will consist of the pastor praying specifically for your child. then other leaders will pray for the lord \u2019 s blessing on you and ask the church to help nurture and disciple children toward faith in christ. baby dedication is open to parents who can truthfully say, \u201c i will commit myself to raising this child to know the lord jesus christ by loving, discipling, training and setting a positive christlike example. \u201d to sign - up for the next child dedication or to get more information, email pastor rocky taylor ( rocky @ abundantlifecommunitychurch. org or call the church at ( 440 ) 877 - 1202 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3893250889283907, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.424632"} {"text": "\u201c we made from water every living thing. \u201d ( qur \u2019 an 21 : 30 ) it \u2019 s a source of life, a means for purity, and a piece of heaven on earth. throughout the qur \u2019 an, allah refers to water on numerous occasions ( the exact word for \u201c water \u201d is mentioned over 60 times ). the qur \u2019 anic verse above powerfully states an important feature of water that all humans have come to acknowledge : water is a necessity for life. for muslims, water holds additional and special meanings. water plays an important role in purifying believers as it is used for making wudhu, or ablutions. and if you ask a muslim to describe paradise ( according to what they learned from the qur \u2019 an and hadith ), many would recall the descriptions of rivers flowing and springs gushing forth endlessly from the gardens of heaven. now back on earth ( where things do have an end ). those of us living in first world countries won \u2019 t really ponder too much on where our water comes from or how much there is to go around. we believe that as long as the water bills are paid, our faucets will continue to provide us with this basic necessity at our demand. though this is one of the perks of having a first world lifestyle, our lack of understanding on current water - related issues blinds us to the reality of those living in other parts of the world. almost a billion people on earth don \u2019 t have access to clean drinking water. while water is just a turn of a faucet away from us, some women in developing countries have to walk an average of 3. 7 miles a day to attain water. you may argue that water is a resource that is plentiful. after all, about 70 % of our planet is made of water! but the earth has only about 3 % of freshwater to sustain all living things that depend on it. true, water is considered a \u201c renewable \u201d resource. but renewable resources can only naturally regenerate if their capacity to do so is not irreversibly impaired. lo and behold, humans have played a large role in our own destruction through polluting water sources and overpumping water faster than it can be replenished. don \u2019 t be fooled into thinking that these water issues are not to be found in our country, or even in our neighborhood. perhaps this will be news to many : california is experiencing a water crisis that will make it difficult for current water supplies to meet our growing demand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.502314005893075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.428670"} {"text": "why do the men fight? there is a story told about general lee : after the battle of second manassas, general lee was seated on traveller at the groveton crossroads, watching his soldiers digging graves for the burial of their pals. a drummer boy from the 40th virginia regiment, field \u2019 s brigade, hill \u2019 s division approached him, trembling and in tears. two days before, the boy had been at the railroad cut and had witnessed his regiment \u2019 s bloody struggle with the bluecoats of leasure \u2019 s brigade, kearny \u2019 s division, heintzelman \u2019 s corps. and the day before he had steadily beaten his drum, despite the terrifying whine and explosion of the shells, advancing with the pitiful few left of the regiment after pope \u2019 s final attack had failed. now, the drummer boy, his shock of sandy hair caked with greasy dirt, his shallow face black with smudges of powder, his homespun clothes in tatters, came up to traveller \u2019 s stirrup and, laying a hand on the big stallion \u2019 s moist shoulder, said to general lee, in a quavering voice : \u201c please sir, why must the men fight? \u201d for a moment, general lee \u2019 s dark eyes fell full on the drummer boy \u2019 s face ; then his gaze swept away over the dismal battlefield, and he raised a gauntleted hand and rubbed the back of his neck wearily, thinking of what to say. with the horrible field in front of him, he knew it would be a waste of words to recount the political history of the union : the eighty years of rising tension between the sections \u2014 the political storms in the congress that produced the missouri compromise in 1820, and its repeal in 1850 ; the incessant harangues of the abolitionists, made in the senate, the pulpit and the press ; the violent, bitter struggle for control of the kansas territory ; the wanton murders john brown committed seizing harper \u2019 s ferry in 1859 ; even lincoln \u2019 s instigation of the war, using fort sumter like a stone thrown into a hornet \u2019 s nest, was too abstract, too ambiguous an answer. general lee looked down at the drummer boy. he might say, he thought, catching the brightness in the boy \u2019 s eyes, that the men must fight for slavery \u2014 must fight to keep the institution secure, that cotton is king, and with african negro slaves, the south owns the king \u2014 but that, too, was still too", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40027765269981586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.436397"} {"text": "the brightness in the boy \u2019 s eyes, that the men must fight for slavery \u2014 must fight to keep the institution secure, that cotton is king, and with african negro slaves, the south owns the king \u2014 but that, too, was still too abstract an answer. and that cotton was king certainly had nothing to do with virginia. for virginia it was simply a matter of refusing lincoln \u2019 s call to suppress secession. but how to tell the boy what caused the civil war? \u201c how old are you, son? \u201d general lee asked, shifting his seat in the saddle and reaching down to put a hand on the boy \u2019 s shoulder. general lee sighed, straightened, and looked away again ; his thoughts embracing the blackness of his generalship : the war was being fought by boys. almost one tenth of the soldiers in his army had enlisted at fifteen, half were seventeen or younger, most of the rest no older than twenty - one. all their future was like a dark corridor reeking of misery and death, its door at the end a pin - point. for an instant, a flash of lamentation swept through general lee \u2019 s mind, his wasted calling, his hopeless future, already burdening him with dreams of souls streaming from the battlefields he had created. he breathed in suddenly with all his might the sweet smell of death that rose from the battlefield and it deepened his sadness. and he could think of nothing to say, except the truth, felt nothing but the urgent need to give the boy the answer, soothing the turmoil in his mind. \u201c where do you hail from, son? \u201d he queried, looking down at the boy with a quiet smile of affection, as though he were a favorite friend. \u201c from loudoun county, sir, \u201d the boy replied, his heart throbbing. \u201c do you have brothers? \u201d \u201c yes, \u201d the drummer boy answered ; \u201c my brother, sixteen years old, was first of the family to enlist, and then i followed. \u201d general lee looked off again toward the battlefield, nodding his head slowly. the boy could see a crease show on lee \u2019 s smooth brow. a moment passed and still looking at the field, bathed now in the glow of twilight, lee said, \u201c suppose pope had beaten us here and richmond was now falling, and the war was ending. how would you feel, son? \u201d the drummer boy looked up at general lee earnestly, his hands gripping suddenly traveller \u2019 s black mane. \u201c beaten you mean? \u201d the boy said incred", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4569889003462824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.437504"} {"text": "was now falling, and the war was ending. how would you feel, son? \u201d the drummer boy looked up at general lee earnestly, his hands gripping suddenly traveller \u2019 s black mane. \u201c beaten you mean? \u201d the boy said incredulously, \u201c beaten? \u201d his eyes were like deep wells of light searching lee \u2019 s face for confirmation. \u201c yes, that is what i mean, \u201d lee replied softly. a look of bewilderment came over the drummer boy \u2019 s face. he stared fixedly at lee, his eyes widened, and the muscles of his face were quivering, as though he were struggling in confusion to comprehend. his flashing thoughts were of his mother and sisters at home, in middleburg \u2014 he saw the column of bluecoat soldiers marching in the main street, squads breaking off down the lanes and one of them invading their home, the soldiers jeering at the women, jostling them aside, rummaging about breaking things, taking things. he felt suddenly more miserable than he could imagine possible. his powder - smirched face flamed red with blushing, as his pounding heart rushed blood through his veins. he felt a terrible impotency and, suddenly, he withdrew his hands from traveller \u2019 s neck and balled them into fists in a rage. he felt an intense shame, self - contempt, loss of self - respect ; realizing the whole world would be laughing if the battle had been lost. general lee remained silent, watching the boy. he saw that the boy was gaining the light, that he was gaining control of himself, settling his emotions with a cold countenance, with an inner spring of steel welling up. the boy saw now that the war was a dire necessity, costly but worth the cost to hold out to the last, that every nation needs men willing to die for its survival, and virginia and her allies must prove themselves no less a nation than the union. the drummer boy \u2019 s eyes cleared and the muscles of his face became chiseled as in brown stone. he hitched up the straps of his drum cradle and, folding his arms across his chest, stepped back a pace. the wafting sound of a bugle faintly echoed tattoo over the field. both he and lee turned their heads to the sound and listened. they could see the soldiers in the field had finished with their digging and the day was done. the sound of horses galloping came to their ears and their eyes turned from their mutual look of warm understanding, and they saw the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4812409374936931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.440012"} {"text": "patent models : textile and sewing machines - introduction for much of the nineteenth century, inventors submitted a model with their patent application to the united states patent office. the national museum of american history \u2019 s patent model collection began with the acquisition of 284 models from the patent office in june 1908, and reached more than 1, 000 models by the end of that summer. in 1926, congress decided to dispense with the stored collection of models and gave the smithsonian institution the opportunity to collect any models it wanted. today, the museum \u2019 s collection exceeds 10, 000 patent models dating from 1836 to 1910. the museum \u2019 s textile collection contains over four thousand patent models. the collection includes many examples of carding machines, spinning machines, knitting machines, rope making machines, looms, baskets, carpets, fabrics, and sewing machines. even the simple clothespin is well represented, with 41 patent models. this sampling of patent models from the textile collection describes the two major groupings, textile machinery and sewing machines. in both groups, the examination of the models begins with the earliest of the inventions. in this early group of patent models, the textile machinery models date from 1837 to 1840, and the sewing machine models from 1842 to 1854. for more information about the museum \u2019 s patent model collection, see patent model index, guide to the collections of the national museum of american history. \" patent models : textile and sewing machines - introduction \" showing 0 items.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4762042106211415, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.441516"} {"text": "recent acts of violence alongside pending legislation and international pressure have brought to light the pressing need for lawmaking in support of lgbt rights in chile. together with protests for reforms in the education system, the public seems to be increasingly impatient about what the government is doing to protect lgbt rights. these demands are important beyond the scope of gay rights, because they have brought attention to the need for chile to recognize, accept and protect the human rights of an evolving, heterogeneous culture as a fundamental prerequisite for continued prosperity. the passage of an antidiscrimination law, which remained unresolved for over seven years, by a close 58 - 56 vote in the chamber of deputies this month was a basic necessity for the country. the chilean movement for sexual minorities ( movilh ) notes that in 2011 gay, lesbian and transgender chileans were increasingly outspoken in reporting abuse and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. however, this recently passed antidiscrimination law does not deal with hate crimes per se, but rather defines illegal discrimination. furthermore, certain passages have yet to be finalized in a mixed commission of senators and deputies on may 2. the recent death of gay youth daniel zamudio points to precisely why legislating solely on discrimination does not suffice in this case, serving as an exceptionally violent example as to why hate crimes require specific punishment under the law. zamudio received not only the public \u2019 s sympathy, but also worldwide attention including a briefing note from the un office of the high commissioner for human rights \u2019 spokesman, rupert colville, urging chile to enact hate crime legislation. in this regard, the movilh also argues that chilean society is not opposed to legislating on issues of gay rights and antidiscrimination in its entirety, but there is a lack of bravery and willingness within congress to approach these pending issues. the recent inter - american court of human rights \u2019 overturning of a chilean court ruling against lesbian judge karen atala, who lost custody of her children because of her same - sex relationship, is further international pressure for chile to meet requirements stipulated by international agreements it has signed onto. chile \u2019 s gay rights deficit is worrying as the country continues to be viewed as an example for continued economic growth despite global market volatility. president sebastian pinera \u2019 s administration is cautious about giving into all public demands, as chile \u2019 s minister of finance felipe larrain recently said : \u201c if we surrender to the temptation of appeasing demands by giving in to all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41458453578746157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.446807"} {"text": "individualism is a key tenant of classical liberalism and libertarianism. but there is a fine line between true individualism, what some call personalism, and false individualism. as erik von kuehnelt - leddihn noted in several of his works, the word \u2018 person \u2019 is derived from the etruscan phersu, the mask actors wore which represented their nontransferable roles on stage. thus, the person is unique and is not replaceable. interestingly enough, individu is a term of abuse in french. personalism includes all aspects of the individual \u2013 his philosophy, faith, culture, relationships. what makes up man is more than simple isolation from all external factors. comradeship, friendship, love, brotherhood, family \u2013 these are all external, immaterial values that nonetheless define the very inner nature of all of us. false individualism, on the other hand, was the philosophy first propagated by some classical liberals that stated that the individual was \u201c everywhere in chains. \u201d man must be uprooted from all institutions and associations. man must be viewed in the abstract. this view had devastating consequences. it lead utilitarian liberals such as jeremy bentham and john stuart mill, at first defenders of free markets and liberty, to gradually accept ever larger aggrandizement of the state. this false view of individualism leads to libertinism, hedonism, and nihilism. for if the path to liberty is the uprooting of all culture and civilization, what will be left is nothing but the individual \u2019 s unfettered passions and desires ( fais ce que tu veux ). ironically enough, this false view of individualism also leads to collectivism. the sociologist robert nisbet has written extensively on the effects that atomistic individualism has had upon man in the last three centuries. being that this drive to individualism has stripped all roots of community out of our society, leftist socialist movements have rushed in to fill the void. the psychological choice for many in the 20th century has been to either stand naked and isolated before the state, or to join the herd for some sense of collective security and comfort \u2013 the herd being most prominently communism, fascism, national socialism, or social democracy. what is needed to correct this trend is a proper understanding of personalism - individualism. the radical utilitarians and egoist anarchists were wrong to view man as isolated actors, and in their regard that the only value in life was an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.52324531718225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.452255"} {"text": "this is a story about two brothers, born into the society of friends at sugar loaf, upper canada, who turned their backs on their religion and country in mckenzie ' s rebellion 0f 1837. they had come full circle from the previous generations of doanes, who were branded tories in pennsylvania during the revolutionary war, and killed, exiled or hung for their actions. joshua guillam and his brother, joel p. were sons of jonathon doan, who had come to sugar loaf in the niagara district from bucks county, pennsylvania in the early 19th century, probably to escape the prejudice of being a relative of the notorious doan gang of plumstead, bucks county. most of the doanes in the region left the state. jonathon doan removed to yarmouth township in 1813 and was a respectable farmer, miller and tanner and agent for the baby lands in the township. he was a prominent member of the society of friends and had a meeting house on his property. jonathon placed many quaker families from pennsylvania on baby lands in the area. joseph went on to be a farmer, and in 1832 when joel started his own tannery, joseph joined him. they were well - known in their community for being reformists and when a meeting was held to muster up men to join in the rebellion in december of 1837, joseph and joel were very outspoken and joseph was elected lieutenant. in the next days joseph and martin switzer persuaded men in the area to gather arms and ammunition and distributed them to 50 men under the command of david anderson and joel supplied the provisional wagons. they headed to scotland, near brantford where they met up with loyalists under allan napier macnab. the rebels fled and joseph and joel reached the united states, with a 100 pound bounty on their heads. in the u. s., joseph joined the rebels and reached detroit, and was ready to cross to windsor where he heard that 600 rebels were ready to join him, with settlers in london already revolting. the rebels raided windsor on dec. 4, led by generals bierce and putnam and burned the steamer ' thames ' killing several people. when the rebels were dispersed by col. prince, twenty - five had lost their lives and joseph and joel were court - martialed, along with 42 of their fellow rebels in london under henry sherwood. joseph was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. he joined six other rebels whose sentences were not commuted and hung on feb. 6, 1838. he was buried in the quaker burial ground in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41445284584784037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.460826"} {"text": "42 of their fellow rebels in london under henry sherwood. joseph was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. he joined six other rebels whose sentences were not commuted and hung on feb. 6, 1838. he was buried in the quaker burial ground in sparta, ontario and joel went on to marry his widow. welcome to my family history blog. finding more about my family ' s history is very rewarding as well as being interesting and educational. i created this blog to share my thoughts, experiences, tips and resources in my search for my ancestors ' history and maybe, help you in your research as well. i am particularly interested in the history of upper canada and the loyalist period in history. my carnival blogs - black sheep canadian ancestors - the quaker loyalist turncoats - cabinet of curiosities # 15 - what did i dig up? - carnival of irish heritage and culture # 12 - letter from ireland - cog # 68 - a tribute to women - sarah haines, uel - cog # 69 - what if... the british won the revolutionary war? - cog # 71 - local history - the tomato capital of canada - leamington, ontario - cog # 73 - the good earth - vege - land - cog # 75 - justice and independence - the loyalists viewpoint - cog # 76 - my favouriite summer vacation - cog # 77 - disasters - god ' s wrath - cog # 81 - a short but full life - smile for the camera # 11 - brothers and sisters - smile for the camera # 12 - noble life - rev. t. neil libby - smile for the camera # 15 - they worked hard for the family - smile for the camera - all creatures great and small my daily blog theme posts & sngf with randy - follow friday - cape cod gravestones - follow friday - destination : austin family - follow friday - tribal pages - follow friday - viviti for versatile blogging - madness monday - 10 questions - madness monday - i ' m realy connnected to my parents - madness monday - nettie kennedy - saturday night fun - my grandmother ' s ancestors - saturday night fun - poetry - saturday night genealogy fun - ahnentafel roulette - saturday night genealogy fun - all my grgrgrandparents - saturday night genealogy fun - family increases - saturday night genealogy fun - my all - time favourite song - saturday night genealogy fun - surname distribution - saturday night genealogy fun - the nicest things - saturday night genealogy fun - tricks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4305596640976633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.461897"} {"text": "( click to enlarge ) this image is of the solar eclipse earlier this week. solar eclipses occur when the moon comes between the earth and sun. however, there ' s more to it than just that, otherwise we ' d have a solar eclipse every ~ 28 days ( one full lunar cycle ). when viewed edge on, the plane in which the moon orbits is slightly tilted in relation to the plane the earth and sun lie on ( hence the reason the shadow moves along a different line in the sky than the sun, intersecting only at the one point ). because of this, most of the time, when the moon is on the line between the warth and the sun, it is simply too high or too low to cause an eclipse. sometimes it ' s between the point where it ' s too high or low and the point where it will completely come in front of the sun. in this case, the moon will only cover part of the sun and the result will be a partial ecplipse, such as this one i photographed in spring 2005. additionally, the moon ' s orbit around the earth is not perfectly circular. it is slightly elliptical. this means that at some points in its orbit, it further than other points. as common experience should tell you, ther further away an object is, the smaller it will look ( which is why the sun appears the same size in the sky as the moon dispite being millions of times bigger ). therefore, since the moon is further away, it will be smaller, and may not cover the sun entirely. this is known as an annular eclipse in which the moon will be silhouetted on the sun leaving a ring ( such as in this picture ). thus this image is an extremely rare \" total solar eclipse \" in which the moon completely covers the full disk of the sun. but what ' s all that fuzzy stuff around it in the center one? that ' s called the corona and is essentially the sun ' s extended atmosphere which is shaped by the sun ' s immense magnetic field. it ' s actually always there, but it ' s extremely faint in comparison to the sun, so we can ' t see it unless the sun is somehow blocked out, as in the case of a total solar eclipse. it is primarily composed of the nuclei of ionized hydrogen atoms. you may also be wondering why you didn ' t happen to catch this eclipse given that it only happened a few days ago. the reason is that this one only happened to be visible from regions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.514087461882636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.466899"} {"text": "is primarily composed of the nuclei of ionized hydrogen atoms. you may also be wondering why you didn ' t happen to catch this eclipse given that it only happened a few days ago. the reason is that this one only happened to be visible from regions of northern africa and the middle east. you should not be asking yourself, \" why only such a small location given that half the earth can see the sun at any time? \" the reason for this is something called parallax. in the scenario of a total eclipse, only the locations directly below the center of the moon will see the eclipse. locations slightly further away will be viewing the event from a slightly different angle. while this wouldn ' t seem like it would play much of a difference, try a quick experiment. imagine your left eye is someone standing in southern africa and that your right is someone standing in england. close one eye and hold your fist out in front of you and cause it to eclipse something on the other side of the room ( or outside if possible, the further away the better ). make sure the object you choose is just barely covered by your fist. now without moving your arm, change eyes. you ' ll notice that your fist is no longer covering the object at all. this effect that you have just observed is precisely what happens in the case of an eclipse for different observers and is what astronomers call parallax ( parallax also has many other applications in astronomy such as directly measuring the distance to a great number of stars to extremely high precision thanks to the hipparcos satellite ). this quick experiment is also reasonably close to actual scale in terms of angular sizes and relation between sizes for the earth and moon. the distances between objects and true sizes aren ' t even close, but those don ' t matter in this case. so you ' re probably wondering why there ' s the strange disjointed path. after all, we never see that. there ' s only one sun in the sky. this image is actually a compilation of 18 images taken ~ 3 minutes apart ( and presumably one more to use as the beautiful background ). i can say that these were taken ~ 3 minutes apart because of the spacing of the suns. in 24 hours, the sun makes a full 360\u00ba path around the sky. thus, converting hours to minutes and dividing, we find that the sun moves 1\u00ba every 4 minutes. although it doesn ' t seem that there ' s any scale marked on this image to permit me to figure out how many degress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5459129836264154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.467856"} {"text": "sky. thus, converting hours to minutes and dividing, we find that the sun moves 1\u00ba every 4 minutes. although it doesn ' t seem that there ' s any scale marked on this image to permit me to figure out how many degress there is between each image from which to figure out the time between images, there actually is a very easy one : the sun itself. both the sun and the moon have an angular size of 1 / 2\u00ba. that means that if the little suns were butted right up against one another, it would have traveled 1 / 2\u00ba between images, which in turn implies that it would have been 2 minutes ( 4 / 2 ) between each image. since there ' s a little more space, roughly 1 / 2 of a sun width ( ie, 1 / 4\u00ba ), i can estimate there was approximately another minute between pictures. thus 2 + 1 = 3. so ultimately 18 images of the sun were taken and then reassembled to produce this dramatic image. while in and of itself it is quite stunning, a closer look reveals more information than meets the eye. this concept is one i feel is important to keep in mind in the sciences. things are not always what they seem to be at a first glance. if this wasn ' t the driving concept behind science, we would still hold with many ridiculous ideas such as the earth being flat, or alchemy, or perhaps more relavant today, intelligent design. image copyright : stefan seip found via : nasa astronomy picture of the day update : the original version of this post contained erronious math which was noted by reader, benjamin franz, in the comments. i have corrected my math here, but wanted to make sure he was given due credit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5336449906827545, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.468555"} {"text": "' dumped ' pythons put squeeze on everglades wildlife [ livescience 2012 - 01 - 30 ] [ photo ] big burmese python. credit : mike rochford sixteen - foot - long pythons aren ' t just frightening movie concepts, they are a real - life threat in the everglades where they are annihilating the park ' s mammal populations to unrecoverable numbers, researchers now say. the pythons entered the park from households that kept the snakes as pets, and may also have been set loose by hurricanes in the ' 90s, researchers say. rangers started noticing the python ' s presence in 2000, when two snakes were removed from national lands. the number of pythons has skyrocketed, with more than 300 pythons being removed from the everglades every year since 2007. researchers don ' t know their true numbers but estimate at least tens of thousands of the giant snakes inhabit the national everglades park. \" they turn up all over the u. s., but now they are established and reproducing and apparently doing very well in south florida, \" said study researcher michael dorcas, of davidson college in north carolina. \" it ' s 11 years later, and we are already recording a hugely devastating impact. \" dorcas is co - author of the book \" invasive pythons in the united states \" ( the university of georgia press, 2011 ). the researchers studied records of mammal deaths on roads from 1993 to 1999, before the pythons were commonly found in the everglades. in addition, over 51 nights in 1996 and 1997, they drove along national park roads and tallied live and dead mammals along the road. [ see photos of the invading pythons ] they compared these results with animal numbers tallied from 2003 through 2011, the time after which pythons became common. these numbers were also gleaned from more than 35, 000 miles of road surveys. in areas where pythons had been present the longest, between 2003 and 2011, populations of raccoons dropped 99. 3 percent, opossums 98. 9 percent and bobcats 87. 5 percent. marsh and cottontail rabbits, as well as foxes, though common before the pythons were seen in the area, were not seen at all in these surveys. in areas where pythons had recently taken root, the mammal decreases were smaller ; in areas where pythons hadn ' t been spotted mammal numbers were similar to those in the everglades ' pre - python years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3675825922275034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.473831"} {"text": "seen at all in these surveys. in areas where pythons had recently taken root, the mammal decreases were smaller ; in areas where pythons hadn ' t been spotted mammal numbers were similar to those in the everglades ' pre - python years. future of the everglades carla dove, a researcher at the smithsonian institution who wasn ' t involved in the study, said the results of this survey were \" much worse than expected \" and noted that the pythons don ' t just eat mammals \u2014 they can also eat birds and other reptiles ( even huge alligators ). her own soon - to - be published research indicates that birds, and their eggs, are also being preyed upon by the python populations in the everglades. while dorcas ' survey focused on common mammals, \" it raises lots of disconcerting questions about [ other ] species that are rare and endangered, \" dorcas said. \" we don ' t yet know about those species and if similar impacts are occurring in those species as well, but it certainly warrants further investigation. \" to try to limit the spread of invasive pythons, the u. s. fish and wildlife service recently ( finalized jan. 17 ) banned the import and transport between states of the burmese python and three other large snakes into the u. s. as pets. these regulations may be too late to save the wildlife in the everglades, dorcas said. \" what was most striking to me was the magnitude of the observed changes in mammal numbers, \" gordon rodda, of the u. s. geological survey, fort collins science center, told livescience in an email. \" these are not incremental changes but nearly complete removal of some very key components of the everglades ecosystem, \" said rodda, who was not involved in the current study. snakes are hard to hunt, especially in wild areas like the everglades, because they are extremely secretive. \" it makes it really difficult to suppress their populations under most circumstances, \" dorcas said. the study was published today ( jan. 30 ) in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3651684887394572, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.474754"} {"text": "the western chorus frog is found in the middle to eastern portions of the north american continent. its range extends from southern quebec and northern new york west to south dakota, then south to kansas and oklahoma ( harding 1997 ). western chorus frogs can be found in a variety of habitats, including marshes, meadows, swales, and other open areas. less frequently they can be found in fallowed agricultural fields, damp woods, and wooded swamps. these areas of less permanent water offer reduced risk of egg and tadpole predation by other animals such as fish. there is a trade - off, however, as these temporary bodies of water can dry up in years of drought, resulting in reproductive failure for that year ( harding 1997 ). the western chorus frog is characterized by a white or cream colored stripe along the upper lip, bordered by a dark brown stripe running through the eye from the nostril to the groin. there are usually 3 dark stripes running down the back, although these may be broken into rows of spots in some specimens. background color ranges from brown to gray or olive. the underside is white or cream colored, possibly with dark spots on the chin and throat ( conant and collins, 1991 ). males have a yellow colored vocal sac that appears as a dark, loose flap of skin when not calling. the skin of the western chorus frog is typically moist and bumpy, and the toes end in slightly expanded toepads. adult length is typically 1. 9 to 3. 9 cm (. 75 \" to 1. 5 \" ), with males usually smaller than females. p. triseriata tadpoles have gray or brown bodies round in shape. their tail fins are clear, often with dark flecks. the intestinal coil can be seen through the bronze belly skin. maximum length before metamorphosis is about 3cm ( 1. 2 inches ) ( harding 1997 ). the rate of development of the eggs and larvae is dependent on water temperature, with specimens in colder water requiring more time for development. maximum length before metamorphosis is about 3cm. in michigan, the breeding season of pseudacris triseriata begins in mid - march and runs through late may, although most activity occurs in april. these periods can vary, with breeding taking place earlier in the southern end of its range and later in the northern end. ( conant and collins, 1991 ). breeding sites include the edges of shallow ponds, flooded swales, ditches, wooded swamps, and flooded fields", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42126646168846027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.482652"} {"text": "with breeding taking place earlier in the southern end of its range and later in the northern end. ( conant and collins, 1991 ). breeding sites include the edges of shallow ponds, flooded swales, ditches, wooded swamps, and flooded fields. breeding choruses early in the season can be heard on clear, sunny days, but shift to evenings or cloudy, rainy days as the season progresses. picking the small end of a high quality fine tooth comb with a fingernail can reproduce the call of the western chorus frog. the call sounds like \" cree - ee - ee - ee - eek \", rising in speed and pitch as it progresses. during amplexus, the female will lay 500 - 1500 eggs in several loose, gelatinous clusters attached to submerged grasses or sticks. each cluster will typically have 20 to 300 eggs. hatching generally occurs in 3 to 14 days and tadpoles transform into tiny froglets 40 to 90 days thereafter. the rate of development of the eggs and larvae is dependent on water temperature, with specimens in colder water requiring more time for development. western chorus frogs can mature and breed in less than one year ( harding 1997 ). after laying their eggs in clusters on vegetation there is no further parental care in striped chorus frogs. most striped chorus frogs will probably die as tadpoles or froglets. once they reach adulthood, striped chorus frogs may live for about 5 years. western chorus frogs tend to remain close to their breeding grounds throughout the year. they often hide from predators beneath logs, rocks, leaf litter, and in loose soil or animal burrows. they will typically hibernate in these places as well ( harding 1997 ). picking the small end of a high quality fine tooth comb with a fingernail can reproduce the call of the western chorus frog. the call sounds like \" cree - ee - ee - ee - eek \", rising in speed and pitch as it progresses. striped chorus frog males use these calls to attract females to breeding sites during the breeding season. striped chorus frogs also use their keen vision to capture prey. western chorus frogs eat a variety of small invertebrates, including ants, flies, beetles, moths, caterpillars, leaf hoppers, and spiders. newly formed froglets feed on smaller prey, including mites, midges, and springtails. tadpoles are herbivorous, foraging mostly on algae ( harding 1997 ). striped chorus frogs help to control insect populations where they live, they also act as an important food source for their predators. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42407365689039056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.484540"} {"text": ", midges, and springtails. tadpoles are herbivorous, foraging mostly on algae ( harding 1997 ). striped chorus frogs help to control insect populations where they live, they also act as an important food source for their predators. the western chorus frog ( and most other frogs ) acts as a critical indicator species. because the larval and adult forms of this species occupy different levels of the food chain, anomalies ( such as deformities ) or a reduction in reproductive success can be linked to either aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems, depending on the life stage of the animal. this makes this species valuable in determining the overall health of both ecosystems. the permeable skin of the western chorus frog also makes it susceptible to contaminants and other external stimuli. changes in morphology or ecology of this species might indicate high levels of pollution or other activity detrimental to their well being. the western chorus frog can be common to locally abundant, although some areas have shown a decline. the subspecies pseudacris triseriata maculata is listed as special concern in the state of michigan. this species appears to be quite tolerant of human activities, considering its presence in agricultural and suburban areas. caution must be exercised during agricultural practices, as runoff containing pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers often fills breeding ponds, making eggs and larvae susceptible to detrimental effects ( harding 1997 ). kevin gardiner ( author ), michigan state university, james harding ( editor ), michigan state university. living in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria. an animal that mainly eats meat active at dawn and dusk animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature fertilization takes place outside the female ' s body union of egg and spermatozoan forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality. mainly lives in water that is not salty. offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters, clutches, etc. ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ). iteroparous animals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44360473191412886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.485636"} {"text": "seasonality. mainly lives in water that is not salty. offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters, clutches, etc. ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ). a large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. in insects, \" incomplete metamorphosis \" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and \" complete metamorphosis \" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis. having the capacity to move from one place to another. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. active during the night reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body. having more than one female as a mate at one time breeding is confined to a particular season reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation. that region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ). living on the ground. conant, r., j. collins. 1991. peterson field guides : reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central north america. new york : houghton mifflin company. harding, j. 1997. amphibians and reptiles of the great lakes region. ann arbor, mi : the university of michigan press.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5383768575927983, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.486653"} {"text": "carlson, john k. and brusher, john h. ( 1999 ) an index of abundance for coastal species of juvenile sharks from the northeast gulf of mexico. marine fisheries review, 61 ( 3 ), pp. 37 - 45. | pdf - requires a pdf viewer such as gsview, xpdf or adobe acrobat reader | download ( 625kb ) | preview a fishery - independent assessment of juvenile coastal shark populations in u. s. waters of the northeast gulf of mexico was conducted using two methods : gillnets and longlines. surveys were conducted monthly during april \u2013 october in two fixed sampling areas from 1996 to 1998. the atlantic sharpnose shark, rhizoprionodon terraenovae, and the blacktip shark, carcharhinus limbatus, were the most common species captured with either longlines or gillnets. an additional 14 shark species were captured, and juvenile indices of abundance were developed for 8 species with gillnets and 6 species of sharks with longlines. trends in catch - per - unit - effort were found to vary depending on species. length - frequency information revealed that the majority of sharks captured were juveniles. given the direct relationship between stock and recruitment for sharks, continued monitoring of juvenile abundance will aid in determining the strength of the parental stock size and for predicting future population strength. | title : | | an index of abundance for coastal species of juvenile sharks from the northeast gulf of mexico | | journal or publication title : | | marine fisheries review | | page range : | | pp. 37 - 45 | | issuing agency : | | united states national marine fisheries service | | depositing user : | | patti m. marraro | | date deposited : | | 14 aug 2012 22 : 15 | | last modified : | | 14 aug 2012 22 : 15 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46166127342238444, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.490558"} {"text": "\" set that bear free at once, \" shouted the president, outraged that they had offered him such an unsportsmanlike shot in killing a tethered animal. the next day ' s newspaper immortalised teddy ' s bear in a satirical cartoon by clifford k. berryman. here he empasized the childlike helplessness of the cub and the moral rectitude of roosevelt, which opened a can of worms on where to draw the line. from this clifford. k. berryman created a series of cartoon ' s depicting teddy bear ' s. seymour eaton, who also helped with the popularity in the earliest days, decided to create with the permission of the president, teddy b and teddy g, the roosevelt bear ' s. these two bear ' s were used in books as well as newspapers. meanwhile, morris michtom a storekeeper in brooklyn and wife rose had decided to make a pattern for a soft toy cub, after seeing the article in the newspaper. after asking permission from the president, his wife put together a toy bear cub to sell in the stationary and confectionery shop which they displayed in their window, alongside the newspaper cutting, labelling it as \" teddy ' s bear \". this was an instant success. they both decided not to sell candy anymore and created teddy bear wholesalers ' the ideal novelty and toy co, ' meanwhile further away in late october 1902, in germany, a toy designer richard steiff was working at his family firm in giengen. they were searching for fresh new ideas in toy making. he decided to see a touring american circus and while there observed a group of performing bears, which inspired him to create his own toy bear. the next day he put his ideas down on paper to show his aunt margarete steiff, who founded the firm in 1880. it is still operating til this day. richard decided to make a bear toy, which was standing, upright, and jointed in a similar way to dolls. there had been bear toys before with fur but these were all duplicates of real bears. this design was that they could walk upright. margarete steiff was happy with the idea and richard went to work on the idea by visiting zoos and sketching live bears. simultaneously in germany unaware of the manufacturing in the usa richard completed the designs and margarete ran up a prototype from scraps of mohair. the bear, which was public at the 1903 spring, toy fair at leipzig as the ' friend petz ', to richards disappointment no - one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44061723939603126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.501920"} {"text": "in the usa richard completed the designs and margarete ran up a prototype from scraps of mohair. the bear, which was public at the 1903 spring, toy fair at leipzig as the ' friend petz ', to richards disappointment no - one was interested in the product until he was packing up his stand when, an american toy buyer came across him and ordered 3, 000 teddy bear as soon as possible. this spawned international success. within a few years of their invention, teddy bear had swept the world. roosevelt adopted the red ribboned, bear cub image on his lapelle as his way of swaying a second successful political campaign. steiff re - created the teddy bear ' s face to be more appealing to consumers, which influenced the drift of the teddy bear for the next 50yrs. even though teddy ' s bear was popular from it ' s inception, the term teddy bear did not enter into the mainstream vernacular until 1906. in november that year, it was coined in a trade magazine called playthings, by e. l. horsman and co. distributors. they had advertised bear mascots for display on their new - fangled, horseless carriages. the same company used the name teddy bear a month later to advertise their own toy bears and this commanded all world toy companies to adopt it. the fact is we all \" own \" the term teddy bear. dean ' s rag book, is a british company, that to this day, still makes bears. originally was dean ' s publishing and in 1903, changed their name. they then produced children ' s books, as the dean ' s rag book company in england, publishing a rag book entitled \" teddy bear \" by alice scott. it was illustrated by sybil scott paley they also had developed indestructible rag books for children with teddy bear themes. they had gone to making cut out and sew rag teddies in 1908, as well as the first plush jointed teddy bear. one of the first firms that involved themselves in manufacturing bears ( the mitchtom ' s and steiff ) were j. k. farnell, which is the dean rag book co, and h. g. stone & co together. this manufacturer sold the bears under the trade name of \" chiltern ' s toys \" dean ' s first advertised their plush bears in 1915 in the ' kuddlemee ' catalogue. the first animated teddy - bear cartoon called little johnny and the teddy bear was made in the usa in 1907. an american composer j", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4257790801279332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.514629"} {"text": "' s toys \" dean ' s first advertised their plush bears in 1915 in the ' kuddlemee ' catalogue. the first animated teddy - bear cartoon called little johnny and the teddy bear was made in the usa in 1907. an american composer j. k bratton also wrote the music in 1907 ' the teddy bear ' s two steps '. which he was hoping it would be the campaign song for roosevelt at election time but unfortunately the president stepped aside from leadership, in favour of william howard taft. british songwriter jimmy kennedy re - wrote the renowned lyrics in 1930, ' the teddy ' s bear picnic '. the bruin boys were first in writing in the aurthur mee ' s children ' s encyclopaedia in 1910. across america firms mainly supplied teddy bear ' s to their home markets, while german companies such as steiff and competitors, hermann and gebrader bing exported bears across europe. the german gebrader bing company, which mainly manufactured kitchenware and mechanical tin toys, was founded in the nineteenth century. in 1908 they began producing quality, stylish teddy bears with the steiff pattern and similar logo buttons, while continuing to manufacture conventional teddies. the company also produced mechanical bears in 1910. these included the famous footballer, skier, roller skater and the ice - skater bear. in 1932 bing co went into receivership and was sold which made the mechanical teddies limited eddition ' s. alongside them, many other smaller firm ' s in germany had flourished and quickly disappeared. the british had responded to the popularity of the teddy bear mania in the usa and germany. this created demand in britain and they became the 2nd major cliental ( usa being first ) for the steiff orders of their bear ' s. which they had designed specifically for the british market. the material for the mohair yarn, which was used in the plush early collection for steiff in germany, came from the british mills. the first british made jointed plush bear was produced by j. k farnell and co. they were london based and established since 1840 which made small fabric articles like, pen wipers. the children of farnell transformed the company into soft toy company in 1897 and a few years later. a german - born distributor joseph eeisenmann suggested that the company made teddy bear ' s due to the great demand. the german imports were just unable keep up, his name was josef eisenmann. due to lack of labelling, it is very hard to find the earliest of the british teddy bears", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3936082274263248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.530853"} {"text": "the company made teddy bear ' s due to the great demand. the german imports were just unable keep up, his name was josef eisenmann. due to lack of labelling, it is very hard to find the earliest of the british teddy bears. william j. terry ( terryer toys ) was one of many small british soft toy companies that had become well known as well as british united toy manufacturing company ( omega toys ). american and british bears were very pleasing in the early stages of the teddy ' s bear ' s his - story and the german teddy bear ' s which dominated and created the design and quality. since the birth of the teddy bear there has been a vast variety of companies that have manufacture these toys and some are still operating. other ' s have closed down, increasing value to some bears due to the company ' s closure. most teddy bear ' s were produced small scale in britain approximately til 1910, then some other large scaled companies started around 1915. the english bear ' s that were manufactured seemed to have a softer look and feel about them than the german bear ' s, which created an influence in the 1920 ' s and 1930 ' s. farnell bears were considered to be close to steiff bear ' s in comparisons but many other companies ' s such as merrythought ( 1930 ), dean ' s, chad valley co and chiltern did all produce very beautiful teddy bear ' s ( to be fair ). only because the first world war started in 1912, did other countries begin to make their mark in manufacturing of teddy bear ' s. this ravaged europes manufacturing market for years and still after the effect of war had lingered on. the steiff and other german manufacturers handed their factories over for war efforts. during this time the teddy bear manufacturing was halted. from the results of german bears being banned in britain, they created for themselves the first plush bear. other countries, which relied on the german supplies, had no choice but to manufacture their own bears. with in the restrictions of the war, people and companies had produced new teddy bear ' s and when things became \" normal \" again, traditional jointed bears were alongside the new \" necessity \" designs. founded in 1914 the harwin company made a speciality of dressed bears, even though they were not born clothed which included kitted military uniforms. johnson brothers made the first ' chad valley bear ' s which were created in 1915. this teddy was called ' master teddy ' and was made partly out of plush fur with it ' s clothing made out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4361177494202853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.547097"} {"text": "not born clothed which included kitted military uniforms. johnson brothers made the first ' chad valley bear ' s which were created in 1915. this teddy was called ' master teddy ' and was made partly out of plush fur with it ' s clothing made out of cotton to economise on the expensive mohair and created it in 5 different sizes. after the ww1 in the 1920 ' s and 1930 ' s it was to be a golden age for the teddy bear ' s all across the world, this refers to finacially as well as in the design structure of the bears. during this period the french manufacturing was enhancing. emile thiennot had created a factory in the region of champagne in france. the fabrication artistique d ' animaux en peluche produced teddies in 1925 and article de luxe fabrication artisanale started in 1936. for this period the french bears had downturned mouths, ears with contrast colour, jointed discs which were shown on the outside and the alfa bears had open mouths. in the 1920 ' s australia started to manufacture teddy bear ' s from imports of mohair from britain. they had created hand made bears and traditiond, joy toys in melbourne were the first to start producing them. these became collectables and other firm ' s bears such as emil toys and fideston toy company. wendy boston was involved with the popularity of washing machines and had created an unjointed and fully washable bear which was duplicated by all the manufacturer. through the 60 ' s and 70 ' s this design had great influence, onthe shape and look of jointed bears. a lot of adult ' s in the mid 70 ' s started collecting teddy bear ' s and were happy with the new design ' s that were around. after realising the significance of the his - story of teddy ' s bear the older bears with traditional designs became more in demand for collectors. therefore unfortunately the manufacturer produced for looked at the collectors rather than the children or the bears themselves. steiff then in 1980 re - produced a limited edition teddy bear. ( to cash in ) the legend still lives on though the people need reminding of its origins. so, maybe we should spare a thought also for teddy ' s real bear, who probably died from starvation after it was released, because its mum was not around anymore to feed it and forest predators without guns would have consumed it before it starved. all that fuss over an act that was as irresponsible as shooting it ' s mum in the first place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4614864082498715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.551628"} {"text": "it has been nearly 200 years since we became aware of the neanderthals, an extinct form of humans that once shared europe and asia with the modern humans. but it has been less than two years since we discovered that the neanderthals were not the only archaic modern human around at the time. in short order, researchers in germany produced a draft of the denisova genome, which showed that the ancestors of some modern human populations had interbred with the denisovans at some point in the past. however, the genome sequence that was published in 2010 was only a draft, which is expected to contain errors and areas of very poor coverage. the folks at the max planck institute have continued sequencing away, though, and have greatly expanded their coverage of the denisova genome ; they ' re apparently preparing a paper to describe the expanded sequence right now. but to keep the research community from waiting for the paper to clear peer review, they ' ve decided to release the sequence, both on the max planck website and through amazon ' s web services. the release includes both the raw sequence itself, as well as alignments to the human and chimp genomes. to protect their ability to publish a paper, the max planck team is releasing the sequence under a license that prohibits anyone else from doing an analysis of the complete genome. but anyone interested in looking at specific genes is able to do their analysis without waiting. people interested in doing something in between these two extremes are invited to get in touch with svante paabo, who is directing the work, to sort out an agreement.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5214417666425294, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.587343"} {"text": "you may remember 2004 \u2019 s disaster movie and cgi delivery vehicle, the day after tomorrow. the premise of the film ( which like any self - respecting disaster film, is excessively absurd ) is that global warming suddenly plunges the world into the depths of an ice age. new york city drowns under the largest storm surge in history, and then flash freezes. as is the case with many disaster movies, there \u2019 s a small kernel of truth at the eye of this hurricane of exaggeration. that kernel relates to ocean circulation and the gulf stream. the gulf stream carries warm water toward western europe, helping to keep it more temperate than its latitude would otherwise dictate. it depends on the downward flow of dense, salty water in the north atlantic that drives a \" conveyor belt \" of ocean circulation in the atlantic. large amounts of fresh water discharged to the north atlantic ( from melting ice sheets, for example ) can clog up that overturn by decreasing the density of the surface water. slowing down atlantic circulation drives down temperatures in europe and affects climate around the globe. during the most recent ice age, changes to the atlantic conveyor system appear to have triggered bursts of extremely rapid climate change. a new study pins these changes on an event that took place elsewhere in the globe : the closing of the bering strait between alaska and russia. although it ' s not able to generate cinematic quality climatic chaos, researchers think that the shutdown in the atlantic conveyor is behind some of the most rapid climate changes visible in ice core records from greenland \u2014 the dansgaard - oeschger oscillations. these events occurred in cycles roughly 1, 500 years long throughout much of the last glacial period. although north atlantic overturning seems to be involved in these events, it \u2019 s unclear what alters the currents. it could be an external trigger ( though no orbital or solar cycles really fit the bill ), or it could be a sort of ice sheet heartbeat. it may be that the events can only occur when ice sheets reach a critical size, meaning that the rhythm of the cycles could be determined by the growth rate of ice sheets. whatever the trigger is, it appears to have been absent or ineffective at the start of the most recent ice age. the last glacial period began around 115, 000 years ago, but dansgaard - oeschger oscillations were only prevalent between 11, 000 and 80, 000 years ago. they didn \u2019 t appear for the first 35, 000 years of the glacial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49899438213457986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.599633"} {"text": "period began around 115, 000 years ago, but dansgaard - oeschger oscillations were only prevalent between 11, 000 and 80, 000 years ago. they didn \u2019 t appear for the first 35, 000 years of the glacial period, and they haven \u2019 t been seen since it ended. a paper published this week in proceedings of the national academy of sciences pins this difference on a feature that ' s an ocean away. it had been proposed that the bering strait between alaska and eastern russia \u2014 which is replaced by a land bridge when sea level drops during glacial periods \u2014 could have something to do with these rapid climate shifts. so, a group of researchers set out to test the idea using the latest community climate system model ( ccsm3 ). the model was run under two scenarios \u2014 one with modern sea level and an open bering strait, and one with a lower sea level and a closed bering strait. in each, freshwater was added to the north atlantic at a slowly increasing rate until the overturning circulation slows down, after which the freshwater input is ramped back down to zero. during the dansgaard - oeschger oscillations, the overturning circulation seems to show a sort of double equilibrium. one state is the normal mode, like it behaves today. that seems to collapse to a low - circulation state that can hang around for quite a while before flipping back to full strength. the simulation with an open bering strait couldn \u2019 t replicate this behavior. the overturning circulation would slow down, but as soon as the freshwater addition started to drop, the circulation would smoothly recover right along with it. with the bering strait closed, however, the circulation would collapse more quickly, hold steady there for a while, and then abruptly kick back into gear. much like the real thing is thought to have done. the bering strait exerts its influence by controlling flow between the arctic and the north pacific. normally, fresher water flows into the arctic, but when freshwater is being added to the north atlantic some of it leaks into the arctic and out to the pacific. that helps keep the overturning circulation in the north atlantic from clogging up so easily. in contrast, when the bering strait is closed, the freshwater in the north atlantic piles up and lingers. beyond offering an explanation of why the dansgaard - oeschger oscillations happened when they did ( during the period when sea level was low enough that the bering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5036340672551832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.614257"} {"text": "matisse : in search of true painting explores henri matisse ' s painting process by showcasing 49 vibrantly colored canvases that demonstrate the artist ' s tendency to use his completed canvases as tools, repeating compositions in order to compare effects, gauge his progress, and, as he put it, \" push further and deeper into true painting. \" ( december 4, 2012 - march 17, 2013 ). where : the metropolitan museum of art fifth avenue at 82nd street matisse copied old master paintings as part of his academic training. he found much to admire on the walls of the musee du louvre yet was also receptive to the contemporary pictures he encountered in parisian galleries. he was particularly intrigued by the work of paul cezanne ( 1839 - 1906 ) and paul signac ( 1863 - 1935 ). in 1904 - 1905 matisse arranged a still life and painted it in two different ways. the green and violet clusters of diagonally placed brushstrokes in still life with purro i ( 1904, private collection ) evoke passages in certain of cezanne ' s paintings, while the vivid colors and confetti - like effects of still life with purro ii ( 1904 - 1905, private collection ) are derived from signac. matisse borrowed stylistic elements from the two artists but was more interested in rendering his own sensations than subscribing to either of their theories. matisse ' s stylistic exploration sparked the creation of pairs in which neither painting is entirely indebted to another artist. upon his return to the fishing village of collioure in the summer of 1906, he depicted a local teenager in a work that has all the hallmarks of his own vividly colored, expressive fauvism ( young sailor i, 1906, collection of sheldon h. solow ). he then painted a second version of the composition on an identically sized canvas, this time employing flat color and deformation to produce a drastically different effect ( young sailor ii, 1906, the metropolitan museum of art ). unsure of his new direction, matisse told friends that young sailor ii had been painted by the local postman. matisse later explained that his aim was to \" condense the meaning of [ a ] body by seeking its essential lines. \" over the next 10 years, matisse approached his pairs in a variety of ways. he used a full - size cartoon and squaring to create his next major pair, life - size representations of a trio of nudes near the sea ( le luxe i, 1907, centre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4215471498201952, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.640347"} {"text": "of art ). in the 1930s matisse hired a photographer to document his progress on certain paintings. his model and studio assistant lydia delectorskaya recalled that the photographer was called in \" when, at the end of a session, it seemed to matisse he had come to the end of his work or he decided he had arrived at a significant stage \u2026. \" instead of setting his canvas aside and repeating the composition on a new canvas of identical size, as he had done in the 1900s and 1910s, matisse used the photographs to preserve states of his paintings. he consulted them as he worked, comparing them to the painting in order to see whether he had advanced or regressed. in december 1945, six recent paintings by matisse were displayed at the galerie maeght in paris. each was juxtaposed with large framed photographs documenting its evolution. the photographs are not depictions of related works ; they trace the evolution of the canvas they surround. matisse embraced the opportunity to put his process on display and in so doing, dispelled the notion that he worked spontaneously. he insisted that the only point of the exhibition was to present \" the progressive development of the artworks through their various respective states toward definitive conclusions and precise signs. \" by agreeing to make the photographs public, matisse tacitly acknowledged that their presence added to the viewers ' understanding and appreciation of his work. the metropolitan museum ' s exhibition will recreate three walls of the galerie maeght exhibition, featuring la france ( 1939, hiroshima museum of art ), the dream ( 1940, private collection ), and still life with magnolia ( 1941, centre pompidou, musee national d ' art moderne, paris ). the theme of the studio interior - a consistent motif in matisse ' s oeuvre throughout his career - was addressed in matisse ' s final painted series, created from 1944 to 1948 at the villa le reve in vence, france. the septuagenarian artist felt that a lifetime of work had prepared him to use color as a means of intimate expression. in the spring of 1948, he wrote to his son pierre that his most recent paintings \" impress everyone who has seen them because they are vivid and rich. \" interior with an egyptian curtain ( 1948, the phillips collection, washington, d. c. ), interior with black fern ( 1948, fondation beyeler, riehen / basel ), and large red interior ( 1948, centre pompidou, musee national d ' art moderne, paris )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47230741055034553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.660334"} {"text": "\" of silence and speech, silence is better, \" says the inscription in salvator rosa \u2019 s 1640 self - portrait ( above ). born june 20, 1615, rosa let his paintings and etchings do the talking, and bragging. only the ego of salvator rosa could title an etching the genius of salvator rosa. in many ways, rosa follows in the \u201c wild man \u201d footsteps of artists such as caravaggio, living life to the fullest and making friends and enemies everywhere he went. in addition to his paintings, rosa wrote biting satires that jabbed at many of his contemporaries. perhaps when rosa claimed to prefer silence, he meant the silence of others. the deep, dramatic darks of this self - portrait show that rosa followed caravaggio in more than just pugnaciousness. i \u2019 m not sure if rosa ever met his slightly older contemporary nicolas poussin, but it would have been interesting to witness. poussin, all erudition and class, sitting across from rosa, brash and spontaneous \u2014 yet both supremely talented. rosa \u2019 s landscape with saint john the baptist pointing out christ ( above, from 1655 - 1660 ) shows the influence of poussin, who set the standard for seventeenth century landscape. all the classic poussin elements are there : an easily conveyed moment of drama, tiny figures dwarfed by nature, layers and layers of depth reaching back forever. yet, rosa adds a romantic element that the cool classicist poussin could never bring himself to try. the agitation reflected in the stormy sky and swaying trees could never exist in a poussin \u2019 s perfectly ordered world, but paved the way for artists such as caspar david friedrich to take even further in the tempestuous nineteenth century. rosa also explored the gothic side of romanticism in works such as the self - portrait with skull ( above ), done later than the 1640 self - portrait. on the skull, rosa writes in greek, \u201c behold, whither, when \u201d \u2014 a classic case of memento mori. the eighteenth - century british novelist ann radcliffe, who specialized in lurid gothic page - turners such as the mysteries of udolpho and the italian, loved the works of rosa and strove to capture the spirit of his works in her writing. for all his colorful brashness, rosa took the work of art seriously, encompassing the works of the past as well as contemporary movements while incorporating his individuality in a way that makes him", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4593206836250061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.675112"} {"text": "a rise in the number of new houses under construction, as occurred in november, surely means the economy is about to boom. a fall in retail sales, which occurred at the same time, surely means the economy is cooling off. orders for goods that people keep for several years, such as cars and refrigerators, rose in september. they fell in october. in the first half of december, the number of people filing new claims for unemployment increased. but what do the statistics mean? which ones are important? and do any of them reliably predict the future of the economy? is a recession ahead? has it already begun? piece by piece, the thousands of economic statistics that the federal government and private industry tabulate every month help paint the picture of the national economy that drives financial decisions by individuals, businesses and government. \" i think of it as a huge jigsaw puzzle with tiny little pieces, and every day i get a couple of new ones, \" stuart hoffman, chief economist with pnc financial services group in pittsburgh, says of the steady stream of economic reports. \" in the real world, it ' s a changing puzzle. it ' s not like you solve it and you ' re done. \" different statistics come in and out of fashion with the economic cycle. a decade ago, economists lived and died by the federal reserve board ' s measures of money supply, its estimate of the total amount of money in the economy. now, says hoffman, few economists give it much weight. individual investors can ' t easily know which statistics are important - unless their stock portfolios soar or plummet on the release of the data. and paying attention to every newly released statistic is almost a guarantee of confusion. \" watching high - frequency data can be dangerous to your health, \" says david wyss, chief economist for standard & poor ' s corp. in new york. \" i think every day, something comes out. \" economists, though, do agree on the importance of a half - dozen statistical indicators, in times of growth as well as recession. these are the measures that seem to reliably describe the state of the economy and, over time, hint at its direction : employment situation report. if economists had to choose a favorite measure, this likely would be it. \" it has a lot of numbers in it, a lot of stuff to analyze, \" says wyss. released by the department of labor on the first friday of the month, it is the first major indicator of what happened the previous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4406879921651302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.844509"} {"text": "it. \" it has a lot of numbers in it, a lot of stuff to analyze, \" says wyss. released by the department of labor on the first friday of the month, it is the first major indicator of what happened the previous month. as such, it can move the stock markets. important numbers : how many jobs were gained or lost, the jobless rate and average hourly earnings ( this last item being an inflation gauge ). the report is compiled from two surveys : the current employment statistics, which surveys 380, 000 nonfarm businesses on number of workers, wages and work hours ; and the current population survey, which is conducted by 1, 500 census bureau workers interviewing members of 50, 000 households about their work status. gross domestic product. \" it is really the most comprehensive picture of the overall economy, \" says sung won sohn, chief economist for wells fargo & co. in minneapolis. released quarterly by the commerce department, the gdp is the market value of all goods and services produced within the united states. changes in gdp show how fast or slow the economy is growing. to calculate the gdp number, about 100 staffers in the bureau of economic analysis collect and organize thousands of economic figures compiled by private sources and government agencies. the data fall into four categories : consumer spending, net exports, business investment and government spending and investments. the commerce department was asked to track industrial production in the late 1930s, when it appeared the country was headed for war and the government wanted to assure enough resources were available. consumer price index. calculated monthly by the bureau of labor statistics, this cost - of - living index measures changes in the prices that urban consumers pay for a selection of good and services. critics say the cpi tends to overstate inflation and doesn ' t accurately reflect today ' s shopping habits. but it is the most widely watched inflation gauge. the cpi was created during world war i because a rapid rise in prices created a need for an index to make cost - of - living adjustments in wages. data collection began in 1917 and the cpi was issued beginning in 1919. about 275 field representatives visit stores, apartments and businesses in 87 cities each month to record prices of 80, 000 items - including eyeglasses, gasoline, rent, cupcakes, beer, breakfast cereal, tuition, software and funeral services. the basket items have been revised every 10 years, based on consumer diaries. beginning 2002, the basket will be updated every two years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4280767894794941, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.879787"} {"text": "may 31, 1990 students in the builders club at rio hondo school in el monte have raised $ 100 for the cystic fibrosis foundation through an aluminum can drive. the club is a service group for seventh - and eighth - grade students, who selected the foundation as recipient because several of their classmates have cystic fibrosis. january 23, 2006 | mists of inhaled saltwater can reduce the pus and infection that fills the airways of cystic fibrosis sufferers, although side effects include a nasty coughing fit and a harsh taste. that ' s the conclusion of two studies published in the jan. 19 issue of the new england journal of medicine. they found that inhaling a mist with a salt content of 7 % or 9 % improved lung function and, in some cases, produced less absenteeism from school or work. california | local september 3, 1998 the genetic defect that causes cystic fibrosis also appears to be involved in a life - threatening inflammation of the pancreas that afflicts about 100, 000 americans. two studies in today ' s new england journal of medicine provide the first solid evidence that chronic pancreatitis may be linked to a bad gene. researchers estimate that the cystic fibrosis gene may play a role in about 10 % to 15 % of these cases, even though victims show no signs of cystic fibrosis. california | local july 30, 1990 | a newly discovered cluster of genetic flaws responsible for a small fraction of cystic fibrosis cases may provide valuable clues to finding a treatment for the nation ' s most common inherited fatal disease, a u. s. - canadian research team reported last week in the british journal nature. the four genetic defects together account for about 7 % of cystic fibrosis cases in whites and 5 % in american blacks. california | local september 26, 1996 | a british geneticist said wednesday that he and colleagues have successfully used genes to treat cystic fibrosis patients. eight volunteers with cystic fibrosis were given one dose of normal genes by dr. chris higgins of oxford university to counteract the genetic mutation that causes the disease. six had no symptoms of the disease for three weeks, he reported. higgins said the technique used was not strictly gene therapy. \" what we are really doing is gene transfer, not gene therapy. august 24, 1989 | researchers have discovered and isolated the gene that causes cystic fibrosis when it is defective, a major step that could help in developing treatments for the fatal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4786866920536909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.952034"} {"text": "\" what we are really doing is gene transfer, not gene therapy. august 24, 1989 | researchers have discovered and isolated the gene that causes cystic fibrosis when it is defective, a major step that could help in developing treatments for the fatal disease, a scientist said today. the discovery will \" open up the door to more focused experiments \" to find treatments that strike at the basic cause of the disease, said lap - chee tsui of the research institute at the hospital for sick children. february 1, 1990 | a new test can spot three - quarters of all adults who risk having children with cystic fibrosis, and more accurate versions should soon allow routine screening of everyone in the united states for this common genetic defect, researchers report. the screening can help parents avoid having children with cystic fibrosis. but experts say it also raises ethical and practical questions about who should get the test and what should be done with the information it provides. march 30, 1995 | high doses of a common over - the - counter pain reliever slowed lung deterioration by 90 % over four years in children with cystic fibrosis, a study has found. the benefits of ibuprofen - - sold under such brand names as advil, nuprin and motrin - - were most dramatic in children ages 5 to 13 who consistently took it in addition to conventional treatment with other drugs, the study ' s authors said. ibuprofen might also have some reduced benefit in older patients, the researchers said. december 9, 1994 | scientists said thursday that they have wiped out certain cystic fibrosis symptoms in mice, an advance in the search for a cure for the inherited disease that usually kills its human victims before their 30th birthdays. the research, being published today in the journal science, establishes for the first time that the disease in mice can be corrected with a human gene. the work focused on intestinal symptoms and researchers are now probing whether a similar approach will work on mice lungs. april 26, 1990 | use of a common high blood pressure medicine as a nasal spray appears to slow the life - threatening lung damage that cystic fibrosis causes, and could dramatically improve the lives of people who have the frequently inherited disorder. the conclusions were drawn from a preliminary study of the drug amiloride. the medicine, when inhaled, seemed to help clear the secretions that clog the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5030780389895265, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.953012"} {"text": "book chapter, the new harvest : agricultural innovation in africa, pages 166 - 203 author : calestous juma, professor of the practice of international development ; director, science, technology, and globalization project ; principal investigator, agricultural innovation in africa other chapters in the new harvest : agricultural innovation in africa : - the growing economy - advances in science, technology, and engineering - agricultural innovation systems - enabling infrastructure - human capacity - conclusions and the way ahead african countries are increasingly focusing on promoting regional economic integration as a way to stimulate economic growth and expand local markets. considerable progress has been made in expanding regional trade through regional bodies such as the common market for eastern and southern africa ( comesa ) and the east african community ( eac ). there are six other such regional economic communities ( recs ) that are recognized by the african union as building blocks for pan - african economic integration. so far, regional cooperation in agriculture is in its infancy and major challenges lie ahead. this chapter will explore the prospects of using regional bodies as agents of agricultural innovation through measures such as regional specialization. the chapter will examine ways to strengthen the role of the recs in promoting innovation. it adopts the view that effective regional integration is a learning process that involves continuous institutional adaptation. through extensive examples of initiatives at the national or cross - border levels, this chapter provides cases for regional collaboration or scaling up national programs to regional programs. africa ' s recs have convening powers that position them as valuable vehicles. that is, they convene meetings of political leaders at the highest level, and these leaders take decisions that are binding on the member states ; the member states then regularly report on their performance regarding these decisions. such meetings provide good platforms for sharing information and best practices. africa ' s recs have established and continue to designate centers of excellence in various areas. comesa, for instance, has established reference laboratories for animal and plant research in kenya and zambia. designation of centers of excellence for specific aspects of agricultural research will greatly assist specialization within the recs and put to common use the knowledge from the expertise identified in the region.... the entire chapter may be downloaded below. - full text of \" governing innovation \" ( 121k pdf ) for more information about this publication please contact the stg coordinator. for academic citation :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4966455319505895, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.958381"} {"text": "( german : die buchse der pandora ) the title is a reference to pandora of greek mythology, who upon opening a box given to her by the gods released all evils into the world, leaving only hope behind. the lead role is played by lousie brooks as lulu. she is a young and impulsive vaudeville performer whose raw sexuality and uninhibited nature bring about the downfall of almost everyone she meets. indeed her asset is her body which, to use a metaphor, was like the box. she only needed to open it, and as we see in this silent film, what havoc it could wreak on men as well as women of certain attitude. incidentally in countess anna we have the cinema \u2019 s first lesbian character. pandora \u2019 s box is a german silent melodrama based loosely on frank wedekind \u2019 s plays erdgeist ( earth spirit, 1895 ) and die buchse der pandora ( 1904 ). wedekind \u2019 s plays in his time were controversial to say the least. satire was a weapon more like a red rag to be shaken at the middle - class morality and the solid citizenry in germany were bedeviled by the impossible and more perverse than natural conduct in lulu. widekind was not exceptional in this. from the turn of the century there were two opposing forces at work in imperial germany and both were curiously born out of self same causes. perversity, vampirism and similar lurid subjects that were taboo till then began to appear as a reaction to a very moribund german national life. lulu was a creature, an intellectual shock therapy on one hand from widekind is an example. the other form of shock was prescribed by deeds and came from wandervogels ( birds of passage ). the latter were from well - to - do middle class families and this movement was hellbent to attack school, home and church. the latter group was to transform into freikorps at the end of wwi. the latter played a part in helping hitler to power while it marked the exodus of intellectuals to safer havens. this film is directed by austrian filmaker georg wilhelm pabst, the film stars louise brooks as lulu, fritz kortner as dr. schon, francis lederer as alwa schon and alice roberts as countess geschwitz. the plot revolves around many loves of lulu, her rise and fall. she marries a respectable newspaper publisher, but soon drives him into insanity, climaxing in an incident in which she accidentally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40370447360215045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.978196"} {"text": "alwa schon and alice roberts as countess geschwitz. the plot revolves around many loves of lulu, her rise and fall. she marries a respectable newspaper publisher, but soon drives him into insanity, climaxing in an incident in which she accidentally shoots him to death. found guilty of manslaughter, she escapes from justice with the help of her former pimp ( whom she considers her father ) and the son of her dead husband, who is also in love with her. after spending several months hiding in an illegal gambling den in france, where lulu is nearly sold into slavery, lulu and her friends end up living in squalor in a london garret. on christmas eve, driven into prostitution by poverty, lulu meets her doom at the hands of jack the ripper. pandora \u2019 s box was already adapted to the screen by arzen von cserepy in 1921 in germany under the same title with asta nielsen in the roll as lulu. there were musical, plays and other cinema features of the film at the time and the story of pandora \u2019 s box was commonplace in culture. this allowed pabst to make liberties with the story of the film. ( wikipedia ) directed by g. w. pabst produced by seymour nebenzal written by g. w. pabst cinematography gunther krampf distributed by sud - film release date ( s ) germany : 30 january, 1929 running time 100 - 152 mins. ( us ) 133 mins. ( dir. cut ) language silent film * fritz kortner as dr. ludwig schon * francis lederer as alwa schon : dr. ludwig schon son. * carl goetz as schigolch : there is no real definiton of his relation to lulu but it is suggested in the film that he is or has acted as a sort of pimp for lulu. * krafft - raschig as rodrigo quast * alice roberts as countess anna geschwitz : geschwitz is defined by her masculine look with her tuxedo suit that she wears. * daisy d \u2019 ora as dr. schon \u2019 s fiance * gustav diessl as jack the ripper * michael von newlinsky as marquis casti - piani * sigfried arno as the stage manager diary of a lost girl ( 1929, g. w. pabst ) the blue angel ( 1930, josef von sternberg ) queen kelly ( 1929, erich von stroheim ) the wild heart ( 1950,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3876153295626503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.979756"} {"text": "arno as the stage manager diary of a lost girl ( 1929, g. w. pabst ) the blue angel ( 1930, josef von sternberg ) queen kelly ( 1929, erich von stroheim ) the wild heart ( 1950, rouben mamoulian, michael powell, emeric pressburger ) a breath of scandal ( 1960, michael curtiz ) looking for mr. goodbar ( 1977, richard brooks ) klondike annie ( 1936, raoul walsh ) afgrunden ( 1910, peter urban gad ) movies with the same personnel diary of a lost girl ( 1929, g. w. pabst ) kameradschaft ( 1931, g. w. pabst ) westfront 1918 ( 1930, g. w. pabst ) the threepenny opera ( 1931, g. w. pabst ) don quixote ( 1933, g. w. pabst ) der prozess ( 1948, g. w. pabst ) the strange death of adolf hitler ( 1943, james hogan ) die stadt ist voller geheimnisse ( 1955, fritz kortner ) * louise brooks as lulu : on seeing louise brooks as a circus performer in the 1928 howard hawks \u2019 film a girl in every port. director g. w. pabst tried to get brooks on loan from paramount pictures. pabst \u2019 s offer wasn \u2019 t even given to brooks by the studio until she left paramount over a salary dispute. on not receiving brooks for the role, pabst \u2019 s second choice was marlene dietrich. * georg wilhelm pabst nearly signed marlene dietrich to star, although he greatly preferred louise brooks. according to pabst, dietrich was in his office waiting to sign the contract when a cable came from paramount saying that brooks was willing to play the role. * georg wilhelm pabst initially incurred a lot of wrath when he cast american louise brooks in the role of lulu, a part which was considered to be quintessentially german. ultimately brooks \u2019 performance silenced her critics. * for the scene in which lulu picks up and seduces jack, georg wilhelm pabst selected one of louise brooks \u2019 s own suits \u2013 her favorite \u2013 for lulu \u2019 s costume and soiled, scuffed and rent it. brooks claimed that, without spoken direction, pabst thus established the desired effect of making her feel worn, cheap, and desperate, as the character of lulu was intended to be portrayed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3549720833879294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.981359"} {"text": "costume and soiled, scuffed and rent it. brooks claimed that, without spoken direction, pabst thus established the desired effect of making her feel worn, cheap, and desperate, as the character of lulu was intended to be portrayed. * in her biography, louise brooks says she was physically attracted to gustav diessl, who played jack the ripper, and that made it easy for her to play her scenes with him. * according to louise brooks \u2019 memoir, \u201c lulu in hollywood \u201d, alice roberts was not aware her character was a lesbian until filming began, and she was initially opposed to playing the role as being attracted to lulu. georg wilhelm pabst, brooks writes, convinced roberts to pretend she was making her love gestures to pabst, who was standing just off - camera. * louise brooks \u2019 highly influential \u201c bob \u201d hairdo is referred to as a lulu to this day. \u2022 fritz kortner reportedly did not like or respect louise brooks, whom he didn \u2019 t consider a trained actress. lulu : you \u2019 ll have to kill me to get rid of me. dr. ludwig schon : [ to alwa ] just one thing, my boy, beware of that woman. schigolch : you should only play when you \u2019 re sure to win. lulu : [ referring to the egyptian ] he \u2019 s acting like he wants to buy me. marquis casti - piani : i need money badly and you have none to give me \u2026 the egyptian will give me 50 more pounds than the german police \u2026 you \u2019 re in luck. alwa schon : it \u2019 s strange how you can get booze on credit but not bread. lulu : money! all they want is money! in france, the film was edited making alwa was schon \u2019 s secretary and the countess became lulu \u2019 s childhood friend. lulu is found innocent in the film at her trial and there is no jack the ripper character as the film ended with lulu joining the salvation army. the film was re - discovered in the 1950s by critics to great critical acclaim. modern critics now praise the film as one of the classics of weimar germany \u2019 s cinema along with the cabinet of dr. caligari, metropolis, and the blue angel. check out the other blog of the author : cinebuff. wordpress. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.35891415065315013, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.982342"} {"text": "what ' s the latest development? stephen emmott, head of computational science at microsoft research in cambridge, uk, and professor of computational science at oxford, uk, has built a 75 - minute presentation called ten billion, in which he forecasts what the world might be like if current environmental degradation and population expansion continues until the end of the century. perhaps reminiscent of al gore ' s an inconvenient truth, the figures emmott presents are startling : \" a global population that was 1 billion in 1800 and 4 billion in 1980 will probably have grown to 10 billion by the end of this century ; the demand for food will have doubled by 2050 ; food production already accounts for 30 % of greenhouse gases \u2013 more than manufacturing or transport... \" what ' s the big idea? \"... a world population of 10 billion will need 960 new dams, each of them the size of the world ' s largest in china ' s three gorges, plus 15, 000 nuclear power stations and / or... 11 million wind farms. \" describing himself as a rational pessimist, emmott says of possible solutions to the impending crisis : \" we ' re fucked. \" the problem, it seems, is our inability to locate blame within ourselves. if an asteroid were hurtling toward the earth, the world ' s resources would quickly be marshaled to alter the asteroid ' s path or mitigate its damage. \" but there is no asteroid. the problem is us. \" photo credit : shutterstock. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5159463820857096, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.985164"} {"text": "this is one of those easy options for vocabulary. i thought of it when i saw the 2011 mediocrity commercial embedded below. essentially, they pick one of the vocabulary words and use it as a car name. the students would draw up a one page ad1 ( with relevant copy ) for the car that plays off the word they choose. it would certainly be more fun with word you wouldn \u2019 t normally associate with cars. i \u2019 d make sure i posted these in the room for future use. you wouldn \u2019 t do it all the time but it \u2019 d be one of those options i \u2019 d have for my students to pick from. i \u2019 d make an ad for the abstinence that shows just a frame and chastises you for wanting doors, seats, etc. 1. give these to your students as warm ups at various times but with one of the words blocked out and have them decide what it should be. 2. when they \u2019 ve got the hang of guessing, they start making their own based on terms you \u2019 re studying. should work for just about any subject and is far better than the standard \u201c write a sentence using this term \u201d vocabulary exercises. don \u2019 t limit yourself ( or them ) to vocabulary words - think historical events, novels etc1. 1 in a way it reminds me of the \u201c its the * meets the * \u201d style of music / movie descriptions which would be another great way to get students thinking describing novels in interesting ways that draw connections to things they know. i swear i have something about this bookmarked in delicious somewhere. my wife informed me that these are too violent to use in classrooms ( she said something about \u201c blood soaked \u201d being a little inappropriate ). i \u2019 d have used them but then again she taught in a very different environment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5118607896952567, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.988266"} {"text": "as the series finding your roots with henry louis gates, jr. begins its 10 - week run on pbs, the spittoon will feature posts from 23andme \u2019 s ancestry ambassadors featuring their own stories about using dna to dig into ancestry. by tim janzen, m. d. my father, robert janzen, comes from a long line of hardworking low german mennonite farmers. but when 23andme developed the feature to identify ashkenazi jewish heritage, i really wanted to determine whether his data suggested any jewish ancestry. let me explain. his mennonite ancestors were persecuted in the low countries \u2014 in what is now the netherlands and belgium \u2014 and in the 1500s they fled to a safer haven in what is now poland. after catherine the great opened russia to settlers, his ancestors migrated to south russia between 1789 and 1819 where they established small villages of mennonites on the russian steppe. after many hardships they eventually prospered and developed thriving agricultural colonies that helped transform south russia into the \u201c breadbasket \u201d of the world before about a third of the mennonites immigrated to the united states in the 1870s. the mennonites who lived in poland and russia were an endogamous religious group, meaning they rarely married others who were not adherents to their faith. but there were many exceptions to that practice, and over the centuries a significant number of non - mennonites joined the mennonite faith. relatives on my father \u2019 s mother \u2019 s side have said that one of our ancestors was jewish. my father \u2019 s great uncle johann peters conveyed that we descend from a catholic priest who married a \u201c redheaded jewess \u201d sometime in the distant past. who this was we do not know. according to the historical record between 1750 and 1790 26, 000 jewish followers of jacob frank converted to christianity in poland. perhaps my jewish ancestor was among them. traditional genealogical tools and family stories helped to identify some possibilities. there was joseph nowitzky ( 1776 - 1844 ), whose ancestry is cloaked in mystery. the nowitzky name is found among ashkenazi jews, and family stories from relatives in canada said that joseph nowitzky was a traveling jewish salesman whose daughter maria nowitzky lived with a mennonite family and eventually married a son from that family. but written records from south russia suggest that joseph nowitzky had become a mennonite by 1801. he and his family are listed in the major mennonite censuses from 1801 to 1816. another relative has heard that we are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4667506003272518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.993403"} {"text": "that family. but written records from south russia suggest that joseph nowitzky had become a mennonite by 1801. he and his family are listed in the major mennonite censuses from 1801 to 1816. another relative has heard that we are descended from a woman of jewish background named justina von liechtenstein. so i was faced with a problem many genealogists confront \u2014 an end to the paper trail and conflicting family stories. this is where using dna can help. while any two people \u2019 s genomes are 99. 5 percent identical, that small bit of difference is incredibly important. it \u2019 s what makes each of us unique and it allows genetic genealogists to find relatives and map out information about our ancestry. fundamentally this comes down to making comparisons, either between individuals to see how closely they are related, or comparing an individual to groups of individuals to determine common ancestry. the closer two people are related, the more similar their dna. the more shared ancestry a person has with a group, the more segments of dna he or she shares with that group of people. 23andme compares individuals in their database with its relative finder tool and finds potential matches. using an advanced tool called \u201c ancestry finder, \u201d you combine relative finder matches with ancestry survey information about the country of origin of their grandparents. this can help tell you more about your ancestry. you can also tweak the controls and increase or decrease the length of the matching segments, measured in a unit called centimorgans ( cms ). when i set the minimum segment size to five cms, set the number of grandparents from the same country to one and clicked the box to show ashkenazi jewish ancestry, ancestry finder indicated that between 2 percent and 3. 8 percent of my father \u2019 s dna is of ashkenazi jewish origin. results for my father \u2019 s sisters are similar and the average amount of dna that is of ashkenazi jewish origin for my father and his four sisters is 2. 27 percent. i also have data from two distant relatives who descend from my father \u2019 s great - great - grandparents, jacob peters ( b. 1823 ) and helena bergmann ( b. 1826 ). helena bergmann \u2019 s mother was justina nowitzky, who was a daughter of joseph nowitzky. the ancestry finder results indicate that my father \u2019 s relatives have an average of 4. 35 % ashkenazi jewish ancestry. this would be consistent with each of them being approximately 1 / 32 ashkenazi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4904380434950343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.994319"} {"text": "a daughter of joseph nowitzky. the ancestry finder results indicate that my father \u2019 s relatives have an average of 4. 35 % ashkenazi jewish ancestry. this would be consistent with each of them being approximately 1 / 32 ashkenazi jewish in origin. the ancestry finder results for my father and his sisters would suggest that they are about 1 / 64 ashkenazi jewish in origin. i reviewed the 23andme results of 33 other mennonites, as well as the data from my father \u2019 s paternal cousins to see if they show any evidence of ashkenazi jewish ancestry. none of them show more than 1 percent ashkenazi jewish ancestry. these results confirm that my father indeed has ashkenazi jewish ancestry on his mother \u2019 s side. i cannot prove at this time that the ashkenazi jewish ancestry came through joseph nowitzky, but that is a strong possibility. if the jewish ancestry wasn \u2019 t from joseph nowitzky then it could have come from one or more of jacob peters \u2019 and helena bergmann \u2019 s great - grandparents. in any case the ancestry finder results from 23andme confirm that my father does have jewish ancestry as related in the family stories told by his great uncle johann peters. whether that ancestor was truly a redheaded jewish woman may never be determined, but the 23andme ancestry finder results certainly provide fascinating confirmation of an interesting family legend! tim janzen is a family practice doctor at south tabor family physicians in portland, oregon. his interest in genealogical research goes back 35 years and he has particularly focused on mennonite genealogy for the past 15 years. he has a web site that summarizes many different sources available for mennonite genealogical research found at www. timjanzen. com and has given many presentations about mennonite genealogy in the united states and canada. he is the co - administrator of the mennonite dna project at www. mennonitedna. com. he also serves on the isogg y - dna haplogroup tree committee. tim is married to rachel janzen and they have four children.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43728590576267423, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:11.995131"} {"text": "curator \u2019 s note : jennica rzepka added three hundred images of double eagles ( 20 dollar gold coins ) into the national numismatic collection database. to do this she had to research the objects using specific numismatic references, create or complete database records, and learn proper coin handling methods. jennica became so passionate on her subject that she wrote this post about her newfound knowledge. when i first accepted my internship with the national museum of american history in the national numismatic collection ( nnc ), i had no idea what \u201c numismatic \u201d meant. i discovered that \u201c numismatics \u201d was the \u201c study of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, and related objects. \u201d my excitement for interning at the museum was somewhat diminished upon realizing that i \u2019 d be far from working with the muppets or world war ii memorabilia. to my surprise, however, it turns out that coins and tokens have as much beauty, mystery, and intrigue as the rest of the amazing collection at the museum. i worked primarily with the \u201c double eagle \u201d 20 - dollar gold pieces that date from 1849 to 1933. right off the bat, i heard the word \u201c gold \u201d and was captivated. what girl doesn \u2019 t love shiny things? but my interest stalled there ; they were still just coins. my lovely intern supervisor, robyn einhorn, opened my eyes to see the double eagles not merely as coins, but as miniature works of art. gradually, i began to appreciate that these were little tokens of history ( please excuse the pun! ). in 1848, the gold rush turned america on its head, and the gold pouring out of california was quickly turned into currency. the excess of gold allowed for a new denomination \u2014 the 20 dollar gold coin. double eagles are extraordinary not only in their rarity, but in their design as well. from 1849 to 1907, the image on the obverse, or \u201c head \u2019 s side, \u201d of the double eagle was of lady liberty \u2019 s head facing left, with her hair gathered up, and surrounded by 13 stars. james barton longacre, chief engraver for the united states mint from 1844 to 1869, designed the first double eagles, which highlighted his mastery of portrait engraving. united states, 20 dollars, 1849, designer james barton longacre. this is one of two trial pattern coins struck in february 1850, but back dated to show the date 1849, when congress authorized the striking of the first 20 dollar coins. although i think", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46515656145904205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.004599"} {"text": ", 20 dollars, 1849, designer james barton longacre. this is one of two trial pattern coins struck in february 1850, but back dated to show the date 1849, when congress authorized the striking of the first 20 dollar coins. although i think the longacre design absolutely beautiful, president roosevelt felt otherwise. in 1907, he enlisted famed sculptor augustus saint - gaudens to create a design that was reminiscent of the beauty and high relief of ancient greek coins. what saint - gaudens came up with is truly remarkable. lady liberty is shown striding forward, holding a torch in one hand and an olive branch in another. her grecian gown flows out and around her body, with sunbeams radiating from beneath her feet. the romanticism and the magnificence president roosevelt believed american coinage lacked was found in the saint - gaudens double eagles. of course, all good things must come to an end, and eventually the mines were depleted. due to massive gold and capital outflows, the united states departed from an exclusive gold reserve in 1931. by april 1933, president franklin d. roosevelt ordered all americans to surrender their gold, instantly making the 20 dollar gold pieces rare and even more valuable. so rare, in fact, that of the 445, 000 double eagles produced in 1933, only three are known to exist in private and public collections. in 2001, one of the three went up for auction and fetched a record - breaking $ 7. 5 million dollars. talk about impressive! where are the other two? right here in the national museum of american history. united states, 20 dollars, 1933, designer augustus saint - gaudens. this is of the two 1933 ( the year most gold coins were called back to the mint and melted ) double eagles in the collections of the national museum of american history. i feel incredibly fortunate to have worked with such a significant part of american history, and i encourage you to visit stories on money to see these legendary coins for yourself! jennica rzepka is an intern for the national numismatic collection at the national museum of american history.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40511887804137436, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.006739"} {"text": "why did jesus have to die? roman, jewish, and christian perspectives by rev. dr. mark d. roberts copyright \u00a9 2010 by mark d. roberts and beliefnet note : you may download this resource at no cost, for personal use, for use in a christian ministry, or for use in an educational venture, as long as you are not publishing it for sale. all i ask is that you give credit to this website : http : / / blog. beliefnet. com / markdroberts /. for all other uses, please contact me at email @ example. com. thank you. as we approach the season of lent, and then holy week and easter, i propose to consider the question : \u201c why did jesus have to die? \u201d at the outset, i must say that this isn \u2019 t an easy question to answer for several reasons. let me mention three. first, when it comes to the death of jesus, we \u2019 re dealing with an historical event concerning which we have limited historical sources. we don \u2019 t have some of the sources that would make our task much easier, the diary of pontius pilate, for example, or notes from the proceedings of the jewish council that examined jesus prior to his crucifixion. therefore, when i try to explain why pilate or certain jewish leaders believed that jesus had to die, i \u2019 ll have to extrapolate from the evidence that is available to us. i do believe, however, that this evidence, both in the new testament gospels and in other ancient sources, is strong enough to allow us to formulate likely hypotheses concerning roman and jewish motivations for the crucifixion of jesus. second, the question of why jesus was put to death is a matter of considerable scholarly disagreement. for centuries it was common to put all the blame on \u201c the jews. \u201d but the horror of the holocaust combined with new historical insights has led scholars in almost completely the opposite direction. many claim that \u201c the jews, \u201d even jewish leaders, had little or nothing to do with the death of jesus. in my opinion, as you \u2019 ll see, the pendulum that had once swung way too far in the direction of \u201c the jews \u201d has now swung too far back in the opposite \u201c romans only \u201d direction. i \u2019 ll have more to say about this later. i should add at this point that i am aware of the shameful history of anti - semitism and the danger of anti - semitism that is very much alive today", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4324829487586051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.019505"} {"text": "romans only \u201d direction. i \u2019 ll have more to say about this later. i should add at this point that i am aware of the shameful history of anti - semitism and the danger of anti - semitism that is very much alive today. this does make it tricky to deal with the historical evidence in a straightforward way, because if one concludes that some jews were somewhat responsible for the death of jesus, this might fuel anti - semitic attitudes and actions. so, i will say at the outset that nothing in the historical record justifies hatred of or mistreat of jews, or any other people, for that matter. third, there is not one, simple, obvious answer to the question of why jesus had to die. from a historical point of view, we have to deal with at least two perspectives, roman and jewish. in fact, i \u2019 ll show that there was more than one jewish point of view on jesus \u2019 death. so it is really too simple to speak of \u201c the jewish perspective \u201d on the necessity of jesus \u2019 death. furthermore, historical explanation doesn \u2019 t exhaust the realm of discourse when it comes to the reason for jesus \u2019 death. we also need to deal with the whole area of theology. we \u2019 ll want to know why, in light of his understanding of god, jesus himself believed that he needed to die. moreover, we must also examine early christian thinking concerning why jesus \u2019 death was necessary for the salvation of the world. in the end, therefore, the answer to the simple question \u201c why did jesus have to die? \u201d will be anything but simple. it will have multiple layers and nuances. nevertheless, this is a task well worth the effort, both in the writing and in the reading. no matter what you think about jesus, you will help yourself and your world if you \u2019 re able to discuss his death intelligently. this is especially true given the tendency of this conversation to become terribly anti - semitic. in a world where hatred of jews is on the increase, all thoughtful, compassionate human beings need to be informed about just who was responsible for the death of jesus and why. finally, if, like me, you believe that the crucifixion of jesus stands at the very center of history, then knowing why jesus had to die is just about the most important bit of knowledge you can have. in my next post i \u2019 ll lay out some basic parameters for the rest of this series : how i \u2019 m going to structure the series and some of the foundational facts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42214331633481794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.021333"} {"text": "to die is just about the most important bit of knowledge you can have. in my next post i \u2019 ll lay out some basic parameters for the rest of this series : how i \u2019 m going to structure the series and some of the foundational facts upon which i \u2019 ll build the structure. where do we start when considering the death of jesus? some basic facts where should we start in our effort to discover why jesus had to die? i propose to begin with some basic historical facts, facts that are affirmed by almost every historian and biblical scholar, even those who approach this question from a highly critical and skeptical starting point. so what are these facts : jesus was crucified. there were many ways in the first - century for a criminal to be put to death, including stoning, beheading, being torn apart by beasts, etc. yet all the earliest sources attest to the crucifixion of jesus. these sources include, in addition to the new testament writings, the jewish historian josephus ( antiquities 18. 3. 3, a. d. 95 ) and the roman historian tacitus ( annals 15. 44, a. d. 109 ) ( photo : painting by el greco, \u201c the crucifixion, \u201d 1596 - 1600 ) jesus was crucified during the governorship and under the authority of pontius pilate. once again, this basic fact is confirmed in josephus and tacitus in addition to the new testament. pilate placed a sign on jesus \u2019 cross that read \u201c the king of the jews. \u201d this fact is found in all four new testament gospels and in some later non - canonical gospels as well. this \u201c title \u201d helps to explain the nature of the charges against jesus. jesus was crucified in jerusalem on or near the jewish feast of passover. again, all new testament gospels agree on these basic facts, and there is every reason to believe that they are accurate ( though the precise timing of jesus \u2019 death in relationship to passover is hard to pin down ). these basic facts, though apparently obvious and unspectacular, will actually prove to be very helpful as we try to figure out the reasons for jesus \u2019 death. as i mentioned in my previous post, the question \u201c why did jesus have to die? \u201d doesn \u2019 t have a simple answer. i propose to address this question from four different perspectives : \u2022 roman : why did pontius pilate think jesus had to die? \u2022 jewish : why did some jewish leaders", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4475113385454099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.022421"} {"text": "thomas hockenhull, curator, british museum the 2008 banking crisis plunged the uk into a recession from which it has been struggling to recover ever since. however, this crisis is not the first to have affected britain and it is unlikely to be the last. here in the department of coins and medals we decided to look at the bigger picture in an exhibition looking back at britain \u2019 s financial crises since the 1700s. drawing upon our extensive collection, we found we had an object that related to almost every crisis to affect britain since the advent of organised banking. this material ranged from share certificates for companies that failed and notes from failed banks, to reports and recriminations about crises. in some cases these objects are fragile and sensitive to light, meaning that they can never go on permanent display. for the rest of the exhibition we wanted to show how ordinary people have, and will continue, to respond to financial crisis. numerous cartoons and satirical prints have been produced over hundreds of years relating to crises, including a james gillray print from 1797. additionally, the artist steve bell \u2013 perhaps best known for his work in the guardian newspaper \u2013 has loaned a work from 2011 entitled \u2018 bank levy \u2019 that depicts a banker as a distraught fat cat in a suit having its claws clipped by the chancellor george osborne. other exhibits, for example, include a champagne bottle given out by northern rock to its employees when the building society demutualised to become a bank in 1997. this object was retained by its recipient, a former employee, and provides an ironic reminder that demutualisation was greeted optimistically, supposedly enabling northern rock to expand its business more easily. instead, history records that its investment portfolio would fail within 10 years, triggering the first run on a uk bank since that which occurred during the collapse of overend, gurney and co. in 1866. the collapse of overend, gurney and co. features elsewhere in the exhibition and, in both instances the banks failed because their customers lost faith in their ability to protect and reinvest their savings. the centrepiece of the exhibition is a contemporary sculpture by justine smith, a london - based artist. made from real uk banknotes built into a house of cards, the artwork neatly symbolises the occasionally precarious nature of financial investment. i hope many people will get a chance to come and see the display, to find out how 300 years of boom and bust have helped to shape britain \u2019 s financial landscape.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44628518325505656, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.024992"} {"text": "henri emile benoit matisse was born in the textile town of le cateau - cambresis ( france ) on the last night of the year, 31 december 1869. henri matisse wasn \u2019 t born to a rich family. his father was a grain merchant whose family were weavers. henri matisse began to paint in 1889, when his mother had brought him art supplies during the period of recovery after appendix surgery. in 1891 matisse returned to paris to study art at the academie julian. matisse began painting still - live and landscape paintings in the traditional flemish style. most of his early artworks tend to be gloomy as they employ a dark palette. matisse \u2019 s drastic change of profession deeply disappointed his father. caroline joblaud was matisse \u2019 s early lover for four years. at the beginning of artist career when matisse strived to affirm his artistic direction and professional career, he met caroline joblaud. she was his early lover who gave matisse his first daughter marguerite in 1894. the daughter was warmly accepted in new family after matisse \u2019 s marriage to amelie noellie parayre in january 1898. matisse and his wife had had two sons, jean and pierre. influenced by the works of the post - impressionists paul cezanne, van gogh, paul signac and gauguin, and also by japanese art, matisse decided to make color a crucial element of his artworks. after years in poverty, matisse went through his \u201c dark period \u201d ( 1902 - 03 ), and moved to naturalism. soon after matisse lost the desire to paint and decided to leave his artistic career. fortunately, matisse found an opportunity to earn some money painting a frieze for the world fair at the grand palais in paris. matisse \u2019 s first solo exhibition took place in 1904, but it wasn \u2019 t a successful one. characterized by its spontaneity and roughness of execution as well as use of raw color straight from the palette to the canvas, matisse was considered spearhead the fauve movement in france. matisse \u2019 s paintings of this period are : woman with a hat, the open window and the view of collioure. from 1906 - 1917 he lived in paris. many of his finest artworks were created during this period. in 1906, matisse created a series of 12 lithographs, nudes. the same year these lithographs were exhibited at the druet gallery in paris. unfortunately, matisse works in the fauve style were more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3761838412433113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.028333"} {"text": "period. in 1906, matisse created a series of 12 lithographs, nudes. the same year these lithographs were exhibited at the druet gallery in paris. unfortunately, matisse works in the fauve style were more admired by foreigners than by the french. it was the russians and the americans who bought significant collections of his early work almost as quickly as it was created. the paintings created by the talented artist matisse we see in the paris museums today were mostly acquired after the artist \u2019 s death. in 1911, matisse \u2019 s friends organized and financed the academie matisse in paris, in which matisse instructed young artists. this private and non - commercial school became one of the principal crossroads of modern painting for a number of european and american artists. the matisse \u2019 s art of the next period was profoundly influenced by easter art. he travelled to morocco and created there many of his masterpieces. in 1917, matisse moved to nice to distance himself from wartime activity. the principal subject of his paintings of this period remained the female figure. in 1929, matisse traveled to america to sit on the jury of the 29th carnegie international. in 1930, he travelled to tahiti and new york, also he spent some time in maryland, baltimore, and merion, pennsylvania. americans were prominent among matisse \u2019 s patrons throughout his career. the foundational matisse monograph was written during his lifetime by alfred barr. matisse and his wife were divorced in 1939. during the mid - 1930s, he created distinctive series of pen - and - ink drawings. he made hundreds of drawings, original prints and illustrated books. in 1941 matisse was diagnosed with cancer and, following surgery, he started using a wheelchair. matisse died of a heart attack at the age of eighty - four, on november 3, 1954.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41066190240279976, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.029135"} {"text": "most people are striving for good physical and mental health, and with the new year upon us, many are taking this time to reevaluate their routine to look and feel better. committing to good oral health care is the perfect new year \u2019 s resolution for young and old because it is an essential part of becoming a healthy person. our mouths are the gateway to our health, and bad breath, cavities and other issues make it apparent that we are not taking good care of ourselves. the california dental association urges people young and old to practice good hygiene this year. make it a family effort resolutions and goals are always easier when you have someone to share them with! why not make it a goal for the entire family to get better about their oral health? parents should encourage their children to be brushing their teeth for two minutes, two times a day, along with flossing, and rinsing with mouthwash if children are old enough. if parents begin encouraging these practices when kids are young, it \u2019 s much more likely that the practice will just become a natural part of their daily routine. maintaining such routines will help combat bad breathand other diseases like gum disease later in life. the cda suggests replacing your toothbrush every three to four months or when the bristles show signs of wear because worn - out brushes aren \u2019 t able to properly clean the teeth and mouth of food particles. \u201c removing plaque from the mouth keeps teeth and gums healthy, and the best way to do that is by brushing and flossing, \u201d cda president lindsey robinson, a pediatric dentist, said. \u201c it \u2019 s important to brush with a fluoride toothpaste as fluoride reduces bacteria levels in the mouth. it also remineralizes tooth surfaces to make them stronger. \u201d change your diet the food and beverages you are consuming may be causing bad breath and wreaking havoc on your mouth. eating starchy and sugary foods can cause bacteria to thrive in the back of the mouth \u2013 which is why we always hear how important it is to brush our tongues \u2013 and not drinking enough water causes that bacteria to sit on the tongue and cause us to have bad breath. limiting your intake of soda and fruit juices can also help maintain good oral health. just like our bodies, eating a substantial amount of fruits and vegetables is great for our mouths! these foods help get rid of bacteria in the mouth and offer nutrients to help promote good health. prevent future illnesses having good health care is actually a key in preventing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4299637863603597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.034042"} {"text": "researchers at penn medicine announced this week some promising results from a small clinical trial for a new cancer treatment using a modified cold virus to fight mesothelioma, a deadly cancer of the lungs. the treatment, called immuno - gene therapy, entails injecting patients with a small amount of adenovirus, a cold virus \u2014 just enough to trigger an immune response. then, the patient \u2019 s own immune defenses take over and start destroying cancer cells. the results of their study, which track the progress of a handful patients with mesothelioma at various stages of the disease, are in today \u2019 s issue of american journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. of the nine patients enrolled in the study, antibody responses mounted against the tumors were seen in almost all of them \u2014 including the advance - stage ones, who, typically, have few viable treatment options available. what \u2019 s more, the disease either stabilized or regressed in five patients, and no major side effects from the therapy were observed. this is pretty big news for anyone who has \u2014 or knows someone who has \u2014 mesothelioma. the mayo clinic characterizes it as an \u201c aggressive and deadly \u201d cancer, usually caused by asbestos exposure. there \u2019 s no known cure, and treatments are aimed mainly at making patients as comfortable as possible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.525653014276885, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.037716"} {"text": "views on commodities and energy more than a billion people go hungry each day \u2014 about the same number as did in the late 1950s. that \u2019 s both a \u201c tragedy on a grand scale \u201d and an \u201c astounding success, \u201d according to a new report called \u201c millions fed, \u201d produced by the international food policy research institute and the bill and melinda gates foundation. while the absolute number of hungry people is the same as it was 40 years ago, the proportion is dramatically smaller \u2014 one in six today, compared to one in three then, the report said. it illustrates 20 successful case studies where progress has been made in the fight against hunger. some solutions come from science : new varieties of wheat, rice, beans, maize, cassava, millet and sorghum. others deal with markets, government policies, or the environment. two farmers from the sahel region of africa, oft plagued by drought and famine, visited washington last month to talk about solutions they found close to home \u2014 one of the success stories trumpeted in \u201c millions fed. \u201d almost 30 years ago, farmers in burkina faso experimented with a traditional technique called \u201c zai, \u201d digging pits in their plots and adding manure to improve soils before the rainy season, resulting in dramatically better yields. \u201c there was a long period of drought in my village, \u201d yacouba sawadogo told reporters. \u201c many people left because their life was very, very difficult. but i decided to stay, \u201d he said, explaining how he taught others the technique. in niger, farmers manage trees on their land to prevent erosion, improve yields, and provide livestock fodder. before, women had to walk 6 miles to get firewood, but now they have enough for themselves and to sell to others, said sakina mati, who coordinates tree projects in six villages. the projects have improved 13 million acres of farmland and fed 3 million people, said oxfam america, a development group that works with the farmers. it \u2019 s food for thought as rich nations ramp up efforts to help small farmers grow more food in poor countries. \u201c in our approach toward solutions and programs, we really need to listen as well as talk, \u201d said gawain kripke of oxfam. \u201c solutions don \u2019 t always come from us. \u201d photo credit : yacouba sawadogo on his farm in burkina faso / courtesy of oxfam america world food day is friday, and on opposite sides of the developed world, two large groups of experts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43083287941777876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.051942"} {"text": "\u2019 t always come from us. \u201d photo credit : yacouba sawadogo on his farm in burkina faso / courtesy of oxfam america world food day is friday, and on opposite sides of the developed world, two large groups of experts have gathered to talk about the risks of food insecurity and what should be done to reduce hunger. in rome, the un \u2019 s food and agriculture organization is mulling how to feed the world in 2050, and in des moines, iowa, the world food prize forum will focus on the role of food in national security. last year \u2019 s spike in food prices raised the political profile of food security. g8 nations and the united states have pledged money and action. i spoke with per pinstrup - andersen, an agricultural economist at cornell university and a food prize laureate, to get his take on what that means. here are some excerpts. q. what do you think is different now in terms of the political will to address this problem? a. i think there is an increase in the political will. however, past initatives or past rhetoric of that kind didn \u2019 t really result in much action. i \u2019 m very concerned that we \u2019 re going to see a lot of additional rhetoric and a lot of plans being designed and discussed during the next year or so, but probably not very much action. insofar as developing country governments are concerned, i doubt if the political will has changed at all. there is a lot of talk. but unless the developing country governments decide to prioritize the eradication or at least the amelioration of poverty, hunger and malnutrition, not much is going to happen. from legacy reuters summits : tullow oil is the manchester united of the energy world - - at least when it comes to recruiting the finest talent. the oil industry has long complained of the difficulty of recruiting enough highly - qualified staff, but as europe ' s largest independent oil explorer by market value, tullow says it is a magnet for all those geologists ambitious to add discovering a new field to their cvs. \" if you are successful, you will always attract... like everyone wants to play for manchester united, \" aidan heavey, chief executive of tullow oil, told the reuters global energy summit. many oil companies, he said, have ceased exploring, partly because of a difficult financial climate, partly because of a lack of opportunities. tullow ' s exploration successes include major finds in uganda and offshore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.452608388490453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.052959"} {"text": "oil, told the reuters global energy summit. many oil companies, he said, have ceased exploring, partly because of a difficult financial climate, partly because of a lack of opportunities. tullow ' s exploration successes include major finds in uganda and offshore ghana. apart from snapping up the finest geologists, tullow has also been busy grabbing credit. heavey said banks had made available $ 2 billion in credit in march this year. \" it ' s a huge achievement in the current market, \" heavey said. \" it ' s probably soaked up most of the credit available for small oil companies. \" it seems if you got a problem in washington today, you need a czar to take care of it. and now some powerful u. s. senators believe the agriculture sector should get one to sharpen efforts to feed the world \u2019 s poor. former agriculture secretary dan glickman told lawmakers on tuesday that too often agriculture takes a back seat to other \u201c sexier \u201d issues in policymaking, but it must be a priority if the country hopes to address global hunger and malnutrition. \u201c it is not a secondary factor, \u201d glickman said before the senate foreign relations committee. senator dick lugar, the republican leader of the committee, supported appointing a white house food coordinator to take on raising agriculture and food aid \u2019 s prominence. this \u201c food czar \u201d would be tasked with coordinating efforts between the u. s. agency for international development, the u. s. department of agriculture and other agencies involved in food aid and agriculture production. the need for a food czar doesn \u2019 t seem as far stretched when considering recent events that have nudged agriculture over into the realm of a national security issue. soaring food prices last year sparked food riots and led to political instability in some parts of the world. the threat of violence and coups continues as the recession makes it increasingly difficult for even more people to buy food. a food czar could possibly mitigate future riots by improving the united states \u2019 role in making other nations self - sufficient in agricultural production, an area some say the country has failed in. in fact, u. s. efforts to address the long - term challenge of persistant malnutrition earn an \u2018 f, \u2019 according to political science professor and author robert paarlberg. he said u. s. agriculture assistance to africa has plummeted 85 percent since the 1980s. \u201c so as things have been getting steadily worse in africa, the united states goverment has curiously", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39758053321219733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.054956"} {"text": "vietnam has been one of the world \u2019 s fastest - growing economies over the past three decades. along with that growth has come the expansion of energy - intensive sectors such as manufacturing, transport and power generation. given the country \u2019 s dependence on fossil fuels, vietnam \u2019 s total greenhouse gas emissions have more than doubled over the past decade, and are expected to triple by 2030. although per capita co2 emissions are still low, vietnam has the 20th highest carbon intensity in the world. belo horizonte esta decidida a ser conhecida por seu compromisso com a sustentabilidade. nos ultimos anos, a iluminacao publica foi trocada por um sistema mais eficiente, conduziu - se um inventario de emissao de gases causadores de efeito estufa e foram criados programas de compras publicas e construcoes sustentaveis. a empresa responsavel pelo servico de limpeza publica e tratamento de residuos gera eletricidade a partir do biogas gerado no aterro sanitario. a cidade se orgulha de seus parques publicos e de sua area verde \u2013 com tamanho duas vezes maior que o recomendado pela organizacao mundial de saude ( oms ). the city of belo horizonte, brazil, is determined to be known for its commitment to sustainability. in recent years, the municipal government has switched public lighting to a more efficient system, conducted a greenhouse gas inventory, and created programs for sustainable public purchasing and building certification. the utility responsible for public cleaning services and waste treatment generates electricity using biogas from landfills. the city prides itself on its public parks and on having twice the green area inside the municipal boundaries than is recommended by who guidelines. the name of the city itself means \u201c beautiful horizon \u201d. read this post in portuguese ( leia este post em portugues. ) back in 2004, the electrical utility in brazil \u2019 s biggest city had a major problem. aes eletropaulo was losing a large proportion of its revenue due to almost half - a - million illegal connections, most of them in sao paolo \u2019 s slums. not only that, but they were causing often multiple - house fires", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49451782282403167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.059104"} {"text": "aes eletropaulo was losing a large proportion of its revenue due to almost half - a - million illegal connections, most of them in sao paolo \u2019 s slums. not only that, but they were causing often multiple - house fires on a monthly basis, along with frequent electrocutions. but the utility \u2019 s efforts to fix the problem were stymied by its poor relations with slum - dwellers, which made it almost impossible to work in these communities. for africa \u2019 s poorest families, lighting is often the most expensive item in their budget, typically accounting for 10 \u2013 15 percent of total household income. the energy poor in africa spend about us $ 17 billion a year on fuel - based lighting sources. to put the full energy sector in perspective, independent estimates place worldwide spending on fuel - based lighting in developing countries at $ 38 billion. beyond household use, commercial use of fuel - based lighting can have even more acute economic impacts. fishermen on lake victoria in kenya, for example, often spend half their income for the kerosene they use to fish at night. yet, while consuming a large share of scarce income, fuel - based lighting provides little in return. fuel - based lamps, such as kerosene lamps, are costly, inefficient, and provide poor lighting. the smoke they emit causes respiratory and eye problems, while the flames from kerosene lamps are responsible for thousands of severe burns among children every year, along with untold numbers of devastating house fires. but many african countries are making strides to put fuel - based power behind them. kenya, for example, as i discuss in an article this week posted on interpvnet, has one of the largest and most dynamic per capita solar pv markets among developing countries, with over 300, 000 households having installed solar pv systems since the mid - 1980s. since 2000, annual sales for these systems have regularly topped 15 percent, and they account for roughly 75 percent of all solar equipment sales in the country. in addition, exciting and rapid developments in off - grid lighting with highly efficient long - lasting light emitting diodes ( led ) lamps are also changing the set of options in formerly neglected markets.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46895434876810566, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.060381"} {"text": "some cruise ships are dirty from bow to stern while others are more ocean friendly. the ships that are dirty can be dirty in myriad ways. they emit pollution through the stacks as they burn fossil fuels to run their engines and generate power. these large vessels, sometimes called floating cities, create a variety of waste, and often dump it directly into the oceans \u2014 thousands of gallons of human sewage, oily bilge water, hazardous waste, and gray water, which is water from sinks, showers, and laundry. luxury ships cruise waters all over the world from alaska to the mediterranean, often sensitive ecosystems and near - pristine waters, and restrictions on the range of ocean dumping vary from strict to nonexistent. but you can help lessen the impact of dirty cruise ships. 3 things you can do to clean up cruise ships : 1. select an ocean - friendly cruise line if you decide to take a cruise. 2. get involved with groups working to encourage clean cruising. 3. tell your friends about this issue. other great ways you can make a difference. links & videos cruise ship discharge assessment report \u2013 epa ethical destinations \u2013 ethical traveler cruise ship pollution \u2013 state environmental resource center green cruising \u2013 investigate west cruise control : how cruise ships affect the marine environment, ocean conservancy environmental impact of shipping, wikipedia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4066683942002963, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.061763"} {"text": "new energy future since first becoming human, we have been burning things to harness energy. to become fully human we \u2019 ll have to come out of the cave, quench the fires, and harness non - burning energy. the opportunities abound for us to continue to accomplish things as tremendous and evolved as space flight, the internet, and literature. but we \u2019 ll need to power our grand civilization in a far more sustainable and cleaner manner than the status quo. as we build this new energy future, there is a problem with the current system : burning things \u2014 like coal, gas, oil, and wood \u2014 releases carbon dioxide and other pollutants. at the current rate of consumption and burning, we are undermining our health, the health of future generations, and the health of the planet \u2013 including the beautiful and bountiful oceans. we can continue to burn things to make energy or we can support innovation and tap into natural sources of power such as the sun, wind, and tides. we can make the way we use the power much smarter and efficient, too. these are not even all the options. compared to the possible oceans of improvements, humanity is still dog - paddling in the shallow end of the kiddie pool. sometimes we seem determined to drown there just because we won \u2019 t stand up. this is the new energy future. stand up and embrace it. you can be a part. 3 things you can do to embrace the new energy future : 1. conserve energy at home and at work. 2. switch to renewable energy when and wherever possible. 3. change your driving habits to conserve fuel \u2013 walk, ride a bike or carpool. other great ways you can make a difference. the u. s. environmental protection agency defines renewable energy as \u201c fuel sources that restore themselves over a short period of time and do not diminish. \u201d by contrast, we mainly use fossil fuels like coal, gas, and oil, whose ancient energy stores, locked away in the earth for millions of years, we mine and deplete. even atomic energy efficiency means doing the same job with less energy. potential savings from energy efficiency number in the trillions of dollars, and would cut air pollution by 1. 1 gigatons by 2020, the same amount produced annually by the entire us fleet of passenger vehicles and light trucks. the idea of a smart grid promises to cost vs price the price of electricity from wind and solar is currently higher in most places in the world than electricity generated by fossil fuels. but the true", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5203890444843555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.064325"} {"text": "dr. berthold laufer ( left ) with two men and one boy. all in chinese costume or dress. hankow, ca. 1904. tea cups and pipe on table. \u00a9 the field museum, a98299 berthold laufer ( 1874 - 1934 ), curator of asian anthropology from 1908 to 1934, was a pioneer in the study of asian cultures. with a doctorate in oriental languages from the university of leipzig, laufer was a sinologist who was fluent in more than a dozen languages, many of which were non indo - eurpoean. polymath and polyglot, his interests seemed unbounded and his linguistic skills unequaled. for information on his work and collections at the field museum, click here. laufer was born in cologne, germany. at a young age he was interested in music and the arts. he dreamt of becoming a dramatist, until discovering his passion for archeology in his early 20 \u2019 s. his family \u2019 s wealth afforded him a good education and in 1893 he attended the university of berlin where he first studied oriental languages. for more on laufer \u2019 s life and career, click here. late 19th century woodblock print tryptich depciting women viewing cherry blossoms, purchased by berthold laufer during his 1910 blackstone expedition. \u00a9 the field museum, a112784c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48706450597727635, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.066685"} {"text": "what is urine therapy? the basic definition of \u201c urine therapy \u201d is using ( your own ) urine internally or externally as a way to aid or sustain your heath. urine therapy, which includes drinking, injecting, massaging with -, and / or bathing in - urine, is an ancient practice that is used today, not only in times of sickness, but also in times of good health for preventive health maintenance. it has been claimed to have proven helpful in a great number of varying illnesses, ranging from a simple cold and a throat - ache, to tuberculosis and asthma, from minor skin problems such as itching to major skin problems such as eczema, psoriasis and even skin cancer. but you probably ask, \u201c how can your own urine benefit your health? besides, isn \u2019 t it toxic? \u201d urine as a lifesaver during the nbc nightly news on october 16, 1992, tom brokaw reported that, \u201c in egypt, rescue workers found a 37 - year old man alive in earthquake rubble. he survived almost 82 hours by drinking his own urine. his wife, daughter and mother would not and they died \u201d. we \u2019 ve all heard stories of individuals who have either lived or died by being trapped in places without food or water for days. in those stories, the survivors were always the ones that drank their own urine. the ones that died probably could not overcome the misguided thoughts that urine is an unhealthy waste product of the body. but it \u2019 s not ; urine is simply a substance that the body does not need at the time, and a substance that the body secretes. and sometimes, it \u2019 s a lifesaver. what \u2019 s in urine? urine, 95 % of which is water, 2. 5 % of which is urea, and 2. 5 % of which is a mixture of minerals, salts, hormones, and enzymes, is not a toxic waste product. urine is a blood byproduct and though it contains some body waste, it is non - toxic. what happens when you consume your own urine? the small amount of toxins that are found in urine are not abundant enough to be toxic to the body. when you drink your own urine, it does not go directly to the blood stream. first it goes into the digestive system where its ingredients are sorted out. then, the useful ingredients are recycled while the toxins are rejected. when the level of toxins becomes too high, the toxins stimulate the intest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48371901756297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.075808"} {"text": "the blood stream. first it goes into the digestive system where its ingredients are sorted out. then, the useful ingredients are recycled while the toxins are rejected. when the level of toxins becomes too high, the toxins stimulate the intestines into flushing themselves out to eliminate any stagnated excrements accumulated in the colon. although we could probably filter out the toxins before drinking the urine, the toxins are needed because they stimulate a cleansing reaction in the body. urine, which remember, is a byproduct of our blood, becomes more purified the more it is recycled. thus, the cleaner the blood is, the cleaner the urine is, and vice - versa. and this is how urine therapy advocates conclude that urine therapy has a cleansing effect on the blood. a closer look at the details the toxins of urine are also necessary to vaccinate and protect the body from future illnesses. the main theory behind urine therapy after all, isn \u2019 t that it straight out cures diseases, but instead, it is geared more towards building immunity to diseases, much like vaccinations. the small amounts of possibly toxic substances which can be found in urine largely seem to have a positive effect on the immune system. an important task of the immune system is to rid the human body of diseased or unusable substances that have developed during the course of an illness, and when these substances reach healthy tissue, the blood becomes stronger, the activity of leukocytes ( white blood cells ) increases, and the patient probably recovers. this phenomenon is known as auto - inoculation or self - vaccination and can be seen as mother nature \u2019 s method of healing an illness without external intervention. urine therapy, therefore, can be seen as a form of self - vaccination : certain bodily substances which have been removed from the body, some of which may have been produced as a result of illness, are re - introduced into the body in small amounts. these substances are re - absorbed into the blood through either the intestines or the skin, and the immune system is then given the chance to react appropriately. how to use urine therapy? - midstream urine should be used, the exception being in a fast where urine is being passed every ten to fifteen minutes. the first flow should always be midstream. - urine should be sipped like tea and not drunk like water. this will prevent excessive problems in the form of loose stools and other eliminative processes. - the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4870311426003917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.076790"} {"text": "ten to fifteen minutes. the first flow should always be midstream. - urine should be sipped like tea and not drunk like water. this will prevent excessive problems in the form of loose stools and other eliminative processes. - the first flow of the day is the most important and the best time of the day to drink it is between three and four a. m.. - drink at least one liter of water per day. - pungent and salty food as well as excessive protein should be avoided. - urine passed during the night before three a. m. should not be used. - the quantity used is left up to the individual. initial adjustment phase : - prepare the mind by making a resolve to at lease attempt the process and examine your reactions, thoughts and feelings. - when you feel mentally prepared to attempt the actual practice, collect some fresh urine and start by rubbing your hands with it. feel its texture, smell it, and see whether it can actually clean your skin as well as some people claim. after about five minutes wash it off with cold water and feel the skin to see whether the urine has had an effect. do not use soap after rubbing. - the next phase of adjusting the body and mind is to put one drop onto the tongue. taste and smell play an important part in assessing its nature. - eventually you should build up the quantity you take in until you can drink a full glass of midstream urine and feel neutral in body and mind. then you will be ready to start more advanced curriculums. what are the claims by urine therapy advocates? so what does all of this information mean? according to urine therapy supporters, it means that urine is not only non - toxic, but it is also anti - bacterial, anti - fungal, and anti - viral. supposedly, a renowned heart specialist of bombay, india, once issued an appeal through a newspaper to members of the city, inviting them to write to him about their experience of urine therapy and especially about any cases of detrimental effects. the man \u2019 s purpose was to demonstrate that drinking urine is harmful to one \u2019 s body and ineffective medically. shortly after, the man received hundreds of letters in response to his appeal ; however, not a single letter of those hundreds reported negative effects. urine therapy advocates claim that to this day, despite the countless number of experiments performed using urine therapy, not a single case has been recorded finding unfavorable effects. in fact, they say that urine therapy might be a remedy for polio, rabies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4823813160428935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.077919"} {"text": "there are several reasons why bud & roo makes a great book to get your little one reading. the illustrations are colourful and bright. children can related to the characters of bud & roo as one is a boy and one is a girl. the illustration of the ladybird intrigues little ones to explore and while they \u2019 re exploring they have the feel of a book in their hand. even though the illustrations couple up with the literary content there are three ways bud and roo will help your child learn how to read almost instantly. around the age of 4 or 5 children are learning sight words at their nursery or at school. perhaps they are even learning words and letters at home. there is a very large home - schooled community here in st. albans, hertfordshire. with the basic foundation of a few sight words based on the british school curriculum a child can learn how to read almost instantly after picking up bud & roo \u2019 s spectacular adventures - the beach. 3 ways bud & roo help kids learn to read 1. it builds confidence. with the short sentences a five - year old can finish the book from front to back and feel a great sense of accomplishment from reading the whole book on her or his own. 2. alliteration helps. when reading the repetition of the same consonant it helps the child strengthen various muscles in hes or her mouth which aides in the whole \u2018 learning to read \u2019 process. also, which many writers do is use rhythmic patterns which encourages memory and sound to work together. 3. kids like bud & roo. children love the classic story of bud & roo \u2019 s spectacular adventures - the beach. let \u2019 s face it - it \u2019 s not a boring book. when your child starts school and the phonic books start coming out a parent thinks to his or her self \u2018 who is nid and who is bog \u2019? a child often needs to cognitively map an image to the words to make it understandable. in other words, it \u2019 s never too early to teach comprehension. when you strengthen early comprehension skills as well as critical thinking skills ( \u2018 where did the blue bucket come from \u2019? or \u2018 the blue bucket belongs with the spade \u2019. ) a child will be able to pick up reading sooner. my girls are very excited every time they see the bud & roo book. it \u2019 s the simple phrases that can be read with confidence that makes a child smile. and, when a child feels good about something such as reading a book from start to finish they continue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39560380184035665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.080613"} {"text": "3d printing and the ethics of value creation a technology that adds value to our lives is an ethically good thing. a technology that enables a whole range of services that add value to our lives is even better. smartphones are the obvious example : apple \u2019 s iphone has spawned an entire industry of app - makers. even more important, ethically, would be a technology that could make a real change in grass - roots manufacturing, one that would allow innovation to be democratized, and that would allow local entrepreneurs to solve all kinds of problems, both big and small. so, what if a single technology could do all of the following? what if it allowed a surgeon in an isolated northern canadian town to manufacture custom - made surgical implants, right in the clinic, to allow reconstructive surgery to be done locally, rather than sending her patient hundreds of kilometres to a larger city? what if it allowed a self - employed courier with an electric bike in a rural african community to have replacement parts for the bike made, cheaply and quickly, in the nearest town with electricity? what if it allowed every potential entrepreneur with a great idea, and some basic computer skills, to click \u201c print \u201d and have those ideas turned into physical realities? what if this technology meant you didn \u2019 t have to drive anywhere to replace the plastic bolt that was missing when you opened the box for that ikea desk, but instead just printed it out, yourself? all of those things \u2014 life - enhancing things, big and small \u2014 are part of the promise of 3d printing. if you haven \u2019 t yet heard of 3d printing, now is the time. 3d printing is exactly what it sounds like \u2014 printing 3 - dimensional objects much the way current desktop printers print 2 - dimensional text and images. although technologies vary, the most common method of 3d printing uses \u201c molten polymer deposition, \u201d basically laying down micro - thin layer after micro - thin layer of melted plastic to build things. such printers operate much like standard desktop inkjet printers, but with an extra axis of motion and a \u201c print \u201d head that squirts molten plastic rather than ink. to learn more about this technology, i paid a visit to toronto \u2019 s own panda robotics, a startup in the final phases of finishing its prototype pandabot printer. unlike many existing 3d printers, which are aimed at industrial applications, the pandabot is intended as a consumer gadget, priced at about $ 1000 and expected to ship in spring of 2013. the pandabot plugs into a computer via standard usb cable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4764393562197941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.089482"} {"text": "unlike many existing 3d printers, which are aimed at industrial applications, the pandabot is intended as a consumer gadget, priced at about $ 1000 and expected to ship in spring of 2013. the pandabot plugs into a computer via standard usb cable. i asked pandabot co - founder kelly john rose why he thinks 3d printing is so exciting. \u201c it opens up a whole new economy, \u201d said rose, \u201c in customization for clients, in how designers can interact with their customers directly by creating designs and sending them cheaply over the internet to be printed out, and in how companies can provide better customer service by providing replacement parts at no cost to themselves. \u201d to provide a replacement part, all a company needs to do is create a printable cad file for the replacement part and make it accessible on its website. all the consumer has to do is download the file and hit \u201c print. \u201d it \u2019 s clear that the technology has significant implications for manufacturing and for supply chains. \u201c as 3d printing continues to evolve at an incredibly rapid rate, it won \u2019 t be long before we will simply purchase designs and print them out as needed at home rather than go to a store every time we need a new part, new mug, or new tool, \u201d rose enthuses. \u201c it essentially democratizes manufacturing. \u201d entry - level 3d printers like the pandabot are the all - important thin edge of the wedge, in terms of understanding the significance of this technology. industrial - quality 3d printers are now being used for rapid prototyping and for architectural modelling. there are also reports that the us military has deployed one or more 3d printers to the front lines in afghanistan, where engineers can use them to make replacement parts for vehicles and weapons right on the spot. advanced 3d printers can print objects out of metals, too, so the possibilities are endless. but cheaper, smaller - scale printers like the pandabot are going to play a crucial role in weaving 3d printers into our lives, and into the way we think about manufacturing. according to pandabot \u2019 s rose, \u201c the more 3d printers are out in people \u2019 s homes, the more companies will want to provide [ printable ] goods for them. the more companies provide goods for them, the more people will want these printers in their homes. it \u2019 s a positive feedback cycle that, once it starts, will change how we all purchase goods. \u201d technologies like this help us see that ethics isn \u2019 t just about rules. it \u2019 s about creating value, and finding fairer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46605284362607546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.091147"} {"text": "what is thyroid cancer? thyroid cancer is a disease that you get when abnormal cells begin to grow in your thyroid gland. the thyroid gland is shaped like a butterfly and is located in the front of your neck. it makes hormones that regulate the way your body uses energy and that help your body work normally. thyroid cancer is an uncommon type of cancer. most people who have it do very well, because the cancer is usually found early and the treatments work well. after it is treated, thyroid cancer may come back, sometimes many years after treatment. what causes thyroid cancer? experts don ' t know what causes thyroid cancer. but like other cancers, changes in the dna of your cells seem to play a role. these dna changes may include changes that are inherited as well as those that happen as you get older. people who have been exposed to a lot of radiation have a greater chance of getting thyroid cancer. a dental x - ray now and then will not increase your chance of getting thyroid cancer. but past radiation treatment of your head, neck, or chest ( especially during childhood ) can put you at risk of getting thyroid cancer. what are the symptoms? thyroid cancer can cause several symptoms : - you may get a lump or swelling in your neck. this is the most common symptom. - you may have pain in your neck and sometimes in your ears. - you may have trouble swallowing. - you may have trouble breathing or have constant wheezing. - your voice may be hoarse. - you may have a frequent cough that is not related to a cold. some people may not have any symptoms. their doctors may find a lump or nodule in the neck during a routine physical exam. how is thyroid cancer diagnosed? if you have a lump in your neck that could be thyroid cancer, your doctor may do a biopsy of your thyroid gland to check for cancer cells. a biopsy is a simple procedure in which a small piece of the thyroid tissue is removed, usually with a needle, and then checked. sometimes the results of a biopsy are not clear. in this case, you may need surgery to remove all or part of your thyroid gland before you find out if you have thyroid cancer. how is it treated? thyroid cancer is treated with surgery and often with radioactive iodine. it rarely needs radiation therapy or chemotherapy. what treatment you need depends on your age, the type of thyroid cancer you have, and the stage of your disease. stage refers to how severe the disease is and how far, if at all, the cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4696425179288384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.108435"} {"text": "it rarely needs radiation therapy or chemotherapy. what treatment you need depends on your age, the type of thyroid cancer you have, and the stage of your disease. stage refers to how severe the disease is and how far, if at all, the cancer has spread. your doctor may also remove lymph nodes in your neck to see if cancer has spread beyond the thyroid. finding out that you have cancer can be overwhelming. it ' s common to feel scared, sad, or even angry. talking to others who have had thyroid cancer may help. ask your doctor about cancer support groups in your area. can thyroid cancer be prevented? most thyroid cancer cannot be prevented. one rare type of thyroid cancer, called medullary thyroid cancer ( mtc ), runs in families. a genetic test can tell you if you have a greater chance of getting mtc. if this test shows that you have an increased risk, you can have your thyroid gland removed to prevent thyroid cancer later in life. frequently asked questions learning about thyroid cancer : living with thyroid cancer : experts don ' t know what causes thyroid cancer. like other cancers, changes in the dna of your cells seem to play a role. these dna changes may include changes that are inherited as well as those that happen as you get older. thyroid cancer can cause many symptoms, including : - a lump or swelling in your neck. this is the most common symptom. - pain in your neck and sometimes in your ears. - difficulty swallowing. - difficulty breathing or constant wheezing. - hoarseness that is not related to a cold. - a cough that continues and is not related to a cold. some people may not have any symptoms. their doctors may find a lump or nodule in the neck during a routine physical exam. thyroid cancer is a disease that occurs when abnormal cells begin to grow in the thyroid gland. you may notice a lump in your neck and then go to your doctor. or your doctor may notice a lump during a routine physical exam or on an imaging test that you are having for another health problem. thyroid cancer is usually found before the cancer has spread very far. this means that most people who are treated for thyroid cancer do very well. after it is treated, thyroid cancer may come back, sometimes many years after treatment. before starting your treatment, your doctor needs to find out which type of thyroid cancer you have. a biopsy can identify your type of cancer. during a biopsy, a small piece of thyroid tissue is removed, usually with a fine needle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4437607465463882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.109509"} {"text": "treatment. before starting your treatment, your doctor needs to find out which type of thyroid cancer you have. a biopsy can identify your type of cancer. during a biopsy, a small piece of thyroid tissue is removed, usually with a fine needle. the thyroid tissue cells are then examined under a microscope. it is also important to find out the stage of your cancer. staging is a way for your doctor to tell how far, if at all, the cancer has spread. it also helps your doctor decide what kind of treatment you need. staging generally depends on the results of your radioactive iodine scan. if you have your thyroid gland surgically removed, you will probably need to take thyroid hormone medicine for the rest of your life to replace the hormones that were made by your thyroid. taking it will help regulate your metabolism and other body functions. what increases your risk a risk factor for thyroid cancer is something that increases your chance of getting this cancer. having one or more of these risk factors can make it more likely that you will get thyroid cancer. but it doesn ' t mean that you will definitely get it. and many people who get thyroid cancer don ' t have any of these risk factors. the most common risk factors for thyroid cancer include : - being female. - exposure to high levels of radiation, such as after a nuclear power accident. - a personal or family history of thyroid disease or thyroid cancer. - a family history of conditions such as men ( multiple endocrine neoplasia ) 2a, men 2b, or fmtc ( familial medullary thyroid carcinoma ). - being asian. - a history of radiation treatments to the head, neck, or chest during childhood. - other inherited medical conditions, such as gardner ' s syndrome and familial polyposis. when to call a doctor call your doctor if you have any of the following symptoms : - a lump or swelling in your neck. this is the most common symptom of thyroid cancer. - pain in your neck and sometimes in your ears that doesn ' t go away and is not caused by a cold or allergies - hoarseness that is not related to a cold - difficulty swallowing - difficulty breathing or constant wheezing - a cough that continues and is not related to a cold - bone pain who to see health professionals who can evaluate your symptoms and help determine your risk for thyroid cancer include : - endocrinologists. - family medicine physicians. - general practitioners. - internists. - nurse practitioners. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4291037056989324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.110720"} {"text": "to a cold - bone pain who to see health professionals who can evaluate your symptoms and help determine your risk for thyroid cancer include : - endocrinologists. - family medicine physicians. - general practitioners. - internists. - nurse practitioners. - physician assistants. to prepare for your appointment, see the topic making the most of your appointment. exams and tests in order to diagnose thyroid cancer, your doctor will ask about your medical history and do a physical exam. your doctor may check your vocal cords using a thin tube - like instrument that has a light ( laryngoscope ). your doctor may order a ct scan or an ultrasound to get a better look at your thyroid. if your doctor thinks that the lump or nodule could be cancerous, he or she may do a fine needle biopsy of the thyroid gland. other tests may be done before, during, or after your treatment for thyroid cancer. - serum thyroglobulin level tests check for cancer. - radioactive iodine scans help your doctor find out whether thyroid cancer has spread beyond the thyroid gland. - thyroid ultrasound is a safe and simple way to find out whether a thyroid nodule is solid or fluid - filled ( cystic ). it can also detect multiple thyroid nodules. if you have medullary thyroid cancer ( mtc ), a ct scan of the chest and belly and a bone scan may also be needed. at this time there are not any screening tests for thyroid cancer that work well for people at average risk. talk to your doctor about whether you need to be screened for thyroid cancer. people who have a family history of medullary thyroid cancer ( mtc ) may want to have a genetic test to look for a gene change called an ret mutation. before you have the test, it is a good idea to talk with a genetic counselor. he or she can help you understand what your test results may mean. the goal of treatment for thyroid cancer is to get rid of the cancer cells in your body. how this is done depends on your age, the type of thyroid cancer you have, the stage of your cancer, and your general health. most people have surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. sometimes a suspicious lump or nodule has to be surgically removed before you will know if you have cancer or not. after surgery, you may need treatment with radioactive iodine to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. when you no longer have all or part of your thyroid gland, you will probably need to take thyroid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.443408483853055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.111671"} {"text": "removed before you will know if you have cancer or not. after surgery, you may need treatment with radioactive iodine to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. when you no longer have all or part of your thyroid gland, you will probably need to take thyroid hormone medicines for the rest of your life. these medicines replace necessary hormones that are normally made by the thyroid gland and prevent you from having hypothyroidism \u2014 too little thyroid hormone. for more information on hypothyroidism, see the topic hypothyroidism. your treatment for thyroid cancer may include : - surgery to remove the part of the thyroid gland that contains cancer. removing one part ( lobe ) is called a lobectomy. removing both lobes is called a total thyroidectomy. removing all but a very small part of the thyroid is called a near - total thyroidectomy. lymph nodes may also be removed during surgery. - radioactive iodine, which is used after surgery to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. after you have your thyroid surgically removed, you may have to wait several weeks before having radioactive iodine treatment to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. during the waiting period, you may have symptoms of hypothyroidism such as fatigue, weakness, weight gain, depression, memory problems, or constipation. - thyroid - stimulating hormone ( tsh ) suppression therapy. tsh suppression therapy reduces the tsh in your body, which may help prevent the growth of any remaining cancer cells. after treatment for thyroid cancer, you may need to take thyroid hormone medicine for the rest of your life to replace the hormones that your body no longer makes. you will also need follow - up visits with your doctor every 6 to 12 months. in addition to scheduling regular visits, be sure to call your doctor if you notice another lump in your neck or if you have trouble breathing or swallowing. at your follow - up visits, your doctor may order a blood test to measure your thyroid - stimulating hormone ( tsh ) level. this test helps your doctor know if you are taking the right amount of thyroid hormone medicine. your doctor may order other tests, such as a radioiodine scan, x - rays, or a ct scan. side effects of treatment the side effects of surgery for thyroid cancer are usually mild and last a couple of days. your doctor will talk to you about medicine you can take if you are having pain. you will likely need to take thyroid hormone medicine for the rest of your life to replace the hormones that your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4388183945750783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.112777"} {"text": "thyroid cancer are usually mild and last a couple of days. your doctor will talk to you about medicine you can take if you are having pain. you will likely need to take thyroid hormone medicine for the rest of your life to replace the hormones that your body no longer makes. the most important side effect of radioactive iodine therapy ( rai ) is that you will become radioactive for a period of time. your doctor will give you written instructions to follow to prevent exposing others to radiation. for more information, see radioactive iodine. thyroid hormone therapy rarely causes side effects when you have the right dose. too much or too little thyroid hormone can cause side effects. taking high doses of thyroid hormone may cause a rapid or irregular heartbeat. high doses taken over time may also cause weakness in your bones ( osteoporosis ). home treatment may help you manage your side effects. treatment if the condition gets worse thyroid cancer may come back ( recur ). if thyroid cancer does recur, it may be found during a physical exam, on an ultrasound, or as a result of increasing thyroglobulin levels. unlike other types of recurrent cancer, recurrent thyroid cancer is often cured, especially if it has spread only to the lymph nodes in the neck. recurrent thyroid cancer or thyroid cancer that has spread ( metastasized ) to other parts of the body may be treated with surgery, radioactive iodine, or chemotherapy. your doctor may talk to you about being in a clinical trial. for some people with thyroid cancer, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. clinical trials for thyroid cancer are looking at targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. your doctor may talk to you about palliative care. this is medical care that provides an extra layer of support for people with serious and chronic illnesses. with palliative care, you have the help of a medical team to manage your symptoms, pain, and stress. for more information, see the topic palliative care. for more information about thyroid cancer treatments, see the topics : most cases of thyroid cancer cannot be prevented. you may be much more likely to get medullary thyroid cancer ( mtc ) if you have a gene carried by some families. a genetic test can show if you carry this gene. if your test is positive for the gene, you may want to talk with your doctor about having your thyroid removed to prevent getting thyroid cancer later in life. there are certain things you can do to feel better or to reduce the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45860025293308887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.113874"} {"text": "you carry this gene. if your test is positive for the gene, you may want to talk with your doctor about having your thyroid removed to prevent getting thyroid cancer later in life. there are certain things you can do to feel better or to reduce the side effects of your treatment for thyroid cancer. healthy habits such as eating a balanced diet and getting enough sleep and exercise may help control your symptoms. if you have chemotherapy, your doctor may also give you medicines to control and prevent nausea and vomiting. you can try home treatments : - for nausea or vomiting, such as ginger or peppermint tea, gum, or candy. - for feeling very tired. if you lack energy or become weak easily, try to manage your energy and get extra rest. you may feel most tired at the end of treatment or just after treatment is completed. - for a dry mouth. take frequent sips of water throughout the day. sugar - free gum or sugar - free hard candy will help keep your mouth moist without promoting tooth decay. tart liquids and foods, such as lemonade or dill pickles, may help stimulate the flow of saliva. there are also saliva substitutes that you can buy at a drug store. - for hair loss. if you need high doses of radioactive iodine treatment, you may have some hair loss, but it is usually very mild. and you may be the only one who notices it. handling the stress of having cancer having cancer can be very stressful, and it may feel overwhelming to face the challenges in front of you. finding new ways of coping with the symptoms of stress may improve your overall quality of life. these ideas may help : - get the support you need. spend time with people who care about you, and let them help you. - take good care of yourself. get plenty of rest, and eat nourishing foods. - talk about your feelings. find a support group where you can share your experience. - stay positive. do things each day that will help you stay calm and relaxed. having cancer can change your life in many ways. for support in managing these changes, see the topic getting support when you have cancer. although thyroid cancer is generally treated with surgery, medicines may also be needed to treat the cancer and to replace thyroid hormones. medicines to treat thyroid cancer include : - radioactive iodine, which is used after surgery to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. - thyroid hormone therapy to reduce the tsh in your body. this slows the growth of any remaining cancer cells. - thyroid hormone medicine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.44041737653624585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.114914"} {"text": "treat thyroid cancer include : - radioactive iodine, which is used after surgery to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. - thyroid hormone therapy to reduce the tsh in your body. this slows the growth of any remaining cancer cells. - thyroid hormone medicine to replace necessary thyroid hormones that are made by your thyroid gland. if your thyroid gland is surgically removed, you will likely need to take thyroid replacement pills for the rest of your life. - chemotherapy, which sometimes is used to treat thyroid cancer that has come back after surgery and to treat anaplastic thyroid cancer that does not respond to radioactive iodine. - targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors ( tkis ), such as sorafenib and sunitinib. targeted therapy with tkis is being studied in clinical trials. after you have your thyroid surgically removed, you may have to wait several weeks before you have radioactive iodine treatment to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. during the waiting period, you may have symptoms of hypothyroidism such as fatigue, weakness, weight gain, depression, memory problems, or constipation. your doctor may also put you on a low - iodine diet before treating you with radioactive iodine. if you are on a low - iodine diet, you cannot eat foods that contain a lot of iodine, such as seafood and baked goods. depleting your body of iodine may make radioactive iodine treatment more effective, because your cells become \" hungry \" for iodine. after surgery, you may need to take thyroid hormone replacement pills for the rest of your life. taking these pills rarely causes side effects if you are taking the right amount. but too much thyroid hormone can cause you to feel hot and sweaty. it can also cause weight loss, a fast heart rate, chest pain, cramps, or diarrhea. and too little thyroid hormone can cause you to feel cold and tired. it can also cause weight gain, dry skin, or dry hair. 1 most people with thyroid cancer have surgery to remove the cancer. you may have part or all of your thyroid removed. the kind of surgery you have may depend on your age, the type of cancer you have, how much the cancer has spread, and your general health. - thyroid lobectomy removes only one part ( lobe ) of the thyroid gland. this surgery is an option if your cancer is small and is only in one lobe of your thyroid gland. - near - total thyroidectomy removes all but a very small part of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41770884807144315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.115962"} {"text": "more information, talk to your doctor or a registered dietitian, or visit the thyroid cancer survivor ' s association website at www. thyca. org / rai. htm. people sometimes use complementary therapies along with medical treatment to help relieve symptoms and side effects of cancer treatments. some of the complementary therapies that may be helpful include : - acupuncture to relieve pain. - meditation or yoga to relieve stress. - massage or biofeedback to reduce pain and ease tension. - breathing exercises for relaxation. these mind - body treatments may help you feel better. they can make it easier to cope with treatment. they also may reduce chronic low back pain, joint pain, headaches, and pain from treatments. before you try a complementary therapy, talk to your doctor about the possible value and potential side effects. let your doctor know if you are already using any such therapies. they are not meant to take the place of standard medical treatment. other places to get help | american academy of otolaryngology \u2014 head and neck surgery ( aao - hns ) | | 1650 diagonal road | | alexandria, va 22314 - 2857 | the american academy of otolaryngology \u2014 head and neck surgery ( aao - hns ) is the world ' s largest organization of physicians dedicated to the care of ear, nose, and throat ( ent ) disorders. its web site includes information for the general public on ent disorders. | american cancer society ( acs ) | the american cancer society ( acs ) conducts educational programs and offers many services to people with cancer and to their families. staff at the toll - free numbers have information about services and activities in local areas and can provide referrals to local acs divisions. | american thyroid association | | 6066 leesburg pike | | falls church, va 22041 | the american thyroid association promotes scientific and public understanding of thyroid disorders. it publishes a monthly journal and manages a web site. cancer. net is the information website of the american society of clinical oncology ( asco ) for people living with cancer and for those who care for them. asco is the world ' s leading professional organization representing physicians of all oncology subspecialties. cancer. net provides current oncologist - approved information on living with cancer. | national cancer institute ( nci ) | | 6116 executive boulevard | | bethesda, md 20892 - 8322 | | web address : | | www. cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43986377384848346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.118404"} {"text": "provides current oncologist - approved information on living with cancer. | national cancer institute ( nci ) | | 6116 executive boulevard | | bethesda, md 20892 - 8322 | | web address : | | www. cancer. gov ( or https : / / livehelp. cancer. gov / app / chat / chat _ launch for live help online ) | the national cancer institute ( nci ) is a u. s. government agency that provides up - to - date information about the prevention, detection, and treatment of cancer. nci also offers supportive care to people who have cancer and to their families. nci information is also available to doctors, nurses, and other health professionals. nci provides the latest information about clinical trials. the cancer information service, a service of nci, has trained staff members available to answer questions and send free publications. spanish - speaking staff members are also available. - national cancer institute ( 2007 ). what you need to know about thyroid cancer ( nih publication no. 07 - 4994 ). available online : http : / / www. cancer. gov / cancertopics / wyntk / thyroid. - national comprehensive cancer network ( 2011 ). thyroid carcinoma. nccn clinical practice guidelines in oncology, version 2. available online : http : / / www. nccn. org / professionals / physician _ gls / pdf / thyroid. pdf. other works consulted - american cancer society ( 2011 ). cancer facts and figures 2011. atlanta : american cancer society. available online : http : / / www. cancer. org / acs / groups / content / @ epidemiologysurveilance / documents / document / acspc - 029771. pdf. - american thyroid association guidelines taskforce ( 2009 ). revised american thyroid association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. thyroid, 19 ( 11 ) : 1167 \u2013 1214. also available online : http : / / thyroidguidelines. net / revised / taskforce. - cooper ds, et al. ( 2007 ). the thyroid gland. in dg gardner, d shoback, eds., greenspan ' s basic and clinical endocrinology, 8th ed., pp. 209 \u2013 280. new york : mcgraw - hill. - national cancer institute ( 2011 ). thyroid cancer ( pdq ) : treatment \u2014 health professional version. available online : http : / / www.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4454446956151808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.119373"} {"text": "click the study aids tab at the bottom of the book to access your study aids ( usually practice quizzes and flash cards ). study pass is our latest digital product that lets you take notes, highlight important sections of the text using different colors, create \" tags \" or labels to filter your notes and highlights, and print so you can study offline. study pass also includes interactive study aids, such as flash cards and quizzes. highlighting and taking notes : if you ' ve purchased the all access pass or study pass, in the online reader, click and drag your mouse to highlight text. when you do a small button appears \u2013 simply click on it! from there, you can select a highlight color, add notes, add tags, or any combination. if you ' ve purchased the all access pass, you can print each chapter by clicking on the downloads tab. if you have study pass, click on the print icon within study view to print out your notes and highlighted sections. to search, use the text box at the bottom of the book. click a search result to be taken to that chapter or section of the book ( note you may need to scroll down to get to the result ). view full student faqs - identify the uses of colons. - properly use colons in sentences. the colon ( : ) a punctuation mark that is used to indicate a full stop. colons can introduce lists, quotes, examples, and explanations. is another punctuation mark used to indicate a full stop. use a colon to introduce lists, quotes, examples, and explanations. you can also use a colon after the greeting in business letters and memos. dear hiring manager : to : human resources from : deanna dean colons to introduce a list use a colon to introduce a list of items. introduce the list with an independent clause. the team will tour three states : new york, pennsylvania, and maryland. i have to take four classes this semester : composition, statistics, ethics, and italian. colons to introduce a quote you can use a colon to introduce a quote. mark twain said it best : \u201c when in doubt, tell the truth. \u201d if a quote is longer than forty words, skip a line after the colon and indent the left margin of the quote five spaces. because quotations longer than forty words use line spacing and indentation to indicate a quote, quotation marks are not necessary. my father always loved mark twain \u2019 s words : there are basically two types of people. people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4667485419236422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.126941"} {"text": "the quote five spaces. because quotations longer than forty words use line spacing and indentation to indicate a quote, quotation marks are not necessary. my father always loved mark twain \u2019 s words : there are basically two types of people. people who accomplish things, and people who claim to have accomplished things. the first group is less crowded. long quotations, which are forty words or more, are called block quotations. block quotations frequently appear in longer essays and research papers. for more information about block quotations, see chapter 11 \" writing from research : what will i learn? \". colons to introduce examples or explanations use a colon to introduce an example or to further explain an idea presented in the first part of a sentence. the first part of the sentence must always be an independent clause ; that is, it must stand alone as a complete thought with a subject and verb. do not use a colon after phrases like such as or for example. correct : our company offers many publishing services : writing, editing, and reviewing. incorrect : our company offers many publishing services, such as : writing, editing, and reviewing. capitalize the first letter following a colon for a proper noun, the beginning of a quote, or the first letter of another independent clause. do not capitalize if the information following the colon is not a complete sentence. proper noun : we visited three countries : belize, honduras, and el salvador. beginning of a quote : my mother loved this line from hamlet : \u201c to thine own self be true. \u201d two independent clauses : there are drawbacks to modern technology : my brother \u2019 s cell phone died and he lost a lot of phone numbers. incorrect : the recipe is simple : tomato, basil, and avocado. on your own sheet of paper, correct the following sentences by adding semicolons or colons where needed. if the sentence does not need a semicolon or colon, write ok. don \u2019 t give up you never know what tomorrow brings. our records show that the patient was admitted on march 9, 2010 january 13, 2010 and november 16, 2009. allow me to introduce myself i am the greatest ice - carver in the world. where i come from there are three ways to get to the grocery store by car, by bus, and by foot. listen closely you will want to remember this speech. i have lived in sedona, arizona baltimore, maryland and knoxville, tennessee. the boss \u2019 s message was clear lateness would not be tolerated. next", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4768461086958006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.128078"} {"text": "click the study aids tab at the bottom of the book to access your study aids ( usually practice quizzes and flash cards ). study pass is our latest digital product that lets you take notes, highlight important sections of the text using different colors, create \" tags \" or labels to filter your notes and highlights, and print so you can study offline. study pass also includes interactive study aids, such as flash cards and quizzes. highlighting and taking notes : if you ' ve purchased the all access pass or study pass, in the online reader, click and drag your mouse to highlight text. when you do a small button appears \u2013 simply click on it! from there, you can select a highlight color, add notes, add tags, or any combination. if you ' ve purchased the all access pass, you can print each chapter by clicking on the downloads tab. if you have study pass, click on the print icon within study view to print out your notes and highlighted sections. to search, use the text box at the bottom of the book. click a search result to be taken to that chapter or section of the book ( note you may need to scroll down to get to the result ). view full student faqs 8. 6 exceptions to the octet rule - to assign a lewis dot symbol to elements not having an octet of electrons in their compounds. lewis dot structures provide a simple model for rationalizing the bonding in most known compounds. however, there are three general exceptions to the octet rule : ( 1 ) molecules, such as no, with an odd number of electrons ; ( 2 ) molecules in which one or more atoms possess more than eight electrons, such as sf6 ; and ( 3 ) molecules such as bcl3, in which one or more atoms possess less than eight electrons. odd number of electrons because most molecules or ions that consist of s - and p - block elements contain even numbers of electrons, their bonding can be described using a model that assigns every electron to either a bonding pair or a lone pair. molecules or ions containing d - block elements frequently contain an odd number of electrons, and their bonding cannot adequately be described using the simple approach we have developed so far. bonding in these compounds will be discussed in chapter 23 \" the \". there are, however, a few molecules containing only p - block elements that have an odd number of electrons. some important examples are nitric oxide ( no ), whose biochemical importance was described in earlier chapters ; nitrogen dioxide ( no2 ), an ox", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5622259367871331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.138113"} {"text": ", however, a few molecules containing only p - block elements that have an odd number of electrons. some important examples are nitric oxide ( no ), whose biochemical importance was described in earlier chapters ; nitrogen dioxide ( no2 ), an oxidizing agent in rocket propulsion ; and chlorine dioxide ( clo2 ), which is used in water purification plants. consider no, for example. with 5 + 6 = 11 valence electrons, there is no way to draw a lewis structure that gives each atom an octet of electrons. molecules such as no, no2, and clo2 require a more sophisticated treatment of bonding, which will be developed in chapter 9 \" molecular geometry and covalent bonding models \". more than an octet of electrons the most common exception to the octet rule is a molecule or an ion with at least one atom that possesses more than an octet of electrons. such compounds are found for elements of period 3 and beyond. examples from the p - block elements include sf6, a substance used by the electric power industry to insulate high - voltage lines, and the so42\u2212 and po43\u2212 ions. let \u2019 s look at sulfur hexafluoride ( sf6 ), whose lewis structure must accommodate a total of 48 valence electrons [ 6 + ( 6 \u00d7 7 ) = 48 ]. if we arrange the atoms and electrons symmetrically, we obtain a structure with six bonds to sulfur ; that is, it is six - coordinate. each fluorine atom has an octet, but the sulfur atom has 12 electrons surrounding it rather than 8. the third step in our procedure for writing lewis electron structures, in which we place an electron pair between each pair of bonded atoms, requires that an atom have more than 8 electrons whenever it is bonded to more than 4 other atoms. the octet rule is based on the fact that each valence orbital ( typically, one ns and three np orbitals ) can accommodate only two electrons. to accommodate more than eight electrons, sulfur must be using not only the ns and np valence orbitals but additional orbitals as well. sulfur has an [ ne ] 3s23p43d0 electron configuration, so in principle it could accommodate more than eight valence electrons by using one or more d orbitals. thus species such as sf6 are often called expanded - valence moleculesa compound with more than an octet of electrons around an atom.. whether or not such compounds really do use d orbitals in bonding is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5810908166526523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.139448"} {"text": "one or more d orbitals. thus species such as sf6 are often called expanded - valence moleculesa compound with more than an octet of electrons around an atom.. whether or not such compounds really do use d orbitals in bonding is controversial, but this model explains why compounds exist with more than an octet of electrons around an atom. there is no correlation between the stability of a molecule or an ion and whether or not it has an expanded valence shell. some species with expanded valences, such as pf5, are highly reactive, whereas others, such as sf6, are very unreactive. in fact, sf6 is so inert that it has many commercial applications. in addition to its use as an electrical insulator, it is used as the coolant in some nuclear power plants, and it is the pressurizing gas in \u201c unpressurized \u201d tennis balls. an expanded valence shell is often written for oxoanions of the heavier p - block elements, such as sulfate ( so42\u2212 ) and phosphate ( po43\u2212 ). sulfate, for example, has a total of 32 valence electrons [ 6 + ( 4 \u00d7 6 ) + 2 ]. if we use a single pair of electrons to connect the sulfur and each oxygen, we obtain the four - coordinate lewis structure ( a ). we know that sulfur can accommodate more than eight electrons by using its empty valence d orbitals, just as in sf6. an alternative structure ( b ) can be written with s = o double bonds, making the sulfur again six - coordinate. we can draw five other resonance structures equivalent to ( b ) that vary only in the arrangement of the single and double bonds. in fact, experimental data show that the s - to - o bonds in the so42\u2212 ion are intermediate in length between single and double bonds, as expected for a system whose resonance structures all contain two s \u2013 o single bonds and two s = o double bonds. when calculating the formal charges on structures ( a ) and ( b ), we see that the s atom in ( a ) has a formal charge of + 2, whereas the s atom in ( b ) has a formal charge of 0. thus by using an expanded octet, a + 2 formal charge on s can be eliminated. note the pattern in oxoanions of the heavier p - block elements, the central atom often has an expanded valence shell. less than an octet of electrons molecules with atoms that possess less than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6074171297657035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.140533"} {"text": "2 formal charge on s can be eliminated. note the pattern in oxoanions of the heavier p - block elements, the central atom often has an expanded valence shell. less than an octet of electrons molecules with atoms that possess less than an octet of electrons generally contain the lighter s - and p - block elements, especially beryllium, typically with just four electrons around the central atom, and boron, typically with six. one example, boron trichloride ( bcl3 ) is used to produce fibers for reinforcing high - tech tennis rackets and golf clubs. the compound has 24 valence electrons and the following lewis structure : the boron atom has only six valence electrons, while each chlorine atom has eight. a reasonable solution might be to use a lone pair from one of the chlorine atoms to form a b - to - cl double bond : this resonance structure, however, results in a formal charge of + 1 on the doubly bonded cl atom and \u22121 on the b atom. the high electronegativity of cl makes this separation of charge unlikely and suggests that this is not the most important resonance structure for bcl3. this conclusion is shown to be valid based on the three equivalent b \u2013 cl bond lengths of 173 pm that have no double bond character. electron - deficient compounds such as bcl3 have a strong tendency to gain an additional pair of electrons by reacting with species with a lone pair of electrons. note the pattern molecules with atoms that have fewer than an octet of electrons generally contain the lighter s - and p - block elements. note the pattern electron - deficient compounds have a strong tendency to gain electrons in their reactions. draw lewis dot structures for each compound. - becl2 gas, a compound used to produce beryllium, which in turn is used to produce structural materials for missiles and communication satellites - sf4, a compound that reacts violently with water include resonance structures where appropriate. given : two compounds asked for : lewis electron structures a use the procedure given earlier to write a lewis electron structure for each compound. if necessary, place any remaining valence electrons on the element most likely to be able to accommodate more than an octet. b after all the valence electrons have been placed, decide whether you have drawn an acceptable lewis structure. a because it is the least electronegative element, be is the central atom. the molecule has 16 valence electrons ( 2 from be and 7 from each cl ). drawing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5755890692099735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.141479"} {"text": "have been placed, decide whether you have drawn an acceptable lewis structure. a because it is the least electronegative element, be is the central atom. the molecule has 16 valence electrons ( 2 from be and 7 from each cl ). drawing two be \u2013 cl bonds and placing three lone pairs on each cl gives the following structure : b although this arrangement gives beryllium only 4 electrons, it is an acceptable lewis structure for becl2. beryllium is known to form compounds in which it is surrounded by less than an octet of electrons. a sulfur is the central atom because it is less electronegative than fluorine. the molecule has 34 valence electrons ( 6 from s and 7 from each f ). the s \u2013 f bonds use 8 electrons, and another 24 are placed around the f atoms : the only place to put the remaining 2 electrons is on the sulfur, giving sulfur 10 valence electrons : b sulfur can accommodate more than an octet, so this is an acceptable lewis structure. draw lewis dot structures for xef4. molecules with an odd number of electrons are relatively rare in the s and p blocks but rather common among the d - and f - block elements. compounds with more than an octet of electrons around an atom are called expanded - valence molecules. one model to explain their existence uses one or more d orbitals in bonding in addition to the valence ns and np orbitals. such species are known for only atoms in period 3 or below, which contain nd subshells in their valence shell. - general exceptions to the octet rule include molecules that have an odd number of electrons and molecules in which one or more atoms possess more or fewer than eight electrons. what regions of the periodic table contain elements that frequently form molecules with an odd number of electrons? explain your answer. how can atoms expand their valence shell? what is the relationship between an expanded valence shell and the stability of an ion or a molecule? what elements are known to form compounds with less than an octet of electrons? why do electron - deficient compounds form? list three elements that form compounds that do not obey the octet rule. describe the factors that are responsible for the stability of these compounds. what is the major weakness of the lewis system in predicting the electron structures of pcl6\u2212 and other species containing atoms from period 3 and beyond? the compound aluminum trichloride consists of al2cl6 molecules with the following structure ( lone pairs of electrons removed for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5460563587157312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.142394"} {"text": "of the lewis system in predicting the electron structures of pcl6\u2212 and other species containing atoms from period 3 and beyond? the compound aluminum trichloride consists of al2cl6 molecules with the following structure ( lone pairs of electrons removed for clarity ) : does this structure satisfy the octet rule? what is the formal charge on each atom? given the chemical similarity between aluminum and boron, what is a plausible explanation for the fact that aluminum trichloride forms a dimeric structure rather than the monomeric trigonal planar structure of bcl3? draw lewis electron structures for clo4\u2212, if5, secl4, and sbf5. draw lewis electron structures for icl3, cl3po, cl2so, and asf6\u2212. draw plausible lewis structures for the phosphate ion, including resonance structures. what is the formal charge on each atom in your structures? draw an acceptable lewis structure for pcl5, a compound used in manufacturing a form of cellulose. what is the formal charge of the central atom? what is the oxidation number of the central atom? using lewis structures, draw all of the resonance structures for the bro3\u2212 ion. draw an acceptable lewis structure for xenon trioxide ( xeo3 ), including all resonance structures. clo4\u2212 ( one of four equivalent resonance structures ) the formal charge on phosphorus is 0, while three oxygen atoms have a formal charge of \u22121 and one has a formal charge of zero.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5283054438357093, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.142953"} {"text": "views of u. s. army general miles ' campaign against the native american sioux, show long covered wagon trains, buffalo herds, and soldiers in uniforms drinking and washing in a river next to their horses. dakota indians - - war - - 1870 - 1880. ; indians of north america - - war - - 1870 - 1880. ; bathing - - 1870 - 1880. ; bison - - 1870 - 1880. ; covered wagons - - 1870 - 1880. white men in conestoga wagons, and on foot, and north american indians on horseback hunt stampeding buffalo on probably the oregon trail in nebraska. indians hold bows and arrows and lances, and some of the settlers shoot rifles. women and children... indians of north america - - nebraska - - 1840 - 1860. ; oregon national historic trail - - 1840 - 1860. ; platte river ( neb. ) - - 1840 - 1860. ; bison hunting - - nebraska - - 1840 - 1860. ; covered wagons - - nebraska - - 1840 - 1860. ; pioneers - - nebraska - - 1840 - 1860. ;... transcript of a document originally written by maria davies mcgrath in 1934. this document contains transcripts of all three volumes, arranged alphabetically by pioneers last name. within each entry is a brief biography of the individual ( s ) who... display a larger image and more item information when the pointer pauses over a thumbnail thumbnail with title grid with smaller thumbnails and more detail select the collections to add or remove from your search", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41548946759671185, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.144446"} {"text": "macroscopic properties and microscopic models as a simple example of how the macroscopic properties of a substancea material that is either an element or that has a fixed ratio of elements in its chemical formula. can be explained on a microscopic level, consider the liquida state of matter in which the atomic - scale particles remain close together but are able to change their positions so that the matter takes the shape of its container mercury. macroscopically, mercury at ordinary temperatures is a silvery liquid which can be poured much like water \u2014 rather unusual for a metalan element characterized by a glossy surface, high thermal and electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility.. mercury is also the heaviest known liquid. its densitythe ratio of the mass of a sample of a material to its volume. is 13. 6 g cm \u2013 3, as compared with only 1. 0 g cm \u2013 3 for water. when cooled below \u2013 38. 9\u00b0c mercury solidifies and behaves very much like more familiar solid metals such as copper and iron. mercury frozen around the end of a wooden stick can be used to hammer nails, as long as it is kept sufficiently cold. solid mercury has a density of 14. 1 g cm \u2013 3 slightly greater than that of the liquid. when mercury is heated, it remains a liquid until quite a high temperature, finally boilingthe process of a liquid becoming vapor in which bubbles of vapor form beneath the surface of the liquid ; at the boiling temperature the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure of the gas in contact with the liquid. at 356. 6\u00b0c to give an invisible vaporthe gaseous state of a substance that typically exists as a liquid or solid ; a gas at a temperature near or below the boiling point of the corresponding liquid.. even at low concentrations gaseous mercury is extremely toxic if breathed into the lungs. it has been responsible for many cases of human poisoning. in other respects mercury vapor behaves much like any other gas. it is easily compressible. even when quite modest pressures are applied, the volume decreases noticeably. mercury vapor is also much less dense than the liquid or the solid. at 400\u00b0c and ordinary pressures, its density is 3. 6 \u00d7 10 \u2013 3 g cm \u2013 3 about one four - thousandth that of solid or liquid mercury. a modern chemist would interpret these macroscopic properties in terms of a < span style = \" background - color : navy ; color : white ; \" / > sub - microscopic model involving atoms of mercury. as shown in the following figure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6204267749172607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.150134"} {"text": "or liquid mercury. a modern chemist would interpret these macroscopic properties in terms of a < span style = \" background - color : navy ; color : white ; \" / > sub - microscopic model involving atoms of mercury. as shown in the following figure, the atoms may be thought of as small, hard spheres. like billiard balls they can move around and bounce off one another. in solid mercury the centers of adjacent atoms are separated by only 300 pm ( 300 \u00d7 10 \u2013 12 m or 3. 00a ). although each atom can move around a little, the others surround it so closely that it cannot escape its allotted position. hence the solid is rigid. very few atoms move out of position even when it strikes a nail. as temperature increases, the atoms vibrate more violently, and eventually the solid melts. in liquid mercury, the regular, geometrically rigid structure is gone and the atoms are free to move about, but they are still rather close together and difficult to separate. this ability of the atoms to move past each other accounts for the fact that liquid mercury can flow and take the shape of its container. note that the structure of the liquid is not as compact as that of the solid ; a few gaps are present. these gaps explain why liquid mercury is less dense than the solid. in gaseous mercury, also called mercury vapor, the atoms are very much farther apart than in the liquid and they move around quite freely and rapidly. since there are very few atoms per unita particular measure of a physical quantity that is used to express the magnitude of the physical quantity ; for example, the meter is the unit of the physical quantity, length. volume, the density is considerably lower than for the liquid and solid. by moving rapidly in all directions, the atoms of mercury ( or any other gas for that matteranything that occupies space and has mass ; contrasted with energy. ) are able to fill any container in which they are placed. when the atoms hit a wall of the container, they bounce off. this constant bombardment by atoms on the < span style = \" background - color : navy ; color : white ; \" / > sub - microscopic level accounts for the pressure exerted by the gas on the macroscopic level. the gas can be easily compressed because there is plenty of open space between the atoms. reducing the volume merely reduces that empty space. the liquid and the solid are not nearly so easy to compress because there is little or no empty space between the atoms. you may have noticed that although our sub -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6095761504066902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.152412"} {"text": "last week, we looked at the peculiarities of the first born and middle child. today, we \u2019 ll examine the last born, only child and twins. the way they behave can help you in crafting your story \u2019 s characters. last born children last born children fight hard to get noticed. they are often the class clown, the maverick, the life of the party. their older siblings consider them spoiled. characteristics of the youngest include : | manipulative | | charming | | show off | | people person | | casts blame on others | | engaging | | good salesperson | | precocious | | risk taker | | outgoing | careers include \u201c on stage \u201d professions \u2013 tv announcers and anchor people, salespeople ( because of their ability to manipulate people ). they like jobs where they can work alone and do things at their own pace. | outgoing, affectionate, creative, confident, uncomplicated, | | spoiled, manipulative, immature, self - centered, impetuous, feel they live in the shadow, rebellious, absentminded | why? parents are \u201c taught out \u201d and let the kid fend for himself. they are suckers for praise and encouragement. their attention - seeking antics can be turned around with a \u201c i \u2019 ll show them \u201d attitude. famous last born children include howard stern, jay leno, danny devito, steve martin. if the first born child is pressured to succeed, the only child is the mega first born, squared. they are super perfectionists, super reliable, super scholarly and any of the other super * latives generally applied to the first born. how an only born \u2019 s personality is molded depends on why he \u2019 s an only. if his parents tried to have other children but could only have one, all their energy and attention is heaped on him. he can become very pampered and spoiled and may have problems in later life with self - centeredness. if he is an only child because it was a conscious decision of his parents \u2019, he may have grown up with a very structured, disciplined expectation of being the \u201c little adult. \u201d resentment at being deprived of his childhood might cause problems. an only child \u2019 s personality can swing from responsible, upstanding citizen to scared and rebellious because they \u2019 re not in as much control as they look. | matures faster, gets along better with older or younger people, responsible, ambitious, perfectionists, conscientious, loves facts and details |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4541808964629075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.158026"} {"text": "backyard and playground safety keep your children \u2019 s fun safe by following these safety guidelines for backyard, pool, and playground if you have a pool in your backyard, follow these guidelines : - surround the pool with a fence that is at least 48 inches high. check with your city or county for additional requirements regarding pool fencing, covers, or alarm systems. - never leave a small child alone in or near a pool or spa / hot tub, even for a minute. a child can drown in less than three minutes. - keep toys, tricycles, wagons, and balls away from the pool. children may attempt to retrieve toys that fall into the water and then fall in - keep electrical appliances ( such as radios ) away from the poolside as they pose a shock hazard if wet. - a pool cover should cover the pool completely and attach to the patio floor so children cannot slip under it. choose a pool cover that is designed for safety \u2014 not simply a cover that is designed to maintain the pool - a hot tub should have a locking cover that you put on whenever the hot tub is not in use. - empty \u201c baby \u201d pools and put them away after every use, because they can fill with rain or water from sprinklers. keep these essential safety items near your home pool : - a telephone or cell phone and phone numbers for emergency services - a poster with safety and cpr instructions - shepherd \u2019 s hook, safety ring, and rope", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.416228203380957, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.160719"} {"text": "| persian gulf states table of contents omani economic development may be divided into three phases : a period of rapid expansion between 1970 and 1986 ; economic retrenchment and rationalization between 1986 and 1989 as a result of the 1985 - 86 oil price collapse ; and a period of stabilized growth since 1990. economic growth and structural change have proceeded rapidly in oman during the rule of sultan qabus ibn said. oman, however, lagged behind such neighboring gulf amirates as kuwait and the uae as a result of the late discovery of oil, financial constraints, and political instability in the first half of the 1970s. nonetheless, increased government expenditure as a result of the commercial production and export of oil transformed the standard of living in oman. by the latter half of the 1980s, oman emerged as a middle - income country after entering the development process as one of the poorest arab states. per capita income rose from us $ 360 in 1970 to us $ 3, 140 in 1980 and to us $ 7, 000 in 1991. when sultan qabus ibn said assumed power in 1970, he immediately implemented an economic development and modernization program. priority was given to expanding the country ' s almost nonexistent infrastructure. in the early 1970s, substantial progress was made in developing physical and social infrastructure, mainly in the form of roads, a new deepwater port, an international airport, electricity - generating plants, desalination plants, and schools, hospitals, and low - cost housing. government revenue derived almost exclusively from oil receipts made this possible. economic growth was accompanied by uneven structural development, however. in 1960 agriculture accounted for 75 percent of the gross domestic product ; by oman ' s fiscal year 1991, its share had fallen to less than 3 percent. by contrast, industry ( including petroleum ), which accounted for only 8 percent of gdp in 1960, increased to 59 percent by 1985. manufacturing increased only from 1 percent to 3 percent and services from 18 percent to 38 percent in the same period. as a result, in 1993 oman ' s economy was dominated by the petroleum sector and the services sector. aware of the vulnerability produced by dependency on a depletable natural resource, the government has increased funding for sectors based on renewable natural resources that can provide sustainable economic growth. the government is concentrating on the agriculture and fishing sectors, encouraging tourism, and constructing light industrial parks with the objective of exporting consumer goods to its gulf cooperation council ( gcc ) partners. for more recent information about the economy, see facts about oman. source : u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41958532664155607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.166343"} {"text": "the highly complex steps in the mountain carving process at crazy horse can be summed up in relatively simple terms. we are making a very large duplicate of korczak \u2019 s sculpture to tell the story of north american indian cultures. that artwork depicts the lakota warrior, crazy horse, seated on his horse and pointing over the horse \u2019 s head as he says, \u201c my lands are where my dead lie buried. \u201d in order to convey that powerful story on a monumental scale on the mountain we follow three basic steps : 1 ) measure korczak \u2019 s model ; 2 ) measure the mountain ; 3 ) remove all the rock that doesn \u2019 t fit! in reality each of these steps gets quite complex and requires the use of powerful tools and techniques, but the guiding principles remain quite simple. the members of the crazy horse mountain crew are experts in precision blasting, equipment operation and engineering. they maintain a strong emphasis on safety in all steps of the operation and are proud to have an outstanding safety record. here \u2019 s a little closer look at each of the meticulously detailed steps this team carries out to carve the mountain : measuring systems have evolved steadily during the 60 - year history of the mountain carving. korczak relied on artistic estimates and his incredibly practiced eye and natural feel for dimensions and scale. after his death, his family and the mountain crew developed a mechanical pointing system to measure the 1 / 34th scale model of crazy horse \u2019 s face. after completion of the face, we designed and built another mechanical pointing system to measure the 1 / 300th scale model of the entire carving. more recently laser scanning methods have been used to measure the 1 / 34th scale model and just in the past year brand new technology has been used to measure the 1 / 300th scale model with a laser scanning arm. monique ziolkowski is currently working to build a 1 / 60th scale model that will combine the artistic elements of korczak \u2019 s story with dimensions and geologic details from the mountain. some combination of mechanical pointing systems and laser scanning technology will likely be used to measure this model when it is complete. korczak used a combination of his artistic eye, tape measures and a beautiful old theodolite ( survey instrument ) to determine the basic location of his model within the mountain and begin the process of removing excess rock. a 60 - foot long measuring boom was fixed to the top of crazy horse \u2019 s head in 1987 to direct the work on the face. a plumb bob suspended from that measuring boom was used to transfer numbers from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48468282004093827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.178783"} {"text": "process of removing excess rock. a 60 - foot long measuring boom was fixed to the top of crazy horse \u2019 s head in 1987 to direct the work on the face. a plumb bob suspended from that measuring boom was used to transfer numbers from the pointing system on the 1 / 34th model of crazy horse \u2019 s face. when work moved beyond the face in 1998, a survey control system was developed and a modern survey instrument was used to measure the entire mountain. this instrument, known as a total station, measures very precise angles and distances from known control points to calculate 3 dimensional coordinates for any point on the mountain. it uses an infrared beam reflected from a hand held prism to measure distances up to several thousand feet with accuracy to the nearest 1 / 1000th of a foot. measurements from korczak \u2019 s models are transferred to the mountain using this same instrument and survey control system. laser scanning equipment has been used to measure the entire mountain on several occasions over the past 10 years. these instruments work on the same principle as the total station to measure angles and distances from known control points to points of interest on the rock. they use a laser beam reflected from the rock to measure the distances without need of a prism at each point. this allows for measuring huge numbers of points very quickly and accurately to build \u2018 digital models \u2019 of the mountain in our engineering computers. the next step in measuring on the mountain will be to apply the best possible methods to measure the geologic structure of the mountain in addition to the basic geometry of the mountain. this information becomes critical in refining the shape of the models and in planning for long term stability of the memorial. rock is removed from the mountain primarily with explosives. again this complex process can be summed up in basic steps : drill precisely placed holes in the granite ; load explosives in the holes ; time the detonation sequence of those explosives ; push the blasted rock ( known as \u2018 muck \u2019 in the mining industry ) off the mountain with heavy equipment and finally remove the last layer of rock in the finishing stage. all blasts at crazy horse are designed, drilled and executed to protect the rock that is left after the blast. this is the opposite of most blasting operations, where the main concern is the final size and location of the material being blasted away. the mountain crew prepares most blasts using a system that explosives engineers call \u201c pre - splitting. \u201d it is similar to perforating a piece of paper to allow it to tear evenly. the rock to be removed is drilled on all sides with a series of parallel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5500706307262295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.179822"} {"text": "crew prepares most blasts using a system that explosives engineers call \u201c pre - splitting. \u201d it is similar to perforating a piece of paper to allow it to tear evenly. the rock to be removed is drilled on all sides with a series of parallel drill holes. explosives are detonated throughout the entire length of each of the drill holes, cleanly removing the desired rock while leaving the remaining rock undamaged. here \u2019 s a more detailed look at each of the steps in the rock removal process : equipment has evolved from korczak \u2019 s use of a single - jack ( sledge hammer and hand steel ) to drill the holes for the first blast on the mountain. korczak quickly advanced to pneumatic jack hammer drills powered by \u2018 buda \u2019, the ancient air compressor which quit frequently during the work day and forced him to make many trips down and back up the 741 steps to the top of the mountain. he then progressed to wagon drills, a larger drifter drill mounted on a d8 cat and finally air track drills. these machines required less manual labor but still relied on gas or diesel powered air compressors to drive the hammer. the mountain crew did much of the drilling for crazy horse \u2019 s face using hand held rotary hammer drills powered by more modern, efficient electric air compressors. we still drill 1 3 / 8 inch or 1 5 / 8 inch holes up to 21 feet deep using these hand drills on rare occasions when the track drills cannot be maneuvered to the drilling site. hydraulic drills are now the standard and our fleet includes three of these very efficient machines mounted on tracks or rubber tires. most of our holes are drilled about 20 feet deep using 2 inch diameter carbide steel bits. our largest machines approach drilling rates up to 10 feet per minute! the next generation of these drills will be faster and more efficient and will have enclosed cabs to better protect the mountain crew from the noise and dust generated in the drilling process. when most people think of explosives, they imagine dynamite. the primary types of explosives used here at crazy horse, however, are not dynamites but detonating cord and small diameter water gel or emulsion based pre - split products. dynamite is very effective at fragmenting rock, but expends all of its energy in an area equal to the length of the cartridge \u2013 a very small portion of the drill hole. our blasts using detonating cord and pre - split products can be designed to expend the same amount of energy over the entire length of the drill holes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4613904759580752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.180878"} {"text": "equal to the length of the cartridge \u2013 a very small portion of the drill hole. our blasts using detonating cord and pre - split products can be designed to expend the same amount of energy over the entire length of the drill holes. this provides much better control of the explosive energy and does much less damage to the rock that is not removed by the blast. in a typical blast at crazy horse up to several hundred drill holes are loaded with the appropriate size of detonating cord or pre - split explosives. after the product is in place the holes are filled with small crushed stone. the stone fills the open space in the hole and better focuses the explosive energy to precisely split the rock. the typical blast is actually a carefully timed series of smaller blasts spaced only a few milliseconds apart. the vibration and damage caused by the blast can be controlled by limiting the amount of explosive detonated in each section of the blast. the distance to what will be the finished surface of the mountain carving ( \u201c final grade \u201d ) dictates the distance between drill holes and the type and amount of explosive used in each hole. the closer to final grade, the smaller the drill hole spacing and the smaller the explosives charge weight in each hole. timing between the blast sections is controlled by the blasting caps ( detonators ). this is another area where advancing technology is making a big difference in our mountain carving operation. electric blasting caps which are susceptible to premature detonation caused by static or nearby lightning strikes or radio transmissions are no longer used. our most common method uses non - electric delay detonators fired by sending a spark through long plastic tube or with a highly secure 2 - way radio controlled remote initiation system. we have also used the latest technology \u2013 a system of electronically controlled, programmable detonators which allow nearly infinite choices in blast timing. we expect systems like this to play a key role in controlling blasts as we work closer to finished grade in the future. removing the blasted rock or muck from the mountain is accomplished with heavy equipment. here again there has been a steady improvement in the type, size and efficiency of the equipment used over the past 60 years. a typical blast today produces 2000 to 3000 tons of rock fragments. these rocks range in size from small gravel up to the occasional 10 ton boulder and most remain on the blasting bench rather than falling off the mountain from the force of the blast. the mountain crew spends 2 or 3 days with a combination of excavators and bulldozers to move this rock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4907079574428503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.182004"} {"text": "to the occasional 10 ton boulder and most remain on the blasting bench rather than falling off the mountain from the force of the blast. the mountain crew spends 2 or 3 days with a combination of excavators and bulldozers to move this rock off the mountain and clear the way for the drills to prepare the next blast. to lend some perspective to the quantity of rock being handled \u2013 the average dump truck on the highway is hauling about 15 tons of material. it would take 200 truck loads to haul away the rock from just one large blast on the mountain! when the crew returns to finishing work it will be accomplished as it was on crazy horse \u2019 s face by drilling to isolate small blocks of rock ( 100 to 1, 000 pound chunks ). these blocks may be blasted off using very light explosives. in very detailed areas of the carving, drill holes are located so close together that they almost contact each other and mechanical wedges are used as an alternative to explosives. a jet torch is used to finish the surface of the mountain carving. the jet removes drill marks and smoothes the final surface. the torch runs on diesel fuel and compressed air. the 3, 300 degree ( f ) jet flame causes tiny fragments of rock to flake off as the result of heat expansion, leaving a polished surface. the variety of minerals in the pegmatite granite makes torching a challenge because each mineral reacts differently to the heat. the final step in finishing is to seal the natural seams in the granite so that water cannot infiltrate and cause damage during freeze / thaw cycles. crazy horse memorial has received many generous gifts of equipment, explosives and technical services over the years. in the past few years, for example, donations and significant discounts have been received from the following companies : atlas copco cmt sandvik mining & construction rdh mining equipment atlas copco compressors gardner denver compressors kuefler lightning protection sioux steam cleaner corp east coast drilling | explosives & blasting technology buckley powder company austin powder company intermountain west energies davey bickford usa | measuring & engineering technology eagle point software real earth models thatcher & associates the primary source of funding for the work of carving crazy horse comes from visitor admission fees. generous contributions from corporations provide critical additional resources to make continued work on the mountain carving possible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43697692852895015, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.182886"} {"text": "until recently, i never paid much attention to the possibility that abnormalities of the parathyroid glands could be relevant to patients in my practice. but i decided to learn more about this issue when one of my patients with bipolar disorder who had been treated with lithium ( drug information on lithium ) told me that she had been given a diagnosis of a parathyroid adenoma after her primary care physician noted hypercalcemia on routine testing. since undergoing successful surgery to remove the adenoma, she is feeling much sharper mentally and more energetic. lithium continues to be the gold standard for the treatment of bipolar disorder. it is also helpful for related diagnoses, such as schizoaffective disorder and cyclic major depression. in addition to watching out for the well - known complications of lithium treatment \u2014 hypothyroidism and decreased renal function \u2014 health care providers should be aware of hyperparathyroidism. development of hyperparathyroidism the parathyroid glands are 4 small structures located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, which monitor calcium levels in the blood and release parathyroid hormone ( pth ). pth is a peptide that acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood by enhancing the release of calcium from bones. in addition, pth acts on the kidneys to increase active reabsorption of calcium from distal tubules as well as to increase the excretion of phosphate, also leading to more free calcium in circulation. finally, pth raises calcium levels by increasing the production of activated vitamin d, which enhances absorption of calcium by the intestine. primary hyperparathyroidism usually results from an adenoma in a single gland, although other causes may be double adenoma or hyperplasia in multiple glands. previous exposure to radiation in the facial or neck area and certain medications, including thiazide diuretics, may cause primary hyperparathyroidism. in some families, the disease may be inherited. parathyroid cancer is an extremely rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. secondary hyperparathyroidism results from any medical condition that causes low calcium levels. this is most often due to kidney failure and the consequent rise in phosphate levels. vitamin d deficiency is another possible cause. the lithium connection. it turns out that lithium, a mainstay in the treatment of bipolar disorder, is associated with an increased incidence of hyperparathyroidism. approximately 15 % to 20 % of patients receiving long - term lithium treatment show elevated calcium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.469380881944718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.185877"} {"text": "a green, rechargeable battery that is suitable for powering electric vehicles and stationary power storage applications, and that would survive tens of thousands of charge cycles in a useful life of 100 years without loss of capacity. what could be a better innovation for our times? such a battery has been developed, and recently improved by stanford researchers. oh, one other thing. the battery was invented by thomas edison in 1901. the first era of electric cars took place from about 1890 until 1930. america \u2019 s first commercially successful electric vehicle was built by william morrison of des moines, iowa in 1891. in 1900, 28 percent of the cars built in the u. s. were electric. generally these electric cars had low power motors \u2013 a kilowatt or two compared to the 15 kw of the 1908 ford model t. their drivability, however, was acceptable because of the effortless starting of the electric motor, its large starting torque, and the perception that relatively slow electric cars were well suited to city driving by ladies and physicians ( this was the era of the house call ). a group of researchers at stanford has significantly improved the performance of nickel - iron batteries, which may lead to new applications for this venerable battery. the stanford team has created an ultrafast nickel - iron battery that can be fully charged in about two minutes and discharged in less than 30 seconds, making the new batteries ideal to supplement slow - charging lithium - ion batteries in regenerative braking.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.506359760569792, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.188500"} {"text": "even though the myisam table format is very reliable ( all changes to a table made by an sql statement are written before the statement returns ), you can still get corrupted tables if any of the following events occur : the mysqld process is killed in the middle of a write. an unexpected computer shutdown occurs ( for example, the computer is turned off ). you are using an external program ( such as myisamchk ) to modify a table that is being modified by the server at the same time. a software bug in the mysql or typical symptoms of a corrupt table are : you get the following error while selecting data from the table : incorrect key file for table : '... '. try to repair it queries don ' t find rows in the table or return incomplete results. you can check the health of a check table statement, and repair a corrupted myisam table with repair table. when mysqld is not running, you can also check or repair a table with the myisamchk command. see section 22. 214. 171. 124, \u201c check table syntax \u201d, section 126. 96. 36. 199, \u201c repair table syntax \u201d, and section 4. 6. 3, \u201c myisamchk \u2014 myisam table - maintenance utility \u201d. if your tables become corrupted frequently, you should try to determine why this is happening. the most important thing to know is whether the table became corrupted as a result of a server crash. you can verify this easily by looking for a recent restarted mysqld message in the error log. if there is such a message, it is likely that table corruption is a result of the server dying. otherwise, corruption may have occurred during normal operation. this is a bug. you should try to create a reproducible test case that demonstrates the problem. see section c. 5. 4. 2, \u201c what to do if mysql keeps crashing \u201d, and porting to other systems.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44967623330796586, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.191029"} {"text": "april 22 to 28 this year has been established as the first ever \u201c national severe weather awareness week. \u201d as the nation marks the first anniversary of one of the largest tornado outbreaks in u. s. history, the national oceanic and atmospheric administration and the federal emergency management agency are teaming up this week to save lives from severe weather. the two agencies encourage the public to \u201c know your risk, take action, and be a force of nature \u201d by taking proactive preparedness measures and inspiring others to do the same. last april, tornadoes raked the central and southern united states, spawning more than 300 tornadoes and claiming hundreds of lives. that devastating, historic outbreak was only one of many weather - related tragedies in 2011, which now holds the record for the greatest number of multi - billion dollar weather disasters in the nation \u2019 s history. the country has already experienced early and destructive tornado outbreaks in the midwest and south this year over the last two months, including a significant number of tornadoes last weekend. may is the peak season for tornadoes, so it is important to take action now. \u201c the damaging tornadoes that struck this year, causing widespread devastation as well as loss of life, also spurred many amazing and heroic survival stories, \u201d said noaa administrator jane lubchenco, ph. d. \u201c in every one of these stories, people heard the warning, understood a weather hazard was imminent and took immediate action. we can build a weather - ready nation by empowering people with the information they need to take preparedness actions across the country. \u201d \u201c one of the lessons we can take away from the recent tornado outbreaks is that severe weather can happen anytime, anywhere, \u201d said fema administrator craig fugate. \u201c while we can \u2019 t control where or when it might hit, we can take steps in advance to prepare and that \u2019 s why we are asking people to pledge to prepare, and share with others so they will do the same. \u201d to \u201c be a force of nature, \u201d fema and noaa encourage citizens to prepare for extreme weather by following these guidelines : - know your risk : the first step to becoming weather - ready is to understand the type of hazardous weather that can affect where you live and work, and how the weather could impact you and your family. check the weather forecast regularly and sign up for alerts from your local emergency management officials. severe weather comes in many forms and your shelter plan should include all types of local hazards. - take action : pledge to develop an emergency plan based on your local", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40930024134218446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.194432"} {"text": "check the weather forecast regularly and sign up for alerts from your local emergency management officials. severe weather comes in many forms and your shelter plan should include all types of local hazards. - take action : pledge to develop an emergency plan based on your local weather hazards and practice how and where to take shelter. create or refresh an emergency kit for needed food, supplies and medication. post your plan where visitors can see it. learn what you can do to strengthen your home or business against severe weather. obtain a noaa weather radio. download fema \u2019 s mobile app so you can access important safety tips on what to do before and during severe weather. understand the weather warning system and become a certified storm spotter through the national weather service. - be a force of nature : once you have taken action, tell your family, friends, school staff and co - workers about how they can prepare. share the resources and alert systems you discovered with your social media network. studies show individuals need to receive messages a number of ways before acting \u2013 and you can be one of those sources. when you go to shelter during a warning, send a text, tweet or post a status update so your friends and family know. you might just save their lives, too. for more information on how you can participate, visit www. ready. gov / severeweather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4275838002668598, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.195002"} {"text": "word origin & history o. e. forcippian \" to pare away by cutting, \" v. form of cipp \" small piece of wood, \" perhaps from pie base * keipo - \" sharp post \" ( cf. du. kip \" small strip of wood, \" l. cippus \" post, stake, beam \" ). sense of \" break off fragments \" is 18c. noun is attested by early 14c. ; meaning \" counter used in a game of chance \" is first recorded 1840 ; electronics sense is from 1962. used for thin slices of foodstuffs ( originally fruit ) since 1769 ; specific ref. to potatoes is from 1859 ( in \" a tale of two cities \" ) ; potato chip is attested by 1886. meaning \" piece of dried dung \" first attested 1846. to chip in \" contribute \" ( 1861 ) may come from card - playing. potato chip is 1859. chip of the old block is used by milton ( 1642 ) ; earlier form was chip of the same block ( 1621 ) ; more common modern phrase with off in place of of is early 20c. to have a chip on one ' s shoulder is from at least 1820s, u. s., from the custom of a boy determined to fight putting a chip on his shoulder and defying another to knock it off. chip in \" contribute \" is 1861, amer. eng.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5249510258461136, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.197496"} {"text": "ziegenbalg was born in pulsnitz, saxony on july 10, 1682 to poor but devout christian parents - bartholomaus ziegenbalg sr. ( 1640 - 1694 ), a grain merchant and maria nee bruckner ( 1646 - 1692 ). through his father he was related to the sculptor ernst friedrich august rietschel, and through his mother ' s side to the philosopher johann gottlieb fichte. he showed an aptitude for music at an early age. he studied at the university of halle under the teaching of a. h. francke, then the center of pietistic lutheranism. under the patronage of frederick iv of denmark, ziegenbalg, along with his fellow student, heinrich plutschau, became the first protestant missionaries to india. they arrived at the danish colony of tranquebar on july 9 1706. \u201c at times devanandan seems to imply a universalism that considers all people to be actual sharers in the new humanity ( formed in christ as created by god ), but in other places he seems to mean only that the scope or intention of the christian message is universal ( \u2026 ) but he also believes that the observer cannot resist the impulse of the faith that believes in a god who is also the lord of history, and in a creative spirit who is ever at work in the world, redeeming it even in its present involvements and directing its course to the ultimate fulfilment of his purpose ( \u2026 ) \u201d, bob robinson paraphrases the enigmatic ideas of \u201c south india churchman \u201d and the first director of the christian institute for the study of religion and society ( cisrs, founded in bangalore in 1957 ) paul david devanandan. a church of the syrian tradition was probably born in south india as long back in history as the third century, at least. kp kesava menon in his forward to christianity in india ( prakam, 1972 ) described a church typical of that tradition as \u201c hindu in culture, christian in religion, and oriental in worship. \u201d robinsons laments the failure of the further forward moment of this potential dialogue between the two religions. he notes that even superlatively supportive sympathisers of the european missionary \u2019 s endorsement of hinduism as roberto de nobili and ziegenbalg despite their enthusiasm for this foreign faith could never shake their conviction of the superiority of their own faith. the propagation of the gospel, despite danish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4290171575722104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.213931"} {"text": ", the press was taken over, and bustamante was to stay to set up the press with the indian who assists, at the college of st. paul, a seminary that still exists. the arrival of the first press in goa was rejoiced by st. francis xavier whose insight \u2019 s perception of the precepts of the bible had been in tranquebar around 1542. then inexplicably, and, significantly, all the presses died out in india. tamil printing seems to have stopped after 1612. records show that the last books in latin and portuguese were printed in goa in 1674. ziegenbalg responded to the king of denmark \u2019 s request for the bequest of a christian mission to spread the vision of the gospel in india, and, in 1706, ziegenbalg and colleague heinrich plutschau reached the region of tranquebar, thus becoming the first protestant missionaries to arrive on the indian sub - continent and began their revisionary project. the two established the danish - halle mission. the two laboured intensively, despite opposition from the local hindu and danish authorities in tranquebar, baptizing their first indian converts on may 12, 1707. education has always been an integral component of missionary work. and ziegenbalg recognized from the start the imperative of learning the local languages in the progress of their mission. stephen neill notes this curious serendipity ( one among the host of others which actively play creator of reality ), \u201c the original plan was that ziegenbalg should concentrate on portuguese and plutschau on tamil. for no explicit reason, but to the great advantage of the work, this arrangement was changed, and mastery of tamil became the primary objective of ziegenbalg. he had little to help him. no grammar was available. the jesuits in the sixteenth century had printed a number of books in tamil, but the work had been discontinued, and the lutheran missionaries seem never even to have heard that such printed books existed. \u201d ziegenbalg, quite possibly, spent more time picking up the local tongue than set his own wagging incomprehensibly and in vain to a folk who would then call him insane. he went on to write in 1709, \" i choose such books as i should wish to imitate both in speaking and writing... their tongue... ( now ) is as easy to me as my mother tongue, and in the last two years i have been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41147512712962725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.216081"} {"text": "in 1709, \" i choose such books as i should wish to imitate both in speaking and writing... their tongue... ( now ) is as easy to me as my mother tongue, and in the last two years i have been enabled to write several books in tamil... \u201d in a manner of mention, he was practising a well - intentioned form of cultural imperialism. but due to the circumstances in which european culture was established and promoted, in the midst of indigenous, alien people, the bridge estranging the cultural differences ( amid christianity and other cultures, the will to power promoted by a multiplicity of western nation - states, and also the friction between the fractions of the umbrageous faction of christianity ) posed many obstacles. this resistance circles our consideration back to the conflicting attitudes of the missionaries and the hindus they sought to convert. classical hindu views regarding religious and other pluralisms during this point in history are kind to our comprehension, though over times this abandoned dialogue between the two faiths has been revived spuriously by the likes of ram mohan roy to ramakrishna and vivekananda to gandhi. ziegenbalg was publicly critical of some members of the brahmin caste, accusing them of disregard for lower castes in hindu society. for that reason, at least one group plotted to kill him. this reaction by native indians was unusual and ziegenbalg ' s work did not generally encounter unfriendly crowds ; his lectures and classes drawing considerable interest from locals. in 1708, a dispute over whether the illegitimate child of a danish soldier and a non - christian woman should be baptized and brought up as a roman catholic or a protestant resulted in heinrich plutschau being brought before a court. although plutschau was released, ziegenbalg wrote that \" the catholics rejoiced, that we were persecuted and they were authorized. \" he connected this incident, which he took to have emboldened the catholics, directly with a second nearly two weeks later, which resulted in his imprisonment. this incident arose from ziegenbalg \u2019 s intervention on behalf of the widow of a tamil barber over a debt between her late husband and a catholic who was employed by the company as a translator. the commander of the danish fort in tranquebar, hassius, regarded ziegenbalg ' s repeated intervention in the case, including his advice that the widow kneel before him in the danish church, as inappropriate and sent for ziegen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4855206418130832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.217171"} {"text": "commander of the danish fort in tranquebar, hassius, regarded ziegenbalg ' s repeated intervention in the case, including his advice that the widow kneel before him in the danish church, as inappropriate and sent for ziegenbalg to appear before him. when ziegenbalg demurred, requesting a written summons, he was arrested and, because he refused to answer questions, imprisoned. although released after a little more than four months, ziegenbalg still had a difficult relationship with hassius and that was one reason for ziegenbalg ' s return to europe in 1714 - 1716. ziegenbalg was also married in 1716. he was also active in cooperation with the anglican society for the propagation of christian knowledge, making his work one of the first ecumenical ventures in the history of protestant missionary work. stephen neill suggests, \u201c as a missionary of the danish crown, ordained in denmark, ziegenbalg felt himself bound by the liturgy and customs of the danish church ( \u2026 ) only in one respect does ( he ) seem to have made a concession to the fact that this new church was growing up in india ; he made use of the presence in the christian community of a measure of literary and musical talent to introduce the singing of tamil lyrics to indian melodies, in addition to using in church the growing collection of hymns which had been translated from german but in which the original metres and tunes had been preserved. \u201d 1 ) translations : the 16th century saw the rise of protestantism and an explosion of translations of the new ( and old ) testament into the vernacular. after all this time spent in blood - wrenching and sweat - drenching scholarship, ziegenbalg wrote numerous texts in tamil, for dissemination among hindus. he was fully conscious of the importance of print in the history of the protestant church. he commenced his undertaking of translating the new testament, in 1708, and completed it in 1711, though printing was delayed till 1714, because of ziegenbalg \u2019 s insistent, perfectionist revisions. stephen neill comments, \u201c only rarely has the first translation of scripture in a new language been found acceptable. ziegenbalg \u2019 s achievement was considerable ; for the first time the entire new testament had been made available in an indian language. but from the start ziegenbalg \u2019 s work was exposed to criticism on a variety of grounds \u201d and that johann fabricius \u2019 update on the pioneering text was so clearly superior, \u201c before long the older", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44303721975005045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.218181"} {"text": "made available in an indian language. but from the start ziegenbalg \u2019 s work was exposed to criticism on a variety of grounds \u201d and that johann fabricius \u2019 update on the pioneering text was so clearly superior, \u201c before long the older version ceased to be used. \u201d it was obvious to ziegenbalg that without a printing press all his effort would come to nought. possibly as early as 1709 he requested a printing press from denmark. the danes forwarded the appeal to london to the society for promoting christian knowledge. the spck, not allowed a foothold in india by john company ' s merchants, was only too eager to help and in 1712 shipped out to the tranquebar mission a printing press with type, paper, ink, and a printer. he was also hindered by delays in the construction of a suitable tamil typeface for his purposes. in a letter dated 7 / 4 / 1713 to george lewis, the anglican chaplain at madras, and first printed, in portuguese, on the press the mission had recently received from the society for promoting christian knowledge, ziegenbalg writes : \u201c we may remember on this occasion, how much the art of printing contributed to the manifestation of divine truths, and the spreading of books for that end, at the time of the happy reformation, which we read of in history, with thanksgiving to almighty god. \u201d following this, he began translating the old testament, building \u201c himself a little house in a quiet area away from the centre of the town, where he could pursue tranquilly what he regarded as the most important work of all. on 28 september 1714 he reports to francke that the book exodus has now been completed. at the time of his death he had continued the work up to the book of ruth. \u201d 2 ) s. muthiah in his fond remembrance ( \u201c the legacy that ziegenbalg left \u201d ) ends with an inventory of the man \u2019 s lesser - known works : \u201c apart from the numerous tamil translations of christian publications he made, he wrote several books and booklets that could be described as being indological in nature. he also had the press printing educational material of a more general nature. as early as 1708 he had compiled his bibliothece malabarke, listing the 161 tamil books he had read and describing their content. in 1713, in biblia tamulica he expanded this bibliography. also in 1713 the press produced what was perhaps the first almanac to be printed in india. then, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4149204495919523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.219203"} {"text": "listing the 161 tamil books he had read and describing their content. in 1713, in biblia tamulica he expanded this bibliography. also in 1713 the press produced what was perhaps the first almanac to be printed in india. then, in 1716, there appeared what was probably the first book printed in asia in english, a guide to the english tongue, by thomas dyche. the next year the press printed an a. b. c. ( in portuguese ) for schools in the english territories. what did not get printed in tranquebar were ziegenbalg ' s indological writings. in fact, his works like nidiwunpa ( malabari moral philosophy ), kondei wenden ( malabari morals ) ulaga nidi ( malabari civil justice ), and his books on hindusim and islam were printed only 150 - 250 years later in europe and madras. \u201d 1. ziegenbalg was troubled by ill health his entire life, a condition aggravated by his work in the mission field. he died on february 23, 1719, at the age of thirty - six, in tranquebar. his last 13 years were spent laying the foundations for german scholarship in tamil that continues to this day. he faced many obstacles through his life \u2019 s work. in a letter to one dr. lutkens, ziegenbalg sketches out humbly the zeal and diligence of his daily pursuits. on any given day, he could be engaged in more ( if not as many ) and as varied tasks as the study of tamil to perchance conversation with a native poet to repose and contemplation to catechizing children of lutheran catechisms, to maybe more study or exercises in piety. george thos, jr. asks, \u201c can it be surprising that a man thus piously and ardently engaged should be eminently successful? or that he should too soon be exhausted by such incessant exertions? \u201d the blessings of god for their selfless tireless labours were mingled congruously with various circumstances testing their faith. their work was opposed both by militant hindus and by the local danish authorities. in 1707 / 08, ziegenbalg spent four months in prison on a charge that by converting the natives, he was encouraging rebellion. more than the opposition, he had to cope with the climatic conditions in india. ziegenbalg wrote : \u201c my skin was like a red cloth. the heat here is very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42030441260011586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.220793"} {"text": "a charge that by converting the natives, he was encouraging rebellion. more than the opposition, he had to cope with the climatic conditions in india. ziegenbalg wrote : \u201c my skin was like a red cloth. the heat here is very great, especially during april, may and june, in which season the wind blows from the inland so strongly that it seems as if the heat comes straight out of the oven \u201d. for an account of his death, see death - bed scenes : or, dying with and without religion, designed to illustrate the truth and power of christianity, volume 43 ; volume 651, part i, section ii, chapter 28. johann phillip fabricius, picked up where ziegenbalg left off on bible translation, particularly tamil christian hymnody. he also felt that the previous translation by ziegenbalg urgently needed emendations. \u201c the four qualities which fabricius found in the originals were lucidity, strength, brevity and appropriateness ; these were sadly lacking in the existing tamil translation, but he hoped that by the help of god he had been able to restore them. \u201d both scholars can also be referred to as proto - linguists, both worked arduously on dictionaries and grammars in tamil. interesting semiotic and linguistic questions arise, when taking into consideration both gentlemen \u2019 s translations of the bible. stephen neill summarises ziegenbalg \u2019 s failures and the cause of tragedy in his life, thus : \u201c he was little too pleased with his position as a royal missionary, and too readily inclined to call on the help of the civil power in denmark. in his controversies with the authorities at tranquebar he was generally in the right, but a less impetuous and more temperate approach might in the end have been more beneficial to the mission. he was too ready to open the coffers of the mission to those who claimed to be needy christians, though he was right that those who had lost all their property through becoming christians could not be allowed to starve. \u201d dictionary and translator for handheld new : sensagent is now available on your handheld a windows ( pop - into ) of information ( full - content of sensagent ) triggered by double - clicking any word on your webpage. give contextual explanation and translation from your sites! with a sensagentbox, visitors to your site can access reliable information on over 5 million pages provided by sensagent. com. choose the design that fits your site. improve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.452524985197687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.223103"} {"text": "once known as the kansa ( or konza ) tribe, the kaw are a people of dhegiha - siouan linguistic descent who migrated from the lower ohio valley to present northeastern kansas prior to 1750. in nineteenth - century kansas they fell victim to white land speculators, traders, missionaries, and the federal government ' s policy of tribal concentration and dissolution. the result was their forced removal to a small reservation in present kay county, oklahoma, in 1873 and the allotment of their land by federal law in 1902. among the 249 allottees was charles curtis, a future vice president of the united states ( 1929 - 33 ), who played a significant role in the kaw allotment proceedings. between 1902 and their legal reconstitution as a federally recognized tribe in 1959, social and legal struggles were a common feature of nascent kaw nationalism. under the allotment law of 1902 the kaws retained 260 acres of trust land of their former reservation. when this tract was inundated by the kaw reservoir in the mid - 1960s, the kaw council house was moved to a smaller tract nearby and the kaw cemetery to newkirk, oklahoma. thus newkirk and then kaw city, the present tribal headquarters some fifteen miles southeast of newkirk, emerged as the epicenters of the kaw nation of oklahoma. a revised kaw constitution was adopted in 1990, and a tribal court was instituted two years later. other important kaw projects are a housing project, a museum and social service facility, and some thirty additional projects in oklahoma and kansas. in 2000 the kaws purchased a remnant of their pre - 1873 reservation, a tract near council grove, kansas, which will be developed into a park for interpreting their sojourn in that state. in january 2002 the kaw nation of oklahoma membership totaled 2, 553, a dramatic increase from the 249 persons on the allotment roll a century ago. the last kaw full blood, william mehojah, died april 23, 2000. by the end of the twentieth century the kaw had begun cultural revitalization activities that included providing instruction in the kaw language to students in the local elementary schools and to adults through various electronic media. bibliography : berlin b. chapman, \" charles curtis and the kaw reservation, \" kansas historical quarterly 15 ( november 1947 ). william e. unrau, the kansa indians : a history of the wind people, 1673 - 1873 ( norman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3964873969881928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.225795"} {"text": "researchers in spain and norway reported in the periodical nature they had found tree - like growth rings on the bones of mammals, a characteristic that until now was thought to be limited to cold - blooded creatures and dinosaurs. they also found proof that dinosaurs probably had a high metabolic rate to allow fast growth another pointer of warm - bloodedness. \" our results strongly propose that dinosaurs were hot - blooded, \" lead author meike koehler of spain ' s institut catala de paleontologia told afp. if so, the findings should punctual a rethink about reptiles, she said. modern - day reptiles are cold - blooded, meaning they cannot control their body temperatures through their own metabolic system relying instead on outside means such as basking in the sun. while the dinosaurs may have been hot - blooded, their other characteristics kept them directly in the reptile camp, said koehler. paleontologists have long noted the ring - like markings on the bones of cold - blooded creatures and dinosaurs, and taken them to designate pauses in growth, perhaps due to cold periods or lack of food. the bones of hot - blooded animals such as birds and mammals had never been correctly assessed to see if they, too, display the lines. koehler and her team found the rings in all 41 hot - blooded animal species they studied, counting antelopes, deer and giraffes. the finding \" eliminates the strongest quarrel that does survive for cold - bloodedness \" in dinosaurs, she said. the team ' s analysis of fillet tissue also showed that the fast enlargement rate of mammals is related to a high metabolism, which in turn is characteristic of hot - bloodedness. \" if you compare this hankie with dinosaur tissue you will see that they are equal, \" said koehler. \" so this means that dinosaurs not only grew very fast but this increase was sustained by a very high metabolic rate, representative hot - bloodedness. \" a comment by university of california palaeontologist kevin padian that was available with the paper said the study was the latest to chip away at the long - held theory that dinosaurs were cold - blooded. \" it seems that these were anything but characteristic reptiles, and koehler and colleagues ' findings remove another false association from this picture. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4663680012337625, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.231226"} {"text": "i open my wallet, finger a $ 20 bill, pull it out and hand it to the farmer. in return i load my bag with fresh apples and pears, or beets and squash. the paper note is lightweight, compact, easily folded and stored. it is accepted anywhere in the country, for any purchase, any time. this reliable currency did not always exist. between the revolutionary war and the civil war, most people preferred carrying gold and silver coins for transactions. the paper money was locally printed by banks, merchants, states, and cities ; one never knew if it would hold its value or if it would be accepted by folks in the next town over. in 1861, the federal government began its efforts to convert the country to a uniform currency. on demand notes were issued in $ 5, $ 10, and $ 20 denominations, and could be redeemed for the equivalent in gold \u201c on demand \u201d. in 1862, the first $ 1 bill was issued as legal tender. the national banking act of 1863 established a national banking system, and with it a uniform national currency. under this act local banks could apply for a national charter. the institution could then purchase united states bonds which were stored with the u. s. treasury, and have a corresponding amount of paper currency issued. this worked to both parties \u2019 advantage : the federal government could fund its war against the confederacy and the banks could continue issuing their own unique currency. until 1877, these national bank notes were printed by private bank note companies under contract to the federal government. the overall look of the notes was uniform, but each bank could choose designs from the engraver \u2019 s catalog to create a unique national note. the bills were shipped in sheets to the bank, where they were signed by the bank \u2019 s president and register, cut and put into circulation. the greenbacks were lightweight, compact, easily folded and stored. and they were accepted anywhere in the country. the farmers and drovers bank of waynesburg, pennsylvania was first chartered as a state institution in 1835. known as a conservatively managed, dependable financial fixture of the waynesburg area, it was granted national bank status in january of 1865, just three months before the fall of the confederacy. this greenback, # 259 / 453127, was issued in july of that summer, when the nation was struggling to reestablish its identity. the bill has but one fold and has no pin holes from being pinned to someone \u2019 s pocket or tacked on a bankers \u2019 spike. the corners are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45316712266818093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.236183"} {"text": "| skip navigation links | | exit print view | | man pages section 3 : basic library functions oracle solaris 11 information library | - get current file position information # include < stdio. h > int fgetpos ( file * stream, fpos _ t * pos ) ; the fgetpos ( ) function stores the current value of the file position indicator for the stream pointed to by stream in the object pointed to by pos. the value stored contains unspecified information usable by fsetpos ( 3c ) for repositioning the stream to its position at the time of the call to fgetpos ( ). upon successful completion, fgetpos ( ) returns 0. otherwise, it returns a non - zero value and sets errno to indicate the error. the fgetpos ( ) function may fail if : the file descriptor underlying stream is not valid. the file descriptor underlying stream is associated with a pipe, a fifo, or a socket. the current value of the file position cannot be represented correctly in an object of type fpos _ t. the fgetpos ( ) function has a transitional interface for 64 - bit file offsets. see lf64 ( 5 ). see attributes ( 5 ) for descriptions of the following attributes :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.450235791205048, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.238903"} {"text": "the power operator binds more tightly than unary operators on its left ; it binds less tightly than unary operators on its right. the syntax is : thus, in an unparenthesized sequence of power and unary operators, the operators are evaluated from right to left ( this does not constrain the evaluation order for the operands ). the power operator has the same semantics as the built - in pow ( ) function, when called with two arguments : it yields its left argument raised to the power of its right argument. the numeric arguments are first converted to a common type. the result type is that of the arguments after coercion. with mixed operand types, the coercion rules for binary arithmetic operators apply. for int and long int operands, the result has the same type as the operands ( after coercion ) unless the second argument is negative ; in that case, all arguments are converted to float and a float result is delivered. for example, 0. 01. ( this last feature was added in python 2. 2. in python 2. 1 and before, if both arguments were of integer types and the second argument was negative, an exception was raised ). 0. 0 to a negative power results in a zerodivisionerror. raising a negative number to a fractional power results in a valueerror. see about this document... for information on suggesting changes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5552979386440615, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.240398"} {"text": "trectangle = class ( tshape ) class pascalimplementation trectangle : public tshape trectangle defines 2d rectangles with customized corners. it inherits tcontrol and can be used in styles to construct controls. the rectangle size and position are defined by the following properties of the trectangle object : - the shape rectangle shaperect defines the initial size and position of the rectangle. - you can use the scaling factors to the trectangle object to proportionally scale rectangle coordinates along local coordinate axes. scaling moves the rectangle and changes its size. note : scaling not only scales the shape of an object proportionally to the scaling factors, but also changes the strokethickness of the contour proportionally to the scaling factor for each axis. - you can use the rotation axis rotationcenter and rotation angle rotationangle of the trectangle object to rotate and move the rectangle. - the corners, cornertype, xradius, and yradius properties customize the shape of the rectangle corners. trectangle draws the contour and fills the background with the paint method. paint draws the contour and fills the background using the drawing pen and brush with the properties, color, and opacity defined by the stroke, strokethickness, strokecap, strokedash, strokejoin, and fill properties of the trectangle object.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5446982362826038, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.241694"} {"text": "the digital music archiving project is a combination of two separate projects in which technical and human resources can be best shared. the two parts retain their individual focus and distinct character, but the staff and equipment are common to both. 1. digital archive of north indian classical music : phase ii with emphasis on special collections the digital archive of north indian classical music was initiated in 2004 as part of the school of cultural texts and records at jadavpur university, kolkata. the aim at inception was to create a collection of digitised recordings of north indian classical music, and by 2007 a collection of about 1, 000 hours was digitised, catalogued and made available. this new project will concentrate on performances of artists usually under - represented in large general collections. this appears to be because these artists performed within a limited geographical range, and their music did not circulate widely ; certain styles like the ancient dhrupad were less popular, and hence survived in fewer copies. it is estimated that another 1500 hours of recordings will be digitised in the next 24 months, which would be in part selective and focused, concentrating on particular artists, styles, genres and instruments. prominent among them would be the dhrupad style of singing and the music of the rudra - veena, surasringar and surbahar. there would also be an attempt to acquire recordings of artists less recorded and circulated, but of great historical importance. most of these collections are held by different collectors in and around kolkata. 2. digital archive of bengali songs this part of the project will digitise a collection of bengali songs from 78rpm shellac disc records. the first commercial recording in india was made at kolkata ( then calcutta ) in 1902. these records, for the first time, enable us to preserve as an archive what was earlier an oral and performative, hence unrecorded, tradition. the kind of material to be digitised consists of all types of popular ( non - classical ) bengali songs, such as folk, devotional, romantic, comic, songs from theatre and complete musical dramas in the folk tradition etc. many of these songs actually go back to the 19th century but have been put in recorded form only in the 20th. unless they are preserved properly, some remarkable specimens of bengali music, and the rare voices of many eminent artistes will be irretrievably lost. a private collector has approximately 9, 000 records in his collection, spanning the entire period of recording in india. the physical condition of these records is mostly satisfactory to allow them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4763722387483107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.247011"} {"text": "rare voices of many eminent artistes will be irretrievably lost. a private collector has approximately 9, 000 records in his collection, spanning the entire period of recording in india. the physical condition of these records is mostly satisfactory to allow them to be copied. however, if the work of preservation of these records is not taken up now, this huge collection of bengali songs and music will be lost for ever. quick and proper action is needed to save it by transferring the records to digital mode, as the old 78 rpm records are made of shellac, which is very fragile. approximately 4, 000 songs will be digitised and thereby preserved from the oldest and most valuable portion of the collection, from 1902 to 1937. the project succeeded in digitising 16 collections in whole or part, contributed by private collectors, musicologists and musicians. this totalled 6, 860 tracks amounting to 1, 670 hours of listening time. together with the recordings previously digitised ( partly under eap132 ), the archive of north indian classical music at jadavpur university now contains one of the largest collections of north indian classical music in the country. a digital copy is housed at the school of cultural texts and records at jadavpur university and a copy has been deposited with the british library. in addition, individual collectors have received a copy of their material.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47731349040500826, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.247633"} {"text": "scientists estimate that critically endangered north atlantic right whales have lost 63 to 67 percent of their communication space in the stellwagen bank national marine sanctuary due to noise created by passing ships. the paper was published on august 14, 2012 in an early online edition of the journal conservation biology. the north atlantic right whale is one of the rarest marine mammals. only 350 to 400 whales are believed to currently exist. they are spectacularly large and can grow up to 45 to 55 feet ( 13. 7 to 16. 7 meters ) in length and weigh up to 70 tons ( 63, 500 kilograms ). they feed on plankton, particularly copepods, by straining seawater through baleen plates located in their mouths. north atlantic right whales face many threats including those from shipping strikes, entanglement in fishing gear and habitat degradation caused by chemical and noise pollution. while much effort has been put forth to reduce whale deaths caused shipping strikes and gear entanglements, little is known about how noise pollution may negatively impact these whales. to study how noise impacts north atlantic right whales, a group of scientists placed several acoustic recording devices in the stellawagen bank national marine sanctuary \u2013 a critical feeding ground for right whales \u2013 and compared the noise from ships today to historically lower noise levels that existed nearly a half century ago. they estimate that right whales have lost 63 to 67 percent of their communication space in the sanctuary and surrounding waters. the louder ambient noise created by today \u2019 s busy world appears to be reducing the ability of the whales to detect calls from other whales. scientists call this phenomenon communication masking. you can listen to what communication masking sounds like on the cornell university whale listening project \u2019 s website. first, listen to a typical right whale call at the top of the webpage. then, try to see if you can hear the whale call within the recording from a noisy shipping lane. i could not. however, i did listen to a lot of loud music as a teenager. leila hatch, a marine ecologist at the stellwagen bank national marine sanctuary and lead author of the paper, commented on the findings in a press release. she said : a good analogy would be a visually impaired person, who relies on hearing to move safely within their community, which is located near a noisy airport. large whales, such as right whales, rely on their ability to hear far more than their ability to see. chronic noise is likely reducing their opportunities to gather and share vital information that helps them find food and mates, navigate, avoid predators and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49494161850522533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.252643"} {"text": "airport. large whales, such as right whales, rely on their ability to hear far more than their ability to see. chronic noise is likely reducing their opportunities to gather and share vital information that helps them find food and mates, navigate, avoid predators and take care of their young. christopher clark, director of cornell \u2019 s bioacoustics program and co - author of the work also commented on the findings. he said : we had already shown that the noise from an individual ship could make it nearly impossible for a right whale to be heard by other whales. what we \u2019 ve shown here is that in today \u2019 s ocean off boston, compared to 40 or 50 years ago, the cumulative noise from all of the shipping traffic is making it difficult for all the right whales in the area to hear each other most of the time, not just once in a while. basically, the whales off boston now find themselves living in a world full of our acoustic smog. it remains to be seen just how the underwater noise and decreased communication space may impact the right whales ability to survive and reproduce. a previous study published on february 8, 2012 in proceedings of the royal society found that decreased shipping noise in the bay of fundy, canada after the events of september 11, 2011 was associated with a decrease in the right whales stress hormone levels. long - term elevation of stress hormones is known to have negative health effects in many different species. holly bamford, deputy assistant administrator of noaa \u2019 s national ocean service also commented on the august 14, 2012 study in the press release. she said : we are starting to quantify the implication of chronic, human - created ocean noise for marine animals. now, we need to ask how we can adapt our management tools to better address these problems. bottom line : scientists estimate that critically endangered north atlantic right whales have lost 63 to 67 percent of their communication space in the stellwagen bank national marine sanctuary due to noise created by passing ships. the paper was published on august 14, 2012 in an early online edition of the journal conservation biology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4876537317465959, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.253525"} {"text": "one of my favorite constellations, little squarish corvus the crow, can be found in the south after sunset at this time of year. it \u2019 s not far from the bright star spica \u2013 and, in 2013, the golden planet saturn. learn more about how to find spica and saturn here. once you find spica and saturn in sring 2013, you \u2019 ll recognize the constellation corvus. it \u2019 s always near the star spica on the sky \u2019 s dome. it \u2019 s recognizable for its compact, boxy shape. corvus is an easy constellation to pick out in the sky. in greek mythology, corvus was seen as the cupbearer to apollo, god of the sun. in ancient israel, corvus wasn \u2019 t a crow. instead, it was seen as a raven. in china, this grouping of stars had more distinction as an imperial chariot, riding on the wind. corvus is a friendly sight in the heavens. along with all the stars, corvus \u2019 s stars will be found a bit farther west at nightfall in the coming weeks and months as earth moves around the sun. check it out now and watch for it in the next few months. the bright star spica \u2013 near corvus on our sky \u2019 s dome \u2013 will always be there to guide your eye. bottom line : use the star spica \u2013 and in 2013 the planet saturn \u2013 to introduce yourself to the constelaltion corvus the crow.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39912146634196344, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.256346"} {"text": "a new code article covering lighting systems operating at 30v or less will modify some and help standardize other low - voltage lighting designs. additional requirements, however, apply if wet contact is a factor. low - voltage lighting has been in use for about 30 years, with widely differing acceptance by local inspection authorities due to its ambiguous coverage in the nec. now it has its own article, the new art. 411. underwriters laboratories ( ul ) is now writing a new standard ( ul 2108 ) to cover these systems. when the standard is complete, probably within the year, we will see products listed accordingly. there are, however, products available now that are listed and happen to comply with the new article, although not expressly listed to those terms. at present, they are being listed to the general incandescent lamp standard ( ul 1571 ), although when the new standard is finalized, these listings will change over to the new standard. these products are being listed under art. 725 of the nec by incorporating power supplies that work under either class 2 power limitations [ by using a listed class 2 power supply per sec. 725 - 41 ( a ) ] or power - limited class 1 circuits meeting the 1000va, 30v limitations in sec. 725 - 21 ( a ). the requirements in the new article are summarized in fig. 1. the new requirements the most important thing to remember about these systems is that they are exactly that, systems. although these may be assembled ( and disassembled ) in the field, each of the components will be listed as part of an overall system. be careful of sec. 411 - 6, which imposes a 20a branch - circuit restriction. the restriction applies to what the systems as a whole are connected to, and not to the ratings within a given lighting system. these systems use an isolating power supply that must not exceed 30v ( 42. 4vpk ) under any load condition, even while open circuited. the secondary circuits must have some form of current limitation such that the current cannot exceed 25a. note that this creates an effective power limitation of 750va ( 30v x 25a ). this is less than the power4imited class 1 threshold of 1000va. the restriction is based on practical concerns involved with the desired physical flexibility for these systems ; if the current went up above 25a, the wire size would increase to no. 10. many manufacturers didn ' t think that was practical. for this reason, the 25a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5120453050272604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.265199"} {"text": "based on practical concerns involved with the desired physical flexibility for these systems ; if the current went up above 25a, the wire size would increase to no. 10. many manufacturers didn ' t think that was practical. for this reason, the 25a limitation applies even at lower voltages where the resulting va is lower ; at 12v for example, the va limitation would be ( 12vx25a ) = 300va. nevertheless, some manufacturers have been producing listed systems in the range between 750va and the 1000va maximum in sec. 725 - 21 ( a ), particularly for 24v indoor applications. they have been willing to pay the price in cumbersome conductors for being able to get longer runs, particularly for aisle pathway systems in large movie theaters, for example. note that at 24v, the va differential is even greater ; 24v x 25a = 600va. it now appears that after the new ul 2108 standard takes effect, these listings will no longer be able to continue. this may have a significant impact on lighting layouts that extend long distances in only one direction. in some cases, it may be possible to center - feed these layouts with multiple circuits originating at a common power supply. sec. 411 - 2 clearly allows for this, recognizing one or more circuits originating at the isolating power supply. these systems, per sec. 411 - 3, must be listed. the listing process will include additional restrictions. for example, if these systems are used outdoors or where wet contact could occur, the voltage limitation becomes 15v maximum, with most systems using 12v as a result. this restriction has been in art. 725 for class 2 systems for many years, and now is in the notes for chapter 9, table 11. for other applications, the 30v limitation is adequate to assure that there won ' t be a shock hazard. the other provisions of art. 411 are primarily designed to prevent fires. these systems must not be extended through a wall, unless using conventional wiring as covered in chapter 3 of the code. presumably, this requirement sec. 411 - 4 ( 1 ) is also supposed to apply to a floor penetration, but the only term used is \" building wall. \" this limits the possibility of heat being retained around the conductors. in general, these systems didn ' t need chapter 3 wiring methods, having been covered under art. 725 which, as part of chapter 7, can supplement or modify the requirements in chapter 3. now that the rules are in art. 411, co", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49573341262638215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.266283"} {"text": "general, these systems didn ' t need chapter 3 wiring methods, having been covered under art. 725 which, as part of chapter 7, can supplement or modify the requirements in chapter 3. now that the rules are in art. 411, correlating language probably needs to be included in sec. 300 - 1 ( a ). the other restriction addresses the possibilities of sparks from short circuits. although sec. 411 - 5 ( c ) allows the use of bare conductors, they must be high enough ( 7 ft ) so that inadvertent bridging between the wires with conductive objects is very unlikely. if they are lower than 7 ft, then they must be specifically listed for this use. there are sophisticated power supplies that shut themselves off if the power demand varies from very close tolerances, and testing laboratories have evaluated them in conjunction with these applications. otherwise, the conductors for these circuits will be insulated. in addition, if these systems are used in hazardous ( classified ) locations, then they must comply with the usual rules for those locations. just because these circuits have some degree of power limitation doesn ' t mean they are inherently safe for these locations. an energy release of just 0. 25 mw - sec will ignite a suitable methane - air mixture ; this is obviously far below the capability of one of these lighting systems. the circuits supplied by these systems, in addition to having current and voltage limitations, also have important system grounding and insulation limitations to reduce the possibility of fire. the secondary must be fed from an isolating transformer. these transformers have been recognized in sec. 680 - 5 ( a ) for many years for use with underwater lighting fixtures in swimming pools, and in sec. 680 - 51 ( a ) ex. for use with fountains. they have a grounded metal barrier between the primary and secondary windings. although there is a grounded barrier, that does not mean that the secondary circuit is grounded, and sec. 411 - 5 ( a ) prohibits grounding this circuit. this is a system grounding restriction ; that is, you cannot intentionally connect one of the conductors \" to earth or to some conducting body that serves in place of the earth, \" as defined in art. 100. there are important ramifications to this limitation that aren ' t obvious from reading the new article. sec. 250 - 5 ( a ) ( 1 ) requires system grounding if the supply transformer of a 50v or lower system is itself supplied from a source exceeding 150v to ground. therefore, you cannot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48790410426566444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.267362"} {"text": "obvious from reading the new article. sec. 250 - 5 ( a ) ( 1 ) requires system grounding if the supply transformer of a 50v or lower system is itself supplied from a source exceeding 150v to ground. therefore, you cannot connect one of these new systems directly to a 277v branch circuit. you would need to first step the 277v circuit down to a 120v grounded system [ and it would need grounding, per sec. 250 - 5 ( b ) ( 1 ) ] and then supply the new art. 411 lighting system. the system grounding limitations also affect equipment grounding. since these systems must fall within the parameters of class 2 or class 1 power - limited circuits, for the purposes of the code, they would fall within the equipment grounding rules in sec. 250 - 43 ( i ). that section requires equipment grounding for limited - energy systems if system grounding is required in part b of art. 250. as we have seen, these systems cannot be grounded. therefore, these lighting systems don ' t require any provisions for equipment grounding. swimming pool lighting sec. 411 - 4 ( 2 ) defers to art. 680 on the use of this lighting within 10 ft of a pool, spa, or fountain. this turns out to be quite complicated. sec. 680 - 6 ( b ) ( 1 ) generally allows fixtures to be as near as 5 ft to a pool ( but no closer unless at least 12 ft above the water level ). however, there are additional requirements that apply to fixtures closer than 10 ft. both sec. 680 - 6 ( b ) ( 2 ) for lighting in the 5 - 10 ft zone, and the two exceptions to sec. 680 - 6 ( b ) ( 1 ) that allow closer distances for existing lighting and for indoor pools 7 1 / 2 ft or more above the water level require gfci protection for such fixtures. as noted in fig. 2, gfci devices as presently listed won ' t operate on a circuit with two ungrounded conductors. therefore, these lighting systems are excluded between the 5 - ft to the 10 - ft radius around a pool unless the fixtures are rigidly attached to a structure at a point at least 5 ft above the maximum water level. they cannot be run at all, even on an existing structure, closer than 5 ft from the pool. nevertheless, we do see these lights used closer to swimming pools. these lights aren ' t installed under the provisions of art. 411. this type of lighting operates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47695922382335904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.268328"} {"text": "run at all, even on an existing structure, closer than 5 ft from the pool. nevertheless, we do see these lights used closer to swimming pools. these lights aren ' t installed under the provisions of art. 411. this type of lighting operates on class 2 power - limited circuits evaluated for wet - contact applications. therefore, you install this type of lighting using listed class 2 power supplies that typically don ' t exceed 75va. another application of limited - energy lighting is in the path and accent lighting commonly used outdoors, as well as indoors in shopping malls, hotel atriums, and similar locations. these systems are listed to another standard entirely ( ul 1838, low voltage landscape lighting systems ), and there are no plans to convert these systems over to the new ul 2108 standard. because wet contact could be involved, these systems are limited to 15v, and ul already imposes the same 25a limitation as in the new sec. 411 - 2. the output of one of these power supplies must never be connected in series or in parallel, and the maximum number and ratings of lighting units must never exceed the quantity specified in the listing and in the accompanying product directions. the other issue with these systems is the location of the power supply. installers need to be aware of the restrictions that come with various markings on these power supplies. for example, the \" outdoor use only \" power unit cannot be used indoors. although this seems obvious, we are used to assuming that if something can be used outdoors, it surely must be usable indoors. in this product category, only a power unit marked \" indoor use only \" or \" indoor / outdoor use \" ( the other two possibilities ) can be used indoors. the power supplies will be arranged for a chapter 3 wiring method connection, except outdoor units may be arranged for a cord - and plug - connection. in this case, the receptacle must be arranged to be weatherproof with the cord and plug connected, in accordance with sec. 410 - 57 ( b ). these landscape lighting systems may also be used to supply submersible fixtures in fountains. in these cases, the transformer will have an isolated secondary to comply with sec. 680 - 5 ( a ), as required in sec. 680 - 51 ( a ) ex. of the nec. the lighting system will be marked \" for use with submersible fixtures or submersible pumps. \" be careful here! this product category is only for decorative fountains not intended for swimming or wading. note that underwater lighting fixtures intended for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48678184293896687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.269305"} {"text": "nec. the lighting system will be marked \" for use with submersible fixtures or submersible pumps. \" be careful here! this product category is only for decorative fountains not intended for swimming or wading. note that underwater lighting fixtures intended for use in swimming pools are listed in a different category entirely. these fixtures, even if below 15v, must meet additional requirements. as in the case of art. 411 systems, this wiring will originate at an isolating transformer. the secondary conductors from this transformer must never enter raceways or other enclosures with other conductors, however, in accordance with sec. 680 - 5 ( c ). gfci protection is not required for these systems. in general, however, these systems will be wired in the same way and using the same wiring methods as 120v lighting in the same environment. about the only other difference is that a potted, flush deck box can be used [ sec. 680 - 21 ( a ) ( 4 ) ex. ], instead of the elevated swimming pool junction box required at line voltage. in any case, you must use a fixture listed as one of the forms of \" underwater lighting fixture for swimming pool. \" ul reserves the term \" submersible \" for underwater use in fountains, etc, not swimming pools and spas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46406478455422895, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.269804"} {"text": "the aerosphere supports a range of animal life both at the earth \u2019 s surface and in the air. while monitoring the movements and activities of terrestrial animals can be demanding, observation of volant organisms are even more challenging because they require novel technologies. here we focus on the analysis of animal movements using radar. it has long been known that radio waves scattered from flying organisms ( bioscatter ) can be detected and processed using radar. depending on the particular design, radar can be used to track individuals, observe the movements of organisms over a variety of spatial and temporal scales, and to some extent discriminate between and identify different taxa. these capabilities are being further enhanced through continuing innovations in radar hardware and signal processing technologies. moreover, thousands of radar installations are located around the world with many of these already integrated into cohesive networks. for example, nexrad ( next - generation radar ) operates continuously and provides near complete spatial coverage across the continental u. s. in near real time. in this presentation we explore the fundamental question : to what extent can radar observations be used to investigate questions about ecology, abundance, and airborne movement of animals over large spatial and temporal domains, and promote the transdisciplinary field of aeroecology. although designed to collect meteorological data, weather radars such as the wsr - 88d also regularly detect bioscatter. we provide an overview of existing and developing radar technology within the framework of \u201c radar aeroecology \u201d and outline an approach to generate meaningful biological products. our investigations have shown that observations from existing radar networks provide a viable means of observing and studying flying animals. additionally, when coupled with measurements of the scattering properties of individual animals, we are using radar data to estimate numbers of birds and bats and the population sizes of roosting colonies. results of this collaborative research are benefitting biologists and atmospheric scientists and creating crossover research opportunities. our findings are timely given the importance of using this technology for understanding factors that affect movements of animals in the aerosphere relative to regional and global climatic variability. together with complementary weather observations, nexrad data provide unprecedented opportunities to observe birds, bats, and insects in the aerosphere on both local and large scales.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5366064675986406, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.273377"} {"text": "( cnn ) - - australia ' s northeastern state of queensland begins 2011 facing historic river flooding along many coastal rivers, namely the fitzroy river near the city of rockhampton. in rockhampton, the river is expected to reach its crest on wednesday at a height exceeded only once in recorded history, back in january 1918. the landmark floods, which have affected at least 200, 000 people and spanned an area approximately the size of france and germany, according to the australian bureau of meteorology, are the result of extremely heavy rains which occurred at the end of 2010. many locations along the central coast of queensland saw rainfall amounts during the month of december top 800mm ( 31. 5 inches ), which amounted to 400 percent of their average for the month. much of this rainfall came from cyclone tasha, which made landfall in eastern queensland on christmas morning. queenslanders cannot simply point to tasha ' s torrential rainfalls as the sole cause of their current water - logged nightmare, however, as rivers and streams were already swollen from months of above average rainfall. australia had their wettest spring ( september to november ) since records began 111 years ago, according to the u. s. national oceanic and atmospheric administration ' s ( noaa ) national climate data center. for queensland in particular, 2010 ended up the rainiest year on record. so what is behind the months of above average rainfall for an area that has been suffering from a decade - long drought? the la nina coupled ocean - atmosphere phenomenon, which was declared by the australian bureau of meteorology to be in effect beginning in the summer of 2010, is associated with above normal rainfall, especially over the second half of the year, in eastern and northern australia. la nina, and its counterpart el nino, are opposite ends of an oscillation which is defined by changes in sea surface temperature in the pacific ocean. although el nino and la nina occur in the equatorial pacific, they can affect weather patterns around the globe. during a la nina event, the trade winds in the pacific, which blow from east to west, strengthen, resulting in warmer than average waters building up in the west pacific ( which borders eastern australia ). during el nino, the trade winds weaken, allowing the warm waters of the western pacific to spread out into the central and eastern pacific all the way to south america. the location of the warmer water plays an important role in determining the weather patterns present with el nino and la nina. warmer sea surface temperatures lead to enhanced rainfall by allowing for lower pressure and greater amounts of water vapor. thus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4418225006089972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.277725"} {"text": "the way to south america. the location of the warmer water plays an important role in determining the weather patterns present with el nino and la nina. warmer sea surface temperatures lead to enhanced rainfall by allowing for lower pressure and greater amounts of water vapor. thus, during la nina years, above average rainfall is experienced where the warm water is found - - in the western pacific. conversely, during el nino years, as you would expect, above average rainfall is generated along the eastern pacific in such locations as california and peru. the warmer than average sea surface temperatures also tend to spawn more tropical cyclones, called hurricanes when they occur in the atlantic. as a result of this year ' s la nina, the bureau of meteorology in australia is predicting an above average tropical cyclone season. normally the waters off the east coast of australia see four tropical cyclones during a tropical season ( november - april ), but the forecast for this tropical season is for six to seven tropical cyclones to form. cyclone tasha was the first of the year in the region, thus queensland could see further rainfall and flooding from an increased cyclone threat through the rest of the summer and into autumn. el nino and la nina, as well as a neutral state in between the two, occur over periods of about every five years, but can vary from three to seven years. the intensity of an el nino or la nina can vary as well, where stronger events are normally associated with more extreme weather. the current la nina, though ongoing and thus hard to rank historically, appears to be a moderate and possibly strong episode of the phenomenon which is to end later in 2011. it is also unclear whether or not el ninos and la ninas are becoming more or less frequent in a changing climate, or if the intensity is at all affected by climate change. it stands to reason that a warmer climate would lead to warmer ocean temperatures, thus enhancing the rainfall brought about by el nino / la nina even further. some studies have shown this relationship, but like other climate change studies, the results are based on a limited and somewhat unreliable data record. one thing we know for sure is that la nina is still occurring in early 2011, just as it was for the latter half of 2010, and eastern australia lies perilously close to its source regions in the vast pacific ocean. australia ' s climate is dominated by the cycles of el nino and la nina, and flooding is expected to occur whenever la nina is present, just as drought is prevalent down - under during el nino years. later this week, the level of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4537822787040814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.278903"} {"text": "ib environmental studies / ecosystem topic 2 : the ecosystem ecosystems are the biotic and abiotic factors in a specified area that interact with one another. biotic factor - a living, biological factor that may influence an organism or ecosystem, such as producers - plants, consumers - animals etc abiotic factors \u2013 a non - living or physical factor that may influence an organism or ecosystem. for example, precipitation, wind, sunlight, soil, temperature, ph, salinity, light, temperature - understanding the interaction of the biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem can help us to see why particular human activities may be a problem for human survival. - example : the loss of ozone in the stratosphere increases the quantity of uv radiation on the surface of the planet. in the same way that humans experience sunburn from too much sun exposure, so do plants. excessive uv may damage or destroy plant protein and dna, killing the plant. trophic level - the position that an organism occupies in a food chain, or a group of organisms in a community that occupy the same position in food chains. and is mainly considered as feeding level. producers / autotrophs - organisms that make their own food. usually plants through photosynthesis. primary consumers - organisms that consume producers. secondary consumers - organisms that consume primary consumers. herbivores - organisms that eat plants, but no meat. carnivores - meat - eaters. omnivores - organisms that eat both plants and meat. heterotrophs - decomposers - species - a group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. population - a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time, and which are capable of interbreeding. community - a group of populations living and interacting with each other in a common habitat. ecosystem - a community of interdependent organisms and the physical environment they inhabit. habitat - the environment in which a species normally lives. niche - a species ' share of a habitat and the resources in it. an organism ' s ecological niche depends not only on where it lives but on the role it plays in the ecosystem. fundamental niche - the part of the habitat in which a species can live in the absence of competitors and predators realized niche - the part of the habitat that the organism actually occupies. biome \u2013 large, relatively distinct terrestrial region characterized by similar climate ( temperature and precipitation ), soil, and organisms. competition \u2013 [ \u2013, \u2013 ] two species ( inter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5399679569192612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.283002"} {"text": "predators realized niche - the part of the habitat that the organism actually occupies. biome \u2013 large, relatively distinct terrestrial region characterized by similar climate ( temperature and precipitation ), soil, and organisms. competition \u2013 [ \u2013, \u2013 ] two species ( interspecies competition ) or two populations of the same species ( intraspecies competition ) compete for the same resources. both sides are harmed. symbiosis \u2013 biological interaction where two different species are in direct contact with each other. commensalism \u2013 [ 0, + ] one species benefits, the other is unaffected amensalism \u2013 [ 0, \u2013 ] one species is harmed, the other is unaffected mutualism \u2013 [ +, + ] both species benefit predation \u2013 [ +, \u2013 ] one species benefits, the other is harmed. the prey is usually killed quickly. parasitism \u2013 [ +, \u2013 ] one species benefits, the other is harmed. the host is killed slowly if at all. photosynthesis \u2013 6co2 + 6h2o + light energy \u21d2 c6h12o6 + 6o2 + heat \u2013 carbon dioxide, water and sunlight go in, glucose, oxygen and heat are produced. respiration \u2013 c6h12o6 + 6o2 \u21d2 6co2 + 6h2o + released energy ( heat ) \u2013 glucose and oxygen go in, carbon dioxide and water and heat are produced. reproductive strategies : r and k - short - lived - large broods - reproduce early in life - little to no care for young - relatively small - long - lived - few offspring per reproductive period - reproduce later in life - nurture young - relatively large succession \u2013 a change over time in the types of species that occupy a given area. primary succession \u2013 ecological succession in an environment that has not been previously inhabited ( no soil is present ). pioneer communities \u2013 the first organisms to colonize ( or recolonize ) an area. secondary succession \u2013 ecological succession in an environment that was exposed to some type of disturbance ( soil is already present ). sere \u2013 a sequence of communities over ecological time. each stage of succession is called a seral stage. lithosere \u2013 succession on bare rock hydrosere \u2013 succession in freshwater lakes psammosere \u2013 succession on sand dunes halosere \u2013 succession on salt marshes climax community \u2013 species composition no longer changes over time ; secession stops. community retains an overall uniform appearance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5516126507621841, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.284157"} {"text": "frank lloyd wright - if you would see how interwoven it is in the warp and woof of civilization... go at night - fall to the top of one of the down - town steel giants and you may see how in the image of material man, at once his glory and his menace, is this thing we call a city. there beneath you is the monster, stretching acre upon acre into the far distance. high over head hangs the stagnant pall of its fetid breath, reddened with light from myriad eyes endlessly, everywhere blinking. thousands of acres of cellular tissue, the city \u2019 s flesh outspreads layer upon layer, enmeshed by an intricate network of veins and arteries radiating into the gloom, and in them, with muffled, persistent roar, circulating as the blood circulates in your veins, is the almost ceaseless beat of the activity to whose necessities it all conforms. the poisonous waste is drawn from the system of this gigantic creature by infinitely ramifying, thread - like ducts, gathering at their sensitive terminals matter destructive of its life, hurrying it to millions of small intestines to be collected in turn by larger, flowing to the great sewers, on to the drainage canal, and finally to the ocean. - lecture to the chicago chapter of the daughters of the american revolution ( 1904 ) ; later published as \" the art and craft of the machine \" in on architecture : selected writings ( 1894 - 1940 ) ( 1941 ) - pictures deface walls oftener than they decorate them. - \" in the cause of architecture \", in the architectural record ( march 1908 ) - it is where life is fundamental and free that men develop the vision needed to reveal the human soul in the blossoms it puts forth.... in a great workshop like chicago this creative power germinates, even though the brutality and selfish preoccupation of the place drive it elsewhere for bread. men of this type have loved chicago, have worked for her, and believed in her. the hardest thing they have to bear is her shame. these men could live and work here when to live and work in new york would stifle their genius and fill their purse.... new york still believes that art should be imported ; brought over in ships ; and is a quite contented market place. so while new york has reproduced much and produced nothing, chicago \u2019 s achievements in architecture have gained world - wide recognition as a distinctively american architecture. - lecture to the chicago", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49602410987692575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.294584"} {"text": "; brought over in ships ; and is a quite contented market place. so while new york has reproduced much and produced nothing, chicago \u2019 s achievements in architecture have gained world - wide recognition as a distinctively american architecture. - lecture to the chicago women \u2019 s aid ( 1918 ) ; later published as \" chicago culture \" in on architecture : selected writings ( 1894 - 1940 ) ( 1941 ) - no house should ever be on a hill or on anything. it should be of the hill. belonging to it. hill and house should live together each the happier for the other. - frank lloyd wright, an autobiography ( 1932 ) - so here i stand before you preaching organic architecture : declaring organic architecture to be the modern ideal. - an organic architecture ( 1939 ) - i ' m no teacher. never wanted to teach and don ' t believe in teaching an art. science yes, business of course.. but an art cannot be taught. you can only inculcate it, you can be an exemplar, you can create an atmosphere in which it can grow. well i suppose i, being an exemplar, could be called a teacher, in spite of myself. so go ahead, call me a teacher. - quote from an interview on the nbc television program, wisdom - a conversation with frank lloyd wright ( 1953 ) - a free america, democratic in the sense that our forefathers intended it to be, means just this : individual freedom for all, rich or poor, or else this system of government we call ' democracy ' is only an expedient to enslave man to the machine and make him like it. - the future of architecture ( 1953 ), p. 174 - every great architect is \u2014 necessarily \u2014 a great poet. he must be a great original interpreter of his time, his day, his age. - the future of architecture ( 1953 ) - the physician can bury his mistakes, but the architect can only advise his clients to plant vines. - new york times magazine ( 4 october 1953 ) sometimes paraphrased : \" a doctor can bury his mistakes, but the architect can only advise his clients to plant vines. \" - i doubt if there is anything in the world uglier than a midwestern city. - address at evanston illinois ( 8 august 1954 ) - clear out 800, 000 people and preserve it as a museum piece. - on boston, the new york times ( 27 november 1955 ) - new york : prison towers and modern posters for soap and whiskey.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49036922256571147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.295673"} {"text": "evanston illinois ( 8 august 1954 ) - clear out 800, 000 people and preserve it as a museum piece. - on boston, the new york times ( 27 november 1955 ) - new york : prison towers and modern posters for soap and whiskey. pittsburgh : abandon it. - on new york and pittsburgh, the new york times ( 27 november 1955 ) - if you \u2019 re going to have centralization, why not have it! - on his designs for \" the illinois \" a 528 - story chicago office building ( 10 september 1956 ) - the scientist has marched in and taken the place of the poet. but one day somebody will find the solution to the problems of the world and remember, it will be a poet, not a scientist. - as quoted in the star ( 1959 ) and morrow ' s international dictionary of contemporary quotations ( 1982 ) by jonathon green - i believe in god, only i spell it \" nature \". - as quoted in quote magazine ( 14 august 1966 ) - nature is all the body of god we mortals will ever see. - as quoted in the duality of vision : genius and versatility in the arts ( 1970 ) by walter sorrell, p. 28 - architecture is life, or at least it is life itself taking form and therefore it is the truest record of life as it was lived in the world yesterday, as it is lived today or ever will be lived. - as quoted in an organic architecture ( 1970 ) - here i am, philip, am i indoors or am i out? do i take my hat off or keep it on? - on philip johnson \u2019 s glass house, as quoted in architectural digest ( november 1985 ) - study nature, love nature, stay close to nature. it will never fail you. - as quoted in the wright style ( 1992 ) by carla lind, p. 3 - early in life i had to choose between honest arrogance and hypocritical humility. i chose honest arrogance and have seen no occasion to change. - as quoted in the world ' s best thoughts on life & living ( 1981 ) compiled by eugene raudsepp ; also quoted in the michigan daily ( 10 november 1998 ) - god is the great mysterious motivator of what we call nature and it has been said often by philosophers, that nature is the will of god. and, i prefer to say that nature is the only body of god that we shall ever see. if we wish to know the truth concerning anything, we ' ll find it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48339643175708846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.296709"} {"text": "has been said often by philosophers, that nature is the will of god. and, i prefer to say that nature is the only body of god that we shall ever see. if we wish to know the truth concerning anything, we ' ll find it in the nature of that thing. - as quoted in truth against the world : frank lloyd wright speaks for an organic architecture ( 1987 ) edited by patrick j. meehan - the thing always happens that you really believe in ; and the belief in a thing makes it happen. - as quoted in my favorite quotations ( 1990 ) by norman vincent peale - human beings can be beautiful. if they are not beautiful it is entirely their own fault. it is what they do to themselves that makes them ugly. the longer i live the more beautiful life becomes. if you foolishly ignore beauty, you will soon find yourself without it. your life will be impoverished. but if you invest in beauty, it will remain with you all the days of your life. - quoted in a living architecture : frank lloyd wright and taliesin architects ( 2000 ) by john rattenbury the living city ( 1958 ) - the screech and mechanical uproar of the big city turns the citified head, fills citified ears \u2014 as the song of birds, wind in the trees, animal cries, or as the voices and songs of his loved ones once filled his heart. he is sidewalk - happy. - new york is the biggest mouth in the world. it appears to be prime example of the herd instinct, leading the universal urban conspiracy to beguile man from his birthright ( the good ground ), to hang him by his eyebrows from skyhooks above hard pavement, to crucify him, sell him, or be sold by him. - \u201c the - shadow - of - the - wall \u2013 primitive instincts still alive \u201d - to look at the cross - section of any plan of a big city is to look at something like the section of a fibrous tumor. - \u201c social and economic disease \u201d - all fine architectural values are human values, else not valuable. - i find it hard to believe that the machine would go into the creative artist \u2019 s hand even were that magic hand in true place. it has been too far exploited by industrialism and science at expense to art and true religion. - \u201c night is but a shadow cast by the sun \u201d - the present is the ever moving shadow that divides yesterday from tomorrow. in that lies hope. - closing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5206799996052379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.297764"} {"text": "been too far exploited by industrialism and science at expense to art and true religion. - \u201c night is but a shadow cast by the sun \u201d - the present is the ever moving shadow that divides yesterday from tomorrow. in that lies hope. - closing words, \u201c night is but a shadow cast by the sun \u201d \u2191jump back a section \u2191jump back a section - there is nothing more uncommon than common sense. - anonymous saying, dating back at least to its citation in natural theology ( 1836 ) by thomas chalmers, bk. ii, ch. iii : on the strength of the evidences for a god in the phenomena of visible and external nature, \u00a7 15, where the author states : \" it has been said that there is nothing more uncommon than common sense. \" ; it has since become misattributed to particular people, including frank lloyd wright. quotes about wright - he ' s the greatest architect of the nineteenth century. - his place in history is secure. his continuing influence is assured. this country ' s architectural achievements would be unthinkable without him. he has been a teacher to us all. - tribute after his death in the journal of the american institute of architects - so long, frank lloyd wright. i can ' t believe your song is gone so soon. i barely learned the tune - among the great modern architects, louis sullivan, frank lloyd wright, and louis kahn were arguably deists.... wright \u2019 s use of the word \u201c nature \u201d did not mean only what - we - find - outdoors. it was something deeper. wright knew that when people speak of the \u201c nature of things \u201d they mean their very essence, the that - which - makes - them - what - they - are, which is always and only one step away from that - who - makes - them - what - they - are.... wright thought not that he was god but that he brought or allowed god into the world through what he did, creating and designing.... wright actually thought himself a prophet, which of course is a different to being god, or an angel.... bringing god into the world in an act of something like mid - wifery from the womb of nature, is not at all moses - like. it is not a bringing down of law from on high after personal coaching from god, but a bringing forth of a god already there in potential. there is no presumption of having seen or met god of the bible. one makes the god one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5261123096776994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.298824"} {"text": "27. 01. 2010portrait of the philosopher mohammed abed al - jabricritique of arab reasonmohammed abed al - jabri is without a doubt one of the most important contemporary arab intellectuals. his work focuses on the failure of the enlightenment in the islamic world and the search for an arab identity in modernity. sonja hegasy introduces the moroccan philosopher the moroccan philosopher al - jabri subjects arab culture to fundamental analysis and critique in the enlightenment tradition the starting point of mohammed abed al - jabri ' s work is the question of referential authority in arab - islamic societies. who determines muslim history? who is entitled to read women ' s rights into the sacred texts? what kind of technical or social innovations are allowed and with what justification? these are all issues pointing to a basic conflict about the individual ' s power of judgement. al - jabri holds the view that the changes brought by modernity to the islamic world also bring about change in the religion of islam. in fact, this can be observed everywhere. islam in morocco differs considerably from islam in malaysia as well as from the islamic convictions of \" black muslims \" in the united states. yet, this is where jabri ' s approach encounters resistance in the arab world, as many arabs still consider themselves the custodians and preservers of the \" true \" and therefore only islam. deconstruction of arabic thought the discussion that al - jabri has set into motion centres on the individual and rational interpretation of sacred texts. he frees these texts from the patterns of interpretation based in the 8th century and grants the ability of interpretation to the rational power of judgement exercised by every individual. in his four volume work, the critique of arab reason, al - jabri analyses the structural boundaries of scientific ways of thinking, which he regards as the cause of the failure of the modernization process in the arab world. in his \" contemporary critique \" of arab - islamic philosophy, al - jabri rejects what he calls the current polarization of arab thought between an imported modernism that disregards arab tradition and a fundamentalism that would reconstruct the present in the image of an idealized past in the introduction to his first volume from 1984, al - jabri includes his the critique of arab reason in a series of publications on the theme of crisis and renaissance of arabic culture that have appeared over the last hundred years. his work revolves around the issue of how knowledge is produced. this has led al - jabri to investigate the grammar of the arabic language", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5678806825666532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.305238"} {"text": "a series of publications on the theme of crisis and renaissance of arabic culture that have appeared over the last hundred years. his work revolves around the issue of how knowledge is produced. this has led al - jabri to investigate the grammar of the arabic language, as well as muslim law, theology, mysticism, rhetoric, and philosophy. according to al - jabri, these fields all exhibit the same structures of knowledge production. he claims that the method of analogy is deeply rooted in thinking within the arab - islamic cultural sphere, as this method was carried over from islamic jurisprudence to all fields of science. in the science of religious interpretation ( ulum al - bayan ), the unknown is always classified below that of the already known. reasoning in the natural sciences ( ulum al - burhan ) is, by analogy, based solely on deduction. mysticism ( ulum al - irfan ), on the other hand, has meant for most intellectuals a retreat into the private sphere, so that here, as well, no momentum towards modernization can arise. al - jabri criticises these three types of understanding as posing the greatest barrier towards innovative and modern thinking, as a prescribed pattern for interpreting the past can also have consequences for the politics of today. overcoming traditional patterns of thinking by contrast, european and greek culture, al - jabri notes, are not only characterized by the division between knowledge and magic, but, in particular, by their concern with the conditions for the possibility of thinking. he calls for giving up the idea of unity ( tauhid ) outside of the religious sphere, because only in the clash of various and contradicting theories and theoreticians, between the natural sciences, religion, and state power does the necessary dynamism for progress develop. in his works, al - jabri shows the relativity and contextuality of the arabic cultural heritage and concludes that it cannot provide any guidelines for action in the modern world. he also argues against the polemic that the individual striving for reason, protest, and criticism are \" imported drugs from the west \" and will only weaken the muslim world. in his works, al - jabri illustrates the relativity and strong ties to context of arab cultural heritage since the 1970s, al - jabri has been one of the advocates of a radical, secular leftist society in the arab world. he was one of the active members of the union nationale des forces populaires ( unfp ), the left wing of the istiqlal party, which split off from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5631997494516507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.306294"} {"text": "the advocates of a radical, secular leftist society in the arab world. he was one of the active members of the union nationale des forces populaires ( unfp ), the left wing of the istiqlal party, which split off from the main party in 1959. after the unfp was banned in morocco in 1973, he served from 1975 to 1988 as a member of the politburo of the union socialiste des forces populaires. al - jabri is co - author of a philosophy textbook published by the ministry of education and used as teaching material. in his position at the university, al - jabri has introduced a generation of alienated students to their historical heritage and its unorthodox trends. he has greatly contributed to the discourse on arab identity by popularizing philosophical and scientific knowledge within the framework of his political activity and through his teaching. in 2008, he was awarded the ibn rushd prize for freedom of thought in berlin. al - jabri proposes the thesis that the structure of arabic thinking has until now not brought forth a \" scientific revolution \" and subsequently no modernization, because it has internalized the systems of religious interpretation. to work out and exemplify these structures of thought is among the most important tasks needed in order to overcome the intellectual standstill in the arab world. a plea for the freedom of thought al - jabri is against tradition that means merely repeating history. and he is also against tradition that merely has to be learnt by rote by deconstructing religious interpretation and law, al - jabri ' s philosophy has taken on a political edge. al - jabri deconstructs the position of islamists, who produce a straight line, supposedly objective, and overpowering story in order to prescribe a single identity upon the individual. al - jabri ' s approach to the theory of knowledge begins with an emancipatory impulse, as he places the engaged citizen who is able to interpret historical and contemporary events at the centre of his endeavour. he regards the freedom of the individual and the differences between individuals as the core of social ( self - ) organization. differences become a constitutive basis for society. here one finds the social explosiveness of his work. al - jabri rallies against a tradition that only believes in the repetition of history. he also rejects any tradition that only requires its adherents to learn by rote in order attain its mastery. yet, for al - jabri, mastering a tradition means knowing its various aspects and thereby recognizing its relativity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.559965628635758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.307269"} {"text": "microprocessor design / wire wrap historically, most of the early cpus were built by attaching integrated circuits ( ics ) to circuit boards and wiring them up. nowadays, it ' s much faster to design and implement a new cpu in a fpga - - the result will probably run faster and use less power than anything spread out over multiple ics. however, some people still design and build cpus the old - fashioned way. such a cpu is sometimes called a \" home brew cpu \" or a \" home built cpu \". some people feel that physically constructing a cpu in this way, since it allows students to probe the inner workings of the cpu, it helps them \" touch the magic \", helps them learn and understand the underlying electronics and hardware. a homebrew cpu is a central processing unit constructed using a number of simple integrated circuits, usually from the 7400 series. when planning such a cpu, the designer must not only consider the hardware of the device but also the instructions the cpu will have, how they will operate, the bit patterns for each one, and their mnemonics. before the existence of computer based circuit simulation many commercial processors from manufacturers such as motorola were first constructed and tested using discrete logic ( see motorola 6809 ). although no limit exists on data bus sizes when constructing such a cpu, the number of components required to complete a design increases exponentially as bus size gets wider. common physical data bus sizes are 1 - bit, 4 - bits, 8 - bits, and 16 - bits, although incomplete design documents exist for a 40 - bit cpu. a microcoded cpu may be able to present a significantly different instruction set to the application programmer than seems to be directly supported by the hardware used to implement it. for example, the 68000 presented a 32 - bit instruction set to the application programmer - - a 32 - bit \" add \" was a single instruction - - even though internally it was implemented with 16 - bit alus. for example, w : serial computers, even though they do calculations one bit per clock cycle, present a instruction set that deals with much wider words - - often 12 bits ( pdp - 14 ), 24 bits ( d - 17b ), or even wider - - 39 bits ( elliott 803 ). notable homebrew cpus the magic - 1 is a cpu with an 8 - bit data bus and 16 - bit address bus running at about 3. 75mhz 4. 09 mhz. the mark i forth also has a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5236990702259492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.326194"} {"text": "74x241 ), 2 chips per 16 - bit register per bus - a demultiplexer with n inputs ( driven by microcode ) and 2 ^ n output wires that select the 3 - state buffers of one of up to 2 ^ n possible things that can drive the bus, 1 chip per bus. later we discuss a other shortcuts that may require fewer chips. like many historically important commercial computers, many home - brew cpus use some version of the 74181, the first complete alu on a single chip. ( versions of the 74181 include the 74f181, the 40181, the 74as181, the 72ls181, the 74hct181, etc. ). the 74181 is a 4 - bit wide alu can perform all the traditional add / subtract / decrement operations with or without carry, as well as and / nand, or / nor, xor, and shift. a typical home - brew cpu uses 4 of these 74181 chips to build an alu that can handle 16 bits at once. the simplest home - brew cpus have only one alu, which at different times is used to increment the program counter, do arithmetic on data, do logic operations on data, and calculate addresses from base + offset. some people who build ttl cpus attempt to \" save chips \" by building that one alu of less than the largest word size ( which is often 16 bits in ttl computers ). for example, the earliest data general nova computers used a single 74181 and processed all data 4 bits at a time. unfortunately, this adds complexity elsewhere, and may actually increase the total number of chips needed. the simplest 16 - bit ttl alu wires the carry - out of each 74181 chip to the carry - in of the next, creating a ripple - carry adder. historically, some version of the look ahead carry generator 74182 was used to speed up \" add \" and \" subtract \" to be about the same speed as the other alu operations. historically, some people who built ttl cpus put two or more independent alu blocks in a single cpu - - a general - purpose alu for data calculations, a pc incrementer, an index register incrementer / decrementer, a base + offset address adder, etc. we discuss ripple - carry adders, look - ahead carry generators,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5163993713230353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.328051"} {"text": "general - purpose alu for data calculations, a pc incrementer, an index register incrementer / decrementer, a base + offset address adder, etc. we discuss ripple - carry adders, look - ahead carry generators, and their effects on other parts of a cpu at microprocessor design / add and subtract blocks. alternatives to 74181 some people find that ' 181 chips are becoming hard to find. quite a few people building \" ttl cpus \" use gal chips ( which can be erased and reprogrammed ). a single gal20v8 chip can replace a 74181 chip. often another gal chip can replace 2 or 3 other ttl chips. other people building \" ttl cpus \" find it more magical to build a programmable machine entirely out of discrete non - programmable chips. are there any reasonable alternatives to the ' 181 for building an alu out of discrete chips? the magic - 1 uses 74f381s and a 74f382 alus ; is there any variant of the ' 381 and ' 382 chips that are any easier to find than a ' 181?... the 74hc283, 74hct283, mc14008 chips only add ; they don ' t do and, nand, etc.... one could build the entire cpu - - including the alu - - out of sufficient quantities of the 74153 multiplexer. one designer \" built - from - scratch \" a 4 - bit alu that does add, subtract, increment, decrement, \" and \", \" or \", \" xor \", etc. - - roughly equivalent to the 4 - bit 74181 - - out of about 14 simple ttl chips : 2 - input xor, and, or gates. another designer has posted a 8 - bit alu design that has more functionality than two 74181 chips - - the 74181 can ' t shift right - - built from 14 complex ttl chips : two 74283 4 - bit adders, some 4 : 1 mux, and some 2 : 1 mux. the designers of the lm3000 cpu posted an alu design that has less functionality than the 74181. the 8 bit \" alu \" in the lm3000 can ' t actually do any logical operations, only \" add \" and \" subtract \", built from two 74ls28", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4790660435585652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.328894"} {"text": "design that has less functionality than the 74181. the 8 bit \" alu \" in the lm3000 can ' t actually do any logical operations, only \" add \" and \" subtract \", built from two 74ls283 4 - bit adders and a few other chips. apparently those \" logical \" operations aren ' t really necessary. the mc14500b industrial control unit has even less functionality than the lm3000 cpu. it is arguable that the mc14500b has close to the minimum functionality to even be considered a \" cpu \". the mc14500b is perhaps the most famous \" 1 - bit \" cpu. all of the earliest computers and most of the early massive parallel processing machines used a serial alu, making them \" 1 - bit cpus \". other parts solderless breadboard approach solderless breadboards are perhaps the fastest way to build experimental prototypes that involve lots of changes. for about a decade, every student taking the 6. 004 class at mit was part of a team - - each team had one semester to design and build a simple 8 bit cpu out of 7400 series integrated circuits. these cpus were built out of ttl chips plugged into several solderless breadboards connected with lots of 22 awg ( 0. 33 mm2 ) solid copper wires. traditionally, minicomputers built from ttl chips were constructed with lots of wire - wrap sockets ( with long square pins ) plugged into perfboard and lots of wire - wrap wire, assembled with a \" wire - wrap pencil \" or \" wire - wrap gun \". more recently, some \" retrocomputer \" builders have been using standard sockets plugged into stripboard and lots of wire - wrap wire, assembled with solder and a soldering iron. design tips there are many ways to categorize cpus. each \" way to categorize \" represents a design question, and the various categories of that way represent various possible answers to that question that needs to be decided before the cpu implementation can be completed. one way to categorize cpu that has a large impact on implementation is : \" how many memory cycles will i hold one instruction before fetching the next instruction? \" - 0 : load - instruction on every memory cycle ( harvard architecture ) - 1 : at most 1 memory cycle between each load - instruction memory cycle ( load - store architecture ) - more : some instructions have 2 or more memory cycles between load - instruction memory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5169375183231374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.329841"} {"text": "0 : load - instruction on every memory cycle ( harvard architecture ) - 1 : at most 1 memory cycle between each load - instruction memory cycle ( load - store architecture ) - more : some instructions have 2 or more memory cycles between load - instruction memory cycles ( memory - memory architecture ) another way to categorize cpus is \" will my control lines be controlled by a flexible microprogramming, a fixed control store, or by hard - wired control decoder that directly decodes the instruction? \" the load - store and memory - memory architectures require a \" instruction register \" ( ir ). at the end of every instruction ( and after coming out of reset ), the next instruction is fetched from memory [ pc ] and stored into the instruction register, and from then on the information in the instruction register ( directly or indirectly ) controls everything that goes on in the cpu until the next instruction is stored in the instruction register. for homebrew cpus, the 2 most popular architectures are : - direct - decode harvard architecture - flexible microprogramming that supports the possibility of memory - memory architecture. another way to categorize cpus is \" how many sub - states are in a complete clock cycle? \" many textbooks imply that a cpu has only one clock signal - - a bunch of d flip - flops each hold 1 bit of the current state of the cpu, and those flip - flops drive that state out their \" q \" output. those flip - flops always hold their internal state constant, except at the instant of the rising edge of the one and only clock, where each flip - flop briefly \" glances \" at their \" d \" input and latches the new bit, and shortly afterwards ( when the new bit is different from the old bit ) changes the \" q \" output to the new bit. single clock signals are nice in theory. alas, in practice we can never get the clock signal to every flip - flop precisely simultaneously - - there is always some clock skew ( differences in propagation delay ). one way to avoid these timing issues is with a series of different clock signals. another way is to use enough power and carefully design a w : clock distribution network ( perhaps in the form of an w : h tree ) with w : timing analysis to reduce the clock skew to negligible amounts. relay computers are forced to use at least 2 different clock signals, because of the \" contact bounce \" problem. many chips have a single \" clock input \" pin, giving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5290040252950101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.330806"} {"text": "w : timing analysis to reduce the clock skew to negligible amounts. relay computers are forced to use at least 2 different clock signals, because of the \" contact bounce \" problem. many chips have a single \" clock input \" pin, giving the illusion that they use a single clock signal - - but internally a \" clock generator \" circuit converts that single external clock to the multiple clock signals used by the chip. many historically and commercially important cpus have many sub - states in a complete clock cycle, with two or more \" non - overlapping clock signals \". most mos ics used dual clock signals ( a two - phase clock ) in the 1970s building a cpu from individual chips and wires takes a person a long time. so many people take various shortcuts to reduce the amount of stuff that needs to be connected, and the amount of wiring they need to do. - 3 - state bus rather than 2 - state bus often requires fewer and shorter connections. - rather than general - purpose registers that can be used ( at different times ) to drive the data bus ( during store ) or the address bus ( during indexed load ), sometimes it requires less hardware to have separate address registers and data registers and other special - purpose registers. - if the software guy insists on general - purpose registers that can be used ( at different times ) to drive the data bus ( during store ) or the address bus ( during indexed load ), it may require less hardware to emulate them : have all programmer - visible registers drive only one internal microarchitectural bus, and ( at different times ) load the microarchitectural registers mar and mdr from that internal bus, and later drive the external address bus from mar and the external data bus from mdr. this sacrifices a little speed and requires more microcode to make it easier to build. - rather than 32 - bit or 64 - bit address and data registers, it usually requires less hardware to have 8 - bit data registers ( occasionally combining 2 of them to get a 16 - bit address register ). - if the software guy insists on 16 - bit or 32 - bit or 64 - bit data registers and alu operations, it may require less hardware to emulate them : use multiple narrow micro - architectural registers to store each programmer - visible register, and feed 1 or 4 or 8 or 16 bits at a time through a narrow bus to the alu to get the partial result each cycle, or to sub - sections of the wide mar or mdr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5109527593257965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.331764"} {"text": "to store each programmer - visible register, and feed 1 or 4 or 8 or 16 bits at a time through a narrow bus to the alu to get the partial result each cycle, or to sub - sections of the wide mar or mdr. this sacrifices a little speed ( and adds complexity elsewhere ) to make the bus easier to build. ( see : 68000, as mentioned above ) - rather than many registers, it usually requires less hardware to have fewer registers. - if the software guy insists on many registers, it may require less hardware to emulate some of them ( like some proposed mmix implementations ) or perhaps all of them ( like some pdp computers ) : use reserved locations in ram to store most or all programmer - visible registers, and load them as needed. this sacrifices speed to make the cpu easier to build. alas, it seems impossible to eliminate all registers - - even if you put all programmer - visible registers in ram, it seems that you still need a few micro - architectural registers : ir ( instruction register ), mar ( memory address register ), mdr ( memory data register ), and... what else? - harvard architecture usually requires less hardware than princeton architecture. this is one of the few ways to make the cpu simpler to build * and * go faster. harvard architecture the simplest kinds of cpu control logic use the harvard architecture, rather than princeton architecture. however, harvard architecture requires 2 separate storage units - - the program memory and the data memory. some harvard architecture machines, such as \" mark ' s ttl microprocessor \", don ' t even have an instruction register - - in those machines, the address in the program counter is always applied to the program memory, and the data coming out of the program memory directly controls everything that goes on in the cpu until the program counter changes. alas, harvard architecture makes storing new programs into the program memory a bit tricky. microcode architecture assembly tips \" i don ' t recommend that anybody but total crazies wirewrap their own machines out of loose chips anymore, although it was a common enough thing to do in the mid - to late seventies \". - - jeff duntemann programming tips further reading - \" touch the magic. by this i meant to gain a deeper understanding of how computers work \" - - bill buzbee - \" to evaluate the 6800 architecture while the chip was being designed, jeff ' s team built an equivalent circuit using 451 small scale ttl ics on five 10 by 10 inch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46897173701495903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.332750"} {"text": "deeper understanding of how computers work \" - - bill buzbee - \" to evaluate the 6800 architecture while the chip was being designed, jeff ' s team built an equivalent circuit using 451 small scale ttl ics on five 10 by 10 inch ( 25 by 25 cm ) circuit boards. later they reduced this to 114 ics on one board by using roms and msi logic devices. \" - - w : motorola _ 6800 # development _ team - \" the 74181 is a bit slice arithmetic logic unit ( alu )... the first complete alu on a single chip... many computer cpus and subsystems were based on the ' 181, including... the... pdp - 11 - most popular minicomputer of all time \" - - wikipedia : 74181 - wikipedia : data general nova # processor design - \" my home - built ttl computer processor ( cpu ) \" by donn stewart - \" the basic algorithm executed by the instruction execution unit is most easily expressed if a memory address fits exactly in a word. \" - - \" the ultimate risc \" by douglas w. jones - \" it just really sucks if the largest datum you can manipulate is smaller than your address size. this means that the accumulator needs to be the same size as the pc - - 16 - bits. \" - - \" computer architecture \" - andrew holme. \" mark 2 forth computer \" - galu - a gate array logic based alu ic. - bill buzbee. \" magic - 1 microarchitecture \". - dieter mueller. \" multiplexers : the tactical nuke of logic design \" 2004. - rodney moffitt. micro programmed arithmetic processor. 55 ttl chips. the core 4 - bit adder / subtracter has about 7 ssi chips. the alu has about 7 additional ssi chips of logic around that core to support \" and \", \" or \", \" xor \", \" increment \", \" decrement \". an instruction register and a micro - programmed sequencer around the alu handle ( 4 - bit ) \" multiply \" and \" divide \". - dieter mueller. alu with adder. 2004. - lm3000 cpu - decode systems. \" motorola 14500b \" - \" 1 ( yes, one ) bit computer? mc14500b \" - tinymicros wiki : mc14500b - dennis feucht.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4969184355619361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.333602"} {"text": "- lm3000 cpu - decode systems. \" motorola 14500b \" - \" 1 ( yes, one ) bit computer? mc14500b \" - tinymicros wiki : mc14500b - dennis feucht. \" forgotten circuits ( that should be brought back ) : mc14500b industrial control unit \". edn 2012. - \" mc14500b - a 1 bit industrial processor \" - \" icu - assembler : assembler for the motorola mc14500b icu written in c \" - eric smith. \" motorola mc14500b \" - wikipedia : serial computer - the vhs, a 32 bit cpu built by kevin mccormick, colin bulthaup, scott grant and eric prebys for their mit 6. 004 class. - 6. 004 contest photos - \" libby8 \" neo - retro computer by julian skidmore - bill buzbee. magic - 1 homebrew cpu : clocks - \" intel ' s atom architecture : the journey begins \" by anand lal shimpi, 2008. in a large microprocessor, the power used to drive the clock signal can be over 30 % of the total power used by the entire chip. - svarychevski michail aleksandrovich. \" homemade cpu \u2013 from scratch \". briefly compares a few notable hobbyist - built cpus. - other homemade cpus - yet more homemade cpus relay computers - harry porter ' s relay computer ( 415 relays, all identical 4pdt ) - \" relay computer two \" by jon stanley ( 281 relays, of 2 types : 177 spdt, and 104 4pdt ) - zusie - my relay computer by fredrik andersson ( uses around 330 relays, of 2 types : 4 - pole and 6 - pole double - throw relays, plus ~ 30 integrated circuits for ram and microcode ) - relay computers by kilian leonhardt ( in german ) : a \" large computer \" with around 1500 relays and a program eeprom, and a \" small computer \" with 171 relays. - duo 14 premium by jack eisenmann ( around 50 relays, including 4 addressable \" crumbs \" of ram where each crumb is 2 bits, plus 48 bits of program rom in 6x8 - switch dip switches. the only semiconductor components : 555 timer, decade counter, and transistors in the clock generator. each command has 6 bits, and the 8 commands in the program rom are selected by a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.483256867490762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.334577"} {"text": "of program rom in 6x8 - switch dip switches. the only semiconductor components : 555 timer, decade counter, and transistors in the clock generator. each command has 6 bits, and the 8 commands in the program rom are selected by a 3 - bit program counter ). - wikipedia : z3 ( computer ), designed by konrad zuse, the world ' s first working programmable, fully automatic computing machine. built with 2, 000 relays. - z3 nachbau, horst zuse ' s ( konrad zuse ' s son ) and raul rojas ' 2001 reconstruction of the classic z3. the 32 - word, 22 - bit - wide memory is also constructed entirely from relays, about 700 relays. ( in german ) - horst zuse ' s new z3 reconstruction : created 2010 for the 100 year anniversary of konrad zuse ' s birth. about 2500 modern relays. ( in german ) - rory mangles. tim 7 : a 4 - bit relay cpu with the program stored on punch tape - rory mangles. tim 8 : \" one of the smallest turing complete relay computers in the world by relay count \" an 8 - bit relay cpu with the program stored on punch tape, data stored in discrete capacitors (! ) ( no ram chips ) with one relay pole per byte ; uses 152 relays, most of them single - pole. discrete transistor computers - mt15 by dieter mueller is built almost entirely out of ( around 3000 ) individual smt transistors... also has some essays on microprogramming and alu design. - the q1 computer by joe wingbermuehle. built almost entirely out of ( 3105 ) individual through - hole pn2222a transistors. \" clock phases are used so that transparent latches can be used for registers to reduce transistor count at the price of speed. \" 8 bit data bus, 16 bit address bus. - svarichevsky mikhail is apparently building a processor entirely out of discrete transistors. using very careful analog tuning ( 12 resistors of various values ), svarichevsky mikhail has developed a 4 transistor full adder : \" barsfa - 4 - transistor full adder \". ( are the 4 schottky diodes - - across the base and collector of each transistor - - really necessary, or just to improve performance? ) ( he also shows a canonical implementation of a cmos full adder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5119095463021542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.336979"} {"text": "\". ( are the 4 schottky diodes - - across the base and collector of each transistor - - really necessary, or just to improve performance? ) ( he also shows a canonical implementation of a cmos full adder, requiring 28 transistors ). - simon inns. \" 4 - bit computer \" shows a 4 - bit adder built entirely from and, or, not gates in turn built entirely from discrete npn transistors and resistors ( with toggle switches for inputs and leds to output the sum ). ( a 22 transistor full adder ). - rory mangles. tiny tim : diode - transistor logic ( dtl ) ; 400 2n3904 npn transistors plus diodes, resistors, capacitors, etc. gives \" 2700 components \" (? ). has 4 registers : a working register ( 8 bit ), instruction register ( 8 bit ), address register ( 12 bit ), program counter ( 12 bit ), and a sequencer. ( also uses some zero page \" registers \" stored in the sram chip ). pneumatic computers - \" 8 bit processor using logic gates made of pneumatic valves \" by minsoung rhee and mark burns k ' nex computers??? do these really count as \" processors \"??? ttl computers - a minimal ttl processor for architecture exploration by bradford j. rodriguez ( aka pisc, the pathetic instruction set computer ) - wikipedia : apollo guidance computer - v1648 : ( 16 bit data ) ( 48 bit address bus? ) - \" the ultimate risc \" and \" the minimal cisc \" - alt. comp. hardware. homebuilt faq - mark ' s ttl microprocessor ( uses only 8 chips... \" without using the two pals i used, it would be 16 chips. \" ) ( is there a better url for this? ) - duo compact by jack eisenmann : the duo compact cpu was built out of 22 integrated circuit chips, including 2 eeproms for microcode and 1 eeprom for boot rom. it has some nice features - - a unified address space ( 16 bit address bus, 8 bit data bus ) ; programs can run out of the boot rom or the data ram ; memory - mapped i / o ; etc. also some odd features - - the instruction pointer is reloaded to a literal \" next \" value in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48973101388784596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.339714"} {"text": "bus, 8 bit data bus ) ; programs can run out of the boot rom or the data ram ; memory - mapped i / o ; etc. also some odd features - - the instruction pointer is reloaded to a literal \" next \" value in every instruction - - it ' s not really a \" program counter \", because the cpu lacks the hardware to \" count \" or \" increment \" a value directly. - \" prehistoric cpu ' s & octal amps \" ( 18 bit data bus? 24 bit data bus? ) - \" viktor ' s amazing 4 - bit processor \"... can re - program in - circuit using manual switches. about 90 chips. - galactic 4 bit cpu by jon qualey. two, 2716 eproms are used to store the micro - instruction code and two, 2114 static rams are used for program memory. 25 ics in all, 74ls ttl. - lm3000 cpu designed and built by five students at bennington college, vermont, using fifty - three integrated circuits. - the d16 / m by john doran is a 16 - bit digital computer implemented with ssi and msi hcmos integrated logic and constructed using wire - wrap techniques. its timing and control unit is microprogrammed ( fully horizontal, with a 72 - bit control word ). - ( fixme : who? ) has built a mc14500 clone out of ( ttl ) discrete logic. ( fixme : who else? ) has built a mc14500 clone on a fpga. - tanacom - 1 by rituo tanaka is a 16 - bit ttl minicomputer built with a total of 146 ics, including 4 sn74181s and a 74182 in the alu. - bmow 1 ( big mess o ' wires ) by steve chamberlin is an 8 bit cpu built from discrete 7400 - series logic, and a few 22v10 and 20v8 gals. all the digital electronics on a single large augat wire - wrap board to interconnect the 50 or so chips. bmow 1 contains roughly 1250 wires connecting the components. all data busses are 8 bit ; the address bus is 24 bit. 3 parallel microcode roms generate the 24 bit microcode word. vga video output is 512\u00d7480 with two colors, or 128\u00d7240 with 256 colors. the microcode emulates a 6502 ( more or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4903626497504793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.340599"} {"text": "24 bit. 3 parallel microcode roms generate the 24 bit microcode word. vga video output is 512\u00d7480 with two colors, or 128\u00d7240 with 256 colors. the microcode emulates a 6502 ( more or less ). uses two 4 - bit 74ls181s to form the core 8 bit alu. - \" asychronous 40 - bit ttl cpu \" by hans summers 1992 - \" a proprietary 8 - bit engine built out 3 prom ' s and a few dozen ttl chips \" as described by jeff laughton. - \" one - bit computing at 60 hertz \" : a tiny computer made from an eprom and a few logic chips ; designed by jeff laughton. - \" bride of son of cheap video - the kimklone \" : ttl chips and a eprom add extra programmer - visible registers and instructions to a microcontroller ( a 65c02 ). - the mycpu - project : \" everybody is invited to participate and contribute to the project. \" the cpu is built from 65 integrated circuits on 5 boards. 1 mbyte bank switched ram. originally developed by dennis kuschel. apparently several mycpu systems have been built? one mycpu system runs a http web server ; another mycpu system runs a ( text - only ) web browser ). - hjs22 - a homebrew ttl computer. nice front panels with lots of lights and switches. - the electronics australia educ - 8 microcomputer : \" one of the first build - it - yourself microcomputers \". \" the internal implementation is bit - serial which gives good economy of components as most data paths are only 1 bit wide. \" - \" learning to build a processor \" shows some nice photos of early stages in a ttl cpu built on solderless breadboards. - \" homebrew cpus / low level design \" recommends a few books with low - level ttl cpu design information. - randy thelen. mippy ( millions of instructions per year ) is a 1mhz, 16 bit forth machine built from scratch using 74hct00 series ttl chips. the data bus and address bus are separate, each 16 bits wide.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47063858775930967, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.341457"} {"text": "| anthem : la marseillaise | | ethnic groups ( 1988 ) | | - | | president of france | | francois hollande | | - | | president of french polynesia | | gaston flosse | | - | | high commissioner | | jean - pierre laflaquiere | | overseas collectivity of france | | - | | total | | 4, 167 km2 ( 173rd ) 1, 609 sq mi | - | | jan 2010 estimate | | 267, 000 ( 177th ) | | - | | aug 2007 census | | 259, 596 ( 177th ) | | gdp ( nominal ) | | 2006 estimate | | - | | total | | us $ 5. 65 billion ( not ranked ) | | - | | per capita | | us $ 21, 999 ( not ranked ) | | currency | | cfp franc ( | time zone | | ( utc - 10, \u22129 : 30, - 9 ) | | drives on the | | right | | iso 3166 code | | pf | | a. | | light european and / or east asian. | | c. | | mixed european and polynesian descent. | french polynesia ( i / / ; french : polynesie francaise, pronounced : [ p\u0254linezi f\u0281\u0251s\u025bz ] ; tahitian : porinetia farani ) is an overseas country ( pays d ' outre - mer ) of the french republic. it is made up of several groups of polynesian islands, the most famous island being tahiti in the society islands group, which is also the most populous island and the seat of the capital of the territory ( papeete ). although not an integral part of its territory, clipperton island was administered from french polynesia until 2007. the island groups that make up french polynesia were not officially united until the establishment of the french protectorate in 1889. the first of these islands to be settled by indigenous polynesians were the marquesas islands in ad 300 and the society islands in ad 800. the polynesians were organized in loose chieftainships. european communication began in 1521 when the portuguese explorer ferdinand magellan sighted pukapuka in the tuamotu - gambier archipelago. dutchman jakob roggeveen came across bora bora in the society islands in 1722, and the british explorer samuel wallis visited tahiti in 1767. the french explorer louis antoine de bougainville visited tahiti in 1768", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4133398819898594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.359892"} {"text": "french polynesia recognised the free french forces and many polynesians served in world war ii. unknown at the time to french and polynesians, the konoe cabinet in imperial japan on 16 september 1940 included french polynesia among the many territories which were to become japanese possessions in the post - war world \u2013 though in the course of the war in the pacific the japanese were not able to launch an actual invasion of the french islands. in 1946, polynesians were granted french citizenship and the islands ' status was changed to an overseas territory ; the islands ' name was changed in 1957 to polynesie francaise ( french polynesia ). in 1962, france ' s early nuclear testing ground of algeria became independent and the maruroa atoll in the tuamotu archipelago was selected as the new testing site ; tests were conducted underground after 1974. in 1977, french polynesia was granted partial internal autonomy ; in 1984, the autonomy was extended. french polynesia became a full overseas collectivity of france in 2003. in september 1995, france stirred up widespread protests by resuming nuclear testing at fangataufa atoll after a three - year moratorium. the last test was on 27 january 1996. on 29 january 1996, france announced that it would accede to the comprehensive test ban treaty, and no longer test nuclear weapons. politics of french polynesia takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic french overseas collectivity, whereby the president of french polynesia is the head of government, and of a multi - party system. executive power is exercised by the government. legislative power is vested in both the government and the assembly of french polynesia ( the territorial assembly ). political life in french polynesia has been marked by great instability since the mid - 2000s. on 14 september 2007, the pro - independence leader oscar temaru, 63, was elected president of french polynesia for the 3rd time in 3 years ( with 27 of 44 votes cast in the territorial assembly ). he replaced former president gaston tong sang, opposed to independence, who lost a no - confidence vote in the assembly of french polynesia on 31 august after the longtime former president of french polynesia, gaston flosse, hitherto opposed to independence, sided with his long enemy oscar temaru to topple the government of gaston tong sang. oscar temaru, however, had no stable majority in the assembly of french polynesia, and new territorial elections were held in february 2008 to solve the political crisis. the party of gaston tong sang won the territorial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4167456962530059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.362017"} {"text": "the government of gaston tong sang. oscar temaru, however, had no stable majority in the assembly of french polynesia, and new territorial elections were held in february 2008 to solve the political crisis. the party of gaston tong sang won the territorial elections, but that did not solve the political crisis : the two minority parties of oscar temaru and gaston flosse, who together have one more member in the territorial assembly than the political party of gaston tong sang, allied to prevent gaston tong sang from becoming president of french polynesia. gaston flosse was then elected president of french polynesia by the territorial assembly on 23 february 2008 with the support of the pro - independence party led by oscar temaru, while oscar temaru was elected speaker of the territorial assembly with the support of the anti - independence party led by gaston flosse. both formed a coalition cabinet. many observers doubted that the alliance between the anti - independence gaston flosse and the pro - independence oscar temaru, designed to prevent gaston tong sang from becoming president of french polynesia, could last very long. at the french municipal elections held in march 2008, several prominent mayors who are member of the flosse - temaru coalition lost their offices in key municipalities of french polynesia, which was interpreted as a disapproval of the way gaston tong sang, whose party french polynesian voters had placed first in the territorial elections the month before, had been prevented from becoming president of french polynesia by the last minute alliance between flosse and temaru ' s parties. eventually, on 15 april 2008 the government of gaston flosse was toppled by a constructive vote of no confidence in the territorial assembly when two members of the flosse - temaru coalition left the coalition and sided with tong sang ' s party. gaston tong sang was elected president of french polynesia as a result of this constructive vote of no confidence, but his majority in the territorial assembly is very narrow. he offered posts in his cabinet to flosse and temaru ' s parties which they both refused. gaston tong sang has called all parties to help end the instability in local politics, a prerequisite to attract foreign investors needed to develop the local economy. despite a local assembly and government, french polynesia is not in a free association with france, like the cook islands with new zealand or the federated states of micronesia with the united states. as a french overseas collectivity, the local government has no competence in justice, education, security and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4091430296548154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.363044"} {"text": "( french : subdivisions administratives ) : - marquesas islands ( french : ( les ) ( iles ) marquises or officially la subdivision administrative des ( iles ) marquises ) - leeward islands ( french : ( les ) iles sous - le - vent or officially la subdivision administrative des iles sous - le - vent ) ( the two subdivisions administratives windward islands and leeward islands are part of the society islands ) - windward islands ( french : ( les ) iles du vent or officially la subdivision administrative des iles du vent ) ( the two subdivisions administratives windward islands and leeward islands are part of the society islands ) - tuamotu - gambier ( french : ( les ) ( iles ) tuamotu - gambier or officially la subdivision administrative des ( iles ) tuamotu - gambier ) ( the tuamotus and the gambier islands ) - austral islands ( french : ( les ) ( iles ) australes or officially la subdivision administrative des ( iles ) australes ) ( including the bass islands ) the islands of french polynesia have a total land area of 4, 167 square kilometres ( 1, 622 sq. mi ) scattered over 2, 500, 000 square kilometres ( 965, 255 sq. mi ) of ocean. there are around 130 islands in french polynesia. the highest point is mount orohena on tahiti. it is made up of six groups of islands. the largest and most populated island is tahiti, in the society islands. the island groups are : - marquesas islands - society islands - tuamotu archipelago - gambier islands often considered part of the tuamotu archipelago - austral islands - bass islands often considered part of the austral islands aside from tahiti, some other important atolls, islands, and island groups in french polynesia are : ahe, bora bora, hiva ' oa, huahine, mai ' ao, maupiti, meheti ' a, mo ' orea, nuku hiva, raiatea, taha ' a, tetiaroa, tupua ' i, and tupai. the gdp of french polynesia in 2006 was 5. 65 billion us dollars at market exchange rates, the fifth - largest economy in oceania after australia, new zealand, hawaii, and new caledonia. the gdp per capita was 21, 999 us dollars in 2006 ( at market exchange rates,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.411732437575693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.365548"} {"text": "2006 was 5. 65 billion us dollars at market exchange rates, the fifth - largest economy in oceania after australia, new zealand, hawaii, and new caledonia. the gdp per capita was 21, 999 us dollars in 2006 ( at market exchange rates, not at ppp ), lower than in hawai ' i, australia, new zealand, and new caledonia, but higher than in all the independent insular states of oceania. french polynesia has a moderately developed economy, which is dependent on imported goods, tourism, and the financial assistance of mainland france. tourist facilities are well developed and are available on the major islands. also, as the noni fruit from these islands is discovered for its medicinal uses, people have been able to find jobs related to this agricultural industry. the legal tender of french polynesia is the cfp franc. natural resources : timber, fish, cobalt. in 2008, french polynesia ' s imports amounted to 2. 2 billion us dollars and exports amounted to 0. 2 billion us dollars. the major export of french polynesia is their famous black tahitian pearls which accounted for 55 % of exports ( in value ) in 2008. total population on 1 january 2010 was 267, 000 inhabitants, up from 259, 596 at the august 2007 census. at the 2007 census, 68. 6 % of the population of french polynesia lived on the island of tahiti alone. the urban area of papeete, the capital city, has 131, 695 inhabitants ( 2007 census ). at the 2007 census, 87. 3 % of people living in french polynesia were born in french polynesia, 9. 3 % were born in metropolitan france, 1. 4 % were born in overseas france outside of french polynesia, and 2. 0 % were born in foreign countries. at the 1988 census, the last census which asked questions regarding ethnicity, 66. 5 % of people were ethnically unmixed polynesians, 7. 1 % were ethnically mixed polynesians, 11. 9 % were europeans ( mostly french ), 9. 3 % were people of mixed french and polynesian descent, the so - called demis ( literally meaning \" half \" ), and 4. 7 % were east asians ( mainly chinese ). the europeans, the demis and the chinese are essentially concentrated on the island of tahiti, particularly in the urban area of papeete, where their share of the population is thus much greater than in french polynesia overall. despite a long history of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4441775629030566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.367438"} {"text": "europeans, the demis and the chinese are essentially concentrated on the island of tahiti, particularly in the urban area of papeete, where their share of the population is thus much greater than in french polynesia overall. despite a long history of ethnic mixing, ethnic tensions have been growing in recent years, with politicians using a xenophobic discourse and fanning the flame of nationalism. | official figures from past censuses. | french is the only official language of french polynesia. an organic law of 12 april 1996 states that \" french is the official language, tahitian and other polynesian languages can be used. \" at the 2007 census, among the population whose age was 15 and older, 68. 5 % of people reported that the language they speak the most at home is french, 29. 9 % reported that the language they speak the most at home is any of the polynesian languages ( four - fifth of which tahitian ), 1. 0 % reported a chinese language ( half of which hakka ), and 0. 6 % another language. at the same census, 94. 7 % of people whose age was 15 or older reported that they could speak, read and write french, whereas only 2. 0 % reported that they had no knowledge of french. 74. 6 % of people whose age was 15 or older reported that they have some knowledge of one of the polynesian languages, whereas 13. 6 % reported that they had no knowledge of any of the polynesian languages. christianity is the main religion of the islands : a majority ( 54 % ) belong to various protestant churches and a large minority ( 30 % ) are roman catholic. slightly more than 50 % of french polynesia ' s population belongs to the maoi protestant church, the largest protestant denomination. the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints had 21, 884 members as of 2012. jehovah ' s witnesses had 2, 656 publishers in tahiti as of 2011. there are 53 airports in french polynesia ; 46 are paved. the faaa international airport is the only international airport in french polynesia. each island has its own airport that serves flights to other islands. air tahiti is the main airline that flies around the islands. - vaitiare bandera ( born 1964 ), actress - cheyenne brando ( 1970 \u2013 1995 ), model, daughter of marlon brando and tarita teriipia - tuki brando ( born 1990 ), model, son of cheyenne brando - jacques brel (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41968359640502617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.368974"} {"text": "born 1964 ), actress - cheyenne brando ( 1970 \u2013 1995 ), model, daughter of marlon brando and tarita teriipia - tuki brando ( born 1990 ), model, son of cheyenne brando - jacques brel ( 1929 \u2013 1978 ), belgian musician who lived in french polynesia near the end of his life. - jean gabilou, singer ( born 1944 ), represented france in the 1981 eurovision song contest. - paul gauguin ( 1848 \u2013 1903 ), french impressionist painter who spent the last years of his life in french polynesia. - mareva georges, model, former miss tahiti 1990 and miss france 1991. - pouvana ' a ' o ' opa ( 1895 \u2013 1977 ), politician and tahitian nationalist. - henri hiro ( 1944 \u2013 1991 ), film director and script writer, poet, ecologist, activist. - ella koon ( born 1979 ), singer, actor and model. - karina lombard ( born 1969 ), french - american model - marco namouro ( 1889 \u2013 1968 ), writer. - fabrice santoro ( born 1972 ), professional tennis player. - tarita teriipia ( born 1941 ), actress, third wife of marlon brando - marama vahirua ( born 1980 ), footballer, cousin of pascal vahirua. - pascal vahirua ( born 1966 ), french former international footballer. - celestine hitiura vaite ( born 1966 ), writer. french polynesia came to the forefront of the world music scene in 1992, with the release of the tahitian choir ' s recordings of unaccompanied vocal christian music called himene tarava, recorded by french musicologist pascal nabet - meyer. this form of singing is common in french polynesia and the cook islands, and is distinguished by a unique drop in pitch at the end of the phrases, which is a characteristic formed by several different voices ; it is also accompanied by steady grunting of staccato, nonsensical syllables. baie de cook in mo ' orea. mont otemanu in bora bora. satellite view of the iles gambier. black sand beach in tahiti. motu tiahura, mo ' orea. baie des traitres, hiva ` oa. presidence of the government ( papeete ). bungalows of hotel hibiscus, hauru point, mo ' orea. pl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3954092958520691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.371135"} {"text": "the french pacific islands, along with many other vast territories, appears in the 16 september 1940 \" sphere of survival for the establishment of a new order in greater east asia by imperial japan \", published in 1955 by japan ' s foreign ministry as part of the two - volume \" chronology and major documents of diplomacy of japan 1840 \u2013 1945 \" \u2013 here quoted from \" interview with tetsuzo fuwa : japan ' s war : history of expansionism \", japan press service, july 2007 - ganse, alexander. \" history of polynesia, 1939 to 1977 \". archived from the original on 30 december 2007. retrieved 20 october 2007. - french polynesia entry at the world factbook. retrieved 25 september 2012. - whitney, craig r ( 30 january 1996 ). \" france ending nuclear tests that caused broad protests \". the new york times. retrieved 20 october 2007. - \" bbc news, french polynesia gets new leader \". bbc news. 14 september 2007. retrieved 31 may 2011. - ( french ) minister of the interior, government of france. \" polynesie francaise ( 987 ) ( resultats officiels ) \". retrieved 14 september 2007. - kingfisher geography encyclopedia. isbn 1 - 85613 - 582 - 9. page 546 - ( french ) institut d ' emission d ' outre - mer ( ieom ). \" la polynesie francaise en 2008 \" ( pdf ). retrieved 14 september 2009. [ dead link ] - ( french ) institut statistique de polynesie francaise ( ispf ). \" recensement 2007 \u2013 migrations : chiffres cles \". retrieved 15 november 2008. [ dead link ] - \" logiques \" autonomiste \" et \" independantiste \" en polynesie francaise \". conflits. org. retrieved 31 may 2011. - \" temaru - flosse : le rebond du nationalisme tahitien \". rue89. com. 19 january 2011. retrieved 31 may 2011. - \" 2002 census \" ( in ( french ) ). legifrance. gouv. fr. retrieved 31 may 2011. - 1971, 1977, 1983, 1988, and 1996 censuses [ dead link ] - censuses from 1907 to 1962 in population, 1972, # 4 \u2013 5, pp. 705 \u2013 706, published by ined [ dead link ] - le tahitien reste interdit a l ' assemblee de polynesie,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.412039202279164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.373783"} {"text": "french colonization of the americas the french colonization of the americas began in the 16th century, and continued on into the following centuries as france established a colonial empire in the western hemisphere. france founded colonies in much of eastern north america, on a number of caribbean islands, and in south america. most colonies were developed to export products such as fish, sugar, and furs. as they colonized the new world, the french established forts and settlements that would become such cities as quebec and montreal in canada ; detroit, green bay, st. louis, cape girardeau, mobile, biloxi, baton rouge and new orleans in the united states ; and port - au - prince and cap - haitien in haiti. north america the french first came to the new world as explorers, seeking a route to the pacific ocean and wealth. major french exploration of north america began under the rule of francis i, king of france. in 1524, francis sent italian - born giovanni da verrazano to explore the region between florida and newfoundland for a route to the pacific ocean. verrazzano gave the names francesca and nova gallia to that land between new spain and english newfoundland, thus promoting french interests. later, in 1534, francis sent jacques cartier on the first of three voyages to explore the coast of newfoundland and the st. lawrence river. the french subsequently tried to establish several colonies throughout north america that failed, due to weather, disease, or conflict with other european powers. cartier attempted to create the first permanent european settlement in north america at cap - rouge ( quebec city ) in 1541 with 400 settlers but the settlement was abandoned the next year after bad weather and first nations attacks. a small group of french troops were left on parris island, south carolina in 1562 to build charlesfort, but left after a year when they were not resupplied by france. fort caroline established in present - day jacksonville, florida in 1564, lasted only a year before being destroyed by the spanish from st. augustine. an attempt to settle convicts on sable island off nova scotia in 1598 failed after a short time. in 1599, a sixteen - person trading post was established in tadoussac ( in present - day quebec ), of which only five men survived the first winter. in 1604, saint croix island in acadia was the site of a short - lived french colony, much plagued by illness, perhaps scurvy. the following year the settlement was moved to port royal. fort saint louis was established in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3885994108515063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.380025"} {"text": "first winter. in 1604, saint croix island in acadia was the site of a short - lived french colony, much plagued by illness, perhaps scurvy. the following year the settlement was moved to port royal. fort saint louis was established in texas in 1685, but was gone by 1688. france lost new france to the british through six colonial wars ( see the four french and indian wars as well as father rale ' s war and father le loutre ' s war ). a major french settlement lay on the island of hispaniola, where france established the colony of saint - domingue on the western third of the island in 1664. nicknamed the \" pearl of the antilles \", saint - domingue became the richest colony in the caribbean before a 1791 slave revolt, which began the haitian revolution, led to freedom for the colony ' s slaves in 1794 and, a decade later, complete independence for the country, which renamed itself haiti. france briefly also ruled the eastern portion of the island, which is now the dominican republic. during the 17th and 18th centuries, france ruled much of the lesser antilles at various times. islands that came under french rule during part of all of this time include dominica, grenada, guadeloupe, marie - galante, martinique, st. barthelemy, st. croix, st. kitts, st. lucia, st. martin, st. vincent and tobago. control of many of these islands was contested between the french, the british and the dutch ; in the case of st. martin, the island was divided in two, a situation that persists to this day. great britain captured some of france ' s islands during the seven years ' war and the napoleonic wars. following the latter conflict, france retained control of guadeloupe, martinique, marie - galante, st. barthelemy, and its portion of st. martin ; all remain part of france today. guadeloupe ( including marie - galante and other nearby islands ) and martinique each is an overseas department of france, while st. barthelemy and st. martin each became an overseas collectivity of france in 2007. south america from 1555 to 1567, french huguenots, under the leadership of vice - admiral nicolas durand de villegaignon, made an attempt to establish the colony of france antarctique in what is now brazil, but were expelled. from 1612 to 1615, a second failed attempt was made in present - day sao luis, brazil.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.391361429637671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.381788"} {"text": "##d de villegaignon, made an attempt to establish the colony of france antarctique in what is now brazil, but were expelled. from 1612 to 1615, a second failed attempt was made in present - day sao luis, brazil. french guiana was first settled by the french in 1604, although its earliest settlements were abandoned in the face of american indian hostility and tropical diseases. the settlement of cayenne was established in 1643, but was abandoned. it was re - established in the 1660s. except for brief occupations by the english and dutch in the 17th century, and by the portuguese in the 19th century, guiana has remained under french rule ever since. from 1851 to 1951 it was the site of a notorious penal colony, devil ' s island ( ile du diable ). since 1946, french guiana has been an overseas department of france. in 1860, a french adventurer, orelie - antoine de tounens proclaimed himself king of araucania and patagonia. his claim was not accepted by foreign powers and chile and argentina took firm control over the regions, treating him as insane. see also - atlantic world - history of canada - former colonies and territories in canada - french and indian wars - french colonial empire - french in canada - french in the united states - illinois country - new france - list of french possessions and colonies - 1524 : the voyage of discoveries, centro studi storici verrazzano - as the french and indian war started two years earlier, and continued until the signing of the peace treaty, the name seven years ' war is more properly applied to the european phase of the war. - holbrook, sabra ( 1976 ), the french founders of north america and their heritage, new york : atheneum, isbn 0 - 689 - 30490 - 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3902714107513441, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.382537"} {"text": "| 2004 : 150, 000 to 270, 000 ( estimated ) 1959 : 25, 000 ( estimated ) | regions with significant populations | | azerbaijan, dagestan, israel, united states, russia | related ethnic groups | | part of a series on | | jews and judaism | the mountain jews community originated from ancient persia, from 5th century ad onwards, and their language, juhuri, has close relation to the tat language, an ancient southwest iranian language which integrates many elements of ancient hebrew. it is believed that they had arrived in persia from ancient israel as early as the 8th century bce. the mountain jews survived numerous historical vicissitudes by settling in extremely remote and mountainous areas. they were known to be accomplished warriors and horseback riders. the mountain jews are believed to have inhabited caucasia since the 5th century ad. they arrived from southwest persia / iran. the language of the mountain jews, juhuri, is an ancient southwest iranian language, which integrates many elements of ancient hebrew. it is believed that they had arrived in persia, from ancient israel, as early as the 8th century bce. the mountain jews maintained a strong military tradition. some historians [ who? ] believe they may be descended from jewish military colonists, settled by parthian and sassanid rulers in the caucasus as frontier guards against nomadic incursions from the pontic steppe. in the 18th \u2013 19th century, the jews resettled from the highland to the coastal lowlands but carried the name \" highland jews \" or \" mountain jews \" with them. in the villages ( aouls ) the highland / mountain jews settled in a part of their own ; in towns they did the same, although their dwellings did not differ from those of their neighbours. the highland jews adopted the dress of the highlanders. judaic prohibitions ensured they retained specific dishes, and they enshrined their faith in the rules for family life. jews in azerbaijan during the construction of a stadium in the town of guba a mass grave was discovered. two main wells and two canals with human bones were uncovered. the finds indicate that 24 skulls were of children, 28 were of women of various ages. besides ethnic azeris, there were also jews and lezgis killed and buried during march days in 1918, when the bolsheviks and the arf massacred thousands of people. the names of 81 massacred jewish civilians were found and confirmed. it ' s estimated by amnesty international and azerbaijani foreignsic scientists more than 3000 mountain jews were killed by armenian dashnaks during", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4338875900671807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.390623"} {"text": "the bolsheviks and the arf massacred thousands of people. the names of 81 massacred jewish civilians were found and confirmed. it ' s estimated by amnesty international and azerbaijani foreignsic scientists more than 3000 mountain jews were killed by armenian dashnaks during march days events. while elsewhere in the jewish diaspora, jews were prohibited from owning land ( cf. the jews of central asia ), at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the mountain jews owned land and were farmers and gardeners, growing mainly grain. their oldest occupation was rice - growing, but they also raised silkworms and cultivated tobacco. the jewish vineyards were especially notable. the jews and their christian armenian neighbors were the main producers of wine, an activity prohibited for muslims by their religion. judaism, in turn, limited some types of meat consumption. unlike their neighbors, the jews raised few domestic animals. at the same time, they were renowned tanners. tanning was their third most important economic activity after farming and gardening. at the end of the 19th century, 6 % of jews were engaged in this trade. handicrafts and commerce were mostly practiced by jews in towns. the soviet authorities bound the mountain jews to collective farms, but allowed them to continue their traditional cultivation of grapes, tobacco, and vegetables ; and making wine. the former isolated lifestyle of the jews has practically ended, and they live side by side with other ethnic groups. religious and educational institutions originally, only boys were educated and they attended synagogue schools. with sovietization, tat became the language of instruction at newly - founded elementary schools. this policy continued until the beginning of world war ii. in 1928, the first native - language newspaper, zakhmetkesh ( working people ), was published. after wwii, russian was the required language at quba schools, and the newspaper stopped publication. mountain jew intellectuals are active in qubai culture. notable mountain jews - yekutiel adam - israeli general and former deputy chief of staff of the israeli defense forces. - udi adam - israeli general and the former head of the israeli northern command. - yaffa yarkoni - israeli singer, winner of the \" israel prize \" in 1998. - sarit hadad - israeli singer. - telman ismailov - businessman and entrepreneur ; owner of ast group. - omer adam - israeli singer. - albert agarunov - a starshina of the azerbaijani army who died during the nagorno - karabakh war. - israel tsvay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4201921657143311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.391823"} {"text": "businessman and entrepreneur ; owner of ast group. - omer adam - israeli singer. - albert agarunov - a starshina of the azerbaijani army who died during the nagorno - karabakh war. - israel tsvaygenbaum - russian - american artist ( polish father ; mountain jewish mother ) - semen ( zalman ) divilov ( 1914 - 1988 ) \u2013 scientist - economist, member of government azerbaijan republic from 1952 to 1982 years. - khayyam nisanov - azerbaijani pop star. - lior refaelov - israeli football player. - mountain jews : customs and daily life in the caucasus, le\u02bcah mikdash - shema\u02bb\u02bcilov, liya mikdash - shamailov, muze\u02bcon yisra\u02bcel ( jerusalem ), upne, 2002, page 17 - mountain jews : customs and daily life in the caucasus, le\u02bcah mikdash - shema\u02bb\u02bcilov, liya mikdash - shamailov, muze\u02bcon yisra\u02bcel ( jerusalem ), upne, 2002, page 9 - mountain jews : customs and daily life in the caucasus, le\u02bcah mikdash - shema\u02bb\u02bcilov, liya mikdash - shamailov, muze\u02bcon yisra\u02bcel ( jerusalem ), upne, 2002, page 19 - \" \u0431. \u0441\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0441\u044f \". \u044d\u0445\u043e. retrieved june 9, 2011. - \" mass grave found in northern azerbaijan \". visions. spring 2007. retrieved june 9, 2011. - \" rovshan mustafayev : \" more than 3000 mountain jews were killed by armenians during 1918 - 1919 \" \". news. az. retrieved 1 june 2013. - richard butler evidence to the krstic trial 19 july 2000 icty transcript p 5431. retrieved 7 april 2010. - witness pw - 139 evidence to the popovice et al., 7 november 2006, icty transcript p 3690 http : / / www. icty. org / x / cases / popovic / trans / en / 061107ed. htm - query. nytimes. com, new york times - juhuro. com, website created by vadim alhas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4254535597083182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.392711"} {"text": "icty. org / x / cases / popovic / trans / en / 061107ed. htm - query. nytimes. com, new york times - juhuro. com, website created by vadim alhasov in 2001. daily updates reflect the life of mountain jewish ( juhuro ) community around the globe. - newfront. us, new frontier is a monthly mountain jewish newspaper, founded in 2003. international circulation via its web site. \u00ab \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436 \u00bb \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0436\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e - \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0448\u0430. \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430 2003 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e - \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435. - keshev - k. com, israeli website of mountain jews. - gorskie. ru, mountain jews, website in russian language. - \" jud\u00e6o - tat \", ethnologue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4725531748758918, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.393534"} {"text": "prime minister of rhodesia | prime minister of rhodesia | | former political post | flag of the prime minister of rhodesia ( 1970 \u2013 79 ) | successor | | prime minister of zimbabwe rhodesia | | first officeholder | | charles coghlan | | last officeholder | | ian smith | | style | | the right honourable | | appointer | | governor of southern rhodesia ( 1923 \u2013 70 ) president of rhodesia ( 1970 \u2013 79 ) | office began | | 1 october 1923 | | office ended | | 1 june 1979 | | this article is part of the series : politics and government of the prime minister of rhodesia ( before 1964, of southern rhodesia ) was the head of government in rhodesia. rhodesia, which became a self - governing colony of britain in 1923, unilaterally declared independence on 11 november 1965, and was thereafter an unrecognised state in practice until 1979. in december 1979, the country came under temporary british control, and in april 1980 the country gained recognised independence as zimbabwe. rhodesia ' s political system was modelled on the westminster system, and the prime minister ' s role was similar to that of the same position in other countries with similar constitutional histories \u2013 canada, for example, or australia. the british self - governing colony of southern rhodesia \u2014 simply rhodesia from october 1964 \u2014 was created on 1 october 1923, from land previously governed by the british south africa company. the british government annexed the land, then immediately sold it to the newly - formed responsible government of southern rhodesia for \u00a32 million. from 1953 to 1963, northern rhodesia, southern rhodesia and nyasaland \u2014 equivalent to today ' s zambia, zimbabwe and malawi, respectively \u2014 were joined in the federation of rhodesia and nyasaland, also known as the central african federation. sir godfrey huggins served as federal prime minister from 1953 to 1956, then sir roy welensky held the post until the end of federation on 31 december 1963. when northern rhodesia gained independence as zambia on 24 october 1964, southern rhodesia began to refer to itself simply as \" rhodesia \". prime minister ian smith ' s government issued a unilateral declaration of independence from britain in 1965, and he remained prime minister when the country was declared a republic in 1970. under the internal settlement in 1979, after a long period of conflict, the country became known as zimbabwe rhodesia, with abel muzorewa as its first black prime minister. none of these acts were recognised internationally, and under the lancaster house agreement the country ' s government agreed to revert to colonial status in 1979 to facilitate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41022910454991357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.400352"} {"text": "country became known as zimbabwe rhodesia, with abel muzorewa as its first black prime minister. none of these acts were recognised internationally, and under the lancaster house agreement the country ' s government agreed to revert to colonial status in 1979 to facilitate the introduction of majority rule and the creation of the independent state of zimbabwe in 1980. the office of prime minister of zimbabwe was abolished in 1987, when robert mugabe became executive president. however, in 2008, it was restored through political negotiations, resulting in morgan tsvangirai becoming the first prime minister of the country in over 21 years. list of prime ministers of rhodesia | picture | | took office | | left office | | elected mp for bulawayo north | 1 october 1923 | | 28 august 1927 | | 1924 ( 1st ) | | rhodesia party | | first southern rhodesian premier. introduction of responsible government, after the 1922 referendum. formation of southern rhodesia. oversaw the government ' s purchase of the country from britain for \u00a32. 3 million. opposed amalgamation with either northern rhodesia or the union of south africa. died in office. | mp for gwanda | 2 september 1927 | | 5 july 1933 | | \u2014 ( 1st ) | second southern rhodesian premier. viewed as a conservative, who believed that rhodesia would eventually join the union of south africa. he oversaw the purchase, for \u00a32 million, of the british south africa company ' s remaining mineral rights in southern rhodesia. his government passed the 1930 land apportionment act, which defined the pattern of land allocation and ownership and is viewed as being one of the ultimate causes of the land disputes in zimbabwe from 2000. resigned. | mp for gwanda | 5 july 1933 | | 12 september 1933 | | \u2014 ( 2nd ) | | rhodesia party | | changed the job title from premier to prime minister. shortest serving prime minister of southern rhodesia. lost 1933 general election to reform party. | mp for salisbury north | 12 september 1933 | | 7 september 1953 | | 1933 ( 3rd ) | longest serving prime minister of southern rhodesia. created coalition with rhodesia party to form the united party. world war ii. became an advocate of federating southern rhodesia with some of the neighbouring british colonies in the region so that they would become an independent state within the british empire while maintaining white minority rule with only a small number of educated blacks having the vote in addition to white settlers. as a result of his effort the federation of rhodesia and nyasaland was created in 1953 uniting northern rhodesia, southern rhodesia and nyasaland. resigned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3866060157021364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.401413"} {"text": "white minority rule with only a small number of educated blacks having the vote in addition to white settlers. as a result of his effort the federation of rhodesia and nyasaland was created in 1953 uniting northern rhodesia, southern rhodesia and nyasaland. resigned to become the first prime minister of the federation. | mp for shabani | 7 september 1953 | | 17 february 1958 | | \u2014 ( 7th ) | united rhodesia party | | introduced modest reforms aimed at improving the education of the black majority. also introduced the appellation \" mr \" for blacks instead of \" am \" an appellation derived from their patois language. under influence from large alcohol distributors, his government ended prohibition under which black population were unable to buy and sell alcohol on their territories. in a major breakthrough, todd pushed a bill allowing for multiracial trade unions, thereby undercutting the growing white nationalist influence in the unions. lastly, in a bid to increase the number of blacks eligible to vote from 2 % to 16 % of the electorate, he lowered property and education qualifications, but this was soundly rejected. these reforms were seen as dangerously radical by most whites, and he was forced to resign. | mp for salisbury north | 17 february 1958 | | 17 december 1962 | | \u2014 ( 8th ) | united federal party | | oversaw continued rapid economic growth but also the beginnings of the dismantling of the federation of rhodesia and nyasaland against the wishes of his party. he was crucial in the negotiation of the 1961 constitution, which increased black representation in the southern rhodesian parliament. he relaxed racial discrimination laws and attempted to enroll black voters, but this was done against a background of civil unrest and a tightening of security measures. the policies of his government caused alarm among the white population, while the blacks remained dissatisfied with the advances they had made. lost 1962 general election to rhodesian front. | mp for marandellas | 17 december 1962 | | 13 april 1964 | | 1962 ( 10th ) | | rhodesian front | | dissolution of the federation of rhodesia and nyasaland ; his government won the majority of the federation ' s military and other assets for southern rhodesia. forced to resign after his failure to win independence from the united kingdom. | mp for umzingwane | 13 april 1964 | | 1 june 1979 | | \u2014 ( 10th ) | his government issued a unilateral declaration of independence ( udi ) from the united kingdom in 1965, causing widespread international condemnation and the first instance of economic sanctions in the history of the united", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4266707598031932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.402442"} {"text": "| 1 june 1979 | | \u2014 ( 10th ) | his government issued a unilateral declaration of independence ( udi ) from the united kingdom in 1965, causing widespread international condemnation and the first instance of economic sanctions in the history of the united nations, led by britain and the organization of african unity. enjoyed limited support of south africa and portugal. declared rhodesia to be a republic in 1970, after the 1969 referendum. the rhodesian bush war started in 1964, and escalated into a full - scale conflict after 1972. rhodesia ' s isolation intensified once mozambique became independent from portuguese rule in 1975, and when south africa started to scale back its support. under mounting isolation and international pressure, smith conceded to a form of majority rule in 1978, by signing the internal settlement with moderate black nationalist leader abel muzorewa ( this act was unrecognised by the international community and by main black nationalist groups ). as part of this settlement, 1979 general election were held, the first multi - racial parliamentary elections ( but with separate black and white rolls ). following the election, rhodesia was renamed zimbabwe rhodesia and muzorewa succeeded smith as prime minister. | - the united party, formed in 1934, renamed itself the united rhodesia party in 1953, when the federation of rhodesia and nyasaland was created. in 1957, it merged with the federal party to become the united federal party. it should not be confused with the rump united rhodesia party led by former prime minister garfield todd, which fought the 1958 general election, then promptly dissolved. - governor of southern rhodesia - president of rhodesia - prime minister of zimbabwe rhodesia - prime minister of zimbabwe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44008248824218266, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.403150"} {"text": "sandia national laboratories | | this article ' s use of external links may not follow wikipedia ' s policies or guidelines. ( november 2010 ) | | research type | | national security, nuclear science | | director | | paul j. hommert | | location | | albuquerque, new mexico, livermore, california | | campus | | 8, 699 acres ( 35. 20 km2 ) | | operating agency | | sandia corporation, a lockheed martin company | the sandia national laboratories, managed and operated by the sandia corporation ( a wholly owned subsidiary of lockheed martin corporation ), are two major united states department of energy research and development national laboratories. their primary mission is to develop, engineer, and test the non - nuclear components of nuclear weapons. the primary campus is located on kirtland air force base in albuquerque, new mexico and the other is in livermore, california, next to lawrence livermore national laboratory. sandia is a national nuclear security administration laboratory. it is sandia ' s mission to maintain the reliability and surety of nuclear weapon systems, conduct research and development in arms control and nonproliferation technologies, and investigate methods for the disposal of the united states ' nuclear weapons program ' s hazardous waste. other missions include research and development in energy and environmental programs, as well as the surety of critical national infrastructures. in addition, sandia is home to a wide variety of research including computational biology, mathematics ( through its computer science research institute ), materials science, alternative energy, psychology, mems, and cognitive science initiatives. sandia formerly hosted asci red, one of the world ' s fastest supercomputers until its recent decommission, and now hosts asci red storm, originally known as thor ' s hammer. sandia is also home to the z machine. the z machine is the largest x - ray generator in the world and is designed to test materials in conditions of extreme temperature and pressure. it is operated by sandia national laboratories to gather data to aid in computer modeling of nuclear weapons. lab history sandia national laboratories ' roots go back to world war ii and the manhattan project. prior to the united states formally entering the war, the u. s. army leased land near albuquerque, new mexico airport known as oxnard field, to service transient army and u. s. navy aircraft. in january 1941 construction began on the albuquerque army air base, leading to establishment of the bombardier school - army advanced flying school near the end of the year. soon thereafter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4937323300354214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.414931"} {"text": "as oxnard field, to service transient army and u. s. navy aircraft. in january 1941 construction began on the albuquerque army air base, leading to establishment of the bombardier school - army advanced flying school near the end of the year. soon thereafter it was renamed kirtland field, after early army military pilot colonel roy s. kirtland, and in mid - 1942 the army acquired oxnard field. during the war years facilities were expanded further and kirtland field served as a major army air forces training installation. in the many months leading up to successful detonation of the first atomic bomb, the trinity project, and delivery of the first airborne atomic weapon, the alberta project, j. robert oppenheimer, director of los alamos laboratory, and his technical advisor, hartly rowe, began looking for a new site convenient to los alamos for the continuation of weapons development \u2013 especially its non - nuclear aspects. they felt a separate division would be best to perform these functions. kirtland had fulfilled los alamos ' transportation needs for both the trinity and alberta projects, thus, oxnard field was transferred from the jurisdiction of the army air corps to the u. s. army service forces chief of engineer district, and thereafter, assigned to the manhattan engineer district. in july 1945, the forerunner of sandia laboratory, known as \" z \" division, was established at oxnard field to handle future weapons development, testing, and bomb assembly for the manhattan engineer district. the district - directive calling for establishing a secure area and construction of \" z \" division facilities referred to this as \" sandia base \" \u2014 apparently the first official recognition of the \" sandia \" name. sandia laboratory was operated by the university of california until 1949, when president harry s. truman asked western electric, a subsidiary of american telephone and telegraph ( at & t ), to assume the operation as an \" opportunity to render an exceptional service in the national interest. \" sandia corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of at & t corporation, managed and operated the laboratory until october 1993. the united states congress designated sandia laboratories as a national laboratory in 1979. today, sandia national laboratories ( snl ) is managed and operated by sandia corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of lockheed martin corporation, and includes government - owned facilities in albuquerque, new mexico ( snl / nm ) ; livermore, california ( snl / ca ) ; tonopah, nevada ; and kauai, hawaii. snl / nm is headquarters and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.446503460420393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.415991"} {"text": "and includes government - owned facilities in albuquerque, new mexico ( snl / nm ) ; livermore, california ( snl / ca ) ; tonopah, nevada ; and kauai, hawaii. snl / nm is headquarters and the largest laboratory, employing more than 6, 600 employees, while snl / ca is a smaller laboratory, with about 850 employees. tonopah and kauai are occupied on a \" campaign \" basis, as test schedules dictate. legal issues on february 13, 2007 a new mexico state court found sandia corporation liable for $ 4. 7 million in damages for the firing of a former network security analyst, shawn carpenter. mr. carpenter had reported to his supervisors that hundreds of military installations and defense contractors ' networks were compromised and sensitive information was being stolen \u2013 including hundreds of sensitive lockheed documents on the mars reconnaissance orbiter project. when his supervisors told him to drop the investigation and do nothing with the information, he went to intelligence officials in the united states army and later the federal bureau of investigation to address the national security breaches. when sandia managers discovered his actions months later, they revoked his security clearance and fired him. technical areas snl / nm consists of five technical areas ( ta ) and several additional test areas. each ta has its own distinctive operations ; however, the operations of some groups at sandia may span more than one ta, with one part of a team working on a problem from one angle, and another subset of the same team located in a different building or area working with other specialized equipment. a description of each area is given below. ta - i operations are dedicated primarily to three activities \u2013 the design, research, and development of weapon systems ; limited production of weapon system components ; and energy programs. ta - i facilities include the main library and offices, laboratories, and shops used by administrative and technical staff. ta - ii is a 45 acre ( 180, 000 m\u00b2 ) facility that was established in 1948 for the assembly of chemical high explosive main charges for nuclear weapons and later for production scale assembly of nuclear weapons. activities in ta - ii include the decontamination, decommissioning, and remediation of facilities and landfills used in past research and development activities. remediation of the classified waste landfill which started in march 1998, neared completion in fy2000. a testing facility, the explosive component facility, integrates many of the previous ta - ii test activities as well as some testing activities previously performed in other remote test areas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4714472450372195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.417227"} {"text": "classified waste landfill which started in march 1998, neared completion in fy2000. a testing facility, the explosive component facility, integrates many of the previous ta - ii test activities as well as some testing activities previously performed in other remote test areas. the access delay technology test facility is also located in ta - ii. ta - iii is adjacent to and south of ta - v [ both are approximately seven miles ( 11 km ) south of ta - i ]. ta - iii facilities include extensive design - test facilities such as rocket sled tracks, centrifuges and a radiant heat facility. other facilities in ta - iii include a paper destructor, the melting and solidification laboratory and the radioactive and mixed waste management facility ( rmwmf ). rmwmf serves as central processing facility for packaging and storage of low - level and mixed waste. the remediation of the chemical waste landfill, which started in september 1998, is an ongoing activity in ta - iii. ta - iv, located approximately 1 / 2 mile ( 1 km ) south of ta - i, consists of several inertial - confinement fusion research and pulsed power research facilities, including the high energy radiation megavolt electron source ( hermes - iii ), the z facility, the short pulsed high intensity nanosecond x - radiator ( sphinx ) facility, and the saturn accelerator. ta - iv also hosts some computer science and cognition research. snl / nm also has test areas outside of the five technical areas listed above. these test areas, collectively known as coyote test field, are located southeast of ta - iii and / or in the canyons on the west side of the manzanita mountains. facilities in the coyote canyon test field include the solar tower facility ( 34. 9623 n, 106. 5097 w ), the lurance canyon burn site and the aerial cable facility. open source software in the 1970s, the sandia, los alamos, air force weapons laboratory technical exchange committee initiated the development of the slatec library of mathematical and statistical routines, written in fortran77. today, sandia national laboratories is home to several open source software projects : - the feature characterization library, fclib, is a library for the identification and manipulation of coherent regions or structures from spatio - temporal data. fclib focuses on providing data structures that are \" feature - aware \" and support feature - based analysis. it is written in c and developed under a \" bsd - like \" license. - lam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4891026099587346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.418426"} {"text": "regions or structures from spatio - temporal data. fclib focuses on providing data structures that are \" feature - aware \" and support feature - based analysis. it is written in c and developed under a \" bsd - like \" license. - lammps ( large - scale atomic / molecular massively parallel simulator ) is a molecular dynamics library that can be used to model parallel atomic / subatomic processes at large scale. it is produced under the gnu general public license ( gpl ) and distributed on the sandia national laboratories website as well as sourceforge. - the mapreduce - mpi library is an implementation of mapreduce for distributed - memory parallel machines, utilizing the message passing interface ( mpi ) for communication. it is developed under a modified berkeley software distribution license. - the multithreaded graph library ( mtgl ) is a collection of graph - based algorithms designed to take advantage of parallel, shared - memory architectures such as the cray xmt, symmetric multiprocessor ( smp ) machines, and multi - core workstations. it is developed under a bsd license. - paraview is a cross - platform application for performing data analysis and visualization. it is a collaborative effort, developed by sandia national laboratories, los alamos national laboratories, and the united states army research laboratory, and funded by the advanced simulation and computing program. it is developed under a bsd license. - soccoro, a collaborative effort with wake forest and vanderbilt universities, is object - oriented software for performing electronic - structure calculations based on density - functional theory. it utilizes libraries such as mpi, blas, and lapack and is developed under the gnu general public license. - the titan informatics toolkit is a collection of cross - platform libraries for ingesting, analyzing, and displaying scientific and informatics data. it is a collaborative effort with kitware, inc., and leverages various open source components such as the boost graph library. it is developed under a new bsd license. - trilinos is an object oriented library for building scalable scientific and engineering applications, with a focus on linear algebra techniques. it is licensed under the gnu lesser general public license. - libvmi is a library for simplifying the reading and writing of memory in running virtual machines, a technique known as virtual machine introspection. it is licensed under the gnu lesser general public license. in addition, sandia national laboratories collaborates with kitware, inc. in developing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5545383328638391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.419622"} {"text": "project \". sandia national laboratories. retrieved 2011 - 11 - 18. - \" vtk \u2014 the visualization toolkit \". kitware, inc. retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03. | wikimedia commons has media related to : sandia national laboratories | - sandia national laboratories - sandia national laboratories on facebook - computerworld article \" reverse hacker case gets costlier for sandia labs \" - san jose mercury news article \" ill lab workers fight for federal compensation \" - wired magazine article \" linkin park ' s mysterious cyberstalker \" - slate article \" stalking linkin park \" - fedsmith. com article \" linkin park, nuclear research and obsession \" - the santa fe new mexican article \" judge upholds $ 4. 3 million jury award to fired sandia lab analyst \" - asci red - time article \" a security analyst wins big in court \" - the santa fe new mexican article \" jury awards fired sandia analyst $ 4. 3 million \" - hpcwire article \" sandia may unwittingly have sold supercomputer to china \" - federal computer weekly article \" intercepts : chinese checkers \" - congressional research service report \" china : suspected acquisition of u. s. nuclear weapon secrets \" - sandia national laboratory cooperative monitoring center article \" engagement with china \" - newsmax. com article \" yet another lab scandal \" - us department of energy - united states national nuclear security administration official web site - us doe office of environmental management website - doe laboratory fact sheet - bbc news \" security overhaul at us nuclear labs \" - fox news \" iowa republican demands tighter nuclear lab security \" - upi article \" workers get bonus after being disciplined \" - industryweek article \" 3d silicon photonic lattice \" - october 6, 2005 the sante fe new mexican article \" sandia security managers recorded workers ' calls \" - may 17, 2002 new mexico business weekly article \" sandia national laboratories says it ' s worthless \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5411308958310881, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.421678"} {"text": "shalimar gardens, lahore | fort and shalamar gardens in lahore | | name as inscribed on the world heritage list | | criteria | | i, ii, iii | | inscription | | 1981 ( 5th session ) | the shalimar gardens ( punjabi, urdu : \u0634\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u063a ), sometimes written shalamar gardens, is a pakistani garden and it was built by the mughal emperor shah jahan in lahore, modern day pakistan. construction began in 1641 ad ( 1051 ah ) and was completed the following year. the project management was carried out under the superintendence of khalilullah khan, a noble of shah jahan ' s court, in cooperation with ali mardan khan and mulla alaul maulk tuni. the meaning of the name shalimar remains unknown, russian scholar anna suvorova in her book \" lahore : topophilia of space and place \" has asserted that it is certainly an arabic or persian name since a muslim king would never use a sanskrit or hindu name for a royal garden. the shalimar gardens are located near baghbanpura along the grand trunk road some 5 kilometers northeast of the main lahore city. shalimar gardens draws inspiration from central asia, kashmir, west punjab, persia, and the delhi sultanate. the site of the shalimar gardens originally belonged to one of the noble zaildar families in the region, well known as arain mian family baghbanpura. the family was also given the royal title of ' mian ' by the mughal emperor, for its services to the empire. mian muhammad yusuf, then the head of the arain mian family, donated the site of ishaq pura to the emperor shah jahan, after pressure was placed on the family by the royal engineers who wished to build on the site due to its good position and soil. in return, shah jahan granted the arain mian family governance of the shalimar gardens. the shalimar gardens remained under the custodianship of this family for more than 350 years. the mela chiraghan festival used to take place in the gardens, until president ( farhad khan son of ayub khan ) ordered against it in 1958. the shalimar gardens are laid out in the form of an oblong parallelogram, surrounded by a high brick wall, which is famous for its intricate fretwork. this garden was made on the concept of char b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4065273104859086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.425916"} {"text": "it in 1958. the shalimar gardens are laid out in the form of an oblong parallelogram, surrounded by a high brick wall, which is famous for its intricate fretwork. this garden was made on the concept of char bhagh. the gardens measure 658 meters north to south and 258 meters east to west. in 1981, shalimar gardens was included as a unesco world heritage site along with the lahore fort, under the unesco convention concerning the protection of the world ' s cultural and natural heritage sites in 1972. the three level terraces of the gardens - the upper terrace named farah baksh meaning bestower of pleasure. - the middle terrace named faiz baksh meaning bestower of goodness. - the lower terrace named hayat baksh meaning bestower of life. from this basin, and from the canal, rise 410 fountains, which discharge into wide marble pools. it is a credit to the creativity of mughal engineers that even today scientists are unable to fully comprehend the water systems and thermal engineering from architectural blueprints. the surrounding area is rendered cooler by the flowing of the fountains, which is a particular relief for visitors during lahore ' s blistering summers, with temperature sometimes exceeding 120 \u00b0f ( 49 \u00b0c ). the distribution of the fountains is as follows : - the upper level terrace has 105 fountains. - the middle level terrace has 152 fountains. - the lower level terrace has 153 fountains. - all combined, the gardens has 410 fountains. the gardens have 5 water cascades including the great marble cascade and sawan bhadoon. buildings of the gardens the buildings of the gardens include : trees of the gardens some of the varieties of trees that were planted included : | wikimedia commons has media related to : shalimar gardens, lahore | - unesco world heritage site profile - the herbert offen research collection of the phillips library at the peabody essex museum - sattar sikander, the shalamar : a typical muslim garden, islamic environmental design research centre - chapter on mughal gardens from dunbarton oaks discusses the shalimar gardens - irrigating the shalimar gardens in addition to canal named shah nahar youtube link in urdu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48055944178433363, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.426862"} {"text": "everyday mathematics and the common core state standards for mathematics for more ucsmp newsletters, visit the ucsmp website since the release of the common core state standards for mathematics ( ccssm ) in june 2010, the authors of everyday mathematics ( em ) have been working to understand these new standards. in this article, andy isaacs, director of em revisions, outlines how the em authors went about responding to the ccssm. he then answers some frequently asked questions about the ccssm edition of everyday mathematics. because the everyday mathematics authors kept abreast of the development of the ccssm, we were not caught unaware by its release in june 2010. fortunately, we were in a good position to respond effectively, because in the spring of 2010 we were finishing more than two years of work updating the third edition of everyday mathematics. this \u201c copyright update \u201d focused on improving em \u2019 s tools for assessment and differentiation, expanding the range of technology available for the program, and aligning em with nctm \u2019 s pre - k \u2013 8 curriculum focal points ( 2006 ) and other key documents. the release of the ccssm meant, on the one hand, that the copyright update was obsolete for the more than 40 states adopting the new standards. on the other hand, a substantial amount of good work had gone into the creation of the copyright update, much of which would be useful in a ccssm edition of em. more importantly, we had an experienced team of authors and editors available to begin work immediately on a ccssm edition of em. so, in june of 2010, we put aside completion of the copyright update and turned our full attention to ccssm. i doubt that any other curriculum project in the nation had a similarly qualified group of authors and editors available to begin work on ccssm curriculum development on such short notice. first we carried out detailed studies of how em aligns with ccssm. it was immediately obvious that there are huge areas of agreement. ccssm \u2019 s standards for mathematical practice, for example, are very much aligned with what em has always been about. its emphasis on developing both skills and understanding also fits well with em. and almost all of em \u2019 s learning trajectories and content standards are consistent with ccssm. these large areas of agreement did not surprise us to the extent that both em and ccssm are based on the same body of u. s. and international research in mathematics education and the learning sciences. we also recognized that there are areas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4957352787954393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.446178"} {"text": ". we recently released a set of documents to help em teachers translate the ideals of ccssm \u2019 s standards for mathematical practice into a daily classroom reality. ( these documents are available on the mcgraw - hill education website at https : / / www. mheonline. com / emcrosswalk ; use password : ccss2007support ( case sensitive ). ) we also identified several areas where we differ with the ccssm writers. one involves our approach to data. the ccssm largely ignores data until grade 6, at which time children are introduced to mean absolute deviation, interquartile range, and a variety of other fairly sophisticated topics. most statistics educators believe such an approach enters the realm of statistics at too high a level, as the american statistical association \u2019 s 2007 guidelines for assessment and instruction in statistics education ( gaise ) report makes clear. working with data before grade 6 is important for a number of reasons : - to build a foundation for data work in later grades - to help children make connections between mathematics and the world around them - to support the development of number sense - to support early algebraic thinking by, for example, exploring functional relationships in bivariate data - to connect mathematics to science, social studies, and other disciplines we, therefore, made a deliberate decision to maintain work with data in all grades beyond what is required by ccssm \u2019 s content standards. but this apparent mismatch between em and ccssm is less serious than it might appear since ccssm \u2019 s standards for mathematical practice require extensive work with modeling and real - world applications at every grade. while not all modeling and applications involve data, a great many do. if children are to model the world around them with mathematics, then data must be involved. so it remains important to include work with data in any ccssm - aligned program for grades k \u2013 5. as we worked on our analysis and attended to the public comments and debate about ccssm, it also became evident that certain aspects of the ccssm have sometimes been misinterpreted. for example, some people seem to think that the ccssm requires that technology, including calculators, be eliminated in the elementary grades. the reason for this misinterpretation of the ccssm is clear : none of the words \u201c technology, \u201d \u201c calculator, \u201d or \u201c computer \u201d appear in any of the content standards for grades k \u2013 6. but in the second decade of the 21st century, a curriculum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5564337637883989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.448459"} {"text": "the ccssm is clear : none of the words \u201c technology, \u201d \u201c calculator, \u201d or \u201c computer \u201d appear in any of the content standards for grades k \u2013 6. but in the second decade of the 21st century, a curriculum designed for the world before 1950 would be a disservice to students \u2014 and the ccssm writers had no such thing in mind. in fact, one of the ccssm standards for mathematical practice reads : \u201c use appropriate tools strategically. \u201d in today \u2019 s world, appropriate tools for mathematics include technology such as calculators and computers. so to believe that the ccssm bans technology from k \u2013 6 would be a mistake. another common misconception is that the ccssm requires a particular kind of \u201c focus. \u201d that is, some people are interpreting the ccssm as requiring that topics be treated once in depth so that mastery is achieved immediately and forever. this interpretation of \u201c focus \u201d does not reflect research into how people learn. one can refer to our bibliography at http : / / everydaymath. uchicago. edu / about / research - results / distributed _ practice _ bib. pdf that highlights the research underlying em \u2019 s approach to distributed practice. that research is reflected in the program \u2019 s spiral. there is nothing to indicate that this research - based approach conflicts with anything in the ccssm. in any case, when the ccssm specifies topics for a given grade, the intent is clearly that those topics are to be mastered no later than at that grade \u2014 but such mastery must be based on preparatory work in earlier grades and must be followed with appropriate practice, applications, and extensions in later grades. that the ccssm writers were thinking in terms of multi - grade learning trajectories is clear both from the ccssm document itself and also from talks the ccssm writers have given since its release and in subsequent documents created about learning trajectories. ccssm \u2019 s standards are thus similar to em \u2019 s grade - level goals, which are also mastery goals for the grade at which they are listed \u2014 and for which important preparatory and follow - up work is built into the program. one way to think about \u201c focus \u201d is related to a question we often receive about \u201c in - depth \u201d instruction. em certainly does aim at in - depth understanding, namely, in - depth understanding that is long lasting. that is, em is based on the fact that one does not achieve in - depth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5115112010907746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.449471"} {"text": "question we often receive about \u201c in - depth \u201d instruction. em certainly does aim at in - depth understanding, namely, in - depth understanding that is long lasting. that is, em is based on the fact that one does not achieve in - depth understanding that endures by focusing exclusively on a topic until the children seem to have mastered it. when that is done, it is easy to confuse short - term performance with long - term learning. in - depth understanding is achieved by repeatedly returning to a topic after time has passed \u2014 focus over time, if you will \u2014 so that learners will have to remember what they learned before. a curriculum built to do that, as em is, will be more efficient at developing in - depth, long - lasting understanding, but may also appear to be less \u201c focused \u201d at the lesson level because several topics may be treated in a single day. such a curriculum will also enable students to perform at high levels on standardized tests, which typically include questions on a wide variety of topics, as well as in real life, where problems involving fractions, for example, don \u2019 t come at the end of the chapter on fractions. our analysis of em in light of the ccssm also identified a number of areas in which what the ccssm requires is simply different from what em provides. in such cases, we made adjustments to help em teachers meet the ccssm \u2019 s requirements. consequently, one of the changes in the ccss edition of em is that the schedule for fact mastery has been accelerated, though with provisions for \u201c catching \u201d those children who fail to achieve mastery on the schedule stipulated by the ccssm. the number of changes we have made in em to better align it with the ccssm is quite large. our planning documents for these revisions ran to hundreds of pages. many of the changes we have made are subtle. most often, we adjusted existing activities in various ways to bring them in full agreement with what the ccssm requires. other times we replaced activities with new activities and sometimes we wrote entirely new lessons and projects. it \u2019 s always hard to quantify the percentage of new material in a new edition, but a majority of pages in the teacher \u2019 s lesson guides were touched in some way : sometimes just with a marginal note pointing out or clarifying a connection to the ccssm, sometimes with extensive reworking of an activity, sometimes with entirely new material replacing or supplementing what was there before. as a result of all this work, every lesson in em supports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5091433725969757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.450633"} {"text": "note pointing out or clarifying a connection to the ccssm, sometimes with extensive reworking of an activity, sometimes with entirely new material replacing or supplementing what was there before. as a result of all this work, every lesson in em supports important standards in the ccssm, and the program as a whole aligns very well with the ccssm \u2019 s requirements both for in - depth treatment of concepts and skills and for the development of mathematical practices. we feel confident that no other program has made such an extensive and thorough effort to align itself with the ccssm. and our work in that regard continues as we research new approaches and ideas that will improve em in the future. frequently asked questions what is the difference between the standards in ccssm and em \u2019 s grade - level goals? the standards in ccssm are goalposts, destinations to be reached no later than certain designated points in time. they mark important things to aim at over long periods. standards are not necessarily articulated in coherent trajectories ; they are simply endpoints, though, if standards are well conceived, they should not be at odds with research - based developmental learning trajectories. so, for example, the standards in ccssm are not explicitly connected in multi - grade learning trajectories. em \u2019 s grade - level goals, on the other hand, are explicitly connected in learning trajectories that span several grades. em \u2019 s grade - level goals are also often more detailed than the standards in ccssm. em \u2019 s grade - level goals provide a framework that connects instruction, assessment, and interventions in the program. em \u2019 s grade - level goals, instructional activities, assessments, and interventions delineate pathways or learning progressions that ensure that children will meet the standards laid out in ccssm. how should we go about aligning em to the ccssm? the em authors have developed a variety of resources to help teachers and students address the standards for mathematical content as well as the standards for mathematical practice. the largest of these resources is the new 2012 copyright update ( the ccss edition ) of the 3rd edition ( 2007 ) of everyday mathematics that is fully aligned with the ccssm. this new edition became available in summer 2011. along with the ccss update, another tool, the em crosswalk to the ccssm, was launched as a free online resource. the crosswalk is a document designed for teachers to have access to all additions and changes made to the 3rd edition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5295669896121671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.451739"} {"text": "along with the ccss update, another tool, the em crosswalk to the ccssm, was launched as a free online resource. the crosswalk is a document designed for teachers to have access to all additions and changes made to the 3rd edition of everyday mathematics in order to align 100 % to the ccssm. to access the crosswalk go to the following url and type in the password given, which is case sensitive : password : ccss2007support ( case sensitive ) the same url provides access to a document about em \u2019 s alignment to the ccssm \u2019 s standards for mathematical practice. this document translates the ccssm \u2019 s complex descriptions into everyday language that is accessible to teachers and students. specific questions for the initial units are available at that site. we recently completed sets of guiding questions related to the standards for mathematical practice for virtually every em lesson in all grades. these updated documents are currently available for free download through the everyday mathematics virtual learning community ( vlc ) : http : / / vlc. cemseprojects. org /. thousands of em teachers have already begun to access the many resources available at the vlc. note that you will have to establish a free account in order to access the vlc resources, but we think you will find the short process well worth it. my district thinks \u201c we \u2019 ll need to unspiral em \u201d this year and teach only to the ccssm. the discussion went into how teachers would need to pick and choose which lessons / parts of lessons they will teach. not only will this be a teacher \u2019 s nightmare when it comes to planning and using math journals and home links, but it will turn em into something else completely! any advice or help in how to keep em intact while honoring the guidelines my district has directed pertaining to the national core standards? rather than trying to break the curriculum down into individual standards, the em authors recommend focusing on the standards for mathematical practice and tightening up the portions of em that are closely aligned with the ccssm but are often implemented inadequately. even with the many rich problems in em, teachers often over - scaffold the instruction, doing much of the thinking for the students. strengthening the implementation of the standards for mathematical practice, combined with em \u2019 s rigorous and coherent content, will do more to help your instruction align with the ccssm than tearing the program apart. what did you take out of em as you aligned with the ccssm? how will we have time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5099608592530053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.453604"} {"text": "combined with em \u2019 s rigorous and coherent content, will do more to help your instruction align with the ccssm than tearing the program apart. what did you take out of em as you aligned with the ccssm? how will we have time to teach the new material if nothing has been removed? for the ccss edition, we took out some things, moved quite a lot of things, increased or decreased emphasis on certain topics at certain grades, and modified the treatment of many topics. the net addition of content was, in the end, quite modest, on the order of five or ten new lessons out of the more than 600 lessons in the program. we have been working with many teachers who have been able to get through the 2007 edition with time to spare, so we expect teachers will be able to get through the ccss edition as well. research has shown a couple of things that are important to keep in mind. one is that time on task is hugely important. the more time you spend on something, the more children are going to learn. if you want children to learn more mathematics, the first step is to allot more time to it. one hour a day, every day, should be the minimum. even better would be 75 or 90 minutes a day. another important research finding is that distributed instruction and practice over time is more effective than concentrated practice. this finding is well established in the research literature on learning, but is counterintuitive and often unfamiliar. most people think concentrated study is more effective. as the daughter of one of the em authors said, when she got an a in latin, \u201c see, dad, cramming works. \u201d but cramming doesn \u2019 t work if your goal is long - term learning rather than a short - term boost in performance for a test. what you \u2019 ve crammed, you quickly forget. you have at best the illusions that you have learned something. em is built on the principle of distributed instruction and practice. this is entirely in harmony with the ccssm, which is based on learning progressions that span multiple grades and which also does not dictate which pedagogical approach is to be used. rather than adopting a distributed approach, some teachers get bogged down trying to teach to mastery skills that are just being introduced. this slows down progress through the curriculum so that teachers feel even more time pressure. we \u2019 re working with teachers and schools in chicago and across the nation to better explain the distributed approach and why it \u2019 s more effective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45083460651202517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.457688"} {"text": "that are just being introduced. this slows down progress through the curriculum so that teachers feel even more time pressure. we \u2019 re working with teachers and schools in chicago and across the nation to better explain the distributed approach and why it \u2019 s more effective. we \u2019 re also working with teachers and schools that are changing how they organize for instruction. many teachers have had success \u201c borrowing \u201d time for mathematics from across the school day. during the literacy block, for example, students who are not meeting with the teacher can do math boxes or journal pages or even play math games. many teachers have also had success using a \u201c centers \u201d approach with em. all this can help with an overcrowded school day in which finding sufficient time for mathematics can be difficult. shouldn \u2019 t there be more changes to be 100 % aligned as you claim? the teachers are not feeling like they are reaching or will reach mastery with the limited changes and additional material to cover that isn \u2019 t at their grade level. as we did our alignment to the ccssm during the planning phases of this edition, we found that in many cases em was well aligned with the standards, but needed some clarification to make this alignment explicit. one example is standard 6. ee. 9, which reads \u201c use variables to represent two quantities in a real - world problem that change in relationship to one another ; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable. analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables, and relate these to the equation. \u201d in g6 em, students already did much work using equations, graphs, and tables to represent real - world problems. we were simply not using the terms dependent variable and independent variable. it did not make sense to add a lot of work to \u201c cover \u201d this standard \u2014 it was a matter of including appropriate vocabulary to work the students were already doing. we found that much of the coverage that we added was of this type : clarifying and pointing out where we already are well aligned to the standards. how have em \u2019 s assessments changed to reflect the added ccssm content to the program? new \u201c recognizing student achievement \u201d assessments were added in the teacher \u2019 s lesson guides, where appropriate, to assess new ccssm content that was added to the program. whenever a grade - level goal was changed to better fit ccssm \u2013 when memorization of the multiplication facts was moved from fourth grade to third, for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5150967680893824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.458997"} {"text": "guides, where appropriate, to assess new ccssm content that was added to the program. whenever a grade - level goal was changed to better fit ccssm \u2013 when memorization of the multiplication facts was moved from fourth grade to third, for example \u2013 unit progress checks and assessments in the assessment handbook were updated to reflect the new goal. but whenever em \u2019 s assessments gave adequate information about progress towards mastery of the grade - level goals, those assessments were not changed. these changes preserve the basic structure of em \u2019 s assessment system, which is designed to track progress towards grade - level goals. assessment in the context of the common core state standards is a moving target. the u. s. department of education has funded two large consortia of states, parcc and sbac, to develop new assessments aligned with ccssm. those assessments are currently scheduled for use beginning in the 2014 \u2013 2015 school year, but details of the consortia \u2019 s plans are not yet available. in the meantime, most states continue to use state tests based on pre - ccssm standards. some states are using their current assessments this year, modified assessments better aligned to ccssm in 2013 or 2014, and assessments from parcc or sbac in 2014 \u2013 2015. in this evolving environment, the em authors are closely following the work of the consortia so that em \u2019 s assessments can be adjusted to better complement instruments from the assessment consortia. the authors are also working with em \u2019 s publisher to create interim solutions such as revised assessments tools and items that will be embedded in the program, test item generation software, and an online assessment and differentiation system. grade 6 has a lot of changes but not a lot of new journal pages. why? we tried to make as many changes as possible within the context of existing lessons, without adding extra pages that needed to be completed. in some instances, this was as simple as including appropriate vocabulary in the lesson itself. when we added new lessons or activities, we also added new journal pages. when a lesson or part of a lesson was revised, the journal pages were revised to reflect the content in the lessons, but additional pages were not necessarily added.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4667542919780425, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.460058"} {"text": "mosquitoes and ticks did you know \u2026 \u2026 \u2026. - pennsylvania is home to 60 different species of mosquitoes? species most commonly responsible for transmitting west nile and other diseases are species that seek out human made containers or areas of environmental disturbances. - the simplest way to reduce biting mosquito concerns around your home is to inspect your property for items that will collect and hold water and eliminate these items? during the summer mosquitoes can go from egg to adult within 7 days. - for the past three years pennsylvania has ranked # 1 in the united states for reported cases of lyme disease? take time to dress properly, wear repellent and inspect yourself after being outside. - mosquitoes and ticks also transmit diseases to pets and other animals such as horses? - helping to cleanup your surrounding community will also reduce mosquito breeding sources. some mosquito species can fly up to 20 miles away from a breeding source. penn state resources - penn state west nile virus page - penn state ticks background information - penn state lyme disease - pest ed blog - featuring west nile virus through fall - pennsylvania \u2019 s west nile virus control program - report a dead bird - center for disease control west nile virus information - center for disease control lyme disease information - keep pennsylvania beautiful - penn state mosquito fact sheets - a guide to stormwater management and mosquito concerns - asian tiger mosquito for more information contact : 112 pleasant acres rd york, pa 17402 phone : ( 717 ) 840 - 2375", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41230161175876506, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.461797"} {"text": "is it time to change our training yet? part 4 : magnesium fires a small piece of magnesium in the stearing column reacts to water in delray beach, florida. ( photo : lee junkins ) lee junkins, midsouth rescue technologies as we saw in part 3, manufacturers have been forced to cut every ounce of weight possible, in order to meet the economic problems. one way of doing that is by the extensive use of magnesium. magnesium is stronger and 1 / 3 lighter than aluminum and can be molded and machined into most any shape. today manufacturers are using it for most all the brackets under the dash, transmission housings, wheels, and some as high as 45 % of the engine parts. as firefighters we know that magnesium is one metal that will burn and once burning is extremely hard to extinguish, but do we really understand the dangers of fighting a magnesium fire? as can be seen in the picture, magnesium has a very violent reaction to water. the reaction seen in the picture is just a very small bracket on the steering column. we see the pretty flash as the water hits it but, notice the little sparklers in the picture. each one of these pretty little sparklers is a ball of hot molten metal. welders will tell you that these bits of molten metal will collect in any little wrinkle in your clothing and will burn through until they cool. imagine having them on your bare skin, yet many firefighters do not see the need for full ppe on a vehicle fire. let \u2019 s look at another aspect ; these balls of molten metal are much hotter than our gear is made to withstand. these will lay in the wrinkles of your gear and burn holes in them, not only destroying a very expensive set of gear, but putting the firefighter in danger on the next interior call. so how are we to avoid this?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4601516607967021, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.463930"} {"text": "gd star rating gd star rating this article explores the immediate and long - term effects of the federal reservethe central bank in control of regulating the u. s. financial and monetary system. \u2019 s ( the fed \u2019 s ) purchase of $ 1. 25 trillion in mortgage - backed bondsan asseta valuable item which can be converted to cash by its owner. - backed security representing a claim on the cash flows received on a mortgage loan. ( mbbs ) during 2009 and 2010, and the current and future benefits of fed purchases for homebuyer financing. the federal responsibility to regulate america \u2019 s central bank is responsible for limiting the harmful effects of falling prices and unemploymentwhen an employee loses their job, resulting in no income. associated with the nation \u2019 s reduced spending power in times of economic crisis. while many of the painful signs of a recessionan economic event triggered and controlled by the federal reserve to maintain the sustainability of economic growth. are beyond the government \u2019 s direct control, the u. s. federal reserve ( the fed ) does have the crucial authority to alter interest rates through monetary policythe federal reserve ' s use of short - term interest rates and other infusions and withdrawals of dollars in circulation to control pricing and employment in the economy. and affect the recession \u2019 s outcome by doing so. the fed is able to lend to banks at a lower cost by printing and increasing the amount of money available to businesses and consumers. a larger supply of money encourages banks to lend and \u2014 perhaps most importantly \u2014 helps to fight the possibility of consumer and asset price deflation in the market. while right - wing inflationthe price changes over time in consumer goods and services, quantified in the consumer price index ( cpi ). - hawks promulgate fear - laden demagoguery about the dangers of inflation simply because the fed prints money ( which \u2014 don \u2019 t forget \u2014 is its job ), first tuesday asserts that consumer inflation is not, and will not soon be, a concern for the u. s. economy or the fed. on the other hand, value deflation \u2014 should it develop in prices \u2014 is a pernicious bane that threatens from the shadows in times of economic crisis. japan \u2019 s \u201c lost decade \u201d of the 1990s is attributed to consumer and asset price deflation, and our fed \u2019 s efforts to avoid a similar fate in our economy are to be commended. [ for more on the realities of inflation, see the october 2010 article, deflation \u2019 s push on the real estate recovery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49339866236225677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.475914"} {"text": "and asset price deflation, and our fed \u2019 s efforts to avoid a similar fate in our economy are to be commended. [ for more on the realities of inflation, see the october 2010 article, deflation \u2019 s push on the real estate recovery. ] how, then, can the fed continue to fight price deflation and job loss after it has already reduced interest rates to near zero? the answer : by buying long - term bonds from banks and private investors \u2014 a process which, in turn, requires the minting of new money for the purchase. between late 2008 and early 2010, the fed purchased a total of $ 1. 3 trillion in mortgage - backed bonds ( mbbs ) from fannie maea government - sponsored entity operating in the secondary mortgage market. ( fannie ) and freddie mac ( freddie ), as well as bonds insured by ginnie mae. the fed has since announced it intends to purchase an additional $ 800 billion in bonds. this federal bond - purchasing process is referred to as the large scale asset purchase ( lsap ) program. the lsap program is intended to depress interest rates on long - term yields ( such as 30 - year mortgages ) since short - term interest rates have already reached their lowest possible level. in theory, this move will prove useful in multiple ways. first, the fed \u2019 s extensive purchases will indicate to lenders and buyers that the fed fully intends to maintain short - term interest rates at their current low level. restoring investora purchaser who holds a property long - term on a buy - to - let basis as an income - producing investment. contrast with a speculator who buys - to - flip a property for fast profits, rather than annual income. confidence will support private investment in business and real estate, which is necessary for a stable recovery. restoring investor confidence is necessary for a stable recovery. second, the purchase of bonds will immediately remove loans from the books of lenders and investors. that money will be injected back into the market via bank reserves and deposits, and made available for investment through lending. third, and most importantly, long - term bond purchases by the fed are expected to reduce the supply of long - term bonds available for investors, thereby raising bond prices and lowering interest rate yields. in short, banks see their cash reserves and deposits increase and lower the interest rates they charge, thus promoting private investment of borrowed funds. so far, signs indicate that these hopes are justified. according to the federal reserve bank of san francisco ( frbsf )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48022878396128293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.477008"} {"text": ", banks see their cash reserves and deposits increase and lower the interest rates they charge, thus promoting private investment of borrowed funds. so far, signs indicate that these hopes are justified. according to the federal reserve bank of san francisco ( frbsf ), the lsap program is likely to lower the national unemployment rate 1. 5 percentage points by 2012 : a total of approximately three million jobs created nationwide. that translates into roughly 300, 000 additionally employed in california during 2011 ( the ucla anderson school of management predicts 200, 000 in 2011 ). california real estate brokers ( and the governor ) need around 400, 000 new jobs annually for a period of at least four years to start smiling again. employment is the single most crucial factor determining a homebuyer \u2019 s ability to obtain and retain a home, and the lsap \u2019 s role in promoting employment is thus vital. [ for more information on the frbsf \u2019 s analysis of the lsap program, see the frbsf economic letter 2011 - 03. ] although it remains uncertain, the frbsf finds it likely that the fed \u2019 s asset purchases have played an important role in preventing harmful deflation. the frbsf indicates the current level of inflation in the united states is approximately one full percentage point higher than it would have been without the lsap program. given the still - low level of inflation, this means that we would currently be approaching deflationary levels without the lsap. [ for current levels of inflation, see the first tuesday current market chart feature, the consumer price indexthe consumer price index measures and tracks the rate of consumer inflation. this is presented as an index of fluctuations in the general price of a wide selection of consumable items, goods and services. ] results for homebuyers while homebuyers have benefited from artificially - low mortgage rates brought about by the lsap program, many are left wondering what other effects the fed \u2019 s asset purchases may have upon the real estate market. after all, the fed \u2019 s extensive resources were largely devoted to the purchase of real estate mortgage debt, especially 30 - year loans produced by fannie and freddie. in fact, the fed \u2019 s purchases in the lsap program succeeded in single - handedly sustaining fannie and freddie by buying all the bonds needed to fund the mortgages made or guaranteed by both lending institutions in 2009 and early 2010. as an immediate side effect, housing bond market investors regained a small level of confidence \u2014 a good thing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4605176464981975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.478141"} {"text": "implementation of the lsap program, the number of homeowners looking for refinance loans tripled immediately, indicating the lsap was effective in stimulating the mortgage refinancing ( refi ) market. however, news of the fed \u2019 s asset purchases did not succeed in increasing the number of homebuyers applying for mortgage loans. in the aftermath of the market crash, the hype of the fed \u2019 s large - scale purchase of home loans did little to stimulate interest in buying homes. in conclusion, it appears the fed \u2019 s decision to purchase mbbs was a success for owners with sufficient credit and positive equity in their homes ; in other words, the wealthy. the lsap program successfully boosted the ability and motivation for many such homeowners to refinance. this is good news, since refinancing at a low interest rate is a positive choice that dramatically lowers homeowners \u2019 monthly payments, putting more disposable income in their hands to spend. however, many homeowners refinanced 30 - year mortgages with 15 - year mortgages without increasing ( or decreasing ) their payments \u2014 many have even succeeded in decreasing their rates ( good for them, but not helpful for the economy ). [ for more on 15 - and 30 - year interest rates, see the october 2010 article, the abuses of lower interest rates. ] on the other hand, benefits were largely limited to those with high credit scores and a positive equity in their home ; again, the wealthy. in the meantime, those who had the greatest need to refinance have been unable to do so on improved terms. this includes negative equitythe condition of a property owner owing more on a mortgage than the current fair market value of the encumbered property. homeowners, who still make up 25 % to 30 % of homeowners in california. second wave bond purchases two federal authorities have the power to ameliorate a mortgage crisis : congress and the fed. when congress fails to create employment or take other actions through legislative incentives designed to stimulate home sales, the fed has both the ability and responsibility to make up for congress \u2019 shortcomings. to fill the present vacuum left by congressional inaction, the fed has already begun yet another round of large - scale asset purchases ( referred to in government circles as quantitative easingthe purchase of government bonds by the federal reserve ( the fed ) to drive down interest rates and increase liquidity. ( qe ), with this second round popularly termed q", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46712421194249476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.480176"} {"text": "of large - scale asset purchases ( referred to in government circles as quantitative easingthe purchase of government bonds by the federal reserve ( the fed ) to drive down interest rates and increase liquidity. ( qe ), with this second round popularly termed qe2 ). the qe2 has an effect on the u. s. economy roughly similar to the fed dropping the discount ratethe interest rate the federal reserve charges banks and thrifts who borrow funds directly from the fed to maintain reserve requirements. by approximately 0. 66 % : a necessary stimulative measure if they are to encourage borrowing, investing and hiring. meanwhile, the fed is unable to actually lower rates : the discount rate currently sits at an extremely low 0. 55 %, and any drop would bring them practically to zero or below. the fed can \u201c go negative \u201d with rates by lending dollars now and being repaid a lesser amount sometime in the future : a move that will cause lenders to borrow funds and resume lending practices, but will cause inflation hawks to go crazy. the qe2 is a necessary stimulative measure to encourage borrowing, investing and hiring. while the frbb \u2019 s article demonstrates that a second round of asset purchases is unlikely to have a significant effect on low - income homeowners seeking to refinance, qe2 is desirable for an entirely different reason. the fed \u2019 s purchase of bonds acts as an injection of cash into the market. this inflationary measure works to prevent deflation, which would be far more catastrophic than the more easily - controlled. this measure is absolutely necessary to improve employment ( by increasing the capital available to businesses ) and avoid deflation, both of which are on the cusp of falling backwards. as all are aware, a fall in employment inevitably leads to a corresponding fall in the housing market. the recovery remains far too tenuous to be risked unnecessarily. the fed has an endless supply of money to lend, always gets it back, and can never go broke. while the fed \u2019 s purchase of mbbs seems extravagant to the uninformed, it is important to understand that the fed \u2019 s money - printing costs the government absolutely nothing, in contrast to a stimulus package produced by congress to spend taxpayer money. the fear the fed inspires among a \u201c no - change \u201d congress and some hedge fund investors is based upon an unfounded but persistent belief that inflation arises every time the fed increases the amount of money printed. no such threat of inflation is present or immediately fore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5468381670899425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.481119"} {"text": "one of the most controversial and influential public intellectuals in american life is weighing in with a new theory on the roots of jewish intelligence. charles murray, famous for \u201c the bell curve, \u201d his book on the racial basis of intelligence, has published an article in this month \u2019 s commentary, titled \u201c jewish genius. \u201d in the essay, murray theorizes that the preponderance of very smart jews throughout the ages can be traced back to evolutionary processes that began even before the destruction of the second temple in jerusalem. \u201c there is reason to think that selection for intelligence antedates the 1st century c. e., \u201d writes murray, a scholar at the conservative - leaning american enterprise institute. \u201c from its very outset, apparently going back to the time of moses, judaism was intertwined with intellectual complexity. \u201d at the beginning of his article, murray says that he, a \u201c scots - irish gentile, \u201d was writing about the topic because his jewish colleague and co - author, richard herrnstein, was always hesitant to take it on. and his article was published barely a year and a half after the media was set ablaze by an academic article positing an evolutionary link between the high iq scores of ashkenazic jews and jewish life in the middle ages. one of the authors of that previous study, gregory cochran, has already taken fire at murray \u2019 s effort in the same field. \u201c i would call it pure speculation, \u201d said cochran, who is a researcher in utah. \u201c i don \u2019 t think there \u2019 s any evidence he \u2019 s right. \u201d both cochran and murray start from recent evidence that ashkenazic jews tend to have higher iq levels than other ethnic groups. but murray goes beyond cochran to argue that in the middle ages and the first millennium, both ashkenazic and sephardic jews exhibited unusual levels of intelligence. as one piece of evidence, murray points to the jewish role in writing both the old and new testaments of the bible. murray acknowledges that his work is based more on historical impressions than on rigorous science, but it is already provoking debate in a corner of the intellectual world that tends to make jews very uncomfortable : genetics. cochran \u2019 s work was widely panned by geneticists, and murray makes even less of an effort to placate these experts with scientifically grounded evidence. the assumption from which both researchers work \u2014 that intelligence has a genetic basis \u2014 is still disputed by many scientists. harry ostrer, a leading jewish geneticist, said that murray \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4768273428867563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.487196"} {"text": "effort to placate these experts with scientifically grounded evidence. the assumption from which both researchers work \u2014 that intelligence has a genetic basis \u2014 is still disputed by many scientists. harry ostrer, a leading jewish geneticist, said that murray \u2019 s work was \u201c speculation \u201d and that both murray and cochran trade in a \u201c love of group typology \u2014 jews are smart and blacks are great athletes. \u201d in \u201c the bell curve, \u201d murray and his co - author argued that african americans, as a group, were less innately intelligent than white americans. the work was attacked by many commentators who took issue with murray \u2019 s methodology and with his reliance on funding from right - wing foundations. still, ostrer said that murray \u2019 s new work \u201c asks some interesting questions. \u201d murray sets out to find periods of history when the jewish population was subjected to a dramatic change that may have resulted in survival of the more intelligent members. he points to the babylonian captivity, when the best and brightest jews were carted away to what is now iraq. he also looks at the effect of an edict in 64 bce that mandated universal education for all jewish males. he argues that this, along with the talmudic mode of jewish religion after the destruction of the second temple, may have pushed out less - intelligent members of the community. ostrer said that these theories eventually might be tested by geneticists doing regression analysis. for now, though, to ostrer, the most interesting element of the debate is the continuing controversy about the subject. \u201c we \u2019 re really in this period of judophilia right now, \u201d ostrer said. \u201c clearly in the mainstream western christian world, christian academics and intellectuals like and admire jews a lot. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48059948642046735, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.488014"} {"text": "alphabetic index : a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z gasoline / \u02c8\u0261\u00e6s\u0259li\u02d0n /, or petrol / \u02c8p\u025btr\u0259l / is a transparent, petroleum - derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in internal combustion engines. it consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. some gasolines also contain ethanol as an alternative fuel. in north america, the term gasoline is often shortened in colloquial usage to gas, but some people use the term petrol, which is the common name in the uk and elsewhere in the commonwealth of nations. under normal ambient conditions, its material state is liquid, unlike liquefied petroleum gas or natural gas. gasoline is more volatile than diesel oil, jet - a, or kerosene, not only because of the base constituents, but also because of additives. volatility is often controlled by blending with butane, which boils at \u22120. 5 \u00b0c. the volatility of petrol is determined by the reid vapor pressure ( rvp ) test. the desired volatility depends on the ambient temperature. in hot weather, petrol components of higher molecular weight and thus lower volatility are used. in cold weather, too little volatility results in cars failing to start. in hot weather, excessive volatility results in what is known as \" vapor lock \", where combustion fails to occur, because the liquid fuel has changed to a gaseous state in the fuel lines, rendering the fuel pump ineffective and starving the engine of fuel. this effect mainly applies to camshaft - driven ( engine mounted ) fuel pumps which lack a fuel return line. vehicles with fuel injection require the fuel to be pressurized within a set range. because the camshaft speed is nearly zero before the engine is started, an electric pump is used. it is located in the fuel tank so the fuel may also cool the high - pressure pump. pressure regulation is achieved by returning unused fuel to the tank. therefore, vapor lock is almost never a problem in a vehicle with fuel injection. in the us, volatility is regulated to reduce the emission of unburned hydrocarbons by the use of so - called reformulated gasoline that is less prone to evaporation. in australia, summer petrol volatility limits are set by state governments and vary among states. most countries simply have a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5556916612312887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.508852"} {"text": "of unburned hydrocarbons by the use of so - called reformulated gasoline that is less prone to evaporation. in australia, summer petrol volatility limits are set by state governments and vary among states. most countries simply have a summer, winter, and perhaps intermediate limit. volatility standards may be relaxed ( allowing more gasoline components into the atmosphere ) during gasoline shortages. for example, on 31 august 2005, in response to hurricane katrina, the us permitted the sale of nonreformulated gasoline in some urban areas, effectively permitting an early switch from summer to winter - grade gasoline. as mandated by epa administrator stephen l. johnson, this \" fuel waiver \" was made effective until 15 september 2005. modern automobiles are also equipped with an evaporative emissions control system ( ' evap system ' in automotive jargon ), which collects evaporated fuel from the fuel tank in a charcoal - filled canister while the engine is stopped, and then releases the collected vapors to the engine for consumption when the engine is running ( usually after it has reached normal operating temperature ). the evaporative emissions control system also includes a sealed gas cap to prevent vapors from escaping via the fuel filler tube. octane rating for more details on this topic, see octane rating. spark ignition engines are designed to burn gasoline in a controlled process called deflagration. but in some cases, the unburned mixture can autoignite, which results in rapid heat release and can damage the engine. this phenomenon is often referred to as engine knocking or end - gas knock. one way to reduce knock in spark ignition engines is to increase the gasoline ' s resistance to autoignition, which is expressed by its octane rating. octane rating is measured relative to a mixture of 2, 2, 4 - trimethylpentane ( an isomer of octane ) and n - heptane. there are different conventions for expressing octane ratings, so a fuel may have several different octane ratings based on the measure used. research octane number ( ron ) for commercially - available gasoline varies by country. in finland, sweden, and norway, 95 ron is the standard for regular unleaded petrol and 98 ron is also available as a more expensive option. in the uk, ordinary regular unleaded petrol is 91 ron ( not commonly available ), premium unleaded petrol is always 95 ron, and super unleaded is usually 97 - 98 ron. however, both shell and bp produce fuel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.506383556513909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.509811"} {"text": ". in the uk, ordinary regular unleaded petrol is 91 ron ( not commonly available ), premium unleaded petrol is always 95 ron, and super unleaded is usually 97 - 98 ron. however, both shell and bp produce fuel at 102 ron for cars with high - performance engines, and the supermarket chain tesco began in 2006 to sell super unleaded petrol rated at 99 ron. in the us, octane ratings in unleaded fuels can vary between 86 and 87 aki ( 91 - 92 ron ) for regular, through 89 - 90 aki ( 94 - 95 ron ) for mid - grade ( european premium ), up to 90 - 94 aki ( 95 - 99 ron ) for premium ( european super ). the octane rating became important as the military sought higher output for aircraft engines in the late 1930s and the 1940s. a higher octane rating allows a higher compression ratio or supercharger boost, and thus higher temperatures and pressures, which translate to higher power output. some scientists even predicted that a nation with a good supply of high octane gasoline would have the advantage in air power. in 1943, the rolls royce merlin aero engine produced 1, 320 horsepower ( 984 kw ) using 100 ron fuel from a modest 27 litre displacement. towards the end of the second world war, experiments were conducted using 150 ron fuel. stability quality gasoline should be stable almost indefinitely if stored properly. such storage should be in an airtight container, to prevent oxidation or water vapors mixing, and at a stable cool temperature to reduce the chance of the container ' s leaking. when gasoline is not stored correctly, gums and solids may accumulate, resulting in \" stale fuel \". the presence of these degradation products in fuel tank, lines, and carburetor or fuel injection components, make it harder to start the engine. upon resumption of regular vehicle usage, the buildups should eventually be cleaned out by the flow of fresh petrol. a fuel stabilizer can be used to extend the life of fuel that is not or cannot be stored properly. fuel stabilizer is commonly used for small engines, such as lawnmower and tractor engines, to promote quicker and more reliable starting. users have been advised to keep gasoline containers more than half full and properly capped to reduce air exposure, to avoid storage at high temperatures, to run an engine for ten minutes to circulate the stabilizer through all components prior to storage, and to run the engine at intervals to purge stale fuel from the carburet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49528713799135177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.510733"} {"text": "capped to reduce air exposure, to avoid storage at high temperatures, to run an engine for ten minutes to circulate the stabilizer through all components prior to storage, and to run the engine at intervals to purge stale fuel from the carburetor. energy content ( high and low heating value ) energy is obtained from the combustion of gasoline by the conversion of a hydrocarbon to carbon dioxide and water. the combustion of octane follows this reaction : 2 c8h18 + 25 o2 \u2192 16 co2 + 18 h2o gasoline contains about 35 mj / l ( 9. 7 kw \u00b7 h / l, 132 mj / us gal, 36. 6 kwh / us gal ) ( higher heating value ) or 13 kwh / kg. gasoline blends differ, and therefore actual energy content varies according to the season to season and producer by up to 4 % more or less than the average, according to the us epa. on average, about 19. 5 us gallons ( 16. 2 imp gal ; 74 l ) of gasoline are available from a 42 - us - gallon ( 35 imp gal ; 160 l ) barrel of crude oil ( about 46 % by volume ), varying due to quality of crude and grade of gasoline. the remaining residue comes off as products ranging from tar to naptha. a high - octane - rated fuel, such as liquefied petroleum gas ( lpg ) has an overall lower power output at the regular compression ratio of an engine run at on gasoline. however, with an engine tuned to the use of lpg ( i. e. via higher compression ratios, such as 12 : 1 instead of 8 : 1 ), this lower power output can be overcome. this is because higher - octane fuels allow for a higher compression ratio, hence a higher cylinder temperature, which improves efficiency. also, increased mechanical efficiency is created by a higher compression ratio through the concomitant higher expansion ratio on the power stroke, which is by far the greater effect. the higher expansion ratio extracts more work from the high - pressure gas created by the combustion process. the applicable formula is. an atkinson cycle engine uses the timing of the valve events to produce the benefits of a high expansion ratio without the disadvantages, chiefly detonation, of a high compression ratio. a high expansion ratio is also one of the two key reasons for the efficiency of diesel engines, along with the elimination of pumping losses due to throttling of the intake air flow. a high compression ratio can be viewed as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5397588673935878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.511845"} {"text": "a high compression ratio. a high expansion ratio is also one of the two key reasons for the efficiency of diesel engines, along with the elimination of pumping losses due to throttling of the intake air flow. a high compression ratio can be viewed as a necessary evil to have a high expansion ratio. the lower energy content ( per litre ) of lpg in comparison to gasoline is due mainly to its lower density. energy content per kilogram is higher than for gasoline ( higher hydrogen to carbon ratio, see for example standard _ enthalpy _ of _ formation # examples : _ inorganic _ compounds _. 28at _ 25 _. c2. b0c. 29 ). density the specific gravity ( or relative density ) of gasoline ranges from 0. 71 \u2013 0. 77 kg / l ( 719. 7 kg / m3 ; 0. 026 lb / in3 ; 6. 073 lb / us gal ; 7. 29 lb / imp gal ), higher densities having a greater volume of aromatics. gasoline floats on water ; water cannot generally be used to extinguish a gasoline fire, unless used in a fine mist. chemical analysis and productiona pumpjack in the united statesan oil rig in the gulf of mexico gasoline is produced in oil refineries. material that is separated from crude oil via distillation, called virgin or straight - run gasoline, does not meet the required specifications for modern engines ( in particular octane rating ; see below ), but will comprise part of the blend. some of the main components of gasoline : isooctane, butane, 3 - ethyltoluene, and the octane enhancer mtbe. the bulk of a typical gasoline consists of hydrocarbons with between four and 12 carbon atoms per molecule ( commonly referred to as c4 - c12 ). the various refinery streams blended to make gasoline have different characteristics. some important streams are : the terms above are the jargon used in the oil industry, but terminology varies. overall, a typical gasoline is predominantly a mixture of paraffins ( alkanes ), naphthenes ( cycloalkanes ), and olefins ( alkenes ). the actual ratio depends on : currently, many countries set limits on gasoline aromatics in general, benzene in particular, and olefin ( alkene ) content. such regulations led to increasing preference for high octane pure paraffin ( alkane ) components, such as alkylate, and is forcing ref", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.523754492836042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.513021"} {"text": "aromatics in general, benzene in particular, and olefin ( alkene ) content. such regulations led to increasing preference for high octane pure paraffin ( alkane ) components, such as alkylate, and is forcing refineries to add processing units to reduce benzene content. gasoline can also contain other organic compounds, such as organic ethers ( deliberately added ), plus small levels of contaminants, in particular organosulfur compounds, but these are usually removed at the refinery. additives see also : list of gasoline additives antiknock additivesa plastic container for storing gasoline used in germany most countries have phased out leaded fuel. different additives have replaced the lead compounds. the most popular additives include aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers and alcohol ( usually ethanol or methanol ). tetraethyl lead gasoline, when used in high - compression internal combustion engines, has a tendency to autoignite ( detonate ) causing damaging \" engine knocking \" ( also called \" pinging \" or \" pinking \" ) noise. early research into this effect was led by a. h. gibson and harry ricardo in england and thomas midgley and thomas boyd in the united states. the discovery that lead additives modified this behavior led to the widespread adoption of their use in the 1920s, and therefore more powerful, higher compression engines. the most popular additive was tetra - ethyl lead. with the discovery of the extent of environmental and health damage caused by the lead, however, and the incompatibility of lead with catalytic converters found on virtually all newly sold us automobiles since 1975, this practice began to wane ( encouraged by many governments introducing differential tax rates ) in the 1980s. in the us, where lead had been blended with gasoline ( primarily to boost octane levels ) since the early 1920s, standards to phase out leaded gasoline were first implemented in 1973 \u2014 due in great part to studies conducted by philip j. landrigan. in 1995, leaded fuel accounted for only 0. 6 % of total gasoline sales and less than 2000 short tons ( 1814 t ) of lead per year. from 1 january 1996, the clean air act banned the sale of leaded fuel for use in on - road vehicles. possession and use of leaded gasoline in a regular on - road vehicle now carries a maximum $ 10, 000 fine in the us. however, fuel containing lead may continue to be sold for off - road uses, including aircraft, racing cars, farm equipment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4907008598302816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.514183"} {"text": "and use of leaded gasoline in a regular on - road vehicle now carries a maximum $ 10, 000 fine in the us. however, fuel containing lead may continue to be sold for off - road uses, including aircraft, racing cars, farm equipment, and marine engines. similar bans in other countries have resulted in lowering levels of lead in people ' s bloodstreams. gasolines are also treated with metal deactivators, which are compounds that sequester ( deactivate ) metal salts that otherwise accelerate the formation of gummy residues. the metal impurities might arise from the engine itself or as contaminants in the fuel. detergents gasoline, as delivered at the pump, also contains additives to reduce internal engine carbon buildups, improve combustion, and to allow easier starting in cold climates. high levels of detergent can be found in top tier detergent gasolines. these gasolines exceed the u. s. epa ' s minimum requirement for detergent content. the specification for top tier detergent gasolines was developed by four automakers : gm, honda, toyota and bmw. according to the bulletin, the minimal epa requirement is not sufficient to keep engines clean. typical detergents include alkylamines and alkyl phosphates at the level of 50 - 100 ppm. ethanol european union in the eu, 5 % ethanol can be added within the common gasoline spec ( en 228 ). discussions are ongoing to allow 10 % blending of ethanol ( available in finnish and french gas stations ). most gasoline sold in sweden has 5 - 15 % ethanol added. brazil in brazil, the brazilian national agency of petroleum, natural gas and biofuels ( anp ) requires gasoline for automobile use to have from 18 to 25 % of ethanol added to its composition. australia legislation requires retailers to label fuels containing ethanol on the dispenser, and limits ethanol use to 10 % of petrol in australia. such petrol is commonly called e10 by major brands, and its price per litre is less than that of regular unleaded petrol. united states in most states, ethanol is added by law to a minimum level which is currently 5. 9 %. most fuel pumps display a sticker stating the fuel may contain up to 10 % ethanol, an intentional disparity which allows the minimum level to be raised over time without requiring modification of the literature / labelling. until late 2010, fuels retailers were only authorized to sell fuel containing up to 10 percent ethanol ( e10 ), and most vehicle warrant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4928467808328539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.515233"} {"text": "disparity which allows the minimum level to be raised over time without requiring modification of the literature / labelling. until late 2010, fuels retailers were only authorized to sell fuel containing up to 10 percent ethanol ( e10 ), and most vehicle warranties ( except for flexible fuel vehicles ) authorize fuels that contain no more than 10 percent ethanol. in parts of the united states, ethanol is sometimes added to gasoline without an indication that it is a component. india the government of india in october 2007 decided to make 5 % ethanol blending ( with petrol ) mandatory. discussions are ongoing to increase the blending of ethanol to 10 %. dye main article : fuel dyes in australia, petrol tends to be dyed a light shade of purple. in india petrol is dyed red. in the united states, aviation gasoline ( avgas ) is dyed to identify its octane rating and to distinguish it from kerosene - based jet fuel, which is clear. in the u. s., many rural states offer ' off road diesel ' that contains a red dye. it is chemically the same as undyed diesel but can be purchased without paying a road tax. its use is for off road vehicles, such as tractors. however, if the fuel is used in on road vehicles, the dye will be transferred to fuel filters and other components. offenders with marked components are liable for tax evasion. oxygenate blending adds oxygen - bearing compounds such as mtbe, etbe and ethanol. the presence of these oxygenates reduces the amount of carbon monoxide and unburned fuel in the exhaust gas. in many areas throughout the us, oxygenate blending is mandated by epa regulations to reduce smog and other airborne pollutants. for example, in southern california, fuel must contain 2 % oxygen by weight, resulting in a mixture of 5. 6 % ethanol in gasoline. the resulting fuel is often known as reformulated gasoline ( rfg ) or oxygenated gasoline, or in the case of california, california reformulated gasoline. the federal requirement that rfg contain oxygen was dropped on 6 may 2006 because the industry had developed voc - controlled rfg that did not need additional oxygen. mtbe use is being phased out in some states due to issues with contamination of ground water. in some places, such as california, it is already banned. ethanol and, to a lesser extent, the ethanol - derived etbe are common replacements. since most ethanol is derived from biomass, such as corn, sugar cane or grain, it is referred to as bioeth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4816758912860202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.516379"} {"text": "as california, it is already banned. ethanol and, to a lesser extent, the ethanol - derived etbe are common replacements. since most ethanol is derived from biomass, such as corn, sugar cane or grain, it is referred to as bioethanol. a common ethanol - gasoline mix of 10 % ethanol mixed with gasoline is called gasohol or e10, and an ethanol - gasoline mix of 85 % ethanol mixed with gasoline is called e85. the most extensive use of ethanol takes place in brazil, where the ethanol is derived from sugarcane. in 2004, over 3. 4 billion us gallons ( 2. 8 billion imp gal / 13 million m\u00b3 ) of ethanol was produced in the united states for fuel use, mostly from corn, and e85 is slowly becoming available in much of the united states, though many of the relatively few stations vending e85 are not open to the general public. the use of bioethanol, either directly or indirectly by conversion of such ethanol to bio - etbe, is encouraged by the european union directive on the promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport. since producing bioethanol from fermented sugars and starches involves distillation, though, ordinary people in much of europe cannot legally ferment and distill their own bioethanol at present ( unlike in the us, where getting a batf distillation permit has been easy since the 1973 oil crisis ). safety environmental considerations combustion of 1 us gallon ( 3. 8 l ) of gasoline produces 8, 788 grams ( 19. 37 lb ) of carbon dioxide ( 2. 3 kg / l ), a greenhouse gas. the main concern with gasoline on the environment, aside from the complications of its extraction and refining, is the potential effect on the climate. unburnt gasoline and evaporation from the tank, when in the atmosphere, react in sunlight to produce photochemical smog. addition of ethanol increases the volatility of gasoline, potentially worsening the problem. the chief risks of such leaks come not from vehicles, but from gasoline delivery truck accidents and leaks from storage tanks. because of this risk, most ( underground ) storage tanks now have extensive measures in place to detect and prevent any such leaks, such as monitoring systems ( veeder - root, franklin fueling ). toxicity the material safety data sheet for unleaded gasoline shows at least 15 hazardous chemicals occurring in various amounts, including benzene ( up to 5 % by volume )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4587948144618934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.517399"} {"text": ", such as monitoring systems ( veeder - root, franklin fueling ). toxicity the material safety data sheet for unleaded gasoline shows at least 15 hazardous chemicals occurring in various amounts, including benzene ( up to 5 % by volume ), toluene ( up to 35 % by volume ), naphthalene ( up to 1 % by volume ), trimethylbenzene ( up to 7 % by volume ), methyl tert - butyl ether ( mtbe ) ( up to 18 % by volume, in some states ) and about ten others. hydrocarbons in gasoline generally exhibit low acute toxicities, with ld50 of 700 \u2013 2700 mg / kg for simple aromatic compounds. benzene and many antiknocking additives are carcinogenic. inhalation huffed gasoline is a common intoxicant that has become epidemic in some poorer communities and indigenous groups in australia, canada, new zealand, and some pacific islands. in response, opal fuel has been developed by the bp kwinana refinery in australia, and contains only 5 % aromatics ( unlike the usual 25 % ) which weakens the effects of inhalation. flammabilityuncontrolled burning of gasoline produces large quantities of soot. like other alkanes, gasoline burns in a limited range of its vapor phase and, coupled with its volatility, this makes leaks highly dangerous when sources of ignition are present. gasoline has a lower explosion limit of 1. 4 % by volume and an upper explosion limit of 7. 6 %. if the concentration is below 1. 4 % the air - gasoline mixture is too lean and will not ignite. if the concentration is above 7. 6 % the mixture is too rich and also will not ignite. however, gasoline vapor rapidly mixes and spreads with air, making unconstrained gasoline quickly flammable. many accidents involve gasoline being used in an attempt to light bonfires ; the gasoline readily vaporizes after being poured and mixes with the surrounding air. usage and pricing main articles : gasoline usage and pricing and peak oiluk petrol prices the united states account for about 44 % of the world \u2019 s gasoline consumption. in 2003 the us consumed 476. 474 gigalitres ( 1. 25871\u00d71011 us gal ; 1. 04810\u00d71011 imp gal ), which equates to 1. 3 gigalitres of gasoline each day ( about 360 million us or 300 million imperial gallons ). the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49379593163656943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.518284"} {"text": ". 25871\u00d71011 us gal ; 1. 04810\u00d71011 imp gal ), which equates to 1. 3 gigalitres of gasoline each day ( about 360 million us or 300 million imperial gallons ). the us used about 510 billion litres ( 138 billion us gal / 115 billion imp gal ) of gasoline in 2006, of which 5. 6 % was mid - grade and 9. 5 % was premium grade. western countries have the highest usage rates per person. europe unlike the us, countries in europe impose substantial taxes on fuels such as gasoline. the price of gasoline in europe is typically more than twice that in the us. in italy, due to the amendments imposed by monti ' s government in december 2011, the price of gasoline has passed, in the period of two weeks, from 1. 50 \u20ac / l ( 7. 48 us $ / gal ) to 1. 75 \u20ac / l ( 8. 72 us $ / gal ) ; on march, 17th, in a gasoline station located near ancona, has reached the psychological threshold of 2 \u20ac / l : the price was \u20ac 2. 001 / l ( this means 9. 97 us $ / gal ) this chart needs to be compared to the usa national average price of gasoline of 0. 71 \u20ac / l. from 1998 to 2004, the price of gasoline fluctuated between $ 1 and $ 2 usd per u. s. gallon. after 2004, the price increased until the average gas price reached a high of $ 4. 11 per u. s. gallon in mid - 2008, but receded to approximately $ 2. 60 per u. s. gallon by september 2009. more recently, the u. s. experienced an upswing in gas prices through 2011, and by 1 march 2012, the national average was $ 3. 74 per gal. unlike most consumer goods, the prices of which are listed before tax, in the united states, gasoline prices are posted with taxes included. taxes are added by federal, state and local governments. as of 2009, the federal tax is 18. 4\u00a2 per gallon for gasoline and 24. 4\u00a2 per gallon for diesel ( excluding red diesel ). among states, the highest gasoline tax rates, including the federal taxes as of 2005, are new york ( 62. 9\u00a2 / gal ), hawaii ( 60. 1\u00a2 / gal ), and california ( 60\u00a2 / gal ). however, many states ' taxes are a percentage and thus vary in amount depending on the cost of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42513609961650944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.519150"} {"text": "new york ( 62. 9\u00a2 / gal ), hawaii ( 60. 1\u00a2 / gal ), and california ( 60\u00a2 / gal ). however, many states ' taxes are a percentage and thus vary in amount depending on the cost of the gasoline. about 9 % of all gasoline sold in the us in may 2009 was premium grade, according to the energy information administration. consumer reports magazine says, \u201c if says to use regular fuel, do so \u2014 there \u2019 s no advantage to a higher grade. \u201d the associated press said premium gas \u2014 which is a higher octane and costs several cents a gallon more than regular unleaded \u2014 should be used only if the manufacturer says it is \u201c required \u201d. cars with turbocharged engines and high compression ratios often specify premium gas because higher octane fuels reduce the incidence of \" knock \", or fuel pre - detonation. if regular fuel is used the engine computer will usually switch to a less aggressive fuel map in order to protect the engine, and performance is decreased. history the first automotive combustion engines, so - called otto engines, were developed in the last quarter of the 19th century in germany. the fuel was a relatively volatile hydrocarbon obtained from coal gas. with a boiling point near 85 \u00b0c ( octanes boil about 40 \u00b0c higher ), it was well suited for early carburetors ( evaporators ). the development of a \" spray nozzle \" carburetors enabled the use of less volatile fuels. further improvements in engine efficiency were attempted at higher compression ratios, but early attempts were blocked by knocking ( premature explosion of fuel ). in the 1920s, antiknock compounds were introduced by migley and boyd, specifically tetraethyl lead ( tel ). this innovation started a cycle of improvements in fuel efficiency that coincided with the large - scale development of oil refining to provide more products in the boiling range of gasolines. in the 1950s oil refineries started to focus on high octane fuels, and then detergents were added to gasoline to clean the jets and carburetors. the 1970s witnessed greater attention to the environmental consequences of burning gasoline. these considerations led to the phasing out of tel and its replacement by other antiknock compounds. subsequently, low - sulfur gasoline was introduced, in part to preserve the catalysts in modern exhaust systems. etymology and terminology \" gasoline \" is cited ( under the spelling \" gasolene \" ) from 1863 in the oxford english dictionary. it was never a trademark, although it may have been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5076380421940165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.521265"} {"text": ", in part to preserve the catalysts in modern exhaust systems. etymology and terminology \" gasoline \" is cited ( under the spelling \" gasolene \" ) from 1863 in the oxford english dictionary. it was never a trademark, although it may have been derived from older trademarks such as \" cazeline \" and \" gazeline \". variant spellings of \" petrol \" have been used to refer to raw petroleum since the 16th century. \" petrol \" was first used as the name of a refined petroleum product around 1870 by british wholesaler carless, capel & leonard, who marketed it as a solvent. when the product later found a new use as a motor fuel, frederick simms, an associate of gottlieb daimler, suggested to carless that they register the trade mark \" petrol \", but by this time the word was already in general use, possibly inspired by the french petrole, and the registration was not allowed. carless registered a number of alternative names for the product, while their competitors used the term \" motor spirit \" until the 1930s. in many countries, gasoline has a colloquial name derived from that of the chemical benzene ( e. g., german benzin, dutch benzine, italian benzina, chile bencina, thai ). argentina, uruguay and paraguay use the colloquial name nafta derived from that of the chemical naphtha. the terms \" mogas \", short for motor gasoline, or \" autogas \", short for automobile gasoline, are used to distinguish automobile fuel from aviation gasoline, or \" avgas \". in british english, gasoline can refer to a different petroleum derivative historically used in lamps, but this usage is relatively uncommon. see also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5036913494772441, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.522035"} {"text": "america ' s most important assets are its people - - decent, hard - working, creative and concerned. when that talent is focused through our economic and political system to solve a problem, it can accomplish great things. we have put people on the moon, we have won the cold war, and we have provided unparalleled prosperity. we can now begin to do the same for the global environment. this plan harnesses economic forces to meet the challenges posed by the threat of global warming. it calls for limited, and focused, government action and innovative public / private partnerships. it relies on the ingenuity, creativity, and sense of responsibility of the american people. president clinton ' s action plan responds to the threat of global climate change and helps guide the u. s. economy toward environmentally sound economic growth into the twenty - first century. the plan is comprehensive, targeting all greenhouse gases and all sectors of the economy. the plan inaugurates a new era of partnership with american business to help solve environmental problems. the plan is designed for rapid implementation that can quickly deliver cost - effective results. the plan was developed by an interagency team that relied greatly on public input, and is a coordinated federal response, involving many agencies working together. the plan will be actively monitored for effectiveness and will adapt to changing circumstances. finally, the plan lays the foundation for an international response to this global challenge. emissions of greenhouse gases are pervasive in the u. s. economy. a policy that relies on dramatic reductions of greenhouse gas emissions from one sector of the economy or one region of the country is unlikely to be effective or economic : there is no \" magic bullet \" that solves the problem. however, opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in cost - effective ways are distributed broadly throughout the economy. therefore, the climate change action plan consists of almost 50 actions involving all sectors - - industry, transportation, homes, office buildings, forestry, and agriculture. these actions are targeted in specific sectors to stimulate markets for technologies that reduce emissions of carbon dioxide ( co2 ), methane, nitrous oxide, and halogenated compounds that contribute to global warming. the plan also reduces emissions of co2 by protecting forests, which are greenhouse gas \" sinks \" that store carbon removed from the atmosphere. establishing partnerships for progress the climate change action plan will continue to break new ground in the relationship between government and the private sector - - fostering cooperative approaches and a forward looking agenda, rather than relying exclusively on command - and - control mandates that tend to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.51906046786203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.530433"} {"text": "establishing partnerships for progress the climate change action plan will continue to break new ground in the relationship between government and the private sector - - fostering cooperative approaches and a forward looking agenda, rather than relying exclusively on command - and - control mandates that tend to lock technologies into place and stifle innovation. these partnerships reflect the mutual responsibility of both the private sector and the government to improve environmental performance while enhancing economic growth and job creation. in several key areas - - electric utilities, motor manufacturers and users, automobile manufacturers, chemical and aluminum manufacturers - - american firms are entering into partnerships with the federal government to attain environmental objectives using flexible and cost - effective options. today, president clinton is announcing the climate challenge, a partnership between the department of energy and major electric utilities who have pledged to their reduce greenhouse gas emissions. under the partnership, utilities have the opportunity to choose from a wide range of control options and to experiment with innovative ideas to achieve their emission reduction goals. the same partnership approach motivates the joint doe / epa climate wise program - - firms who respond to the challenge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions will set bottom - line emission targets that they can attain using the most cost - effective means available. in another initiative announced today, the doe motor challenge, motor system manufacturers, industrial motor users, and utilities will begin an aggressive program to install the most energy - efficient motor systems in industrial applications. chemical companies have formed a working partnership with epa to reduce by - product emissions of potent greenhouse gases by 50 percent from their manufacturing operations. aluminum producers are joining with epa to identify greenhouse gas emission reduction opportunities, and to set targets for real reductions. these new commitments - - and the partnerships established between the private sector and the federal government - - provide a strong foundation for the other initiatives outlined in the action plan, ensuring that the programs will deliver real results. design for rapid implementation while the action plan contains major new initiatives, many of the actions build on the success of earlier public and private programs that have focused attention on energy savings or other emission reduction opportunities. these programs do not rely on exotic new technologies, but can help accelerate the diffusion of existing technologies into the marketplace. much of the program outlined here can be implemented rapidly and without new legislative authority. expanding, adapting, or reinforcing innovative and successful programs will ensure that emission reductions can begin quickly enough to meet the president ' s goal to return greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000. programs that already demonstrate success on limited budgets will be expanded, largely by redirecting resources to those programs that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48680698060955907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.531663"} {"text": "ensure that emission reductions can begin quickly enough to meet the president ' s goal to return greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000. programs that already demonstrate success on limited budgets will be expanded, largely by redirecting resources to those programs that deliver real results. additional funding will allow successful programs to cover larger market segments or to expand into new sectors or technologies. the best programs in one agency will be adapted by other agencies and programs will be reinforced by complementary initiatives. low cost and even profitable opportunities exist to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. while markets work well in most circumstances, significant transaction costs, information gaps, regulatory barriers and other market imperfections exist that can raise greenhouse gas emissions. reducing these market imperfections will save money for many u. s. consumers and firms as they reduce greenhouse gases. the action plan targets these opportunities through public / private partnerships, allowing the private sector maximum flexibility to devise innovative programs to reduce emissions. and by taking a comprehensive approach encompassing all major greenhouse gases, both sources and sinks, and all sectors of the economy, the action plan offers the widest scope for creative and cost - effective actions. the president directed his administration to tap the ingenuity and creativity of the american people. part of that effort involved identifying innovative programs in all levels of government and in the private sector to explore their potential for reducing emissions. the white house conference on global climate change, held on june 10 - 11 in washington, dc, provided the opportunity for hundreds of recognized experts in the private sector, the environmental community, academics, and others to offer their suggestions and views directly to the administration officials responsible for developing the plan and analyzing its implications. additional workshops were held during the following months, and participants continued to offer new and innovative ideas. this plan is based on the best ideas that americans have offered. the action plan was developed in an interagency process that involved the white house and key agencies, including the environmental protection agency and the departments of agriculture, commerce, energy, interior, state, transportation, and treasury. in addition, a team of analysts from these agencies was assigned the task of quantifying the impact of various proposals on greenhouse gas emissions and the economy. coordinated federal activity the president directed his administration to work together for the benefit of the american people and for the environment. too often, federal programs are a confusing and contradictory patchwork quilt that lack coordination and are poorly linked with state and local level efforts or private initiatives. this plan was developed with an unprecedented degree of cooperation at all levels in the administration,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47541006055489143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.532887"} {"text": "the environment. too often, federal programs are a confusing and contradictory patchwork quilt that lack coordination and are poorly linked with state and local level efforts or private initiatives. this plan was developed with an unprecedented degree of cooperation at all levels in the administration, from cabinet secretaries and administrators to program managers and staff in the agencies. implementation will require a similar degree of interagency coordination to deliver results. the national performance review has highlighted areas where effective coordination can deliver better performance and cost less in every area of government action. the development and implementation of this plan will apply the same lessons to the climate change problem. adapting to changing circumstances the action plan is expected to reach the emission reduction goal under reasonable assumptions concerning economic growth and other trends. however, a substantial degree of uncertainty accompanies any attempt to project future emission levels. the analysis supporting the plan represents a best estimate under the most likely scenario, but we recognize that these estimates could vary by a significant degree under other plausible assumptions. the economy continually evolves in ways we cannot predict perfectly ; businesses and citizens must adapt to changing circumstances. successful policy must do the same, and this plan will evolve as circumstances warrant. a white house task force will actively monitor trends in greenhouse gas emissions and the implementation of the action plan, and if necessary will modify the program to keep the emission reductions on track. the first opportunity to evaluate the action plan is likely to come within one year. the framework convention on climate change will enter into force when 50 countries ratify the agreement, and this could occur in early 1994. within six months of entry into force, the u. s. will submit a national action plan to the conference of the parties of the convention. this climate change action plan, or an updated version if necessary, will form the cornerstone of the u. s. national action plan required by the climate convention. after that milestone is reached, the white house task force will reassess and update the action plan every two years, or sooner if called upon by the conference of the parties. the administration will also begin to identify additional opportunities for long term emission reductions. the action plan focuses on near - term emission reduction opportunities in order to attain a near - term goal. perhaps more importantly, the plan sets in motion an ongoing process of policy development to address the long term global threat. encouraging international emission reductions while the plan achieves the president ' s goal with domestic actions alone, the administration recognizes the significant potential for cost - effective emission reductions in other countries. the framework convention on climate change allows countries to explore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5009461490842457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.534031"} {"text": "the spice mix super computer was a part of the abandon normal devices in manchester, england this weekend. the and festival commissioned the center for genomic gastronomy to create a new work inside a traveling caravan and this is what we made : the centre for genomic gastronomy had deigned a exciting new culinary commission, the spice mix super - computer! the spice mix super - computer is a massive mobile food machine, which allows users to create, print and taste a unique blend of spices from millions of possible combinations. first, plug into the bespoke olfactory synthesizer to combine and compare smells from our database of international spices. then, choose your favorite spices and watch the computer process and interpret your selection. after the food - printing is complete, take your customized container of spice to the betataster\u2122 food counter and share your recipe and experience, and take home your spice mix to share with others. spices as social media spices are one of the oldest forms of long distance communication on the planet, but we do not usually treat them as information that can be combined and disseminated as a form of human - to - human communication. digital technology has created opportunities for individuals to mix and share images and sounds across great distances, but not flavors and smells. this project assembles spices from all over the globe, allowing individuals to customize, mix and spread smell and taste messages with other humans. the spice mix super - computer is designed to record and store every possible spice combination, analyzing user preferences and patterns along the way. we hope this data will begin to reveal the underlying structures and the role of spices in the agri - eco - culinary system. are combinations of spices strange attractors, naturally aligning, or can we open our mouths and minds to novel combinations of smell, taste and chemical reaction? spices change minds but be careful : spices are dead and dried plant corpses with the substantial power to direct and regulate human activity. many spices come from poisonous plants, and have powerful physical and mental effects on humans. if you are mixed up with spices how do you know they are not using you to achieve their dark designs? might a heretofore untasted spice combination unlock a door to unexpected culinary experiences and states of consciousness? there are not enough betatasters\u2122 on the planet asking these questions. the spice mix super computer can help.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5469366457815796, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.536842"} {"text": "fisheries management in public waters the aquatic education program consists of three key components : youth education ; adult education ; and kids fishing. youth education involves training educators to use aquatic project wild ( apw ), an award winning environmental and conservation program of instructional workshops and supplementary curriculum materials for kindergarten through twelfth grade teachers. about 1, 000 educators are trained annually to use apw in their classrooms. wildlife resources division ( wrd ) staff also use apw materials when giving presentations to youth in schools and at wrd facilities. educational materials, including posters and lesson planning material, are produced to assist educators teaching youth about aquatic resources. adult education consists primarily of producing materials such as the annual freshwater and saltwater sport fishing regulations, news releases, public service announcements, brochures and programs. fish identification aids, fish consumption advisories, how to handle and release fish properly, and suggested places to go fishing are examples of educational material that are included in the fishing regulations booklet. brochures are produced and updated regularly that offer the public information on where to go fishing, how to get started, and what kind of fishing to expect on major reservoirs and rivers. fisheries personnel also make presentations to various organizations and staff booths at large events such as the georgia national fair and the atlanta and perry fisheramas. aquatic education opportunities for all ages are available to visitors at fisheries section facilities, where signs and trails provide an opportunity to learn more about what the section does and why, and about the aquatic resources in the area. kids fishing events ( kfea\u20ac\u2122s ) are popular community activities that introduce youth under age 16 and their families to the joys of fishing and promote a better understanding of the natural environment. kfea\u20ac\u2122s provide an opportunity for youth to fish, often for the first time, where knowledgeable volunteers are available to assist and where the probability of catching a fish is high. wrd co - sponsors most events by providing channel catfish and trout to enhance fish populations, educational materials for the participants, and technical assistance. kfea\u20ac\u2122s are also conducted by fisheries staff at fish hatcheries and pfaa\u20ac\u2122s. navigate to page :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4427463419411897, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.539368"} {"text": "| | june 14, 2001 gsa release no. 01 - 18 scientists share multidisciplinary discoveries at \" earth system processes \" ( ii ) session highlights - session 23 : tuesday, june 26. archean earth and contemporary life : the transition from an anaerobic to an aerobic marine ecosystem session 30 abstracts ] - can you imagine our world being devoid of oxygen for almost half of its history? and suddenly there ' s an abrupt rise at ~ 2 ga? this amazing picture of our earth is finding increasing support from rock record geologic data. - \" but what intrigues physical and biological scientists alike is ' why the rise and why at ~ 2 ga '? \" remarked janet siefert, co - chair for this session. siefert is a molecular evolutionist at rice university in houston, texas. - \" we know with increasing certainty from geologic biomarkers, fossils, and molecular phylogenies that the organisms most likely responsible for this rise, the ubiquitous cyanobacteria or their ancestors, were surely present at least half a million years prior to the rise. so why the lag? \" - the rise of oxygen is a great science question. it is unique because there are as many theories that postulate the event as dominated by physical processes as there are ones that predict it was a biologically mediated phenomenon. this session will bring oceanographers, genome analysts, and geoscientists with their competing theories, together in one venue with the hopes that a more substantive and accurate picture of what may have actually occurred can be brought to the - the newest discoveries are coming from papers that are multidisciplinary - david catling, from the space science division of the nasa ames research center and the seti institute, will build on the idea that the archean atmosphere was dominated by methane as the primary greenhouse gas, but expands it to include an explanation for the oxidation of earth. he postulates that the kinetic effects of oxygen and methane are reversed from today ; in effect hydrogen escape to space was inescapable and oxygenation of the atmosphere was irreversible. - christian j. bjerrum, danish center for earth system science at the university of copenhagen, will postulate that due to the limited availability of phosphorous, a principle nutrient in limiting carbon production, photosynthesis was depressed in cyanobacteria during the archean and early proterozoic. - christopher house, a microbial geobiologist from pennsylvania state university, will provide further evidence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5584410876600747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.548348"} {"text": ", a principle nutrient in limiting carbon production, photosynthesis was depressed in cyanobacteria during the archean and early proterozoic. - christopher house, a microbial geobiologist from pennsylvania state university, will provide further evidence for a newly discovered archaeal bacterial lineage that consumes methane anaerobically. he gathered this evidence using fish and iron microbe techniques to measure carbon isotope depletion. - martin brasier, earth sciences at the university of oxford, will provide a new look at whether or not morphological remains of fossils thought to be photosynthetic are as old as previous estimates have stipulated. this is important as it is some of the most quoted evidence for the antiquity of oxygenic photosynthesis. - janet siefert will present data that uses some of the most basic molecules for biochemistry, iron - sulfur clusters, to determine the sequence of metabolic events that may have occurred in the archean timeframe. - george fox, department of biology and biochemistry at the university of houston, will give a genomic perspective of what the archean contemporary cyanobacteria must have contained as its genomic component. this is an important piece of molecular evidence that can be compared to the morphological fossil record and the proposed atmospheric conditions prior to the rise of oxygen. - session 24 : tuesday, june 26. controls on phanerozoic diversifications and extinctions : long - term interactions between the physical and biotic realms - in this session, scientists from the usa and the uk will explore what controls the long - term patterns of origination and extinction that give shape to the history of life and how life itself has participated in that process. this connects directly to contemporary concerns with biodiversity issues and questions about the effects of climate change. for example : what natural processes have caused past climate shifts and mass extinction episodes? - by examining the records of climate changes over the past 600 million years, what caused the changes, and what effects they had on ancient organisms, these scientists are discovering what implications this information has for understanding - the most important general themes of the papers in this session are : ( 1 ) the adoption of a systems approach to the understanding of earth ' s history ( major events being caused by multiple, independent factors ) and ( 2 ) the significance of ' feedback mechanisms. ' - some of the highlights are as follows : - session co - chair norman macleod will begin by taking a look at the identifying controls on phanerozoic extinction and diversification patterns. ( macleod is the associate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5635494421864548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.549396"} {"text": "significance of ' feedback mechanisms. ' - some of the highlights are as follows : - session co - chair norman macleod will begin by taking a look at the identifying controls on phanerozoic extinction and diversification patterns. ( macleod is the associate keeper in the department of palaeontology at the natural history museum in london. ) patterns of biodiversification and extinction over the last 250 million years show evidence of having been controlled by multiple factors, especially the interplay between tectonic processes ( e. g., volcanism, sea - level change ), and the evolutionary history of primary producer lineages ( e. g., phytoplankton and land plants ). - doug erwin, from the department of paleobiology at the smithsonian institution, will explain how the biodiversity increase that characterizes the biotic recovery from a mass extinction event is structured by ecological factors to a larger extent than previously thought. - paul wignall, earth sciences department at the university of leeds, has discovered that the relationship between mass extinction events and large volcanic eruptions is complex and likely involves climate forcing factors other than the eruption itself, including the presence of life forms ( e. g., phytoplankton ) that collectively possess the ability to buffer the global climate from short - term - geerat vermeij, from the department of geology at the university of california, davis, will consider how patterns of ecological feedback between herbivores and carnivores that result in a progressive intensification of nutrient recycling in the oceans have been a dominant theme in the history of life and have exerted an important ' top - down ' ( as opposed to bottom - up ) evolutionary and ecological - session 28 : tuesday, june 26. anthropogenic modifications to the earth system poster session 27 abstracts ] - the human presence on earth has greatly impacted the environment for better or worse. geoscientists in this session will consider a wide variety of evidence for the nature, magnitude, and implications of human impact on our planet for the past, present, and future. - fred t. mackenzie, professor of sedimentary and global geochemistry from the department of oceanography at the university of hawaii, will begin the session by looking at how human activities influenced the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen in the surface of the earth since 1840. this will be quite interesting for those who would like to know what the unperturbed earth system was like, and who also want to understand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5305853673724512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.550421"} {"text": "##geochemical cycles of carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen in the surface of the earth since 1840. this will be quite interesting for those who would like to know what the unperturbed earth system was like, and who also want to understand the fate of these elements through projections to the year 2040. - timothy m. lenton, centre for ecology and hydrology at the edinburgh research station, will speak about positive feedbacks in the global carbon cycle that may make it more difficult for the oceans and atmosphere to absorb anthropogenic co2 in the future. - gary hughes, from raytheon santa barbara remote sensing in california, will talk about a direct, empirical correlation between atmospheric co2 and land temperature measurements that indicates a strong greenhouse warming effect : 5 degrees celsius for co2 doubling. - berry lyons, department of geological sciences and byrd polar research center at the ohio state university, will take a look at how urbanization - - specifically in atlanta, georgia and columbus, ohio - - affects water quality in local rivers. he will note the similarity of increased concentrations of elements in the chattahoochie river downstream from atlanta, georgia, with those observed for the seine river as it passes through metro paris. ( yet the scioto river in the columbus, ohio, metro area, shows little urban influence. ) the urban \" footprint \" in various areas in the united states and europe has made quite an impact on the water quality of rivers downstream from major urban centers. - session 36 : wednesday, june 27. role of hydrothermal systems in biospheric evolution poster session 40 abstracts ] - hydrothermal environments are unique because they offer a potentially widespread habitat for life both on the early earth, and elsewhere in the solar system. the study of hydrothermal systems provides a doorway into the early history of life and allows us to better understand the origins of our biosphere, its history, and place in the universe. this session will provide an updated overview of the field and will serve as a forum to report its cutting - edge science. - \" i think one of the most intriguing things about hydrothermal systems is that they teem with life at temperatures far exceeding what humans would consider viable, \" said session co - chair jack farmer. farmer is an astrobiologist and geologist at arizona state university. - \" they also harbor many unusual organisms and unique metabolic strategies. some of the organisms found living at the highest temperatures appear to be very primitive forms, close to a last common ancestor of life. these forms are able", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5251758849775348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.551595"} {"text": "and geologist at arizona state university. - \" they also harbor many unusual organisms and unique metabolic strategies. some of the organisms found living at the highest temperatures appear to be very primitive forms, close to a last common ancestor of life. these forms are able to exist on inorganic by - products derived from the aqueous weathering of rocks. \" not requiring sunlight for their metabolism, nor organic inputs from other organisms, these \" chemoautotrophic \" ( chemically - based ) forms provide models for the kinds of organisms that could exist in subsurface environments of mars, europa, and - hydrothermal systems are also very interesting places to explore for novel organisms and their metabolic processes of interest to biotechnology. \" the famous example of pcr ( polymerase chain reaction ), a genetic process whereby even tiny sequences of a genome can be cloned and amplified, was discovered in a yellowstone hot spring, \" farmer explained. \" this discovery revolutionized molecular biology and spawned a multi - billion dollar industry. \" - franco piranjo ( geological survey of western australia ) will present an overview on the nature of hydrothermal environments and anna louise reysenbach ( portland state university ) will provide an overview of their microbiology. - mike russell, from the isotope geoscience unit at the scottish universities environmental research centre, also co - chairs the session and will present a talk on hydrothermal systems as a potential cradle for early prebiotic chemistry and - sherry cady, geology department at portland state university, will review what we have learned about life near its upper temperature limit. - tullis onstott, from the department of geosciences at princeton, will discuss the exploration for a deep, hot microbial biosphere in deep gold mines in south africa. - malcolm walter, australian centre for astrobiology at macquariue university, will talk about a variety of fossil biosignatures in billion - year - old - plus deep - sea vent deposits in australia. - beda hofmann, from the natural history museum in bern, switzerland, will review a newly - discovered fossil record of deep subsurface life found in - these subsurface talks hold special importance in opening up new opportunities to explore for life on the early earth and elsewhere in the solar system. - finally, martin van kranendonk, geological survey of western australia, will describe hydrothermal environments associated with the oldest previously - reported cellular fossils ( ~ 3. 5 billion years ) from australia. - in the poster session, meredith payne ( arizona state", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5022886299084592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.552787"} {"text": "dog walking pays $ 10 to $ 15 a day in my neighborhood. have you ever found yourself wanting something like a cellphone or a laptop but you just didn ' t have enough money to get it? it ' s true that jobs like babysitting, dog walking, and lawn mowing would earn you money, but not that much. have you ever thought of an internship? for me, an internship is basically a class in which you get to practice a certain topic. sometimes they pay you, sometimes they don \u2019 t. regardless, internships give experience for a future career \u2014 and some give money too. when an internship gives you money, the pay tends to be similar to conventional jobs. for example, the top pay for one four - week ( three hours a day ) internship i found was a whopping $ 1, 200! more than just the money internships give you something that many conventional jobs don ' t : experience. internships differ from conventional jobs in a few ways. in most regular jobs : - employers expect you to have some experience before they hire you. - you are paid the going rates for what you do and get a raise as you become more experienced. - your employer expects you to stick around for at least a few years. in an internship : - employers expect to be teaching you the ropes of various jobs in a real work environment. you learn a lot from the people you work with. - if you get paid at all, it \u2019 s at a flat internship rate. your pay might not be called \u201c pay, \u201d but \u201c award \u201d or some other term, like \u201c stipend. \u201d the amount you earn might not be the going rate for that position ; you might not be paid at all. - your employer knows you \u2019 ll be moving on as soon as the school year ends or within some other predetermined time. you can tutor a student on an instrument such as the piano. middle school too! if you surf the web or look in your local newspaper, you might find internships for kids in middle school. here are some of the internships i found in different parts of the country : - urban trailblazers. this is an outdoor program in the san francisco area that lasts six weeks. it \u2019 s targeted specifically to middle - school youth. the program gives a $ 225 award to participants. - youth express. this year - round program in st. paul, minn., targets middle - and high - school students. only the high - school students get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45961068227266244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.558150"} {"text": "diet may hold secret to limiting e. coli beef recall prompts new research by focusing on how nutrition of ruminants affects colonization and growth of e. coli o157 : h7, university of nebraska - lincoln researchers hope to find a diet that limits the potentially deadly bacteria in feedlot cattle. \u201c the next step is to positively use nutrition because it \u2019 s logical that what you feed an animal affects its microbiology, \u201d said terry klopfenstein, unl animal scientist. the institute of agriculture and natural resources team expects the study to complement unl \u2019 s earlier, nationally recognized e. coli research. the team includes ianr veterinary scientists david smith and rod moxley and animal scientists galen erickson and klopfenstein. unl expanded its e. coli research program with support from nebraska \u2019 s legislature afer the massive recall of e. coli - contaminated ground beef processed at hudson foods in columbus in 1997. early research helped confirm that o157 : h7 is common and widespread in feedlot cattle. since e. coli is everywhere, eliminating it isn \u2019 t realistic. limiting it at key times, such as before slaughter, is the goal, smith said. by studying what goes on in cattle \u2019 s digestive system, researchers will be able to study how what cattle are fed affects microorganisms in their gut. a goal is to soon add a rumen ( gut ) microbiologist to the team to study this. other unl e. coli research tested several potential control methods for use in feedlots, including feeding a commercially available lactobacillus acidophilus feed additive. unl also worked closely with canadian researchers on a vaccine. feeding the lactobacillus acidophilus feed additive reduced fecal shedding of e. coli by about 35 percent, while the vaccination reduced shedding by about 65 percent. the canadian company bioniche has obtained approval to market the vaccine in canada. the vaccination still is awaiting approval for commercial use in the united states. moxley said learning more about the gut will complement this earlier research and offer one more added protection for reducing e. coli in feedlot cattle. \u201c it \u2019 s like wearing your seat belt, not texting while driving and obeying the speed limit, \u201d moxley said. \u201c studying the gut will be an added step in making food safer. \u201d knowing when and where e. coli is being shed in manure also is key, smith said. klopfenstein said e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4676669704879127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.561360"} {"text": "can i use house plants to improve my home ' s indoor air quality? there is data and research on the value of outdoor plantings and the positive effect on air quality through natural transpiration. it would seem that the same would be true of indoor plants, if well maintained, both in terms of overall humidity levels, and in terms of potential co2 reduction and biofiltration. nasa did a study in conjunction with the associated landscape contractors of america ( alca, now planet, the professional landcare network ) that showed that yes, - indoor plants not only absorb co2 and release oxygen, but they also - scrub the air of pollutants commonly found indoors from our carpeting, paints, and cleaning products. common household products can contain volatile organic compounds ( vocs ), gases that pollute indoor air. paint, paint strippers, cleaning supplies, glues and adhesives all contain vocs. breathing these compounds causes symptoms that range from allergic reactions to respiratory tract irritation to more serious conditions like cancer. there are now paints, carpeting products, and indoor cleaners that have low or no vocs. regardless, nasa found that a house plant for every 50 feet will help reduce vocs and improve home air quality. the top air scrubbers found by nasa are listed below ( this plant list came from zone10. com ) : - bamboo palm, chamaedorea seifritzii - chinese evergreen, aglaonema modestum - english ivy, hedera helix - gerbera daisy, gerbera jamesonii - janet craig, dracaena \u201c janet craig \u201d - marginata, dracaena marginata - mass cane / corn plant, dracaena massangeana - mother - in - law \u2019 s tongue, sansevieria laurentii - pot mum, chrysantheium morifolium - peace lily, spathiphyllum - warneckii, dracaena \u201c warneckii \u201d for more information : wikipedia describes the nasa study here. read more about how you can improve your home ' s indoor air quality in green home guide ' s know - how article \" improving your home ' s indoor air quality : from basic to bigger and better steps. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45777661197900577, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.564567"} {"text": "beginning in the 1980s, when mcdonald ' s stopped putting its burgers in polystyrene clamshells, and accelerating dramatically in the 2000s when an inconvenient truth highlighted the dangers of greenhouse gases, businesses large and small have made it a point to be sensitive to the environment. while there may be an almost across - the - board belief that reducing pollution is important, being \" green \" means different things to different companies. some corporations do it to cut costs, others to attract customers, and still others to practice what they preach philosophically ( or all of the above ). the ways to be eco - friendly can vary wildly, too, from using energy - efficient lightbulbs to illuminate stores, to cleaning up harmful chemicals at overseas factories that don ' t even have the same corporate parent. more than three decades after the green wave began, corporate america is now almost reflexively embracing the trend, even businesses that might seem unlikely converts. critics say some of this is greenwash, a calculated attempt to appear environmentally conscious, but the companies would beg to differ. \" i think it ' s very possible for a for - profit business to be green, \" says jamie meyers, sustainability manager at walgreens. since 2010, walgreens, which is the largest drugstore chain in the country, has opted for 25 - watt fluorescent tubes and high - efficiency mechanical systems. in addition, since 2007, 133 stores have added solar panels, though these stores make up less than 2 percent of the total, meyers admits. can walgreens and other companies, whose mission is to increase market share whenever possible, really be green while developing new stores which utilize significant resources, and which often require that customers drive to do their shopping? yes, says meyers, despite the fact that walgreens has almost tripled in size, from 3, 000 to 8, 000 stores, in a decade. parking lots are shrinking to 50 - car lots, \" less than what most cities mandate, \" he says. some critics are not so sure. al norman, the founder of sprawl - busters, an advocacy group that began in 1993 to oppose the location of a walmart in greenfield, massachusetts, says solar panels and low - flow faucets mask the fact that chain - store buildings are flimsily constructed. \" these are disposable buildings that have life spans of maybe 20 years before they ' re abandoned, \" norman says. \" this is low - commitment, dead architecture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4525835347333062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.568990"} {"text": "##ts mask the fact that chain - store buildings are flimsily constructed. \" these are disposable buildings that have life spans of maybe 20 years before they ' re abandoned, \" norman says. \" this is low - commitment, dead architecture. \" other critics are more equivocal, saying that the steps toward energy efficiency by big - box stores and other retailers can drive the whole industry, because they have the most to gain. their \" margins are pretty thin, so saving money on energy, water, and other resources goes a long way, \" says green consultant bill browning, who worked with walmart in 1993 on its first prototype green store, in lawrence, kansas. greenwashing incidents may be on the wane, browning adds, because of greater scrutiny by government agencies like the federal trade commission, which is increasing its examination of deceptive marketing practices, including what ' s stated about energy use. \" it ' s much harder to get away with [ greenwashing ] now, \" he concludes. another influential watchdog is b lab, which since 2006 has awarded its \" b corp \" seal of approval to companies that significantly reduce waste, use non - coal energy, and support conservation causes and other efforts. among the 450 current b corp companies that b lab monitors is patagonia, the outdoor apparel brand, which got its b corp status this past january. much of what earned the company that recognition has to do with its decision that same month to reorganize as a \" benefit corporation, \" a legal status that encourages businesses to make more socially conscious decisions, even if they may hurt the bottom line in the short run. patagonia, whose website proclaims \" we cannot avert our eyes from the harm done, by all of us, to our one and only home, \" is often considered a leader among companies that aspire to green initiatives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4582109201500273, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.569784"} {"text": "whenever you see a face in a cloud or the man in the moon you \u2019 re experiencing a phenomenon called \u201c pareidoliac apophenia. \u201d one example is the apparent face that emerged from the shadows of a mesa on mars. the term apophenia was coined by klaus conrad in 1958. it refers to our tendency to find meaningful patterns or to draw connections in random sets of data. in east asian folklore, by the way, they don \u2019 t see a man in the moon ; they see a rabbit. another example of apophenia is the apparent synchronicity between the 1939 film wizard of oz and the pink floyd album dark side of the moon. if you watch this youtube clip of the album playing as the movie soundtrack, meaningful connections seem to emerge. pareidolia is a specific kind of apophenia where faces or other patterns emerge from random shapes. the rorschach test is a classic example. it also explains the remarkable discovery in 1978 of the face of jesus in the burn marks of a tortilla, and the appearance of the virgin mary in a grilled cheese sandwich. in september of 2007, a monkey god was observed in a car - damaged tree in singapore. pilgrims have flocked there ever since then to offer bananas to the monkey deity. as artists, we can have some fun with this phenomenon. whenever i sense a face emerging from the randomness of the world, i like to sketch it, accentuating the pareidolia just slightly. maybe i \u2019 m going crazy, but last week i saw a face in the dormer windows of a building, and did this quick sketch to push it just a little. another time on a hike i stopped in my tracks when i saw a face in the rocky cliff. i did this sketch to accentuate the forms just enough to make it apparent, but without making it too obvious, hopefully. rackham did the same thing with tree roots. though i didn \u2019 t know the name for it at the time, i used the idea in the world beneath ( 1995 ), where lee crabb sees a skull ( center ) and oriana sees a mother figure ( right ) in an apparently random grouping of stalagmites ( left ). designing a form that could be interpreted in two different ways was a real brain - teaser. wikipedia entries on pareidolia and apophenia and dark side of the rainbow more on the monkey tree phenomenon, link. man in the moon, link. rabbit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6091874707951279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.573470"} {"text": "various cybernetic limb and organ replacements were recently featured in ieee \u2019 s flash demo called the bionic body shop, but we were most interested by the bionic eye and the cochlear implant ( we already discussed the featured powered exoskeleton ). these are notable for the fact that they are not merely high - tech prosthetic replacements strapped to or worn on the body, but implants that are housed within the body and work with flesh - and - blood sense organs on a much closer level than any preceding technology. the argus ii retinal stimulation system is biotech firm second sight \u2019 s bionic eye, and it works by attaching 60 electrodes directly to the retina that stimulate light and dark receptors to form an image the human brain can parse. the electrodes are also connected to a small housing unit implanted more deeply within the skull ; the housing unit contains a battery, video processor, and wireless receiver. the receiver gets video data from a small camera mounted in a pair of glasses. the technology is currently in clinical trials using only patients over 50 who have suffered gradual loss of vision as opposed to lifetime blindness. minimal data about cochlear implants was in the flash demo, so we chose one manufacturer, med - el, to learn more. their implants work much in the same way as the retinal implants, with a cranially implanted housing for electronic components and an electrode array directly stimulating the user \u2019 s cochlea. a speech processor worn externally picks up sounds and converts it to digital data. the data is transmitted by a coil to the receiver in the internal housing, which relays it to the electrodes. the electrodes stimulate the cochlea and the user hears the sound. though these are available now, only patients with severe hearing loss are eligible. one interesting thing to note about both devices is that they stimulate sensory organs directly with digital data. while the most practical applications are to recover lost or damaged sensory sensitivity, it \u2019 s not inconceivable to think that these could also become available to anyone and be used to stream music directly into your ear or visual data like text or images directly into the eye. fun stuff, just make sure the procedure doesn \u2019 t drive you insane.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5103272319568165, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.575981"} {"text": "letting beef cows graze on bales and snow in winter pastures with a restricted system is working well for some canadian ranchers. it ' s simple and economical, and can last until spring grazing. \u201c you put the bales out and the cows go to the feed. you just control access with an electric fence, \u201d says bart lardner, western beef development centre ( wbdc ) research scientist, lanigan, saskatchewan. wbdc began bale grazing with replicated trials in 2003. the first two winters, it had stocking rates of 680 cow - days / acre for 110 days. the test herds were on russian wild ryegrass pasture. trials in 2005 and 2006 had stocking rates at about 150 cow - days / acre, on barley stubble with barley hay bales. \u201c we ' re looking at differences between feed cleanup, residue and nutrients left behind with the two systems, \u201d says lardner. he estimates expenses at 10 - 20 % less than feeding in feedlots. it takes time to organize the bales for restricted feeding, and it takes time to remove bale strings or nets. after that, the rest is managing consumption. stock shouldn ' t need grain or supplement. in addition, bale grazing generates up to three times more nitrogen than the site would gain from cleaning out a feedlot. \u201c all the nitrogen is captured on the feed site and available for next year ' s growth, \u201d says lardner. \u201c that ' s a huge deposition of nutrients a producer can manage. \u201d the system will only work with feed testing and good planning. bales should be arranged in rows by quality, by weight / day / cow and with allowance for changing conditions. if cows need 38 lbs / day of average hay for the first trimester of pregnancy, they may need 40 lbs / day of better hay in the second. keep the best hay and highest feeding rate for last. site selection and bale spacing are other basics. \u201c place your bales so you get even distribution of manure ; make sure cattle clean up more than 80 % of the feed, \u201d he says. \u201c they ' re not going to clean it all up, but if you choose your site well, the residual feed can be worked in or harrowed before seeding. \u201d before calving and spring thaw, bring the herd back to where it can be observed, he suggests. plastic bale strings can be removed by hand as winter progresses. options include baling with sisal or baling without twine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41446589178295723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.581093"} {"text": ". \u201d before calving and spring thaw, bring the herd back to where it can be observed, he suggests. plastic bale strings can be removed by hand as winter progresses. options include baling with sisal or baling without twine if bales are fed on site. be cautious about bale - grazing youngstock, lardner cautions. \u201c they tend to need a little better ration than older cows. your replacement females are your future breeding stock. you want to grow them out sufficiently. give them higher - quality feed and have a good water source for them. a mature cow can do quite well on soft, powdery snow. \u201d brothers hugh and robert blair began bale grazing on their own about the same time as the wbdc trials began. it has replaced swath grazing and grazing on rolled - out bales for their entire herd. their cattle ranch, whitemud river farms near woodside, manitoba, produces grass and beef on 4, 000 acres. from mid - may to late september, the herd and up to 1, 000 yearlings are rotationally grazed. some tall pasture is stockpiled for late fall grazing. after fall feeder sales and weaning, the blairs organize the winter feed supply. they stand round hay bales in neat rows, sorted by quality and weight, at several feeding sites. they use cow bytes software to organize the details. about 550 animals \u2014 cows, bred heifers, yearlings and calves \u2014 are separated into three groups. they bale graze from early november through mid - may. this is their first winter of bale grazing calves. \u201c it ' s a trial to see how well it works, \u201d says hugh blair. \u201c older cows are a little hard on heifers, so it just becomes a competition if they ' re not separated. heifers get a little better - quality feed. calves are 500 - 600 lbs when weaned, so we put them in a better sheltered area and give them the best alfalfa we have. \u201d the brothers only need about 90 minutes and a truck every two days for feeding. \u201c with other methods, we were close to $ 1 or $ 1. 20 a day. right now, we ' re feeding cows for 82\u00a2 a day and our calves for around 43\u00a2, \u201d says blair. one 90 - hp loader tractor is all they need for putting out bales. \u201c we got rid of bale shredders and other tractors, \u201d he says", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.387995640335147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.582115"} {"text": "82\u00a2 a day and our calves for around 43\u00a2, \u201d says blair. one 90 - hp loader tractor is all they need for putting out bales. \u201c we got rid of bale shredders and other tractors, \u201d he says. \u201c five years ago we had a $ 9, 700 manure bill, and this year we don ' t have any. \u201d the herd is healthy, much quieter and easier to handle. the blairs are getting exercise walking through the herd and snow to roll up and move the control wire that restricts access. \u201c you get a really good look at your animals, and they seem way more content, \u201d says blair. a winter watering system is available. first - calf heifers and calves have fresh water all winter. if there isn ' t enough snow, the brothers can bring in water for the mature cows. \u201c the old cows prefer snow once they get onto it, \u201d he says. \u201c they ' re not filling their stomachs with cold water and shivering for hours. \u201d two control wires connect to permanent electric fence at each end. in between, snow supports the portable posts. if there isn ' t enough snow, bales in the next row can support the posts. the second wire provides backup. in late march, about three weeks before calving, cows and pregnant heifers are moved to a fresh area to continue bale grazing. they have more room and can stay on bales until the grass is ready. \u201c when you get into bale grazing, the better you know the weight and quality of your bales, the more money you can save and the more efficient you can make this thing work, \u201d says blair.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3858461619158665, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.582722"} {"text": "how to interpret scripture using the rules of sensus plenior jer 17 : 9 the heart [ is ] deceitful above all [ things ], and desperately wicked : who can know it? our assumptions about scripture and the rules we use to guide our interpretation effect the ultimate meaning that we get from scripture. it is important to evaluate those assumptions and rules to ensure that they permit the scriptures to speak for themselves rather than permitting us to impose our own meaning upon them. my assumptions and convictions are these : - the bible is the word of god which has been protected for us in such a manner that it is considered infallible in every jot and tittle. by using the proper methods of interpretation, as taught by the apostles, errant manuscripts may be discerned. - the meaning of the bible is contained in multiple layers as described by the church from the earliest days, as a literal and a spiritual layer. these layers are in complete agreement with each other in every way. - the hidden spiritual layer is discerned using methods taught by the apostles in the new testament. it is called the meat of the gospel, whereas the literal meaning is called the milk of the gospel. the milk is sufficient for salvation. the meat provides the spiritual nourishment to enable a mature faith and walk. the rules are discerned using the same methods as discerning sp, so it should be expected that those practicing literal methods may disagree with how the rules are determined. that doesn ' t matter. sp needs to be evaluated to see if it is self - consistent as well as if it produces verifiable orthodox results. these are the principles ( strict rules ) which i use to determine the meaning of scripture : since god has said that not a jot or tittle will pass away, until one knows why each jot and tittle is there, a complete understanding has not been derived. ( this keeps us humble ) such humility is exemplified by one who listens to others \u2019 opinions and based on scripture, tests all things and holds fast to those things which are good. such humility is missing in one who insists that only his opinion is correct, and uses phrases like \u201c the bible says so \u201d while pulling passages out of context and displaying an attitude of unwillingness to discuss the meaning or context of those passages. since man shall live \u201c by every word \u201d, a doctrine is not sound until it sums up and includes all that god has said about it. ( this keeps us searching ) this attitude", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.502167340930297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.590416"} {"text": "of unwillingness to discuss the meaning or context of those passages. since man shall live \u201c by every word \u201d, a doctrine is not sound until it sums up and includes all that god has said about it. ( this keeps us searching ) this attitude of searching recognizes that the bible is full of meaning, and that perhaps one person in his own studies has not yet identified or considered all the applicable passages. this attitude is missing when a few verses are used as a shotgun to force a discussion to a preconceived conclusion. since every word must be established by two or three witnesses, every shadow must have at least two supporting scripture witnesses. this means we cannot define a shadow with a single verse. ( this keeps us rigorous in methodology ) a shadow is a hidden meaning which is not contained in the literal meaning ( rom 10. 1 ). shadows are not the product of a wild imagination and are therefore verifiable by the scriptures. when a shadow has two or three witnesses, it should be regarded as a tentative meaning. this rule specifically forbids a single verse from becoming definitive. since god \u2019 s word is established forever, a shadow means the same thing everywhere is it used. so, since a donkey is a shadow of a prophet, everywhere there is a donkey, it is a shadow of a prophet. this rule alone makes the shadows humanly impossible to fabricate as it requires the interlocking of a double entendre found in all the scriptures. ( this keeps us in awe ) free - for - all allegory has been properly criticized because allegorical or metaphoric meanings have no way to be verified, and we are persuaded by the loudest proponent of a meaning. this rule dis - allows free - for - all allegory by setting an impossible standard for the use of allegory. every donkey is a prophet, every garment is a work, etc. such that every scripture participates in a hidden picture of christ. such a phenomenon is impossible for men to produce and therefore when we observe it occurring, we can have confidence that it is god \u2019 s intended meaning. the riddle of samson tells us christ is the answer to all the riddles. if the shadow doesn \u2019 t look like christ, it isn \u2019 t a good shadow. ( this keeps us focused ) jesus told the disciples on the road to emmaus that all the scriptures spoke of him, and chastised the scribes and pharisees for searching the scriptures to seek life, but rejecting him, since they spoke of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5535739909312806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.591387"} {"text": "this keeps us focused ) jesus told the disciples on the road to emmaus that all the scriptures spoke of him, and chastised the scribes and pharisees for searching the scriptures to seek life, but rejecting him, since they spoke of him. if we don \u2019 t see christ in the scriptures, we have missed the primary purpose of the scriptures. and if christ is not central to a proposed sp interpretation, it is to be rejected. this rule alone separates sp from gnosticism, kabbalah and midrash. and since we are to \u201c let everyman be a liar and god be true \u201d, outside references are not required to solve the riddles and see the shadows. ( this keeps us devoted ) not only are we not going to bring in extra - biblical books to determine the meaning of scripture, but we will not make apostles out of historians by elevating their writings as to the meaning of scripture. we will not make apostles out of document critics. errors to documents spoil the hidden narrative and so once the hidden narrative is known, the proper document can be discerned. nor will we accept what god has shown you personally, unless he has shown it to you through the scriptures. because of the rules, a formal scoring may be used. if it proposed that ' leaven ' means ' sin ' we count how many times it is used : seor is used 5 times chametz is used 11 times we must understand each word individually. give a point when a proposal fits in each case, and - 1000000 points if it does not fit. to say that a proposed meaning absolutely is true, seor must get 5 / 5 and chametz must get 11. to ' fit ' it must sensible participate in the local narrative and be theologically significant as well as non - contradictory to the literal. response to mike ' s answer although brown popularized the term sensus plenior in time for modern debates, he never was able to actually unpack it, saying that he had never used it in preaching. one should not have expected brown to have defined ' strict rules '. the quotes from luther and owen only show that they believed that sensus plenior existed. they are nice quotes that help establish the belief in the fact, not the practice. though jonathan edwards strove to see christ in all the scriptures, he could only see the hints and filled in the gaps with instinct and allegory. he often did well, but this is not sp. thus god '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49690641190645646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.592573"} {"text": ", not the practice. though jonathan edwards strove to see christ in all the scriptures, he could only see the hints and filled in the gaps with instinct and allegory. he often did well, but this is not sp. thus god ' s making eve of adam ' s rib, was to typify the near relation and strict union of husband and wife, and the respect that is due, in persons in that relation, from one to the other. ( jonathan edwards, volume 9, page 12 ) edwards ignored paul ' s statement that marriage spoke of christ and the church. the ante - type target of edwards in this passage is marriage, falling short of the sp target of christ. let ' s examine the sp interpretation so that the difference between allegory and sp is clear. 21 \u00b6 and the lord god caused a deep sleep to fall upon adam, and he slept : and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead each word has multiple meanings in hebrew sleep also means death * adam * also means man and he is a type of christ rib means limping and side, etc. when the double entendre is read it says : and god caused the man to die and he died ; and he married a certain limping side and delivered mankind. this is the riddle which points to christ. he married the church with his limping side ( the flesh ). drash ties in the bruised heel of the woman, and jacob ' s withered thigh to show us pictures of gethsemane where his flesh was made to ' limp ' in order to be obedient to the father. edwards practiced free - for - all allegory. if one skims through the rules without comprehending them, or like naaman hears the instruction but is insulted at their apparent simplicity, sp will look like nothing but the free - for - all allegory of others. it should not be expected that using the syrian waters of free - for - all allegory should produce a result any different than before ; free - for - all allegory with none of the verifiability of sp.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5017194669924872, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.593397"} {"text": "copyright institute of social science, university of tokyo. all rights reserved. return to contents japanese politicians, it seems, will do anything but face their war crimes, and will even try to justify them. the japanese foreign ministry has persuaded the american government not to invite prime minister murayama to pearl harbor, arguing that it would \" harm the relationship between the two nations. \" a member of the hosokawa cabinet said the nanking massacre was a myth. and a steady stream of cabinet ministers, dietmembers, and leading journalists have claimed that japan liberated asia from the colonial powers. these statements might suggest that the japanese, unlike the germans, have never confronted their past in an objective manner. however, such was not always the case. japanese \" amnesia \" about the war, exemplified in the above comments, has emerged as a part of a revisionist literature which argues that mainstream japanese historians, and intellectuals generally, were wrong in their postwar denunciation of the japanese military and its actions. the revisionists, such as former minister of education fujio and former minister of justice nagano, are so zealous that they keep whitewashing japan ' s role in the war even at the risk of losing office ( in fact, their insistence that little killing took place in nanking is correct : the worst massacres happened in the suburbs of nanking ). justification of the war is a recent development in postwar intellectual history, although one may rightly argue that the arguments are logical extensions of the infamous prewar ajiashugi, or \" asianism. \" the new surge of nationalism has been in part fostered by the recent industrial development of east asia. pointing to the region ' s rapidly growing economies, nationalist - revisionists argue that the east has prevailed over the west, and that the pacific war was only an initial step in this direction. by arguing this, they confirm something namier once wrote : \" one would expect people to remember the past and to imagine the future, [ b ] ut in fact, when discoursing or writing about history, they imagine it in terms of their own experience... they imagine the past and remember the future. \" ( 1 ) the new nationalists are certainly imagining their past - in a manner that suits their egos. maruyama ' s critique of fascism led to his famous defense of the constitution ' s article 9, which bans the maintenance of armed forces in japan, and has served as a guiding light for a whole generation of scholars, students, and citizens. the arguments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4811443338848322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.603255"} {"text": "' s critique of fascism led to his famous defense of the constitution ' s article 9, which bans the maintenance of armed forces in japan, and has served as a guiding light for a whole generation of scholars, students, and citizens. the arguments of japanese pacifism are simple : all wars betray noble purposes, militarism is the worst enemy of democracy, and we must struggle to eliminate any legacy of militarism from our soil in order to establish a full - fledged democracy. moreover, the establishment of democracy is essential to avoid future wars ; but a government enmeshed in cold war institutions and us - dominated foreign policy is not a democracy, even though its formal political procedures may make it seem one. hence the rebellion against the security treaty with the americans and the widespread antinuclear movements. i grew up in this pacifist intellectual environment, but now i am puzzled by its hypocrisies. it says little about the atrocities committed by the japanese military abroad. ( 3 ) it also has little to say about the kind of foreign policy necessary to establish a war - free community of nations. as pacifists, we were supposed to defend our constitution against the cold warriors and the americans ; but it was the american occupation forces who virtually dictated the draft of our constitution. the japanese almost always appeared as victims of war, victims of the irresponsible militarist government. we used hiroshima as a symbol of antinuclear peace, but seldom referred to nanking or, for that matter, manila. while we proclaimed our victimization, outside japan very few people cared to hear about japanese suffering during the war. there is something very moving, however, in the way the japanese are horrified by memories of hiroshima. their passionate discussions of the atomic bombings call forth a vision of dusk and death, an age about to end, and a mankind foolish enough to exterminate itself. perhaps this apocalyptic vision seems excessive, even bizarre. but substitute \" japanese people \" for \" mankind, \" and the meaning of the war for the japanese becomes clear. the war put an end to everything. the bombing of hiroshima quite literally wiped out a whole city. aside from any political propaganda, this stark vision of total destruction was what hiroshima has meant to most of us. it is quite possible that few japanese care about the atrocities japan committed overseas. at the same time, many japanese do care about the japanese victims, and about the grotesque violence their militarist government brought down on their heads. hiroshima signifies the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5111503735461864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.604702"} {"text": "us. it is quite possible that few japanese care about the atrocities japan committed overseas. at the same time, many japanese do care about the japanese victims, and about the grotesque violence their militarist government brought down on their heads. hiroshima signifies the ugliest dimension of all this. those who emphasized hiroshima during the cold war were not necessarily making apologies for the soviets or parading their anti - american nationalism ; hiroshima, to many japanese, simply showed what you get when you start a foolish war. moreover, beneath the pacifism lies a fatalistic vision of a future war. this nightmare image is not confined to the intellectual argument of the sengo keimo, or \" postwar enlightenment. \" a strange aspect of postwar japanese mass culture is the prevalence of a vision of doomsday, of total annihilation in a world war. dystopic scenarios are seen not only in the likes of akira, japan ' s decadent version of blade runner, but also in doraemon, a popular tv cartoon series which caters to middle - class children ( including my daughters ). buruma is wrong in attributing the japanese view of hiroshima to simple hypocrisy. it is actually worse than that. hiroshima is a lesson through which the japanese learn a frozen, remembered version of the future. when the americans started to reduce their military presence in okinawa, okinawans simply could not believe it, for a major military operation involving us forces in okinawa was supposed to bring destruction to the whole island. when the americans and the soviets agreed on nuclear disarmament, pacifists ( again, including myself ) could not believe that either, as it threatened our remembered future, however dystopian it was. confronting the specter of fascism and the nightmare of nuclear war were noble and necessary acts ; but what future is left for a japanese intellectual when the specters and nightmares are gone? the nationalist - revisionists, with their ridiculous attempts to invent our past, are irrelevant. we should be busy constructing blueprints for a better world in the wake of the cold war. but our ability to imagine such a world is weak, atrophied by our long past of remembering the future. lewis namier, \" symmetry and repetition, \" in his conflicts. london : macmillan, 1942. maruyama masao, thought and behaviour in modern japanese politics. oxford : oxford university press, 1963. during the past decade, however, japanese historians have produced an impressive range of documents and academic studies of japanese", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49171190355942945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.605726"} {"text": "iaea and ictp open nuclear energy management school training a new generation of nuclear energy leaders the number of countries which are considering introducing nuclear energy is growing steadily. the agency projects that within the next twenty years, as many as 25 countries will be operating their first nuclear power plants. - story resources - school of nuclear energy management : topics - fostering great minds, 8 november 2010 - in focus : nuclear power : status and outlook - in focus : nuclear security - iaea department of technical cooperation - iaea department of nuclear sciences and applications - iaea department of nuclear energy - international nuclear information system ( inis ) and nuclear knowledge management ( nkm ) section - abdus salam international centre for theoretical physics ( ictp ) nuclear power is being considered as a clean energy option by ever more countries. currently, the iaea is involved in projects dealing with the introduction of nuclear power in 58 of the agency\u00b4s 151 member states. the agency projects that within the next twenty years, as many as 25 countries will be operating their first nuclear power plants. a new generation of nuclear energy leaders needs to be trained now to ensure that that the necessary talent will be available to safely and sustainably operate and regulate a growing fleet of nuclear power plants worldwide. on 8 november 2010, the iaea launched an initiative to introduce these future leaders to the principles of effective nuclear energy programme management. at the international centre for theoretical physics ( ictp ) in trieste, italy, the iaea opened the nuclear energy management school. it offers specialized management training to promising young professionals from developing countries, in particular professionals from countries that are planning to develop nuclear power programmes. the school transfers the iaea\u00b4s specific expertise and knowledge in nuclear energy, nuclear safety, and nuclear security to member states to further enhance their national capacity. in a keynote address delivered at the school\u00b4s opening, iaea deputy director general werner burkart stated, \" highly competent management is essential to the success and long - term sustainability and safety of an emerging or expanding nuclear programme. many countries are concerned about a possible shortage of skilled professionals in the nuclear field in the coming decades. helping member states address this issue is one of the iaea\u00b4s core tasks. \" \" all applications of nuclear technology are based on nuclear knowledge, \" added iaea deputy director general yury sokolov. \" helping member states, especially those starting national nuclear power programmes, to acquire and manage the world\u00b4s accumulated knowledge is an essential responsibility of the iaea. and this school is a very important part of our duty to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5149567288625903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.610255"} {"text": "general yury sokolov. \" helping member states, especially those starting national nuclear power programmes, to acquire and manage the world\u00b4s accumulated knowledge is an essential responsibility of the iaea. and this school is a very important part of our duty to discharge that responsibility. \" in a three - week curriculum, the nuclear energy management school provides young professionals insights into the most recent developments in nuclear energy and a broad international perspective on issues related to the peaceful uses of nuclear technology. they will learn from leading specialists in nuclear power development and implementation, as well as collaborate on group projects and network with their peers from around the world. the nuclear energy management school\u00b4s curriculum will cover the following topics : world energy balance, nuclear power and nuclear power economics ; nuclear data, materials and research reactors ; climate change and nuclear power economics ; iaea support for nuclear power ; nuclear fuel cycle and waste management ; nuclear safety & security ; nuclear law ; nuclear safeguards ; nuclear leadership and management ; human resource development and knowledge management ; and communication, public acceptance and nuclear sociology. iaea assists member states in formulating country - specific policies on human resource development, education, training and knowledge management in support of nuclear power programmes. see story resources for more information. - - by peter kaiser, iaea division of public information ; and bruna lecossois and andrey pryakhin, iaea department of nuclear energy, contributed to this article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5048894787687201, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.610965"} {"text": "teresa blake, lisa collier, kim stone, noel muselin, and teri peters \u201c seizing a teachable moment : use of the kalamazoo river oil spill to improve science education \u201d is blake and her colleagues \u2019 winning project. the kalamazoo river runs through the village of augusta and city of galesburg, farmland, and two natural areas of rare, forested floodplain communities, and it is significant to the galesburg augusta primary school students and their families, therefore it takes center stage in the project. since the 30 - inch underground pipeline burst in marshall, mich. on july 25, 2010, which released 800, 000 gallons of oil into a small tributary that feeds into the kalamazoo river, water quality, wildlife and the ecosystem have been threatened and has forced some families out of their homes. by engaging second, third, and fourth - grade students, their families, and staff of galesburg augusta primary school, along with a representative from the kalamazoo river watershed council and michigan state university \u2019 s kellogg biological station, the team will assess the environmental impact on the river \u2019 s water quality and surrounding high - quality, swamp and native plant community located on the school \u2019 s property. blake says the primary goal is to raise student achievement in scientific topics that can be linked to the oil spill.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46063162887876824, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.612459"} {"text": "in the news april 7, 2006 collective effort produces asian longhorned beetle information government organizations combined resources to develop a powerpoint slide show, a web page, and informational flyers on how to detect and report suspected infestations of the asian longhorned beetle ( alb ). in 2005, the alb was found in a warehouse in sacramento. the pest has the potential to destroy millions of acres of hardwood trees such as elm, maple, boxelder, birch, horse chestnut, poplar, willow, mimosa, and hackberry. infestations in new york, illinois, and new jersey resulted in the removal of thousands of trees and cost state and federal governments in excess of $ 168 million. the web site, www. wripmc. org / alerts /, is a one - stop resource to educate consumers on how to report and prevent asian longhorned beetle infestations in california. the following organizations helped to develop the information : university of california statewide integrated pest management program ; the national plant diagnostic network, western region ; usda - aphis plant protection and quarantine ; usda - forest service ; california department of food and agriculture ; and the sacramento county agricultural commissioner. the usda - csrees integrated pest management centers produced and distributed the pest alert. high - resolution image ( 907kb ) \" adult asian longhorned beetle. \" photo credit : courtesy of uc statewide ipm program, dennis haugen, usda, forest service. photos are for use with this release only. all other uses see legal notices. stephanie klunk, communications specialist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4321000448515483, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.614031"} {"text": "we [ cannot ] persist in seeing leonardo [ da vinci ] as an artist on the one hand and a scientist and technologist on the other. the common response is to suggest that he recognised no divisions between the two \u2026. this doesn \u2019 t quite hit the mark, however, because it tacitly accepts that \u2018 art \u2019 and \u2018 science \u2019 had the same connotations in leonardo \u2019 s day as they do now. what leonardo considered arte was the business of making things. paintings were made by arte, but so were the apothecaries \u2019 drugs and the weavers \u2019 cloth. \u2026 the people who made [ paintings ] were tradesmen paid to do a job, and manual workers at that. leonardo \u2026 strove to raise the status of painting so that it might rank among the \u2018 intellectual \u2019 or liberal arts, such as geometry, music, and astronomy. scienza, in contrast, was knowledge \u2014 but not necessarily that obtained by \u2026 experiment \u2026. medieval scholastics had insisted that knowledge was what appeared in the books of euclid, aristotle, ptolemy, and other ancient writers, and that the learned man was one who had memorized these texts. the celebrated humanism of the renaissance did not challenge this idea but merely refreshed it, insisting on returning to the original sources rather than relying on arabic and medieval glosses.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5020917398841936, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.615493"} {"text": "back in 2008 california voters approved, by a narrow margin, to build the first high - speed train network in the united states. last week, the plans moved ahead on the high speed rail when the california state senate approved a critical funding bill. the \u201c bullet \u201d train is supposed to address growing transportation needs as well as create more jobs in california, where unemployment is currently 10. 8 %. however, these ideal outcomes come at an enormous price. the planning and building of the high - speed train network is estimated to cost nearly $ 68 billion. the state legislature has yet to approve the $ 2. 7 billion from the voter approved bond money. once approved, if it is approved, the federal government can then contribute the promised $ 3. 3 billion funding, and building can begin. here are ten reasons why the california high speed rail authority believes the \u201c bullet train \u201d will prove to benefit majorly the state of california : 1. first and foremost, the high - speed rail will create more jobs. as many as 100, 000 construction related jobs each year that the system is being built as well as nearly 450, 000 permanent new jobs statewide created by the economic growth the train system will generate over the next 25 years. 2. reduced dependence on foreign oil : 12. 7 million barrels less per year. 3. reduced greenhouse gas emissions : 12 billion pounds less per year. 4. improved air quality. 5. faster travel on the ground between major metropolitan areas. 6. congestion relief on freeways and at airports. 7. the trains system will cut air pollution and smog throughout california because the electric power to the trains can be produced by renewable sources like wind and solar. 8. 800 miles of track and up to 24 stations, meaning the railway will be highly accessible. 9. cheaper, faster, and more convenient travel connected to local public transportation. 10. enhanced public safety due to separation of tracks and existing roads and highways. do you think the california high - speed railway \u2019 s price tag matches the potential benefits?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4384331526926961, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.617804"} {"text": "peak time for norovirus and flu it ' s that time of year : coughing, sneezing and fever. but some people are also showing signs of norovirus. health professionals tell ynn ' s katie cummings how you can tell the difference and prevent yourself from getting sick in the first place. to view our videos, you need to install adobe flash 9 or above. install now. then come back here and refresh the page. buffalo, n. y. \u2014 as you gathered with family this past holiday, you may have also been sharing the table with germs. the erie county health department says it \u2019 s a peak time for norovirus and flu season. one buffalo clinic has seen a recent spike in people with flu - like symptoms, coughing, sneezing and fever. \u201c twenty - five to 30 patients with these kinds of complaints. before christmas. you know, we would see maybe 10 a day so easily it ' s doubled or tripled in volume, \" said christopher pease, immediate care physician ' s assistant. as for norovirus, pease says there is no solid way to diagnose it ; just treat the symptoms. he says he ' s seen an increase in norovirus as well. \" it primarily causes you know diarrhea, vomiting, belly pain, nauseousness, \" said dr. gale burstein, erie county health commissioner. burstein says some people confuse the two illnesses, but they are very different. the flu is airborne and norovirus is transmitted in other ways. \" somebody who ' s infected with norovirus might have it on their hand for some reason and you shake their hand and you might not even realize how many times a day that you touch your face, including your mouth, and so you can infect yourself, \" said burstein. both health professionals say the best way to prevent the virus is to wash your hands thoroughly. \" i give my kids like the 20 second rule or singing old mcdonald or something like that before you \u2019 re done washing your hands, but make sure you do a good job washing your hands with soap and water, \" said burstein. \" sneezing or coughing into the elbow, frequent hand washing, a little bit of self isolation, \" said pease. staying away from loved ones can be hard during this time but both say it \u2019 s best since you could still be contagious and not know it. \" you can start to shed virus like a day or two before you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41019457096001466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.620992"} {"text": "janney fulfills its mission with a wide variety of programs that address the unique qualities of all its students. school - wide academic approaches include balanced literacy and the implementation of reading and writing workshop and everyday math. school - wide climate and culture approaches include responsive classroom and positive behavior support. balanced literacy is an instructional approach that is rooted in the belief that teachers grow great readers and writers through a gradual release structure where there is time for explicit teaching of strategies and skills, teacher modeling, and students \u2019 practice and application to their independent work using authentic texts. our students are given opportunities to interact with and comprehend multiple types of texts of their own choosing and are just right for them. in reader \u2019 s workshop, students are taught reading strategies through modeling by the teacher and have opportunities to practice and apply the strategies to their own books. students experience explicit level - and strategy - based minilessons in whole class sessions, small groups, and individual conferences as part of their learning process. our students learn what it means to be a writer through writer \u2019 s workshop. teachers model the use of writing crafts and structures through mentor texts by real authors and writing samples from teachers and other students. students experience explicit strategy - and craft - based writing instruction through whole class minilessons, small groups, partner conferences, and individual conferences. each student is a working author who experience the writing process \u2013 think, plan, draft, revise, and publish \u2013 to hone and develop their own craft as they work through each piece of writing. everyday mathematics is a complete kindergarten through grade 5 curriculum that embraces many traditional goals, such as mastering basic facts and computing proficiently, as well as an ambitious new goal : substantially raising expectations with respect to the amount and range of mathematics that students can learn. additionally, all students receive instruction in science and social studies both as a special and in their general education classroom, and all students take one period of art, library - book sign - out, library research, music, and physical education each week.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.461492093334445, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.623643"} {"text": "fri march 15, 2013 video : see comet pan - starrs dragging its tail through space originally published on fri march 15, 2013 2 : 03 pm comet pan - starrs is putting on a bit of a show for those in the northern hemisphere through the end of this month. we ' re seeing some beautiful photos, such as those taken this week by afp / getty ' s stan honda. he pointed his camera skyward near magdalena, n. m. the best viewing came earlier this week, but forbes writes that if you ' re in the northern hemisphere you ' re not too late to see pan - starrs. it offers some tips : \" in order to view the comet, you ' ll need to find a spot where you have an unobstructed view of the western sky, all the way down to the horizon. try to get away from cities so you don ' t have to deal with light pollution, and cross your fingers for clear weather, because clouds will block the show. wait until about half an hour after sunset, and then look towards the west [ and to the left of the moon ].... \" pan - starrs will remain in our night sky through the end of the month. each night it will appear slightly higher in the sky, and further to the east. but don ' t wait too long to get your glimpse : as march draws to a close, the light from the comet will get dimmer and dimmer. if you have a good pair of binoculars or a decent telescope, that will help. \" what caught our eye today is a view of pan - starrs from space. nasa used its stereo ( solar terrestrial relations observatory ) to produce a video of panstarrs that combines two orbiting perspectives. here ' s how the space agency describes what it has created : \" in early march 2013, comet pan - starrs became visible to the naked eye in the night sky in the northern hemisphere, appearing with a similar shape and brightness as a star, albeit with a trailing tail. up in space, nasa ' s stereo ( solar terrestrial relations observatory ) has an even better view. this movie, captured by the stereo - b spacecraft on march 9 - 12, shows the comet and its fluttering tail as it moves through space. the stationary planet on the right is earth, and the moving planet on the left is mercury. the material moving in from the left is solar wind streaming off the sun, which is out of view on the left. comet scientists say the tail looks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4607467638543695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.627398"} {"text": "each of the 15 chapters takes you through its chosen subject matter from the basics through to more advanced features and applications. chapters 1 - 3 are an introduction to the new features and differences that appear in adobe photoshop cs3 along with a look at the changes in the user interface. they also feature a look at the basic tool sets and how to use them, which includes a look at adobe bridge, drawing tools and some of the basic methods of working with images. chapters 4, 5 & 6 look into the process of making adjustments and corrections to images as well as the acquisition of images through camera raw and bridge. they continue with a look at the process of making fine adjustments and image corrections using the healing brush and other tools as well as adjustment layers and layer masks. chapters 7 and 8 deal with image retouching and methods of using the tools in cs3 for further enhancing images using layers, cloning and brushes. layers, selections and masks are amongst the most useful and powerful of features in photoshop and are actually well deserving of an entire book dedicated just to them. one of the most useful examples provided is one where the author has used a sequence of shots of the same scene to remove unwanted people by using the automatic alignment and image stack capabilities. the extraction of image elements using a variety of tools is also quite thoroughly covered and to great effect. chapter 9 takes a look at replicating traditional darkroom effects in cs3. effects such as solarization, split toning, black & white from color, duo - tones, infrared emulation, cross processing, and the use of gradient maps. chapter 10 takes a closer general look at the use of photoshop ' s built in filter to further enhance your images. chapters 11 and 12 explain many of the intricacies of image and color management. while the former is handled largely through the use of bridge, the latter is a bit trickier. although color management can be handled to some extent using software, the use of hardware based calibrators can augment this substantially. chapters 13 and 14 continue with a look at the world of output with printing and web - based output both considered in some detail. in the former the different factors affecting the accuracy and longevity of your photographic prints are considered along with calibration and configuration. in the latter the web capabilities of photoshop cs3 are covered with attention paid to file optimization and types, watermarking and gallery chapter 15 completes the book with a look at the powerful automation capabilities built into photoshop cs3, with coverage of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5007983304660748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.630569"} {"text": "it ' s well known that childhood obesity is a risk factor for chronic diseases in adulthood. but what many parents might not realize until problems arise is that overweight and obese kids and teens often have weight - related problems during childhood. kids who are considered obese ( with a body mass index, or bmi, at or above the 95th percentile ) are at risk for : obstructive sleep apnea ( blocked breathing during sleep ) breathing problems ( such as asthma and exercise intolerance ) type 2 diabetes high blood pressure ( hypertension ) bone and joint problems elevated cholesterol and triglycerides ( which are risk factors for cardiovascular problems ) anxiety, depression, low self - esteem bullying and discrimination there ' s also thought to be a connection between obesity and early puberty, especially in girls. overweight kids tend to grow faster and enter puberty earlier, and obesity might play a role in earlier onset of breast development, usually the first sign that a girl is entering puberty. what this means to you the far - reaching health problems associated with obesity have dire implications for kids right now. so it ' s vital that parents do all they can to help kids reach and maintain a healthy weight. being a good role model is a key part of this \u2014 let your kids see you eating healthy foods in appropriate serving sizes, enjoying treats in moderation, and exercising regularly. and you don ' t have to go it alone. the health care reform legislation includes $ 15 billion earmarked for public health programs designed to help prevent health problems and keep americans healthy, including $ 16 million that will go toward combating obesity and promoting fitness. another provision requires \" nutrient content disclosure statements \" at chain restaurants, which is significant since an estimated 84 % of parents take kids for fast food at least once a week. look for calorie counts and other nutritional breakdowns listed on in - store and drive - through menus soon. the long - term picture, of course, is still important. kids who reach a healthy weight not only have less risk for obesity - related problems, but are more likely to avoid obesity later. results of a recent study show that obese teens are 16 times more likely to become severely obese in adulthood compared with those who are normal weight or overweight. consider talking to your doctor or a nutritionist about ways to fight obesity as a family.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4242182305744882, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.633859"} {"text": "maisie spilled soda on her friend ' s borrowed dress. aiden tweeted a photo when tafweez tripped over his crush ' s bag and landed in her lap. tasha dropped her mom ' s favorite plate \u2014 then responded by yelling at her mom because she was so upset at her mistake. we all mess up. we ' re human, and it ' s not always easy to get along with everyone all the time. sometimes we hurt people ' s feelings without intending to. sometimes, we ' re deliberately mean and we feel bad afterward. so we apologize. an apology tells someone that we ' re sorry for the hurt we caused \u2014 even if we didn ' t do it on purpose. it ' s a way of saying we ' re aware of what we did and we ' ll try to do better in future. apologies are one of the tools we use to build good friendships and relationships. when you say \" i ' m sorry \" ( and really mean it ), it ' s because you probably feel bad that something you did or said hurt another person. saying you ' re sorry is more than just words. you ' re also saying that you respect the other person and you care about his or her feelings. apologizing shows you have empathy. after apologizing, you might feel a little better. the other person probably will, too. when you apologize in a caring way, you can feel good because you are trying to make things right again. what does an apology sound like? there are many ways to apologize. here are some examples : \" i ' m sorry about the mean thing i said to you. \" \" i ' m sorry i lost your book. \" \" i was mad, but i shouldn ' t have called you a name. i ' m sorry. \" \" i ' m sorry i hurt your feelings. \" \" i ' m sorry i yelled at you. \" \" i ' m really sorry i pushed you when i was mad. that was wrong. i won ' t do it anymore. \" if you lose or break something that belonged to someone else. if you did something you knew was wrong \u2014 like telling a lie or breaking a rule on purpose. if you didn ' t do something you were supposed to do \u2014 like keeping a promise or a curfew. everyone needs to apologize ( even adults ) when they do something wrong. by doing the right thing and saying \" i ' m sorry, \" parents and other adults set an example. this is how kids learn to apologize when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45711019121925567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.636724"} {"text": "most people don ' t usually associate cancer with teens. cancer is more common in adults, so it ' s likely that you know someone who has had it, such as an older relative or someone in a friend ' s family. but teens can get some types of cancer, too. read on to learn about cancer and how it ' s treated. what is cancer? the word cancer actually refers to many diseases, not one. in fact, there are more than 100 types of diseases known collectively as cancer. what they all have in common is the overgrowth of cells, tiny units that make up all living things. cancer ( also known as malignancy, pronounced : muh - lig - nun - see ) occurs when cells begin to grow and multiply in an uncontrolled way. normal body cells grow and divide over a period of time until they eventually die. but cancer cells continue to grow and divide and grow and divide. eventually, they gather to form tumors. tumors ( pronounced : too - murz ) are lumps that can interfere with the body ' s normal processes. sometimes cells from a tumor break away and travel to a different tissue or organ. this is called metastasis ( pronounced : muh - tas - tuh - sus ). as scary as all this sounds, most cancers can be treated and controlled and many people with cancer get better and lead normal lives. no one really knows why cancer grows in certain people. scientists and researchers are working to discover why some people get cancer and others do not. this will help them to learn whether cancer can be prevented. doctors do have some ideas about why people may get cancer, though. the main reasons are genetics and certain environmental or behavioral triggers. the tendency to develop some types of cancer is believed to be inherited \u2014 that is, the genes you were born with might carry a predisposition for cancer. for example, if a close relative has had cancer of the breast or the colon, you may be more likely to inherit the tendency to develop those cancers, even though you may never actually get them. some behavioral and environmental triggers can cause changes in the body ' s cells that push them into a cancerous state. for example, cigarettes are known to increase the risk of lung cancer. too much exposure to the sun can increase the risk of skin cancer. these types of triggers act on the body slowly over time, so the cancers that may result from them don ' t show up until a person is an adult. that ' s one reason", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.466369667961269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.642627"} {"text": "much exposure to the sun can increase the risk of skin cancer. these types of triggers act on the body slowly over time, so the cancers that may result from them don ' t show up until a person is an adult. that ' s one reason why teens don ' t get the same types of cancers as adults do. doctors do know for sure that cancer itself is not contagious, so you don ' t have to worry about catching it from someone else or spreading it to another person ( although people with certain infectious diseases such as aids or hepatitis are more vulnerable to certain cancers ). cancer is also never a person ' s fault. it ' s simply not true that a person may have done something wrong to get the disease. the first sign of cancer is a symptom \u2014 a signal that something is wrong. there are many different signs that a person may have cancer, just as there are many different forms of the disease. a few of the more common symptoms of cancer include : swelling or lumps in certain parts of the body, such as the abdomen or neck problems with walking or balance only you know how your body works and what you feel like when you ' re healthy. if you haven ' t been feeling well, it ' s best to tell an adult who can make sure you see a doctor who will evaluate your symptoms. cancer, like most illnesses, is easier to treat when it ' s found early, so when in doubt, check it out. when cancer is suspected, doctors will order various tests. these might include blood tests, in which blood cells are examined under a microscope for problems, x - rays, or an mri, a test that can be used to detect tumors. a doctor who specializes in treating people with cancer is called an oncologist ( pronounced : ahn - kah - luh - jist ). they often use a biopsy ( pronounced : bye - op - see ) to diagnose cancer. in this procedure, a doctor removes a small tissue sample to examine it for cancer cells. most cancers can be treated, especially the types of cancers teens are likely to get. the number of people who beat cancer goes up every year because of new cancer treatments. the three common methods for treating cancer are : surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. because cancer is different in each patient, each person ' s treatment plan will be individually designed for him or her. someone with cancer may undergo any one of these treatments or a combination of them. surgery removes cancerous tissue. depending on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46003402747278777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.643613"} {"text": "radiation. because cancer is different in each patient, each person ' s treatment plan will be individually designed for him or her. someone with cancer may undergo any one of these treatments or a combination of them. surgery removes cancerous tissue. depending on the location of the cancer, surgery can be simple or complex, so the operation may be an outpatient procedure ( where someone is in and out of the hospital on the same day ) or may require that the person stay in the hospital. generally, the surgeon removes the cancerous tissue along with a small amount of the healthy tissue surrounding it to make sure that all the cancer is removed and has not spread. the treatment of cancer using medication is called chemotherapy. certain cancers respond well to chemo, which often can be given on an outpatient basis. someone who is having chemotherapy may experience nausea, fatigue, hair loss, or other side effects. some of these side effects happen because chemo medicines may destroy some healthy cells in the process of getting rid of the malignant cells. in time, these healthy cells will start to grow again and most of the side effects will disappear. radiation, or radiotherapy, is another method of treating cancer. a person getting radiation for cancer will probably be treated by a radiation oncologist, someone who specializes in using radiation to kill cancer cells. radiotherapy machines deliver powerful x - rays or high - energy electrons to the part of the body that ' s affected by cancer. after repeated doses of high levels of radiation, many cancerous tumors shrink or disappear. radiation therapy is generally painless, but there may be some side effect, ssuch as fatigue, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. some patients complain that the area of skin that ' s irradiated feels sunburned. but most of these side effects are temporary. coping with cancer and cancer treatments can disrupt a person ' s life for a while. people with cancer often need to get support from lots of different places to take care of the things they have to get done. for example, teens with cancer may need the help of a home tutor to get schoolwork done and adults with cancer may need help with housework or their jobs. and lots of people talk to therapists or professional counselors about the emotional side of dealing with a health problem. you may hear doctors talk about a prognosis for someone with cancer. a prognosis is an estimate of how well that person ' s treatment is working and how likely it is that the cancer will come back. after surgery or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5214284954635069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.644627"} {"text": "if you ' re into sports, you ' ve seen it happen. you ' ve probably even experienced it : football players shaking hands after four quarters of knocking each other around. tennis players leaping over the net to shake hands with their opponents after a hard - fought match. soccer players exchanging jerseys after an intense 90 minutes. even boxers touching gloves at the beginning of each round, then hugging each other after beating each other into a pulp for 12 rounds. it seems like competitors in every event, from spelling bees to hockey, behave this way. what ' s going on? it ' s all part of sportsmanship, a great tradition in sports and competition that means playing clean and handling both victory and defeat with grace, style, and dignity. what is sportsmanship? sportsmanship is defined as : following the rules of the game respecting the judgment of referees and officials treating opponents with respect some people define good sportsmanship as the \" golden rule \" of sports \u2014 in other words, treating the people you play with and against as you ' d like to be treated yourself. you demonstrate good sportsmanship when you show respect for yourself, your teammates, and your opponents, for the coaches on both sides, and for the referees, judges, and other officials. but sportsmanship isn ' t just reserved for the people on the field. cheerleaders, fans, and parents also need to be aware of how they behave during competition. sportsmanship is a style and an attitude, and it can have a positive influence on everyone around you. in the last few years, taunting, trash - talking, gloating, and cheap shots have become all too common in sports. you ' ve probably seen athletes who take their own successes too seriously, too. they celebrate a goal with a prolonged victory dance or constantly brag about their abilities. this is the exact opposite of what sportsmanship is all about. this kind of behavior might make you feel tough or intimidating to an opponent, but keep in mind it can also cause you to lose the match. plenty of games have been lost to penalties gathered from \" unsportsmanlike conduct. \" everyone feels great when they win, but it can be just as hard to be a good sport when you ' ve won a game as when you ' ve lost one. good sportsmanship takes maturity and courage \u2014 when you work really hard at a sport, it ' s not easy to admit you made a bad play or that someone has more skills than you. in competition \u2014 as in life \u2014 you may not always win but you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49440514400946284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.650479"} {"text": "a difficult situation or someone ' s threatening you, seek help immediately from your coach or from an official. remember, too, that if you respond with violence you could get penalized, which could hurt your chances of winning. cheer your teammates on with positive statements \u2014 and avoid trash - talking the other team. acknowledge and applaud good plays, even when someone on the other team makes them. when officials make a call, accept it gracefully even if it goes against you. remember that referees may not be right every time \u2014 but they ' re people who are doing their best, just as you are. whether you win or lose, congratulate your opponents on a game well played. good sportsmanship means not having a \" win at any cost \" attitude. most athletes who don ' t have a \" win at any cost \" attitude are more likely to talk about how much they love their sport and how much personal satisfaction and enjoyment they get from participation. most people won ' t go on to play professional sports, and only a few will win scholarships to play at college. but many forget to have a good time during the years they do play because they ' re so focused on winning. and, unfortunately, parents and coaches sometimes put too much pressure on athletes, emphasizing winning at all costs. so although it ' s great to be a champion, it ' s even better to have enjoyed the process of trying to reach the top. it ' s best to play fair while having fun. sportsmanship off the field learning good sportsmanship means finding that the positive attitude learned on the field carries over into other areas of life. at school, for example, you ' re able to appreciate the contributions made by classmates and know how to work as part of a team to complete a project. you may enjoy more success at work as well, because a big part of learning good sportsmanship is learning to be respectful of others, including customers and coworkers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4460242771002154, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.653293"} {"text": "peanuts are among the most common allergy - causing foods, and they often find their way into things you wouldn ' t imagine. take chili, for example : it may be thickened with ground peanuts. peanuts aren ' t actually a true nut ; they ' re a legume ( in the same family as peas and lentils ). but the proteins in peanuts are similar in structure to those in tree nuts. for this reason, people who are allergic to peanuts can also be allergic to tree nuts, such as almonds, brazil nuts, walnuts, hazelnuts, macadamias, pistachios, pecans, and cashews. what happens with a nut or peanut allergy? the body ' s immune system normally fights infection. but, when someone is allergic to tree nuts or peanuts, the immune system overreacts to proteins in these foods. every time the person eats ( or, in some cases, handles or breathes in ) a peanut or tree nut, the body thinks the proteins are harmful invaders. the immune system responds by kicking into high gear to fend off the \" invader. \" this causes an allergic reaction, in which chemicals like histamine are released in the body. the release of these chemicals can cause someone to have the following problems : itchy, watery, or swollen eyes a drop in blood pressure reactions to foods, like peanuts and tree nuts, can be different. it all depends on the person \u2014 and sometimes the same person can react differently at different times. nut and peanut allergies can cause a severe reaction called. anaphylaxis may begin with some of the same symptoms as a less severe reaction, but then quickly worsen, leading someone to have trouble breathing, feel lightheaded, or to pass out. if it is not treated, anaphylaxis can be life threatening. although a small amount of peanut protein can set off a severe reaction, it is rare that people get an allergic reaction just from breathing in small particles of nuts or peanuts. most foods with peanuts in them don ' t allow enough of the protein to escape into the air to cause a reaction. and just the smell of foods containing peanuts won ' t produce a reaction because the scent does not contain the protein. in the few cases when people do react to airborne particles, it ' s usually in an enclosed area ( like a restaurant or bar ) where lots of peanuts are being cracked from their shells. although some people outgrow certain food allergies over time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4652149765420879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.662400"} {"text": "the few cases when people do react to airborne particles, it ' s usually in an enclosed area ( like a restaurant or bar ) where lots of peanuts are being cracked from their shells. although some people outgrow certain food allergies over time ( like milk, egg, soy, and wheat allergies ), peanut and tree nut allergies are lifelong in most people. if allergy testing shows that someone has a peanut or tree nut allergy, a doctor will provide guidelines on what to do. the only real way to treat a nut allergy is to avoid peanuts and tree nuts. avoiding nuts means more than just not eating them. it also means not eating any foods that might contain tree nuts or peanuts as ingredients. the best way to be sure a food is nut free is to read the label. manufacturers of foods sold in the united states have to state on their labels whether foods contain peanuts or tree nuts. check the ingredients list first. after checking the ingredients list, look on the label for phrases like these : \" may contain nuts \" \" produced on shared equipment with nuts or peanuts \" \" produced in a facility that also processes nuts \" people who are allergic to nuts also have to avoid foods with these statements on the label. although these foods might not use nut ingredients, the warnings are there to let people know the food may contain traces of nuts. that can happen through something called \" cross - contamination, \" when nuts get into a food product because it is made or served in a place that uses nuts in other foods. some of the highest - risk foods for people with peanut or tree nut allergy include : cookies and baked goods. even if baked goods don ' t contain nut ingredients, it is possible that they came into contact with peanut or tree nuts through cross - contamination. unless you know exactly what went into a food and where it was made, it ' s safest to avoid store - bought or bakery cookies and other baked goods. candy. candies made by small bakeries or manufacturers ( or homemade candies ) may contain nuts as a hidden ingredient. the safest plan is to eat only candies made by major manufacturers whose labels show they are safe. ice cream. unfortunately, cross - contamination is common in ice cream parlors because of shared scoops. it ' s also a possibility in soft - serve ice cream, custard, or yogurt places because the same dispensing machine is often used for lots of different flavors. instead, do as you would for candy :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.443025103652447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.663395"} {"text": "##ergy ( or any kind of life - threatening food allergy ), the doctor will want that person to carry an epinephrine ( pronounced : eh - puh - neh - frin ) auto - injector in case of an emergency. epinephrine comes in an easy - to - carry container about the size of a large marker. it ' s easy to use \u2014 if you need to carry epinephrine, your doctor will show you how to use it. keeping epinephrine on hand at all times should be just part of your action plan for living with a peanut or tree nut allergy. it ' s also a good idea to carry an over - the - counter ( otc ) antihistamine as this can help treat mild allergy symptoms. use antihistamines in addition to \u2014 not as a replacement for \u2014 the epinephrine shot in life - threatening reactions, and always use the epinephrine shot as the first treatment. get emergency care after epinephrine is used, because a second reaction can happen up to 4 hours or even longer after the first reaction. living with allergies can seem hard at times. but as more and more people are diagnosed with food allergies, businesses and individuals are increasingly aware of the risks people with food allergies face. if friends you ' re visiting or eating lunch with don ' t know about your allergy, tell them in plenty of time to make some simple preparations ( such as not sharing your drink after eating that peanut butter sandwich! ). chances are, they ' ll understand. as your friends they probably hope you ' ll be as considerate when it comes to taking care of them!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44100783000298216, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.665170"} {"text": "the reality is this : the stats in the title of this article are not surprising to the african american community because : - 54 % of african americans graduate from high school, compared to more than three quarters of white and asian students. - nationally, african american male students in grades k - 12 were nearly 2\u00bd times as likely to be suspended from school in 2000 as white students. - in 2007, nearly 6. 2 million young people were high school dropouts. every student who does not complete high school costs our society an estimated $ 260, 000 in lost earnings, taxes, and productivity. - on average, african american twelfth - grade students read at the same level as white eighth - grade students. - the twelfth - grade reading scores of african american males were significantly lower than those for men and women across every other racial and ethnic group. - only 14 % of african american eighth graders score at or above the proficient level. these results reveal that millions of young people cannot understand or evaluate text, provide relevant details, or support inferences about the written documents they read. - the majority of the 2. 3 million people incarcerated in u. s. prisons and jails are people of color, people with mental health issues and drug addiction, people with low levels of educational attainment, and people with a history of unemployment or underemployment. in march, colorado came close to becoming the 19th state to abolish the death penalty, but the bill failed after gov. john hickenlooper ( d ) voiced opposition and suggested a possible veto. a few months later, colorado \u2019 s death penalty is still firmly in place, and the state is poised to complete what would be only the second execution in 45 years ( the last was in 1997 ). few dispute that nathan dunlap committed a horrific crime and murdered several people at a chuck e. cheese. but judges, university professors, and other prominent state leaders are urging gov. hickenlooper to commute dunlap \u2019 s sentence, both because crucial errors that defined his trial may have led him to get a harsher sentence than others, and because killing anyone under the perverted state system would be a miscarriage of justice. according to letters filed with hickenlooper \u2019 s office : - all three people on death row are black men. in a state that is only 4. 3 % african american, colorado \u2019 s death row is 100 % african american. - all three men on death are from the same one county, out of colorado \u2019 s 64", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4384963844950863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.669244"} {"text": "on death row are black men. in a state that is only 4. 3 % african american, colorado \u2019 s death row is 100 % african american. - all three men on death are from the same one county, out of colorado \u2019 s 64. - all three men committed their crime when they were under the age of 21. - two law professors who studied colorado \u2019 s application of the death penalty concluded it was unconstitutional, after finding that prosecutors pursue the death penalty in less than one percent of the cases where it is an option, and that the state failed to set \u201c clear statutory standards for distinguishing between the few who are executed and the many who commit murder. \u201d \u201c it appears that race, geography and youth largely determines who gets the death penalty in colorado, \u201d wrote a group of naacp leaders in a letter urging gov. hickenlooper to grant clemency. they note that not a single black juror served on the panel that sentenced dunlap to death. in addition to the injustices that define the colorado system, a group of former colorado judges also point out that dunlap \u2019 s bipolar disorder and psychotic tendencies were not even mentioned at trial. in fact, according to their letter, dunlap \u2019 s lawyer told the jury that there was no explanation for his violence. the judges add that \u201c no clear evidence exists that the death penalty deters violent crime. what it does in our current system, as in this case, is to drain our judicial system of millions of dollars as mandatory appeals drag on for decades. \u201d studies have shown that the death penalty does not lower the homicide rate. in fact, the murder rate is lower in states without the death penalty. hickenlooper says he continues to wrestle with the death penalty, and whether to commute dunlap \u2019 s sentence. - shooting victim \u2019 s mom to hickenlooper : execute nathan dunlap ( kdvr. com ) - in colorado, blacks make up 4 percent of the population and 100 percent of death row ( thinkprogress. org. feedsportal. com ) - carroll : gov. hickenlooper boxed in on nathan dunlap ( denverpost. com ) - hickenlooper set to discuss looming dunlap execution with defense team, prosecutors ( kdvr. com ) - lethal interjections? politics a motivating issue in clemency request for nathan dunlap ( aurorasentinel. com )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3782683086593416, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.672475"} {"text": "by dasha afanasieva london ( reuters ) - an ambitious british plan to search for minute forms of life in an ancient lake beneath antarctica ' s ice has been suspended because of technical problems, the scientist leading the project said on thursday. in a move that clears the way for u. s. and russian teams to take the lead, professor martin siegert said technical problems and a lack of fuel had forced the closure on christmas day of the 7 - million - pound ( $ 11 million ) project, which was looking for life forms and climate change clues in the lake - bed sediment. \" this is of course, hugely frustrating for us, but we have learned a lot this year, \" said siegert of the university of bristol, principal investigator for the mission, which was headed by the british antarctic survey ( bas ). \" by the end, the equipment was working well, and much of it has now been fully field - tested, \" he said on the bas website. experts from britain ' s lake ellsworth mission had expected to find minute forms of life in the lake three km ( two miles ) under antarctica ' s ice, the most remote and extreme environment known on earth. they had also hoped that by dating bits of seashell found in the water they would have been able to ascertain when the ice sheet last broke up and to better understand the risks of it happening again. scientists from the united states and russia are hot on britain ' s heels when it comes to drilling through antarctic ice to lakes that have been hidden for thousands of years. the u. s. team is aiming to start drilling in lake whillans, one of 360 known sub - glacial lakes in antarctica, in january or february 2013. russia was the first to pierce 3, 769 meters ( 12, 365 ft ) of solid ice to reach lake vostok early in 2012. but some scientists believe their samples may have been contaminated by drilling fluids. the british scientists decided to abandon the mission after trying for 20 hours to connect two holes in the ice that were needed for the hot - water drill to work, said a bas spokeswoman. without a connection between the two holes, the hot water would seep into the porous surface layers of ice and be lost, reducing the pressure and rendering the drill ineffective. the team tried to melt and dig more snow to compensate for the water loss, but without success. as a result of the extra time taken to fix the problem, fuel stocks had been depleted to such a level as to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4577016760784206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.675574"} {"text": "at a glance why get tested? when to get tested? during a routine physical or when you have symptoms of a uti, such as abdominal pain, back pain, frequent or painful urination ; as part of a pregnancy check - up, a hospital admission, or a pre - surgical work - up one to two ounces of urine ; first morning sample is most valuable. test preparation needed? the test sample what is being tested? a urinalysis is a group of chemical and microscopic tests. they detect the byproducts of normal and abnormal metabolism, cells, cellular fragments, and bacteria in urine. urine is produced by the kidneys, two fist - sized organs located on either side of the spine at the bottom of the ribcage. the kidneys filter wastes out of the blood, help regulate the amount of water in the body, and conserve proteins, electrolytes, and other compounds that the body can reuse. anything that is not needed is excreted in the urine, traveling from the kidneys through ureters to the bladder and then through the urethra and out of the body. urine is generally yellow and relatively clear, but each time someone urinates, the color, quantity, concentration, and content of the urine will be slightly different because of varying constituents. many disorders can be diagnosed in their early stages by detecting abnormalities in the urine. abnormalities include increased concentrations of constituents that are not usually found in significant quantities in the urine, such as : glucose, protein, bilirubin, red blood cells, white blood cells, crystals, and bacteria. they may be present because : - there are elevated concentrations of the substance in the blood and the body is trying to decrease blood levels by \" dumping \" them in the urine. - kidney disease has made the kidneys less effective at filtering. - there is a urinary tract infection present, as in the case of bacteria and white blood cells. a complete urinalysis consists of three distinct testing phases : - visual examination, which evaluates the urine ' s color, clarity, and concentration. - chemical examination, which tests chemically for about 9 substances that provide valuable information about health and disease. - microscopic examination, which identifies and counts the type of cells, casts, crystals, and other components, such as bacteria and mucus, that can be present in urine. the first two phases of urinalysis may be completed in the laboratory or doctor ' s office. a microscopic examination is then performed if there is an abnormal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5340811757175465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.682814"} {"text": ", and other components, such as bacteria and mucus, that can be present in urine. the first two phases of urinalysis may be completed in the laboratory or doctor ' s office. a microscopic examination is then performed if there is an abnormal finding on the visual or chemical examination, or if the doctor specifically orders it. how is the sample collected for testing? urine for a urinalysis can be collected at any time. the first morning sample is considered the most valuable because it is more concentrated and more likely to yield abnormalities if present. it is important to clean the genitalia before collecting urine. bacteria and cells from the surrounding skin can contaminate the sample and interfere with the interpretation of test results. with women, menstrual blood and vaginal secretions can also be a source of contamination. women should spread the labia of the vagina and clean from front to back ; men should wipe the tip of the penis. start to urinate, let some urine fall into the toilet, then collect one to two ounces of urine in the container provided, then void the rest into the toilet. this type of collection is called a \" midstream collection \" or a \" clean catch. \" a urine sample will only be useful for a urinalysis if taken to the doctor ' s office or laboratory for processing within a short period of time. if it will be longer than an hour between collection and transport time, then the urine should be refrigerated or a preservative may be added. note : if undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles : coping with test pain, discomfort, and anxiety, tips on blood testing, tips to help children through their medical tests, and tips to help the elderly through their medical tests. another article, follow that sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture. is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample? no advance test preparation is needed. however, at the time of sample collection, follow instructions for a clean catch urine sample as stated above. ask a laboratory scientist this form enables you to ask specific questions about your tests. your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, american society for clinical laboratory science. if your questions are not related to your lab tests, please submit them via our contact us form. thank you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5086032263665696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.683949"} {"text": "questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, american society for clinical laboratory science. if your questions are not related to your lab tests, please submit them via our contact us form. thank you. * indicates a required field note : this article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the lab tests online editorial review board. this article is periodically reviewed by the editorial board and may be updated as a result of the review. any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used. sources used in current review coad, s. et. al. ( 2012 may 16 ). understanding urinalysis, clues for the obstetrician - gynecologist. medscape today news [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. medscape. com / viewarticle / 763579 through http : / / www. medscape. com. accessed october 2012. ( 2012 may 24 ). urinary tract infections in adults. national kidney and urologic diseases information clearinghouse, niddk. [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / kidney. niddk. nih. gov / kudiseases / pubs / utiadult / index. aspx through http : / / kidney. niddk. nih. gov. accessed october 2012. ( \u00a9 1995 - 2012 ). urinalysis, complete, includes microscopic. mayo clinic mayo medical laboratories [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. mayomedicallaboratories. com / test - catalog / overview / 9308 through http : / / www. mayomedicallaboratories. com. accessed october 2012. lin, j. ( updated 2012 march 16 ). specific gravity. medscape reference [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / emedicine. medscape. com / article / 2090711 - overview # showall through http : / / www. medscape. com. accessed october 2012. peacock, p. and sinert, r. management of acute complications of acute renal failure. medscape reference [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / emedicine. medscape. com / article / 777845 - overview # a1 through http : /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4794235253256719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.684950"} {"text": "acute complications of acute renal failure. medscape reference [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / emedicine. medscape. com / article / 777845 - overview # a1 through http : / / www. medscape. com. accessed october 2012. szczech, l. ( 2011 november 1 ). a simple test with major implications for kidney function. medscape today news [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. medscape. com / viewarticle / 752171 through http : / / www. medscape. com. accessed october 2012 pagana, k. d. & pagana, t. j. ( \u00a9 2011 ). mosby ' s diagnostic and laboratory test reference 10th edition : mosby, inc., saint louis, mo. pp 1000 - 1004. clarke, w., editor ( \u00a9 2011 ). contemporary practice in clinical chemistry 2nd edition : aacc press, washington, dc. pp 397 - 408. sources used in previous reviews thomas, clayton l., editor ( 1997 ). taber ' s cyclopedic medical dictionary. f. a. davis company, philadelphia, pa [ 18th edition ]. pagana, kathleen d. & pagana, timothy j. ( 2001 ). mosby ' s diagnostic and laboratory test reference 5th edition : mosby, inc., saint louis, mo. nancy a. brunzel, ms, cls ( nca ). department of laboratory medicine and pathology, university of minnesota, minneapolis, mn. pagana, kathleen d. & pagana, timothy j. ( \u00a9 2007 ). mosby ' s diagnostic and laboratory test reference 8th edition : mosby, inc., saint louis, mo. pp. 968 - 980. clarke, w. and dufour, d. r., editors ( 2006 ). contemporary practice in clinical chemistry, aacc press, washington, dc. pp. 339 - 350. thomas, clayton l., editor ( 1997 ). taber ' s cyclopedic medical dictionary. f. a. davis company, philadelphia, pa [ 18th edition ]. pp. 2038 - 2042. ( 2007 august ). your urinary system and how it works. national kidney and urologic diseases information clearinghouse [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / kidney. niddk. nih.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4801859882552638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.685801"} {"text": "##2. ( 2007 august ). your urinary system and how it works. national kidney and urologic diseases information clearinghouse [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / kidney. niddk. nih. gov / kudiseases / pubs / yoururinary / through http : / / kidney. niddk. nih. gov. accessed on 12 / 16 / 08. vorvick, l. ( 2008 may 5 ). urinalysis. medlineplus medical encyclopedia [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / medlineplus / ency / article / 003579. htm. accessed on 12 / 16 / 08. ( 2005 november, revised ). approach to the renal patient. merck manual for healthcare professionals [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. merck. com / mmpe / sec17 / ch226 / ch226b. html # sec17 - ch226 - ch226b - 21 through http : / / www. merck. com. accessed on 12 / 16 / 08. tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics. burtis ca, ashwood er and bruns de, eds. 4th ed. st. louis, missouri : elsevier saunders ; 2006, pp. 808 - 812. henry ' s clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. 21st ed. mcpherson ra and pincus mr, eds. philadelphia : 2007, pp. 409 - 419.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5010405436035231, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.686326"} {"text": "natural resources law this course provides a survey introduction to federal natural resources law, with an emphasis on living resources. in a mixed lecture and seminar format, we will examine the theoretical conflicts that underlie various approaches to resource management, as well as the special qualities of natural resource problems that render management efforts so difficult. topics will include the legal treatment of wildlife and biodiversity, living marine resources, water, forests, protected public lands, and an introduction to energy law. throughout the course, we will probe the interplay between environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors in natural resource decision making. in lieu of a final exam, students will produce a 20 - page final paper and participate in a weekly online discussion group. please note that the paper will not meet the wie or capstone requirement. this is a survey course that focuses on the non - public land aspects of natural resources law. the course explores the field of natural resources law on a function - by - function approach, looking at how nature is divided into use rights, allocating those use rights, resolving conflicts over use rights, integrating use rights into landscapes, and adjusting and reallocating use rights over time. the class will also consider which use rights spring from land ownership, and which are severed, available for separate acquisition. the focus is mostly on state law with an examination of numerous natural resources, including water, wildlife, oil and gas, and mining, and even ice and seaweed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46959448396257153, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.689308"} {"text": "april 5, 2009 study sheds new light on young - adult and religious attitudes toward same - sex marriage a recent analysis of public opinion data by the organization public religion research reveals some interesting findings about americans ' attitudes toward same - sex marriage : - younger americans are much more supportive of marriage equality. almost half ( 46 % ) of young adults ( age 18 - 34 ) support same - sex marriage, compared to less than a third ( 29 % ) of all americans. - attitudes on same - sex marriage are shifting significantly among young people. in 2006, the american values survey found that 37 % of young adults ( 18 - 34 ) supported same - sex marriage. two years later, almost half ( 46 % ) of young adults now support same - sex marriage, an increase of 9 points. - support for same - sex marriage is significant among some young religious americans. among young ( 18 - 34 ) white mainline protestants and catholics, close to half ( 48 % and 44 % respectively ) support same - sex marriage. among young evangelicals ( 18 - 34 ), a majority favor either same - sex marriage ( 24 % ) or civil unions ( 28 % ), compared to a majority ( 58 % ) of evangelicals overall who favor no legal recognition of gay couples \u2019 relationships. - having close friends and family members who are gay or lesbian increases support for same - sex marriage. among americans who are gay or lesbian or have a close friend or family member who is gay or lesbian, nearly half ( 48 % ) say they support same - sex marriage. among those who have more distant relationships with gay or lesbian people ( i. e. acquaintance, coworker ), support drops to just 30 %. and among those with no relationship with a gay or lesbian person support for same - sex marriage is only 14 %. - addressing religious liberty concerns significantly increases support for same - sex marriage. when asked whether they would support allowing gay couples to marry \u201c if the law guaranteed that no church or congregation would be required to perform marriages for gay couples, \u201d support for legalized same - sex marriage climbed 14 points, from 29 % to 43 %. - religious groups that are more likely to hear negative messages about homosexuality are far more likely to oppose same - sex marriage. white evangelicals, for example, hear much more negative messages about homosexuality than white mainline protestants. the difference between these two groups on support for marriage equality is stark. nearly 6 - in - 10 ( 58 % ) white evangelicals say there should be no legal recognition for gay and lesbian couples", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45264049675072493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.692223"} {"text": "christopher c. brown, professor, reference technology integration librarian we can think of the history of penrose library in terms of three historic phases of library - wide technology. phase i \u2013 card catalog days when penrose library opened in 1972 the most noticeable feature on the main level would have been the expansive card catalog furniture. access to books was available via the \u201c dictionary catalog. \u201d users could explore the penrose collection by author, title, subject, or series, but that was all. since keyword searching didn \u2019 t exist, all searches were \u201c left anchored \u201d phrase searching, meaning that the filing and lookup element was the left - most part of the term. authors names had to be inverted, of course, just like in a phone book ( another relic of the past! ). for title searching users had to omit initial articles ( a, an, the ). phase ii \u2013 the online catalog what a revolution the online catalog was! in the late 1980s penrose went live with the carl online catalog. the technology shift here was the fact that library catalogers didn \u2019 t have to sit at typewritters hammering out numerous catalog cards. instead, libraries could download records from a shared ( union ) cataloging source, such as the online computer library center ( oclc ). the transformational technology for public users was the ability to search library catalog records by keyword. no longer was access only possible by left - anchored phrase searching, the online environment enabled searching keywords across any searchable field, including author, title, subjects, and notes. phase iii \u2013 full discovery as revolutionary as keyword searching was, it paled in significance when compared with web search engines, full text digitization projects, and library discovery tools, such as summon ( which penrose library uses ). think of it this way : a very high percentange of the books penrose library owns are full - text searchable through one or more of the existing book scanning projects ( google books, hathitrust, and the internet archive ). whereas in phase ii library catalog records are searchable \u2013 in figure 2 above fewer than 20 words are searchable for a 290 page book \u2013 every word is searchable in the full text digital projects mentioned above. even if copyright restrictions prohibit viewing or downloading most entire works, nevertheless, with every word searchable in the not - so - distant future, deep discovery can take place in a manner never before imagined. penrose library was initially built at the end phase i, and when the academic commons re", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4859845876538126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.696247"} {"text": "cells that lack a membrane - bound nucleus are called prokaryotes ( from the greek meaning before nuclei ). these cells have few internal structures that are distinguishable under a microscope. cells in the monera kingdom such as bacteria and cyanobacteria ( also known as blue - green algae ) are prokaryotes. prokaryotic cells differ significantly from eukaryotic cells. they don ' t have a membrane - bound nucleus and instead of having chromosomal dna, their genetic information is in a circular loop called a plasmid. bacterial cells are very small, roughly the size of an animal mitochondrion ( about 1 - 2\u00b5m in diameter and 10 \u00b5m long ). prokaryotic cells feature three major shapes : rod shaped, spherical, and spiral. instead of going through elaborate replication processes like eukaryotes, bacterial cells divide by binary fission. diagram of a prokaryotic cell. notice the internal organelles are not easily distinguishable. bacteria perform many important functions on earth. they serve as decomposers, agents of fermentation, and play an important role in our own digestive system. also, bacteria are involved in many nutrient cycles such as the nitrogen cycle, which restores nitrate into the soil for plants. unlike eukaryotic cells that depend on oxygen for their metabolism, prokaryotic cells enjoy a diverse array of metabolic functions. for example, some bacteria use sulfur instead of oxygen in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5292535662903849, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.697656"} {"text": "table of contents collection overview + / - collection inventory + / - biographical note / historical note + / - fraktur is both a style of lettering and a highly artistic and elaborate illuminated folk art created by the pennsylvania dutch ( also known as pennsylvania deitsch or pennsylvanian german ). most fraktur were created between 1740 and 1860. fraktur drawings were executed in ink and / or watercolors and are found in a wide variety of forms : the vorschriften ( writing samples ), the taufscheine ( birth and baptismal certificates ), marriage and house blessings, book plates, and floral and figurative scenes. the earlier fraktur were executed entirely by hand, while printed text became increasingly common in later examples. common artistic motifs in fraktur include birds, hearts, and tulips, as well as blackletter and italic calligraphy. content description + / - this collection contains a hand drawn fraktur with the marriage of anne peebles to john b. anderson. collection use + / - restrictions on access : open to public research. administrative information + / - this collection is arrranged by subject group. this collection is unprocessed. this collection was processed by a special collections processor. collection materials are in english. library services and technology act ( lsta ) grant, 2007 - 2008 language of the finding aid : finding guide is in english in latin script. author of the finding aid : finding aid created by sarah langsdon. ead creation date : finding aid based on dacs ( describing archives : a content standard ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49474684148043746, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.700243"} {"text": "nixon v. fitzgerald ( 1982 ) a. ernest fitzgerald claimed that he lost his employment with the air force because he gave testimony before congress that was critical of his employer. he tried to add president nixon as a defendant in his suit, but nixon argued that a president cannot be sued for actions taken while in office. the trial and appellate court rejected the president ' s claim of immunity, and the case went to the supreme court. in a 5 - 4 decision, the supreme court ruled that the president is entitled to absolute immunity from liability for damages based on his official acts. justice lewis powell wrote for the majority. he noted that the court had never before ruled on the scope of presidential immunity. many public officials have a limited, or \u201c qualified, \u201d immunity that applies so long as they have acted in \u201c good faith. \u201d some other officials, such as judges and prosecutors, have been given an unlimited, or \u201c absolute, \u201d immunity because of the special nature of their duties. giving the president only qualified immunity, justice powell argued, would make his actions subject to review by the judicial branch and might compromise the separation of powers. lawsuits could distract the president from his official duties. the scope of the president ' s authority and responsibility is so broad that it is not realistic to restrict his immunity. powell wrote that determining \u201c good faith \u201d would mean that the president ' s motivations would have to be examined in each case, which would be highly intrusive. justice byron white ' s dissent argued that the majority ' s rule was too broad. under it, a president could \u201c deliberately cause serious injury to any number of citizens even though he knows his conduct violates a statute or tramples on the constitutional rights of those who are injured. \u201d the supreme court revisited presidential immunity in clinton v. jones, 1997. paula jones sued bill clinton while he was president of the united states, accusing him of sexual misconduct when he was governor of arkansas. clinton argued that the case should be dismissed, because the president has absolute immunity from suit. the supreme court noted that nixon v. fitzgerald gave the president \u201c absolute immunity from damages liability predicated on his official acts, \u201d but did not extend this immunity to actions that were clearly outside the scope of his presidential duties. the major rationale of fitzgerald was to remove the possibility that the threat of litigation would make the president \u201c unduly cautious in the discharge of his official duties. \u201d jones ' s allegations involved acts that allegedly occurred before clinton became president, so fitzgerald ' s reasoning did not apply and jones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4262247820181462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.703549"} {"text": "10 stunning ancient reliefs and stone carvings since the dawn of human history, we have felt the need to express our creative side. from the earliest surviving rock art and stone carvings to the gloriously refined sculptures and paintings we can produce today, our art continues to be a reflection of society, and of the different cultures we live in. ancient reliefs and carvings \u2014 being some of the most durable forms of art \u2014 can still be found at religious sites, tombs, and palaces. most of the reliefs and carvings on this list are found at unesco world heritage sites, and are seen as having significance to the legacy of mankind. at the ruins of arsameia in turkey, you can visit the most ancient known relief carving of two figures shaking hands. the famous eleven - foot ( 3. 5m ) relief shows the father of antiochus i of commagene \u2014 king mithridates \u2014 in royal apparel, shaking the hand of hercules. believed to have been created between 70 b. c. and 38 b. c., it is splendid to behold to this day. the intricate carvings on the stone cliffs of dazu are revered as the most sophisticated and exquisite of their time. created between the ninth and thirteenth centuries ad, they are a clear testimony to the congenial and harmonious integration of religion, philosophy, and culture that china experienced during this epoch. their well - preserved condition make them stand out from the larger carvings found at many other national sites. varying in size from very small to grandiose, over fifty thousand sculptures and one hundred thousand engravings and etchings can be seen in the sunlight \u2014 all of them connected via well - maintained passages and trails. the cave temple on gharapuri island has been called one of the seven wonders of india. it was carved from the natural landscape in the fifth century, and hosts the embodiment of indian art in the form of staggeringly beautiful carvings and statues. the carvings on the panels portray various hindu deities, along with their attendants. the most important and brilliant sculpture depicts the trimurti. this twenty foot image was carved in relief at the back of the cave, and it presents the three - headed shiva. to reach the temple, you have to travel from the indian mainland to the island, traverse the mountain, and find your way through the caves. the catacombs in alexandria include tombs, sculptures, and other archaeological artifacts that blend greek, roman, and egyptian features. carved in the second century and in use as a cemetery until the fourth century, the catacombs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3989607180645588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.712853"} {"text": "way through the caves. the catacombs in alexandria include tombs, sculptures, and other archaeological artifacts that blend greek, roman, and egyptian features. carved in the second century and in use as a cemetery until the fourth century, the catacombs were then forgotten until being rediscovered in 1900. the most beautifully sculptured reliefs and carvings can be seen at the entrance to the temple and inside the main tomb ; they feature egyptian rituals, as well as various gods and deities. the greek influence becomes more evident in the main tomb, where a relief carving depicts the shield of athena with medusa \u2019 s head pictured on it. the temple at angkor wat has the distinction of being the largest religious monument in the world. its allure brings more than a million visiting tourists every year. built in the twelfth century, it is admired not only for its massive size, but also for the tremendous intricacy of the reliefs and the assorted devatas ( minor female deities ) that adorn the temple walls. in fact, hundreds of artists carved practically the whole temple \u2014 from the pillars, to the lintels, to the roofs. the extensive reliefs mainly portray scenes from the ancient hindu epics, and they stretch for miles. built by darius the great around 515 b. c., the palace must have been a wonder to behold. massive columns \u2014 of which thirteen remained standing by the twentieth century \u2014 supported the roof. the staircases were embellished with rows of reliefs that displayed successions of delegates, soldiers, guards, and chariots carrying presents and offerings to honor the king. the front walls of the palace were carved with images of the immortals of 300 fame \u2014 the persian kings \u2019 noble guard. sanchi is a small village in india that is famous for its stupas, or buddhist memorials. the most noteworthy of these is the \u201c great stupa, \u201d constructed in the third century b. c. the most phenomenal relief and stone carvings in sanchi are the toranas, which were placed strategically around the great stupa. these are carved with scenes depicting the life cycles of the buddha. no spot was left bare on any of the toranas ; one even features a sculpture of yakshini upholding a trestle architrave. various memorials were built in and around the town of mahabalipuram between the seventh and ninth centuries a. d., and today four of them are recognized as world heritage sites. \u201c descent of the ganges \u201d or \u201c arjuna \u2019 s penance \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.44679890523328003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.713797"} {"text": "built in and around the town of mahabalipuram between the seventh and ninth centuries a. d., and today four of them are recognized as world heritage sites. \u201c descent of the ganges \u201d or \u201c arjuna \u2019 s penance \u201d \u2014 recognized worldwide as the world \u2019 s largest preserved open - air relief \u2014 measures ninety - six feet ( 29m ) long by forty - three feet ( 13m ) high, and was carved from monolithic rock. two different but equally flattering interpretations exist as to the artwork \u2019 s symbolism. either arjuna or shiva appear to the left of the shrine, and on the right hand side, life - sized elephants shield their young beneath a legion of creatures, all flawlessly suspended for aeons to come. the carvings of taq - e bostan lie along the historic silk road caravan route in the zagros mountains. the exquisite and wonderfully preserved artworks were created between a. d. 226 and a. d. 650, during the rule of the sassanid dynasty. the site \u2019 s brilliant location, next to a historic waypoint and campground, would have ensured that every traveller saw its splendor \u2014 splendor that has remained largely unchanged for the past seventeen hundred years. the artworks include two beautiful arches that depict crowning ceremonies, hunting scenes, as well as various sassanid patterns. the majesty of the carved mountain is reflected in an adjacent pool of water, which itself is fed from a sacred spring. the largest stone buddha in existence was carved out of a cliff face in the sichuan province around a. d. 713. the construction was begun by a monk, who hoped that the buddha \u2019 s presence would pacify the tumultuous river. it is said that so much stone was deposited in the river during its construction that the currents were indeed changed, making the waters safer for passing ships. an exceptional drainage system that is still in working order today was integrated into the artwork \u2014 keeping it safe from water run - off.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.42861929648145114, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.714871"} {"text": "throughout history the world \u2019 s coastal cities were built and flourished during a period when global sea level has been near constant. however, during the last century tide gauge measurements and satellite altimetry suggest sea level has risen worldwide approximately 4. 8 - 8. 8 inches ( 12 - 22 cm ) ( ipcc, 2007 ). in addition, the international arctic monitoring and assessment program ( amap ) recently reported that arctic glaciers and ice caps, including greenland \u2019 s massive ice sheet, are shrinking faster than reported in 2007 by the ipcc. as a result, amap projects global sea levels to rise by 35 to 63 inches ( 90 - 160 centimeters ) by 2100. low - elevation areas are home to 634 million people, and two - thirds of the largest cities are partially located in coastal areas at risk from sea level rise. one out of every 10 people live in the low - elevation coastal zone, and the countries with the largest populations at risk include china, india, bangladesh, vietnam, indonesia, japan, egypt, united states, thailand and the philippines. department of defense ( dod ) coastal and island installations are facing the same vulnerability to flooding and inundation as the world \u2019 s civilian population areas. testing and training installations, ocean terminals, long - range radar sites, and navy bases are all expected to experience significant changes to environmental resources, buildings and installation infrastructure. future national security challenges have been recognized in recent legislation, which directs dod to provide guidance to military planners to assess sea level rise risks and changes to world climate. the 2010 quadrennial defense review placed a priority on understanding climate change effects on both dod operations and fixed installations. photo by robert mickler beach nourishment to stabilize shoreline and protect coastal infrastructure. dod \u2019 s strategic environmental research and development program ( serdp, serdp. org ) report, climate change planning for military installations : findings and implications, states dod policy makers, installation commanders and garrison staff consistently comment, \u201c it \u2019 s all about sustaining the mission. \u201d each installation \u2019 s infrastructure, built environment and training lands are essential to support dod \u2019 s testing and training, deployment and force readiness missions. installation commanders understand that buildings, power grid, communication networks, transportation systems, sewage and storm water infrastructure, natural and cultural resources, and troop services require each of them to manage and to plan a small coastal city \u2013 a city vulnerable to future flooding and inundation, the risks of which continue to increase with rising sea level. planning for these risks is key to sustaining the mission", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45225346831775776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.730938"} {"text": "and troop services require each of them to manage and to plan a small coastal city \u2013 a city vulnerable to future flooding and inundation, the risks of which continue to increase with rising sea level. planning for these risks is key to sustaining the mission, but installations are faced with keeping up with day - to - day requirements that often leave little time to consider climate change uncertainties in planning and management. most installation commanders state that supporting and sustaining landscapes for training is their main mission, but few have the expertise to identify, analyze and use climate change information. conflicting estimates of sea level rise rate and magnitude, and uncertainty associated with risk magnitude and timing voiced by faceless scientists at academic meetings also encourages confusion and complacency. however, even moderate sea level increase may result in disproportionate increases in flooding risk. thus, a careful evaluation of potential consequences is worth making, especially for installations and municipalities in coastal areas. photo by aaron mccall, the nature conservancy rebuilding sustainable oyster reefs to stabilize shorelines and to restore ecosystem services. early climate change impacts can be effectively addressed through adaptation. however, options for successful adaptation diminish, and associated costs increase, with increasing climate change. at present, no certainty exists to the anticipated benefit or cost realized by adaptation, in part because effective adaptation measures are highly dependent on each installation \u2019 s geographical and climate risk factors, as well as institutional, political and financial constraints. it is useful to consider available adaptation options for military installations in coastal zones. adaptation acts to reduce sea level rise impacts and severity, as well as frequency of storm events associated with climate change. planning and implementation of adaptive management is necessary in the face of such large uncertainty about future climate. therefore, any solution must to be viewed in a risk \u2013 and uncertainty - based manner, rather than looking for deterministic solutions. given the importance of coastal and island installations to national security, autonomous adaptation processes are unlikely to be a sufficient response to sea level rise, as already shown for flood and ecosystem impacts in new orleans and surrounding areas following hurricane katrina. all government levels have a key role in developing planned adaptation measures. planned adaptation options to sea level rise are usually presented as one of three generic approaches : - 1. retreat \u2013 barrier islands and coastal ecosystems are allowed to migrate, and human impacts are minimized by moving people and urban infrastructure back from the advancing coastline ; - 2. accommodation \u2013 ecosystem processes, such as barrier island migration, inundation, erosion, and plant and animal migration, are allowed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45541965059710776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.732634"} {"text": "to migrate, and human impacts are minimized by moving people and urban infrastructure back from the advancing coastline ; - 2. accommodation \u2013 ecosystem processes, such as barrier island migration, inundation, erosion, and plant and animal migration, are allowed to occur, and human impacts are minimized by adjusting human use and coastal development ; - 3. shoreline protection \u2013 ecosystem services are restored and enhanced by creating natural defenses to sea level rise, including creation and protection of wetlands, restoration and protection of submerged aquatic vegetation and oyster reefs, restoration and protection of shorelines, stabilization of stream banks, creation and protection of riparian forest buffers, reforestation and beneficial use of dredged material for shoreline and habitat restoration, or by engineering methods to artificially hold back the sea. the most reliable, sustainable and economical strategy for coastal facilities and communities is to plan well in advance and to adapt to the changing environment. a well - prepared facility or community, which is fortified to withstand flooding threats, will have an advantage over others that fail to plan. successfully responding to impending change will require time to prepare and to take adaptive action. in many cases, the appropriate preemptive actions may take decades to fully implement. one of the most powerful tools for evaluating future consequences is computer simulation, which can be used to characterize a multitude of potential scenarios. sea level rise risk scenarios have been conducted with terrestrial and littoral models. the sea level affecting marshes model ( slamm ) has been used to assess future changes in extent and composition of forest, shrub, fresh and brackish marshes, beaches, and inland, estuarine and open water. the model can be used to assist operations and natural resource managers in assessing at - risk infrastructure and natural resources and in planning and implementing adaptation strategies. slamm has been used at coastal dod installations to assess risk at annual and decadal time steps from present to 2100. within slamm, five primary processes affect coastal ecosystems \u2019 fate under different sea level rise scenarios : - 1. inundation \u2013 water level rise and salt boundary are tracked by reducing elevations of each cell as sea levels rise, thus keeping mean tide level ( mtl ) constant at zero. spatially variable effects of land subsidence or isostatic rebound are included in these elevation calculations. view larger image \u2013 credit : robert mickler, alion science and technology, inc. 2010 and 2100 slamm simulations of sea level rise at marine corps base camp lejeune training beach. sea level rise will likely accelerate erosion of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48623212636023055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.734255"} {"text": ". view larger image \u2013 credit : robert mickler, alion science and technology, inc. 2010 and 2100 slamm simulations of sea level rise at marine corps base camp lejeune training beach. sea level rise will likely accelerate erosion of the beach, maritime forest and sand dunes that constitute the base \u2019 s barrier islands. - 2. erosion \u2013 erosion is triggered based on a threshold of maximum fetch and proximity of the marsh to estuarine water or open ocean. when these conditions are met, horizontal erosion occurs at a rate based on site - specific data. - 3. overwash \u2013 barrier islands are assumed to undergo overwash at a user - specified interval. beach migration and transport of sediments are calculated. - 4. saturation \u2013 coastal swamps and fresh marshes can migrate onto adjacent uplands as a fresh water table response to rising sea level close to the coast. - 5. accretion \u2013 sea level rise is offset by sedimentation and vertical accretion using average or site - specific values for each wetland category. accretion rates may be spatially variable within a given model domain. slamm is a dynamic vegetation model, which migrates and converts marsh and terrestrial ecosystems across the upland landscape in response to sea level rise and salinity changes. an example of a diagnostic littoral model is the advanced circulation ( adcirc ) model, which can simulate hurricane induced storm surge and inland flooding. the adcirc computer model requires accurate descriptions of offshore, coastal and inland elevations, and details of frictional characteristics along the coast. subject to these inputs to define the interest area, adcirc also accounts for all physical mechanisms that influence storm surge generation, such as wind and pressure forcing at the water surface, turbulent dissipation, coriolis accelerations and astronomic tides. subject to hurricane wind spatial variability and geometry and friction of the basin, adcirc will accurately compute water surface response. adcirc has been used for many years by u. s. army corps of engineers ( usace ) and federal emergency management agency ( fema ) to compute hurricane storm surge as part of flood mapping and design of flood protection projects. view larger image \u2013 credit : john atkinson, arcadis u. s., inc. adcirc model of present day southern louisiana near lake ponchartrain, the city of new orleans and the mississippi river lower delta illustrates resistance to storm surge flow and flooding of urbanized areas. higher manning \u2019 s n values represent higher friction from vegetation and urbanization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46527953200773514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.735397"} {"text": "of present day southern louisiana near lake ponchartrain, the city of new orleans and the mississippi river lower delta illustrates resistance to storm surge flow and flooding of urbanized areas. higher manning \u2019 s n values represent higher friction from vegetation and urbanization, thus greater resistance to storm surge and urban flooding. under a 5 ft. sea level rise scenario in 2075, the adcirc model of southern louisiana illustrates the combined effect of land subsidence and elevated sea level rise, which resulted in significant changes to the landscape since 2011. in particular, vast regions of wetland and marsh have been submerged, and changes to plant species and plant density have occurred even in areas not fully inundated. the result is less resistance to flow and greater potential for extreme storm flooding. to evaluate potential future flooding due to a specific hurricane, adcirc inputs are modified to reflect future conditions and then storm simulations are repeated. in this manner, a wide range of potential future scenarios may be evaluated. properly representing \u201c future conditions \u201d is more than simply increasing water depths to account for additional water volume in oceans. in addition to increasing water levels, many coastal regions are experiencing significant subsidence. rising seas combined with lowering land can result in very large variations in relative sea level rise ( rslr ) along the coast. moreover, rslr induces changes to vegetation at the coastal margin. as vegetation adjusts to changing salinity and water level, so too will the frictional resistance that vegetation has on flood waters. when vegetation is thick and healthy, flood levels can be partially attenuated. as marshes and other forms of coastal habitat retreat due to rslr, flood waters can more easily penetrate inland. adcirc uses a manning \u2019 s n formulation to account for frictional resistance. the loss of vegetation can add considerably to increased flood risk. view larger image \u2013 \u00a9 credit : john atkinson, arcadis u. s., inc. a map of hurricane flooding risk illustrates the maximum envelope of water ( meow ) from many hurricane surge model simulations in southern louisiana under present day conditions in 2011. the meow is useful in revealing areas of extreme flooding that may arise from possible hurricane scenarios. these simulations are based upon present day sea level and present day frictional characteristics. view larger image \u2013 \u00a9 credit : john atkinson, arcadis u. s., inc. a 2075 map of hurricane flooding risk illustrates the meow from the same set of hurricane storm conditions, but under a 5 ft. increase in sea level and the diminished friction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4573238530233274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.736632"} {"text": "credit : john atkinson, arcadis u. s., inc. a 2075 map of hurricane flooding risk illustrates the meow from the same set of hurricane storm conditions, but under a 5 ft. increase in sea level and the diminished frictional characteristics. a comparison of the 2011 and 2075 meow shows that maximum flooding potential has doubled the height of storm water surge in some areas. as with sea level rise itself, morphological changes and vegetation changes occur slowly overtime. models such as slamm and adcirc can be used to evaluate cumulative effect of these changes. often, a future scenario is evaluated by simulating a representative set of hypothetical storm and hurricane events and deriving a statistical flood level for the scenario, or generating a maximum envelope of water ( meow ). meow indicates maximum flood at each location, which occurred during all simulations. an example meow is provided in the accompanying figures for which the region of interest is between new orleans and baton rouge, louisiana. note that maximum flood levels are not simply 5 ft. higher than present day values. in fact, flood increase is as much as twice the rslr amount. this behavior is in part a result of decreased vegetation and ability of deeper water to support larger waves, which bring energy further inland. note also that flood level increase varies throughout the region. this suggests a complexity to predicting future conditions, which makes the use of computer simulation very valuable. one of the most powerful benefits of using computer models is to explore a range of likely scenarios in order to define limits of potential flood risks. future rslr forecasting contains significant uncertainty, and there are a range of rslr rates suggested by the ipcc. the range of ipcc estimates are not associated with statistics to identify which rslr scenario is most likely. in addition, storm events are drivers of extreme events, but much uncertainty exists in predictions of how storm frequency and magnitude will change as climate changes. thus, while the increasing severity of a particular extreme event for a future slr scenario can be demonstrated, it cannot be known if that event will also occur more often. modeling is an ideal tool to wrestle with these uncertainties and should be used to identify and to prioritize the most vulnerable regions of coastline. planners are faced with a complacent public who readily dismiss sea level rise as irrelevant based upon conflicting and uncertain scenarios presented by the scientific community, and based upon the seemingly small annual rate of increase. however, sea level rise has more visible impact on extreme events than on daily events. modeling reveals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4828816985179716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.739775"} {"text": "who readily dismiss sea level rise as irrelevant based upon conflicting and uncertain scenarios presented by the scientific community, and based upon the seemingly small annual rate of increase. however, sea level rise has more visible impact on extreme events than on daily events. modeling reveals that extreme events are susceptible to increases much greater than just simple addition of the sea level rise amount. this is an important finding that planners and government agencies must communicate to the public. despite uncertainties in climate forecasts, models can provide insight to the range of possible future risks, which can then be used to inform planning decisions and to build adaptive resiliency into new infrastructure development. no individual federal or state conservation program can address sea level adaptation and mitigation on the scale needed by individual installations or regional commands. one approach is to create innovative, actionable, multi - party implementation plans to address complex land use and ecological challenges on behalf of dod. these would include developing landscape - scale, multi - stakeholder issue identification forums and solutions to climate change impacts on dod installations. this could also include implementation strategies to acquire new training land to offset dod land made unusable by sea level rise, to create off base conservation banks to replace critical habitat on base lost to climate change and to develop multi - party programs to acquire sea level rise buffers around dod land. other implementation strategies include using \u201c natural defenses \u201d to sea level rise, such as creation and protection of wetlands, restoration and protection of submerged aquatic vegetation and oyster reefs, restoration and protection of shorelines, stabilization of streambanks, creation and protection of riparian forest buffers, reforestation and beneficial use of dredged material for shoreline and habitat restoration. the goal is a comprehensive regional sea level rise management strategy to address impacts of critical habitat loss and low - level military training routes. this plan would provide installation commanders a range of implementation options and a set of recommendations on engaging appropriate stakeholders to achieve common objectives. the implementation phase of this sea level rise adaptation strategy is based on the premise that military operations must be protected from future sea level rise impacts. and, it will take a coordinated effort by military leaders, federal, state and local agencies, and private conservation organizations to achieve this goal in a realistic, affordable, environmentally sensitive manner. issue no. 12, 2011 photo by carolyn currin, noaa protecting shorelines by monitoring increases in land elevation through increased soil accretion rates as a result of increased productivity of marsh grasslands. robert mickler is a program manager with alion science and technology, inc. he has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48325705064624613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.740924"} {"text": "currin, noaa protecting shorelines by monitoring increases in land elevation through increased soil accretion rates as a result of increased productivity of marsh grasslands. robert mickler is a program manager with alion science and technology, inc. he has spent 12 years as part of the u. s. global change research program and authored a legacy natural resource program project report on the impacts of sea level rise to dod coastal installations in north carolina ( http : / / www. denix. osd. mil / nr / upload / natural - selections _ january - 2010. pdf ). mickler has been an advocate for dod science - based planning and implementation of sea level rise risk assessments and adaptation strategies. ( see livebetter jan / feb 2011 issue, the strategic implications of sea level rise. ) for more information, contact mickler at firstname. lastname @ example. org. john atkinson, phd, provides technical leadership to the hydrodynamic modeling group at arcadis. he specializes in using computational tools to predict circulation and flooding in rivers and coastal regions for a variety of projects for both public and industrial clients. arcadis has a legacy of successful projects with federal agencies, which includes leadership in the largest water restoration and flood control program in u. s. history with the u. s. army corps of engineers in new orleans. in addition, arcadis has provided assistance to the u. s. department of defense throughout the world with base closures and innovative remediation programs that remove risk and uncertainty. for more information, contact atkinson at email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48047113942770336, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.741543"} {"text": "christianity / organization / site of congregational and worship activities in christianity. according to christian theology, the church is the religious community as a whole. the word \" church \" is also used as the term for a special orientation or demoniation in christianity, like \" maronite church \" or \" roman catholic church \". in this sense, the word \" church \" really defines a specific group, in contrast with christians in general. more information on this is found in the article on christianity. as for the actual physical structure, few guidelines were developed because christianity was proscribed by the government and members generally used existing houses. the only standard was, perhaps, a division between the area for performance of rituals and teaching, and the area for the worshippers. since the architecture and layout of the church were not defined in any holy scriptures, there have been several directions in its development. church builders have generally been inspired by, and sometimes imitators of, existing architecture, and not only religious architecture. there are two dominant types of plans : the basilica and the centralized church. the basilica form is from a roman building typically used for trade activities, gatherings or a court of law. the basilica type church is based upon an axis running from the doorway in one end to the altar at the other end. the centralized has its centre in the middle of a circular or polygonal shape. in many cases, churches have been designed to utilize both the basilica and centalized type. some churches have often been laid out in the shape of a cross, where the two added arms to the standard axis usally serve little purpose beyond the visual symbol. in larger churches, additional rooms have been added and used for rituals like baptism, treasuries and relics, robing of the clerics, administration, and additional chapels. especially large and important churches, which serve as the seat of the bishop, are named \" cathedral \". the building of churches flourished after christianity ' s legitimization in the roman empire in 313. the styles of the roman empire churches would have great impact on church styles even in the areas of the middle east and africa that were not under roman control. actually, it is the roman shape that has come to form the ideal for churches until the present era. some of the most important early churches were built around shrines, like the holy sepulchre in jerusalem, erected over the assumed place of jesus ' crucifixion and entombment, and st. peter ' s basilica in rome, built over the assumed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5215883748417833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.745420"} {"text": "early churches were built around shrines, like the holy sepulchre in jerusalem, erected over the assumed place of jesus ' crucifixion and entombment, and st. peter ' s basilica in rome, built over the assumed grave of st. peter. church architecture tended to influence the shape of sacred structures in other religions, as for example, in islam. the building, its layout, the church, its tower or steeple and even decorations would prove to have a great impact on how mosques and minarets came to be designed. organization and theology the initial congregations of pre - christians ( see jesus - judaism ) were modeled around the organization of the jewish synagogue. in the earliest churches, there was not even a clearly defined leadership, but this situation changed quickly during the emergence of mature christian forms in the second half of the 1st century ce. a religious leader and a administrative board was elected from the membership in the earliest church. this formed the basis for the system of priests and bishops existing until the present time, together with the broader system of parish administration. the church has traditionally been defined by the four marks distinguished in the nicene creed ( see council of nicaea ) : one, holy, catholic and apostolic. the oneness may seem to be condradicted by ethnic and doctrinal divisions within the christian community, yet there is an understanding that all members of the church consist of baptized people, who together form one idealized body. the church perceives of itself as an institution sanctified by the holy spirt, but it does not imply that all of its members are perfect. the term catholic is, at times, misunderstood. initially, it meant a universal church distinct from the local congregations, and this is still what christians confesss even if some mistakenly think the term applies the church of rome. apostolic indicates that the church is historically a continuation of the apostles and hence the earthly life of jesus.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46253110839199474, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.746291"} {"text": "improving health for the poor depends on nurturing local innovations \u2014 and learning how to deliver them, argue abdallah daar and peter singer. in the 1980s and 1990s the world ' s life sciences researchers were largely ignoring the poor, with genomics, for example, mostly confined to sophisticated labs in the rich world. we argue that the life sciences revolution is now ushering in a new era of better and less expensive drugs, vaccines and diagnostics. the prospect of improving health is greatest in low - and middle - income countries ( lmics ), and the hope is that a child born in a poor country will have the same life expectancy as a child born in a rich country. we are already seeing these efforts bear fruit. take malaria, for example : a vaccine is due to be deployed by 2016. and at a biological level, researchers are studying genetic profiles to understand why some children get cerebral malaria and die while others don ' t. this is just one of many applications of life sciences in global health. but there are ethical, social and commercial challenges in taking life - saving science from the lab to the village \u2014 to those most in need of these innovations. the sustainable solutions to these obstacles are homegrown, where the lab is closest to the village. the bill & melinda gates foundation ' s grand challenges in global health programme, launched in 2003, began with 14 ' critical barriers ' to solving ( mainly infectious ) health problems in the developing world. subsequent initiatives for research prioritisation have focused on non - communicable diseases, such as the grand challenges in chronic non - communicable diseases, which led to the creation of the global alliance for chronic disease ( gacd ) \u2014 an international alliance of funding bodies to coordinate research on heart disease and stroke, some cancers, respiratory conditions and type 2 diabetes \u2014 and more recently the grand challenges in global mental health initiative. the latter two identify the role of social determinants of health, and the need to focus on behaviour change and implementation research \u2014 how to encourage the uptake of research findings. implementation research is desperately needed in lmics to address issues taken for granted in rich countries. for example, research in urban tanzania found that 30 per cent of people had high blood pressure but fewer than one in five were aware of their condition, and just 10 per cent of those received sustained treatment. research funding for such problems will soon be announced by gacd, in partnership with grand challenges canada and others, including the canadian institutes of health research and the international development research centre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48485286841708375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.750839"} {"text": "of their condition, and just 10 per cent of those received sustained treatment. research funding for such problems will soon be announced by gacd, in partnership with grand challenges canada and others, including the canadian institutes of health research and the international development research centre. implementation : the challenges implementation research has not, until now, been considered a serious science. while randomised controlled trials are the gold standard for testing the safety and efficacy of drugs, schemes to deliver health interventions are less likely to be assessed with the same scientific rigour. we need to understand how to deliver life - saving medical interventions, improve access to them, make them affordable, and scale them up massively. and we must remember that identifying and funding research priorities in the life sciences are just the first step towards real change. technologies need to be made into actual products and disseminated at a low cost to the people who need them. many scientific ideas come to nothing, or help far fewer people than intended. in most parts of africa scientific ideas, even great ones, are never commercialised. for example, a simple dipstick diagnostic test for schistosomiasis was not commercialised in ghana because a system to do so simply does not exist. there are many other examples of ' stagnant technologies '. other barriers include a culture of scientific research that focuses on publications rather than real - world outcomes ; limited flow of knowledge and skills among researchers, business and capital providers, government regulators and policymakers ; and almost no venture capital to fund ideas at an early stage. but africa is now in a position to begin solving its own health and economic problems. in tanzania, a company called a to z textile mills has become the continent ' s biggest manufacturer of long - lasting insecticide impregnated bed nets, while employing around 6, 000 workers, improving health directly and indirectly. supporting local enterprise looking ahead to the next ten years, we believe innovation will fuel advances in global health and problems will be addressed in a holistic way. and implementation research will become more important as we gather deeper insights into disease risk and biology. nurturing local innovations and finding ways to get them to the people who need them is the sustainable answer to the health problems of the developing world. what can we do to support innovative enterprises? grand challenges canada is investing in research to integrate business, science and social innovation \u2014 something we call ' integrated innovation '. this will be key to taking scientific insight from the lab to the village. and with its global health rising stars programme, grand challenges canada provides", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4864189664660391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.751850"} {"text": "this web site is about cascading style sheets as a means to separate the presentation from the structural markup of a web site, and it will help you answer some of those frequently asked questions, explains some of the basics of css, gives you tips and tricks for tackling the problems with netscape 4, offers you a tutorial about positioning with css ( css - p, web design without tables ). there is also a page with interesting links. cascading style sheets is a means to separate the presentation from the structural markup of a web site. by applying a css style you have the ability to keep the structure of your document lean and fast, while controlling the appearance of the content. html was intended as the structural markup language. this language focuses on the roles that the different elements of a document have to play, not how they have to look. css has been invented and developed for the internet. it is not an adapted tool from print or programming, but a means of enhancing html. since css takes care of the presentation, the structure of the document can be static html, and the content either contained in the html itself, or generated by asp, coldfusion, xml and / or other technologies that are being hatched now and we haven ' t heard about yet. this web site will answer some of those frequently asked questions, explains some of the basics of css, gives you tips and tricks for tackling the problems with netscape 4, offers you a tutorial about positioning with css ( css - p, web design without tables ). there is also a page with interesting links. as an example, if you check out this site http : / / www. onlinepoker. net, you can see how css is used to create a seamless website without the use of tables. the css sheet is used to construct all of the principle sections including navigation, header, content area and footer. you can also combine the standard css design with tables for promotions, as seen here http : / / www. pokersite. org. both examples use cascading style sheets for the general layout, however the second example uses tables specifically for displaying ranking charts and both poker sites are w3c compliant. css is here to stay. it is a fascinating, elegant technology that can make sites faster, less complicated, easy to change, better adaptable to the need of emerging technologies - and more disabled accessible. and for being that powerful,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5068128183514122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.755327"} {"text": "herstory eartha mary magdalene white born nov. 8, 1876, in jacksonville, fla., she was an african - american vocalist, educator, administrator and humanitarian. she was raised by clara white and graduated from stanton school and moved to new york city where she attended madame thurber \u2019 s national conservancy of music. she joined the oriental american opera company, the country \u2019 s first black opera company. eartha toured as a lyric soprano in american, europe and asia with the company but returned frequently for jacksonville for visits. on one visit she met and fell in love with james jordan, a railway worker, and their wedding was set for june 1896, but while she was still working on the tour in may she received news of his death. she ended her singing career and returned to florida where she taught at bayard for a number of years. in 1901 she began to buy real estate at low prices and selling at a profit. by 1905 she had saved enough for a dry goods store and several other businesses. she reinvested her considerable wealth in the black community, establishing boys and girls clubs, recreational centers and parks. she operated the only orphanage for black children in the state of florida. she was most proud of the clara white mission, named for her adoptive mother, which offered food and shelter to the homeless and destitute. she became an influential force in jacksonville \u2019 s social welfare, focused on prison reform and established an orphanage for african - american children. she created a home for unwed mothers, a nursery for children of working mothers, a tuberculosis rest home and, in 1902, a nursing home for elderly african - americans. in 1971 she was the guest of president richard m. nixon and was referred to as \u201c an institution in jacksonville \u201d, and even when confined to a wheel chair she remained active. she received numerous honors and awards and or the last years of her life, her birthday we celebrated in the city \u2019 s civic auditorium. she died in january 1974 at the age of 97.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37285137539994695, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.759104"} {"text": "see also the dr. math faq : 0. 9999 = 1 0 to 0 power n to 0 power 0! = 1 dividing by 0 browse high school number theory stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : infinite number of primes? testing for primality. what is ' mod '? - 0 divided by 0 [ 11 / 27 / 1997 ] what is the answer to 0 divided by 0? i think it is undefined... - 100 factorial in base 6 : how many zeros? [ 10 / 24 / 2001 ] how many zeros are there at the end of 100! in base 6? - adding arithmetic sequences [ 07 / 10 / 1998 ] how do you add the numbers from 1 to 5000 without actually doing it or using a calculator? what if you were adding just the odd numbers? - adding hexadecimals [ 07 / 13 / 1998 ] a complete introduction to the hexadecimal, including sample problems on - adding in base 9 and base 5 [ 10 / 21 / 1997 ] in 3rd grade my son is learning how to add in bases other than 10. - arithmetic in other bases [ 02 / 25 / 2002 ] i need to know how to write out the steps for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in other bases. - base 12 fractions [ 11 / 05 / 2001 ] i need a simple way to understand how to do and interpret decimals in - base 26 [ 01 / 27 / 1997 ] in a base 26 number system where the letters of the alphabet are the digits, calculate two + two in this system and express the answer in base ten. express 1997 in base 26. - base 2 subtraction and clock arithmetic [ 01 / 26 / 2001 ] we know that computers use the \" 2 ' s complement \" method to do subtraction of base 2 numbers, and that this method works every time, but we have no idea why it works. - base number [ 10 / 07 / 1998 ] what does base number mean? - base number equivalence tables [ 10 / 30 / 2001 ] my son needs to show tables for base 3 and base 7. - binary conversion [ 01 / 07 / 1998 ] in an adult computer course we are supposed convert binary numbers to real numbers and binary to hexadecimal. - binary subtraction [ 7 / 25 / 1996 ] i understand the rules of adding in binary, but how in the world do you -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5334212285191746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.767521"} {"text": "adult computer course we are supposed convert binary numbers to real numbers and binary to hexadecimal. - binary subtraction [ 7 / 25 / 1996 ] i understand the rules of adding in binary, but how in the world do you - binary subtraction [ 07 / 04 / 2003 ] i need help understanding the rules of subtracting binary numbers when the subtrahend is larger then the minuend. - binary system [ 5 / 22 / 1996 ] how do you use the binary system? - calculating the last digit of an isbn number [ 07 / 15 / 1998 ] how do you calculate the last number in an isbn number? - calculator addition [ 6 / 30 / 1996 ] how does a calculator add? - cardinal and ordinal numbers [ 01 / 08 / 1997 ] how can 3 be both a cardinal and ordinal number at the same time? - classifying numbers [ 09 / 06 / 2001 ] can you tell me about complex numbers, real and imaginary numbers, rational / irrational numbers? i don ' t understand any of it. - concepts of adding in base 2 [ 08 / 18 / 1998 ] i don ' t understand the whole concept of base 2. - congruum problem [ 04 / 04 / 2002 ] i have found a reference to fibonacci and his congruum problem. but something has me stumped... - converting from base 6 to 10 and back [ 09 / 26 / 2001 ] i need to know how to convert 2411 in base 6 to base 10. - counting : base 6, 12, 16 [ 5 / 31 / 1996 ] how do you count in base 6 and base 12? what about base 16? - decimal to fraction conversion [ 06 / 25 / 1998 ] i am trying to find a method ( one that can be programmed on a pc ) to convert the decimal part of a real number to a fraction represented by integers for the numerator and denominator. - defining kinds of numbers [ 03 / 21 / 1997 ] could you please define : perfect numbers, deficient numbers, square numbers, abundant numbers, amicable numbers, and triangular numbers? - definition of the signum function [ 05 / 31 / 2000 ] can you give me a simple definition of the signum function, and any practical examples of its usage? - diagram for math numbers [ 10 / 05 / 1997 ] my daughter is doing a tree diagram using terms related to math \" numbers. \" could you please explain in lay terms what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5310931473398861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.768444"} {"text": "of the signum function, and any practical examples of its usage? - diagram for math numbers [ 10 / 05 / 1997 ] my daughter is doing a tree diagram using terms related to math \" numbers. \" could you please explain in lay terms what surds are? - difference between zero and nothing [ 12 / 12 / 1996 ] what is the difference between zero and nothing? - divide by 0 undefined? [ 9 / 10 / 1996 ] when something is divided by 0, why is the answer undefined? - dividing by 9, 99, 999.... [ 9 / 7 / 1996 ] please explain why dividing x by n 9 ' s ( x / 99, for example ) yields a sequence of n repeating digits. - divisor counting [ 9 / 24 / 1995 ] a student asks a question about the math forum problem of the week. - erdos ' proof of bertrand ' s postulate [ 3 / 23 / 1997 ] i am looking for a proof of bertrand ' s postulate ( there exists a prime number between n and 2n ( n > 2 ) ), a. k. a. chebychev ' s theorem. - even + even = even [ 11 / 06 / 2001 ] prove that an even number + an even number = an even number. - fermat ' s last theorem - disproof? [ 05 / 09 / 1998 ] i would like to ask you whether there is any problem with the following disproof of fermat ' s last theorem... - fermat ' s last theorem : explanation [ 11 / 02 / 1997 ] please give me some information on fermat ' s last theorem. - finding and factoring large or mersenne primes [ 02 / 22 / 1998 ] how do you find extremely large primes ( mersenne primes ) and how do you tell if they are prime? what is the most efficient way of factoring - first ten perfect numbers [ 12 / 11 / 2001 ] i have to figure out at least 10 perfect numbers for my homework. - fraction / decimal conversion to other bases [ 08 / 12 / 1998 ] what are the rules for converting fractions to binary and octal and vice - frequency of primes [ 03 / 17 / 1997 ] is there a pattern to describe the frequency of prime numbers? - how can. 999999.... equal 1? [ 03 / 21 / 2001 ] if. 99999999.... goes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5858649941985843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.769488"} {"text": "see also the dr. math faq : browse high school sequences, series stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : strategies for finding sequences. - divergent infinite series [ 05 / 30 / 2003 ] i bought a book _ praise for the mathematical universe _, by william dunham, with a chapter on euler ' s infinite series. a proof he outlined that i could not follow is this... - dividing a circle using six lines [ 08 / 29 / 2001 ] what is the largest number of regions into which you can divide a circle using six lines? - does the series cos ( n ) / n ^ ( 3 / 4 ) converge or diverge? [ 11 / 10 / 2009 ] doctor jordan invokes the euler equation to bound a doozy of a series. - do i use n or n - 1 to find the nth term in a geometric sequence? [ 12 / 01 / 2009 ] a look at how the formula for the nth term in a geometric sequence, a * r ^ ( n - 1 ), sometimes needs to be a * r ^ n to fit the problem context. - doubling pennies [ 11 / 26 / 1996 ] if i start with a penny and double it daily for 30 days, how many pennies do i have at the end? - e as a series and a limit [ 03 / 30 / 1998 ] why does e = 1 + 1 / 2! + 1 / 3! + 1 / 4! +... and lim ( 1 + 1 / n ) ^ n, as n - - - equation of a sequence with constant third differences [ 05 / 26 / 1998 ] using the method of difference or the gregory - newton formula. - euler ' s summmation of 1 / n ^ 2 [ 03 / 15 / 2000 ] prove that pi ^ 2 / 6 = the summation of 1 / n ^ 2 from 1 to infinity. - evaluating indefinite sums [ 12 / 07 / 2003 ] how can i evaluate the sum of the terms 1 / ( 3n + 1 ) ( 4n + 2 ), where n ranges from - infinity to + infinity? - evaluating the series n ^ 2 / 2 ^ n a differential way [ 11 / 05 / 2010 ] a student knows that the series n ^ 2 / 2 ^ n converges as n goes from zero to infinity. doctor ali offers one approach for determining its sum, based on differentiating the geometric series and its closed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5336403706887823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.777983"} {"text": "[ 11 / 05 / 2010 ] a student knows that the series n ^ 2 / 2 ^ n converges as n goes from zero to infinity. doctor ali offers one approach for determining its sum, based on differentiating the geometric series and its closed form solution. - expansion of ( x + y ) ^ ( 1 / 2 ) [ 06 / 07 / 1999 ] is there a way to expand ( x + y ) ^ ( 1 / 2 )? if so, how is it derived? - expected tosses for consecutive heads with a fair coin [ 06 / 29 / 2004 ] what is the expected number of times a person must toss a fair coin to get 2 consecutive heads? - exponential generating function [ 05 / 06 / 2000 ] how can i prove that the exponential generating function of the series 1, 1 * 3, 1 * 3 * 5, 1 * 3 * 5 * 7,... is 1 / sqrt ( 1 - 2 * x )? - exponential series proof [ 05 / 05 / 2001 ] given e ^ x greater than or equal to 1 + x for all real values of x, and that ( 1 + 1 ) ( 1 + ( 1 / 2 ) ) ( 1 + ( 1 / 3 ) )... ( 1 + ( 1 / n ) ) = n + 1, prove that e ^ ( 1 + ( 1 / 2 ) + ( 1 / 3 ) +... + ( 1 / n ) ) is greater than n. also, find a value of n for which 1 = ( 1 / 2 ) + ( 1 / 3 ) +... + ( 1 / n ) is greater than 100. - factors and multiples - hamiltonian path [ 11 / 02 / 1998 ] we have to make a sequence of numbers, all different, each of which is a factor or a multiple of the one preceding it. - feeding chickens - arithmetical progression [ 7 / 6 / 1996 ] a farmer has 3000 hens. each week he sells 20... what is the total cost of feeding the hens...? - a fibonacci proof by induction [ 06 / 05 / 1998 ] let u _ 1, u _ 2,... be the fibonacci sequence. prove by induction... - fibonacci sequence - an example [ 05 / 12 / 1999 ] glass plates and reflections. - figurate and polygonal numbers [ 11 / 21 / 1998 ] i need to know everything about figura", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5299719038060042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.778838"} {"text": "prove by induction... - fibonacci sequence - an example [ 05 / 12 / 1999 ] glass plates and reflections. - figurate and polygonal numbers [ 11 / 21 / 1998 ] i need to know everything about figurate numbers. - finding a formula for a number pattern [ 09 / 30 / 2004 ] we are learning about sequences and how to find the patterns in numbers. our teacher gave us the sequence 0, 3, 8, 15, 24, 35 and told us that we had to use factoring to find the answer. i know the answer is ( n + 1 ) ( n - 1 ), but i can ' t see how to get that. - finding a function to generate a particular output [ 09 / 21 / 2004 ] dr. vogler presents several possible functions f ( n ) that will generate the output 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0... for n = 1 to infinity. - finding an explicit formula for a recursive series [ 05 / 17 / 2000 ] how far will a man end up from his home if he walks a mile west, then walks east one half that distance, then walks west half of the distance he has just walked, and so on? - finding a non - recursive formula [ 06 / 10 / 1999 ] how can i find a non - recursive formula for the recurrence relation s _ n = - [ s _ ( n - 1 ) ] - n ^ 2 with the initial condition s _ 0 = 3? - finding an unknown sequence [ 3 / 31 / 1996 ] i can ' t figure out where to start with this series and sequences question : 1 + 3x + 6 ( x ) ( x ) + 10 ( x ) ( x ) ( x ) + 15 ( x ) ( x ) ( x ) ( x ) +... - finding a series given the sum [ 09 / 27 / 1999 ] how can i find all series of consecutive integers whose sum is a given - finding a term of an arithmetic series [ 12 / 13 / 1995 ] the fifth term of an arithmetic series is 16 and the sum of the first 10 terms is 145. write the first three terms. - finding catalan numbers [ 12 / 15 / 1999 ] what are catalan numbers and what applications do we have for them? - finding common numbers in two sequences [ 09 / 21 / 2006 ] i ' m working with sequences that start with an initial value and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5123087778653579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.779764"} {"text": "finding catalan numbers [ 12 / 15 / 1999 ] what are catalan numbers and what applications do we have for them? - finding common numbers in two sequences [ 09 / 21 / 2006 ] i ' m working with sequences that start with an initial value and an initial amount to add to get the next term. the amount added then increases by 2 as you move from term to term. if i have two such sequences, is there a way to calculate what numbers they will have in common based on the two initial values and amounts to add? - finding number patterns [ 05 / 29 / 1999 ] i am trying to find the pattern of the numbers - finding rules for number patterns [ 06 / 05 / 2009 ] i ' m having trouble finding an algebraic expression that generates the pattern 3, 5, 8, 12, 17, 23, 30. can you help? - finding sums of sines and series [ 03 / 10 / 2004 ] i am trying to find the sum of sin1 + sin2 + sin3 +... + sin90. i ' m also trying to find the sum of 1 ^ n + 2 ^ n + 3 ^ n + 4 ^ n +... + n ^ n. can you help me? - finding the 1000th term in a sequence [ 1 / 19 / 1996 ] two kids on a car trip decide to count telephone poles. one kid counts normally, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5... 25, 26, 27... 31, 32, 33, etc. the other kid counts them a different way : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, - finding the digit of a decimal expansion [ 11 / 14 / 1998 ] what digit will appear in the 534th place after the decimal point in the decimal representation of 5 / 13? - finding the missing numbers in a sequence [ 11 / 30 / 1995 ] fill in the blanks for this series of numbers based on its underlying pattern : 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, ( ), 18, 20, ( ), 30, 32 - finding the next number in a sequence given its geometric mean... which is a square root [ 09 / 24 / 2009 ] a student who knows how to calculate geometric means gets rattled when trying to determine a sequence from its square root geometric mean. - finding the next number in a series [ 07 / 22 / 2002", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5005074702438244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.780780"} {"text": "which is a square root [ 09 / 24 / 2009 ] a student who knows how to calculate geometric means gets rattled when trying to determine a sequence from its square root geometric mean. - finding the next number in a series [ 07 / 22 / 2002 ] are there any formal or systematic methods for solving problems that ask you to find the next number in a series? - finding the rule for a given sequence [ 09 / 11 / 2008 ] if the first six terms of a sequence are - 4, 0, 6, 14, 24, 36, what is the rule? find the 20th and 200th terms. this answer discusses finite differences and other handy techniques for solving this sort of problem. - finding the sum of an infinite series [ 03 / 05 / 2006 ] find the sum of the series 1 + 1 / 2 + 1 / 3 + 1 / 4 + 1 / 6 + 1 / 8 + 1 / 9 + 1 / 12 +... which are the reciprocals of the positive integers whose only prime factors are 2 ' s and 3 ' s. - finding the sum of arithmetico - geometric series [ 09 / 13 / 2004 ] find the sum of the infinite series 1 / 7 + 4 / ( 7 ^ 2 ) + 9 / ( 7 ^ 3 ) + 16 / ( 7 ^ 4 ) +... i would also like to know if there is a general rule to find the sum of ( n ^ 2 / p ^ n ) for n = 1 to infinity. - finding the sum of arithmetic series [ 06 / 12 / 2006 ] find the sum of the arithmetic series 4 + 10 + 16 +... + 58.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49323530913150027, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.781393"} {"text": "a triangle is inscribed in a circle. the vertices of the triangle divide the circle into three arcs of lengths 3, 4, and 5. what is the area of the triangle? not sure how to start the problem... could i get some hints please? you must draw a diagram. inscribe a triangle in a circle. draw three radial segments, one from each vertex to the center, now you have three sub - triangles. the sum of their areas is the area you want. the radius of the circle is. how and why? the angle subtending the arc of length 5 measures. again how and why?. if are the length of two sides of a triangle and is the measure of the angle between then the area to that triangle is. i think i got it. it took me a while though.... i understand the radius is 6 / pi because 2pir = 12 r = 6 / pi. then i understood the angle subtending the arc of length 5 is 5pi / 6 because 2pi x 5 / 12 = 5pi / 6 arc of length 4 2pi x 4 / 12 = 2pi / 3 arc of length 3 2pi x 3 / 12 = pi / 2 i fully understand why 1 / 2absin ( theta ) gets the area therefore, 1 / 2 x 6 / pi x 6 / pi x sin 5pi / 6 + 1 / 2 x 6 / pi x 6 / pi x sin 2pi / 3 + 1 / 2 x 6 / pi x 6 / pi x sin pi / 2 = 9 / pi squared x ( 3 + root3 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46550252740498554, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.783498"} {"text": "precalc chapter project finding points of intersection hi! i am a student teacher and have the following project worked out : in this project the student will find the points of intersection of the circle and parabola given by x ^ 2 + y ^ 2 - 3x + 5y - 11 and y = x ^ 2 - 4x + 5 a. begin by writing the circle as the union of two functions. identify the functions that represent the top half and the bottom half of the circle. top half y =. 5 ( - 5 + sqrt ( 69 + 12x - 4x ^ 2 ) bottom half y =. 5 ( - 5 - sqrt ( 69 + 12x - 4x ^ 2 ) b. use a graphing utility to graph all thre functions in the same viewing window. use the intersect feature of the graphing utility to estimate the points of intersection. ( 1. 055, 1. 893 ), ( 2. 841, 1. 707 ) there are also four more questions they have to answer. my question is this, my coorporating teacher gives the students a hint to get them on thier way and i don ' t want to give them too much. this is a chapter project for an honors class and would appreciate any ideas for a subltle hint for the students. i told one student to look on page 8 of the text which had examples of problems dealing with equations of circles. do you think this enough of a hint or should i give them a little more? thank you for taking time to read this. i just want to get them in the right direction without giving them too much and making it easy for them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.495068027587617, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.785093"} {"text": "turkey populations around the united states began to level out. a tenant of wildlife management is that exponential population growth is eventually curbed by predators, disease, competition for food and changes in habitat. missouri \u2019 s turkey population had reached unimaginable levels, close to a million entering autumn, and flocks of hundreds of turkeys in winter were not uncommon. although turkey population growth flattened in the 1990s, hunting success peaked in 2004 with a record spring harvest of 60, 744. with 98 percent of these birds being males shot after the peak in breeding, this level of hunting had little or no effect on future long - term abundance. similarly, fall harvest had fallen over the years to a small fraction of the statewide population, translating to little or no effect on long - term abundance or the quality of the spring hunt. no webbed feet duck hunters are happy these days because waterfowl abundance is high. unfortunately, our resident ground - nesting birds, turkeys, quail, greater prairie - chickens, etc., suffer major reductions in chick production when weather from april to june is overly wet or cool. these conditions can lead to drowned nests and poults, hypothermia in poults and increased predation. for the past few years weather records have been broken in ways that are not conducive to producing turkey poults, including the easter freeze of 2007, record rainfall in 2008 and overly cool, wet springs when records were not being set. the result has been a decline in turkeys, measured by a drop in harvest of more than 10, 000, and an estimated drop in abundance of more than 100, 000. what is the next chapter of one of the greatest wildlife success stories? with all the history missouri \u2019 s turkeys, hunters and managers have been through \u2014 trapping, turkey boxes, radio telemetry tags, hunter surveys, check stations, telecheck, sophisticated turkey decoys, special opportunities for youth and people with disabilities and hunting seasons of all sorts \u2014 the future is most dependent on weather, something we have no control over. close at hand, the 2010 spring season will be challenging because poor poult production in 2007 and 2008 translates to fewer mature gobblers. on the bright side, jakes, from the 2009 hatch, will be relatively more abundant in southern missouri because torrential rains occurred mostly in northern missouri. we now have a population that declines or increases mainly in response to spring and summer weather conditions. a few consecutive years of drier, warmer springs is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4317339082101246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.790337"} {"text": "this procedure is done when a fetus suffers from severe anemia. anemia is a lack of red blood cells. a transfusion means giving the fetus red blood cells from a donor. there are two types of fetal blood transfusions : - intravascular transfusion ( ivt ) \u2014 done through the mother \u2019 s abdomen into the fetus \u2019 s umbilical cord - intraperitoneal transfusion ( ipt ) \u2014 done through the mother \u2019 s abdomen and uterus into the fetus \u2019 s abdomen ; usually only done if ivt is impossible to do because of the position of the fetus and the umbilical cord reasons for procedure a transfusion is needed when the fetus ' s blood count falls too low. severe anemia in a fetus can cause death. anemia can be caused by : - rh incompatibility \u2014 the mother and fetus have a different type of blood, and mother \u2019 s antibodies to fetal blood cells destroy fetal blood cells - parvovirus b19 infection \u2014 a viral infection in the mother - twin - to - twin transfusion syndrome \u2014 can occur in twin pregnancies where development is in one chorionic sac the goals of fetal blood transfusions are to : - prevent or treat fetal hydrops before delivery \u2014 hydrops is caused by severe anemia in the fetus, which develops into heart failure. this leads to fluid collecting in the skin, lungs, abdomen, or around the heart. - continue the pregnancy so the fetus can be born close to term problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. your doctor will review potential problems like : - need for cesarean section because of fetal distress after the procedure - premature rupture of membranes and / or premature labor - abdominal bruising or soreness - bleeding, cramping, or leaking fluid from vagina - injury to the fetus - giving too much blood - fetal bleeding - a rare condition in which the donor \u2019 s blood cells attack the fetus ' s blood cells what to expect prior to procedure the doctor may do tests to see if the fetus has severe anemia or fetal hydrops. the doctor may need to examine body fluids. this can be done with : your doctor may need pictures of your abdomen. this can be done with ultrasound. if the fetus has hydrops, the blood transfusion will be done right away. before the transfusion, you may be given : - pain medication - medication to help you relax local", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47181934157499594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.794624"} {"text": "pictures of your abdomen. this can be done with ultrasound. if the fetus has hydrops, the blood transfusion will be done right away. before the transfusion, you may be given : - pain medication - medication to help you relax local anesthesia numbs a small area of your abdomen. description of the procedure with ivt, the fetus will be paralyzed for a short time. this is to allow access to fetal blood vessels and to reduce injury to the fetus. during both ivt and ipt, the doctor will monitor the fetus with an ultrasound scan. the ultrasound will : - show the position of the fetus - guide the placement of the needle through the amniotic sac and into the vessel in the umbilical cord - record the fetal heart rate the doctor will insert a needle into your abdomen. using ultrasound, the doctor will make sure the needle is placed correctly. the needle will go through your abdomen and be inserted into the umbilical cord ( iut ) or into the fetal abdomen ( ipt ). blood will be transfused to the fetus. before the needle is removed, the doctor will take a final blood sample. this is to determine the fetus ' s blood level. the doctor will find out whether the transfusion was enough and when the next one should be. the transfusions may need to be repeated every 2 - 4 weeks until your doctor decides that it is safe to deliver the fetus. how long will it take? a 10 ml ivt transfusion will take 1 - 2 minutes. usually, between 30 - 200 ml is transfused during a single procedure. how much will it hurt? you will feel pain and cramping where the doctor inserts the needle. if you are close to delivering the fetus or if the procedure is long, the uterus can be sore. average hospital stay this procedure is done in a hospital setting. you will be able to go home after the transfusion. if complications occur, you may need to have a cesarean section. the doctor may give you : - antibiotics to prevent infection - medication to prevent contractions or labor be sure to follow your doctor \u2019 s instructions. after your baby has been delivered, the baby will need to have follow - up blood tests. the doctor will closely monitor the baby for : - liver damage - heart failure - respiratory failure - other complications if the baby is premature call your doctor call your doctor if any of the following occurs : - signs of infection, including fever or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42101346213351665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.795749"} {"text": "don ' t feel like exercise? scientists find compound that may help you work out harderjune 12th, 2012 in medical research / as science rushes to develop safe weight loss drugs, a new research report approaches this problem from an entirely new angle : what if there were a pill that would make you want to exercise harder? it may sound strange, but a new research report appearing online in the faseb journal suggests that it might be possible. that ' s because a team of swiss researchers found that when a hormone in the brain, erythropoietin ( epo ), was elevated in mice, they were more motivated to exercise. in addition, the form of erythropoietin used in these experiments did not elevate red blood cell counts. such a treatment has obvious benefits for a wide range of health problems ranging from alzheimer ' s to obesity, including mental health disorders for which increased physical activity is known to improve symptoms. \" here we show that epo increases the motivation to exercise, \" said max gassmann, d. v. m., a researcher involved in the work from the institute of veterinary physiology, vetsuisse - faculty and zurich center for integrative human physiology at the university of zurich in switzerland. \" most probably, epo has a general effect on a person ' s mood and might be used in patients suffering from depression and related diseases. \" to make this discovery, gassmann and colleagues used three types of mice : those that received no treatment, those that were injected with human epo, and those that were genetically modified to produce human epo in the brain. compared to the mice that did not have any increase in epo, both mouse groups harboring human epo in the brain showed significantly higher running performance without increases in red blood cells. \" if you can ' t put exercise in a pill, then maybe you can put the motivation to exercise in a pill instead, \" said gerald weissmann, m. d., editor - in - chief of the faseb journal. \" as more and more people become overweight and obese, we must attack the problem from all angles. maybe the day will come when gyms are as easily found as fast food restaurants. \" more information : beat schuler, johannes vogel, beat grenacher, robert a. jacobs, margarete arras, and max gassmann. acute and chronic elevation of erythropoietin in the brain improves exercise performance in mice without inducing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5010729837567541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.798362"} {"text": "the british journal of sports medicine in 2010 released an interesting research about the dangers of sitting which can increase the risk of death. now the research is reinforced in the american journal of epidemiology june 2011. experts concluded that sitting for long periods or at least 6 hours a day is enough to make someone die young. \u201c male 18 percent as for women 37 percent, \u201d that is the estimated percentage risk of death written in the huffington post. this trend applies when the activity is performed routinely for 13 years. this study is assessed to be accurate because it is done on 123 thousand people over a period of 14 years. the researchers observed the sitting pattern of a person in a span of 3 hours and 6 hours. the result showed that people who sit 6 hours or more are most at risk of dying. someone who tends to sit long are attacked by various diseases such as diabetes, depression, and obesity. where a person sits does not matter, whether it is in the office, school, car, or in front of a computer or television. the point is that sitting six hours or more could be harmful to health. so how do we overcome the problem of sitting which has become a habit of modern humans? the american cancer society researchers urged people not to worry. potential deaths from sitting can be resisted with a healthy lifestyle. for example by performing routine exercise at least 30 minutes for 5 days a week. tagged with : sitting, sitting for long periods, sitting too long, sitting too long death, too much sitting, too much sitting death,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4375371611614264, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.799851"} {"text": "continuous positive airway pressure ( cpap ) is pressure that is delivered into your airways by a machine. reasons for the use of cpap cpap is used to keep the airway open and allows air to more easily move in and out of your lungs. it is used most often to manageobstructive sleep apnea. obstructive sleep apnea is a period of time during sleep with breathing is blocked. this can happen several times each night. cpap is considered to be the most effective treatment for sleep apnea which may help to : - decrease daytime sleepiness - decrease high blood pressure - decrease heartburn symptoms - improve quality of life cpap may also be used in preterm infants. under developed lungs can be a common problem in preterm infants. cpap can help support the infant ' s lungs until they can develop fully. it may prevent or decrease the need for more invasive treatments or medications. this article is focused on cpap for sleep apnea. most patients who use cpap report at least one side effect. the first night using a cpap machine can be difficult. you may even sleep worse at first. it is important to prepare for this adjustment. talk with your doctor about steps you can take to minimize any discomfort. cpap is considered very safe. talk to your doctor about potential complications, such as : what to expect prior to getting a cpap machine your doctor may request that you : - have a complete physical exam. - have a stay in a sleep lab to determine the correct amount of airway pressure for you. - see a pulmonologist or an ear, nose, and throat specialist. - quit smoking - lose weight. - start a regular exercise program. description of machine use following your stay in a sleep lab, you will be prescribed a cpap machine. the cpap machine includes a pump and a face mask. the pump sits off the bed and has a tube that goes to the face mask. the face mask will be tightly secured to your head so that air will not leak out. the pump will force air through your airway to help keep it open. you will need to wear the face mask to bed every night. how long will it take? the machine will be used for as long as it is needed. will it hurt? some have reported chest muscle discomfort. talk with your doctor about the best way for you to relieve any discomfort. average hospital stay cpap machines will be used at home. stopping use of the cpap will most likely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48503539639010673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.804683"} {"text": "for the last year or so, business managers have been pounded with the rallying cry to protect their data and controls from possible cyber crime. now, several information technology experts are asking the question : has the threat of cyberterrorism been overstated? at the recent cebit show, a panel of it experts concluded that it has. the general consensus was that a bomb would strike more terror into a people or country than a temporary shutdown of the internet. the internet is great for communication, and terrorists are probably using it for such purposes. but the idea that a shutdown of the internet would frighten people, in the u. s. for example, into widespread panic has less credibility, said the experts. according to the panel, which included executives from software security vendors and representatives from nato, most critical systems don \u2019 t run on the internet. they run on secure networks, making it far less likely that terrorist hackers would get in. ( if you \u2019 re like most businesses, you too have an independent site that accesses the internet, but doesn \u2019 t completely and solely rely on it. ) one reason for all the focus on the possibility of cyberterrorism, claimed those experts, is that the u. s. government wanted a broader front to use in its attack on terrorism. companies and others willingly jumped on that bandwagon, touting the benefits of making sure your controls and systems are secure and safe. this is not to say that cyber attacks won \u2019 t happen. recent news reports show that communication and computer attacks are happening. for example, al - jazeera, the arab satellite television network, experienced denial of service attacks shortly after it showed u. s. solders held as pows by iraq, and for a few weeks afterward. the attacks pretty much shut down the network during the last few weeks of this past march. in another high - profile example, the web site for 10 downing street also experienced problems ; it was hacked by antiwar protesters. while the risk of a catastrophic cyber terrorist attack may be more realistically viewed as low, that doesn \u2019 t mean we shouldn \u2019 t protect our controls and systems. after all, the threat of viruses and worms continues. according to a survey conducted by icsa labs, a division of trusecure corp., the number of virus attacks is down, but the ones that occur are more virulent. the survey analyzed incidents reported on more than 900, 000 desktop computers, servers and gateways. based on the analysis, for every", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4931876669308728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.809740"} {"text": "##usecure corp., the number of virus attacks is down, but the ones that occur are more virulent. the survey analyzed incidents reported on more than 900, 000 desktop computers, servers and gateways. based on the analysis, for every 1, 000 machines operating, there are about 113 virus attacks a month. that number is not an indication that the problem is going away. the icsa labs noted that it takes about 23 staff days to clean up systems after an attack, at an average cost of about $ 81, 000. the next areas you may want to secure and protect are your domain name and dot - com servers. and experts are thinking that the next attacks from hackers will involve forgery and identity theft more than denial of service or viruses. therefore, while we will probably not face many of the more exaggerated scenarios of business catastrophe due to cyber crime, there are worthwhile reasons to protect your controls and systems. the good news is that you have some breathing space. make sure your firewalls are properly configured and that you routinely install patches and fixes as software vendors announce them, that will go a long way toward preventing a cyber attack. as budgets permit, you can install more rugged and secure solutions. but there is more good news on the cyber crime front. colleges and universities are finally taking steps to teach future programmers how to write secure code and detect hacking. microsoft corporation is helping with this endeavor. the company is working with a number of universities to develop programming curriculua that teach students the skills necessary to handle these issues. in some of the courses, students will be asked to hack into code, ( which in a slightly warped way could mean that we are training future hackers ). nonetheless, it \u2019 s a good idea to train programmers in how to deal with these problems. by the way, these university programs will cover a range of software code, not just microsoft code. on the whole, industry \u2019 s efforts to fight cyber crime make good news. leslie langnau, senior technical editor email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4951970658468039, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.810651"} {"text": "in the european union, unemployment rates in the region that uses the euro currency are at their highest ever, as a returned recession, falling income levels and persistent debt concerns trouble the region ' s economy, as its latest statistics show. after nearly five years of economic crises, the european union is also seeing more divergence between its member nations, particularly in the north, where economies have resilience, as opposed to the south, where unemployment rates are an average of more than 7 points higher. from brussels, teri schultz filed this report for our newscast desk : \" more europeans are out of work now in the eurozone \u2014 almost 11. 8 percent \u2014 than in the entire two - decade history of the common currency. \" \" employment and social affairs commissioner lazlo andor says joblessness plus cutbacks in governments ' social spending mean poverty is on the rise. \" \" ' after a few years of persistent crisis, most national welfare systems have lost much of their ability to protect household incomes against the effects of the crisis, ' \" he says. \" andor says the economic divide is growing between eu nations north and south. spain has the highest unemployment, at 26. 6 percent of the working - age population. austria has the lowest, at 4. 5 percent. andor says he hopes this year ' s a turning point. \" that ' s quite a downward turn from early 2008, when the eurozone ' s unemployment rate hovered around 7. 2 percent. the most recent statistics reflect the situation in november of 2012. in its coverage of the eu report, the german newspaper die welt used a headline that stated bluntly ( and roughly translated here ), \" the social structure in europe is breaking apart. \" here ' s some analysis from bbc economics correspondent andrew walker : \" the biggest rises, in percentage terms, were in countries at the centre of the eurozone financial crisis - greece, spain, cyprus and portugal. one striking exception to that pattern was the republic of ireland where unemployment fell. \" the general trend however remains upwards and it makes it even harder for the governments concerned to collect the taxes they need to stabilise their debts. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39868329267911906, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.813044"} {"text": "what is more than a score? it \u2019 s not about the test. it \u2019 s about kids. it \u2019 s about connecting with our students so they get the education they deserve. a world - class education \u2026 for every single student \u2026 in every single school \u2026 that means we have to do more than we ever have before. it \u2019 s not enough to have the best schools in kentucky or the nation. we are preparing students to excel in a global society. a profound gap exists between what most u. s. students learn in school and the knowledge and skills they need for success in their communities and workplaces. kentucky was the first state to adopt new, more rigorous, national content standards designed to ensure college and career success for all graduates. to track our progress, students took more challenging state tests last spring. the new proficiency targets are harder for kids to meet. school benchmarks are more stringent. at first, scores may be lower than we \u2019 ve seen before. this site provides information about the new standards, new tests, and new scores. most importantly, this site provides information about what we \u2019 re doing to prepare kids to enter careers that do not yet exist, using technology that has not yet been invented to solve problems that haven \u2019 t even become problems yet. because our children are more than a score. they \u2019 re the future.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46534223578484896, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.814474"} {"text": "delegates ( c # programming guide ) a delegate is a type that defines a method signature. when you instantiate a delegate, you can associate its instance with any method with a compatible signature. you can invoke ( or call ) the method through the delegate instance. delegates are used to pass methods as arguments to other methods. event handlers are nothing more than methods that are invoked through delegates. you create a custom method, and a class such as a windows control can call your method when a certain event occurs. the following example shows a delegate declaration : any method from any accessible class or struct that matches the delegate ' s signature, which consists of the return type and parameters, can be assigned to the delegate. the method can be either static or an instance method. this makes it possible to programmatically change method calls, and also plug new code into existing classes. as long as you know the signature of the delegate, you can assign your own method. in the context of method overloading, the signature of a method does not include the return value. but in the context of delegates, the signature does include the return value. in other words, a method must have the same return value as the delegate. this ability to refer to a method as a parameter makes delegates ideal for defining callback methods. for example, a reference to a method that compares two objects could be passed as an argument to a sort algorithm. because the comparison code is in a separate procedure, the sort algorithm can be written in a more general way. delegates have the following properties : delegates are like c + + function pointers but are type safe. delegates allow methods to be passed as parameters. delegates can be used to define callback methods. delegates can be chained together ; for example, multiple methods can be called on a single event. methods do not have to match the delegate signature exactly. for more information, see using variance in delegates ( c # and visual basic ). c # version 2. 0 introduced the concept of anonymous methods, which allow code blocks to be passed as parameters in place of a separately defined method. c # 3. 0 introduced lambda expressions as a more concise way of writing inline code blocks. both anonymous methods and lambda expressions ( in certain contexts ) are compiled to delegate types. together, these features are now known as anonymous functions. for more information about lambda expressions, see anonymous functions ( c # programming guide ). for more information, see the c # language specification. the language specification is the definitive source for c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5318508354398468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.817428"} {"text": "most applications written today handle character data primarily as unicode, using the utf - 16 encoding. however, many legacy applications continue to use character sets based on code pages. even new applications sometimes have to work with code pages, often for one of the following reasons : - to communicate with legacy applications. - to communicate with older mail and news servers, which might not always support unicode. - to communicate with the windows console, which does not support unicode. note new windows applications should use unicode to avoid the inconsistencies of varied code pages and for ease of localization. each code page is represented by a code page identifier, for example, 1252, and is handled by the unicode and character set api functions. for a list of supported code page identifiers, see code page identifiers. the \" code pages \" reference on the microsoft go global developer center gives full descriptions of many code pages. windows code pages, commonly called \" ansi code pages \", are code pages for which non - ascii values ( values greater than 127 ) represent international characters. these code pages are used natively in windows me, and are also available on windows nt and later. note originally, windows code page 1252, the code page commonly used for english and other western european languages, was based on an american national standards institute ( ansi ) draft. that draft eventually became iso 8859 - 1, but windows code page 1252 was implemented before the standard became final, and is not exactly the same as iso 8859 - 1. many windows api functions have \" a \" ( ansi ) and \" w \" ( wide, unicode ) versions. the \" a \" version handles text based on windows code pages, while the \" w \" version handles unicode text. see windows data types for strings and conventions for function prototypes. windows code pages are also sometimes referred to as \" active code pages \" or \" system active code pages \". a windows operating system always has one currently active windows code page. all ansi versions of api functions use the currently active code page. original equipment manufacturer ( oem ) code pages are code pages for which non - ascii values represent line drawing and punctuation characters. these code pages were originally used for ms - dos and are still used for console applications. they are also used for the non - extended file names in the fat12, fat16, and fat32 file systems, as described in character sets used in file names. the usual oem code page for english is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49652980217942366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.824179"} {"text": "still used for console applications. they are also used for the non - extended file names in the fat12, fat16, and fat32 file systems, as described in character sets used in file names. the usual oem code page for english is code page 437. for both windows code pages and oem code pages, the code values 0x00 through 0x7f correspond to the 7 - bit ascii character set. code values 0x00 through 0x19 and 0x7f always represent standardized control characters and 0x20 through 0x7e represent standardized displayable characters. characters represented by the remaining codes, 0x80 through 0xff, vary among character sets. each character set includes different special characters, typically customized for a language or group of languages. windows code page 1252 and oem code page 437 are generally used in the united states. in addition to windows and oem code pages, your applications can use non - native code pages. examples are ebcdic and macintosh code pages. two encodings of unicode ( utf - 7 and utf - 8 ) are implemented as code pages. like other code pages, each page is known by a numeric identifier and can be handled with many of the same unicode and character set api functions. code pages can be either single - byte character set ( sbcs ) pages or double - byte character set ( dbcs ) pages. in sbcs pages, each byte directly encodes a single character, so that it is possible to represent exactly 256 distinct characters ( including control characters, letters, digits, punctuation, symbols, and the like ). dbcs code pages are used for languages such as japanese and chinese. in such a code page, some characters have two - byte encodings with certain byte values ( always values greater than 127 ) serving as \" lead bytes \". instead of encoding characters in their own right, lead bytes can be mapped to a character only in conjunction with a \" trail byte \". some legacy protocols require the use of sbcs and dbcs code pages. each sbcs / dbcs code page supports different characters, but no code page supports the full breadth of characters provided by unicode. each sbcs / dbcs code page supports a different subset, differently encoded. note data converted from one sbcs or dbcs code page to another is subject to corruption, because the same data value on different code pages can encode a different character. data converted from unicode to sbcs or dbcs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5068724379871433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.825119"} {"text": "subset, differently encoded. note data converted from one sbcs or dbcs code page to another is subject to corruption, because the same data value on different code pages can encode a different character. data converted from unicode to sbcs or dbcs is subject to data loss, because a given code page might not be able to represent every character used in that particular unicode data. in addition to sbcs and dbcs code pages, your applications have available the multibyte character set code pages 52936, 54936, 51949, and 5022x, which use an approach similar to that for a dbcs. a multibyte character set code page goes beyond two - byte encodings of some characters, however. utf - 7 and utf - 8 use a similar approach to encode unicode based on a 7 - bit and 8 - bit bytes, respectively. for more information, see unicode. several unicode and character set functions allow your applications to handle code pages. an application can use the getcpinfo and getcpinfoex functions to obtain information about a code page. this information includes the default character used when a character in a converted string has no corresponding entry in the code page. an application can use the multibytetowidechar and widechartomultibyte functions to convert between strings based on windows code pages and unicode strings. although their names refer to \" multibyte \", these functions work equally well with sbcs, dbcs, and multibyte character set code pages. note widechartomultibyte can lose some data if the supplied code page cannot represent all characters in a unicode string. your application can convert between windows code pages and oem code pages using the standard c runtime library functions. however, use of these functions presents a risk of data loss because the characters that can be represented by each code page do not match exactly. your applications can also call the getacp function. this function retrieves the identifier of the current windows ( ansi ) code page. build date : 11 / 21 / 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5269115189024689, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.825878"} {"text": "the archaeology of ocmulgee old fields, macon, georgia publication year : 2005 a dan josselyn memorial publication a 17th - century trading post and indian town in central georgia reveal evidence of culture contact and change. ocmulgee old fields near macon, georgia, is the site of a lower creek village and associated english trading house dating from the late 17th and early 18th centuries. it was excavated in the early 1930s as part of a wpa project directed by a. r. kelly, which focused primarily on the major mississippian temple mounds of macon plateau. the specific data for the old fields was not analyzed until nearly 30 years after the excavation. part of the significance of this site lies in its secure identification with a known group of people and the linkage of those people with recognizable archaeological remains. the old fields site was among the very first for which this kind of identification was possible and stands at the head of a continuing tradition of historic sites archaeology in the southeast. carol i. mason ' s classic study of the ocmulgee old fields site has been a model for contact - period indian archaeology since the 1960s. the report includes a discussion of the historic setting and an analysis of the archaeological materials with an identification of the lower creek town and possibly of the english trader who lived there. now, for the first time, the original report is widely available in book form. with a new foreword by the author and a new introduction from southeastern archaeology expert marvin t. smith, readers have the benefit of a contemporary view of this very fine piece of careful scholarship. carol i. mason is adjunct professor of archaeology at lawrence university in appleton, wisconsin, and author of wisconsin indians : prehistory to statehood. marvin t. smith is professor of anthropology at valdosta state university and author of coosa : the rise and fall of a southeastern mississippian chiefdom. \" this volume is valuable as a landmark in southeastern research. it is somewhat outdated in its archaeological comparisons, but it is an excellent source for site findings and historical documentation.... the book provides greater insight into more current documents on the topic of these early relationships between the old and new worlds in the southeast. it is a starting point from which to move forward and is valuable as a catalyst for future research. \" \u2014 southeastern archaeology \" mason ' s work presents the analysis and interpretation of a large body of material excavated by works progress administration archaeologists during the 1930s and, in this case, continued into the 1940s. large - scale projects, undertaken by field crews numbering in the hundreds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48015284507322054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.832878"} {"text": "archaeology \" mason ' s work presents the analysis and interpretation of a large body of material excavated by works progress administration archaeologists during the 1930s and, in this case, continued into the 1940s. large - scale projects, undertaken by field crews numbering in the hundreds of workers, amassed quantities of artifactual material and supporting documentation. in many instances, substantial amounts of material remain unanalyzed and unreported to this day.... the ocmulgee old fields site with its mix of indigenous and european people, local material culture and trade goods, and varied functions represents an opportunity to study the lower creeks between 1670 and 1717.... i recommend ( this volume ) to all colleagues laboring to understand the early historic peiod in the southeast. \" \u2014 the florida anthropologist \" a masterful blend of meticulous archaeological analysis and wide - ranging historical research... with extraordinary style and wisdom. \" \u2014 journal of field archaeology published by : the university of alabama press download pdf ( 29. 8 kb ) list of plates, tables, and figures download pdf ( 50. 3 kb ) foreword by marvin t. smith download pdf ( 186. 0 kb ) when i was asked to write the introduction to carol mason \u2019 s \u201c the archaeology of ocmulgee old fields, macon, georgia, \u201d i jumped at the chance. in my opinion, this volume is one of the most outstanding works to come out of the 1960s. in many ways, it was way ahead of contemporary archaeological studies of contact period archaeological sites, and it still provides... download pdf ( 42. 9 kb ) ocmulgee old fields near macon, georgia, is part of the multi - component, major mississippian site of macon plateau. this great temple mound siteearly attracted archaeological attention, and the lower creek village and associated english trading house were but small parts of the large - scale excavations that took place there as part of public works following the great... original 1963 preface download pdf ( 59. 0 kb ) during the years immediately following the depression of 1929, a numberof large archaeological sites were excavated with labor provided by government agencies. some of these sites have yet to be written up and their datamade generally available ; others have provided much of the backbone for archaeological interpretation in the southeastern united states. the present... download pdf ( 82. 4 kb ) in recent years, research in the early colonial history of the eastern united states has been receiving information from purely archaeological sources. excavations at jamestown ( cotter 1958 ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.50819715027106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.833881"} {"text": "southeastern united states. the present... download pdf ( 82. 4 kb ) in recent years, research in the early colonial history of the eastern united states has been receiving information from purely archaeological sources. excavations at jamestown ( cotter 1958 ), williamsburg ( hume1958 ), hopewell iron furnace ( mason 1958 ), and other early white settlements are contributing significantly to a more realistic and detailed picture... 1. the historical setting download pdf ( 398. 1 kb ) the brief thirty - year interval during which the creek indians and the carolinian trading house shared the site at macon is but one short scene in a long and complex series of events that moved inevitably toward the eventual displacement of the indians. the principal actors in this scene were the carolinian settlers and traders, whose dreams for commercial empire and... part i. archaeological evidence 2. excavations at ocmulgee download pdf ( 143. 1 kb ) the trading house and the creek town site at ocmulgee national monument in macon, georgia, are geographically part of the macon plateau, one of the most familiar and most excavated mississippian sites in the southeastern united states ( kelly 1938 ; fairbanks 1956a ). directly on the fall line, this large site overlooks the ocmulgee river and the low plain that... 3. the trading house download pdf ( 347. 2 kb ) it has been common knowledge in the macon area for many years that the ocmulgee national monument mound group was once an indian town during the earliest days of white penetration into the southeast. for many years, it has been customarily called the \u201c old fields, \u201d a designation used by many white settlers as well as by the indians to refer to a once - occupied... 4. the lower creek town site download pdf ( 696. 3 kb ) the lower creek town that supplied the trading house with skins was one of eleven indian towns settled on or near ochese creek after 1690. the land that was chosen for this particular village after its removal from the chattahoochee river was already an \u201c old fields \u201d when the lower creeksarrived there ; and in their legends, at least, they believed it to be the site of... download pdf ( 870. 2 kb ) because the macon plateau is a multi - component site with no really air - tight stratigraphic separation of cultures, it is often totally impossible to determine whether a given artifact belongs to the lower creek occupationor not. only in the cases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4785424630005215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.835378"} {"text": "kb ) because the macon plateau is a multi - component site with no really air - tight stratigraphic separation of cultures, it is often totally impossible to determine whether a given artifact belongs to the lower creek occupationor not. only in the cases of pottery, a few other aboriginal tools and ornaments, and, of course, the articles brought into the town by trade can... part ii. archaeological and historical implications 6. identification of the creek town download pdf ( 205. 6 kb ) there are two lines of evidence bearing on the identification of the specific lower creek town that occupied the macon site during the tenure of the lower creeks on the ocmulgee river. the first of these indicates that the town was hitchiti town, the head ( and probably mother ) town o fa number of hitchiti - speaking settlements. in later years, at least, this group... 7. the lower creeks and their neighbors download pdf ( 360. 9 kb ) for a number of years, attempts have been made to reconcile the succession of archaeological cultures in georgia and alabama, particularly as it is expressed in ceramic traditions, with the various modern indian groups that lived in those two states at the time of european contact. the two main, and also conflicting, points of view on this matter involve the... 8. the origins of lower creek ceramics download pdf ( 343. 4 kb ) combining historic information on the lower creeks with data from the areas of their supposed prehistoric residence is anything but a simple exercise in archaeological correlation. tracing the roots of lower creek ceramics into the prehistoric past has always foundered on the total lack of demonstrably precontact sites bearing pottery recognizable as lower creek... download pdf ( 80. 4 kb ) the lower creek town and carolinian trading house at ocmulgee national monument are together representative of an important juncture both in english colonial history and in creek archaeology. the establishment of charles town and the first attempts at english colonization in carolina stood for a while on a precarious footing. the spread of the indian... appendix i. catalogue numbers of illustrated artifacts download pdf ( 48. 5 kb ) appendix ii. pottery types download pdf ( 71. 9 kb ) download pdf ( 160. 8 kb ) download pdf ( 109. 9 kb ) page count : 241 publication year : 2005", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4752590513514643, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.836383"} {"text": "june 28, 1831 kittsee, austria ( hungary ) august 15, 1907 in berlin, germany also known as : joseph joachim was a composer, conductor, teacher and virtuoso violinist of the romantic period especially known for his skillful interpretation of the works of bach, beethoven and mozart. as a child, joachim studied in budapest under the guidance of s. serwaczynski. he had his first concert at age 7 in budapest. at age 9, he studied with hellmesberger and boehm in vienna. at age 12, he travelled to leipzig where he continued his studies, most notably under mendelssohn. in 1844, joachim went to london under the sponsorship of medelssohn. from 1849 to 1854, he led the orchestra in weimar and from 1854 to 1864, he was leading the orchestra in hannover. in his late 30s he became director and a well - respected teacher at berlin ' s hochschule fur ausubende tonkunst. he founded the joachim quartet in 1869 which became a leading quartet in europe especially known for their performance of beethoven ' s works. he wrote pieces for the violin and piano, violin and orchestra as well as songs. however, much of his works didn ' t survive. his notable compositions include \" hungarian concerto in d minor \" and \" hebraeische melodien. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44107525410299675, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.839369"} {"text": "rotator cuff tendonitis fundamentals the rotator cuff is a group of four tendons that covers the humeral head and controls arm rotation and elevation. these muscles and their tendons work together with the deltoid muscle to provide motion and strength to the shoulder for all waist - level and shoulder - level or above activities. rotator cuff tendonitis is an inflammation of a group of muscles in the shoulder together with an inflammation of the lubrication mechanism called the bursa. in fact, \u2018 bursitis \u2019 should not be considered a diagnosis but rather a symptom of rotator cuff tendonitis. this condition is often caused by or associated with repetitive overhead activities such as throwing, raking, washing cars or windows and many other types of highly repetitive motions. it may also occur as a result of an injury. rotator cuff injuries are the most common cause of shoulder pain and limitation of activities in sports in all age groups. rotator cuff tendonitis is the mildest form of rotator cuff injury. the shoulder has a unique arrangement of muscle and bone. the rotator cuff ( which is muscle ) is sandwiched between two bones much like a sock lies between the heel and the edge of a shoe. in the same way that repeated walking eventually wears out the sock, the rotator cuff muscles fray with repeated rubbing on the bone. as the muscle begins to fray, it responds to the injury by becoming inflamed and painful. with continued fraying, like a rope, it may eventually tear. what are the symptoms? the classic symptoms include a \u2018 toothache \u2019 like pain radiating from the outer arm to several inches below the top of the shoulder. pain may also occur in the front and top of the shoulder. it may interfere with sleeping comfortably. it may even awaken people from a sound sleep with a nagging pain in the upper arm. the symptoms are usually aggravated by raising the arms overhead or in activities that require reaching behind the body, such as retrieving an object from the back seat of a car. furthermore, reaching behind the back to fasten underclothing or to pass a belt may aggravate the arm and shoulder pain. a clicking in the shoulder may occur when raising the arm above the head. what are my treatment options? a thorough history and physical exam will nearly always lead to a correct diagnosis. x - rays will often show changes on the arm bone where the rotator cuff muscles attach, but an mri provides the definitive diagnosis. this test clearly shows", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4521749337420406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.850793"} {"text": "my treatment options? a thorough history and physical exam will nearly always lead to a correct diagnosis. x - rays will often show changes on the arm bone where the rotator cuff muscles attach, but an mri provides the definitive diagnosis. this test clearly shows the muscles and indicates if the muscle is inflamed, injured or torn. the following steps should be taken as a conservative approach to treating rotator cuff tendonitis : - stop or markedly decrease the activity that required the use of the shoulder at or above shoulder level. - apply ice to the affected area. - take anti - inflammatory medication to reduce arm and shoulder pain. - begin an exercise program to maintain flexibility. - avoid carrying heavy objects with the affected arm or using shoulder - strap bags on the affected side. in the early phases, over - the - counter anti - inflammatory medications may provide benefit. however, to allow the inflammation to resolve, it is vital to curtail any repetitive activity and it is equally important to try to keep the elbow below the shoulder level when using the arm. daily stretching while in a hot shower is also beneficial. if shoulder pain becomes more severe, prescription strength medication or a cortisone type injection may help. cortisone injections can be very effective in the treatment of the pain. when used, injections should be done in conjunction with a home exercise program for flexibility and strengthening, modification of activities and ice. other pain controlling options include heat, ice, ultrasound and therapeutic massage. for a young patient under the age of 30 and with a first time episode of rotator cuff tendonitis that is treated immediately with the above protocol, the average length of time for rehabilitation is two to four weeks. for those with recurrent episodes of tendonitis and some risk factors, rotator cuff tendonitis may take months to heal and in rare cases may require surgery. if symptoms persist, surgery to remove a spur on the acromion can increase the space available for the inflamed tendon and may prevent further fraying or complete rupture. if an mri shows a complete muscle injury, surgical repair may be required. surgery for recurrent rotator cuff tendonitis ( bursitis ) is occasionally performed to : - remove a prominence or spur on the undersurface of the acromion. - remove chronically inflamed, thickened and fibrotic bursal tissue. - inspect the tendons and tidy up and sometimes repair a tear in the tendons. these procedures are often", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4066590685204857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.852553"} {"text": "surgery? the time for complete recovery is variable and can range from two to four weeks for a first - time mild episode treated properly to several weeks or months for chronic or recurrent cases or in people with more extensive surgery. in most case, a sport specific program can begin four to six weeks after surgery, with a return to competition six to twelve weeks after surgery. this will need to be customized to your situation. your doctor will tell you what is appropriate for your condition. what is the rehab after surgery? although there is no one set protocol for rehabilitation for rotator cuff tendonitis several principles should be followed : - regain all passive range of motion first. - begin strengthening the rotator cuff with the arm by the side. - add deltoid and shoulder level strengthening when the shoulder is less painful. - be sure to strengthen the muscles that control the shoulder blade to regain normal smooth shoulder blade motion and strength when the arm is fully elevated overhead. the level of strengthening is dependent upon the individual needs of the person and the physical demands that he or she intends to place on the shoulder as well as the progress made in the initial program. before returning to sports, a sport - specific component to the rehabilitation program should be started that includes an initial return to a non - competitive level of sport participation. in the sport - specific rehabilitation, the athlete performs the activity for 25 - 50 percent effort ( duration, frequency and intensity ). if the athlete performs well at this level without pain over a few days then the activity can be increased over the next few days in intensity, frequency and duration. how can i manage at home during recovery from the procedure? most patients become independent in personal tasks within days of the procedure. it is often helpful if a family member assists the patient, especially with stretching exercises. how frequently should i schedule follow up appointments with my doctor following surgery? your physician will instruct you regarding the timing of your follow - up appointments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3739388949903215, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.855785"} {"text": "| n a n d r a caring for yours diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. the cause of diabetes continues to be a mystery, although both genetics and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to there are 20. 8 million children and adults in the united states, or 7 % of the population, who have diabetes. while an estimated 14. 6 million have been diagnosed with diabetes, unfortunately, 6. 2 million people ( or nearly one - third ) are unaware that they have the disease. for more information on this topic, please go to : american diabetes association heart attack and stroke coronary heart disease is america ' s no. 1 killer. stroke is no. 3 and a leading cause of serious disability. that ' s why it ' s so important to reduce your risk factors, know the warning signs, and know how to respond quickly and properly if warning signs occur. for more information on this topic, please go to : american heart association cholesterol eighty - percent of the cholesterol in your body is produced in your liver, and the remainder comes from foods like meats, eggs and dairy products. saturated fats and transfats can raise the cholesterol level also. understanding the different forms of cholesterol can help you make the right nutritional and treatment decisions to maintain a healthy heart. for more information on this topic, please go to : web md asthma is a chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes ( airways ) that causes swelling and narrowing ( constriction ) of the airways. the result is difficulty breathing. the bronchial narrowing is usually either totally or at least partially reversible with treatments. human growth hormone ( hgh ) \" human growth hormone does something no other weight loss regimen does - it recontours the body, melting away fat and building muscle. in many cases, people look like they ' ve shed years, along with the fat. \" \" thousands of people around the world are experiencing the multiple fitness and life - enhancing benefits of hgh replacement. they all feel that they have turned back the clock and regained their youthful fitness, mind starting at age 20, hgh levels begin to decline about 14 % each decade so that by the time we are 65, half of us have little or no human growthhormone. the decline of hgh is accompanied by many of the miseries we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49737870501334125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.859186"} {"text": "this week, christians begin a new liturgical year and enter into the rich and ancient four - week season of advent. for most american christians, advent passes virtually unnoticed, as the celebration of \" christmas \" as a secular and intensely commercial feast begins the day after thanksgiving. yet the time of advent offers us an opportunity to dive deeply into a counter - cultural time of quiet reflection, a space of hopeful and patient waiting and discernment about how god ' s incarnation has meaning and is at work in our world today. before the middle of the fourth century, there were no liturgical seasons, such as advent or lent, or any idea of a \" liturgical year, \" something many christians take for granted today. the great paschal easter feast was the central focus of the christian year, along with the sunday gatherings, considered \" little easters. \" advent is first noted around the year 350, about the same time christmas is first mentioned as being celebrated. the date of christmas might well have been placed near the winter solstice as a replacement to the pagan solstice celebrations of the roman empire. the liturgical year, with its broad seasons of advent - christmastide and lent - eastertide, evolved within this world of the roman empire - - a northern hemispheric world. people living in the empire identified and adapted parallels between the natural world they inhabited and the words, music and images of their sacred time in worship. as the daylight dwindled, they yearned and leaned toward the return of light. and as they saw god ' s hand in the rhythm of the seasonal changes, they believed and proclaimed that the birth of jesus, \" the light of the world, \" would herald that longed - for return of light that presaged god ' s reign of peace and harmony ( isaiah 2 : 1 - 5, from advent 1 in the \" a \" cycle ). first sunday of advent as in the other yearly liturgical cycles, the readings of this advent season reflect a movement through the four weeks from an apocalyptic and cosmic in - breaking of god in the first sundays to the more intimate stories, including mary as a central figure, in the fourth sundays that prepare us for god ' s incarnation in the most unexpected and unpredictable manner - - as an infant in an occupied country to a poor and unwed teenager. all three of the readings this sunday are messages of encouragement and future hope. jeremiah prophesies to israel and judah that god ' s appointed one will bring in a reign of justice, righteousness and safety. paul,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44623362902886327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.866241"} {"text": "poor and unwed teenager. all three of the readings this sunday are messages of encouragement and future hope. jeremiah prophesies to israel and judah that god ' s appointed one will bring in a reign of justice, righteousness and safety. paul, writing to the fledgling christian community in thessalonika ( and believing, like them, that christ ' s second coming was immanent ), prays they might be strengthened in their faith and abounding in love as they patiently wait. while jesus ' words of warning in the gospel might seem stern, they are not nearly as harsh as the same message from mark ( read last advent ). jesus ' encouragement in luke ' s gospel includes, \"... [ when these things take place ] raise your head, because your redemption is drawing near. \" one of the challenges in choosing and introducing advent music is to be faithful to be these texts with their diverse images while working to create a sense of prayerful engagement in the midst of a hectic time of the year. even though the carols and hymns of advent are not as familiar as christmas carols, there is a long, diverse and beautiful repertoire of texts and music available to us. when i was working full - time as a parish musician, i often dropped much or all of the instrumental accompaniment for the hymns, songs and chants at mass through the entire season up to christmas, just as all singing in worship was unaccompanied for more than the first thousand years of the church. our planning team also tried to add more silence and less artificial lighting throughout worship. it was an attempt to reflect the quietness of the natural world and help people connect to the cycles of light and darkness. many times, members of the community showed appreciation for creating a meditative and attentive space within worship during a time when the rest of life was filled with activities, responsibilities and events. \" conditor alme siderum \" ( \" creator of the stars of night \" ) is a beautiful advent hymn used by religious communities for vespers services in advent. the original text dates to the sixth or seventh century, set to a lilting and gentle chant. the text was substantially revised in the 17th century ; however, the first few lines provide a beautiful echo of both jeremiah ' s vision and jesus ' call to be aware. here are the first lines of the original latin and a prose translation : conditor alme siderum, aeterna lux credentium, christe, redemptor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46726154080259574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.867332"} {"text": "jeremiah ' s vision and jesus ' call to be aware. here are the first lines of the original latin and a prose translation : conditor alme siderum, aeterna lux credentium, christe, redemptor omnium, exaudi preces supplicum. loving creator of the stars, eternal light of believers, o christ, redeemer of all, hear the prayers of supplicants. \" my soul in stillness waits \" was written at my first full - time job as a parish music director. i wanted both the music and the text to quiet and deepen our sense of waiting within worship. the text is a very loose adaptation of the \" o \" antiphons ( best known in the hymn, \" o come, o come emmanuel \" ), which were prayed in religious communities each evening of the week immediately before christmas. the music of advent should reflect both the cosmic dimension of christ ' s reign coming in its fullness ( as proclaimed last week on christ the king sunday ) and the immanence of an incarnate god, as close as our next breath. and so we begin this holy season, in which the secular world is as frantic as any time in the year, with strong messages of hope and a call ( to israel, to early christians in thessalonika, to jesus ' disciples, to us ) for true awareness and a deepening of faith and love in our lives and in our communities. [ marty haugen is a composer of liturgical music for roman catholic and protestant congregations, with more than 400 compositions published by gia, augsburg fortress and other publishers. ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45391031097222956, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.867946"} {"text": "fourth of july hazards one might think emphasis on a \" safe \" celebration of independence day is a recent development. in the 1990s some nebraska communities limit or ban fireworks, except for public displays. the authorities ' arguments against fireworks have changed very little over the years, judging from a state fire commissioner ' s letter to nebraska newspapers in 1912 : \" to the fathers and mothers and citizens of the state of nebraska : we are soon to celebrate the anniversary of the birth of this nation. old and young alike recognize the importance of this occasion and are all filled with loyalty and enthusiasm.... \" inventive genius is furnishing the toy pistol, fire cracker, roman candle, sky rocket, and other explosive means of celebrating the occasion, and every anniversary of the nation ' s birth is blotted either with the death or injury of hundreds of children and a lesser number of grown people from these death dealing manufactured implements.... it is the duty of every father and mother as well as every other citizen to warn the children and uninformed of the dangers attending these explosives so that the number of killed and injured will be reduced to such an extent that the anniversary of the nation ' s birth will not be the anniversary of the death or permanent injury of the boys and girls and citizens... who purchase and discharge these deadly explosives.... \" let ' s have a sane fourth of july this year! let ' s eat ice cream, and other good things, drink lemonade, soda water, and pop, make a loud noise with our mouth by shouting ' hurrah. ' this will not cause lockjaw or tetanus, and if we get sick from doing it a little ' pain killer ' will cure us and we will not have to send for the coroner. \" return to timeline index", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4180593890094468, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.870346"} {"text": "in the first study of its kind, medical scientists have uncovered a probable link between pain from surgery and the likelihood of infection. the key appears to be the body ' s means of fighting infection, which depends on the tissue ' s supply of oxygen. pain, the researchers discovered, reduces the amount of available oxygen and thereby increases the risk of infection. the discovery, published in the july 4 issue of the journal lancet, was led by daniel i. sessler, md, associate professor of anesthesia at the university of california, san francisco. he collaborated with colleagues at the university of vienna and washington university in st. louis. \" many of us in the field believe that oxygenation of tissues is the key to the body ' s ability to fight infection, \" sessler said. \" inadequate pain treatment decreases oxygenation and thus reduces the effectiveness of the body ' s major line of defense against infection : cells called neutrophils that kill invaders with the help of oxygen. \" in a clinical study performed at the at the university of vienna general hospital, 30 patients recovering from elective knee surgery were fitted with a device to monitor tissue oxygen pressure. all were given standard, intravenous narcotic pain medication. in addition, the local anesthetic lidocaine was injected into the surgical site of some patients - the experimental group - just prior to the end of surgery. the results showed that patients with the least pain - those who were given lidocaine - had significantly higher tissue oxygenation concentrations. the increase was clinically important and of a magnitude that previous studies show will cut the risk of infection by more than half. \" inadequate treatment of surgical pain is still fairly common, \" sessler says. \" here we have intriguing evidence that careful and complete control of pain not only improves patient comfort, but also markedly reduces the risk of infection. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48556657946584586, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.874055"} {"text": "nasty, brutish, and short - - thomas hobbes ' s famous description of life without government could as easily be applied to baboons. the primates are famous for their bad manners. however, a troop of baboons in kenya has recently changed its ways. researchers suggest that the relatively peaceable behavior is a type of culture that ' s passed on to newcomers to the troop. baboon culture is rife with violence. males fight over females, food, resting spots, and sometimes for no apparent reason. the most serious altercations are usually between baboons of close rank ; but baboons low on the totem pole get bullied all the time by higher - ups looking for an ego boost. now it appears that one troop has found a better way. robert sapolsky, a primatologist at stanford university in california, observed a troop of savanna baboons, dubbed forest troop, from the late 1970s until 1986, when an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis killed off the most aggressive males in the group. after the deaths of so many of the members, sapolsky abandoned his study and stayed away for 10 years. in the 13 april plos biology, sapolsky and his wife and colleague lisa share describe the dramatic changes they found when they returned. members sat closer together and groomed each other more. the dominance hierarchy remained - - number two still scrapped with numbers one and three as in a normal troop - - but the higher - ranking baboons didn ' t vent their anger on subordinates. and that ' s apparently improved life for lowlier baboons ; they don ' t have the classic markers of chronic stress - - such as elevated levels of stress hormones - - found in their peers in other troops. the most remarkable observation, however, was that the troop had apparently maintained the peace despite a complete turnover in the male population. normally aggressive male adolescent baboons leave their native troop and slowly work into a new one ; forest troop had somehow managed to assimilate these surly newcomers without losing its peaceful culture. sapolsky and share are still unsure how the culture is being passed on, but they suspect that it has to do with the observed friendly attitude of the female baboons towards newcomer males. \" sapolsky ' s research seems to show that the female baboons have ' seen the light, ' \" and realized that life is better with peaceful males, says frans de waal, a primatologist at emory university in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45235179498867684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.879102"} {"text": "while poor pollock could not come up with anything that vaguely resembled indigenous art, he did begin to explore native art on his own. influenced by henderson, he began to study navajo sand paintings. he also began to haunt the museum of natural history and was fixated on the artwork of the kwakiutl, bella coola, haida, tsimshian and tlingit tribes. pollock came to the realization that he was yearning for the same kind of shamanic power that these artists had achieved and began to think of his artwork as the analogy of that of tribal artists. by digging into his own subconscious and by seeking oneness with nature, he would achieve the same kind of power that he saw in the museum pieces. it is singularly ironic that pollock would gravitate toward american indian artists, since fame or fortune were the last things on their mind. pollock was simply looking for a technique that could elevate his work to a higher plane. the obsession with american indian artwork was based on almost total ignorance about their way of life, characteristic not only of pollock but other big - time artists and critics as well. abstract expressionist superstar barnett newman wrote in the 1947 essay \" the ideographic picture \" : \" the kwakiutl artist painting on a hide did not concern himself with... inconsequentials... the abstract shape he used, his entire plastic language, was directed by a ritualistic will towards metaphysical understanding. the everyday realities he left to the toy - makers ; the pleasant play of non - objective pattern basket weavers. to him a shape was a living thing, a vehicle for an abstract thought - complex, a carrier of the awesome feelings he felt before the terror of the unknowable. \" a 1946 experiment comically illustrates pollock ' s running hide - and - seek with representation : over a photograph of a dog he laminated film skimmed from enamel paint. stressed - out canines appear often. in his 1943 painting guardians of the secret, in the san francisco museum of modern art, the slashingly drawn coyote - ish animal lying at the picture ' s bottom, between gaunt male and female hierophants, recalls the prankster of american indian stories.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4625431570117292, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.881650"} {"text": "- stimulants reverse the effects of fatigue on both mental and physical tasks. - two commonly used stimulants are nicotine and caffeine. - a number of stimulants are under regulatory control of the csa and are available by prescription for legitimate medical use. - as drugs of abuse, stimulants are frequently taken to produce a sense of exhilaration, enhance self esteem, improve mental and physical performance, increase activity, reduce appetite and to \" get high \". they are among the most potent agents of reward and reinforcement that underlie the problem of dependence. - they are taken orally, sniffed, smoked and injected. - during periods of heavy use all other interests become secondary to recreating the initial euphoric rush. - tolerance can develop rapidly and both physical and psychological dependence occur. - abrupt cessation is commonly followed by depression, anxiety, drug craving and extreme fatigue known as a \" crash \". - risks : chest pain with palpitations, hostility, aggression, suicidal or homicidal tendencies, paranoia, hallucinations, convulsions, cardiovascular collapse, death. - amphetamine, dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine are collectively referred to as amphetamines. in fact, their chemical properties and actions are so similar that even experiences users have difficulty knowing which drug they have taken. - amphetamine was first marketed in 1930 by prescription in tablet form and was used in the treatment of the sleeping disorder, narcolepsy and the behavioral syndrome called minimal brain dysfunction, which today is called attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ). - drugs are abused for the stimulant effects they produce, including appetite suppression, wakefulness euphoria and increased focus and attentiveness. - drugs are taken orally or injected. individuals of all ages abuse amphetamines. - effects of amphetamines, especially methamphetamine are similar to cocaine but their onset is slower and duration is longer. - meth remains in the blood stream longer and the drug remains unchanged in the body producing prolonged stimulant effects. - chronic abuse produces a psychosis that resembles schizophrenia and is characterized by paranoia. - ritalin is a trade name for the prescription drug methylphenidate. - abuse of ritalin typically is associated with teenagers, and young adults. - tablet is crushed, and powder is snorted or injected. - effects include : loss of appetite, fevers, convulsions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4843071621461469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.893989"} {"text": "the prescription drug methylphenidate. - abuse of ritalin typically is associated with teenagers, and young adults. - tablet is crushed, and powder is snorted or injected. - effects include : loss of appetite, fevers, convulsions & severe headaches, risk of exposure to hiv, hepatitis, irregular heartbeat and respiration, paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, excessive repetition of movements and meaningless tasks, tremors. - risks include severe psychological addiction, psychotic episodes, cardiovascular complications. - smoking, chewing and dipping all involve the use of nicotine. - the nicotine in tobacco is one of the most addictive of drugs. - long - term use of tobacco often results in high blood pressure, heart attack, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema and or cancer of the lungs, throat and mouth. - crack cocaine is a highly addictive and powerful stimulant that is derived from powdered cocaine. - crack typically is available as rocks, white or off white and varies in size. - crack is almost always smoked. individuals of all ages use crack. - may lead to aggressive and paranoid behavior. - users may experience respiratory problems lung trauma and bleeding, seizure and cardiac arrest. - cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant that appears as a fine white, crystalline powder. - cocaine is typically inhaled through the nose, or dissolved and injected. - individuals of all ages use cocaine. use among high school students is a particular concern. - individuals become restless, irritable and anxious. - use can result in increase temperature, heart rate. heart attack respiratory failure stroke and seizure. - risk of sudden death when used with alcohol. - ecstasy is a synthetic drug that causes both hallucinogenic and stimulant effects. - mdma generally is sold as a tablet which is taken orally. - the tablets are available in various colors and shapes and generally are imprinted with a logo - smiley faces, clover leaves, cartoon characters and symbols. - most mdma users are teenagers or young adults. - it is called a club drug because it often is used at all - night dance parties ( called raves ) and at night clubs. - risks include confusion, depression, anxiety, sleeplessness, craving for the drug, and paranoia. muscle tension involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, tremors dehydration, heart or kidney failure. - users may consume too much of the drug, which can result in overdose death.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48015511744733536, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.895135"} {"text": "polarization of radio waves transmitted through antarctic ice shelves doake, c. s. m. ; corr, h. f. j. ; jenkins, a.. 2002 polarization of radio waves transmitted through antarctic ice shelves. annals of glaciology, 34. 165 - 170. 10. 3189 / 172756402781817572full text not available from this repository. the polarization behaviour of radar waves transmitted through two antarctic ice shelves has been investigated using a step frequency radar with a centre frequency of 300 mhz and a bandwidth of 150 mhz. one site was on brunt ice shelf at a site near halley station, and 17 sites were oil george vi ice shelf near the southern ice front. birefringence in the ice dominated the behaviour oil brunt ice shelf, where the anisotropy in the effective permittivity was found to be about 0. 14 %. on george vi ice shelf, a highly anisotropic reflecting surface was the controlling feature, suggesting a fluted ice - shelf base formed by oceanographic currents. | programmes : | | bas programmes > antarctic science in the global context ( 2000 - 2005 ) > global interactions of the antarctic ice sheet | | nora subject terms : | | glaciology | date made live : | | 15 nov 2011 09 : 47 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5212820456542451, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.896699"} {"text": "i finally found a straightforward definition of an \" acre. \" dealing with real property as often as lawyers do, you would think i would have thought to have looked this up before - - or at least got it clear in my mind. an acre was originally a parcel of a communal field - - a unit of measure of the area of a medieval lord ' s land that was \" given \" to a serf for their own use. the unit was an area equal to one furlong in length by one chain in width. that ' s not very helpful to the modern thinker until you learn that there are eight furlongs in a mile and that there are ten chains in a furlong. the original measurement was in rods, and there are four rods in a chain. ( \" rod \" is a funny word. ) so the classic acre is 660 feet long and 66 feet wide. that means it is 43, 560 square feet of land. a square parcel of land with each side being 208 feet, eight and a half inches long would be almost exactly an acre. there are 640 acres in a square mile. an american \" township \" is a group of thirty - six square miles, six miles square. if you needed \" forty acres and a mule \" to survive on the frontier, that meant you needed a square plot of land one - quarter of a mile long on each side. and a mule. acre is also the name of the westernmost of brazil, bordering peru. it consists mainly of virgin tropical rain forests and has two major rivers which carry pure, clean water that eventually flow into the amazon. it is one of the smallest and least populated states of brazil. there was a coastal city and fiefdom named acre which was of great military importance during the crusades. the most important battle of the third crusade was the battle of acre. today, acre is located in northern israel, on the bay of haifa. not a potted plant has a new home readers! not a potted plant is moving. please switch your rss feeders like google reader, and update your bookmarks, to draw from the blog ' s new site, generously hosted by the league of ordinary gentlemen. thank you for your continued support.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.485380718205091, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.899158"} {"text": "greenland ice sheet melt characteristics derived from passive microwave data the greenland ice sheet melt extent data, acquired as part of the nasa program for arctic regional climate assessment ( parca ), is a daily ( or every other day, prior to august 1987 ) estimate of the spatial extent of wet snow on the greenland ice sheet since 1979. it is derived from passive microwave satellite brightness temperature characteristics using the cross - polarized gradient ratio ( xpgr ) of abdalati and steffen ( 1997 ). it is physically based on the changes in microwave emission characteristics observable in data from the scanning multi - channel microwave radiometer ( smmr ) and the special sensor microwave / imager ( ssm / i ) instruments when surface snow melts. it is not a direct measure of the snow wetness but rather is a binary indicator of the state of melt of each smmr and ssm / i pixel on the ice sheet for each day of observation. it is, however, a useful proxy for the amount of melt that occurs on the greenland ice sheet. the data are provided in a variety of formats including raw data in ascii format, gridded daily data in binary format, and annual and complete time series climatologies in gridded binary and geotiff format. all data are in a 60 x 109 pixel subset of the standard northern hemisphere polar stereographic grid with a 25 km resolution and are available via ftp. the following example shows how to cite the use of this data set in a publication. for more information, see our use and copyright web page. waleed abdalati. 2008. greenland ice sheet melt characteristics derived from passive microwave data. [ indicate subset used ]. boulder, colorado usa : national snow and ice data center.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5133980293695952, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.901722"} {"text": "i \u2019 ve been asked to chair a committee to look into using science \u201c kits \u201d for our elementary classes. we \u2019 re interested in this, but where do we start? \u2014 mariana, manchester, new hampshire science kits are published by many companies and individuals and address a variety of topics. they can be helpful for teachers who do not have a lot of background experience in science topics \u2013 either in the content itself or in designing and implementing inquiry - based activities. they can also be expensive. you \u2019 ll want to ask several questions : - what do you hope to accomplish by using the kits? is your school / district trying to get inquiry into elementary classes, to provide a complete set of materials and resources for studying a topic, or to ensure that all students have common experiences? kits can provide these, but if you already are implementing a strong, inquiry - based curriculum, the kits may not be necessary. - how do the kit topics align with your state standards and local curriculum? using kits should be an integral part of your science program, not an add - on. many also are designed to be appropriate at specific grade levels ( e. g., k - 2, 3 - 5, 6 - 8 ). - what are the credentials of the publisher and the history of the publisher in developing and supporting the kits? - what research does the publisher have to show the effectiveness of their particular kits? - do the kits provide background information and opportunities and resources for the inquiry process? the activities should promote processes such as observing, questioning, hypothesizing, predicting, investigating ( including planning, conducting, measuring, gathering data, controlling variables, interpreting, and drawing conclusions ), and communicating. evaluate them carefully ; some kits are just a collection of materials for demonstrations and / or replication activities. - how will you implement the kits? i recommend providing the professional development offered by the publisher, even if it adds to the cost of the kits. - will it stifle creativity? i asked a colleague ( one of the best elementary science teachers i know ) about the kits in his school. he appreciates them for the way they guide teachers through the processes and provide the materials. he noted the ones they used were not tightly scripted so teachers had room to incorporate their own experiences and go beyond the basics if they felt comfortable doing so. - will you be able to cover the same amount of material? my colleague noted that the kits take time to implement fully, and therefore teachers may not \u201c cover \u201d as many topics as they did without them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48430935764745037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.908733"} {"text": "by j. d. larock senior analyst, innovation and measuring progress division, directorate for education as any student can attest, pursuing a higher education requires an investment in time, effort \u2013 and in a number of oecd countries, significant financial resources. but the economic costs of higher education go beyond tuition fees. because people with higher education tend to have higher earnings, they \u2019 re likely to pay more in income taxes and social welfare contributions. there \u2019 s also the \u201c opportunity cost \u201d of foregone earnings when people enter university instead of the labour market. given these long - term economic costs, do the long - term economic benefits of having a higher education make it worthwhile? as the latest issue of the oecd \u2019 s brief series education indicators in focus details, analyses based on the most recent year of available data \u2013 2007 for most countries \u2013 suggest that the return on investment is very good. for example, the long - term economic advantage of having a tertiary degree instead of an upper secondary degree, minus the associated costs, is over usd 175 000 for a man and just over usd 110 000 for a woman, on average across oecd countries. the payoff is particularly strong for men in italy, korea, portugal and the united states, where obtaining a higher education degree generates a long - term benefit of more than usd 300 000 for the average man, compared to a man with an upper secondary education only. meanwhile, the advantage for women is strongest in ireland, korea, portugal, slovenia, the united kingdom, and the united states, where having a tertiary education yields an average long - term benefit of usd 150 000 or more, compared to a woman with an upper secondary education. as the chart above shows, oecd analyses also find that the long - term payoff on the amount of taxpayer funds used to support people in higher education generates a strong return. taxpayer costs include funds used to lower the direct costs of higher education to individuals, as well as support for grant and loan programs. they also include indirect costs, such as foregone tax revenues and social contributions to the government while people are in university. on average, oecd countries directly invest more than usd 30 000 in public sector funds to support an individual pursuing higher education. however, they \u2019 ll recoup this investment \u2013 and then some \u2013 through greater tax revenues from these higher - educated people, as well as savings from the lower level of social transfers these people typically receive. on average, oecd countries will receive a net return", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41948102492677225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.912854"} {"text": "ll recoup this investment \u2013 and then some \u2013 through greater tax revenues from these higher - educated people, as well as savings from the lower level of social transfers these people typically receive. on average, oecd countries will receive a net return of usd 91 000 on the public costs to support a man in tertiary education \u2013 more than three times the amount of the public investment. in belgium, germany, hungary, slovenia and the united states, this return is especially high, topping usd 150 000. the net return on the public costs to support a woman in higher education is somewhat lower \u2013 usd 55 000, on average \u2013 but are still positive in almost every oecd country. of course, the fallout from the global economic crisis will likely change this cost - benefit equation \u2013 but whether it will make it better or worse overall is unclear. for example, the higher unemployment rates spurred by the crisis are likely to have reduced the opportunity cost of foregoing work in order to attend university. however, they also may have reduced some of the benefits of having a higher education, because unemployment rates rose among tertiary - educated people during the crisis. likewise, the continued global expansion of higher education could have different effects. as the supply of highly - educated individuals grows, the relative economic benefits of having a tertiary education may go down over time. however, if economies continue to become more knowledge - based \u2013 increasing the demand for highly - educated people even more \u2013 the economic benefits of higher education could continue to expand. for more informationon the oecd \u2019 s education indicators, visit : education at a glance 2011 : oecd indicators www. oecd. org / edu / eag2011 on the oecd \u2019 s indicators of education systems ( ines ) programme, visit : ines programme overview brochure see also : imhe general conference 2012 \" attaining and sustaining mass higher education \", paris, 17 - 19 september 2012 chart source : education at a glance 2011 : oecd indicators, indicator a9 ( www. oecd. org / edu / eag2011 ). note : data for australia, belgium and turkey refer to 2005. data for italy, the netherlands, poland, portugal and the united kingdom refer to 2006. all other data refer to 2007. countries are ranked in descending order of the net present value.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42823328923871795, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.913894"} {"text": "oecd skills strategy : the pathway of choice policymakers need solutions to help their economies move forward in today \u2019 s world. the oecd skills strategy, launched at the 2012 ministerial council meeting in may, may prove fundamental. here \u2019 s why. skills have become the global currency of 21st century economies. without proper investment in skills, people languish on the margins of society, technological progress does not translate into economic growth, and countries can no longer compete in an increasingly knowledge - based global society. one estimate puts the long - term economic value of raising student performance in the oecd area by just half a school year at us $ 115 trillion over the working life of the generation born this year. but this \u201c currency \u201d depreciates as the requirements of labour markets evolve and individuals lose the skills they do not use. the toxic mix of unemployed graduates, on the one hand, and employers unable to find the skills they need, on the other, sends a clear message : that skills do not automatically translate into higher incomes and high productivity. if we want to succeed at turning skills into better jobs and better lives, we have to understand more about those skills that transform lives and drive economies. we must then ensure that those skills are taught and learned effectively over the course of people \u2019 s lives. and we must provide an environment in which employers fully use the available talent. this is everyone \u2019 s business. governments, employers, employees, and learners need to establish sustainable arrangements as to who pays for what, when and how. this is where the oecd skills strategy comes in. it helps countries identify the strengths and weaknesses of their national skills pool and their systems, benchmark them internationally, and develop policies for improvement. what do we mean by developing the right skills? the crisis has reminded us that there can be drastic, sudden and unexpected changes in our economies. a generation ago students could expect that what they learned from their teachers would last a lifetime. today, educators and training professionals have to prepare people for more rapid change than ever before, for jobs that have not yet been created, to use technologies that have not yet been invented, and to resolve problems that we don \u2019 t yet know will arise. more than ever, a culture of lifelong learning must be fostered that can engage learners in overcoming the unforeseen challenges of tomorrow, not to mention those of today. to do this, governments must gather and use better intelligence about changing skill demand. they must work more closely with the business sector in designing and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4293869429214972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.920159"} {"text": "that can engage learners in overcoming the unforeseen challenges of tomorrow, not to mention those of today. to do this, governments must gather and use better intelligence about changing skill demand. they must work more closely with the business sector in designing and delivering curricula and training programmes. skills development is simply much more effective if the world of learning and the world of work are linked together. learning in the workplace allows young people to reach beyond state - conceived classrooms and develop the \u201c hard \u201d skills that working on modern equipment brings, and the \u201c soft \u201d skills of real - world experience. hands - on workplace training can also help to motivate disengaged young people and involve them more in the education system, as well as creating a smoother transition to the labour market. by working alongside businesses, governments can ensure there is sufficient local flexibility in designing and managing training programmes, while seeing to it that their tax systems do not discourage investment in learning. but even people who have strong skills sometimes do not bring them fully to bear in the economy. people with disabilities or chronic health problems, for example, are more likely to be inactive. so too are women and older people. and we know from research \u2013 but also from experience \u2013 that unused skills deteriorate. so what are the answers? first, we must identify inactive individuals more clearly and understand the reasons for their inactivity. we may then have to create financial incentives that make work pay and dismantle the barriers to participation in the labour force, such as the absence of childcare for many women, or resolve issues surrounding leave, part - time work and workplace facilities. and finally, we must find ways to encourage older people to stay on longer in their careers, not so much to reduce the welfare costs of early retirement, important as this is, but so that others \u2013 people, businesses and the economy at large \u2013 can benefit more fully from their experience and knowledge. nevertheless, even if the right skills are developed and people are willing to work, that still does not guarantee results. take unemployment. one in four young people are jobless in france, italy and the us. in spain and some northern african countries 40 % or more young people have no jobs. for a young person looking for a job this is a terrible prospect and a tragic waste of skills. what \u2019 s more, a bad start in professional life leaves scars that can last ten years or more, affecting career prospects, pay levels and job security. tackling unemployment and helping young people to gain a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4442705360966775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.921829"} {"text": "terrible prospect and a tragic waste of skills. what \u2019 s more, a bad start in professional life leaves scars that can last ten years or more, affecting career prospects, pay levels and job security. tackling unemployment and helping young people to gain a foothold in the labour market and into jobs that utilise their skills, must be a priority. the skills strategy shows that there are ways to achieve this, starting with firms themselves. research finds that those firms that are good at deploying accepted best - practice management techniques are more innovative and perform significantly better, in economic terms, than those that are not. in well - managed firms, skills of employees are used more productively and this also boosts job satisfaction. policy must encourage employers to align their business strategies with human - resource practices and skills development in their workforce. a second way is to improve the information we have about the skills needed and those available. quality career guidance should be a critical feature of public policy. competent personnel who have the latest labour - market information at their fingertips can steer individuals to the learning programmes that would be best for their prospective careers. coherent and easy - to - interpret qualifications help employers understand which skills are held by potential employees, thereby facilitating recruitment and matching. competency - based qualifications provide employers with a sense of what a future employee can perform on the job and enable individuals who have work experience to secure credentials that reflect the skills they may have acquired on the job. firms in many countries could introduce more flexible working arrangements too. our lives have become more complicated. jobs for life are largely a thing of the past. family and professional lives are increasingly interwoven and have to be managed in parallel. work places have to adapt to these changes and offer much more flexibility to avoid excluding individuals from active professional life. more also needs to be done to stimulate the creation of more high - skilled and high value - added jobs. labour markets are not static, and policies can \u201c shape \u201d demand, rather than merely respond to it. by fostering competition and the spirit of enterprise that goes with it, policymakers can promote not just vibrant and productive economic activities, but more rewarding jobs as well. such an environment also produces more entrepreneurs too \u2013 the people who create jobs. and we know that entrepreneurship skills can be learned and fostered through a dynamic education system. which brings us back to skills : our education and training institutions can play an important role in creating higher - skilled jobs by helping their students to identify opportunities, turn them into successful ventures, and recognise and respond", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4613002886908397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.924618"} {"text": "fasting before feasting why do we fast on ta \u2019 anit esther before feasting on purim? let us go back thousands of years to find the answer. picture the scene. jews throughout the persian empire prepare themselves for the battle against the forces of haman. thanks to the intervention of queen esther they have been granted royal permission to defend themselves against their amalekite enemies bent on genocide. but why are they fasting? the answer lies in what took place almost a thousand years earlier. moshe instructs his disciple yehoshua to mobilize the forces to battle the amalekites, who ambushed the nation just liberated from egyptian bondage. he also declares a fast as a means of gaining heavenly support. moshe thus sets an example for all generations to total dependence on g - d, an example which was emulated by jews fighting against the amalekites of their day a thousand years later. in the reading of the torah on purim we relive that first war with amalek. after appointing yehoshua as military commander, moshe, accompanied by his brother aharon and his nephew chur, ascends to the top of a hill overlooking the battlefield. the prayers of this sainted threesome for heavenly assistance set the pattern for the prayer which will be offered by community elders throughout the generations on fast days in times of trouble. but moshe is also doing something else to help achieve victory. he raises his hands, inspiring his warriors to look heavenwards and put their faith in g - d. only when his hands are up does the army of israel prevail, and when he tires he is supported by aharon and chur until final victory is gained. now let us see how this crucial lesson of total dependence on g - d is applied a millennium later. queen esther is charged by mordechai to risk her life by making an uninvited appearance before the king. she is to plead for her people, whose survival is threatened by the royal decree instigated by the wicked haman for genocide in the month of adar. eleven months before the date set for that tragedy she prepares herself for that fateful meeting by calling for a three - day fast by all the jews in the capital city of shushan. although it would seem that she should make every effort to maintain her attractiveness in order to find favor in the eyes of the king, she also fasts for three days, making it necessary for heavenly angels to support her and enhance her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4251893233911821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.928024"} {"text": "shushan. although it would seem that she should make every effort to maintain her attractiveness in order to find favor in the eyes of the king, she also fasts for three days, making it necessary for heavenly angels to support her and enhance her appearance when she meets the king. is this not an echo of yehoshua ' s soldiers fasting and looking heavenward as moshe prays for them? we come full circle in this fasting cycle eleven months later when, on the 13th day of the month of adar, the day set for the \" final solution \" of haman ' s \" jewish problem \", the tables are turned as the jews destroy their enemies. once again the jewish fighters are fasting, and it is on this day that ta \u2019 anit esther is ordained by our sages as a reminder that g - d responds to the repentance and prayers of those who turn to him. to feast on purim in celebration of our deliverance from the genocidal plot of haman without first fasting on ta \u2019 anit esther would be an incomplete experience. it is not sufficient to recall the miracle without reflecting on what made us worthy of it. the hamans of today once again pose a serious threat to our people. only by our putting our faith in g - d, and appealing to him with the repentance and prayer which saved us in the days of moshe, yehoshua, mordechai and esther, will we be worthy of a purim miracle in our own day.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4607101550971369, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.928682"} {"text": "disunion follows the civil war as it unfolded. disunion follows the civil war as it unfolded. but in virginia, confederates were having a summer of unprecedented successes. stonewall jackson humiliated five different federal commanders in the shenandoah valley and at the battle of cedar mountain. robert e. lee had stymied george b. mcclellan \u2019 s peninsula campaign aimed at richmond, and in august joined jackson to humiliate john pope at second manassas. confederate leaders saw this as the moment to capitalize on these successes with a bold military incursion into kentucky in august. the union \u2019 s breadbasket, the western border states lying astride the ohio river, was about to become the next front. beginning in the mid - 18th century, the ohio river was one of the great highways of north america. tens of thousands of people used it to float westward down from the appalachian mountains into the interior of the continent. the region filled up quickly : by 1790, 73, 677 people lived in kentucky, then a virginia county, and 35, 691 more in tennessee. by 1810, 15 percent of the american population lived west of the appalachians, by then including the newest state, ohio. within a decade, six more western states would be added to the national union. three decades later, in 1840, more than a third of all americans lived in this so - called first west. the early settlements in the western region quickly thrived because of the river trade. the ohio and its tributaries, which stretched north to nearly the great lakes, south to the nashville basin, and east to the cumberland plateau, sustained the growing population of the valley with crops and goods. farmers loaded flatboats filled with products of their summer labors, with wheat milled into flour, corn distilled into whiskey and hogs slaughtered into bacon and soap. these and innumerable other goods floated down the big sandy, scioto, licking, kentucky, wabash, cumberland and tennessee, then down the ohio to the mississippi and on to even hungrier markets in memphis, natchez, new orleans and beyond. the appearance of the steamboat in the first decade of the 1800s revolutionized river traffic, making it possible to return upriver without walking, riding, pushing or pulling against the river currents. before the arrival of the steamboat, items had to be carried over the appalachians to western pennsylvania and floated downriver. by 1820, 73 steamboats were working the ohio and mississippi rivers, bringing as much as 33, 000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46188300334437055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.939566"} {"text": "against the river currents. before the arrival of the steamboat, items had to be carried over the appalachians to western pennsylvania and floated downriver. by 1820, 73 steamboats were working the ohio and mississippi rivers, bringing as much as 33, 000 tons of goods back up to louisville, cincinnati and pittsburgh. a canal - building craze soon followed, cheaply and efficiently connecting the inland areas, especially north of the ohio, with the rivers. in 1852, at the peak of the steamboat trade, 8, 000 landings were recorded at cincinnati. owing in large part to the steamboat, in a single generation after the revolution, bustling cities grew from these once isolated river towns : pittsburgh, st. louis, louisville, lexington, cincinnati, evansville. these were business towns \u2014 with regularity of design standard in all of these river cities, travelers talked of their attractive business climates rather than their physical beauty. merchants dominated local society and politics, accumulating wealth by the southern river trade that both drove and exemplified their cities \u2019 growing class stratification. but civic leaders also planted and cultivated the seeds of culture that sprouted first in these cities : newspapers, churches, opera houses and theaters, bookstores, museums, lyceums and debating societies, libraries and schools and colleges. although st. louis led all cities in the west in sophistication, by the early 19th century lexington, ky., was known as the \u201c athens of the west \u201d because of its educational facilities, most notably transylvania university. other cities were not far behind. by the 1830s cincinnati, the west \u2019 s queen city with nearly 50, 000 people, had replaced lexington as the region \u2019 s cultural and commercial epicenter. fast on the heels of the steamboat boom came rail. by the eve of the civil war, ohio boasted some 3, 000 miles of track, 76 times what it had in 1840 and the most of any state in the entire nation. illinois was second in the region and nation with 2, 799 miles, and indiana followed ( fifth in the country ) with 2, 163 ; only new york and pennsylvania boasted more. missouri and kentucky, too, had engaged heavily in railroad construction, but their 817 and 534 miles of track, respectively, left them lagging far behind even most of the cotton states, much less their immediate neighbors. even in missouri, virtually all of the main railroad lines ran along or north of the missouri river. industrial expansion in the west followed these states \u2019 respective railroad booms, contributing to population", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43206371114201997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.940775"} {"text": "even most of the cotton states, much less their immediate neighbors. even in missouri, virtually all of the main railroad lines ran along or north of the missouri river. industrial expansion in the west followed these states \u2019 respective railroad booms, contributing to population explosions in all of them. the 1850s saw the floodtide. in 1860, ohio \u2019 s 2. 3 million residents represented a more than 50 percent increase since 1840, making it the third largest state in the country. illinois \u2019 population doubled each decade, reaching 1. 8 million, while indiana \u2019 s population had nearly doubled to 1. 4 million. kentucky \u2019 s population had, like ohio \u2019 s, increased by half to some 919, 000 residents and had spread noticeably westward. some of the new settlers came from eastern cities, but many of them came from a new wave of immigration from europe, which favored the railroaded portions of these states, creating new population centers away from the traditional riverine sections. as late as the 1840s, many of the unorganized areas or fledgling counties of the northern portions of the northwestern states had been sparsely settled. but soon boggy forests were drained by industrious laborers and settlers, with railroads following, allowing these counties to account for much of their states \u2019 growth in the final antebellum decade. all of the counties of northern indiana and illinois saw their populations double or more ; even in ohio, they increased by half in the decade. propelled by the lake trade, cleveland became a city and chicago became the region \u2019 s colossus within decades of its founding. the northward shift of these states \u2019 populations contributed much to the western region \u2019 s population \u2019 s exceeding those of all other national regions, including the fast - growing cotton frontier. the towns and villages of the southern portions of these states, their traditional locus of population, declined proportionally. by 1860, between a quarter and a sixth of the population of the ohio river states lay in the valley itself. at the same time, though, the ohio valley cities thrived. where in 1840 just less than four percent of the region \u2019 s overall population was urban ( and only three cities boasted as many as 8, 000 residents ), by 1860 some 14 percent lived in villages, towns and cities, and the region boasted 14 cities with 10, 000 or more residents. this new urban population was unlike any the region had seen before. between 1820 and 1849, nearly 2. 5 million foreigners came to the united states, largely from northern europe, representing a seven - fold increase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42482192386537987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.941860"} {"text": "cities with 10, 000 or more residents. this new urban population was unlike any the region had seen before. between 1820 and 1849, nearly 2. 5 million foreigners came to the united states, largely from northern europe, representing a seven - fold increase in the incidence of immigration. by 1850, 47. 2 percent of cincinnatians were immigrants, and more than 70 percent came from either ireland or germany, in part responses to the terrible potato famine of the later 1840s in ireland and the failed democratic revolutions of 1848 for the germans. nearly a contiguous square mile of the cityscape was a virtual german \u201c stadt, \u201d with bustling streets bearing names like berlin, schiller and goethe, and with street signs and business placards posted in german script. the vibrant 10th ward was known simply as \u201c uber der rhein, \u201d or for anglos, \u201c over - the - rhine, \u201d a descriptive term that originated from the area \u2019 s proximity to the miami canal, which separated it from the rest of the city. many, like those in cincinnati, were catholics, which for many native - born protestants caused more consternation than the newcomers \u2019 ethnicities. by 1850, cincinnati was only the third most densely immigrant city in the nation. but those with more were also western cities : chicago and st. louis. ( surprisingly, all three led new york city, in which foreigners constituted 45. 7 percent of the population. ) but immigrants flocked to all the western cities. they made up some 17 percent of louisville \u2019 s population. they likewise settled heavily in covington, ky., and evansville, ind., creating a unique culture. the diversity that became much of america was as much the western border region \u2019 s as the nation \u2019 s. many of these germans were strongly antislavery. yet as the second year of the war began, positions on slavery did not easily divide north and south of the ohio. many of the region \u2019 s irish catholics supported slavery \u2019 s protection, while in large sections of the free states fighting - age \u201c butternut \u201d men, called \u201c copperheads \u201d by their republican opponents, laid out of the fight altogether or threatened to leave it, should they be conscripted or slavery be abolished by the \u201c friction of war, \u201d as abraham lincoln put it. others sympathized outright with the confederacy, and fights commonly broke out between them and their pro - war republican neighbors. for many of the border region \u2019 s dissenting white residents, the course and events", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4217733914107542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.943009"} {"text": ", \u201d as abraham lincoln put it. others sympathized outright with the confederacy, and fights commonly broke out between them and their pro - war republican neighbors. for many of the border region \u2019 s dissenting white residents, the course and events of the civil war pointed out clearly that a new alliance had emerged, one in which republicans in the northern and northwestern states appeared to be uniting in a conspiracy against liberty, which for many included the right of slaveholding. angry and disillusioned, many of these westerner dissenters sympathized with the region that now embodied their sense of betrayal and victimization \u2014 the beleaguered south. in the rural areas of missouri, and western kentucky and tennessee, guerrillas were waging a desperate fight against occupying troops and local unionists that grew out of their recognition that the cities in their states were virtual fortresses : recruiting and staging centers for the federal armies impossibly defended by hordes of blue - clad troops who guarded the supply and munitions depots and manufacturing centers for the federal government \u2019 s war machine. as the newly appointed general in chief, henry halleck, later realized, jefferson davis and his advisers had \u201c boldly determined to reoccupy arkansas, missouri, tennessee, and kentucky and, if possible, invade the states of ohio, indiana and illinois while our attention was distracted by the invasion of maryland. \u201d coordinated invasions of the border states on both sides of the appalachians, as well as west of the mississippi, would threaten the west \u2019 s major river cities and even the nation \u2019 s capital, perhaps turning the tide militarily. but the decision was more than strategic ; it was political. the federal government \u2019 s midterm elections loomed. success on the new war front would embolden dissenters and moderates in the border states, especially in the ohio valley, to vote against lincoln \u2019 s party, turn public support in the free states against the war, and possibly gain for the confederacy its most elusive prize : foreign recognition. the cumulative effect would be to force the lincoln administration to sue for peace. the confederacy \u2019 s tet offensive was set to begin. christopher phillips is a professor of history at the university of cincinnati. he is the author of six books on the civil war era, including \u201c damned yankee : the life of nathaniel lyon \u201d and the forthcoming \u201c the rivers ran backward : the civil war on the middle border and the making of american regionalism. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.421603579370584, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.944017"} {"text": "just a brief history of today. memorial day, originally called decoration day, is a day of remembrance for those who have died in our nation ' s service. there are many stories as to its actual beginnings, with over two dozen cities and towns laying claim to being the birthplace of memorial day. there is also evidence that organized women ' s groups in the south were decorating graves before the end of the civil war : a hymn published in 1867, \" kneel where our loves are sleeping \" by nella l. sweet carried the dedication \" to the ladies of the south who are decorating the graves of the confederate dead \" ( source : duke university ' s historic american sheet music, 1850 - 1920 ). while waterloo n. y. was officially declared the birthplace of memorial day by president lyndon johnson in may 1966, it ' s difficult to prove conclusively the origins of the day. it is more likely that it had many separate beginnings ; each of those towns and every planned or spontaneous gathering of people to honor the war dead in the 1860 ' s tapped into the general human need to honor our dead, each contributed honorably to the growing movement that culminated in gen logan giving his official proclamation in 1868. it is not important who was the very first, what is important is that memorial day was established. memorial day is not about division. it is about reconciliation ; it is about coming together to honor those who gave their all. memorial day was officially proclaimed on 5 may 1868 by general john logan, national commander of the grand army of the republic, in his gerenal order no. 11, and was first observed on 30 may 1868, when flowers were placed on the graves of union and confederate soldiers at arlington national cemetery. the first state to officially recognize the holiday was new york in 1873. by 1890 it was recognized by all of the northern states. the south refused to acknowledge the day, honoring their dead on separate days until after world war i ( when the holiday changed from honoring just those who died fighting in the civil war to honoring americans who died fighting in any war ). it is now celebrated in almost every state on the last monday in may ( passed by congress with the national holiday act of 1971 ( p. l. 90 - 363 ) to ensure a three day weekend for federal holidays ), though several southern states have an additional separate day for honoring the confederate war dead : january 19 in texas, april 26 in alabama, florida, georgia, and mississippi ; may 10 in south carolina ; and june 3 ( jefferson davis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4449193492976919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.949782"} {"text": "for federal holidays ), though several southern states have an additional separate day for honoring the confederate war dead : january 19 in texas, april 26 in alabama, florida, georgia, and mississippi ; may 10 in south carolina ; and june 3 ( jefferson davis ' birthday ) in louisiana and tennessee. in 1915, inspired by the poem \" in flanders fields, \" moina michael replied with her own poem : we cherish too, the poppy redthat grows on fields where valor led, it seems to signal to the skiesthat blood of heroes never dies. she then conceived of an idea to wear red poppies on memorial day in honor of those who died serving the nation during war. she was the first to wear one, and sold poppies to her friends and co - workers with the money going to benefit servicemen in need. later a madam guerin from france was visiting the united states and learned of this new custom started by ms. michael and when she returned to france, made artificial red poppies to raise money for war orphaned children and widowed women. this tradition spread to other countries. in 1921, the franco - american children ' s league sold poppies nationally to benefit war orphans of france and belgium. the league disbanded a year later and madam guerin approached the vfw for help. shortly before memorial day in 1922 the vfw became the first veterans ' organization to nationally sell poppies. two years later their \" buddy \" poppy program was selling artificial poppies made by disabled veterans. in 1948 the us post office honored ms michael for her role in founding the national poppy movement by issuing a red 3 cent postage stamp with her likeness on it. traditional observance of memorial day has diminished over the years. many americans nowadays have forgotten the meaning and traditions of memorial day. at many cemeteries, the graves of the fallen are increasingly ignored, neglected. most people no longer remember the proper flag etiquette for the day. while there are towns and cities that still hold memorial day parades, many have not held a parade in decades. some people think the day is for honoring any and all dead, and not just those fallen in service to our country. there are a few notable exceptions. since the late 50 ' s on the thursday before memorial day, the 1, 200 soldiers of the 3d u. s. infantry place small american flags at each of the more than 260, 000 gravestones at arlington national cemetery. they then patrol 24 hours a day during the weekend to ensure that each flag remains standing. in 1951, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41704793814636487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.950741"} {"text": "of the 3d u. s. infantry place small american flags at each of the more than 260, 000 gravestones at arlington national cemetery. they then patrol 24 hours a day during the weekend to ensure that each flag remains standing. in 1951, the boy scouts and cub scouts of st. louis began placing flags on the 150, 000 graves at jefferson barracks national cemetery as an annual good turn, a practice that continues to this day. more recently, beginning in 1998, on the saturday before the observed day for memorial day, the boys scouts and girl scouts place a candle at each of approximately 15, 300 grave sites of soldiers buried at fredericksburg and spotsylvania national military park on marye ' s heights ( the luminaria program ). and in 2004, washington d. c. held its first memorial day parade in over 60 years. to help re - educate and remind americans of the true meaning of memorial day, the \" national moment of remembrance \" resolution was passed on dec 2000 which asks that at 3 p. m. local time, for all americans \" to voluntarily and informally observe in their own way a moment of remembrance and respect, pausing from whatever they are doing for a moment of silence or listening to ' taps. \" the moment of remembrance is a step in the right direction to returning the meaning back to the day. what is needed is a full return to the original day of observance. set aside one day out of the year for the nation to get together to remember, reflect and honor those who have given their all in service to their country. but what may be needed to return the solemn, and even sacred, spirit back to memorial day is for a return to its traditional day of observance. many feel that when congress made the day into a three - day weekend in with the national holiday act of 1971, it made it all the easier for people to be distracted from the spirit and meaning of the day. as the vfw stated in its 2002 memorial day address : \" changing the date merely to create three - day weekends has undermined the very meaning of the day. no doubt, this has contributed greatly to the general public ' s nonchalant observance of memorial day. \" on january 19, 1999 senator inouye introduced bill s 189 to the senate which proposes to restore the traditional day of observance of memorial day back to may 30th instead of \" the last monday in may \". on april 19, 1999 representative gibbons introduced the bill to the house ( h. r", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48180116850771953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.951845"} {"text": "mcgarvie, dave w. ; burgess, raymond ; tindle, andrew g. ; tuffen, hugh and stevenson, john a. due to copyright restrictions, this file is not available for public download | google scholar : | | look up in google scholar | the torfajokull central volcano lies in iceland \u2019 s southern flank zone ( a non - rifting zone ) and last erupted in the 15th century. peralkaline rhyolites from its pre - holocene formations have been dated by the ar - ar method. ages from 67\u00b19 ka to 384\u00b120 ka indicate pleistocene eruptions, with the oldest age ( 384 ka ) also being from the most evolved rhyolite ( a pantellerite ). the oldest age indicates that a mature and evolved magmatic - volcanic system was well established by the mid - pleistocene and that the central volcano has been active for at least 400 ka. good correlation is found between the ar - ar ages of sustained rhyolite eruptions into ice sheets ( i. e. rhyolite tuya formation ) and oxygen isotope stages dominated by cold conditions. this is the first stage of developing a new proxy that uses rhyolitic glaciovolcanic edifices to provide estimates of past icelandic ice sheet thicknesses. the geochemistry of the dated samples corroborates earlier work showing a simple but enigmatic trend of steadily - decreasing alkalinity towards the present ( i. e. older rocks are more evolved ). the new ages reveal a hitherto - unrecognised drop in rhyolite alkalinity after 83 ka, which may be linked to the evacuation of c. 16 km3 of rhyolite during a subglacial eruption into the last ( weichselian ) ice sheet, for which two new and overlapping ar - ar ages of 67\u00b19 ka and 72\u00b17 ka have been obtained. this rhyolite eruption, which is the largest known from torfajokull, heralded a major change in the magma system as all subsequent eruptions are of small volume ( < 0. 3 km3 ), dominated by subalkaline compositions, and characterised by interactions with mafic magmas. this change may be linked to lower rhyolite magma replenishment rates and / or to the increasing influence of rift zone volcano - tectonics. | item type : | | journal article | | copyright holders : | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4234231677558232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.956759"} {"text": "there are different types of insomnia, most of which cause people to lay in bed awake, frustrated that they are unable to fall asleep or stay asleep. as a result, they toss and turn, and irritability increases. insomnia can take various forms, including early morning arousal ( difficulty staying asleep ), sleeping latency ( difficulty falling asleep ), fragmented sleep ( waking up multiple times during the night ), and sleeping very lightly and waking feeling unrefreshed. many people with insomnia want to avoid medicine because they are concerned about potential addiction, or feeling spacey or drowsy throughout the day. finding the causes of insomnia sleep - wake cycles are dictated by internal circadian rhythms. these rhythms are strongly influenced by light entering through the eyes, which signals the brain to regulate production of certain hormones, including one called melatonin. circumstances that unnaturally diminish the entrance of light into the eyes can disrupt the natural circadian rhythm, the production of necessary hormones, and therefore, an individual ' s proper sleep - wake cycle. such circumstances include blindness and failing eyesight due to aging. traveling to different time zones and jet lag, as well as working the night shift, disturb the natural circadian rhythm as well. insomnia can also be a sign of an underlying medical condition such as depression, an over - active thyroid, high blood pressure, heart disease, asthma, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, dementia, or pain disorders. several lifestyle factors can contribute to sleep disturbance. keeping a sleep - wake diary is helpful in identifying and modifying these factors, which include : - use of stimulants, including caffeine, nicotine, and ingredients in common drugs such as cold and weight - loss medicines. some people have difficulty falling asleep, others wake during the night. - use of alcohol. while it may help you fall asleep, alcohol consumption is likely to produce interrupted sleep and is not recommended as an insomnia treatment. - working night or rotating shifts. - lack of regular exercise. - exercising too close to bedtime - eating too close to bedtime. - excessive time on the computer or watching television. treating insomnia with lifestyle changes the most effective and frequently used conventional treatments to establish a restful sleep pattern are behavioral, not medicinal. these include achieving proper sleep hygiene, as well as making other lifestyle alterations. good sleep hygiene includes : - going to bed at the same time each night - reserving your bed for sleep and sex -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48072312648311205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.963054"} {"text": "restful sleep pattern are behavioral, not medicinal. these include achieving proper sleep hygiene, as well as making other lifestyle alterations. good sleep hygiene includes : - going to bed at the same time each night - reserving your bed for sleep and sex - watching television or reading in another room - avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and cigarettes, especially in the afternoon and evening - not laying in bed watching the clock. if you cannot fall asleep 15 - 20 minutes, get up and listen to calming music or read - exercising often, but not too close to bedtime - limiting naps - sleeping in a place with very little light and noise distraction if nothing seems to be working for you, there are treatment options available. consider trying : - relaxation techniques \u2014 a multidisciplinary team, including medical doctors, specializing in sleep disturbances can train and guide people in such approaches as yoga, meditation, deep relaxation, biofeedback, hypnosis, massage, and / or guided imagery. practicing one of these techniques within 30 minutes of bedtime may be helpful. simple changes in bedtime routine may also be effective. these include taking a warm bath, listening to soothing music, and drinking warm milk. - acupuncture \u2014 positive effects of the use of this ancient chinese practice have been shown ; however, more proof is needed before it can be recommended as an effective treatment for insomnia. a typical protocol is to receive acupuncture treatments weekly until a normal sleep pattern is achieved, followed by maintenance sessions. however, a licensed and certified acupuncturist will determine the most appropriate treatment regimen for each individual. - light therapy \u2014 for night - shift workers suffering from insomnia, light therapy may effective. this therapy involves using very bright lights in the work setting and then, when trying to sleep during the day, doing so in a very dark room while wearing sunglasses or a sleep mask. - cognitive therapy \u2014 this behavioral method involves addressing misconceptions and unrealistic expectations about both insomnia and the nature of sleep. some issues addressed during cognitive therapy include napping to compensate for poor sleep at night, anxiety about bedtime, fear of sleeplessness, beliefs about necessary hours of sleep, and attributing insomnia to age, ability to sleep, and / or possible chemical imbalance. treating insomnia with prescription sleep medications long - term use of sleeping pills is not recommended, as addiction is possible, and more research needs to be done on safety and effectiveness. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49858742513977405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.964124"} {"text": ", ability to sleep, and / or possible chemical imbalance. treating insomnia with prescription sleep medications long - term use of sleeping pills is not recommended, as addiction is possible, and more research needs to be done on safety and effectiveness. for temporary relief of insomnia, the following medicines may be prescribed : - short - acting sedative - hypnotics known as non - benzodiazepines. zolpidem ( ambien ), zaleplon ( sonata ), and eszopiclone ( lunesta ) fall into this category. - melatonin receptor agonists. - benzodiazepines ( tranquilizers ). the national sleep foundation recommends that people taking sleep medicine begin with the lowest possible dose that is effective, use the drugs on a short - term basis, and take the drugs intermittently if they are using them on a long - term basis. treating insomnia with herbs and supplements while some cultures have a long history of using supplements and herbal remedies for the treatment of insomnia, such practices have only gained popularity over the last few decades in the united states and other western nations. check with your doctor before trying herbs or supplements to make sure they are safe. some have serious side effects and others may mix poorly with medication you are already taking. although herbal remedies may be helpful for some people, most scientific studies have been unable to prove them effective in treating insomnia. some that may hold promise are : treating insomnia with melatonin this neurotransmitter is secreted by the pineal gland and it regulates the sleep cycle. melatonin is secreted at night, and the secretion is suppressed by bright light during the day. when melatonin secretion is not synchronized with the light - dark cycle, sleep disturbances occur. frequently touted as a valuable supplement for insomnia, melatonin has shown only mixed results for insomnia in studies. melatonin may be useful for temporary sleep disturbances from a change in schedule ( daytime work to nighttime ) or sudden disruption of the circadian rhythm as with jet lag. speak with your doctor if you would like to try it, particularly because there are certain circumstances in which it should not be used until more information is available : pregnancy, breast - feeding, autoimmune disorders, leukemia, and lymphoma. substances to avoid in addition to caffeine, excessive alcohol, and particular medicines, certain herbs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48496433517620224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.965113"} {"text": "share this page unu youtube chanel ourworld flickr photos how things work beekeeping relieves land degradation in kyrgyzstan agricultural heritage across the millennia linking local history and traditions to modern agriculture can revitalize land management with community pride and sustainable practices. re - creating eelgrass beds in the seto inland sea a videobrief in our satoumi series looks at how fishers and experts are restoring the ecosystem that nurtures coastal fish. satoumi \u2013 co - managing marine resources in shiretoko in a remote part of japan, stakeholders cooperate to preserve the area \u2019 s exceptional ecology. satoumi in an okinawan coral reef system in a remote part of japan, stakeholders are cooperating to preserve the area \u2019 s exceptional ecology. satoumi in ago bay : embracing integrated coastal management a bay, historically prized as the marine product supplier to japan ' s imperial court, is being revived. from mountain to sea : a vision for the rebuilding of tohoku an oyster farming author shows how tsunami - hit tohoku should rebuild by tapping into the region ' s rich traditions. the changing socio - ecology of japan \u2019 s ishikawa coast the landscapes and livelihoods of this part of japan are facing many threats, including ocean acidification. japanese agricultural heritage systems recognized sado island and the noto peninsula are the first sites in japan, and the developed world overall, to be listed as globally important. japan should look to satoyama and satoumi for inspiration traditional ways of living in harmony with nature offer the country hope as it rebuilds after the triple disaster. to serve the ecosystems that serve us it ' s time to move beyond the term \u201c ecosystem services \u201d and consider what it really takes to craft sustainable lifeways that span generations. satoumi : the link between humans and the sea japan ' s seto inland sea supports a variety of sea life and people and its integrated management would allow the reaping of benefits well into the future. preserving japan \u2019 s sea salt making tradition japan ' s centuries - old sea salt production landscapes can serve in developing models for integrated management of land and marine ecosystems. japan \u2019 s \u2018 ama \u2019 free divers keep their traditions descendants of japan \u2019 s seafaring gypsies continue to sustainably manage their marine resources thanks to collectively set rules. harvest time in satoyama the idea of satoyama embodies particular views about nature and its integration with lifestyle, cultural values and resource management practices. \u00bb debate 2. 0 \u00bb how things work \u00bb special report \u00bb video brief", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4727673928843756, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.967992"} {"text": "first lady grace coolidge plants a tree at the chevy chase playground, february 28, 1929. i \u2019 ve started doing research on district playgrounds so there \u2019 s a good chance that i \u2019 ll have a few posts about them in the near future. but for now, i \u2019 ll start with a historical side note that i stumbled upon related to playgrounds, trees, and presidential wives. apparently, from 1928 to 1934, the women \u2019 s city club was successful in inviting siting and former first ladies to attend their prominent tree planting ceremony. the first such tree planting occurred on may 1, 1928, at the park view playground as part of the he district playground program that included 42 municipal playgrounds. at the park view playground, mrs. william howard taft planted a red maple. according to the day \u2019 s program, during the exercises the school children danced around the tree singing the planting song. on february 28 of the following year, mrs. calvin coolidge planted a tree at the chevy chase playgrounds as one of her last acts as first lady. more than 1, 000 persons witnessed the ceremony. though this was the second such event at a district playground, it was described as an established custom by former first ladies in their final days in the capital before the inauguration of a new administration. mrs. woodrow wilson was honored in 1930 with a tree planting at the virginia avenue playground and mrs. herbert hoover planted a willow oak on october 22, 1931, at the mitchell park playground. after a two year break, mrs. franklin d. roosevelt planted the last such tree that i \u2019 ve been able to track down on october 28, 1934. this tree was planted at the mcmillan playground ( 1st and bryant ). it \u2019 s possible that the tradition was interrupted by the great depression, or world war ii, or that organizers had simply run out of presidential wives to honor. whatever the reason, i like the idea and would be happy to see it come back.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4201865013437233, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.970073"} {"text": "discriminating against people who do not speak your language is a big problem. a new study suggests that the preferences that lead to these problems are hard - wired at a very young age. even five - month - old infants, who can \u2019 t speak themselves, have preferences for native speakers and native accents. the human talent for language is one of our crowning evolutionary achievements, allowing us to easily and accurately communicate with our fellows. but as the biblical story of the tower of babel relates, linguistic differences can serve to drive us apart and act as massive barriers between different social groups. these barriers can give rise to linguistic discrimination, a far more insidious problem that it seems at first. language - based prejudices have led to horrific acts of human abuse, and even civil wars. genocide often finds itself paired with linguicide, since a race can be killed off more thoroughly if their language follows them. even today, people in a linguistic minority can find themselves denied access to healthcare, or at a disadvantage when looking for jobs. the issue cuts to the heart of several ongoing debates, from the role of second languages in education to whether immigrants must become fluent in the tongue of their host country. it should therefore be unsurprising to learn that we have strong preferences for our own language and for those who speak it. but katherine kinzler and colleagues from harvard university, have found that we develop these preferences from an incredibly young age, before we can speak ourselves, and well before we can even hope to understand the social issues at stake. kinzler tested 24 infants, aged 5 to 6 months, from households that only spoke english, to see if they had any linguistic preferences. each toddler watched videos of two women, one speaking english and the other, spanish. the women were all bilinguals and swapped the language they used in different trials to make sure that the babies weren \u2019 t showing preferences for physical traits like skin colour. the babies were then shown the two women side by side, but no longer speaking. they strongly expressed their preference for the english speakers by gazing at their screen for a longer time ( measuring gaze time like this is a standard test used by child psychologists ). once developed in early infancy, these preferences stick around into childhood, and most probably well beyond that. in very similar experiments, kinzler found that older infants ( 10 months or so ) prefer to accept toys from a woman who spoke their native language. the babies, from either boston or paris, were shown alternating films of an english or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4777980479246641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.975631"} {"text": "that. in very similar experiments, kinzler found that older infants ( 10 months or so ) prefer to accept toys from a woman who spoke their native language. the babies, from either boston or paris, were shown alternating films of an english or french - speaking woman, who spoke for a while and then silently offered the child a toy. two real toys then appeared on the table in front of the infant, and they were twice as likely to pick the one in front of the native speaker. so even though the offering of the toy involved no spoken words, the infants still gravitated towards the woman who had spoken earlier in their familiar tongue. infants can even pick up on subtle differences in dialect. even when two speakers are talking in the same language, 5 - month old infants will prefer someone who speaks with a native accent to someone who speaks with a foreign twang. older children ( 5 years or so ) will similarly prefer to befriend another child who speaks with the same accent. at that age, children will have barely any understanding of the social circumstances that leads to different groups of people speaking the same language in different ways. and it \u2019 s unlikely that their parents had much influences, since even the 5 - month - old toddlers had these preferences. these early preferences can act as the foundations for more destructive behaviours and conflicts later on in life. but we must be very careful \u2013 an instinctive basis for a behaviour does not in any way justify it. instead, by telling us about the basis of linguistic prejudices, these results suggest that we must work even harder to overcome them. if they are hard - wired from an early age, then education from an early age seems like a sensible first step. perhaps, exposure to multiple languages early in life can soften these preferences, and it would be fascinating to see if the same results hold for babies from bilingual households. reference : kinzler, dupoux & spelke. 2007. the native language of social cognition. pnas 104 : 12577 - 12580 more on child development : - bilingual infants have better mental control - autistic children are less sensitive to the movements of living things - ask an ivf baby : does smoking while pregnant lead to antisocial behaviour? - babies \u2019 gestures partly explain link between wealth and vocabulary - babies can tell apart different languages with visual cues alone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4976569085432232, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.976745"} {"text": "canal st. martin, paris photograph by gordon gahan, national geographic light is the single most important element in photography. without light, both we and our cameras are blind. but light is so much more than a tool to physically record. this simple photograph by gordon gahan shows the power of light to ignite even the most mundane scene \u2014 a concrete tunnel \u2014 and render it beautifully. \u2014 annie griffiths photo tip : when exposing for beams of light, it is best to underexpose the rest of the scene. it will add drama and will keep a little detail in the light beams themselves. inner mongolia, china photograph by james l. stanfield, national geographic in this lovely photograph by james stanfield, the quality of light adds to the feeling of intimacy in the moment. it blesses the entire scene with a golden, soft light that leads us from the children to the mother to the animals outside. \u2014 annie griffiths photo tip : shooting into the light, or \" backlighting, \" will add a halo effect to hair and clothing and other details of the subject. when backlighting, it is best to underexpose the image, allowing the highlights to glow. grand canyon national park, arizona photograph by michael nichols, national geographic bad weather makes great pictures. the best bad weather is a stormy day, when the sun is battling the clouds and often breaks through to ignite one part of the scene. in this winter shot of the grand canyon by michael nichols, it is the single touch of sunlight that makes the photograph work. \u2014 annie griffiths photo tip : become a storm chaser. if you want to find drama in a landscape, you \u2019 re more likely to succeed on days when the weather is dynamic. nothing is more boring than a perfect, cloudless day. photograph by william albert allard, national geographic portraits should usually be taken in soft light. it allows the subject to relax, the features to soften, and the eyes to communicate. in this unforgettable portrait by william albert allard, the light plays a key role in leading the viewer to the cowboy \u2019 s eyes. the light is coming from the side and is low enough to provide illumination beneath the hat. exposing for the light, not the shadow areas, allows the subject to glow. \u2014 annie griffiths photo tip : if photographing indoors, window or door light falling on the subject can be beautiful. by positioning the subject near the light source and allowing some of the subject to underexpose, the photographer can let light touch only the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.561814200079932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.981270"} {"text": "annie griffiths photo tip : if photographing indoors, window or door light falling on the subject can be beautiful. by positioning the subject near the light source and allowing some of the subject to underexpose, the photographer can let light touch only the most important part of the subject. luxor hotel, las vegas photograph by maria stenzel, national geographic photographer maria stenzel allowed several different sources of light to create the architecture of this photograph. each source of light is a different color, and the bizarre quality of the different lights sets a perfect mood for a picture of las vegas. \u2014 annie griffiths photo tip : have fun with artificial light, especially at night. look for different colors and sources of light, then use them in creative compositions. the possibilities are endless. central park, new york city photograph by melissa farlow, national geographic winter scenes are inherently cool in color. snow reflects the color of the sky and, at the beginning or end of the day, often appears purple in color. in this winter scene, photographer melissa farlow waited until the last rays of the setting sun touched the tops of the trees to make her picture. the contrast of the warm sunset light with the cool purples of the scene makes this image striking. \u2014 annie griffiths photo tip : when shooting at sunset, don \u2019 t just shoot the sun itself. often the best scenes are those being ignited by the warm light of the sunset. photograph by clifton r. adams, national geographic this charming photograph by clifton adams is backlit, causing a halo effect around the heads of the three irish girls. by letting the light draw attention to the their happy faces, we are less focused on the grime of their clothing. \u2014 annie griffiths photo tip : remember that light can bring emphasis to what you want the viewer to be drawn to in a photograph. when used well, light takes us by the hand and leads us to the important parts of an image. yosemite national park, california photograph by phil schermeister, national geographic this photograph has a quiet symmetry made dynamic by light. the bright light on the mountain face is perfectly balanced by the deep light in its reflection. photographer phil schermeister has made an elegant exposure, which allows the light to glow. \u2014 annie griffiths photo tip : when photographing in a high contrast situation, consider your exposure carefully. try different exposures to see what choice makes best use of available light. photograph by beverly joubert, national geographic light after a storm is some of the most dramatic light on earth. instead of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.531069230449704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.982243"} {"text": "a high contrast situation, consider your exposure carefully. try different exposures to see what choice makes best use of available light. photograph by beverly joubert, national geographic light after a storm is some of the most dramatic light on earth. instead of being the brightest part of a scene, the sky becomes the darkest. light that breaks through is often a lovely color, because it is refracted by tiny droplets remaining in the air. this stunning image by beverley joubert is a perfect shot, in perfect light. \u2014 annie griffiths photo tip : when the sky is dark, remember to expose for the light and allow the sky to become brooding and powerful. this will add drama to the part of the photograph that is touched by light. maasai tribesman, africa photograph by mitsuaki iwago, minden pictures photographer mitsuaki iwago used a low angle and the body of the maasai tribesman to add drama to this photograph. the sun is breaking through clouds of dust, so the low angle adds to this effect. but the light is harsh enough to destroy all the shadow areas, unless it is blocked by a silhouette large enough to allow the right exposure. \u2014 annie griffiths photo tip : often the light is not ideal for shooting. but if the photographer is thoughtful about how to use the light, magical images can be made. remember to try many different ways to take advantage of the light you are given. nat geo photo workshops subscribe to national geographic magazine and save. print and digital editions available.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5265954833006887, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.982907"} {"text": "one only has to be reminded of the bse crisis and the mmr vaccine scare to recognise the importance of having policy informed by the best available science. now, a collaboration of over fifty academics and policy makers from around the world have come together to agree a new research agenda on the role of science in public policy. the findings appear today friday, 09 march in plos one, a leading interdisciplinary open - access journal. the importance of using science for public policy has long been recognised, but recent years have seen a growing debate over how this is best achieved. ' evidence - based policy ' has become the desired norm, and this has led to a greater embedding of scientists alongside other specialists in public policy. in many governments, scientists are engaged at a senior level. for example, in the uk, in addition to the government chief scientific adviser, all government departments have a dedicated chief scientific adviser post. in spite of their acknowledged importance, however, relations between science and policy are sometimes troubled, and periodically erupt into controversy. prominent examples include the acrimonious debate over scientific understandings of climate change and the continuing disputes over the use of genetically modified crops and foods. the aim of this project was to identify key questions which, if addressed through focused research, could both address important theoretical challenges and also improve the mutual understanding and effectiveness of those who work at the interface of science and policy. to address these issues, professor william sutherland, from the university of cambridge, working with the university ' s centre for science and policy ( csap ), convened a unique workshop which brought together 52 leading scientists and policy makers to agree a new research agenda. they came from a wide range of academic disciplines ( including the physical, biological, environmental, medical, and social sciences ) as well as government, ngos and industry. initially, each participant was invited to produce a list of questions ; through a process of voting, deliberation and further voting, the initial list was distilled into a final set of 40 questions. explaining the significance of the research, professor sutherland said : \" when public policy is supported by scientifically - sound evidence, it is to the benefit of all of society. in order to strengthen the relationship between science and policy, we have, for the first time, compiled a clear set of research questions on scientific advice to governments. \" the final questions include an examination of how the design of scientific advisory systems affects policy outcomes ( q18 ), whether making science advice more transparent has improved its quality ( q35 ) and how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5205736134852772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.986501"} {"text": "clear set of research questions on scientific advice to governments. \" the final questions include an examination of how the design of scientific advisory systems affects policy outcomes ( q18 ), whether making science advice more transparent has improved its quality ( q35 ) and how to ensure early identification of policy issues that require scientific advice ( q10 ). others, for example, include : - what is the effectiveness of different techniques for anticipating future policy issues requiring science input? ( q17 ) - how and why does the role of scientific advice in policy - making differ among local, regional, national and international levels of governance? ( q19 ) - how do policy makers understand and respond to scientific uncertainties and expert disagreements? ( q29 ) dr robert doubleday, head of research, centre for science and policy ( csap ) at the university of cambridge, said : \" for the first time scientific advisers, policy makers, and academics who study science policy have come together through a structured process to agree a common research agenda. this is a critically important step as too often in the past there has been a serious disconnect between the theory and practice of science policy. this paper will help overcome this gap. at csap we are committed to assessing progress made towards addressing these questions. \" explore further : the dissector and the draughtsman more information : the paper ' a collaboratively - derived science policy research agenda ' will be published in the 09 march 2012 edition of plos one. after the embargo lifts, the paper can be viewed at dx. plos. org / 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0031824", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5215520149464128, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.987731"} {"text": "the international team of astronauts taking part in esa ' s caving adventure have returned to earth after spending six days underground. the voyage to the surface of our planet took them five hours from basecamp. caves gives astronauts a taste of working as a safe and effective team during long spaceflights. in particular, they can hone their leadership and group skills while working in a typical multicultural team found on the international space station. course designer loredana bessone explains the similarities of caving and working in space : \" the ' cavenauts ' have to adapt to a completely new environment. working and living underground is both physically and mentally demanding. \" space protocols were used in the course : \" cavewalking is similar to a spacewalk. you have to pay continuous attention to the correct use of tools and safety protocols, to the progression path and to obstacles, which correspond to no touch zones and keep out zones on the space station. \" caves is the first behavioural course to involve astronauts from all partners of the international space station. astronauts from usa, japan, canada, russia and denmark participated this year. apart from exploring and surveying parts of the caves, the astronauts also conducted speleological research : cave meteorology, geology, biology and microbiology. they set traps and collected specimens of underground life, which have now been forwarded to specialists for further analysis. this year the astronauts explored further than the caves 2011 team and discovered what nasa astronaut mike fincke described as an underground \" wonderland. \" esa astronaut andreas mogensen is very positive about the course : \" caves is perhaps the most physically demanding astronaut training that i have taken part in, and perhaps also the most rewarding. \" to complete the training, our crew had to work together effectively and efficiently as a team, which we did. \" all in all, it was a fantastic and unique experience. \" explore further : astronauts going underground", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5107419531880834, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.989921"} {"text": "satellite imagery from nasa ' s trmm satellite showed that wind shear is pushing the bulk of rainfall away from the center of tropical storm anais. when nasa ' s tropical rainfall measuring mission ( trmm ) satellite passed over tropical storm anais on oct. 16 at 0654 utc ( 2 : 54 a. m. edt ), light to moderate rainfall was occurring southeast of the center and falling at a rate between. 78 to 1. 57 inches / 20 to 40 mm per hour. the displacement of rainfall from around the storm ' s center to the southeast indicates moderate to strong northwesterly wind shear. there no areas of heavy rainfall, indicating that the storm had weakened since the previous day. forecasters at the joint typhoon warning center noted \" the trmm image depicts tightly - curved, shallow convective ( thunderstorm ) banding wrapping into a well - defined center with deep convective banding limited to the south quadrant. \" tropical storm anais had maximum sustained winds near 55 knots ( 63. 2 mph / 102 kph ) on oct. 16 at 1500 utc ( 11 a. m. edt ). anais was located near 14. 4 south and 59. 8 east, about 500 nautical miles ( 575 miles / 926 km ) north - northeast of la reunion and moving toward the west - southwest at 9 knots ( 10. 3 mph / 16. 6 kph ). anais is forecast to continue tracking to the west - southwest toward madagascar, while weakening. explore further : nasa sees tropical cyclone anais headed near la reunion island", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42900898041668756, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.991407"} {"text": "while most teachers and students were relaxing, a team of physicists spent their summer vacation modeling the physics of learning. they represented the interactions between students and teachers with a set of equations similar to those that describe magnetism in materials like iron. the results, which appear in the 10 september print issue of prl, are consistent with data on student learning, but can equations convey the complexities of the classroom? some educational specialists remain unconvinced. to simulate the classroom environment, clelia bordogna and ezequiel albano of the institute of theoretical and applied physical chemistry in la plata, argentina, used a so - called ising model similar to those that describe magnetism in materials. according to the model, a classroom behaves a lot like a piece of iron : individual students play the role of atoms, and their knowledge of a subject is similar the atoms \u2019 magnetic orientations. the teacher behaves like an external magnetic field trying to align the student \u2019 s knowledge into the \u201c right \u201d direction ( understanding the curriculum ). but like the atoms in a chunk of iron, the students have other influences : each student could influence her neighbor \u2019 s orientation, and social entropy, such as talking, passing notes, or obscure explanations, could cause the students to become disoriented. the team \u2019 s model made several predictions that agree with data gathered in actual classrooms around the country. for example, when low - achieving and high - achieving students were interspersed in groups, they found that the low - achievers caught on more quickly. they also found that when students influenced each other through group work, they learned the material more thoroughly than when they simply listened to the teacher lecture. but some educational specialists express skepticism of the study. \u201c classroom learning shouldn \u2019 t be boiled down into a mathematical formula, \u201d said one educational researcher, adding that this kind of work could actually hurt the field by detracting from research on curriculum and teaching principles. david byrne, a sociologist who also studies chaos and complexity at the university of durham in england, believes that trying to model education creates two problems. first, social interactions in the classroom often lack clear boundaries, which can make them difficult to model. second, human behavior varies significantly, not only among individuals, but among classrooms and regions as well. such variation, he believes, can throw off even the most general statistical models. still, byrne was pleased to see physicists trying to tackle the problem. \u201c simulations are always interesting \u2013 in the social sciences you can \u2019 t say much more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6397272848189923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.994077"} {"text": "economy spikes u. s. power plant carbon output : group author : timothy gardner a stronger economy helped push up u. s. power plant emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide in 2010 by the highest annual rate on record, a report said on friday. the economy and air conditioning demand from a warm summer sent emissions up 5. 56 percent to 2. 42 billion metric tons in 2010, according to the report by the environmental integrity project based on data by the environmental protection agency. \" great news about the economy recovering, but carbon grew faster than the economy, which shows a lot of old inefficient coal plants were pumping out electricity last year, \" said eip director eric schaeffer. he co - founded the nonprofit, nonpartisan group in 2002 with fellow former epa enforcement lawyers. the recession pushed emissions down in 2009, but the recovery in 2010 showed how quickly they can rise once the economy gets stronger. the 2010 rise was the highest jump in emissions since 1995, when the epa began keeping data, but the total carbon emissions from power plants were still below the record of 2. 57 billion metric tons set in 2007. environmentalists are worried that the republican - controlled house of representatives could hurt the government ' s ability to fight climate change, especially after last year tied 2005 as the hottest year globally on record. \" global warming will not disappear because our politicians choose to pretend it does not exist, \" schaeffer said. house republicans have pushed for spending cuts this year for climate programs across the federal government, from the environmental protection agency to the state department. president barack obama and his fellow democrats in the senate are likely to reject most of the cuts. obama has pledged the country would cut emissions about 17 percent from 2005 levels by 2020. but the senate also has some climate skeptics including james inhofe of oklahoma, who has called human - caused global warming a hoax. emissions from power plants account for about a third of the carbon output from the united states, the world ' s second leading greenhouse gas emitter after china. overall u. s. greenhouse gas emissions have risen about 7. 4 percent since 1990, according to the epa. the state of texas, which opened three new coal - fired power plants in late 2010, led the country in carbon emissions from power plants last year with nearly 257 million metric tons of output. top emissions were then followed by florida, ohio and indiana. ( editing by sofina mirza - reid )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4651696468229401, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.996577"} {"text": "shining new light on dark matter in the 1930s, astronomers discovered that many galaxy clusters observable from earth have a much stronger gravitational field than they should have given their predicted mass. further astronomical observations only added to this puzzle. after much consideration, it was concluded that something mysterious called dark matter must be involved. dark matter is in all respects invisible and can only be detected by its gravitational effect on normal matter. if this new theory was right then dark matter would make up most of the mass of the universe. however, in february three scientists claimed that dark matter was not necessary and in fact by slightly altering einstein ' s equations for general relativity they could account for the acceleration. not everyone was convinced by the new explanation though, and now new evidence has been put forward in support of dark matter through studying the \" bullet \" galaxy cluster with the chandra x - ray telescope. the cluster was created when two separate clusters smashed together. tremendous amounts of energy were released in this collision ; enough in fact to tear the normal matter and the dark matter apart. even though dark matter is invisible, scientists were able to see the effect by measuring how the mass of the cluster was distributed. the data gathered supported a model involving dark matter but not an altered form of general relativity as was previously proposed. no doubt the argument over the existence of dark matter will continue but supporters of the dark matter model believe this provides the most conclusive evidence yet. you can read the full story on science daily posted by plus @ 2 : 37 pm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5774793692773521, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:12.998237"} {"text": "the foot is a complex structure of 26 bones, 33 joints, and many muscles, ligaments, and nerves. only a small number of americans are born with foot problems. most problems are due to neglect and poor care, including ill - fitting shoes. with age, changes occur in the feet. some disorders begin early in life and are affected by heredity, walking patterns, and land features. many americans will have foot pain at some point in their lives. common causes of foot pain include : - poor - fitting shoes - high - heeled shoes - poor posture - high impact exercise ( such as running ) foot pain may also be caused by systemic disease, such as : - arthritis ( osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis ) \u2014 arthritis can cause stiffness and reduced range of motion. - peripheral vascular disease \u2014 this condition affects the legs and feet by causing reduced blood flow, swelling, and increased risk of infection. - diabetes \u2014 a common complication of diabetes is reduced blood flow, which causes a number of problems in the legs and feet including abnormal sensation, swelling, and increased risk of infection. - gout \u2014 gout may cause pain and swelling in the great toe. for descriptions of many common types of foot pain, click here. what are the risk factors for foot pain? what are the symptoms of foot pain? how is foot pain diagnosed? what are the treatments for foot pain? are there screening tests for foot pain? how can i reduce my risk of foot pain? what questions should i ask my doctor? what is it like to live with a bunion? where can i get more information about foot pain? - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 11 / 2012 - - update date : 11 / 26 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4664219022637984, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.000220"} {"text": "eating disorders : when food and weight take control what exactly are eating disorders? how common are eating disorders? what are the symptoms of eating disorders? - excessive weight loss or lack of normal weight gain, often to the point of starvation - intense fear of gaining weight - distorted body image \u2014 for example, seeing oneself as too fat even when underweight - obsessive controlling of calories and fat even when underweight - unusual eating habits, such as cutting food into tiny bites - excessive or compulsive exercising - absence of at least three consecutive menstrual periods - frequent episodes of binge eating ( eating an abnormally large amount of food within two hours or less ) - feeling out of control while binge eating - excessive concern with body weight and shape - unusual eating habits, such as hoarding food and eating in secret - frequent episodes of self - induced vomiting or misusing laxatives or diuretics to prevent weight gain - attempts to control weight by excessive exercising, misusing diet pills, or fasting binge eating disorder - frequent episodes of binge eating - little or no use of behaviors to control weight, such as purging, excessive exercising or fasting, although may try dieting - feeling guilty, depressed, or disgusted with oneself because of the binge eating and concern about being overweight - eating large amounts when not hungry - eating rapidly and until uncomfortably full what causes eating disorders? how are eating disorders treated? - health or medical problems treated \u2014 first, any medical problems are treated. then, the psychological issues related to the eating disorder are explored. nutrition counseling is provided to help reestablish healthy eating and meal planning practices. medicine may also be prescribed. support groups for people with eating disorders and for their family and friends can also be helpful. - psychotherapy \u2014 several different types of psychotherapy may be used in individual, group, or family sessions. cognitive behavioral therapy can help to develop healthy ways of thinking and patterns of behavior, especially with food and relationships. other kinds of psychotherapy focus on underlying psychological issues, such as self - esteem. in some cases, a combination of more than one type of psychotherapy is the most successful approach. - medicine \u2014 the most widely used medicines for eating disorders are antidepressants. they are particularly helpful with bulimia and binge eating disorder because they treat mood - related symptoms and suppress the craving to binge. in cases of anorexia, they may help decrease the obsessions and anxiety related to eating. national eating disorders organization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4558185886778123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.003549"} {"text": "particularly helpful with bulimia and binge eating disorder because they treat mood - related symptoms and suppress the craving to binge. in cases of anorexia, they may help decrease the obsessions and anxiety related to eating. national eating disorders organization http : / / www. nationaleatingdisorders. org / overeaters anonymous https : / / www. oa. org / canadian mental health association http : / / www. cmha. ca / national eating disorder information centre http : / / www. nedic. ca / anorexia nervosa. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php. updated july 2009. accessed july 24, 2009. eating disorder statistics. national association of anorexia nervosa and associated disorders website. available at : http : / / www. anad. org / get - information / about - eating - disorders / eating - disorders - statistics /. accessed may 12, 2011. shapiro jr, berkman nd, brownley ka, sedway ja, lohr kn, bulik cm. bulimia nervosa treatment : a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. int j eat disord. 2007 ; 40 : 321 - 36. - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 05 / 2011 - - update date : 05 / 12 / 2011 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3915340953608931, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.004793"} {"text": "household income quartiles in old toongabbie, the ' highest ' quartile is the largest group, comprising 30 % of households with income. households form the common ' economic unit ' in our society. household income is one of the most important indicators of socio - economic status. with other data sources, such as educational qualifications and occupation, it helps to reveal old toongabbie ' s socio - economic status and economic opportunities. household income levels are not comparable over time because of the influences of economic change such as wage level fluctuations and inflation. the income quartile method is a powerful and objective way of looking at income data and in particular, how it is changing. a detailed explanation of how household income quartiles are calculated and interpreted is available in specific data notes. derived from the census question : ' what is the total of all wages / salaries, government benefits, pensions, allowances and other income the person usually receives? ' | household income quartiles | | quartile group | | number | | % | | city of parramatta | | number | | % | | city of parramatta | | 2006 to 2011 | | quartile group dollar ranges ( households ) | | calculated from income data for new south wales | | weekly income by census year | | household income ranges | | 2011 | | 2006 | | 2001 | | 1996 | | 1991 | | lowest group | | $ 0 to $ 614 | | $ 0 to $ 530 | | $ 0 to $ 418 | | $ 0 to $ 337 | | $ 0 to $ 302 | | medium lowest | | $ 615 to $ 1, 233 | | $ 531 to $ 1, 034 | | $ 419 to $ 828 | | $ 338 to $ 652 | | $ 303 to $ 582 | | medium highest | | $ 1, 234 to $ 2, 272 | | $ 1, 035 to $ 1, 788 | | $ 829 to $ 1, 462 | | $ 653 to $ 1, 146 | | $ 583 to $ 975 | | highest group | | $ 2, 273 and over | | $ 1, 789 and over | | $ 1, 463 and over | | $ 1, 147 and over | | $ 976 and over | income quartiles allow us to compare relative income - earning capabilities across time. analysis of the distribution of households by income quartile in old toongabbie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4605185974057562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.007112"} {"text": "researchers have found that two proteins which work in tandem in the brain \u2019 s blood vessels present a double whammy in alzheimer \u2019 s disease. not only do the proteins lessen blood flow in the brain, but they also reduce the rate at which the brain is able to remove amyloid beta, the protein that builds up in toxic quantities in the brains of patients with the disease. the work, described in the journal nature cell biology, provides hard evidence directly linking two processes thought to be at play in alzheimer \u2019 s disease : reduction in blood flow and the buildup of toxic amyloid beta. the research makes the interaction between the two proteins a seductive target for researchers seeking to address both issues. scientists were surprised at the finding, which puts two proteins known for their role in the cardiovascular system front and center in the development of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. \u201c this is quite unexpected, \u201d said berislav zlokovic, m. d., ph. d., a neuroscientist and a senior author of the study. \u201c on the other hand, both of these processes are mediated by the smooth muscle cells along blood vessel walls, and we know that those are seriously compromised in patients with alzheimer \u2019 s disease, so perhaps we shouldn \u2019 t be completely surprised. \u201d for 15 years zlokovic \u2019 s laboratory has focused on the molecular mechanisms regulating blood supply and the role of the blood - brain barrier in the development of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. it \u2019 s not simply that reduced blood supply hurts brain cells by causing a shortage of oxygen and other nutrients. rather, deterioration of blood flow seems to gum up the brain \u2019 s ability to remove toxic amyloid beta. normally, amyloid is picked up efficiently by blood vessels that then whisk the toxic trash away. but in alzheimer \u2019 s disease, the system no longer is able to keep up with the body \u2019 s production of the substance. the molecular trash accumulates, and zlokovic and others believe the buildup kills brain cells.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.519283936813385, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.009327"} {"text": "researchers at the albert einstein college of medicine and the german cancer research institute have shown how protein synthesis is targeted to certain regions of a cell - - a process crucial for the cellular motility that governs nerve growth, wound healing and cancer metastasis. their study appears in the november 24 issue of the journal nature. led by drs. robert singer and dr stefan huettelmaier, the research team focused on migrating fibroblast cells important in wound healing. to move towards a wound, these cells manufacture the protein actin, which polymerizes into long filaments that push the cell ' s membrane outward to form protrusions. the team ' s previous work showed how newly formed actin messenger rna molecules find their way to the cell ' s periphery : a protein called zbp1 binds to the messenger rna and \" escorts \" it out of the fibroblast nucleus and into the cytoplasm. on reaching the cell ' s periphery, the messenger rna is translated into actin protein responsible for cell motility. this new study reveals another key role for zbp1 : not only does zbp1 bind to actin messenger rna and guide it to the cell ' s periphery, but it also helps regulate where in the cell the messenger rna is translated into actin. \" the zbp1 bound to actin ' s messenger rna acts like a lock to prevent it from being translated into protein before reaching its destination, \" explains dr. singer. \" on arriving at the cell periphery, the messenger rna / zbp1 complex encounters an enzyme, the protein kinase src, which is active only in that part of the cell. src adds a phosphate group to zbp1 close to where it binds to messenger rna, and this phosphorylation reaction detaches zbp1 from the actin messenger rna - - unlocking the messenger rna so it can now be translated into the actin protein that makes cell movement possible. \" understanding how actin synthesis is spatially regulated in motile cells could lead to new cancer therapies. \" in cancer, \" says dr. singer, \" we know that expression of zbp1 correlates with benign tumors, while suppression of zbp1 is associated with metastasis - - when motile cancer cells break off from the primary tumor and invade other areas of the body. so a drug that could force tumor cells to express zbp1 might prevent cancers from spreading. \" in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5278932654870325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.011930"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | a monosexual is someone who is sexually attracted to one sex ( or gender ) only, monosexuality being this capacity for attraction or sexual orientation. a monosexual can be either heterosexual or homosexual. the term is fairly uncommon, mostly used in discussions of bisexuality to denote everyone other than bisexuals ( with the exception of asexuals, who are sexually attracted to no - one ). it is sometimes considered derogatory. the proportion of people who fit into the category depends on how one uses the word. if the term is used to mean exclusively monosexual, then according to alfred kinsey ' s controversial studies, only 5 % to 10 % of people are in this group. if the term is used in a non - exclusive sense the proportion would be lower and many people think that kinsey ' s figure is too low, saying that no - one is exclusively monosexual, and that the 90 to 95 % testing as such were just in denial or closeted because of biphobia. freud thought that no one was born monosexual and that it had to be taught by parents or society though most people appear to believe that monosexuals are in fact the majority and identify as such. fred maus ( 2004, p. 164 ) compares the criticism of bela bartok ' s works for their use of tonality and nontonal methods unique to each piece to the bias towards monosexuality and against bisexuality ( see biphobia ). the term \u201c monosexuality \u201d has also been used to describe the sexuality of people who only wish to have sex with one specific person, regardless of gender. this becomes important when considering partners that choose to remain in their relationship with a transsexual or transgender person. note that this meaning is quite contradictory to the usual meaning of the term, since someone who chooses to remain in such a relationship cannot reasonably be considered either homosexual or heterosexual. - maus, fred ( 2004 ). \" sexual and musical categories \", the pleasure of modernist music. isbn 1580461433. | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5526258011622776, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.014074"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | - see also : side effects ( treatment ) a side effect or adverse effect of a treatment is an abnormal, harmful, undesired and / or unintended effect, although not necessarily unexpected, which is obtained as a result of a therapy or other medical intervention, such as drug / chemotherapy, physical therapy, surgery, medical procedure, use of a medical device, etc. iatrogenesis ( literally, generated by a physician ) is a common cause of adverse effects, as well as medical error. using a drug or other medical intervention which is contraindicated may increase the risk of side effects. adverse effects may cause medical complications of a disease or procedure and negatively affect its prognosis. the harmful outcome is usually indicated by some result such as morbidity, mortality, alteration in body weight, levels of enzymes, loss of function or as a pathological change detected at the microscopic, macroscopic or physiological level. they may cause a reversible or irreversible change, including an increase or decrease in the susceptibility of the individual to other chemicals, foods, or procedures ( e. g. drug interaction ). in many countries, adverse effects are required by law to be reported, researched in clinical trials and included into the patient information accompanying medical devices and drugs for sale to the public. in the usa several reporting systems have been built, such as the adverse event reporting system ( aers ), the manufacturer and user facility device experience database ( maude ) and the special nutritionals adverse event monitoring system. in australia, adverse effect reporting is administered by the adverse drug reactions advisory committee ( adrac ), a subcommittee of the australian drug evaluation committee ( adec ). reporting is voluntary, and adrac requests health professionals to report all adverse reactions to its current drugs of interest, and serious adverse reactions to any drug. adrac publishes the australian adverse drug reactions bulletin every 2 months. adverse effects of drugsedit - main article : adverse drug reaction adverse effects can occur as a collateral or side effect of many interventions, but they are particularly important in pharmacology, due to its wider, and sometimes uncontrollable, use by way of self - medication. thus, responsible drug use becomes an important issue here. adverse effects, like intended effects of drugs, are a function of dosage or drug levels at the target organs, so they may be avoided or decreased by means of careful and precise ph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5308479273325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.022572"} {"text": "medication. thus, responsible drug use becomes an important issue here. adverse effects, like intended effects of drugs, are a function of dosage or drug levels at the target organs, so they may be avoided or decreased by means of careful and precise pharmacodynamics ( the change of drug levels in the organism in function of time after administration ). adverse effects may also be caused by drug interaction, i. e., when physicians fail to check for all medicaments a patient is taking and prescribe new ones which interact agonistically or antagonistically ( potentiate or decrease the intended therapeutic effect ). significant morbidity and mortality is caused around the world because of this. drug - drug and food - drug interactions may occur, and even so - called \" natural drugs \" used in alternative medicine may have dangerous adverse effects. for example, extracts of st. john ' s wort ( hypericum perforatum ), a phytotherapic used for treating mild depression are known to cause an increase in the cytochrome p450 enzymes responsible for the metabolism and elimination of many drugs, so that patients taking it are likely to experience a reduction in blood levels of drugs that they are taking for other purposes, such as cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, protease inhibitors for hiv and oral contraceptives. the scientific field of activity associated with drug safety is increasingly government - regulated and is of major concern for the public as well as to drug manufacturers. the distinction between adverse and non - adverse effects is a major undertaking when a new drug is developed and tested before marketing it. this is done in toxicity studies to determine the non - adverse effect level ( noael ). these studies are used to define the dosage to be used in human testing ( phase i ) as well as to calculate the maximum admissible daily intake. imperfections in clinical trials, such as insufficient number of patients or short duration, sometimes lead to public health disasters such as those of fenfluramine ( the so - called fen - phen episode ), thalidomide and, more recently, of cerivastatin ( baycol\u00ae, lipobay\u00ae ) and rofecoxib ( vioxx\u00ae ), where drastic adverse effects were observed, like teratogenesis, pulmonary hypertension, stroke, heart disease, neuropathy, etc., and a significant number of deaths, causing the forced or voluntary withdrawal of the drug from the market. most drugs have a large list", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5376286228914093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.023527"} {"text": "were observed, like teratogenesis, pulmonary hypertension, stroke, heart disease, neuropathy, etc., and a significant number of deaths, causing the forced or voluntary withdrawal of the drug from the market. most drugs have a large list of non - severe or mild adverse effects which do not rule out the interruption of usage. these effects have widely variable incidence, according to individual sensitivity. they comprise nausea, dizziness, diarrhea, malaise, vomit, headache, dermatitis, dry mouth, etc. examples of adverse effectsedit most drugs have a large list of non - severe or mild adverse effects which do not rule out the interruption of usage. these effects have widely variable incidence, according to individual sensitivity. they comprise nausea, dizziness, diarrhea, malaise, vomit, headache, dermatitis,, etc. other side effects of interest to psychologists are : - abortion, miscarriage and / or severe vaginal or uterine hemorrhage associated with misoprostol ( cytotec\u00ae ), a labor - inducing drug ( this is a case where the adverse effect has been used legally and illegally for performing abortions ) - addiction to many sedatives and analgesics such as diazepam, morphine, etc. - deafness and kidney failure associated with gentamicin ( an antibiotic ) - death, following sedation in children using propofol ( diprivan\u00ae ) - dementia associated with heart bypass surgery - depression or hepatic injury caused by interferon - diabetes caused by atypical antipsychotic medications ( neuroleptic psychiatric drugs ) - diarrhea caused by the use of orlistat ( xenical\u00ae ) - drug allergies - drug dependency - drug induced congenital disorders - erectile dysfunction associated with many drugs, such as antidepressants - fever associated with vaccination ( in the past, imperfectly manufactured vaccines, such as bcg and poliomyelitis, have caused the very disease they intended to fight ). - glaucoma associated with corticosteroid - based eye drops - hair loss and anemia may be caused by chemotherapy against cancer, leukemia, etc. - headache following spinal anesthesia - hypertension in ephedrine users, which prompted fda to remove the status of dietary supplement of ephedra extracts - insomnia caused by stimulants, ritalin\u00ae, adderall\u00ae, etc. - lactic acid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4962904429758558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.024453"} {"text": "- hypertension in ephedrine users, which prompted fda to remove the status of dietary supplement of ephedra extracts - insomnia caused by stimulants, ritalin\u00ae, adderall\u00ae, etc. - lactic acidosis associated with the use of stavudine ( zerit\u00ae, for anti - hiv therapy ) or metformin ( for diabetes ) - melasma and thrombosis associated with oral contraceptive use - neurolepc malignant syndrome - rhabdomyolysis associated with statins ( anti - cholesterol drugs ) - seizures caused by withdrawal from benzodiazepine - sleepiness or increase in appetite due to antihistamine use - stroke or heart attack associated with sildenafil ( viagra\u00ae ) when used with nitroglycerine - suicide, increased tendency associated to the use of fluoxetine and other ssri antidepressants - tardive dyskinesia associated with long - term use of metoclopramide and many antipsychotic medications. sometimes, putative medical adverse effects are regarded as controversial and generate heated discussions in society and lawsuits against drug manufacturers. one example is the current controversy whether autism may be caused by the mmr vaccine ( or by thimerosal, a mercury - based preservative used in some vaccines ). no significative link has been found so far, but this has not prevented lawsuits. due to the exceedingly high impact on public health of widely used medications, such as oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, which may affect millions of users, even marginal probabilities of adverse effects of a severe nature, such as breast cancer, have led to public outcry and changes in medical therapy, although its benefits largely surpassed the statistical risks. - complication ( medicine ) - dirty drug - drug interaction - drug sensitivity - drug tolerance - evidence - based medicine - list of withdrawn drugs - medical algorithm - medical error - medical prescription - medication induced movement disorders - side effects ( treatment ) - patient safety network. an extremely useful site, with a glossary and articles on all kinds of threats to patient safety, including adverse effects, drug reactions, medical error, iatrogenesis, etc. - adrd. org - searchable database of adverse drug reactions ( adrs ) - australian adverse drug reactions bulletin - published bimonthly by adrac - drugs of concern drugintel. com site for tort lawyers with up - to -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46639714264224946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.025380"} {"text": "radio jove home page the galactic background radiation the ever - present sound of our galaxy by dr. leonard n. garcia | when making observations of jupiter you may hear all kinds of radio frequency interference. most of the interference will likely be of terrestrial origin and may be natural, like distant lightning strikes, or man - made like power line \" buzz \" or radio stations. there is however a type of interference that will be inescapable and doesn ' t come from anything on earth. it is the ever - present galactic background radio noise. it can always be heard but not always at the same strength. the discovery of the origin of this background noise is usually marked as the birth of radio astronomy. karl jansky, an engineer working for bell telephone labs, was assigned the task of locating sources of interference in long distance radio - telephone communications. he built in 1931 in holmdel, new jersey an antenna operating at 20. 5 mega hertz which rotated horizontally like a merry - go - round. the rotation of the antenna would allow him to determine the direction from which this interference was coming. jansky heard interference from local lightning storms, interference from distant lightning storms and a third type of interference, \"... a steady hiss type static of unknown origin. \" the direction of this third type of interference gradually changed over the course of a day moving nearly 360 degrees over 24 hours. after months of careful study of these records jansky concluded as he reports in a paper published in 1933, \" the direction of arrival of these waves is fixed in space, i. e., the waves come from some source outside the solar system \". his approximate coordinates for the peak in these radio waves was in the constellation of sagittarius, towards the direction of the center of the milky way galaxy. | on a clear night away from city lights the milky way appears to us as a fuzzy band of light arching across the sky. the moon, the sun and the planets tend to follow a path which intersects this band of light at two points. when jupiter happens to cross the milky way at one of these points especially the point that lies closer to the center of the galaxy we tend to hear an increase in the galactic background level when we point our antennas towards jupiter. the figure below shows a plot of the average galactic background levels heard during observations of jupiter at the university of florida radio observatory. the peaks in the figure in 1972 and 1984 are when jupiter was in the vicinity of the direction towards the center of the galaxy. the spacing of 12 years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5227683248545376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.030823"} {"text": "the average galactic background levels heard during observations of jupiter at the university of florida radio observatory. the peaks in the figure in 1972 and 1984 are when jupiter was in the vicinity of the direction towards the center of the galaxy. the spacing of 12 years between peaks corresponds to the orbital period of jupiter. the smaller peaks seen in 1977 - 78 and 1990 correspond to times when jupiter was crossing the galactic plane far from the direction of the center. the galactic noise is understood as coming from high speed electrons spiraling around the weak magnetic fields which permeate our galaxy. | | left : a plot of the galactic background antenna temperature ( proportional to brightness ) at 18, 20, and 22 mhz using yagi antennas at the university of florida radio observatory. | | to learn more | | radio jove multimedia exhibits - to hear for yourself what the galactic background sounds like. narrated by richard flagg. ham radio and radio astronomy - the role amateur radio operators \" hams \" have played in the development of radio astronomy. john d., radio astronomy, cygnus - quasar books, 1988. smith, a. g. and t. d. carr, radio exploration of the planetary system, van nostrand co., 1964. radio jove home page more radio jove science briefs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5232208429228558, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.031380"} {"text": "| part of the series on | game theory is a way of modelling complex phenomena in simple, mathematical ways, showing gains and losses in the form of \" points. \" it is used most often in psychology, sociology, economics, and international relations to model how people act with each other. in game theory, a particular model is referred to as a \" game. \" the most famous game is that of the prisoner ' s dilemma. however, there are as many games as there are possible situations to diagram. in international relations, it is now most used by neoliberal institutionalists to model how states may engage in trade or other forms of cooperation, and how to induce \" side payments \" to reduce the inequity in the gains. previously, it was mostly used by deterrence theorists to describe how to threaten others to convincingly engage in deterrence. a risk is a situation where the outcome is unknown, while carrying some chance of loss or injury. in many of life ' s situations, the only possibilities of gain include some risk, such as investing in a business or trusting another person. \" risk management \" is the art and science of minimizing the risk inherent in a given endeavor. colloquially, \" risky behavior \" means activities that are perceived as having a very high risk to benefit ratio, especially if the risks can easily be reduced by simple means. parts of game theory study the risk versus reward aspect of artificial and real life situations. some common games there are really hundreds of games in game theory, but the following are some of the most commonly referenced, and are common in introductory courses. zero sum game a zero sum game is a situation, according to game theory, where for one person ( or side ) to win, another must lose \u2014 i. e. that any advantage accrued by one party to the negotiations must be obtained at the expense of the other party ( ies ). essentially : in the whole group of players, there is nothing to be gained or lost, only things to move from one player to another. many card and board games are zero sum games, in that only one can win, and there are a fixed amount of winnings to be had. contrast this relatively artificial situation with the many real - life situations that are non - zero sum games ( see below ). some politicians treat the economy as though it were a static zero sum game, with rhetoric about how the \" rich get richer and the poor get poorer \". this would only be true in the extremely rare case of zero gdp growth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6384662574765972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.036936"} {"text": "( see below ). some politicians treat the economy as though it were a static zero sum game, with rhetoric about how the \" rich get richer and the poor get poorer \". this would only be true in the extremely rare case of zero gdp growth. president bush explained all of this when he said we ought to work harder to put food on our families and make the pie higher. one of the biggest disagreements between liberals and realists in international relations has to do with the nature of the international economy, and whether or not its a zero - sum game. liberals maintain that cooperation can make everyone better off, and so it ' s not a zero - sum game. realists insist that what matters isn ' t the absolute gains a state can make, but instead how well off it is compared to other states. this would then, indeed, be a zero sum game. non - zero sum game a non - zero sum game is a concept in game theory in which the aggregate gains and losses between the parties involved can be greater than or less than zero. essentially it means that one person receiving gains does not mean that the others in the game must lose, and that losses do not necessarily translate into gains for other players. this is contrasted with zero sum games where each loss or gain is associated with a corresponding loss or gain to other players, so that that aggregate total always sums to zero. essentially, in the whole system, it is possible to increase the total amount of points. non - zero sum games have been used to describe many important relationships both in psychology and economics. there are many famous games developed by researchers that tap into fundamental relationships between people. one of the most widely used and cited is the prisoner ' s dilemma game that has been used to describe many areas of human social interaction from advertising to nuclear warfare. non - zero sum game is used in the stock market, international trade, investment, reciprocal altruism, information exchange / communication prisoner ' s dilemma the prisoner ' s dilemma is a situation where two people who committed a crime are being interrogated in separate rooms, giving them two choices on how to act, creating three possible outcomes. we ' ll call the prisoner ' s prisoner a and prisoner b. if prisoner a keeps his mouth shut and doesn ' t say anything, but prisoner b spills his guts, prisoner a will get the bulk of the punishment, while prisoner b will be punished less severely. or, both prisoner a and prisoner b can spill their guts, both get punished, but not as severely. but, if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.600888800085439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.039353"} {"text": "invisible guardians : women manage livestock diversity women are main guardians of crucial livestock diversity new study argues that to succeed, breed conservation efforts must empower women women livestock keepers worldwide must be recognized as the major actors in efforts to arrest the decline of indigenous breeds, crucial for rural food security and animal genetics, a new fao study argues. yet women ' s contribution to indigenous livestock breeding and conservation is poorly documented and undervalued, the study invisible guardians : women manage livestock diversity says. of the 600 million poor livestock keepers in the world, around two - thirds are women, whose men often have migrated to the cities. women stay at home with the children and live by cultivating crops and keeping indigenous smallstock such as chickens or goats, and perhaps a cow. indigenous breeds are adapted to often harsh local conditions, are disease resistent, thrive on easy to obtain local fodder or forage and generally take care of themselves. such breeds may not produce a lot of meat, milk or eggs but they are low maintenance for run - off - their - feet poor rural women. such breeds are also a repository of irreplaceable genetic material. they often have traits such as disease - resistance that can be important for breeding programmes. and in a world threatened by climate change, breeds that are resistant to drought, extreme heat or tropical diseases are of major potential importance. problems may arise when projects or national authorities try to introduce exotic breeds or cross - breeds to try to increase production of meat, milk and eggs to meet booming worldwide food demand. these animals need special and often expensive feed, wait to be fed rather than foraging on their own, need expensive veterinary care and cannot survive prolonged drought or other extreme weather. poor rural livestock keepers, and women in particular, are often unable to obtain the inputs or spare the time needed to raise these animals successfully. in case such breed introductions and production intensification are successful and livestock becomes an important source of cash income, women often lose their role as livestock keepers. need to document women ' s role the advantages of indigenous breeds have been long known. but the fao study asserts that the role of women in safeguarding and defending indigenous breeds and improving their genetics through careful breeding has not been appreciated. women are the guardians of livestock diversity, says study author ilse kohler - rollefson. meanwhile, according to the latest figures, about 22 percent of the world ' s livestock breeds are still classified as being at risk of extinction, although breed population figures are often unreported or out of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45486668841670697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.043443"} {"text": "ilse kohler - rollefson. meanwhile, according to the latest figures, about 22 percent of the world ' s livestock breeds are still classified as being at risk of extinction, although breed population figures are often unreported or out of date, making the true state of livestock diversity difficult to estimate. countries are beginning to put programmes into place to reverse the alarming decline in the numbers of indigenous livestock breeds. the new study suggests that these initiatives will not be successful if women ' s role as keepers of indigenous livestock is not taken into account. women have to be the central players in such conservation campaigns, the study says, and to ensure that they are, more groundwork needs to be done. the report recommends that gender issues are made central to projects, programmes and policies that focus on animal genetic resource management. the following actions among others should be taken at the project level : - collect gender - and age - disaggregated data and investigate the rights, needs, roles and responsibilities of women during surveys and before embarking on any project related to animal genetic resources. - design extension, training and the introduction of new technologies so that they are accessible to women. - investigate family structures and how they affect the ability of women to act and interact. - investigate specific problems that women have in accessing markets for their animal products. if governments really want their conservation programmes to bear fruit, they can : - conduct economic studies of keeping locally adapted vs improved breeds. - ensure that poor herders have sufficient access to common property like grazing lands. - inform banks about the importance of providing credit to rural women and about the benefits of indigenous breeds ; banks currently tend to lend to male farmers and people who want to stock improved breeds. - support value - chain development for products from indigenous breeds as a means of creating income opportunities for rural women and reviving local economies. international agencies can back up national efforts to empower women livestock keepers by collecting and disseminating gender - disaggregated data and putting the issue on the global agenda in appropriate forums.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4733963467575427, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.044371"} {"text": "the site of amarna ( commonly known as el - amarna or incorrectly as tel el - amarna ; see below ) ( arabic : \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 al - \u2018 amarnah ) is located on the east bank of the nile river in the modern egyptian province of minya, some 58 km ( 38 miles ) south of the city of al - minya, 312 km ( 194 miles ) south of the egyptian capital cairo and 402 km ( 250 miles ) north of luxor. the site of amarna includes several modern villages, chief of which are el - till in the north and el - hagg qandil in the south. the area contains an extensive ancient egyptian archaeological site that represents the remains of the capital city newly \u2013 established and built by the pharaoh akhenaten of the late eighteenth dynasty ( c. 1353 bce ), and abandoned shortly afterwards. the name for the city employed by the ancient egyptians is written as akhetaten ( or akhetaton \u2013 transliterations vary ) in english transliteration. akhetaten means \" horizon of the aten. \" the frequent designation \" tel el - amarna \" for the city is inaccurate : nowhere do the ancient remains constitute a mound of eroded architecture that would warrant the description of a \" tell \" ( arabic : \" hill \" ), so common elsewhere in the region. cyril aldred notes that the name \" tel el - amarna \" is a misunderstanding of the name for one of the modern villages near the ruins, et til el amarna. the name \" amarna \" itself comes from the name of a tribe of nomads, the beni amran, who left the western desert in the 8th century to settle on the banks of the nile along this stretch. the city of akhetatenedit the area of the city was effectively a virgin \u2013 site, and it was in this city that the akhetaten described as the aten ' s \".. the seat of the first occasion, which he had made for himself that he might rest in it. \" it may be that the royal wadi ' s resemblance to the hieroglyph for horizon showed that this was the place to found the city. the city was built as the new capital of the pharaoh akhenaten, dedicated to his new religion of worship to the aten. construction started in or around year 5 of his reign ( 1346 bce ) and was probably completed by year 9 ( 1341 bce ), although it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3753074717694324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.058779"} {"text": "of the pharaoh akhenaten, dedicated to his new religion of worship to the aten. construction started in or around year 5 of his reign ( 1346 bce ) and was probably completed by year 9 ( 1341 bce ), although it became the capital city two years earlier. to speed up construction of the city most of the buildings were constructed out of mud - brick, and white washed. the most important buildings were faced with local stone. it is the only ancient egyptian city which preserves great details of its internal plan, in large part because the city was abandoned after the death of akhenaten. the city seems to have remained active for a decade or so after his death, and a shrine to horemheb indicates that it was at least partially occupied at the beginning of his reign, if only as a source for building material elsewhere. once it was abandoned it remained uninhabited until roman settlement began along the edge of the nile. however, due to the unique circumstances of its creation and abandonment, it is questionable how representative of ancient egyptian cities it actually is. akhetaten was hastily constructed and covered an area of approximately 8 miles ( 13 km ) of territory on the east bank of the nile river ; on the west bank, land was set aside to provide crops for the city ' s population. the entire city was encircled with a total of 14 boundary stelae detailing akhenaten ' s conditions for the establishment of this new capital city of egypt. the earliest dated stelae from akhenaten ' s new city is known to be boundary stela k hich is dated to year 5, iv peret ( or month 8 ), day 13 of akhenaten ' s reign. ( most of the original 14 boundary stelas have been badly eroded ). it preserves an account of akhenaten ' s foundation of this city. the document records the pharaoh ' s wish to have several temples of the aten to be erected here, for several royal tombs to be created in the eastern hills of akhetaten for himself, his chief wife nefertiti and his eldest daughter meritaten as well as his explicit command that when he was dead, he would be brought back to akhetaten for burial. boundary stela k introduces a description of the events that were being celebrated at akhetaten : | \u201c | | his majesty mounted a great chariot of electrum, like the aten when he rises on the horizon and fills the land with his love,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3853710783934361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.059766"} {"text": "least two phases of construction. to the south of the city was the area now referred to as the southern suburbs. it contained the estates of many of the city ' s powerful nobles, including nahkt ( chief minister ), renefer ( general ), panehesy ( high priest of the aten ) and ramose ( master of horses ). this area also held the studio of the sculptor thutmose, where the famous bust of nefertiti was found in 1912. further to the south of the city was kom el - nana, an enclosure, usually referred to as a sun - shade, and was probably built as a sun - temple., and then the maru - aten, which was palace or sun - temple originally thought to have been constructed for akhenaten ' s queen kiya, but on her death her name and images were altered to those of meritate, his daughter.. surrounding the city and marking its extent, the boundary stelae ( each a rectangle of carved rock on the cliffs on both sides of the nile ) describe the founding of the city and are a primary source of information about the city. away from the city akhenaten ' s a royal necropolis was started in a narrow valley to the east of the city, hidden in the cliffs. only one tomb was completed, and was used by a un - named royal wife, and akhenaten ' s tomb was hastily used to hold his and probably meketaten, his second daughter. in the cliffs to the north and south of the royal wadi, the nobles of the city constructed their tombs. the amarna art - style is unique among the egyptian world for its more realistic depiction of its subjects, instead of the strict idealistic formalism universal in egyptian art up until that point, as well as for depicting many informal scenes such as the royal family playing with their children. although the worship of aten ( often referred to as the amarna heresy ) was completely suppressed, the artistic legacy had a more lasting impact. the art broke with a number of important long - established egyptian conventions. these included intimate portrayals of affection within the royal family, and the abandonment of portraying women as lighter coloured than men. the art also has a realism that sometimes borders on caricature. rediscovery and excavationedit the first western mention of the city was made in 1714 by claude sicard, a french jesuit priest who was travelling through the nile valley, and described the boundary stela", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41437832698775456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.062150"} {"text": "that sometimes borders on caricature. rediscovery and excavationedit the first western mention of the city was made in 1714 by claude sicard, a french jesuit priest who was travelling through the nile valley, and described the boundary stela from amarna. as with much of egypt, it was visited by napoleon ' s corps de savants in 1798 \u2013 1799, who prepared the first detailed map of amarna, which was subsequently published in description de l ' egypte between 1821 and 1830. after this european exploration continued in 1824 when sir john gardiner wilkinson explored and mapped the city remains. the copyist robert hay and his surveyor g. laver visited the locality and uncovered several of the southern tombs from sand drifts, recording the reliefs in 1833. the copies made by hay and laver languish largely unpublished in the british library, where an ongoing project to identify their locations is underway. the prussian expedition led by richard lepsius visited the site in 1843 and 1845, and recorded the visible monuments and topography of amarna in two separate visits over a total of twelve days, using drawings and paper squeezes. the results were ultimately published in ' [ denkmaler aus \u00e6gypten und \u00e6thiopien between 1849 to 1913, including an improved map of the city. despite being somewhat limited in accuracy, the engraved denkmaler plates formed the basis for scholastic knowledge and interpretation of many of the scenes and inscriptions in the private tombs and some of the boundary stelae for the rest of the century. the records made by these early explorers teams are of immense importance since many of these remains were later destroyed or otherwise lost. in 1887 a local woman digging for sebakh uncovered a cache of over 300 cuneiform tablets ( now commonly known as the amarna letters ). these tablets recorded select diplomatic correspondence of the pharaoh and were predominantly written in akkadian, the lingua franca commonly used during the late bronze age of the ancient near east for such communication. this discovery led to the recognition of the importance of the site, and lead to a further increase in exploration. in 1891 and 1892 alessandro barsanti ' discovered ' and cleared the king ' s tomb ( although it was probably known to the local population from about 1880 ). around the same time sir flinders petrie worked for one season at amarna, working independently of the egypt exploration fund. he excavated primarily in the central city, investigating the great temple of the aten, the great official palace, the king ' s house,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3958834854296135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.063195"} {"text": "same time sir flinders petrie worked for one season at amarna, working independently of the egypt exploration fund. he excavated primarily in the central city, investigating the great temple of the aten, the great official palace, the king ' s house, the bureau of correspondence of pharaoh and several private houses. although frequently amounting to little more than a sondage, petrie ' s excavations revealed additional cuneiform tablets, the remains of several glass factories, and a great quantity of discarded faience, glass and ceramic in sifting the palace rubbish heaps ( including mycenaean sherds ). by publishing his results and reconstructions rapidly, petrie was able to stimulate further interest in the site ' s potential. the copiest and artist norman de garis davies published drawn and photographic descriptions of private tombs and boundary stelae from amarna from 1903 to 1908. these books were republished by the ees in 2006. in the early years of the 20th century ( 1907 to 1914 ) the deutsche orientgesellschaft expedition, led by ludwig borchardt, excavated extensively throughout the north and south suburbs of the city. the famous bust of nefertiti, now in berlin ' s agyptisches museum, was discovered amongst other sculptural arteftacts in the workshop of the sculptor thutmose. the outbreak of the first world war in august 1914 terminated the german excavations. from 1921 to 1936 an egypt exploration society expedition returned to excavation at amarna under the direction of t. e. peet, sir leonard woolley, henri frankfort, stephen glanville and john pendlebury. the renewed investigations was focused on religious and royal structures. during the 1960s the egyptian antiquities organization ( now the egyptian supreme council of antiquities ) undertook a number of excavations at amarna. exploration of the city continues to the present, currently under the direction of barry kemp ( reader in egyptology, university of cambridge, england ) under the auspices of the egypt exploration society. in 1980 a separate expedition led by geoffrey martin described and copies the reliefs from the royal tomb, later publishing its findings together with objects thought to have come from the tomb, this work was published in 2 volumes by the ees. in 2007, the continuing ees exploration discovered a cemetery of private individuals, close to the southern tombs of the nobles. notes and referencesedit - \u2191 \" google maps satellite image \". google. http : / / maps. google. com / maps? t = k & ie = utf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3943073348413493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.064193"} {"text": "cemetery of private individuals, close to the southern tombs of the nobles. notes and referencesedit - \u2191 \" google maps satellite image \". google. http : / / maps. google. com / maps? t = k & ie = utf8 & ll = 27. 649016, 30. 908833 & spn = 0. 056566, 0. 077248 & z = 14. retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01. - \u2191 \" the official website of the amarna project \". http : / / www. amarnaproject. com /. retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01. - \u2191 3. 0 3. 1 3. 2 david ( 1998 ), p. 125 - \u2191 4. 0 4. 1 \" middle egypt survey project 2006 \". amarna project. 2006. http : / / www. amarnaproject. com / pages / recent _ projects / survey / middle _ egypt / 2006. shtml. retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06. - \u2191 grundon ( 2007 ), p. 89 - \u2191 6. 0 6. 1 \" excavating amarna \". archaeology. org. 2006 - 09 - 27. http : / / www. archaeology. org / online / interviews / kemp. html. retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06. - \u2191 aldred ( 1988 ), p. 47 - \u2191 aldred ( 1998 ), pp. 47 - 50 - \u2191 9. 0 9. 1 aldred ( 1998 ), p. 48 - \u2191 10. 0 10. 1 waterson ( 1999 ), p. 81 - \u2191 11. 0 11. 1 grundon ( 2007 ), p. 92 - \u2191 waterson ( 1999 ), p. 82 - \u2191 moran ( 1992 ), p. xiv - \u2191 waterson ( 1999 ), p. 138 - \u2191 \" kom el - nana \". http : / / www. amarnaproject. com / pages / amarna _ the _ place / komelnana / index. shtml. retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04. - \u2191 eyma ( 2003 ), p. 53 - \u2191 \" boundary stelae \". http : / / www. amarnaproject. com / pages / amarna _ the _ place / boundary _ stelae / index. shtml. retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09. - \u2191 \" royal tomb \". http : / / www. amarnaproject. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4324012053606224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.065054"} {"text": ". com / pages / amarna _ the _ place / boundary _ stelae / index. shtml. retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09. - \u2191 \" royal tomb \". http : / / www. amarnaproject. com / pages / amarna _ the _ place / royal _ tombs / index. shtml. retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04. - \u2191 19. 0 19. 1 \" mapping amarna \". http : / / www. amarnaproject. com / pages / recent _ projects / survey / index. shtml. retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01. - \u2191 \" the robert hay drawings in the british library \". http : / / www. astene. org. uk / associated _ events _ societies / hay. htm. retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01. - \u2191 \" wallis budge describes the discovery of the amarna tablets \". http : / / members. tripod. com / ~ ib205 / budge. html. retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01. - \u2191 22. 0 22. 1 grundon ( 2007 ), pp. 90 - 91 - \u2191 \" royal tomb \". the amarna project. http : / / www. amarnaproject. com / pages / amarna _ the _ place / royal _ tombs / index. shtml. retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01. - \u2191 grundon ( 2007 ), p. 71 - \u2191 \" fieldwork - tell el - armana \". http : / / www. ees. ac. uk / fieldwork / amarna. htm. retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01. - \u2191 john hayes - fisher ( 2008 - 01 - 25 ). \" grim secrets of pharaoh ' s city \". bbc timewatch. news. bbc. co. uk. http : / / news. bbc. co. uk / 2 / hi / science / nature / 7209472. stm. retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01. - redford, donald ( 1984 ). akhenaten : the heretic king. princeton. - david, rosalie ( 1998 ). handbook to life in ancient egypt. facts on file inc.. - aldred, cyril ( 1988 ). akhenaten, king of egypt. thames & hudson. - grundon, imogen ( 2007 ). the rash adventurer, a life of john pendlebury. london : libri. - de garis davies, norman ( 1903 - 1908", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42844992330482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.065849"} {"text": "the gem command is one of the most used ruby - related commands, but most users don ' t take the time to learn anything past gem install and gem search. learning the gem command well is an essential ruby skill. the gem command - line utility is split into a number of commands. among these are the familiar install and search, but other useful commands exist such as spec and sources. however, you should start with the help command. the gem command has integrated help. by running the command gem help, you can get a basic help screen. to get a list of commands available, run the gem help commands command. to get further help about a specific command, here, for example, the purge command, run the gem help purge command. another useful help screen is the examples screen, accessible by the gem help examples command. most commands work on a gem repository, either local ( the gems you have installed ), or remote. though, by default, it ' s the local repository. to specify the repository you intend, add either - - remote or - - local to the end of the command. for example, to search the remote repository for gems with the word \" twitter \" in them, you would run gem search twitter - - remote. specify both remote and local repositories by using the - - both switch. when running any gem command, the name can be shortened as long as it doesn ' t become ambiguous. to run a gem dependency command, you can simply run a gem dep command. below is a list of the commands and an explanation of their function. build - given the source code for a gem and a. gemspec file, this will build a. gem file suitable for uploading to a gem repository or installing on another computer with the gem command. a. gemspec file holds information about a gem including name, author, version and dependencies. cert - manages certificates for cryptographically signed gems. if you ' re worried that a malicious user is going to compromise the gems you install, you can cryptographically sign them to prevent this. keys may be added or deleted from your list of acceptable keys, as well as a few other crypto key related functions. check - performs a number of actions, including running any unit tests, checking the checksum of installed gems and looking for unmanaged files in the gem repository. the type of check you wish to run must be added to the end of the gem command. cleanup - removes old versions of installed gems from your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.459855362531361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.074699"} {"text": "tests, checking the checksum of installed gems and looking for unmanaged files in the gem repository. the type of check you wish to run must be added to the end of the gem command. cleanup - removes old versions of installed gems from your local repository. if you frequently upgrade gems, you can have old versions hanging around that you don ' t need anymore. contents - shows the contents of an installed gem. this is a list of files the gem installed and where they are on the filesystem. dependency - shows all the gems the listed gem depends upon, as well as the versions of the gem it depends upon. for example, running gem dep twitter tells me the twitter gem relies on hpricot, activesupport, httparty and echoe. this is useful when packaging your applications for deployment. environment - displays various information about the rubygems environment, including the version installed, where it ' s installed, where the gem repository is, etc. fetch - fetches a gem and saves the. gem file in the current directory. this is useful for transferring gems to be deployed on other servers, without them needing to download the gem themselves. generate _ index - generates an index for a gem server. this is only useful if you ' re running a gem repository. install - downloads a gem from the specified repository ( - - local or - - remote ) and install it. also, downloads any dependencies and installs them as well. to install a specific version of a gem, use the - - version switch. list - displays a list of gems in the repository. note that doing this with - - remote will generate quite a large list. save this list to a file for fast searching. lock - generates a ruby script that requires the exact version of all dependencies of a certain gem. this ensures that the gem versions tested during development will be installed, not future or past versions which may have bugs the developers cannot account for. mirror - mirrors an entire gem repository. note that trying to mirror the rubygems repository is a huge task. do not do so unless you need to run a local mirror for other clients. outdated - displays a list of installed gems that have newer versions on the remote repository. pristine - returns gems to their original state. this means unpacking all gems from the local cache, overwriting any changes made to the gems in the local gem repository. this can be used to repair a broken gem. rdoc - generates rdoc documentation for an installed gem. this rd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43185706401474744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.075767"} {"text": "this means unpacking all gems from the local cache, overwriting any changes made to the gems in the local gem repository. this can be used to repair a broken gem. rdoc - generates rdoc documentation for an installed gem. this rdoc documentation can then be viewed with a web browser. search - searches the names of all gems and returns a list of gems whose name contains a string. for example, to search for all gems containing the word twitter in the name, run gem search twitter. server - starts a web server that will act as a gem repository and serves rdoc documentation for all installed gems. this is most useful for the documentation feature. sources - manages the list of sources for remote repositories. by default, only http : / / gems. rubyforge. org is in the list, but more can be added or removed. specification - displays the gemspec of a gem. this will tell you all the information about a gem, including author, dependencies, etc. stale - displays a list of installed gems, as well as the access times ( the last time the gem was included ). this can help you weed out gems you no longer user to uninstall them. uninstall - uninstalles a gem. if there are any installed gems that depend on this gem, you will be prompted whether you want to uninstall this gem. if you do, any gems that depended on this gem will be broken until it is reinstalled. unpack - unpacks an install gem into the current directory. this can be used to \" freeze \" gems to your project directory. update - checks if there are new versions of the specified gem in the remote repository. if there are, download and install the newest version. which - finds the exact location of the. rb file to include. this can be useful for getting a path for requiring a gem without requiring the rubygems library.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4213387233284297, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.076613"} {"text": "melting polar ice is changing the landscape in the region. the quantity of ice covering the arctic fell in the summer of 2010 to a record minimum researchers stated in a study to be published soon, suggesting that the thinning of ice exceeded the area of recovery. the study estimated that the ice cover in the arctic in 2010 \u2013 calculated based on thickness and extent \u2013 was lower than the previous record low in 2007, reflecting the trend of global warming. scientists predict that the arctic might be ice - free during the summer in a couple of decades. this would create lucrative opportunities in locations such as shipping and oil exploration, but would also have consequences for weather all over the world, beginning with the rise in sea levels. the authors from the university of washington in seattle have created a model to estimate ice thickness in the arctic ocean based on measurements of winds and atmospheric and ocean temperatures. the outcomes had been compared with actual samples. \u201c the really worrying fact is the tendency of reduction in the last 32 years, \u201d stated axel schweiger, main author of the study, referring to satellite records of the arctic. the reduction in 2010, based on the study entitled \u201c uncertainty in the estimated volume of arctic sea ice by models \u201d was \u201c by a sufficient margin to establish a statistically significant new record. \u201d schweiger released information in an e - mail report to reuters on board the icebreaker arctic sunrise, from greenpeace, which is in the arctic ocean between the norwegian island of svalbard and the north pole. piomas simulated arctic sea ice thickness ( m ) the thickness of the ice is as important as its length, or much more, to understand what \u2019 s happening in the arctic. some experts argue that the dramatic reduction in the extent of ice cover in recent years is simply because of a steady thinning in recent decades. the method used in the study is criticized by some specialists, who consider it less accurate than direct observation. the authors argue, however, that the general tendency of thinning of the ice ends up being recorded by this method. last week \u2013 with two weeks until the end of the melting season \u2013 the ice cover in the arctic ocean was below 4. 6 million square kilometers. the record low was 4. 13 million square kilometers in 2007. the sea ice itself doesn \u2019 t raise sea level when it thaws, but the warming arctic might accelerate the melting of the greenland ice sheet, which is composed of fresh water accumulated on the land in a volume sufficient to raise the overall global level of the oceans by 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45724662713850295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.080837"} {"text": "pressure and buoyancy problems let ' s state the two working equations we have so far. | pressure and depth : | | p = po + rgh | | buoyancy : | | fbuoyancy = weight displaced = rgvdisplaced | the solutions to the problems below can be found at the end of this page. as always, try all the problems before looking at the solutions. it ' s much easier to understand a solution put before you than to come up with the solution yourself. to develop the skills necessary to solve the problems yourself, you must spend the time doing it. - what is the absolute pressure at the bottom of the virgin islands basin ( located between st. thomas and st. croix ), at a depth of 4000 meters? express your answer in atmospheres of pressure. what is the gauge pressure? if there are fish at this depth, how would they deal with this pressure? the density of sea water is 1. 03 x 103 kg / m3 - a water hose is connected to a spigot located at the bottom of a cistern. the cistern is half full with 5 ft of water. the nozzle at the other end of the hose is turned off but is left down by the papaya tree, which is 20 ft below the bottom of the cistern. if the spigot is left open, what is the pressure at the nozzle? why would it be a good idea to turn off the spigot when you are finished watering the tree? - a large part of holland is below sea level. earthen dikes keep the sea at bay. there ' s a holland legend of a boy who uses his finger to plug a hole in the dike and saves the country side. assume the hole is located 3. 0 meters below the sea level. the hole is the same size as the childs finger, a diameter of about 1 cm. how much force would the child have to exert against the sea pressure in order to keep the sea at bay? do you think a child could do this? - a 10 lb box falls overboard and is floating. the box has the shape of a cube, 1 ft on a side. what is the buoyancy force on the box? - the float in a toilet tank is a sphere of diameter 10 cm. 1 ) what is the buoyancy force on the float when it is completely submerged? you might need a reminder that the volume of a sphere is v = 4 / 3p ( r )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4883099445019693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.087044"} {"text": "a toilet tank is a sphere of diameter 10 cm. 1 ) what is the buoyancy force on the float when it is completely submerged? you might need a reminder that the volume of a sphere is v = 4 / 3p ( r ) 3 2 ) here ' s a slightly tougher one. if the float must have an upward buoyancy force of 3. 0 n to shut off the ballcock valve, what percentage of the float will be submerged? - here ' s an interesting puzzle to see if you really understand buoyancy and displacement. you are floating in a small dingy in your pool. there ' s a brick in the boat. you toss the brick out of the boat and into the pool. the brick sinks to the bottom of the pool. does the water level at the side of the pool rise, stay the same, or decrease? don ' t look at the answers until you ' ve tried the problems on your own!! - using the si system of units, p = po + rgh = 1. 01 x 105 + 1. 03 x 103 x 9. 8 x 4000 = 4. 0 x 107 pa. in terms of atmospheres, that would be 3. 9 x 107 pa / 1. 01 x 105 pa / atm = 400 atmospheres! the gauge pressure is p - po which is just the rgh term. that would be about 399 atm. if fish lived at that depth, they would not notice the pressure anymore than we notice the 15 psi pressure pushing on us. organism generally adapt to the pressure around them. the fish take water into their bodies at the ambient pressure so there is no net or gauge pressure difference. however, changing depth can present problems. many sea mammals, such as sea lions, have developed systems that allow them to dive to extraordinary depths. - the nozzle end is 5 + 20 = 25 ft below the water level. we can convert this to meters and apply the static pressure equation in the si units. but we could also use the fact that 34 ft of fresh water produces a pressure of 1 atmosphere = 14. 7 psi. so 25 ft corresponds to 14. 7 x 25 / 34 = 11 psi. note that this is the gauge pressure, which is appropriate since atmospheric pressure act both on the surface of the water and on the hose. this means there will be a net force of 11 lb pushing outward on every square inch of the hose. it ' s probably best to turn the spigot off. - the gauge pressure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4913555823195768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.088285"} {"text": "both on the surface of the water and on the hose. this means there will be a net force of 11 lb pushing outward on every square inch of the hose. it ' s probably best to turn the spigot off. - the gauge pressure would be 1. 03 x 103 x 9. 8 x 3. 0 = 3. 1 x 104 pa. the force exerted by his \" round \" finger would be f = pa = 3. 1 x 104 ( p (. 01 / 2 ) 2 = 2. 4 n. this is about. 53 lb... no problem! - the info on the size of the box is not relevant. if the box is floating, then the buoyancy force must be equal to the weight of the box... = 10 lb! here ' s another problem to try. a cubic foot of water weighs about 64 lb. can you see why the box would float with 10 / 64 th of its volume submerged? this would mean about 1. 9 inches below the water. - the volume of the float is v = 4 / 3p (. 05 ) 3 = 5. 2 x 10 - 4 m3. assuming there is freshwater in your toilet tank, then fbuoyancy = 103 x 9. 8 x 5. 2 x 10 - 4 = 5. 1 n. if you need 3. 0 n of upward force to shut off the valve and there ' s 5. 1 n of buoyancy force when completely submerged, then you would need 3. 0 / 5. 1 x 100 % = 59 % of the float to be submerged. - did you figure this one out? the water level in the pool goes down! some of our physics major get fooled by this one. while in the boat, the entire weight of the brick is being supported... ultimately by water displaced by the dingy. since the brick sinks when out of the boat, it must be more dense than water. hence, the volume of water displaced is greater than the volume of the brick. but when the brick is tossed into the pool, it displaces only its own volume. ok, try again. what if the object tossed overboard floated?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4884639725094499, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.089127"} {"text": "who belongs to snoqualmie tribe? ' this is a mess ' a look at original documents at the national archives alerts a researcher that records of family lineage used to claim enrollment at the snoqualmie tribe are unreliable. seattle times staff reporter he traveled with a notebook in his pocket, on an urgent mission. all over western washington, for two years beginning in late 1916, indian agent charles roblin sought out homeless, landless indians, left behind and hiding out during the treaty - making era, who had never received the benefits promised in return for the loss of their land : a school for their children, tools for farming, money. on sandbars in the rivers in northern puget sound, he found sauk indians chased out of communal gardens that had sustained them for generations, run out of the forests where loggers didn ' t want them, and burned out of villages where fishermen didn ' t want them, either. he traveled to tolt, where snoqualmies had lost their livelihood when the hop ranches were destroyed by aphids. roblin took down their names and family history, and recorded their enrollment in tribes according to their bloodline, so they could secure the benefits they had been promised under the treaties. those records are called charles roblin ' s schedule of unenrolled indians, dated jan. 1, 1919, or roblin rolls for short. in those records roblin used a red pen to denote families that did not qualify to be enrolled at snoqualmie, because they were already enrolled in other tribes. but the red ink was undetectable in the black - and - white copies and microfilmed records that made it to northwest archives, and at least three major families called out in the roblin rolls nonetheless claim snoqualmie ancestry today. seattle anthropologist jay miller discovered that secret as he combed through the original roblin rolls \u2014 organized in a rainbow of colored papers and folders, and notated in colored inks \u2014 to help resolve an ongoing tribal enrollment dispute under a contract signed by snoqualmie tribal secretary nina repin. miller ' s research indicates that shelley burch, chairwoman of the tribal council, several other council members, and some tribal members claiming hereditary chief status are descended from families nixed by roblin in red ink. the mismatch with the original record shows that contemporary records used to claim membership today are unreliable, miller said. \" most records after 1920 are inaccurate, messed up, corrupted or intentionally falsified, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4139449961640176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.096277"} {"text": "required by the tribe ' s constitution : \" that roll had no blood quantum on it, and it was signed off by both governments and accepted, \" she wrote. in the email, burch wrote she was satisfied with the roll because it had been accepted by the tribe ' s general membership. but that doesn ' t meet the terms of the tribe ' s constitution. \" they ' ve got to clean up their act, \" miller said. \" they are the equivalent of a rogue state. i have laid the foundation based on the constitution, and called attention to the illegality of the membership rolls, and the council. \" miller provided a copy of his findings to the snoqualmie tribal council and casino leadership nov. 25, but says he has received no response. his work is not finished, he notes, because neither the bia nor the tribe would allow access to their files, to compare the lineage claimed by snoqualmie families today against the historic public record. but that is work, he said, that needs to be done. at snoqualmie, the membership fight has intensified since 2007, when the tribe moved to open its casino in snoqualmie, taking on $ 330 million in debt, the largest ever shouldered by a tribe to open a casino. \" the fraudulent records are there long before the casino, but they have come to roost with all the moneys and resources, which are not serving constitutional tribal people, \" miller said. \" it ' s not serving people who are snoqualmie. they are supposed to come out of the snoqualmie homeland. people need to know that behind all this are a bunch of really corrupt records. \" the tribe is seeking to expand the casino with a 350 - room hotel tower and 600 more slot machines, for a total of 1, 700 machines in all. one estimate shows that could pump up total revenue for the tribe ' s casino property to nearly $ 300 million a year, including $ 230 million in gambling revenue. that would be a big jump from 2012, with $ 189 million in gambling revenue and $ 40 million from the casino ' s restaurants and other facilities. \" somebody has to respect the documents. what i am doing is warning everybody who works in puget sound that this is a mess, and it has gotten to be a mess because of all the millions of dollars involved, \" miller said. \" if it were a little tribe in the middle of nowhere, i am sure nobody would have cared. \" feds not acting marvin kemp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46172402784745714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.098413"} {"text": ", and it has gotten to be a mess because of all the millions of dollars involved, \" miller said. \" if it were a little tribe in the middle of nowhere, i am sure nobody would have cared. \" feds not acting marvin kempf is one of the latest snoqualmie tribal members to take aim at the current council. in a letter to snoqualmie gambling commissioner jennifer repin dated nov. 26, he put the commission on notice that there are council members who don ' t meet the constitutional requirement to hold office, either as council members or the board overseeing the casino. \" any actions by the tribal council and the [ board ] would be illegal and criminal, as pertains to the revenues and lawful property of the snoqualmie tribal membership / general council, \" kempf wrote. \" this letter [ is ] important in that it places you on notice of past, current, and future problems associated with the administration and assets of the snoqualmie people. \" kempf said he received no response to the letter. he has taken his battle to the federal level, urging the bia to get involved, and insisting the snoqualmies provide a base roll that meets the tribe ' s constitutional requirement. said kempf, \" we want them to do their job. \" but in the past, the bia has pushed the job right back to the tribe, which the agency says is legally responsible for managing its own affairs. and with federal funds frozen because of the federal budget crisis, there is no urgency for them to get involved, according to the bia. \" the bia northwest regional office is aware of a tribal government dispute that may involve issues of membership qualifications, \" bia spokeswoman nedra darling, for the agency in washington, d. c., wrote in a recent email to the seattle times. \" as of mid - november the bia had determined that there currently was no pending federal action that it needed to take with respect to the snoqualmie tribe. therefore, at this time we are still deferring to tribal forums for the resolution of their membership and tribal disputes. \" the snoqualmies can always change their constitution by a vote of the membership to make anyone a member they want to. but so far, the tribe hadn ' t done that yet, either. as for nina repin, the tribal council has since expelled her from her seat on the council. her council stipend has been cut off, and she ' s lost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38722914938802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.099341"} {"text": "from corn - based ethanol to clean - coal technology, from al gore \u2019 s push for carbon - free electricity within a decade to t. boone pickens \u2019 s vision of wind power from the great plains, everyone has a favorite plan. enthusiasm springs eternal for a new nuclear era, or for turbines tapping the enormous power of ocean currents and the atmosphere \u2019 s jet stream. but unfortunately these plans offer aspirations, not realistic goals : converting all of america \u2019 s farmland to corn for ethanol would produce just 12 percent of today \u2019 s gasoline needs ; the birth of clean coal or the rebirth of nuclear are fraught with fearful costs and apprehensions ; turbines aloft or in the deep are beyond the threshold of realistic engineering applications. consider this : it took 45 years for the us to raise its crude oil use to 20 percent of the total energy supply ; natural gas needed 65 years to do the same. as for electricity generation, coal produced 66 percent of the total in 1950 and still 49 percent in 2007 \u2014 wind - driven generation now produces 1. 5 percent and solar photovoltaic a fraction of that. whatever the eventual solution, whether it is converting the country \u2019 s filling stations to natural gas or hydrogen, or building new long - distance high - voltage transmission lines to carry arizona \u2019 s solar electricity to new york and north dakota \u2019 s wind power to california, the new requisite infrastructures are unlikely to be completed in the next few years. ultimately, this is a problem of scale : a small country with modest per - capita energy use can accomplish any energy transition much easier than a large, populous nation with exceptionally high energy consumption. the us now claims about 21 percent of global energy and uses about three times as much per capita as the eu. we must ask ourselves the hard question of whether this profligate consumption is necessary, or sustainable. america \u2019 s energy transition to nonfossil energies promises to be a long, arduous process. to speed it up and ease the pain, we must, paradoxically, slow down, and begin consuming less of everything. \u2014 vaclav smil is a professor in the study of energy, food, and the environment at the university of manitoba. originally published april 7, 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5095342275562141, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.101622"} {"text": "geneticists join forces for autism sequencing push researchers have launched an effort to yoke together disparate gene sequencing projects in the u. s., canada and the u. k., aiming to double the number of known autism - related genes in the next three to four years. the effort, spearheaded by the autism sequencing consortium ( asc ), a loose organization of more than 20 independent research groups, plans to pull together 20, 000 exome sequences \u2014 the protein - coding parts of the genome \u2014 that have either already been completed or are under way at various institutions. it also aims to sequence another 10, 000 exomes. mining these sequences should yield 50 to 100 novel autism risk genes, says joseph buxbaum, asc \u2019 s co - director and director of the seaver autism center at mount sinai school of medicine in new york city. a flurry of recent studies in autism genetics points to a model in which many rare, spontaneous \u2014 or de novo \u2014 mutations underlie the disease, and researchers increasingly believe they will need tens of thousands of samples to identify the genes involved. the only way to achieve that sample size, the researchers say, is through collaboration. \u201c most people historically thought they could do this on their own, \u201d says buxbaum. \u201c nobody believes that anymore. \u201d the asc formed in early 2010 to accelerate gene discovery in autism by sharing resources and data. it has several funders, including the national institutes of health ( nih ), the research and advocacy organization autism speaks, and the simons foundation, sfari. org \u2019 s parent organization. those studies together identified three new autism genes, confirmed three others, and found scores of candidate mutations to be examined. calculations from the nature studies and a related paper from michael wigler \u2019 s lab at cold spring harbor laboratory in new york suggest that the total number of genes contributing to autism lies somewhere between 400 and 1, 000. \u201c that \u2019 s the landscape, \u201d says buxbaum \u2014 not just for autism but probably for many childhood - onset developmental disorders. \u201c there has to be very strong selection against those variants, so they have to be de novo or recent, and they have to be rare. \u201d the researchers hope to fund the project with a $ 4. 5 million grant from the nih, for which they submitted a proposal last month. the money would allow for some sequencing, but would primarily go towards establishing a bioinformatics infrastructure at a central hub, located at mount sinai. one of the main goals \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4762340864778809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.108066"} {"text": "from the nih, for which they submitted a proposal last month. the money would allow for some sequencing, but would primarily go towards establishing a bioinformatics infrastructure at a central hub, located at mount sinai. one of the main goals \u2014 and challenges \u2014 of the project will be to develop the bioinformatics and statistical methods necessary for analyzing enormous datasets, and for working with sequences pooled from different sources. the asc has a \u2018 variant calling group \u2019 for correctly identifying meaningful variants in the sequences, says buxbaum. \u201c [ their ] job will be to either develop or compare existing tools, and have bake - offs to figure out which ones actually work, \u201d he says. \u201c we \u2019 re actually trying to make it open source in the end so that anybody can use it for anything. \u201d another issue is the agreement to share data before they \u2019 re published \u2014 a driving principle of the group. the principal investigators of the april nature papers are all asc members, so the teams were able to confirm their findings by comparing them to one another \u2019 s prior to publication. \u201c the ability to share data led to the identification of genes that no single group would have identified alone, \u201d says state. asc members have to agree that although individual groups can analyze and publish results from their own samples, data produced by the consortium will be published by the asc as a whole. according to state, most asc members are already participating in sample collections in which making data available to colleagues is the norm. \u201c prospective data sharing is a bit fraught, \u201d buxbaum says, but people who didn \u2019 t think it was feasible when the asc first launched are starting to come around. \u201c the level of trust increases with time. \u201d the planned central data repository will not only simplify sharing by entering the data in a single format, it also appeases concerns of rogue usage by recording analyses, he notes. \u201c undoubtedly pooling data on 30, 000 exomes is going to give us information we couldn \u2019 t have gotten from individual studies, \u201d notes jonathan sebat, associate professor of psychiatry and molecular medicine at the university of california, san diego, who is not a member of the asc. he cautions, however, that exome - sequencing research is still evolving, and the kind of innovation needed to generate computational tools is more likely to come from fired - up postdoctoral fellows in individual labs than from a single centralized effort. funding those sorts of efforts will be even more difficult,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4683498742802754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.109110"} {"text": "new comet discovered! big show possible for earth \u2026 tuesday update 5pm september 25, 2012 leave a comment big sun - diving comet discovered : astronomy forums are buzzing with speculation about newly - discovered comet c / 2012 s1 ( ison ). currently located beyond the orbit of jupiter, comet ison is heading for a very close encounter with the sun next year. in nov. 2013, it will pass less than 0. 012 au ( 1. 8 million km ) from the solar surface. the fierce heating it experiences then could turn the comet into a bright naked - eye object. much about this comet \u2013 and its ultimate fate \u2013 remains unknown. \u201c at this stage we \u2019 re just throwing darts at the board, \u201d says karl battams of the nasa - supported sungrazer comet project, who lays out two possibilities : \u201c in the best case, the comet is big, bright, and skirts the sun next november. it would be extremely bright \u2014 negative magnitudes maybe \u2014 and naked - eye visible for observers in the northern hemisphere for at least a couple of months. \u201d \u201c alternately, comets can and often do fizzle out! comet elenin springs to mind as a recent example, but there are more famous examples of comets that got the astronomy community seriously worked up, only to fizzle. this is quite possibly a \u2018 new \u2019 comet coming in from the oort cloud, meaning this could be its first - ever encounter with the sun. if so, with all those icy volatiles intact and never having been truly stressed ( thermally and gravitationally ), the comet could well disrupt and dissipate weeks or months before reaching the sun. \u201d \u201c either of the above scenarios is possible, as is anything in between, \u201d battams says. \u201c there \u2019 s no doubt that comet ison will be closely watched. because the comet is so far away, however, our knowledge probably won \u2019 t develop much for at least a few more months. \u201d meanwhile, noted comet researcher john bortle has pointed out a curious similarity between the orbit of comet ison and that of the great comet of 1680. \u201c purely as speculation, \u201d he says, \u201c perhaps the two bodies could have been one a few revolutions ago. \u201d stay tuned for updates. send us your weather pictures! send them to firstname. lastname @ example. org. also, look us up on facebook and twitter. like us on facebook by searching facebook. com / wvuaweather or wvua - tv weather.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4523063642810323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.111944"} {"text": "after the service we gathered at mary mahoney \u2019 s old french house restaurant in biloxi to share our sadness at jesse \u2019 s passing and to celebrate the joy of having known him. standing in the courtyard at the restaurant, i noticed a plaque on the wall about 15 feet high marking katrina \u2019 s storm surge and a huge live oak purported to be 2, 000 years old. one of the reports i read regarding katrina noted that 6, 000 of the 25, 000 homes and businesses along biloxi boulevard were destroyed by katrina \u2019 s surge. however, the majority of stately live oaks survived, as did most of their cousins in new orleans. one has to wonder how many hurricanes these ancient inhabitants of the coastal cheniers and marshes have endured. have live oaks endured and thrived in their coastal habitats because of their natural habits, or have their environs shaped them over eons? like most of nature and natural processes, it is probably a combination of the two, but one thing is sure \u2014 if you were going to design a hurricane - proof tree, the live oak would be the template to start with. their thick, squat trunks and low spreading canopy create a kind of \u201c spoiler \u201d that directs the wind up and over the tree. plus, the live oak is well grounded. its heavy roots reach out to the width of the canopy. remember \u201c old ironsides? \u201d the u. s. s. constitution built in 1799 earned that nickname when british cannonballs bounced off her hull during the war of 1812. well, those iron sides were actually live oak. this toughness led to the live oak being the first tree actively preserved in the u. s. by 1845 the government owned more than a quarter of a million acres of predominantly live oak forest across five southern states. dr. edwin lewis stephens of what is now university of louisiana in lafayette created the live oak society in 1934. all members of the los, except the chairman \u2014 currently coleen perilloux landry of metairie, la. \u2014 are trees. los \u2019 s current president is the \u201c seven sisters oak \u201d of mandeville, la. the oak is believed to be more than 1, 200 years old and has a girth of more than 38 feet. it makes me wonder if the live oak my mom planted in our backyard in mer rouge, la., when my oldest brother was born is still standing. i know it was a few years back, but i didn \u2019 t pass by that old vacant lot on my", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39936425182795365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.115289"} {"text": "the current u. s. population of red imported fire ants \u2014 which infest millions of acres across the southern states \u2014 can be traced back to nine to 20 queens in mobile, ala. that ' s according to a genetic study by d. dewayne shoemaker, agricultural research service ( ars ) entomologist, and kenneth g. ross, university of georgia entomologist. the results are reported in the proceedings of the royal society, biological sciences. the red imported fire ant ( solenopsis invicta ), native to south america, is a major invasive pest insect and is considered by the world conservation unit to be among the top 100 worst invasive alien species. in their study, the scientists found that those original nine to 20 queens stowed away on a boat, presumably each with their worker force, and began populating the united states in the mid - 1930s. these ants spread outward from the purported initial landing spot in mobile. pinpointing the number of queens needed to account for the genetic diversity in the current population allows researchers to better develop biologically - based management practices, predict the invasive potential of the species, and make inferences about the ecological and evolutionary processes. because of the red imported fire ant ' s status as a major pest, an enormous amount of research has been conducted on the basic biology of the species over the past 40 years, making it one of the better known invasive organisms. individuals from two populations in south america and six populations across the southern united states were collected for genetic analysis. data collected substantiates the theory that there is a close genetic resemblance of ants collected near mobile to a hypothetical, reconstructed ancestral population. however, the data also raises the possibility of a secondary introduction at a location 60 miles west of mobile. further genetic analysis will improve knowledge of the reproductive biology, population demographics, genetics and invasive history of red imported fire ants which may assist in controlling them. ars is a scientific research agency of the u. s. department of agriculture.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4425539490437283, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.118825"} {"text": "maury regional encourages participation in national wear red day to promote awareness of cardiovascular disease. maury regional medical center ( mrmc ) is encouraging individuals to assist them in promoting awareness of cardiovascular disease by participating in national wear red day on february 1. the annual event provides americans an opportunity to show their support for women \u2019 s heart health by wearing red. cardiovascular disease remains the number one killer of both men and women, according to the american heart association : - heart disease causes 1 in 3 women \u2019 s deaths each year, killing approximately one woman every minute. - an estimated 43 million women in the u. s. are affected by heart disease. - ninety percent of women have one or more risk factors for developing heart disease. - since 1984, more women than men have died each year from heart disease. - the symptoms of heart disease can be different in women and men, and are often misunderstood. - while 1 in 31 american women dies from breast cancer each year, 1 in 3 dies of heart disease. - only 1 in 5 american women believe that heart disease is her greatest health threat. - women comprise only 24 percent of participants in all heart - related studies. \u201c increasing awareness about the threat of this disease is imperative to changing these statistics for women, \u201d said administrative director of cardiovascular services cathy malone. \u201c both men and women should be more aware of the signs and symptoms and contact 9 - 1 - 1 immediately if they think they may be having a problem. \u201d warning signs of a heart attack include tightness or pain in the chest, discomfort in other parts of the upper body such as the back or jaw, shortness of breath, unusual fatigue and nausea. individuals may not experience all of these signs together and warning signs often present differently in women than men. anyone who thinks they might be experiencing heart problems should call 9 - 1 - 1 immediately. according to malone, emergency responders are equipped to begin treatment immediately and relay vital information to the hospital while in route to the emergency department. physicians and staff are then waiting for the patient and can begin treatment immediately. treatments may include intervention in the cardiac catheterization lab to open the blocked vessel or, in severe cases, open heart surgery. \u201c time is heart muscle, \u201d said malone. \u201c once you have damage, it can \u2019 t be reversed. that \u2019 s why it is so important to call 9 - 1 - 1. \u201d mrmc has been recognized as one of the 50 top cardiovascular hospitals in the united states and is an accredited level iii chest pain center by the society", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44959974714560147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.128350"} {"text": "t be reversed. that \u2019 s why it is so important to call 9 - 1 - 1. \u201d mrmc has been recognized as one of the 50 top cardiovascular hospitals in the united states and is an accredited level iii chest pain center by the society of cardiovascular patient care. mrmc \u2019 s healthy hearts education group offers quarterly programs to promote self - care and management of heart disease. healthy hearts will next meet on february 28 at 6 p. m. in the william r. walter educational conference room of the mrmc annex at 1223\u00bd trotwood avenue in columbia. there is no charge to attend meetings and the public is invited. for more information, call 381. 1111, extension 4343. about maury regional medical center : maury regional medical center is a 275 - bed facility that serves more than 260, 000 people in southern middle tennessee and has a medical staff of more than 200 physicians. from a comprehensive interventional and surgical heart program to a neonatal intensive care and cancer center, the medical center offers a wide range of advanced services. the medical center has been recognized by thomson reuters in 2011 and 2012 as one of the nation \u2019 s top health systems and, over the past three years has been designated a thomson reuters 100 top hospital and 50 top cardiovascular hospital. maury regional serves as the flagship for a group of facilities including marshall medical center in lewisburg, wayne medical center in waynesboro, lewis health center in hohenwald and spring hill health center in spring hill. a second facility will open in spring hill in 2013. for more information, visit mauryregional. com. members of the maury regional medical center / vanderbilt heart cardiology team got together to remind the community that february 1 has been designated as wear red day by the american heart association. heart disease is the number one killer of both men and women. pictured from left to right are outpatient cardiology nurse manager kellyanne dandridge, cardiologist kevin maquiling, m. d., administrative director of cardiovascular services cathy malone and department support coordinator for cardiovascular services christy wells. category : events, fundraisers & announcements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4272095269360928, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.129361"} {"text": "usually, when someone requests a page that doesn \u2019 t exist, a server will return a 404 ( not found ) error. this http response code clearly tells both browsers and search engines that the page doesn \u2019 t exist. as a result, the content of the page ( if any ) won \u2019 t be crawled or indexed by search engines. about soft 404s in addition to returning a 404 code in response to a request for a page that doesn \u2019 t exist, the server will also display a 404 page. this may be a standard \" file not found \" message, or it could be a custom page designed to provide the user with additional information. the content of the page is entirely unrelated to the http response returned by the server. just because a page displays a 404 file not found message doesn \u2019 t mean that it \u2019 s a 404 page. it ' s like a giraffe wearing a name tag that says \" dog. \" just because it says it ' s a dog, doesn ' t mean it ' s actually a dog. similarly, just because a page says 404, doesn ' t mean it ' s returning a 404. you can use fetch as google ( or other tools available on the web ) to verify whether the url is actually returning the correct code. returning a code other than 404 or 410 for a non - existent page ( or redirecting users to another page, such as the homepage, instead of returning a 404 ) can be problematic. firstly, a page like this ( called a \" soft \" 404 ) tells search engines that there \u2019 s a real page at that url. as a result, that url may be crawled and its content indexed. because of the time googlebot spends on non - existent pages, your unique urls may not be discovered as quickly or visited as frequently and your site \u2019 s crawl coverage may be impacted ( also, you probably don \u2019 t want your site to rank well for the search query [ file not found ] ). we recommend that you always return a 404 ( not found ) or a 410 ( gone ) response code in response to a request for a non - existing page. you can improve the user experience by configuring your site to display a custom 404 page when returning a 404 response code. for example, you could create a page containing a list of your most popular pages, or a link to your home page, or a feedback link. you can also use the webmaster tools custom 404 widget to add a search box and more site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45062920295195225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.135626"} {"text": "earlier that day, the president of germany, paul von hindenburg, had appointed hitler chancellor ( similar to prime minister ). having won more than than 37 percent of the vote in the previous year ' s legislative elections, hitler ' s nazi party had enough power to effectively paralyze germany ' s democratic government, which had been in place since 1919. hindenburg hoped that by appointing hitler, he could satisfy nazi legislators and break the deadlock, while maintaining control of the government behind the scenes. his miscalculation led to disaster for germany, for europe, and for the world. how was hitler, probably the most ruthless dictator of the 20th century, able to come to power in a democratic germany 75 years ago? and could something like it happen again? to think about these questions, it helps to understand the circumstances in germany at the time that helped hitler and his nazi party gain power. impact of versailles by the early 1930s, germany was in desperate shape. its defeat in world war i and the harsh conditions imposed by the united states, britain, and france in the 1919 treaty of versaillesincluding debilitating reparation payments to the victorshad left germany humiliated and impoverished, with ruinous inflation eating away at its economy. the worldwide depression that followed the 1929 u. s. stock market crash exacerbated the situation as banks failed, factories closed, and millions of people lost their jobs. it all made for fertile ground for hitler ' s radical nationalist ideology. the nazis ( short for national socialists ) promised to stop reparation payments, to give all germans jobs and food, and to make them proud to be german again. and they blamed jews for most of germany ' s problems. by 1930, when the nazis won 18 percent of the vote, it was effectively impossible to govern germany without nazi support, according to ian kershaw, a history professor at sheffield university in england. and that led to president hindenburg ' s gamble to appoint hitler chancellor in january 1933. less than a month later, hitler used the fire that destroyed the reichstag, the parliament building in berlin, as an excuse to declare a state of emergency and suspend democratic protections such as freedom of speech. ( at the time, hitler blamed the communists, but many historians believe the nazis set the fire themselves. ) it marked, in effect, the death of german democracy and the beginning of hitler ' s reign of terror. within months, the first concentration camp was opened in the bavarian town of dachau. the first prisoners", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43331985417212726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.144705"} {"text": "nazis set the fire themselves. ) it marked, in effect, the death of german democracy and the beginning of hitler ' s reign of terror. within months, the first concentration camp was opened in the bavarian town of dachau. the first prisoners were political opponents of the regime. but it wasn ' t long before other groups that the nazis deemed undesirable were rounded up and sent away : in particular, jews, homosexuals, and gypsies. the sshitler ' s elite paramilitary forcehad long been terrorizing germany ' s jews, beating them up and vandalizing their businesses. the nazis believed that germans, part of what they called the aryan race, were racially superior to jews. in 1935, their racist beliefs became official german policy with the passage of the nuremberg laws, which stripped german jews of citizenship and laid the groundwork for the horrors to follow. on nov. 9, 1938, the nazis orchestrated a nationwide wave of attacks on jewish businesses, homes, and synagogues. almost 100 jews were killed, and thousands were arrested and sent to concentration camps. the night became known as kristallnachtthe night of broken glass. at the same time, hitler was moving germany steadily toward war. in 1935, he began rebuilding germany ' s military, in violation of the versailles treaty. in 1938, he annexed austria and the sudetenland, a region of western czechoslovakia where many ethnic germans lived, making both part of germany. then, on sept. 1, 1939, germany launched a surprise attack on poland and conquered it so quickly that the term blitzkrieg, or \" lightning war, \" was coined. on september 3, after germany ignored their demands to withdraw, britain and france declared war. world war ii had begun. by 1942, a year after germany began implementing the final solutiondetailed plans for the systematic extermination of all of europe ' s jewsit had conquered much of europe, from france to the outskirts of stalingrad in the soviet union ( see map below ). as more jews came under their control, the germans herded them into crowded ghettos in preparation for mass deportations to concentration camps across europe, where they died of disease, starvation, and overwork, or were systematically murdered in the gas chambers. six million jewsthe vast majority of europe ' s jewish communityultimately perished in the holocaust. by the time the war in europe ( and in the pacific, the war against japan ) ended in 1945, 48 million people worldwide had died", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4604464785493099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.145628"} {"text": "chambers. six million jewsthe vast majority of europe ' s jewish communityultimately perished in the holocaust. by the time the war in europe ( and in the pacific, the war against japan ) ended in 1945, 48 million people worldwide had died, and much of europe was in ruins. these distant events still echo today. indeed, with the world now facing great tensions and instability, the question of whether such a monstrous dictator could again come to power and threaten the world seems more relevant than ever, says kershaw, the historian. lessons for today around the globe, skilled politicians have been able to manipulate populist, nationalist, or racist feelings to advance authoritarian rule, according to kershaw. in the 1990s, for example, the president of serbia, slobodan milosevic, used nationalist rhetoric reminiscent of the nazis to launch a campaign of ethnic cleansing and war in the balkan region of europe. in recent years, president vladimir putin has gradually moved russia in an authoritarian direction, and president hugo chavez has done the same in venezuela, though his attempt to be named president for life was defeated in a referendum last year. in zimbabwe, a once prosperous african nation now in ruins, president robert mugabe has used brutal force to stifle opposition and stay in power for 28 years. but, as kershaw points out, there are international organizations today that didn ' t exist in 1933such as the united nations and the european unionthat would put up some roadblocks to the rise of a dictator bent on world conquest. nevertheless, it ' s clear the world needs to stay on guard. \" we always have to be watchful of a politician who announces that his country ' s destiny is determined by expansion, whether it ' s a land grab or a political and economic domination, \" says historian peter black of the holocaust museum in washington. \" clearly, hitler ' s statements as a politician were plenty concerning if people had taken them seriously. \" today, a key question for democracies is how to balance the fight against threats like islamic terrorism with democratic freedoms. and that, black says, is the second lesson to take from hitler ' s rise to power. \" a politician who ' s prepared to sacrifice basic rights for security, that ' s something for a citizen of any democratic society to be concerned about, \" he says. \" whether you ' re looking at the soviet union or germany, the move toward authoritarian dictatorship doesn ' t necessarily make the country more secure, and the cost to the population is very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4749524891413175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.146550"} {"text": "if you have a disability, think about how your disability may affect your response to a fire emergency and talk it over with others. the fire department can help you plan ahead for a safe escape. be sure to include other members of your household in your escape plan. before attempting any of the following suggestions, we strongly encourage all viewers disabled or not to check with their primary care physician. not all disabilities are the same, some paras and quads have more flexibility than others with the same level of injury. a newly disabled individual may not have achieved the confidence level as a person in their third, fourth or greater year of living with a disability. with all suggestions we strongly encourage all participants to practice, let your families, friends and care attendants know of these guidelines. devices for people with disabilities : smoke detectors for the deaf and hard of hearing carbon monoxide detectors for the deaf and hard of hearing paraplegic ( full upper body mobility ) - speed wheel to exit - leaning as low as possible in the wheelchair, grab wheel rims and wheel forward steering with hands towards exit. staying as low as possible lowers your chest and head, i. e. respiratory system from toxic fumes and smoke. paraplegic ( limited upper body mobility ) - if possible, attempt the speed wheel maneuver. you may need to practice this maneuver in your home to be timed. you will have just a few seconds to escape a smoke filled room. quadriplegic ( limited hand and arm mobility ) - if living independently, have an exit door to the outside with a fire - proof ramp for escape. a wooden ramp will burn if the fire is intense enough and spreads. if in a power wheelchair, lean forward if possible and aim for the door using your joy stick for maneuverability. quadriplegic ( no hand or arm mobility ) - if living in a residential or group home, make certain the attendants know the exit locations and have full access ( cleared exits, not blocked by objects ) for the residents to escape. if using a mouthpiece for controlling the joy stick, attempt to maneuver towards the door. remember there will be smoke and fumes in the room. you will be having problems breathing. escape must be immediate. do not wait to be rescued. practice drills must be done monthly for safety for all. walkers and braces ( ability to stand for a limited time unaided ) - if possible, get down on the floor and crawl while dragging your walker, canes or braces behind or beside you. if this is not possible,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4257245915525588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.158095"} {"text": "for all. walkers and braces ( ability to stand for a limited time unaided ) - if possible, get down on the floor and crawl while dragging your walker, canes or braces behind or beside you. if this is not possible, then crawl to the exit and if safe from smoke and flames open the door and crawl outside. drag yourself to a safe place. walkers and braces ( no ability to stand without support ) - lower yourself to the floor and crawl dragging your assistive devices with you towards the exit. this will take a few extra seconds. practicing the dragging and crawling method are encouraged with the guidance of family members, friends or care attendants to help guide and support your efforts. blind ( no vision including light or darkness ) - drop to the ground with your white cane and using the cane for direction crawl towards the exit door. once at the door feel and smell for heat or smoke, if none is detected then open the door slowly and crawl outside until you are your full body length from the door and then get to a standing position. using your cane get to a safe place in your yard or business and yell for assistance. blind ( ability to distinguish light ) - dropping to the ground using the technique described above safely escape outside. low vision ( ability to see with magnification aides ) - you can use the same technique as for blind individuals. night blindness - you will be at a slight disadvantage having night blindness. if you do not use a white cane or other mobility guidance device you must use your hands and legs to feel for obstacles in your path to the exit door. use your other senses, smell the smoke ( without inhaling it ), listen for sounds, and allow the familiarity of these senses guide you to the exit door. it is a good idea to practice this technique at night in your own home without the lights on for getting comfortable with this method. panic can and will set in immediately, familiarity with your surroundings and practice will lessen the fears. tunnel vision - you also will be at a disadvantage. with tunnel vision, your eyes are focused on one object, you need to practice moving your line of vision around your surroundings as you are crawling towards the exit door. you don ' t want in your escape attempt to not realize or sense the obstacles that may be blocking your exit. deaf ( no ability to hear sounds ) - have installed in your home and business a visual smoke alarm with a strobe light for warning. when the alarm strobe lights up, escape safely out of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4664326063316774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.159326"} {"text": "obstacles that may be blocking your exit. deaf ( no ability to hear sounds ) - have installed in your home and business a visual smoke alarm with a strobe light for warning. when the alarm strobe lights up, escape safely out of the home or business to an outside area for safety. ( remember to crawl low under the smoke ). make friends with your neighbors and alert them to the fact you are deaf and may not be able to communicate with them without assistance. teach them a few emergency signs, such as help, fire, police, and ambulance. deaf ( using hearing aids and able to distinguish some sounds ) - have a visual smoke alarm installed in your home and business. when the alarm strobe lights, get out immediately, remembering to crawl low under the smoke, and ask neighbors, business associates whomever to call for help. hard of hearing ( using aides and able to distinguish sounds ) - if necessary for hearing loss have a visual smoke alarm installed in your home or business. know where your exit doors are and when the alarm sounds or lights up escape immediately using the nearest exit door. remember to crawl low under the smoke. mental disabilities - when the smoke alarm sounds, stop what you are doing immediately. remember where you are, which room in your home. look for the nearest exit door that goes outside. walk covering your mouth to the door and feel for heat or smoke. if you don ' t feel or see any open the door and go outside to a safe place but still on the same property and wait for the fire department people to arrive. if the smoke is real thick and you start coughing, get down on the floor and crawl to the door. cognitive disabilities ( speech, developmental, learning ) - when the smoke alarm sounds, stop what you are doing immediately. look for the door outside. listen for sounds and then go towards the door. if there isn ' t any smoke or fire, then feel the closed door for heat. if it is cold open it and go outside. yell for help and then go sit in the yard or parking lot away from cars and wait for the fire department people to arrive. traumatic head or brain injuries - when the smoke alarm sounds, stop what you are doing immediately. look for the door outside and go to it now. if it is not hot and doesn ' t smell smoky open it and step outside and yell for help. walk away from the house a couple of feet and wait for the fire department people to arrive. your assistive devices - do they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4512692062805694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.160388"} {"text": "it now. if it is not hot and doesn ' t smell smoky open it and step outside and yell for help. walk away from the house a couple of feet and wait for the fire department people to arrive. your assistive devices - do they go with you when evacuated? of course they do. \u2022 wheelchairs - if not evacuated with or in them, make certain they are removed for your safe mobility. a person using a wheelchair does not necessarily have the ability to walk without the wheelchair. to evacuate a wheelchair user and not retrieve the chair for the person will endanger the person. some chair users must be in an upright sitting position for full chest and respiratory ability. \u2022 walkers, canes, and braces - these must be evacuated with the person. they are stabilizing the person and allowing them the ability to stand and move. without these devices they will be unable to move and could possibly fall or collapse causing further damage to their body. \u2022 white canes - the blind individual needs this cane for guiding their walking. without it they have problems distinguishing obstacles in their path and will possibly stumble and fall causing further injury. a special note - many disabled individuals now have the use of working - assistance dogs. they may be large breed dogs or a small breed. they are to be evacuated with the person also. they are part of the disabled persons mobility or life aids. these dogs are highly trained and are the attendants the disabled chose to use. should the working - assistance dog get smoke inhalation and be unconscious they must receive respiratory care as any individual would. they do ride with the person in the ambulance, to the hospital, enter the hospital and stay with the person till the disabled person gives their emergency contact person permission to hold the dog for them. the working - assistance dogs are not to be taken from their owner. this is a federal law and all 50 states have laws for working - assistance dogs, their owners and interference with them. the above information was obtained from : helpu fire and life safety email : email @ example. com website : office : ( 757 ) 221 - 0542", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40364616221505245, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.161579"} {"text": "this may be one of the best examples of what the word \" philosophy \" meant to plato. it also shows that not much has changed after 2, 500 years. socrates is speaking before a tribunal of about 250 politicians that will decide whether he should be put to death. he tells how he had attracted so many enemies for doing nothing wrong. this ancient prince of calmness, reason and sarcasm explains : \" well, chaerephon, as you know, was very impetuous in all his doings, and he went to delphi and boldy asked the oracle to tell him whether there was anyone wiser than i was, and the pythian prophetess answered that there was no man wiser why did i mention this? because i am going to explain to you why i have such an evil name. when i heard the answer, i said to myself, what can the god mean? and what is the interpretation of this riddle? for i know that i have no wisdom, small or great. what can he mean when he says that i am the wisest of men? and yet he is a god and cannot lie ; that would be against his nature. after long consideration, i at last thought of a method of trying the question. i reflected that if i could only find a man wiser than myself, then i might go to the god with a refutation in my hand. i should say to him, \" here is a man who is wiser than i am ; but you said that i was the wisest. \" accordingly i went to one who had the reputation of wisdom... and the result was as follows : when i began to talk with him, i could not help thinking that he was not really wise, although he was thought wise by many, and wiser still by himself ; and i went and tried to explain to him that he thought himself wise, but was not really wise ; and the consequence was that he hated me, and his enmity was shared by several who were present and heard me. so i left him, saying to myself, as i went away : well, altough i do not suppose that either of us knows aything really beautiful and good, i am better off than he is - for he knows nothing, and thinks that he knows. i neither know nor think that i know. in this latter particular, then, i seem to have a slight advatage over him. then i went to aother, who had still higher philosophical pretensions, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5510244584049512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.167875"} {"text": "thinks that he knows. i neither know nor think that i know. in this latter particular, then, i seem to have a slight advatage over him. then i went to aother, who had still higher philosophical pretensions, and my conclusion was exactly the same. i made another enemy of him, and of many others besides him. after this i went to one man after another, being not unconscious of the enmity which i provoked, and i lamented and feared this : but necessity was laid upon me - the word of god, i thought, ought to be considered first. and i said to myself, go i must to all who appear to know, and find out the meaning of the oracle. and i swear to you... the result of my mission was just this : i found that men most in repute were all but the most foolish ; and that some inferior men were really wiser and better. \" i will tell you the wanderings and of the \" herculean \" labors, as i call them, which i endured only to find at last the oracle irrefutable. when i left the politicians, i went to the poets ; tragic, dithyrambic, and all sorts. and there, i said to myself, you will be detected ; now you will find out that you are more ignorant than they are. accordingly, i took them some of the most elaborate passages in their own writings, and asked what was the meaning of them - thinking that they would teach me something. would you believe me? i am almost ashamed to speak of this, but still i must say that there is hardly a person present who would not have talked better about their poetry than they did themselves. that showed me in an instant that not by wisdom do poets write poetry, but by a sort of genius and inspiration ; they are like diviners or soothsayers who also say many fine things, but do not understand the meaning of them. and the poets appeared to me to be much in the same case ; and i further observed that uopn the strength of their poetry they beleived themselves to be the wisest of men in other things in which they were not wise. so i departed, conceiving myself to be superior to them for the same reason that i was superior to the politicians. at last i went to the artisans, for i was conscious that i knew nothing at all, as i may say, and was sure that they knew many fime things ; and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5087179183439552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.168945"} {"text": "to them for the same reason that i was superior to the politicians. at last i went to the artisans, for i was conscious that i knew nothing at all, as i may say, and was sure that they knew many fime things ; and in this i was not mistaken, for they did know many fine things ; and in this i was not mistaken, for they did know many things of which i was ignorant, and in this they ceratinly were wiser than i was. but i observed that even the good artisans fell into the same error as the poets ; because they were good workmen they thought that they also knew all sorts of high matters, and this defect in them overshadowed their wisdom - therefore i asked myself on behalf of the oracle, whether i would like to be as i was, neither having their knowledge nor their ignorance, or like them in both ; and i made answer to myself and the oracle that i was better off as i was. this investigation has led to my having many enemies of the worst and most dangerous kind, and has given occasion also to many calumnies, and i am called wise, for my hearers always imagine that i myself possess the wisdom which i kfind wanting in others : but the truth is, o men of achens, that god only is wise ; and in this oracle he means to say that the wisdom of men is little or nothintg : he is not speaking of socrates, he is only using my name as an illustration, as if he said, he, o men, is the wisest, who, like socrates, knows that his wisdom is in truth worth nothing. and so i go my way, obedient to the god, and make inquisition into the wisdom of anyone, whether citizen or stranger, who appears to be wise ; and if he is not wise, then in vindication of the oracle i show him that he is not wise ; and this occupation quite absorbs me, and i have no time to give either to any public of interest or to any concern of my own, but i am in utter poverty by reason of my devotion to god. there is another thing : - young men of the richer classes, who have not much to do, come about me of their own accord ; they like to hear the pretenders examined, and they often imitate me, and examine others themselves ; there are plenty of persons, as they soon enough discover, who think that they know something, but really know little or nothing : and then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46642104487830943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.170030"} {"text": "author r. h. roy links to other sites view a brief video about three canadian soldiers from winnipeg who earned the victoria cross in the first world war. a heritage minute from the historica - dominion institute. see also related lesson plans. battle of passchendaele this site provides links to a detailed education guide that invites students to discover how the 1917 battle of passchendaele became a defining event in canadian history. activities focus on the analysis of vital primary sources, multimedia, and other resources. associated with the the major canadian feature film \" passchendaele. \" from the historica - dominion institute. this website offers a brief account of the battle of passchendaele in the first world war. includes photographs of military action taken by photographer jack turner. from library and archives canada. for king and empire : canada ' s soldiers in the great war an online guide to the \u201c for king and empire \u201d video documentary series. features detailed day - by - day accounts of military battles, profiles of individual soldiers, a glossary of weapons and artillery, and much more. from breakthrough films and history television. the official website for the feature film \" passchendaele. \" check out the multimedia features about the movie and the history of the battle of passchendaele. passchendaele \u2013 canada \u2019 s other vimy ridge an article about pivotal first world war military battles. from the department of national defence. shawnadithit grew anxious waiting for her uncle, longnon, to return to camp at the junction of badger brook and the exploits river, deep in the wilds of newfoundland...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4363624517504653, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.173947"} {"text": "fisheries minister joe ludwig and environment minister tony burke are seeking advice on whether to allow the abel tasman super trawler to act as a factory ship. seafish tasmania aims to skirt the fishing ban on the super trawler by contracting smaller australian - licensed trawlers to bring the small pelagic fish, caught under quota, to it for processing. before a decision is made on whether or not to allow transhipment at sea in the small pelagic fishery, the fisheries management authority is seeking comment from interested stakeholders. while there is some dispute over the sustainability of the quota in the small pelagic fishery, the quota was approved by scientists. the real issue that led to disallowing the abel tasman from fishing was the death of protected australian fur seals ( arctocephalus pusillus doriferus ) in the trawler \u2019 s nets. seals are attracted to an easy feed : trawler nets provide this. while seal exclusion devices ( seds ) are fitted to nets, some seals inevitably fail to escape and drown. however, the small trawlers will likely kill more seals \u2013 for the same tonnage of small pelagics \u2013 than the large abel tasman would have. while the super trawler \u2019 s net would have trapped seals, it would have been more effective at reducing seal deaths because of design improvements made to it compared with the devices fitted on the smaller trawlers. underwater cameras have shown that more seals meet their demise in mid - water trawl nets of the small trawlers than was previously thought. this is because the dead ones roll out of the net unseen during hauling. there is considerable scope to further refine the orientation, size and scope of seal exclusion devices. but crucial trials to find optimum devices have not taken place, due to lack of funding. bycatch is not a plausible reason for selectively banning the abel tasman. the commonwealth \u2019 s south east trawl sector, with many more vessels, is already far more destructive than the small pelagic fishery. the south east trawl fishery interacts strongly with \u2013 that is, kills \u2013 the protected australian fur seal and, to a lesser extent, the australian sea lion ( neophoca cinera ). this species is listed as vulnerable under the epbc act. between 1993 and 2000, the scientific monitoring program suggested that an average of 720 fur seals are caught incidentally by the small trawl vessels in the south east trawl fishery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40485531814523706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.178692"} {"text": "). this species is listed as vulnerable under the epbc act. between 1993 and 2000, the scientific monitoring program suggested that an average of 720 fur seals are caught incidentally by the small trawl vessels in the south east trawl fishery each year. ( the abel tasman, had it been allowed to fish, would have had its activity suspended any time it caught three fur seals. ) compared with large vessel operators, who are well resourced, the operators of the smaller vessels or \u201c wet - boats \u201d, are constrained in applying mitigation methods such as seal exclusion devices. recent trials of a flexible sed design have been relatively successful, but reliably estimating and reducing the level of interactions between seals and wet - boats remains an issue. conservation groups have been slow to grasp the south east trawl nettle. perhaps they are worried about the consumer backlash if flathead supplies to sydney and melbourne were diminished. there was no such risk in calling for a ban on the super trawler catching sardines for export. the factory ship operation will be economically efficient in allowing the small feeder vessels to continuously fish. moreover, it will be sustainable in the sense that the quota is very conservative, compared with other commonwealth fisheries, representing only a small fraction of the biomass of the small pelagics. if the factory ship is banned, consistency demands a moratorium in mid - water trawling elsewhere. if there is no ban then there will be seal deaths. but this would be more acceptable if it was accompanied by the announcement of a major effort by the commonwealth to seriously address the issue of bycatch in its trawl fisheries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4215094542342608, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.179418"} {"text": "information on eating disorders this past week marked national eating disorder awareness week, a week dedicated to preventing eating disorders and body image issues by increasing awareness and treatment options, and decreasing the stigmas attached. millions of people suffer with eating disorders in the united states. though typically seen as only affecting females, males make up 15 % of clients with anorexia or bulimia, and about half of clients with binge eating disorder. there are three main types of eating disorders, though there are multiple combinations of symptoms that may be classified as eating disorders not otherwise specified. anorexia nervosa is a serious, potentially life threatening eating disorder marked by self - starvation and excessive weight loss. there are four main symptoms of anorexia : resistance to maintaining minimal body weight at or above normal for one \u2019 s ages and height ; disturbance in body image ; intense fear of gaining weight ; and loss of menstrual period in girls and women post - puberty. the majority of those who suffer with anorexia are girls and women. anorexia has the highest mortality rate of any mental health condition. bulimia nervosa is a serious, potentially life - threatening disorder characterized by cyclical and recurring pattern of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as laxative or diuretic abuse, self - induced vomiting, or over - exercising. the three main symptoms of bulimia are : regular intake of large amounts of food with the feeling of a loss of control over eating behavior ; regular use of extreme compensatory behaviors such as over - exercising, laxative abuse, or self - induced vomiting ; and extreme concern of body weight and shape. people struggling with bulimia are typically of average body weight, and the majority of sufferers are female. bulimia can lead to health consequences such as esophageal rupture, electrolyte imbalances, and chronic irregular bowel movements. binge - eating disorder is the most prevalent eating disorder in the us. while it is currently classified as an eating disorder not otherwise specified, binge eating disorder is currently being considered as its own diagnostic category in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders v. binge eating disorder is characterized by four main symptoms : recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food in short amounts of time ; feeling out of control over the eating behavior ; feeling disgusted and ashamed by the eating ; and other indicators such as eating in secret and eating when not hungry. estimates show that about 40 % of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4573360326499756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.183030"} {"text": "of eating large quantities of food in short amounts of time ; feeling out of control over the eating behavior ; feeling disgusted and ashamed by the eating ; and other indicators such as eating in secret and eating when not hungry. estimates show that about 40 % of the sufferers are male, while 60 % are female. there are serious potential health problems related to binge eating disorder such as diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, and gallbladder disease. those with eating disorders often have dual diagnosis with other mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, substance abuse, obsessive - compulsive disorder, and self - injury. because of the complex nature of eating disorders, treatment must be comprehensive and thorough. most sufferers will need, at the very least, a combination of individual therapy, group therapy, a 12 step support group and a dietitian. clients often find the most success in finding an inpatient or residential treatment center \u2013 safe environments in which to focus on learning healthy eating behaviors. if you or someone you know struggles from an eating disorder, please don \u2019 t hesitate to contact the way out for more information. we are here to help you find the best treatment available for you or your loved ones. the way out recovery is a tool that everyone who is looking to begin the process of recovery should use. the people who i met, and helped me and my family through the process of recovery are amazing. i cannot thank them enough. their compassion, commitment and non - judgmental attitudes helped get my family o the right track. thank you for all you have done. read more & write your own", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4419092607764473, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.183806"} {"text": "[ links provided where online versions are available. online libraries charging a small yearly fee are a treasure trove for such sources ; we, for example, highly recommend questia. ] history of africans in the u. s. bonger, willem adriaan. race and crime. ( trans. margaret mathews hordyk. ) new york : columbia university press, 1943. ( has many tables comparing violent crime between jews and non - jews, between nordics, alpines, mediterraneans, baltics, as well as african - americans, from late 1800s / early 1900s. fascinating. ) braun, gedaliah, racism, guilt, and self - deceit, johannesburg, jan lamprecht, 2007. ( yes, this is africa the continent, but it ' s an odd and interesting counterpiece. j. taylor : \" fascinating observations of an american who has lived in africa for nearly 30 years. he systematically started asking africans \u2014 even virtual strangers \u2014 what they thought about racial differences and whether they were in favor of black rule. unlike most whites, who would be ashamed to ask such questions, dr. braun is utterly uninhibited. dr. braun puts it this way : ' ( 1 ) blacks cannot manage a modern industrial democratic society ; ( 2 ) blacks know this and would never think of denying it were it not for white liberals insisting otherwise ; ( 3 ) except for those black elites who hope to take power, black rule is in no one \u2019 s interest, especially not blacks ; ( 4 ) blacks know this better than anyone and are terrified of black rule. ' \" ) burgess, john w. reconstruction and the constitution, 1866 - 1876. new york : charles scribner ' s sons, 1902. ( constitutional lawyer from tennessee unhappy with the system imposed by the north after the civil war explains, in well - documented and eye - opening detail, the reasons for his unhappiness. ) ( some chapter headings : chapter i : the theory of reconstruction, chapter ii : president lincoln ' s views and acts in regard to reconstruction, chapter iii : president johnson ' s plan of reconstruction and his proceedings in realization of it, chapter ix : the attempt to remove the president, chapter xi : president grant and reconstruction, chapter xii : \" a carpet - bag \" and negro domination in the southern states between 1868 and 1876, chapter xiii : the presidential election of 1876 and its consequences, chapter xiv : international relations of the united states between 1867 and 1877 ) collins, winfield h., the truth about lynch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4512898683179141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.192339"} {"text": "bag \" and negro domination in the southern states between 1868 and 1876, chapter xiii : the presidential election of 1876 and its consequences, chapter xiv : international relations of the united states between 1867 and 1877 ) collins, winfield h., the truth about lynching and the negro in the south, new york : neale publishing co., 1918. ( don ' t let the extremely provocative title scare you off. when you get past the ' defending lynching ' part, there is a veritable wealth of historical documentation in the book on africans in the u. s., re : health, housing, education, employment, wealth level, religion, crime, demographic trends, etc., most of it drawn from public records of the time. essential resource for the subject of \" africans in the u. s., history. \" ) dubois, w. e. b. the philadelphia negro : a social study. philadelphia : university of pennsylvania press, 1899. ( the classic 1899 study by w. e. b. dubois, first african - american to hold a fellowship at the u. of pennsylvania. ) ( some chapter headings : chapter iii : the negro in philadelphia, 1638 - 1820., chapter iv : the negro in philadelphia, 1820 - 1896., chapter v : the size, age and sex of the negro population., chapter vi : conjugal condition., chapter viii : education and illiteracy., chapter ix : the occupations of negroes., chapter x : the health of negroes., chapter xi : the negro family., chapter xiii : the negro criminal., chapter xiv : pauperism and alcoholism., chapter xv : the environment of the negro., chapter xvi : the contact of the races., chapter xvii : negro suffrage.. ) moton, robert russa. what the negro thinks. garden city, ny : doubleday, doran and company, inc., 1929. ( moton succeeded booker t. washington as head of the tuskegee institute. excellent snapshot of african life in the u. s. in the 1920s. chapters on housing, education, suffrage, the law, and various discriminations suffered. ) murphey, dwight d., lynching : history and analysis, washington, d. c. : journal of social and economic studies legal - studies monograph, 1995. ( very recent monograph on the question, by law professor dwight murphey. this is not just a history of african - american lynching, but of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4465495150234635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.193485"} {"text": ", d. c. : journal of social and economic studies legal - studies monograph, 1995. ( very recent monograph on the question, by law professor dwight murphey. this is not just a history of african - american lynching, but of the practice in general, one which many forget was practiced in many times and places, on people of all races. a thoughtful, well - sourced analysis. ) page, thomas nelson. the negro : the southerner ' s problem. new york : c. scribner ' s sons, 1904. ( 1904 work by a southerner who is very nostalgic for the antebellum era, and it shows on every page. but if this dripping emotional attachment doesn ' t put you off, there is some decent info. here on the condition of africans in the antebellum south, particularly the large number of skilled artisan slaves who worked in the trades, little - known subject which he spends a lot of time on. ) redding, j. saunders. on being negro in america. indianapolis : charter books, 1962. ( unusual book by an unusual man. saunders, man of letters, first african - american chair at cornell university, writes the narrative of his life \u2014 growing up, attending college, raising two boys \u2014 in the pre - civil rights act american north. cynical, biting, heartbreaking. his telling, in chapter 12, the story of the first time his naive eight - year - old son experiences racism will puncture any but the hardest of hearts. afro -, euro -, hispanic, whomever you are, if you ' re american, don ' t miss this. it ' s your history. available on questia. ) reuter, edward byron. the american race problem : a study of the negro. ed. seba eldridge. new york : thomas y. crowell, 1927. ( great sociologist of his day, his doctoral dissertation ' the mulatto in the united states ' won him highest honors at the u. of chicago in 1919. serious, well - sourced study, with chapters on health, employment, family life, discrimination and assimilation, delinquency, religion, culture. very thorough treatment of the lynching question ( with detailed statistics ) in chap. xv, ' crimes against the negro. ' highly recommended. ) richburg, keith b. out of america : a black man confronts africa. 1st ed. new york : basic books, 1997. ( not african - american history exactly, but compelling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4401922532855459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.194646"} {"text": "xv, ' crimes against the negro. ' highly recommended. ) richburg, keith b. out of america : a black man confronts africa. 1st ed. new york : basic books, 1997. ( not african - american history exactly, but compelling reading. journalist in africa during the 1990s, came to some conclusions about its peoples that really upset most of the african - american community. brutally honest. highly recommended. ) thomas, william hannibal. the american negro : a study in racial crossing. new york : macmillan & co., ltd., 1901. ( entirely available online ) ( dubbed the ' black judas ' by african - american leaders of his time, this mulatto lawyer and theologian has written one of the most incendiary books on the question of the ' negro in america. ' reviled and denounced by many, it is a brutal and unsparing condemnation of what he took to be the very worst traits in america ' s africans in his time. such visceral disgust i have scarcely seen from the pen of the most virulent euro - american separatist. there is truth here, but it is dressed in some very harsh language. proceed with caution. ) any other suggestions would be welcome. we shouldn ' t charge into the future without knowing our past.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47368655437162377, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.195149"} {"text": "13 dec 2012 i love maps. i could spend hours in stanfords, i love old, crinkled maps and i couldn \u2019 t live without google maps ( they have saved me from many a scrape ). but most of all i love poring over made - up maps in books, seeing the illustrator \u2019 s interpretation of the author \u2019 s imagined land. here our book designer, clare sivell, answers some questions about the fascinating process of commissioning map illustrations, with reference to john gwynne \u2019 s malice. could you briefly outline the process of getting a map from sketch to final, polished work? the process of getting a map from sketch to final artwork involves a number of different stages, which all vary in length depending on the type of map being created. initially the author will supply a visual that outlines all the details to be included on the map. it can come in a number of different forms, from a photocopy of an existing map to a hand drawn sketch, as was the case with malice. the sketch for malice included distinctions between the land and sea masses, place names, rivers, hills and a drawing of a compass. selecting an illustrator the next stage is to select an illustrator to create the map. the style of map must reflect the content and themes of the book, so the illustrator is selected with this in mind. the illustrator \u2019 s previous work and their technique and method of drawing are important in making this choice. the malice map was created through a mixture of hand drawn and digital techniques. initial sketch and refinement the illustrator would then create an initial sketch of the map from the brief given to them. this can range from a hand drawn rough to a more finished visual using digital techniques ; both would however show the style and detail to be included. on some occasions, illustrators may also supply a sample area of the map prior to this to ensure they have interpreted the brief correctly. the initial sketch would then be shown to both the author and editor for comments, including any design changes or spelling corrections. the changes would then be made by the illustrator, and the process repeated until the map is approved. the approved map is then added to the book. my favorite part of the process is when the initial sketch is supplied from the illustrator. this initial visual is the first time you get to see the author \u2019 s original vision come to life in the illustrator \u2019 s style. i think is particularly exciting with science fiction and fantasy books, as this can be the first time the author \u2019 s ideas are represented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45322689851751197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.198975"} {"text": "is the first time you get to see the author \u2019 s original vision come to life in the illustrator \u2019 s style. i think is particularly exciting with science fiction and fantasy books, as this can be the first time the author \u2019 s ideas are represented visually, something which greatly enhances the story. i always get excited when i see these emails appear in my inbox! you \u2019 ve project - managed illustrators for so many of the maps in pan macmillan \u2019 s book. what \u2019 s the main difference for you between the creation of a map in the real world and a map in a fantasy or science fictional world? a map drawn of the real world needs to accurately represent the geography of a place at a particular time in history. had a building been built by a certain time? did a river follow the same path? was a country called something different? these are some of questions that we have to ask to ensure that a map is correct to its time and place. a map of fantasy or science fiction is a creation of the author \u2019 s imagination, so the only guide is the author \u2019 s visual \u2013 there are no existing maps that can be used for reference. this means the illustrator has a greater degree of freedom when interpreting the original visual supplied. i feel that maps can really enhance a genre book, as helping build the world for the reader. do you have any thoughts on how a good map can add to the text to enrich the reader experience? a map is a great tool for the reader in a genre book as it helps to visualise the fantasy location. a map should be used as reference for the story, adding to its character and strengthening the reader \u2019 s understanding of the story \u2019 s setting. it should allow the reader to connect places, such as the proximity of an island to the main land or scale of wooded areas, as in the malice map. click here to read more about malice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48662894699206194, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.199791"} {"text": "royal dockyard, devonport major centre of warship production since 1691 ministry of defence period of construction : 1650 - 1699 transport trust plaque : devonport royal dockyard, keyham road, plymouth pl1 4sg the royal navy ' s historical links with the west country are immense. a the ships that defeated the spanish armada in 1588 sailed from the mouth of the river plym, thus establishing the military prescence in plymouth, the memory of sir francis drake, mayor of plymouth as well as great national hero is kept alive in the name, hms drake, which was recently extended to the whole of devonport naval base. in 1689 prince william of orange became william iii and almost immediately addressed the need to constructa a new dockyard. he dispatched a naval officer, edmund dummer, to investiage potential sitesa in the west country ; he settled upon two potential locations, a one at cattewater, plymouth, and one further along the coast, on the hamoaze, a section of the river tamar. a on 30a december 1690, a contract was let to robert waters of portsmouth to builda a dockyarda in the hamoaze area, thus forming the basisa of the plymouth dock. dummer designed the first successful stepped stone dry dock in europe at devonport. historically, the navy board ' s reliance upona timber resulted in high maintenance costs anda a significant fire risk ; a dummer ' s design offered a strengthened operating floor, allowed rapid erection of staginga anda incorporated stepped sides that made working beneatha a hull much easier. among his innovations was the application of lean manufacturing techniques, with a logical layout that maximised both land use and efficiency, a a centralized storage area and a double rope - house that combined the previously separate tasks of spinning and laying, while allowing the upper floor to be used for the repair of sails. the first ship to be built and launched in the dock yard was the \" postboy \", weighing 73 tonnes. the dockyard expanded rapidly in the 18th century, now covering seventy acres and incorporating a further three docks - the union double, the north dock and the new north dock. in 1824, plymouth dock was re - named as the royal dockyard, devonport, after the grant of royal approval. with the coming of steam, the keyham steam yard was completed in 1853. a dedicated electricty supply was added at the beginning of thea twentieth century, the facility now covering 114 acres and incorporating the newly constructed prince of wales turning basin. the royal dockyard saw major expansion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3934493679122046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.206324"} {"text": ", the keyham steam yard was completed in 1853. a dedicated electricty supply was added at the beginning of thea twentieth century, the facility now covering 114 acres and incorporating the newly constructed prince of wales turning basin. the royal dockyard saw major expansion during and following the two world wars - by 1969, the docks extended to 332 acres and thirteen docks, almost certainly the then largest naval dockyard in the world. today, devonport is the largest naval base in western europe and coversa over 650 acres. it has fifteen dry docks, 6. 5 km ( 4a miles ) of waterfront, a twenty fivea tidal berths anda five basins. the facility, a currentlya operated by babcock marine, a a is the only site in the uk now equipped to conduct nuclear submarine refits, including those for the vanguard class. there are over five thousand ship movements annually and is it estimated that the base generatesa some ten per centa of the economic activity ofa plymouth. a public access is restricted to the annual two day event, \" navy days \", when visitors can tour the facility, go aboard active naval ships and watch various displays of naval prowess. among the most popular attractions is the nuclear powered submarine hms courageous, used in the falklands war. devonport serves as headquarters for flag officer sea training, which is responsible for the training of all the ships of the navy and royal fleet auxiliary, along with many from foreign naval services. a maritime museum is under development at devonport, the plymouth naval base museum. brimacombe, peter, drake ' s drum - a history of the devonport naval base and dockyard, mor marketing, isbn - 10 : 0952585340 ( 1998 ) brown, p., britain ' s historic ships : the ships that shaped the nation : a complete guide, conway, isbn - 10 : 1844860930 ( 2009 ) brown, p., historic ships : the survivors, amberley publishing, isbn - 10 : 1848689942 ( 2010 ) burkhalter, p., devonport dockyard railway, twelveheads press, isbn - 10 : 0906294371 ( 1996 ) burns, k. v., the devonport dockyard story, maritime books, isbn - 10 : 0907771149 ( 1984 ) colledge, j. j., ships of the royal navy : a complete record of all fighting ships of the royal navy from the 15th century to the present, casemate, isbn - 10 : 1935", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44994991892882885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.207496"} {"text": "##7771149 ( 1984 ) colledge, j. j., ships of the royal navy : a complete record of all fighting ships of the royal navy from the 15th century to the present, casemate, isbn - 10 : 1935149075 ( 2010 ) dicker, g., a short history of devonport royal dockyard, dicker, asin : b001qvj058 ( 1969 ) a endsor, richard, the restoration warship : the design, construction and career of a third rate of charles ii ' s navy, conway, isbn - 10 : 1844860884 ( 2009 ) evans, david, building the steam navy : dockyards, technology and the creation of the victorian battle - fleet, 1830 - 1906, conway maritime press, isbn - 10 : 085177959x ( 2004 ) miller, f. p., vandome, a. f. & mcbrewster, j., edmund dummer ( naval engineer, vdm publishing, isbn - 10 : 6131776229 ( 2010 ) winfield, rif, british warships in the age of sail 1603 - 1714 : design, construction, careers and fates, seaforth publishing, isbn - 10 : 184832040x ( 2009 ) the royal dockyard is permanently visible, but is a secure militarya facility with public access limited to naval open days. how to find : by road : off a3064, via b3396, keyham road by rail : plymouth dockyarda devenport stations are approx 1 km away plymouth, england - weather via msn weather text weather conditions and forecast for plymouth, england", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4179126111801875, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.208177"} {"text": "getting your track as a mp3 to get your music on unearthed we need it in this format : mp3 : 128kbts / s, 44. 1khz in stereo the exact process to get your track as a mp3 will depend on the software you are using. first, see if you can bounce to disk as a mp3 at the above settings. if not, you might need to first create a. wav or. aiff file and then use a separate converter to turn it into a mp3. rule of thumb a good way to check you are doing everything right is to check the filesize of your mp3. 1 minute of music, encoded at the correct settings = approximately 1mb ( file size ). so, if your track is 3 minutes the mp3 should be about 3mb. 4. diy recording home - recording has become an increasingly viable option for musicians. of course, you \u2019 ll need to have your own equipment which can be a little costly ( depending on what you purchase ). the upside is that once you \u2019 ve got the equipment you have the freedom to record, re - record and experiment as many times as you like at no extra expense. diy recording is excellent for quick and cheap demos of your music. depending on your style of music you may even be able to do the whole thing at home! if its early days and you aren \u2019 t sure about purchasing equipment it \u2019 s probably a better idea to record in a studio. have a look at our studio recording guide for tips. most recordings are constructed by recording one or two parts at a time and then adding extra instruments or vocals over the top. you are effectively laying down \u2018 tracks \u2019 on top of each over to create the final song. that \u2019 s why it \u2019 s called multi tracking. traditionally, you would use a specialised machine to do this called ( surprise surprise! ) a multi - track recorder, usually using a cassette tape. the advantage of these machines is that they are portable so you can go to your friend \u2019 s place or a rehearsal studio to create your masterpiece. however the most common method these days is to use your computer as the multi - track. one advantage of using your computer is that it \u2019 s easy to continually upgrade or improve it. to start out, you don \u2019 t need the latest greatest machine but you should try to have at least : - a processor 400 mhz - at least 10 gb of free hard disc space - at least 256 mb of ram - a good sound card. decide which software you will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4197568346826481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.213662"} {"text": "don \u2019 t need the latest greatest machine but you should try to have at least : - a processor 400 mhz - at least 10 gb of free hard disc space - at least 256 mb of ram - a good sound card. decide which software you will be using and make sure you have the minimum requirements suggested. most computers come with built - in sound capability, however if you would like to improve the audio capabilities of your computer you will need to get a good sound card. the simplest of sound cards come with two inputs which are usually colour coded. a line input ( light blue ) is where you can directly connect whatever it is you are recording. for example you can plug in a stereo cable from your guitar amp into this line port. or you could use some kind of small external mixer. a mic input ( pink ) is specifically for your microphone. it \u2019 s better to use this port ( not the line in ) if you are using a microphone. this is where a little external mixer comes in handy, you could plug several mics into the mixer, and then into the sound card. some of the more specialised sound cards have multiple inputs, so you could record a guitar to one track and a vocal on another at the same time. you will also need some audio software to record all your tracks and mix them together. there \u2019 s a multitude of different software you can use which you can usually get quite cheaply or even for free. some popular software providers are : digidesign \u2013 protools \u2013 generally comes with its own sound card cakewalk \u2013 sonar steinberg \u2013 cubase apple \u2013 logic pro audacity is a popular open source program a good mic can make all the difference to a recording. the most common type of microphone for first timers is a dynamic mic. they are cheap, simple and sound ok on anything - from vocals to guitars. they are also usually directional, which means they only record what they are pointed at. this can be useful for cutting out outside noise. these range in price from dirt cheap up to $ 300 a condenser microphone is also a popular choice. these have a warmer and clearer sound as they are more sensitive than dynamic mics. you will need power to use a condenser microphone. some come with batteries, but if not you will also need a 48v power supply, sometimes known as phantom power. condensers range in price from $ 400 to many thousands of dollars most professional microphones will use a 3 pin xlr cable. depending on the inputs in your sound", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41203359985172233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.214688"} {"text": "you will also need a 48v power supply, sometimes known as phantom power. condensers range in price from $ 400 to many thousands of dollars most professional microphones will use a 3 pin xlr cable. depending on the inputs in your soundcard you might need adaptors so you can connect the microphone. for example, you might need cable with a three - pin attachment at one end and a stereo 1 / 4 \u201d plug at the other. you might also need an adapter to reduce the size of the plug from stereo 1 / 4 \u201d to 1 / 8 \u201d so that you can plug it into the sound card in your computer. recording and mixing tips so now you \u2019 ve got all the equipment there \u2019 s nothing stopping you. the exact way you record will depend on your type of music and what software you are using. here \u2019 s a couple of pointers to get your started, but remember, there are no hard and fast rules. do whatever sounds good! - try to record somewhere with minimal background noise. electrical appliances, traffic, air conditioning etc. these will all add excess noise to your recording so go to the quietest room the house and make sure your neighbours are quiet. - for most pop / rock songs, the drums are recorded first to lay down the structure and beat of the song. the vocals are usually recorded last. - try listening to your mix at a really low volume. most things sound good if they are pumping out of your speakers so try mixing soft. if it sounds good quiet, it will sound great loud, but not the other way around. - another common problem is that when listening to the same track over and over again you get used hearing the vocals and end up mixing them too soft. for this reason it \u2019 s good to do a \u2018 vocal up \u2019 mix which is just a mix with the vocals turned up slightly. play each version to some friends and see which they prefer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40895086699929784, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.215404"} {"text": "generally no. moisture within the pulp of a cactus is very acidic and many cacti contain toxic alkaloids. you can, however, eat the fruit. the moisture is acidic because of the way many succulents, including cacti, carry on photosynthesis, the process by which carbon dioxide and water are turned into carbohydrates. most plants have their pores ( stomates ) open during the day to take in carbon dioxide, and use sunlight as a catalyst for the reaction : carbon dioxide + water sugar + oxygen. but in the desert, plants with pores open during the hot days, lose much water through evapotranspiration. so, succulents use a modified version of photosynthesis called cam ( crassulacean acid metabolism ). cam plants open their stomates only at night when it is cooler so there is less evapotranspiration. because there is no sunlight to act as a catalyst, carbon dioxide is stored as an organic acid, principally malic acid ( c4h6o5 ). carbon dioxide is gradually released from the acid during the next day. cam plants use about one - tenth the water to produce each unit of carbohydrate compared to standard photosynthesis. the price : a much slower growth rate. many plants contain malic acid, but usually in lesser quantities than found in cacti. also cooking generally destroys the acid. besides malic acid, succulents produce oxalic acid ( c2h2o4 ), which is toxic, as another product of photosynthesis. \u201c its chief function seems to be sequestering metals, principally calcium. calcium oxalates often occur as crystalline minerals within the cactus pulp. their function seems to be aiding structural integrity and enzymatic processes. in fact two crystalline calcium oxalate minerals have been identified in all cacti tested : cac2o4. 2h2o ( weddellite ) and cac2o4. h2o ( whewellite ). \u201d [ source : plant physiology, february 2002, vol. 128, pp. 707 - 713. ] oxalates are also formed with heavy metals such as copper, perhaps to reduce toxicity to the plant. oxalic acid is toxic to humans because it combines with calcium in our bodies to produce calcium oxalates which clog up our kidneys. so, what about the barrel cactus. can \u2019 t we get water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3831069830134154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.218603"} {"text": "to reduce toxicity to the plant. oxalic acid is toxic to humans because it combines with calcium in our bodies to produce calcium oxalates which clog up our kidneys. so, what about the barrel cactus. can \u2019 t we get water from those? did you bring along a machete and solar still? the seri indians sometimes used the fishhook barrel ( ferocactus wislizeni ) for emergency water. however, drinking the juice on an empty stomach often caused diarrhea, and some seri report pain in their bones if they walk a long distance after drinking the juice. the seri called the coville barrel ( ferocactus emoryi ), \u201c barrel that kills \u201d because eating the flesh of the cactus causes nausea, diarrhea, and temporary paralysis. think you can tell the two apart? ( see : edible desert plants \u2013 barrel cactus fruit ). what about prickly pear pads we sometimes see in grocery stories or on the menu of mexican restaurants? what you see are generally young spring pads which naturally contain less oxalic acid. cooking leaches out the acid. in an emergency you can eat the young pads raw. and there are some spineless cultivars that naturally contain little oxalic acid which can also be eaten raw. these were developed mainly as cattle feed. the bottom line is you really cannot get a drink from a cactus in spite of what you may have seen in old cowboy movies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36457621223827097, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.219194"} {"text": "in the debate over global climate change, there is a yawning gap that needs to be bridged. the gap is not between environmentalists and industrialists, or between democrats and republicans. it is between policy wonks and political consultants. among policy wonks like me, there is a broad consensus. the scientists tell us that world temperatures are rising because humans are emitting carbon into the atmosphere. basic economics tells us that when you tax something, you normally get less of it. so if we want to reduce global emissions of carbon, we need a global carbon tax. q. e. d. mankiw explains why a carbon tax is preferable to fuel economy regulations and cap - and - trade. politically, its a tough sell. mankiw offers an idea to make it go down easier : yet this natural aversion to carbon taxes can be overcome if the revenue from the tax is used to reduce other taxes. by itself, a carbon tax would raise the tax burden on anyone who drives a car or uses electricity produced with fossil fuels, which means just about everybody. some might fear this would be particularly hard on the poor and middle class. but gilbert metcalf, a professor of economics at tufts, has shown how revenue from a carbon tax could be used to reduce payroll taxes in a way that would leave the distribution of total tax burden approximately unchanged. he proposes a tax of $ 15 per metric ton of carbon dioxide, together with a rebate of the federal payroll tax on the first $ 3, 660 of earnings for each worker. eminently sensible, but i ' m not holding my breath. mankiw is advising mitt romney ' s campaign - if he can get romney to come out for a payroll for carbon tax swap, i will be very impressed, with both of them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48238325364329865, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.221854"} {"text": "we hear a lot about the coming of the cashless society, with wave and pay stickers, apps that let you ping money to each other and more innovations trumpeting that if cash is king, then the king is dead. but while children are growing up in this brave new world, they are denied access to it. unless you have a credit or debit card, you can \u2019 t pay for a single mp3. so what \u2019 s the solution? well one company thinks it \u2019 s giving children as young as eight their own debit cards. pktmny \u2013 which launched this week \u2013 offers children between the ages of eight and 16 a contactless prepaid visa debit card. parents can personalise the card for their children and set controls on where and how much they can spend on it. you can read more of the details on the \u201c how it works \u201d section of pktmny site. you can set up a standing order to add money to the card on a weekly or monthly basis, while friends and relatives can also add money to the account. the people behind it also have smartphone apps planned that allow children to see the balance on their cards and parents top this up if needed. it costs \u00a35 to open an account and there \u2019 s a \u00a31 monthly charge ( that comes from the parent \u2019 s account, not the child \u2019 s ). the hope is that this will allow children to learn about spending, saving and budgeting \u2013 as well as offering them some independence \u2013 in the same way traditional pocket money has. \u201c children will live in a completely cashless world. yet they are forced to interact with money in a way even adults have moved on from. it \u2019 s time for a dramatic change, \u201d said clinical child psychologist dr elizabeth kilbey. \u201c by allowing children to start taking control of their money in a safe and secure environment they will be able to grow with money, learn from their mistakes and ultimately understand the value of money. \u201d but would you trust a child with a card? let us know below.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44740259162290996, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.224141"} {"text": "four decades ago, the population of the biggest of india \u2019 s famed big cats \u2013 the royal bengal tiger had fallen to just 1, 800 \u2013 a drastic decline of about 95 % since the turn of the century when there were approximately 30, 000 of these in the jungles of the country. in fact, all the people familiar with the political conditions unfolding in the sub - continent during these years and its direct impact on the ecology will hardly be surprised by this statistic. when the british held their sway over the region, it was the dream of every servant of the raj \u2013 from the viceroy to a lowly bureaucrat to be a part of the renowned, or should we say, notorious, hunting trips \u2013 the favorite pass time of the english elite, generally organized by the princes, keen to impress their colonial masters in return of favorable deals and grander titles. while a number of species including lions, leopards, cheetahs, antelope and several kinds of birds were hunted, no other animal was as prized as the stripped feline whose trophies decorated the homes of the rich and the powerful in britain and other parts of the western world. in the post - independence era, the killings continued to fuel the demands of international illegal trade in tiger products, most notably, the skin \u2013 a symbol of style and status and the bones which have considerable value in ancient chinese medicine. besides, the need for more land to satisfy an ever growing human population and facilitate industrial growth led to the destruction of thousands of acres of virgin woodlands. it was at this critical juncture, when their numbers had dropped below two thousand, that the then pm indira gandhi decided to act and after consulting matter experts and conservationists, launched one of the most popular conservation program of all times \u2013 project tiger. though it is true that this scheme has not been as successful as it was expected to be during the time of its inaugural, considering the persistent allegation of inflated figures and the fiascoes of sariska ( 2004 ) and panna ( 2009 ) reserves, there is no doubt that it is a major landmark in the protection of any fauna across the world. like the tiger in 1973, another of our top predator, which has been an integral part of our forests for ages, is today, staring at the brink of extinction. the asian wild dog, commonly known as the dhole is a highly social canine, native to the woodlands of eastern and southern asia. gifted with an agile yet sturdy body, and living in a society that even cares for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48049731582827276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.233663"} {"text": "the brink of extinction. the asian wild dog, commonly known as the dhole is a highly social canine, native to the woodlands of eastern and southern asia. gifted with an agile yet sturdy body, and living in a society that even cares for the young and the vulnerable, they are the masters of their territories, possessing a strike rate better than many of its other, much more ' high - profile ' neighbors. unfortunately, following centuries of persecution and an inexorable ' witch hunt ', it has been listed as \u2018 endangered \u2019 by iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) with reports indicating that there are only about 2500 mature individuals left in the wild, out of which more than half are found in our country. its range, which once stretched from russia in the north to the islands of java and sumatra in the south, from india in the west to the korean peninsula in the east, has shrunk exponentially in size, reducing it to the confines of a few pockets, scattered in southern and south - eastern asia. while it is protected under the schedule i of the wildlife protection act of 1972, there is certainly more to be done in this regard considering that it has suffered from years of persecution for a variety of reasons, sometimes as trivial as to safeguard the numbers of antelope which were popular game animals during the colonial era from being preyed upon by these canids. though killings have become close to negligible over the years, the odds are still stacked against them, thereby warranting the need for much stricter measures to be put into place for their conservation. with time running out and the threats for their survival still looming large, it is imperative that the government formulates a policy on the lines of the project tiger, customized for the dholes. of course, this idea may seem to be little weird for some, others may dismiss it as ridiculous but i strongly believe that such a step is mandatory if we want the future generation to witness this \u2018 spectacle of nature \u2019. below, i have tried to justify my stand on this issue and hopefully, after going through it, many more may feel the same, thereby helping the cause. | credit : ramki sreenivasan / conservation india | why do we require a project dhole? how do you justify spending tax payers hard - earned money on a creature which is not a favorite with the tourists? probably, the biggest reason for the decline of these dogs is that even today, a majority of the people \u2013 especially the urban populace is not aware that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4549110283370279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.234677"} {"text": "spending tax payers hard - earned money on a creature which is not a favorite with the tourists? probably, the biggest reason for the decline of these dogs is that even today, a majority of the people \u2013 especially the urban populace is not aware that such a species exists and in rural regions where the awareness level is relatively higher, there are still innumerable myths and misconceptions about them. the relentless manner in which the packs chase their prey, devouring it even before it dies ; is seen by many as ' barbaric '. no wonder that since time immemorial, they are despised, looked upon as symbols of brutality and cruelty. in fact, ancient texts and medieval tales are filled with references to these canines, mostly portraying them, either as the antagonists or their associates. even today, many of us who have grown up watching rudyard kipling \u2019 s jungle book remember them as the blood thirsty hounds that invaded the seeonee hills only to be defeated by the wolves under the leadership of laila, thanks to mowgli \u2019 s bravery and kaa \u2019 s experience in episodes 40 and 41. a project dhole, for one, will be a great pr exercise for these mammals. with a portion of the total budget for the program being utilized for advertising, the asian wild dog will be all over print and electronic media, earning them much needed attention. as the knowledge increases, the curiosity will also rise, giving a fillip to more detailed research on these dogs and their behavior. this in turn will reveal new insights into the lives of these elusive creatures, helping in quelling the numerous superstitions surrounding them. hence more and more people will gradually realize their importance from the ecological point of view. besides, many will start flocking to sanctuaries and national parks in which these are found, boosting eco - tourism and providing employment opportunities to the locals - giving them enough reasons to refrain from harming these canines. most importantly, it will definitely contribute in building an army of volunteers keen to protect them, thereby keeping the authorities on their toes and most importantly, facilitate in building consensus against any move or project that can be detrimental to its interest in the future. secondly, the dhole, like the tiger is a top predator. though it may not be the undisputed ' king of the jungle ', it does occupy a prominent position at the higher levels of the food pyramid, controlling the numbers of the herbivores and upholding the principle of the ' survival of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3999380934036831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.235829"} {"text": "though it may not be the undisputed ' king of the jungle ', it does occupy a prominent position at the higher levels of the food pyramid, controlling the numbers of the herbivores and upholding the principle of the ' survival of the fittest ' by eliminating the weak and the sick. moreover, their conservation will also require the safeguarding of their present habitat - the deciduous forests of southern and western india which are also home to hundreds of species of flora and fauna. thus while it is true that the dhole will be the prime beneficiary of this undertaking, it will also be good for the maintaining the fragile balance in ecology, thereby justifying the high costs involved. also, with less than three thousand of them left in the wild and the threat of epidermic wiping off isolated populations in many regions still hanging over their heads, it is crucial that concrete measures are taken to save them at the earliest. finally, as we were the first country to ban their persecution, it should be us that should lead the world in the conservation of these hounds. considering that the majority of them are found inside project tiger reserves, is there a need for a separate scheme specially for the dholes? as i have pointed out earlier, the project will generate a lot of public interest about this species, something which is of paramount importance. even if it gets half the amount of attention that our national animal has got since the launch of the project tiger, it will be prove to be, perhaps, the greatest milestone in the protection of these canids. while it is true that project tiger has proved to be a blessing for a variety of plants and animals that are found within the confines of the sites covered under it, including the asian wild dogs, there is an urgency to do more to get them out of the precarious situation in which they find themselves. like in the case of the big cats, several other steps are necessary to secure a future for them including a nationwide census using the best methods, identification of the regions where they are found and most importantly, solid research - all of which can only be done, if and only if, the idea is implemented with utmost priority. how will the project dhole help the mammal? what are the different steps that can help in its revival? the different measures that will be a part of the undertaking and the way it will help the cause include : - a ) census : though there are reports indicating that there are about two and a half thousand wild dogs in the world, there are no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42108713399210096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.237060"} {"text": "? the different measures that will be a part of the undertaking and the way it will help the cause include : - a ) census : though there are reports indicating that there are about two and a half thousand wild dogs in the world, there are no reports regarding their precise number within india. probably, the most important task that needs to be taken up as a part of this scheme is the use of latest technology to find out the exact number of this species in the country. the data thus collected will serve as a base for the planning and implementation of any move for their conservation in the future. the stats will also be important to do a comparative analysis to assess the success of the program over the years. b ) research : though they are amongst the top carnivores of asia, there is meager knowledge about the animal and its behavior. as such, the project will provide a wonderful platform for experts to conduct detailed study, helping provide valuable insights and squash all myths about them. with the dhole being a territorial animal travelling several kilometers each day for patrol and hunting, the radio collar, can come in handy during tracking them. also, a new research center should be established where data analysis can be done and routinely published in magazines so that it is available to the public. the twin national parks of bandipur and nagarhole in southern karnataka can be the ideal location for this as it is a popular haunt for dhole lovers across the world. c ) re - introduction : it is a great tragedy that these canines which once roamed freely across most of india, except for the thar, are today restricted to a few national parks and sanctuaries in different parts of india. the isolated populations are at the risk of threats including forest fires, low prey density and epidermic diseases. as these canids are territorial, the presently available area may not be able to support packs in the future. thus, there is a need to re - introduce some mature dogs to wilderness where they were formally found and disappeared later due to human activity. besides, inbreeding within closely related individuals may lead to weak immunity and other genetic disorders in the newborns. next, some dogs need to be swapped to prevent the stagnation of the gene pool. | credit : manish varma | e ) international co - ordination : with the wild dog facing threat of extinction in all countries where it is found, the project can act as a stage for sharing the information that has been collected in different research centers. the information collected under the program", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47689363158715165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.239983"} {"text": "| e ) international co - ordination : with the wild dog facing threat of extinction in all countries where it is found, the project can act as a stage for sharing the information that has been collected in different research centers. the information collected under the program can be used to organize similar schemes in other parts of the world. since the mammal is found in forests along the borders of several asean nations, an international committee is required to protect the animal and fight evils like poaching. for more on the dholes ( 1 ) the whistling hunters - the asian wild dog or dhole ( link ) ( 2 ) finding the dhole - in search of the elusive canines ( link ) ( 1 ) credit : ramesh anantharaman ( link ) original : india nature watch \u2013 comfortably numb!!!!!!!!! by ramesh anantharaman ( 2 ) credit : ramki sreenivasan / conservation india ( link ) original : wild ventures \u2013 13. dholes by ramki sreenivasan ( 3 ) credit : k p krishnan ( link ) ( 4 ) credit manish varma ( link ) ( 4 ) credit manish varma ( link ) original : india nature watch \u2013 not for the light hearted - tadoba by manish varma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44963028777879066, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.240573"} {"text": "enveloped, spherical to pleomorphic, 150 - 200 nm in diameter, t = 16 icosahedral symmetry. capsid consists of 162 capsomers and is surrounded by an amorphous tegument. glycoproteins complexes are embeded in the lipid envelope. monopartite, linear, dsdna genome of 140 - 240 kb. the genome contains terminal and internal reiterated sequences. each viral transcript usually encodes a single protein and has a promoter / regulatory sequence, a tata box, a transcription initiation site, a 5 \u2019 leader sequence of 30 - 300 bp ( not translated ), a 3 \u2019 nontranslated sequence of 10 - 30 bp, and a poly a signal. there are many gene overlaps. there are only few spliced genes. some of the expressed orfs are antisense to each other. some orfs can be accessed from more than one promoter. there are some non - coding genes. - attachment of the viral glycoproteins to host receptors mediates endocytosis of the virus into the host cell. - fusion with the plasma membrane to release the core and the tegument proteins into the host cytoplasm. - the capsid is transported to the nuclear pore where the viral dna is released into the nucleus. - transcription of immediate early genes which promote transcription of early genes and protect the virus against innate host immunity. - transcription of early viral mrna by host polymerase ii, encoding proteins involved in replication of the viral dna. - a first round of circular genome amplification occurs by bidirectional replication - synthesis of linear concatemer copies of viral dna by rolling circle. - transcription of late mrnas by host polymerase ii, encoding structural proteins. - assembly of the virus in nuclear viral factories and budding through the inner lamella of the nuclear membrane which has been modified by the insertion of herpes glycoproteins, throughout the golgi and final release at the plasma membrane. : replication of circular viral episome in tandem with the host cell dna using the host cell replication machinery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46374866485865923, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.242729"} {"text": "the island of sumatra suffered from both the rumblings of the submarine earthquake and the tsunamis that were generated on december 26, 2004. within minutes of the quake, the sea surged ashore, bringing destruction to the coasts of the northern sumatra. this pair of images from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer ( modis ) on nasa \u2019 s terra satellite shows the aceh province of northern sumatra, indonesia, on december 17, 2004, before the quake and on december 29, 2004, three days after the catastrophe. though modis was not specifically designed to make the very detailed observations that are usually necessary for mapping coastline changes, the sensor nevertheless observed obvious differences in the sumatran coastline. on december 17, the green vegetation along the west coast appears to reach all the way to the sea, with only an occasional thin stretch of white that is likely sand. after the earthquake and tsunamis, the entire western coast is lined with a noticeable purplish - brown border. the brownish border could be deposited sand, or perhaps exposed soil that was stripped bare of vegetation when the large waves rushed ashore and then raced away. on a moderate - resolution image such as this, the affected area may seem small, but each pixel in the full resolution image is 250 by 250 meters. in places the brown strip reaches inland roughly 13 pixels, equal to a distance of 3. 25 kilometers, or about 2 miles. on the northern tip of the island, the incursion is even larger.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4939044936221114, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.244385"} {"text": "flip - flops are a mainstay of summertime footwear, but they can be painfully bad for your feet and legs, new research shows. researchers from auburn university in alabama studied the biomechanics of the flip - flop and determined that wearing thong - style flip - flops can result in sore feet, ankles and legs. \u201c we found that when people walk in flip - flops, they alter their gait, which can result in problems and pain from the foot up into the hips and lower back, \u201d said justin shroyer, a biomechanics doctoral student who presented the findings to the recent annual meeting of the american college of sports medicine in indianapolis. for the study, the researchers recruited 39 college - age men and women and asked them to wear flip - flops or athletic shoes. they then had them walk a platform that measured vertical force as their feet hit the ground. a video camera measured stride length and limb angles. flip - flop wearers took shorter steps and their heels hit the ground with less vertical force than when the same walkers wore athletic shoes. people wearing flip - flops also don \u2019 t bring their toes up as much as the leg swings forward. that results in a larger angle to the ankle and a shorter stride length, the study showed. the reason may be that people tend to grip flip - flops with their toes. mr. shroyer notes that he himself owns two pairs of flip - flops, and the research doesn \u2019 t mean people shouldn \u2019 t wear them. however, flip - flops are best worn for short periods of time, like at the beach or for comfort after an athletic event. but they are not designed to properly support the foot and ankle during all - day wear, he notes. update : for more on flip - flops, listen to the well podcast here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39303190087311746, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.246561"} {"text": "fairfield county, conn. - after suffering through extensive power outages last year and in anticipation of more likely to follow, redding residents michele coppola ames and her husband andy took nature \u2019 s wrath into their own hands and armed themselves with a propane - fueled power generator. they were ready, they thought, for hurricane sandy. their power went out and the generator kicked on, but two days later their carbon monoxide detector sounded its alarm. fumes from the newly - installed generator had seeped into their home through a laundry vent and were filling the house. \u201c the carbon monoxide detector saved our lives, \u201d said coppola ames. they are not alone. carbon monoxide \u2013 widely known as the \u201c silent killer \u201d - - is a highly poisonous, colorless, odorless, tasteless gas produced by gas and charcoal - powered equipment. the centers for disease control and prevention estimates that carbon monoxide poisoning claims nearly 400 lives and causes more than 20, 000 visits to hospital emergency departments annually. there are steps you can take to avoid risk of carbon monoxide poisoning. according to connecticut state fire marshall robert ross, \u201c installing battery - operated or plug - in carbon monoxide alarms on every floor of the home with battery back - ups and following manufacturer \u2019 s installation instruction - - along with frequent battery testing \u2013 can save your life. \u201d signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning can include fatigue, weakness, chest pains for those with heart disease, shortness of breath upon exertion, nausea, vomiting, headaches, confusion, lack of coordination, impaired vision, loss of consciousness, and in severe cases, death, according to the cdc website. but precaution begins before any system is powered up, said ross. \u201c often people think of purchasing a generator only days before bad weather is projected to hit, \u201d which he said can lead to hasty and / or faulty installation. not only do portable generators pose a risk of carbon monoxide exposure but one of fire as well. in the case of hard - wired systems, \u201c a licensed electrician is a must. fire can result if installed improperly, or utility wires can be energized, which risks causing fires in the neighborhood or even electrocuting utility repair crews, \u201d said ross. but even smaller, gasoline - powered generators, which don \u2019 t need to be wired to a home \u2019 s electrical circuits, pose no small risk. all generators, said ross, should be placed a minimum of 15 feet from the building and 15 feet from any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4381063018436589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.251681"} {"text": "now that we have burned our image of linux we will be able to check that your existing computer is compatible with linux by loading the linux distribution from the cd without actually installing it. this allows you to try linux without touching your current operating system. to check multimedia compatibility i suggest that you prepare a few audio and video files on your hard disk to test the audio and video subsystems. if you are testing with linux mint these can be in almost any format, but if you are using ubuntu it is better to have then in the free ogm, ogg or wav format, as with ubuntu the non - free decoders have to be installed. this will be a two part post. in the first part we see how to boot from the live cd, while in the second part we will see how to check that our computer is linux compatible. how to boot from the cd. place the linux min or ubuntu live cd in your drive and restart your computer. if your bios is correctly configured linux should load when you restart your computer. if windows loads instead this means that you bios is not configured to start from the cd drive. this will need to be changed : restart your computer again, and when you see your computer manufacturer ' s logo press the \" delete \" key to enter the bios. on some computers it ' s the f2 key instead. in any case you should see the mention \" hit xxx to enter setup \" xxx is the key you should push. note that you may have to hit that key repeatedly, as it will only register during a specific part of the boot process. if you see the windows logo it means that you were too slow and that you will have to restart the computer and start again. once in your bios try to find the \" boot order \" menu and ensure that cd / dvd is before ( i. e. higher ) than hdd. if you are using a nebook with an usb cd drive or thumb drive you may not have a cd / dvd option ; if that is the case select usb instead. there should be instructions on how to navigate the menus on the screen, as this is different for various brands of computers i can hardly help much. once the change is done you need to \" quit and save \" the bios to make your changes effective. this is usually done by pressing the \" f10 \" key. after the changes are done restart the computer, and you should notice that it boots from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4219779171542154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.257159"} {"text": "connecticut residents should take note that \" old ironsides \" was back on the high seas again this week. by far the oldest active naval ship in the world, the constitution took sail this week for 17 minutes to commemorate its inspiring, morale - boosting victory over the british warship guerriere exactly 200 years ago this week during the war of 1812. though the historic ship is based in massachusetts, its connections to connecticut are many, including the fact that five men from connecticut have commanded the iconic ship. the first connecticut native to command old ironsides was its most famous \u2014 isaac hull of derby. hull took command on june 17, 1810, and served as the ship ' s captain until sept. 15, 1812. on aug. 19, 1812, hull ' s ship engaged the hms guerriere \u2014 french for \" warrior \" \u2014 at close range and easily defeated her. dismasted by repeated blasts from the constitution ' s connecticut - made cannon, guerriere was reduced to a floating wreck. nearly 40 percent of the crew was killed or wounded. after the remaining british prisoners were transferred onboard, hull ordered the guerriere to be burned. it was the encounter with the guerriere that led to the constitution ' s nickname \u2014 \" old ironsides. \" cannonballs from the british vessel were seen to bounce off the constitution ' s extra thick hull, and thus the nickname \" old ironsides \" was born. constructed with the densest of all oaks \u2014 southern plantation oak from georgia \u2014 the hull of the uss constitution was 21 inches thick. that ' s three inches thicker than the average warship of the time. having come a few days after the u. s. had to surrender detroit to the british during the war of 1812, the victory over the guerriere provided a much - needed morale boost to the american public. furthermore, it proved to the world that the much - heralded british navy could be defeated. connecticut ' s hull became a major naval hero and has had a remarkable five naval ships named after him, including four destroyers in the 20th century and a sidewheel paddle steamship in the 19th century. the last destroyer named the uss hull was decommissioned in the 1980 ' s. its world war ii predecessor was present at pearl harbor during the japanese sneak attack and later participated in many other major engagements in the pacific during the war, including guadalcanal. in fact, the ship received an impressive 10 battle stars for its world war ii service before being lost at sea. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37639107395788074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.265652"} {"text": "during the japanese sneak attack and later participated in many other major engagements in the pacific during the war, including guadalcanal. in fact, the ship received an impressive 10 battle stars for its world war ii service before being lost at sea. the uss hull sank in december of 1944 during a severe typhoon. only 57 members of its crew survived. several survivors reported that some junior officers had planned to take over command of the ship and steer it to a safer course during the storm. this incident aboard the hull became the basis of the idea behind novelist herman wouk ' s writing of the caine mutiny. wouk, still alive today at age 97, was himself a naval officer in the pacific during the war and was well acquainted with the near mutiny on the uss hull. all of the iron on \" old ironsides \" came from the northwest hills of connecticut. a particularly good vein of brown hematite iron ore runs through salisbury in the litchfield hills. according to john pawloski ' s book, connecticut mining, the iron used in the building of the uss constitution came entirely from the mt. riga blast furnace in salisbury, ct, including the 44 cannons that were used to destroy the guerriere 200 years ago. one of hull ' s lieutenants onboard the constitution was glastonbury native george campbell read ; in fact, hull asked lt. read to accept the british surrender of the guerriere. two months later, on october 25, 1812, read was aboard the uss united states under the command of stephen decatur when it captured the hms macedonian, the 2nd british ship to be captured in the war of 1812. later, commodore read commanded the constitution from jan. 23, 1826, until feb. 21, 1826 \u2014 not quite one month. commodore oscar c. badger, born in mansfield, ct, also commanded the constitution. badger ' s command lasted 19 months, from jan. 9, 1878, until aug. 2, 1879. few families can boast the level of involvement with the u. s. navy as the badgers. commodore badger ' s son and grandson also became admirals ; furthermore, his cousin, george e. badger, a former yale student, was the 12th secretary of the navy. five different naval ships have been named after four members of the badger family. the most recent ship, de - 1071, was a destroyer which served from 1970 - 1988, including a tour of duty in the vietnam war. it was named for all four members of this distinguished naval family. de", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44682846282275307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.266617"} {"text": "most active stories sat february 9, 2013 effects of postal service cuts could ripple through middle class originally published on sat february 9, 2013 12 : 11 pm scott simon, host : the continued downsizing of the u. s. postal service has especially hit african - americans and armed forces veterans. these are two groups that have long relied on postal jobs for a good income, job security and a path to the middle class. for more, we ' re joined by philip rubio. he ' s a former letter carrier who ' s now an assistant professor of history at north carolina a & t state university and author of the book, \" there ' s always work at the post office : african american postal workers and the fight for jobs, justice and equality. \" mr. rubio, thanks for being with us. philip rubio : thanks for having me, scott. simon : the u. s. postal service historically has been a large employer of african - americans. why is that? rubio : well, since 1865, since the end of the civil war, it became a job magnet for african - americans. oftentimes, when they couldn ' t find work in the private sector, especially in the south when textile mills appear and they ' re only hiring whites or industrial jobs are only open to blacks, you know, the most dirty, dangerous or menial. but 1865 ' s a date when they ' re actually able to start working. simon : and this history has persisted into our time? rubio : yes. it was a place where african - americans could find jobs to pursue while they were trying to find work, maybe in their chosen profession. maybe they had degrees. it was not uncommon for doctors, lawyers and dentists, or people trying to get those, the graduate and professional degrees, to be working for the post office. simon : and the post office, i guess, has been kind of a job magnet for veterans too? rubio : yes, it has. since the civil war, you know, with veterans ' preferences for disabled veterans and, you know, that was a way for the federal government, you know, to tell veterans thank you for your service. the number one government agency was the post office. it was a secure job, the wages were decent, and so with each, you know, with each succeeding war, for instance, you get a lot of veterans coming back. simon : and this has persisted to this day too? rubio : it has. at one point, let '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46707422209059485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.271316"} {"text": "decent, and so with each, you know, with each succeeding war, for instance, you get a lot of veterans coming back. simon : and this has persisted to this day too? rubio : it has. at one point, let ' s say, i think by 1948, half of all postal workers were veterans. it ' s down around 31 percent today because not as many people serve in the military, but it ' s still the biggest employer of veterans. simon : how has working for the post office been for many a kind of gateway into the middle class? rubio : well, it provided a middle - class status for african - americans especially. the fact that you had - the pay wasn ' t always great, but it was regular and with benefits and job security you could accumulate wealth. that means you could provide higher education for yourself and your children. by 1940, 28 percent of black postal workers had some college education, compared to 5 percent overall. african - americans also had the protection under the civil service act of 1883. they also had protection in case a local postmaster wanted to fire them for civil rights activity. so, you know, this actually led to black community development. simon : it ' s irresistible to note that it seems like there will be a substantial number of letter carriers and other people who work for the post office looking for jobs now. where else can they work? rubio : that ' s a good question, especially because one out of every two letter carriers, for instance, is over the age of 50. and, well, automation already removed a lot of clerk jobs. that ' s going to be hard for letter carriers and postal workers in general, to, you know, to transition. i mean, they have a skill and it is a skill, that they perform, and it ' s, you know, it ' s a service. the post office is not a charity. it ' s a - that we should keep alive just so people can have good middle - class incomes. it ' s a self - supporting universal service. simon : philip rubio, assistant professor of history at north carolina a & t state university. thanks very much for being with us. rubio : thank you for having me, scott. transcript provided by npr, copyright npr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4613120487415312, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.272363"} {"text": "as a chinese, everyone knows about \u201c \u706b \u660e \u201d ( burning of the yuan ming yuan ). it has been made into movie several times. along with movies of opium war ( known as \u516b \u56fd ( eight - nation alliance ) ), and many kungfu hero movies, it ' s heavily tied with chinese nationalism. if you ask a random chinese on what really happened, the answer would be similar to if you ask a american about \u201c pearl harbor \u201d, or if you ask a mexican about mexican \u2013 american war. you can feel the pride in their blood. but what really happened? here ' s wikipedia : old summer palace ; \u660e. excerpts : the old summer palace ( aka yuan ming yuan ) \u2026, was a complex of palaces and gardens in beijing. \u2026, built in 1707 \u301c 1800s, where the emperors of the qing dynasty resided and handled government affairs \u2026 known for its extensive collection of garden and building architectures and other works of art. \u2026 were made up of three gardens \u2026 together they covered an area of 3. 5 square kilometres ( 860 acres ). they were almost 5 times the size of the forbidden city, and 8 times the size of the vatican city. in 1860 during the second opium war, two british envoys, a journalist for the times and their small escort of british and indian troopers met with the royal prince to negotiate. instead they were confined and tortured, resulting in twenty deaths. the british high commissioner to china, lord elgin, retaliated by ordering the destruction of the palace, which was then carried out by french and british troops. it took 3, 500 british troops to set the entire place ablaze, taking a total of three days to burn. note that the chinese wikipedia version is more rich. in the chinese version, it claims the looting started first before the capture of the envoys. here ' s a description of the burning : charles george gordon, then a 27 - year - old captain in the royal engineers who later made his name in the sudan, was part of the 1860 force and wrote : we went out, and, after pillaging it, burned the whole place, destroying in a vandal - like manner most valuable property which [ could ] not be replaced for four millions. we got upward of \u00a348 apiece prize money... i have done well. the [ local ] people are very civil, but i think the grandees hate us, as they must after what we did the palace. you can scarcely imagine the beauty and mag", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4283288695961217, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.278466"} {"text": "\u00a348 apiece prize money... i have done well. the [ local ] people are very civil, but i think the grandees hate us, as they must after what we did the palace. you can scarcely imagine the beauty and magnificence of the places we burnt. it made one \u2019 s heart sore to burn them ; in fact, these places were so large, and we were so pressed for time, that we could not plunder them carefully. quantities of gold ornaments were burnt, considered as brass. it was wretchedly demoralising work for an army. google map : found this comment by victor hugo ( the author of the hunchback of notre - dame amazon ) : victor hugo, in his \u201c expedition de chine \u201d, described the looting as \u201c two robbers breaking into a museum, devastating, looting and burning, leaving laughing hand - in - hand with their bags full of treasures ; one of the robbers is called france and the other britain. \u201d the linked source is gone. i haven ' t been able to verify this in few minutes. let me know if you have links to the original french. in the process, i discovered author george macdonald fraser ( 1925 \u301c 2008 ), who is most famous for his historical novel flashman series. one of the book \u3008 flashman and the dragon \u3009 amazon is based on the opium war. fraser ' s research was considerable. the books are heavily annotated, with end notes and appendices, as fraser ( in accordance with the pretence of the memoirs ) attempts to \u201c confirm \u201d ( and in some cases \u201c correct \u201d ) the elderly flashman ' s recollections of events. in many cases, the footnotes serve to inform the reader that a particularly outlandish character really existed or that an unlikely event actually occurred. the half - scholarly tone has occasionally led to misunderstandings. when the first book, flashman, was published in the united states, ten of 34 reviews took it to be an obscure but real memoir. several of these were written by academics \u2013 to the delight of the new york times, which published a selection of the more trusting reviews. here ' s a quote from harry paget flashman about this fascinating character : in hughes ' book, flashman is a notorious bully at rugby school who persecutes tom brown, and who is finally expelled for drunkenness. fraser decided to write flashman ' s memoirs, in which the school bully would be identified with an \u201c illustrious victorian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44152090654011816, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.279637"} {"text": ", flashman is a notorious bully at rugby school who persecutes tom brown, and who is finally expelled for drunkenness. fraser decided to write flashman ' s memoirs, in which the school bully would be identified with an \u201c illustrious victorian soldier \u201d : experiencing many 19th - century wars and adventures and rising to high rank in the british army, acclaimed as a great soldier, while remaining by his unapologetic self - description \u201c a scoundrel, a liar, a cheat, a thief, a coward \u2014 and oh yes, a toady. \u201d fraser ' s flashman is an antihero who runs from danger or hides cowering in fear, betrays or abandons acquaintances at the slightest incentive, bullies and beats servants with gusto, beds every available woman, carries off any loot he can grab, and gambles and boozes enthusiastically. nevertheless, through a combination of luck and cunning, he usually ends each volume acclaimed as a hero. this character is fascinating : flashman was a large man, six feet two inches ( 1. 88 m ) tall and close to 13 stone ( about 180 pounds or 82 kg ). in flashman and the tiger, he mentions that one of his grandchildren has black hair and eyes, resembling him in his younger years. his dark colouring frequently enabled him to pass ( in disguise ) for a pashtun [ eastern iranian ethnic group ]. he claimed only three natural talents : horsemanship, facility with foreign languages, and fornication. he became an expert cricket bowler, but that was through hard effort ( he needed sporting credit at rugby school, and was afraid to play rugby football ). he could also display a winning personality, when he wanted to, and was very skilled at flattering those more important than himself without appearing servile. as he admitted in the papers, flashman was a coward, who would flee from danger if there was any way to do so, and on some occasions collapsed in funk. he had one great advantage in concealing this weakness : when he was frightened, his face turned red, rather than white, so that observers thought he was excited, enraged, or exuberant - as a hero ought to be. shotgun wedding\u2192 marriage caused by unplanned pregnancy. a duel with another officer over a french courtesan led to his being temporarily stationed in scotland. there he met and deflowered elspeth morrison, daughter of a wealthy textile manufacturer, whom he had to marry in a \u201c shotgun wedding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4206269768243529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.280793"} {"text": ". a duel with another officer over a french courtesan led to his being temporarily stationed in scotland. there he met and deflowered elspeth morrison, daughter of a wealthy textile manufacturer, whom he had to marry in a \u201c shotgun wedding \u201d. flashman, an insatiable lecher, had great success with women. his size, good looks, winning manner, and especially his splendid cavalry - style whiskers won over many women, from low to high, including many famous women. he also frequently bought the services of prostitutes. in flashman and the great game, about halfway through his life, he counted up his sexual conquests while languishing in a dungeon at gwalior, \u201c not counting return engagements \u201d, reaching a total of 478 up to that date. he was not above forcing himself on a partner by blackmail ( the russian countess in flashman and the dragon ), but only once committed an actual rape ( on narreeman, in flashman ). he was a vigorous and exciting ( if sometimes selfish and rapacious ) lover, and some of his partners became quite fond of him - though by his own admission, others tried to kill him afterwards. the most memorable of these was cleonie, a prostitute flashman sold into slavery in flashman and the redskins. passages in royal flash, flashman and the dragon, flashman and the redskins, and flashman and the angel of the lord suggest that flashman was \u201c well - hung \u201d. flashman ' s stories are dominated by his numerous amorous encounters. several of them are with prominent historical personages. these women are sometimes window dressing, sometimes pivotal characters in the unpredictable twists and turns of the books.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4076711315245058, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.281486"} {"text": "black reconstruction in america is a book by w. e. b. du bois, first published in 1935. it is revisionist approach to looking at the reconstruction of the south after its defeat in the american civil war. on the whole, the book takes a marxist approach to looking at reconstruction. the essential argument of the text is that the black and white laborers, who are the proletariat, were divided after the civil war on the lines of race, and as such were unable to stand together against the white propertied class, the bourgeoisie. this to du bois was the failure of reconstruction and the reason for the rise of the jim crow laws, and other such injustices. in addition to creating a landmark work in early u. s. marxist sociology, at the time dubois \u2019 historical scholarship and use of the techniques of primary source data research on the post war political economy of the former confederate states \u2019 were equally ground breaking. he performed the first systematic and rigorous analysis of the political economy of the reconstruction period of the southern states ; based upon actual data collected during period. in chapter five, du bois argues that the decision by slaves on the southern plantations to stop working was an example of a general strike. this type of marxist rhetoric is in concert with his arguments throughout the book that the civil war was largely a war fought over labor issues.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47175658485850624, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.283048"} {"text": "why heavy teens may eat less but weigh more than their thinner peers originally published on wed september 19, 2012 4 : 08 pm it may be more important than we thought to tackle obesity in childhood. a new study published in pediatrics finds that overweight teenagers eat fewer calories than their healthy weight peers. that ' s right \u2014 they eat less. how much less? the study found that among 12 - to 14 - year - olds, obese girls consumed 110 fewer calories daily than healthy - weight girls. and overweight boys between the ages of 15 and 17 consumed about 375 fewer calories a day than healthy - weight boys. up to the ages of of 8 or 9, overweight children ate more calories than their slimmer peers. but, \" at about age 9 or 10, we start to see, essentially, a flip, \" explains skinner. basically, heavier older kids start to eat less. \" one reason this makes sense is because we know overweight children are less active than healthy weight kids, \" explains lead researcher asheley cockrell skinner of the university of north carolina, chapel hill. and obesity expert matthew gillman of the harvard school of public health says the amount of physical activity kids participate in is key. \" when you ' re less physically active, you actually need fewer calories to maintain your weight, \" he explains. but if that weight is already higher than it should be, that could signal the beginning of a long - term problem. \" once you become overweight, there are changes in your body that make you different from someone who ' s not [ overweight ], \" explains sophia yen of stanford school of medicine. \" you have extra fat cells, and you have different insulin levels, \" which can make it feel like you ' re eating less than you are. \" and once these effects have taken place, the fat deposition or the insulin changes in your body, then it ' s a lot harder to reverse, \" yen tells the salt. take fat cells, for instance. once the body creates a fat cell, it lasts a lifetime. \" you can slim down that fat cell, but that fat cell will always be sitting there, waiting to be larger if you give it extra calories, \" she says. so yen ' s advice to parents of young children : if you see signs of a weight problem, it ' s better to take action sooner rather than later. the findings of the new study are based on dietary reports collected from 19, 125 children, from toddlers to teens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43682657796550095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.290997"} {"text": "to parents of young children : if you see signs of a weight problem, it ' s better to take action sooner rather than later. the findings of the new study are based on dietary reports collected from 19, 125 children, from toddlers to teens, as part of the national health and nutrition examination survey ( nhanes ). the way the survey works is that participants report everything they ' ve eaten in a 24 - hour period, and researchers separately measure height and weight to calculate bmi ( body mass index ). now, because researchers are not able to verify diets that are self - reported, the study ' s findings have some major caveats. yen and her stanford colleagues have seen major errors using similar dietician recall methods. and they point out that overweight people tend to underreport what they ' re eating more than healthy weight people. more research is needed. audie cornish, host : why do children and teens become overweight? the answer to that question is not as straightforward as counting calories. npr ' s allison aubrey has this story about a study published today in the journal pediatrics. it suggests that the eating habits of overweight teens are not all that different from their healthy - weight peers. allison aubrey, byline : physical activity comes easiest to the youngest of children. from soccer tots, to elementary school baseball teams, lots of kids are excited about sports at this age. and parents are often invested, too. ( soundbite of children playing sports ) aubrey : but fast forward to the tween years, and chances are that many of these little athletes will have given up organized sports for more sedentary pursuits such as video gaming. ( soundbite of video game ) aubrey : about the only thing getting a workout here are the fingers. it may not seem like a big deal to replace an hour of soccer practice with an hour of video gaming, but small changes in physical activity lead to fewer burned calories. and researcher ashley skinner, of the university of north carolina, was curious. was this difference alone enough to make a kid overweight? what about the role of diet? ashley skinner : so the question was, well, i wonder what these kids are actually eating. are they actually eating that much differently compared to healthy - weight kids? aubrey : to examine this, she and her colleagues studied the weight and diet of about 19, 000 children from toddlers to teens, using information from a large federal survey. skinner says, what she found was surprising. up to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4557693090551124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.292025"} {"text": "- weight kids? aubrey : to examine this, she and her colleagues studied the weight and diet of about 19, 000 children from toddlers to teens, using information from a large federal survey. skinner says, what she found was surprising. up to the age of eight or nine, overweight kids were eating more calories than their healthy - weight peers. but as the tween years set in, the picture changed. skinner : at about age nine or 10, we start to see essentially a flip. that the overweight kids are actually eating less than the healthy - weight ones. aubrey : the overweight kids are actually eating less? skinner : right. so they ' re actually taking in fewer calories than the healthy - weight kids. aubrey : now, the researchers could not independently verify the amount kids said they were eating. so it ' s possible some were not accurate. but the findings were consistent. on average, heavy kids were eating about 100 fewer calories a day compared to their healthy - weight peers. obesity expert matthew gilman of harvard medical school says this isn ' t the first study to suggest that heavy teenagers don ' t necessarily eat more calories. and it supports the idea that small differences in physical activity do seem to be key. matthew gilman : when you ' re less physically active, you actually need fewer calories to maintain your weight. aubrey : and, on top of that... gilman : you actually need fewer calories to increase your weight. aubrey : skinner ' s findings also hint at the significance of being overweight at such a young age in the early elementary years. sophia yen is with stanford medical school. sophia yen : once you ' ve become overweight there are changes in your body that make you different from someone who ' s not. so you have extra fat cells, you have different insulin levels. aubrey : which can make it feel like you ' re eating less than you are. and these changes, she explains, are very persistent. yen : and once the effects have taken place, you know, the fat deposition, or the insulin changes in your body, then it ' s a lot harder to reverse. aubrey : yen says, the important message is that early life experiences can shape the trajectory for weight throughout life. take for instance, fat cells. once the body creates a fat cell, it never goes away. yen : you can slim down that fat cell, but that fat cell will always be there waiting to get larger if you give it any extra calories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45871538564752934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.292946"} {"text": "trees come ' from out of the air ' says nobel laureate richard feynman. really? originally published on tue september 25, 2012 4 : 05 pm ask one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century a simple question, and his answer makes me go, \" what? what did he just say? \" the question was : where do trees come from? meaning, when you see a tree, a big, tall, heavy one, and you wonder where did it get its mass, its thick trunk, its branches \u2014 the instinctive answer would be from the soil below, plus a little water ( and, in some mysterious way, sunshine ), right? nope, says the late nobel laureate richard feynman, sitting in an easy chair, thinking out loud in a you tube video clip from 1983 : \" people look at a tree and think it comes out of the ground, that plants grow out of the ground, \" he says, but \" if you ask, where does the substance [ of the tree ] come from? you find out... trees come out of the air! \" from the air? trees are hard, branchy, heavy, covered with bark. they don ' t precipitate out of air. this sounds like sorcery, not science. but then feynman says it again, \" they surely... come out of the air. \" if you are wondering how tons of wood, leaf, bark and all the innards of, say, a massive redwood tree can get pulled out of air, you ' ll want to hear feynman ' s explanation, which is mostly him happily arguing with himself. ( \" how is it the tree is so smart... and do that so easily? ah! life! life has some mysterious force? no!... \" ) but before you go to feynman, it ' s best to start here, with this primer from derek miller of australia ' s science video site, veritasium. \" would it surprise you, \" derek asks three young guys in a park \u2014 one of them wearing a t - shirt that says \" living the dreem, \" \" to discover that 95 percent of a tree is actually from carbon dioxide, that trees are largely made up of air? \" the guys smile politely and say, \" ummmm... ok... \" i think, watching this video, you ' ll be more surprised than they were. so that ' s the lesson : that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5203058256349447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.295738"} {"text": "largely made up of air? \" the guys smile politely and say, \" ummmm... ok... \" i think, watching this video, you ' ll be more surprised than they were. so that ' s the lesson : that a tree gets its mass from air and water. it \" eats \" air, chomps down on airborne carbon dioxide, then uses sunshine to pull the carbon dioxide apart, gets rid of the oxygen, which \" it spits back into the air, \" says feynman, \" leaving the carbon and water, the stuff to make the substance of the tree. \" but wait a second! water is in the ground, right? water is not in the air. ah, says feynman, but how did water get into the ground? \" it came mostly out of the air, didn ' t it? \" waving his hands, he says rain \" came out of the sky. \" what a beautiful notion, that from the dancing air comes the towering monarchs that are our trees. but don ' t take my word for it, or derek ' s. you ' re now ready to hear it from the big guy. when this begins, he ' s talking about fire. he gets to trees about two minutes in.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5299322703567362, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.296247"} {"text": "turtles to be climate change canaries \u201c turtles are a really good way to study climate change because they depend on healthy beaches as well as mangroves, sea grass beds, coral reefs and deep ocean ecosystems to live \u201d, said dr. lucy hawkes, coordinator of an initiative to develop adaptation strategies for climate change impacts to turtles. as part of the initiative, wwf launched a new website today, adaptation to climate change in marine turtles ( act ). \u201c understanding of how climate change may affect the beaches, the reef and the open ocean will not only benefit endangered sea turtle populations, but also the millions of people who live along the coastlines of the world and depend upon marine resources and environmental services. \u201d the public, educators, conservationists and scientists will be able to share information and projects to try to gain a better picture of how climate change will affect turtles and what might be done to combat the impacts. according to the latest reports by the international panel on climate change ( ipcc ), our environment will be altered dramatically over the next years by increasing temperatures, increased severity and frequency of storm events and rising sea levels. these effects could be devastating within low situated tropical areas, where the majority of the population depends on coastal resources and tourism. the caribbean is one such important region that is greatly threatened by climate change and is also host to globally important populations of sea turtles. by 2010 the project hopes to understand the current state of knowledge about the impacts of climate change on marine turtles and their habitats with a global network of marine turtle and climate specialists, and make management recommendations for their conservation. it is an initiative of wwf through a grant from the macarthur foundation and support from hewlett packard. the website, hosting free downloads, information and latest scientific findings, can be accessed at : http : / / www. panda. org / lac / marineturtles / act for further information : wwf central america, tel. + 501 223 76 80, firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3914831421908453, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.298452"} {"text": "parametric cartesian equation : x = a ( cos ( t ) + t sin ( t ) ), y = a ( sin ( t ) - t cos ( t ) ) click below to see one of the associated curves. | definitions of the associated curves | | evolute | | involute 1 | | involute 2 | | inverse curve wrt origin | | inverse wrt another circle | | pedal curve wrt origin | | pedal wrt another point | | negative pedal curve wrt origin | | negative pedal wrt another point | | caustic wrt horizontal rays | | caustic curve wrt another point | it was studied by huygens when he was considering clocks without pendulums that might be used on ships at sea. he used the involute of a circle in his first pendulum clock in an attempt to force the pendulum to swing in the path of a cycloid. finding a clock which would keep accurate time at sea was a major problem and many years were spent looking for a solution. the problem was of vital importance since if gmt was known from a clock then, since local time could be easily computed from the sun, longitude could be easily computed. the pedal of the involute of a circle, with the centre as pedal point, is a spiral of archimedes. of course the evolute of an involute of a circle is a circle. | main index | | famous curves index | | previous curve | | next curve | | history topics index | | birthplace maps | | mathematicians of the day | | anniversaries for the year | | societies, honours, etc | | search form | the url of this page is :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5415927367145834, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.299969"} {"text": "minimum of equipment was employed in 19th century baseball, and changes in its regulation were infrequent. no batter wore a helmet during the 19th century. \" gloves \" did not become common until the late 1880s and the baseball has retained the same dimensions, weight and leather pattern since 1872. only one attempt to regulate uniforms was made by the national league of professional base ball clubs in 1882. this was due to the emergence of the american association of base ball clubs, which began play in 1882 and attempted to differentiate themselves from the six - year old national league. 19th century bats looked and felt different than today ' s bats. they were generally heavier and considerably thicker in the handle and had more of a gradual taper from the handle to the barrel. they were made with or without knobs on the handle and on various parts of the bat would be painted \" rings \" that would reflect the team color. at the first baseball convention in 1857, the dimensions agreed upon were described as round, not to be more than two and one - half inches around in its thickest part and was to \" be of any length, to suit the striker. \" in 1860, beadle ' s dime base ball player published their opinion as to the best bat standards. they suggested between thirty and forty inches and weighing about 48 ounces. beadle ' s described the bats as usually being made of ash but that maple, white and pitch pine and hickory were also used. a light bat enabled the striker to have a quick bat and helped offset the \" rapid pitching \" that was popular. beadle ' s did not recommend a bat be less than 36 ounces. the putnam club ' s rules, in 1865, specified that the bat was to be made of hickory or ash and was \" about \" 3 feet long, round, tapered and was to be between 1\u00bd inches to three inches at the lower end. although generally known as an \" unwritten rule, \" the bats length was not addressed until the rules for the 1868 season were agreed upon, which officially stated that the bat could not be longer than 42 inches. the national association of professional base - ball players, 1871 - 1875, america ' s first professional baseball league, made no changes in the rules regarding the bat. the national league of professional base ball clubs, which began operation in 1876, made no changes to the rules regarding the bat until 1885. the american association of base - ball clubs, 1882 - 1891, used the same rules as the nl, limiting the length to 42 inches, limiting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.446376663700639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.305034"} {"text": "ball clubs, which began operation in 1876, made no changes to the rules regarding the bat until 1885. the american association of base - ball clubs, 1882 - 1891, used the same rules as the nl, limiting the length to 42 inches, limiting the thickness of the bat to two and one - half inches at the thickest part and stated that the bat was to be round and had to be made of wood, until they and the national league adopted the same rules in 1887. the national league made two major changes for 1885. it was now legal to have 18 inches of the handle wrapped in twine and one side of the bat was allowed to be flat. the american association adopted this rule when they followed the same rules as the national league in 1887. in 1893, the second season of the national league and american association of base ball clubs, the bat was no longer allowed to be flat on one side but was required to be round. the length was still limited to 42 inches and the thickness of the thickest part was still two and on - half inches. the thickness of the bat was increased to two and three - quarters inches in 1895 and remains the same today \u2014 a touch longer than regulation softball bats. when a glove is mentioned in conjunction with 19th century base ball the listener or reader must not think of the glove as it exists today. the glove started out as merely a leather work glove, with or without full fingers, and progressed to a more padded piece of equipment. it is impossible to pinpoint the first player to wear a \" glove \" but there have been reports as early as 1860 that catchers were wearing them. it is logical that the catcher would be the first position player to wear them as they handled hundreds of pitches per game as well as foul tips. it would seem that the first baseman would be the next position player to don a \" glove. \" in 1885, providence grays shortstop arthur irwin, while attempting to protect two broken fingers, added \" padding \" to a buckskin glove. this may be the first instance of a player introducing noticeable padding to a glove. as the evolution of the glove progressed, the national league and american association of base ball clubs instituted a rule in 1895 which stated, \" the catcher and the first baseman are permitted to wear a glove or mitt of any size, shape or weight. all other players are restricted to the use of a glove or mitt weighing not over ten ounces, and measuring in circumference around the palm of the hand not over fourteen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4390782124660677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.306049"} {"text": "not all alcoholic drinks are the same the type of alcohol you consume may determine how hungry you feel afterwards, according to an australian study. a study, published in the journal pharmacology, biochemistry and behaviour, shows that while alcohol has a specific effect on the body, the additional nutritional content of white wine, red wine and beer also affects how our body responds to alcohol. it suggests further research into the affects of alcohol should also consider what we mix with our drinks. research psychologist and lead author dr anna kokavec, of la trobe university in bendigo, says to understand the effect of different alcoholic beverages her team measured the influence they have on the hypothalamic - pituitary adrenal ( hpa ) axis. the hpa axis regulates fluctuations in the body, and is responsible for the synthesis of the steroid hormones cortisol and dehyrdoepiandrosterone sulfate ( dheas ), says kokavec. \" the hpa axis is a system that has an input into nearly everything in the body. \" kokavec says dheas and cortisol, commonly known as a stress hormone, influence our appetite and are associated with learning and memory formation. \" we need a sufficient release of cortisol to make us feel hungry, \" she says according to the study both hormones are affected when we drink alcohol, and that low levels \" could lead to specific cognitive impairment if alcohol is consumed on a regular basis. \" the researchers divided participants into four groups. each drank either red wine, white wine, light beer or regular beer. \" they consumed four standard drinks over 135 minutes and i measured their hormone [ dheas and cortisol ] levels every 45 minutes, \" she says. kokavec says the levels of cortisol decreased in all participants upon consuming alcohol. this reduced their desire for food, despite having fasted for half a day. \" one of the biggest problems we have with alcohol is that appetite is reduced, and most alcoholics present with malnutrition, \" she says. but kokavec was surprised to find that dheas levels fluctuated, depending on what type of alcohol the participant consumed. in the participants who drank beer the levels of dheas initially dropped, but then went up. according to kokavec, this is because beer contains carbohydrates, which increases the level of insulin in the blood. she says insulin has an antagonistic with dheas - as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45378041212345926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.308756"} {"text": "according to the fourth amendment of the u. s. constitution, the police can only arrest a person when they have probable cause, which means that they have to have a good reason to believe there ' s been a crime and that the suspect committed it. a judge will later decide whether or not there was probable cause to detain the suspect, and if there was not, the detainee will be released. at the time of arrest, the police must inform the suspect of his or her constitutional rights, including the rights to remain silent and to consult an attorney. if the suspect is charged with the crime, a prosecutor decides whether to bring criminal charges, and which crime or crimes the suspect is to be charged with. in felony cases, or crimes for which the penalty could be one year or more in jail, prosecutors may enlist the help of a grand jury. in most states, prosecutors must file charges against a suspect held in custody within 72 hours of arrest, but some states require this even sooner. in california, for example, a charge must be filed within 48 hours of arrest. the prosecutor can alter the nature of the charge at a later date. once charges have been filed, the suspect will be arraigned in court, at which time the suspect may be formally charged with the crime and be given the opportunity to plead guilty or not guilty.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43596524603675146, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.311306"} {"text": "search : advanced search browse by category : within the qiraa ' at of hafs, are madd elongations supposed to be exactly the same per recitor e ' g madd tabiee 2 counts? assalaamu ' alaikum warahmatullaah say within the qiraa ' at of hafs are madd elongations supposed to be exactly the same per recitor e ' g madd tabiee 2 counts, the counts should be exactly the same time for all recitors or does the lengthening differ according to the pace of the individual recitor? wa alaikum assalaam wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh, the timings of the lengthenings or mudood, are based on the timing of one harakah ( which is the arabic word for vowel ), then multiplied by a number based on the vowel timing. one reading at a fast pace will have faster timings of individual harakaat ( vowels ) than one reading at a slower pace. the mudood then are not equal in length from reciter to reciter unless there are two reciters reading at the exact same speed. instead the mudood length will be a mutliple of the speed of the individual vowel counts and this speed with determine the length of the medd. the natural medd or is two vowel counts ; so the reader lengthens it based on the speed of an individual vowel, multiplied by two ( i. e., two fathah ). the reader of the qur ' an must make each vowel count equal to the other in his / her reading. the speed of reading that one adopts is based on ones abilities and circumstances. in front of a teacher, one usually reads slowly and deliberately so the teacher can correct and hear all the letters clearly. if one is reviewing by himself / herslf a large portion by of the qur ' an, the speed may be a bit quicker. wa iyyaakum wa - l - muslimeen. wa assalaam alaikum wa rahmatullah. powered by kbpublisher ( knowledge base software )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4813658595921256, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.313286"} {"text": "hammer toe occurs when there is a shortening of the tendon that controls toe movement. this causes the middle joint of the toe to be bent upward and the outer joint downwards. the misshapen toe resembles a hammer. a hammer toe correction is done to correct a toe deformity called a copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. a hammertoe correction is considered when : - other treatments have failed to bring about results. - the affected toe has assumed an awkward position and is causing pain. - the deformity makes walking difficult. - the position of the toe causes breakdown of skin. this can increase the risk of developing a bone infection. complications are rare, but no procedure is completely free of risk. if you are planning to have the correction, your doctor will review a list of possible complications, which may include : - excessive swelling, although the toe will normally be swollen for 4 - 8 weeks following surgery - anesthesia - related problems - recurrence of hammer toe - nerve or blood vessel injury to the toe factors that may increase the risk of complications include : your doctor will likely do the following : talk to your doctor about your medicines. you may be asked to stop taking some medicines up to one week before the procedure, like : or other anti - inflammatory drugs the day of the procedure : - arrange for a ride to and from the procedure. - arrange for help at home after the procedure. - wear comfortable clothing that is easy to remove. local anesthesia is often used. it will numb the area. spinal anesthesia may also be used. this anesthesia will make your lower body numb. several surgical options are available for hammer toe correction. some corrections can be made with changes to soft tissue. others need to be made to the bone. this is usually best in patients under 30, with limited toe deformity. a cut is made in the skin and the tendon is released. sometimes it is reattached to a different area of the bone. the changes in soft tissue will allow the toe to relax and eliminate the deformity. two common methods of hammer toe correction on the bones themselves are joint arthroplasty and joint fusion. the type of procedure used depends on the deformity. a combination of procedures may be needed. in both cases, a cut in the skin is made over the toe joint. during an arthroplasty, part of the bones on both sides of the middle toe joint may be removed. this will allow the toe to uncurl.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44915663211640283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.320126"} {"text": "in both cases, a cut in the skin is made over the toe joint. during an arthroplasty, part of the bones on both sides of the middle toe joint may be removed. this will allow the toe to uncurl. during a fusion, the ends of the toe bones are removed. the bones are then repositioned. the repositioning is usually held together with a pin placed within the bone. the pin may be removed after 3 - 4 weeks. other changes to the anatomy of the foot due to the hammer toe may also be corrected at this time. the incision will be closed with stitches. dressings will be applied to hold the toe in proper position. this depends on the procedure and the number of toes corrected. anesthesia prevents pain during the surgery. you will be given medicine to manage pain after the surgery. - during the first couple of days, keep your foot elevated most of the time. - limit standing and walking, and stay off your foot as much as possible. use crutches or wear a special open - toed, wooden - soled shoe, as directed by your doctor - ask your doctor about when it is safe to shower, bathe, or soak in water. the corrected toe may be slightly longer or shorter than before surgery. the toe will not move as much as a normal toe. expect some swelling and redness, which may last for several months. your dressing may need to be adjusted as swelling decreases. if it appears that the deformity may recur, your doctor may choose to continue with dressings for another 2 - 4 weeks. select shoes with plenty of space for your toes. poorly fitting shoes contribute to hammer toe development. after arriving home, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs : - signs of infection, including fever and chills - redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or any discharge from the incision site - pain that you cannot control with the medicines you have been given in case of an emergency, call for medical help right away. hammer toe. american academy of orthopaedic surgeons website. available at :. updated september 2012. accessed may 2, 2013. campbell ' s operative orthopaedics. 9th ed. mosby - year book ; 1998. campbell ' s operative orthopaedics. 10th ed. philadelphia ; mosby, inc ; 2003. 6 / 2 / 2011 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance : mills e, eyawo o, lock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.426299118553806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.321317"} {"text": "appendix 3 fertility concepts and collections the common definition of fertility refers to the biological capacity to bear or father children, however, the term is often interchanged according to the context in which it is being used. in a demographic context ( the study of population and population change ) the term fertility relates to a person ' s actual reproductive outcomes, a concept of adding to the population through births. information on the size and distribution of the population is an important component of social and economic planning, in providing services to the community. in australia, population estimates are used for a wide variety of purposes, including the determination of the number of seats in the house of representatives for each state and territory, as well as in the distribution of federal government funds to state, territory and local governments. the accuracy of population estimates is therefore of paramount importance. in addition, the analysis of fertility provides information and insight into previous, current and possible future trends of the population, which form the basis of many decisions regarding the future of australia. within australia a number of organisations collect and report information about births and fertility, such as the australian bureau of statistics ( abs ), the australian institute of health and welfare ( aihw ) and state and territory health departments. as these collections are used for a number of different purposes, the scope of the collections differ. abs births information is primarily used in the production of population estimates, as well as measures of fertility. for these purposes, only live births are counted. the aihw national perinatal statistic unit ' s national perinatal data collection ( npdc ), provides epidemiological information on mothers ' pregnancies and childbirth, and the characteristics and outcomes of their babies. this includes information on live births and neonatal deaths, as the health related aspects of births and fertility are an important focus of this collection. united nations guidelines the united nations ( un ) provides globally recognised guidelines and standards in the field of demography, as well as for the process of data collection and dissemination of vital events, which include births, deaths and marriages. these guidelines outline the importance of civil registration systems in order to collect information and are published in principles and recommendations for a vital statistics system. abs uses these guidelines as a basis for its vital statistics collections. the un also produces the handbook on the collection of fertility and mortality data, which provides detailed information on available methods, rather than specific instructions, that may be used to collect data on births, deaths and population. this publication also describes how data produced by these methods may be used to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5504357520333256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.325689"} {"text": "on the collection of fertility and mortality data, which provides detailed information on available methods, rather than specific instructions, that may be used to collect data on births, deaths and population. this publication also describes how data produced by these methods may be used to derive basic fertility and mortality indicators. with these guidelines, data can be collected and disseminated according to the needs of users. australian bureau of statistics in australia, the registration of births is the responsibility of state and territory registrars of births, deaths and marriages and is based on data provided on an information form completed by the parent ( s ) of the child. this form is the basis of data provided to the abs, for compilation and publication of aggregate statistics on live births and fertility rates. most data items are collected in all states and territories and therefore statistics at the national level are available for a range of characteristics ( see appendix : characteristics available ). in the field of demography, fertility is used to describe the actual number of children born alive and the effectiveness or performance of the population to replace itself through reproduction. abs measures of fertility ( such as the number of children ever born to women, collected in the census, and age - specific and total fertility rates ) are therefore based on live births. information on the biological potential to conceive or reproduce is collected by a number of other sources, which have a greater focus on the epidemiological and reproductive health aspects of childbirth. abs collects and reports on perinatal death statistics in perinatal statistics, australia ( cat. no. 3304. 0 ) and previously, in causes of death, australia ( cat. no. 3303. 0 ). perinatal deaths comprise stillbirths ( fetal deaths ) and deaths of infants within the first 28 days of life ( neonatal deaths ). australian institute of health and welfare the aihw national perinatal data collection collects and reports information on pregnancy, childbirth, and the characteristics of mothers and their babies, resulting from births in hospitals, birth centres and the community. this data is collected from perinatal administrative and clinical record systems and forwarded to the relevant state and territory health authority. midwives and other staff use information from mothers, as well as hospital and other records to complete notification forms for each birth of at least 400 grams birth weight or at least twenty weeks gestation. characteristics regarding the pregnancy, labour and birth, and data items relating to the baby, such as birth status, sex and birth weight, are included. this information is published annually in australia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45049761205840666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.326907"} {"text": "australian bureau of statistics 4704. 0 - the health and welfare of australia ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander peoples, oct 2010 latest issue released at 11 : 30 am ( canberra time ) 17 / 02 / 2011 final | page tools : print page print all rss search this product | this topic provides an overview of educational attainment of torres strait islander people, drawing on data from the 2008 national aboriginal and torres strait islander social survey ( natsiss ). information presented includes : this topic includes some contrasts between torres strait islander people living in the torres strait indigenous region and those living elsewhere. the analysis also includes comparisons with the overall aboriginal and torres strait islander population. for a more detailed discussion on education for all aboriginal and torres strait islander people, see the education topic. for information on other aspects of torres strait islander peoples ' health and welfare see the torres strait islander people topic. highest year of school completed in 2008, 36 % of torres strait islander people aged 15 years and over ( excluding those still attending secondary school ) had completed year 12. this was higher than for all aboriginal and torres strait islander adults ( 22 % ). younger torres strait islander adults aged 15 \u2013 34 years were more than twice as likely to have completed year 12 than those aged 35 years and over ( 49 % compared with 22 % ). there was no significant difference in year 12 attainment rates between torres strait islander people living in the torres strait indigenous region compared with those living elsewhere. in 2008, almost half ( 49 % ) of all torres strait islander people aged 25 \u2013 64 years had attained a non - school qualification, up from 33 % in 2002. this increase was driven by more torres strait islander people attaining a non - school qualification of certificate iii or higher \u2014 up by 17 percentage points ( 36 % in 2008 compared with 19 % in 2002 ). in 2008, more torres strait islander women ( 57 % ) than men ( 41 % ) had attained a non - school qualification. rates of attainment were similar for torres strait islander people living in the torres strait indigenous region and those living elsewhere. non - school qualification attainment rates for torres strait islander people were similar to those for all aboriginal and torres strait islander people. this page last updated 19 december 2012 unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2. 5 australia licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website copyright notice. for permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43518953317937636, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.329445"} {"text": "accessmylibrary provides free access to millions of articles from top publications available through your library. in the last two decades, 19th - century italian women writers have gained a much wider audience in american academia. although women ' s studies still have a hard time working its way up in italian universities, american scholars have been more and more focusing their attention on italian women writers and their literary legacy. fundamental novelists such as marchesa colombi and neera are being translated and studied in the english language, thus giving them access to a wider public recognition. looking for historical and theoretical coordinates, italian scholars have been establishing parallels with other western literary and social histories. for 19th - century women writers, two works in particular have become staples of feminist literary histories since their publication in the ' 70s : gilbert and gubar ' s madwoman in the attic and elaine showalter ' s a literature of their own. although these studies focus specifically on english women writers, much of their theoretical foundations apply to the western literary tradition in general. ( 1 ) as many other countries of the western world did, in the late 19th century italy had a veritable explosion of women writers. what sets this group of women writers apart from their predecessors was, first of all, the fact that they were for the most part professional writers : journalists, essayists, novelists. they wrote for money and, for this very reason, they were in direct competition with their male colleagues. ( 2 ) this generation of women writers has become a complex and much discussed field of study, especially since traditionally - - they have been labeled by the histories of italian literature as \" popular writers \" and - - as such - - unworthy of serious study. only recently have they been unearthed by new scholars and put under the scrutiny of academic research. in a literature of their own, elaine showalter begins her study by analyzing what was specifically new about 19th - century women writers. for example, why they began to write for money ; how they negotiated the activity of writing for money with their families ; what was their professional self - image ; what effects criticism had upon them ; what were their relationships to other women, to men, and to their readers ; what were their experiences as women, and how these were reflected in their books ; what was their understanding of womanhood ; and, most of all, how the vocation of writing itself changed them. all these questions play a fundamental role in grazia deledda ' s cosima, the \" autobiographical novel \" published posthumously", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45953906399230326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.333220"} {"text": "what was their understanding of womanhood ; and, most of all, how the vocation of writing itself changed them. all these questions play a fundamental role in grazia deledda ' s cosima, the \" autobiographical novel \" published posthumously in 1836. ( 3 ) deledda, too, wrote for money and was quite successful as a writer : she was both widely popular and recognized by highbrow critics. this is only one of her many paradoxes. much has been said about why she was awarded the nobel prize for literature in 1926. some even say that mussolini had something to do with it - - choosing her being safer than choosing pirandello ( wood 58 ). however, deledda ' s work was much admired ( d. h. lawrence being just one among her many fans ). especially when one considers the predilection of those times for anything ethnic or ethnographic, it becomes easier to understand what made her so popular and a la page. all things considered, grazia deledda ' s case is rather anomalous. as it has been noticed on several occasions, there isn ' t much recent research on deledda ' s work. could it be that deledda ' s appeal, despite the huge success of her work in her lifetime, had simply died out? could she be, in a word, passee? although some excellent articles on her appeared in the last decade, most studies on deledda as a woman writer go back to the ' 70s - - the decade that gave the first major push to research in women ' s studies. it may have been just a passing fancy, an attempt to embrace a woman writer who may simply be unyielding to such a kind of reading. in fact, a great scholar of italian women ' s writing such as sharon wood has claimed that deledda ' s appeal, nowadays, lies in very different aspects than those that brought her fame and the nobel prize. ( 4 ) it is in the very heart of deledda ' s paradoxes that a revisitation \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48473785172151274, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.333983"} {"text": "accessmylibrary provides free access to millions of articles from top publications available through your library. contents background capital flows and the dollar the u. s. balance of payments the u. s. net international investment position implications february 5, 2010 the u. s. merchandise trade deficit is a part of the overall u. s. balance of payments, a summary statement of all economic transactions between the residents of the united states and the rest of the world, during a given period of time. some members of congress and other observers have grown concerned over the magnitude of the u. s. merchandise trade deficit and the associated increase in u. s. dollar - denominated assets owned by foreigners. the current slowdown in global economic activity has reduced global trade flows and, consequently, reduced the size of the u. s. trade deficit. this report provides an overview of the u. s. balance of payments, an explanation of the broader role of capital flows in the u. s. economy, an explanation of how the country finances its trade deficit or a trade surplus, and the implications for congress and the country of the large inflows of capital from abroad. the major observations indicate that : * foreign official and private investors sharply increased their purchases of u. s. treasury securities in 2008 in response to uncertainty associated with disruptions in global financial markets. during the same period, foreign private investors sharply reduced their purchases of u. s. corporate stocks and bonds compared with 2007. * the inflow of capital from abroad supplements domestic sources of capital and likely allows the united states to maintain its current level of economic activity at interest rates that are below the level they likely would be without the capital inflows. * foreign official and private acquisitions of dollar - denominated assets likely will generate a stream of returns to overseas investors that would have stayed in the u. s. economy and supplemented other domestic sources of capital had the assets not been acquired by foreign investors. by standard convention, the balance of payments accounts are based on a double - entry bookkeeping system. as a result, each transaction that is entered into the accounts as a credit must have a corresponding debit and vice versa. this means that a surplus or deficit in one part of the accounts necessarily will be offset by a deficit or surplus, respectively, in another account so that, overall, the accounts are in balance. this convention also means that a deficit in one account, such as the merchandise trade account, is not necessarily the same as a debt. ( 1 ) the trade deficit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4854337695390912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.340847"} {"text": ", respectively, in another account so that, overall, the accounts are in balance. this convention also means that a deficit in one account, such as the merchandise trade account, is not necessarily the same as a debt. ( 1 ) the trade deficit can become a debt equivalent depending on how the deficit is financed and the expectations of those who hold the offsetting dollar - denominated u. s. assets. the balance of payments accounts are divided into three main sections : the current account, which includes the exports and imports of goods and services and personal and government transfer payments ; the capital account, which includes such capital transfers as international debt forgiveness ; and the financial account, which includes official transactions in financial assets and private transactions in financial assets and direct investment in businesses and real estate. when the basic structure of the balance of payments was established, merchandise trade transactions dominated the accounts. financial transactions recorded in the capital accounts generally reflected the payments and receipts of funds that corresponded to the importing and exporting of goods and services. as a result, the capital accounts generally represented \" accommodating \" transactions, or financial transactions associated directly with the buying and selling of goods and services. during this early period, exchange rates between currencies were fixed, and private capital flows, such as foreign investment, were heavily regulated so that nearly all international flows of funds were associated with merchandise trade transactions and with some limited government transactions. since the 1970s, however, private capital flows have grown markedly as countries have liberalized their rules governing overseas investing and as nations have adopted a system of floating exchange rates, where the rates are set by market forces. floating exchange rates have spurred demand for the dollar. the dollar also is sought for investment purposes as it has become a vehicle itself for investment and speculation. this means that the balance of payments record not only the accommodating flows of capital which correspond to imports and exports of goods and services, but also autonomous flows of capital that are induced by a broad range of economic factors that are unrelated directly to the trading of merchandise goods. capital flows and the dollar liberalized capital flows and floating exchange rates have greatly expanded the amount of autonomous capital flows between countries. these capital transactions are undertaken in response to commercial incentives or political considerations that are independent of the overall balance of payments or of particular accounts. as a result of these transactions, national economies have become more closely linked, the process some refer to as \" globalization. \" the data in table 1 provide selected indicators of the relative sizes of the various capital markets in various countries and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5001594402548614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.342063"} {"text": "of particular accounts. as a result of these transactions, national economies have become more closely linked, the process some refer to as \" globalization. \" the data in table 1 provide selected indicators of the relative sizes of the various capital markets in various countries and regions and the relative importance of international foreign exchange markets. in 2008, these markets amounted to nearly $ 700 trillion, or more than 30 times the size of the u. s. economy. worldwide, foreign exchange and interest rate derivatives, which are the most widely used hedges against movements in currencies, were valued at $ 486 trillion in 2008, 50 % larger than the combined total of all public and private bonds, equities, and bank assets. for the united states, such derivatives total nearly three times as much as all u. s. bonds, equities, and bank assets. another aspect of capital mobility and capital inflows is the impact such capital flows have on the international exchange value of the dollar. demand for u. s. assets, such as financial securities, translates into demand for the dollar, since u. s. securities are denominated in dollars. as demand for the dollar rises or falls according to overall demand for dollar - denominated assets, the value of the dollar changes. these exchange rate changes, in turn, have secondary effects on the prices of u. s. and foreign goods, which tend to alter the u. s. trade balance. at times, foreign governments have intervened in international capital markets to acquire the dollar directly or to acquire treasury securities in order to strengthen the value of the dollar against particular currencies. in addition, various central banks moved aggressively following the asian financial crisis in the 1990s to bolster their holdings of dollars in order to use the dollars to support their currencies should the need arise. the dollar is also heavily traded in financial markets around the globe and, at times, plays the role of a global currency. disruptions in this role have important implications for the united states and for the smooth functioning of the international financial system. during the decade preceding the current financial crisis, banks and other financial institutions expanded their global balance sheets from $ 10 trillion in 2000 to $ 34 trillion in 2007. these assets were comprised primarily of dollar - denominated claims on non - bank entities, including retail and corporate lending, loans to hedge funds, and holdings of structured finance products based on u. s. mortgages and other underlying assets. as the crisis unfolded, the short - term dollar funding markets served as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49956367004970637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.343090"} {"text": "adenoid cystic carcinoma ( acc ) is a rare malignancy of secretory glands, typically originating in the salivary glands though it does appear in other primary sites, including the palate, nasopharynx, tongue base, larynx, trachea, lacrimal gland, breast and vulva. there are approximately 1, 200 new cases of acc diagnosed each year in the united states, about 60 % of which involve women. this cancer has a slow, and sometimes relentless, progression characterized by frequent recurrences and metastases to sites such as the lungs, liver and bones. cancer researchers point to genetic alterations as the underlying cause of all cancers. only a small portion ( perhaps 10 % ) of cancers is believed to be inherited, and acc is not one of these inheritable cancers. rather, as with the vast majority of cancers, acc appears to develop from genetic alterations caused by a person\u00b4s environment, such as through exposure to radiation or carcinogens. unlike some other cancers of the head and neck, acc is not linked to tobacco or alcohol use or infection by the human papilloma virus. although the definitive cause of acc is not known at the moment, there is very strong evidence that acc tumor cells are driven by the presence of too much of a protein called \u201c myb \u201d. accrf - affiliated researchers are undertaking extensive studies to understand how to interfere with the molecular pathways that permit \u201c myb \u201d to spur tumor growth. undoubtedly, better understanding of the biology of acc will lead to better treatments for patients.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4689205202166802, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.344829"} {"text": "like many of you, i am now at my race weight. i was thinking the other day about how easy it is for me to eat healthy foods and control portions right now. i ' m not depriving myself of baked goods, but i control portion size and / or decrease another treat somewhere else. i know how to eat healthy ; i ' m doing it. and the best part is my current eating pattern doesn ' t take iron will or starvation. then i start to think, ' eating this way is easy for me \u2014 i could keep it up forever. ' the problem is, i ' ve said the last sentence to myself in previous fall and winter seasons. it seems that the multitude of changes that occur in winter create havoc for my nutritional resolve. talking about the issue with athletes on my sunday group ride, others expressed the same problem with winter weight gain. we began theorizing about what changes in fall and winter would make us feel like we cannot control the foods we eat or the portion sizes. why is it that so many of us gain weight in the winter? here are some of our thoughts : for many, exercise volume decreases not only in sport but in life as well. there are fewer long rides, no lawns to mow and less walking about outside. - as daylight hours decrease and it gets colder, most of us get less sunlight exposure and vitamin d. certainly less daylight can have a serious effect on people with seasonal affective disorder ( sad ), but does this change affect everyone ' s appetite? or, are there people who don ' t suffer from sad but who are more affected by short days? do hormones play a role? - some sources note that low levels of vitamin d cause weight gain. should we supplement with vitamin d through winter? it is possible to overdose on d, however, so caution is a must. - do we eat more processed, lower nutrient foods in winter, which causes our bodies to crave more food to make up the deficit? - experts say that cold weather increases the appetite for foods that warm the body quickly, like sugars and carbohydrates. cold salads are less appealing. creamy clam chowder and buttered cornbread is a much more pleasing choice when it ' s chilly out. this short list is a start. the big question is : what can you do about it? what changes can we make, or plan to make, that will keep our winter weight gain in the three - pound range rather than six? coming from a rich", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44121119786859253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.347711"} {"text": "in the museum : buck rogers in the 21st century the reality of spaceflight is tangible ; a spacecraft or flight spare enables us to preserve the technology involved in a mars landing so that future generations can understand how it was done. but how do you preserve a \" sensation \" so that future generations will appreciate its impact on society? - by bob craddock - air & space magazine, may 2002 philip frances nowlan may not be one of the biggest names in science fiction, but he is the creator of one of the biggest science fiction cartoon characters \u2014 buck rogers, a figure synonymous with spaceflight. rogers has found a permanent home at the national air and space museum ; in 1996, the museum acquired a wide - ranging collection of memorabilia that documents this pop culture icon. in an article entitled \u201c armageddon \u2014 2419 a. d., \u201d which he wrote for the august 1927 issue of amazing stories, nowlan introduced anthony \u201c buck \u201d rogers, an ordinary man whose job is to inspect abandoned coal mines for radioactive gases. on one inspection the mine collapses, and rogers is trapped in a chamber full of the gases. eventually he loses consciousness, but the gases keep him alive, and he awakes nearly 500 years later. after adjusting to the shock of his situation, rogers discovers that the united states has been conquered by mongolians, who rule the country from floating cities while forcing americans to hide in the forests below. unknown to the mongolians, however, the americans have become organized, secretly making technological advances. now, along with rogers, they are about to launch the second war of independence. the editor of amazing stories, hugo gernsback, prophesied that many of the devices described by nowlan, such as the jet airplane and the walkie - talkie, would \u201c no doubt come true, \u201d and that the tale would become more popular over time. he was right on all predictions. on january 7, 1929, \u201c buck rogers in the 25th century \u201d debuted as the first syndicated science fiction comic strip, and it quickly became a huge hit. by 1932, a buck rogers radio program was airing four times a week. commercial spinoffs, including toy ray guns, games, uniforms, tin spaceships, and trading cards, were sold everywhere. and buck \u2019 s success also inspired several cartoon copycats, including flash gordon and captain midnight. when the buck rogers film series debuted in 1939, both young and old stood in lines for hours to buy tickets. buck rogers mania foreshadowed the fan worship of such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48731021691669885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.352574"} {"text": "success also inspired several cartoon copycats, including flash gordon and captain midnight. when the buck rogers film series debuted in 1939, both young and old stood in lines for hours to buy tickets. buck rogers mania foreshadowed the fan worship of such science fiction favorites as star trek and star wars, and it no doubt encouraged the dreams of the generation of americans who would ultimately make spaceflight a reality. all of this creates an interesting problem for the museum. the reality of spaceflight is tangible ; a spacecraft or flight spare enables us to preserve the technology involved in a mars landing so that future generations can understand how it was done. but how do you preserve a \u201c sensation \u201d so that future generations will appreciate its impact on society? that task has fallen to frank winter, a museum curator of space history. as a boy in new york, winter grew up watching \u201c captain video and his video rangers \u201d ( 1949 \u2013 55 ) on television. each week captain video would climb on board the galaxy ii and rocket to another planet in a never - ending battle against \u201c crime, tyranny, injustice and the unreasoning fury of nature! \u201d winter remembers that once the show \u2019 s actors came to a theater in his neighborhood, where they performed a skit and talked to the kids afterward. to this day, winter remains a captain video fan. it \u2019 s an interest that serves him well in his job at the museum, where he is curator of rocketry and popular culture. he is responsible for thousands of artifacts, ranging from star wars trading cards to apollo saturn v rockets. winter had long felt that buck rogers and other early space heroes were a part of american spaceflight history worth examining, and he wanted to acquire some memorabilia. unfortunately, because of their rarity and price, many important objects remained in the hands of private collectors. that situation changed in 1996 when the museum was approached by michael o \u2019 harro, a successful restaurateur who had collected more than 2, 200 space toys. would the museum be interested? \u201c i was astounded, \u201c recalls winter, after he had inspected the collection. \u201c it was like walking into tut \u2019 s tomb! \u201d over the years, o \u2019 harro had collected many rare items, including original comic strips, a buck rogers watch, tin spaceships, lead figures, games, trading cards, and a prototype ray gun that was used to create a production toy. although most centered on buck rogers, there were also items based on flash gordon and even captain video.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47912157825156104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.353542"} {"text": "buck rogers watch, tin spaceships, lead figures, games, trading cards, and a prototype ray gun that was used to create a production toy. although most centered on buck rogers, there were also items based on flash gordon and even captain video. o \u2019 harro \u2019 s collection spanned the entire history of space toys, from buck rogers in the 1920s to star wars in the 1980s. winter felt that every bit of it belonged in the museum. then the work began. each object in the museum \u2019 s collection must be entered into a database that contains information about the physical characteristics of the object and as much historical information as possible. a simple buck rogers trading card, for example, requires as much basic paperwork as a flight - qualified saturn v. as a result of o \u2019 harro \u2019 s generosity, the museum now has an excellent core collection that will give future generations an opportunity to learn about buck rogers \u2019 appeal. winter points out, however, that the collection is not complete. \u201c it would be nice to find a buck rogers bike and some flying suits, \u201d he muses. then he smiles and says, \u201c a few more captain video objects would also be nice. \u201d \u2014 bob craddock is a planetary geologist at the national air and space museum \u2019 s center for earth and planetary studies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48081284340237285, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.354765"} {"text": "1 ) site of the holy temple the western wall is a surviving remnant of the temple mount in jerusalem, which was destroyed by the romans in 70 ce. the temple was the center of the spiritual world, the main conduit for the flow of godliness. when the temple stood, the world was filled with awe of god and appreciation for the genius of the torah. jewish tradition teaches that all of creation began in jerusalem. the epicenter is mount moriah, known by mystics as \" the watering stone. \" the name \" moriah \" is actually a play on words : \" moriah is the place from which torah instruction ( horah ) goes forth ; from where fear of heaven ( yirah ) goes forth ; from where light ( orah ) goes forth. \" it is here, on mount moriah, that isaac was bound for sacrifice. and it is here that his son jacob dreamed of the ladder ascending to heaven. although other parts of the temple mount retaining wall remain standing, the western wall is especially dear, as it is the spot closest to the holy of holies, the central focus of the temple. 2 ) eternal symbol the sages prophesied that even after the temple ' s destruction, the divine presence would never leave the western wall, and that the wall will never be destroyed. the wall is endowed with everlasting sanctity, as the talmud says : \" and i will make your sanctuaries desolate \" ( leviticus 26 : 31 ) \u2013 this means that the sanctuaries retain their sanctity even when they are desolate. jerusalem was destroyed and rebuilt nine times. and through it all, one symbol remained intact : the western wall. in establishing the eternal covenant with abraham, god promised that the jewish people will never be destroyed ( genesis 17 : 7 ). in this way, the wall is a symbol of the jewish people : just as there have been many efforts to destroy the wall and yet it remains eternal, so too the jewish people have outlived its enemies and remain eternal. the wall thus became the symbol of both devastation and of hope. as mark twain wrote : \"... other peoples have sprung up and held their torch high for a time, but it burned out, and they sit in twilight now, or have vanished. the jew saw them all, beat them all... all things are mortal but the jew ; all other forces pass, but he remains. what is the secret of his immortality? \" 3 ) place of pilgrimage and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45060090699667765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.360480"} {"text": "now, or have vanished. the jew saw them all, beat them all... all things are mortal but the jew ; all other forces pass, but he remains. what is the secret of his immortality? \" 3 ) place of pilgrimage and tears three thousand years ago, king david purchased mount moriah and made jerusalem his capital. his son solomon built the holy temple, and the entire jewish nation gathered together three times each year on the pilgrimage festivals. jerusalem became the focus of the non - jewish world as well. ancient maps show jerusalem at the epicenter of asia, europe and africa. non - jews, drawn by a magnetic spiritual power, brought offerings to the temple. when king solomon built the temple, he specifically asked god to heed the prayers of non - jews who come to the temple ( 1 - kings 8 : 41 - 43 ). in the words of the prophet isaiah, this was \" a house of prayer for all nations. \" the service in the holy temple during the week of sukkot featured a total of 70 bull offerings, corresponding to each of the 70 nations of the world. in fact, the talmud says that if the romans ( who destroyed the temple ) would have realized how much benefit they received from the temple, they never would have destroyed it. during the 1, 900 - year exile, jews would travel to jerusalem at great expense and danger, just to have the chance to pray at the wall. in the face of disease, lack of water, and marauding bandits, the jews refused to abandon jerusalem. barred by law or wiped out by crusaders, the jews always returned. the talmud teaches that when the temple was destroyed, all the gates of heaven were closed, except for one : the gate of tears. at the wall, jews have always poured their hearts out to god. thus it became known as the \" wailing wall \" because of the centuries of endless tears, shed by jews yearning to rebuild jerusalem. 4 ) focus of prayers three times a day, for thousands of years, jewish prayers from around the world have been directed toward the temple mount. kabbalistic tradition says that all prayers from around the world ascend to this spot, from where they then ascend to heaven. the talmud says : \" if someone is praying outside the land of israel, he should direct his heart in the direction of israel. when praying within israel, direct the heart toward jerusalem. those in jerusalem should direct their hearts to the temple. throughout the millennia, jews from far reaches of the globe have turned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4665876924334872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.361474"} {"text": "land of israel, he should direct his heart in the direction of israel. when praying within israel, direct the heart toward jerusalem. those in jerusalem should direct their hearts to the temple. throughout the millennia, jews from far reaches of the globe have turned in prayer toward jerusalem. at each jewish wedding, the groom breaks a glass to commemorate the destruction of the holy temple. and we close each passover seder with the resonating words \u2013 \" next year in jerusalem. \" as rabbi judah halevy poignantly said : \" i am in the west, but my heart is in the east ( jerusalem ). \" 5 ) built with love and dedication when the temple was being built, the work was divided among different sectors of the population. the building of the western wall fell to the poor, and they worked hard to construct it, as they could not afford to hire laborers to do their work for them. when the enemy destroyed the temple, the angels descended from on high and \u2013 spreading their wings over the wall \u2013 said : \" this wall, the work of the poor, shall never be destroyed. \" ( from \" legends of the land of israel \" ) 6 ) site of jewish heroism when the first and second temples were destroyed, and during the bar kochba revolt, israel ' s heroes fought like lions for every stone of the temple. when the maccabees defeated the syrian - greeks, the first thing they did was to purify the temple and light the holy menorah. this has served as the example of jewish bravery ever since. in the 1948 arab - israeli war, when the ceasefire lines were drawn, jerusalem was divided and jews were once again banished from the western wall, permitted only to gaze across the barbed wire from afar... across the endless expanse of time. in the six day war, israeli paratroopers entered the old city through the lion ' s gate. \" har habayit b ' yadeinu! \" \u2013 came the triumphant cry \u2013 \" the temple mount is in our hands! \" amidst shofar blasts, grown men wept and danced at the western wall. after 2, 000 years, jerusalem was finally united under jewish control, with free access for all. the western wall is no mere historical asset. it is the jewish root \u2013 the deepest roots that any people has. elsewhere, we grope for insight. at the western wall, as we water the wall with our tears and melt the stones with our kisses, we achieve clarity and define who we are \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4312028817321325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.362524"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia anatolia ( greek : \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 anatole or anatoli, \" rising of the sun \" or \" east \" ; compare \" orient \" and \" levant \", by popular etymology turkish anadolu to ana \" mother \" and dolu \" filled \" ), also called by the latin name of asia minor, is a region of southwest asia which corresponds today to the asian portion of turkey. because of its strategic location at the intersection of asia and europe, anatolia has been a cradle for several civilizations since prehistoric ages, with neolithic settlements such as catal hoyuk ( pottery neolithic ), cayonu ( pre - pottery neolithic a to pottery neolithic ), nevali cori ( ppn b ), hacilar ( pottery neolithic ), gobekli tepe ( ppn a ) and mersin. the settlement of troy starts in the neolithic, but continues up into the iron age. major civilizations and peoples that have settled in or conquered anatolia include the hattians, luwians, hittites, phrygians, cimmerians, lydians, persians, celts, tabals, meshechs, greeks, pelasgians, armenians, romans, goths, kurds, byzantines, seljuk turks and ottomans. these peoples belonged to many varied ethnic and linguistic traditions. through recorded history, anatolians have spoken both indo - european and semitic languages, as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation. in fact, given the antiquity of the indo - european hittite and luwian languages, some scholars have proposed anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the indo - european languages have radiated. other authors have proposed an anatolian origin for the etruscans of ancient italy. today the inhabitants of anatolia are mostly native speakers of the turkish language, which was introduced with the conquest of anatolia by turkic peoples and the rise of the ottoman empire in the 13th century. however, anatolia remained multi - ethnic until the early 20th century ( see young turks ). a significant kurdish ethnic and linguistic minority still exists in the southern regions. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48284866162260354, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.368538"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia the trade winds are a pattern of wind found in bands around the earth ' s equatorial region. the trade winds are the prevailing winds in the tropics, blowing from the high - pressure area in the horse latitudes towards the low - pressure area around the equator. the trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the northern hemisphere and from the southeast in the southern hemisphere. their name comes from the fact that these winds enabled trading ships to sail in two directions between europe and the americas : the ships could sail a southern route with the trade winds westward from europe to the americas, then head north to the middle latitudes and sail with the westerlies eastward from the americas back to europe. in the zone between about 30\u00b0 n. and 30\u00b0 s., the surface air flows toward the equator and the flow aloft is poleward. a low - pressure area of calm, light variable winds near the equator is known to mariners as the doldrums. around 30\u00b0 n. and s., the poleward flowing air begins to descend toward the surface in subtropical high - pressure belts. the sinking air is relatively dry because its moisture has already been released near the equator above the tropical rain forests. near the center of this high - pressure zone of descending air, called the \" horse latitudes, \" the winds at the surface are weak and variable. the name for this area is believed to have been given by colonial sailors, who, becalmed sometimes at these latitudes while crossing the oceans with horses as cargo, were forced to throw a few horses overboard to conserve water. the surface air that flows from these subtropical high - pressure belts toward the equator is deflected toward the west in both hemispheres by the coriolis effect. because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is blowing, these winds are called the northeast trade winds in the northern hemisphere and the southeast trade winds in the southern hemisphere. the trade winds meet at the doldrums. surface winds known as \" westerlies \" flow from the horse latitudes toward the poles. the \" westerlies \" meet \" easterlies \" from the polar highs at about 50 - 60\u00b0 n. and s. near the ground, wind direction is affected by friction and by changes in topography. winds may be seasonal, sporadic, or daily. they range from gentle breezes to violent gusts at speeds greater than 300 km / h ( ~ 200 mph ). the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4979131007830231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.374357"} {"text": "social support systems organisation and financing of social support to people with dementia and carers background information on the social / healthcare system in bulgaria until 1990, bulgaria had a communist government. this was replaced in 1991 by a multiparty parliamentary democracy, governed by a single chamber with a president as head of state. prior to 1991, bulgaria had a semashko kind of health care system ( a centralised, tax - based system ). although it became clear that certain elements of this system were problematic, it was not until 1997, when the health care system seemed to be in danger of collapsing, that measures were taken to rationalise the system and improve the effectiveness of health care provision. social health insurance was introduced at the end of the 1990 \u2019 s but out - of - pocket payments remain a problem for people on a lower income ( koulaksazov et al., 2003 ). the organisation of social support for people with dementia and carers specific support for people with dementia and their carers is not available in bulgaria. however, people with mental disorders can attend social houses which are financed and supported by the state. unfortunately, the conditions in these social houses are often poor. the current european trend is to encourage people with dementia to remain with their families but the appropriate services and support are not available due to a lack of regulations and of practical and financial support for carers. social support is organised by the ministry of labour and social policy and by the agency for social support. this is general social support which people with dementia can benefit from but to do so, they have to have the necessary health certification as without this, they are not eligible for social support. the house doctor in coordination with a specialist doctor prepares a set of documents for a special commission (??????????? a???????? a??????? a??????? (???? ) \u2013 territorial expert medical commission ), which certifies the level of disability and the municipality supplies the social support according to the regulations of the agency for social support. the ministry of labour and social policy does not accept responsibility for people with dementia. although it is responsible for the homes for people with dementia, the administration of this ministry, which has direct responsibility for these homes, tries to transfer responsibility to the ministry of health ( which only covers medical treatment ) on the grounds that the people in these homes are ill. as a result of pressure from the european union and with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4667647786497727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.382642"} {"text": "ministry, which has direct responsibility for these homes, tries to transfer responsibility to the ministry of health ( which only covers medical treatment ) on the grounds that the people in these homes are ill. as a result of pressure from the european union and with the help of financial support, some projects are now underway. unfortunately, they are too generalised and are dedicated to people with mental disabilities. they do not cater for the needs of people with dementia. compassion alzheimer bulgaria recently submitted a project proposal entitled \u201c deinstitutionalisation through the provision of community - based services for risk groups \u201d but this was classified as not relevant or important for bulgaria and therefore rejected. cooperation between the state and the private sector, voluntary associations and ngos is progressing very slowly. currently, support for people with dementia is insufficient and constructive cooperation between the state and the above mentioned parties, which is necessary to resolve this problem, is clearly lacking. in fact, the ministry of labour and social policy avoids a constructive dialogue and cooperation with alzheimer bulgaria. the overall funding of social support for people with dementia and carers social houses are 100 % funded by the state through general taxation. there are places for about 800 people in bulgaria and the cost is about eur 100 per person per month. this is paid by the state. service users do not pay anything. social services ( i. e. the provision of food and home cleaning ) are only partly financed by the state in that the state pays 20 % of the cost and the person with dementia or his / her family pay the remaining 80 %. social houses and social services are supposed to be funded through general taxation. the legal framework surrounding the provision of social support there is no specific law covering support for people with dementia or their carers. people with dementia are covered by legislation for people with disabilities who need some kind of social support. the law on social support \u2013 19. 05. 1998r (?????????????????????????? - 19. 05. 1998? ) deals with social support in general. the regulation of 5. 11. 1998 covering the application of the law on social support (??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 243?? 5. 11. 1998? )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44353358368588375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.383673"} {"text": "???????????????????????????????????????? 243?? 5. 11. 1998? ) is also relevant. the problems of people with dementia are covered by the decree n : 4 \u2013 from 16. 03. 1999 on the requirements and supply of social services (???????? 4?? 16. 03. 1999?.???????????????????????????????????????????? ). this is a common regulation relating to the kinds of services provided, minimum standards and the control of these services. the suitability of social support for people with dementia and carers adequacy and accessibility in general none of the existing social services are specifically designed for people with dementia. only general services are available which cater for general needs, not those that are specifically related to dementia. the provision of social services throughout bulgaria is insufficient. consequently, people with dementia have difficulty accessing them. the state does not provide sufficient funds to ensure adequate services in social houses. for this reason, social houses are frequently situated in isolated, rural areas where it is difficult to find qualified staff. people living in rural areas as stated above, social houses are often situated in rural areas rather than in larger towns. people with different types of dementia there are no services that are aimed at people with specific types of dementia. people from ethnic minorities there are no services that are specifically aimed at people with dementia or carers from ethnic minorities. younger people with dementia access to most social services is based on disability rather than age, but home help and the meals service are both for the elderly so younger people with dementia would presumably be excluded. services and support for people with dementia and their carers types of care there are no day care centres in bulgaria. there are, however, day care centres for young disabled people but they are not suitable for people with dementia. respite care in the home and short - term respite care services do not exist. long - term residential care however, long - term residential respite care ( in social houses ) does. this is completely funded by the state which pays eur 100 to eur 120 on average per person. staff in such care centres are usually inadequately trained. most of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4773294280420006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.384620"} {"text": "long - term residential respite care ( in social houses ) does. this is completely funded by the state which pays eur 100 to eur 120 on average per person. staff in such care centres are usually inadequately trained. most of the people who benefit from such care are there because they are not cared for by relatives. many have no diagnosis. the bulgarian alzheimer association considers this service insufficient and plans to organise training for staff in these establishments. there are no palliative care centres or provisions for palliative care at home in bulgaria. monitoring in the home via alarm systems there are no tele - alarm systems whereby a person can signal for assistance in case of emergency. personal assistance and home help private companies provide assistance with personal hygiene, eating and drinking, as well as supervision taking medication. these services are not specifically designed for people with dementia and are financed totally by the service users. the following services are not available : - assistance with mobility e. g. lifting, moving and walking - assistance dealing with incontinence - assistance with skin care e. g. hydration, preventing and dealing with bedsores - companionship and social activities - occupational therapy / ergotherapy - assistive devices assistance with housework ( e. g. cleaning the home ) and with the preparation of food ( or delivery of meals to the home ) is a social service provided to the elderly. the state only contributes 20 % towards the cost of this service. the remainder must be paid by service users ( or by their carers ). shopping, transportation and laundry services do not exist. the bulgarian alzheimer association considers that the existing social services covering personal assistance and home help are insufficient. psychosocial support and training for people with dementia and carers a general information service to direct people towards the services they need does not exist. however, there is a general clinical psychologist in every main hospital who can provide such information. he / she would be partly paid by the state and partly by the service user. the bulgarian alzheimer association provides more specialised information through publications and its telephone help - line. the association tries to make use of existing information channels i. e. the administration of social houses, doctors, specialists in the field, state institutions, people with dementia themselves and their carers. there are no counselling services or support groups for people with dementia or their carers. similarly, there are no services which organise holidays for people with dementia or their carers, or which provide substitute carers to enable the latter to organise their own holidays or time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47925389831067405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.385650"} {"text": "counselling services or support groups for people with dementia or their carers. similarly, there are no services which organise holidays for people with dementia or their carers, or which provide substitute carers to enable the latter to organise their own holidays or time off caring. work / tax related support for people with dementia there is no legislation relating to the rights of people with dementia in paid employment e. g. to protect their job security and social rights. people with dementia who receive a pension are entitled to a supplement to purchase services on the basis of disability provided that they have the necessary health certification. the actual amount received depends on their level of disability. they are not entitled to tax refunds or other financial incentives for employing a person to provide home care services or to pay for necessary home adaptations. people with dementia are entitled to reductions for telephone and transport services but do not benefit from subsidised or free television or radio licences. work / tax related support for carers and carer allowances carers are not entitled to any paid time off work or flexible working hours in order to organise more effectively the care of a person with dementia. they can, if they wish, try to negotiate with their employer unpaid time off work but this is not covered by any specific legislation. carers do not receive any direct or indirect payments from the state for caring and they are not entitled to any tax benefits / incentives for the care they provide. the state does not pay or contribute towards the state pension scheme when a carer gives up paid employment in order to care for a person with dementia. unless otherwise stated, the information in this report was provided by ms zvezdelina triffonova and the bulgarian alzheimer society ( compassion alzheimer bulgaria ) in may 2007 - koulaksazov, s., todorova, s., tragakes, e. et al. ( 2003 ), health care systems in transition, bulgaria, http : / / www. observatory. dk - datzova, b. ( 2003 ), health care reform and inequality in access to health care in bulgaria, ( draft paper prepared for the ruig / unrisd project on globalization, inequality and health, a collaborative international project forming part of the ruig research programme on the social challenge of development ), http : / / www. ruig - gian. org / ressources / comeliau - health _ bulgaria - datzova. pdf - law on social support ( in english ) : http : / / www", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4236828102442954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.386593"} {"text": "researchers are continuing to uncover various genes that may play a role in the onset of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the findings offer new clues about who will get alzheimer \u2019 s in old age, and why, and may offer new approaches to treating or preventing the mind - ravaging illness. scientists at the university of miami miller school of medicine found that a gene on chromosome 6, called mthfd1l, appeared to nearly double a person \u2019 s risk of developing late - onset alzheimer \u2019 s, the most common form of dementia. the findings were published in the journal plos genetics. \" we are hopeful our identification of mthfd1l as a risk gene for alzheimer ' s disease will help us to better understand how this disease develops and potentially serve as a marker for people who may be at increased risk, \" said adam naj, ph. d., a co - author of the study. \" identifying this gene is important because the gene is known to be involved in influencing the body ' s levels of homocysteine, and high levels of homocysteine are a strong risk factor for late - onset alzheimer ' s disease, \" said dr. margaret pericak - vance, who led the study. homocysteine is an amino acid that circulates in the blood, and high levels are associated with blood vessel diseases and an increased risk of heart disease and strokes. the findings provide further evidence of the link between heart health and brain health. \" variations of the mthfd1l gene have been reported to possibly increase the risk of coronary artery disease, \u201d dr. pericak - vance said. \u201c since the function of blood vessels in the brain may affect alzheimer ' s disease, this finding may also help us understand how homocysteine levels and blood vessel function in the brain affect alzheimer ' s disease. \" scientists have identified genes that play a role in the rare, early - onset form of alzheimer \u2019 s that runs in families and which can strike people as young as their 30s or 40s. but the far more common late - onset form of the disease, which becomes increasingly prevalent in old age, is not as well understood. studies have shown that having a parent with alzheimer \u2019 s increases your risk of developing the disease. twin studies likewise suggest that genetic factors play a role in late - onset alzheimer \u2019 s. but until recently, only one gene \u2013 called apoe, for apolipoprotein e \u2013 was shown to strongly influence risk. having a form", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49439425191485065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.392384"} {"text": "disease. twin studies likewise suggest that genetic factors play a role in late - onset alzheimer \u2019 s. but until recently, only one gene \u2013 called apoe, for apolipoprotein e \u2013 was shown to strongly influence risk. having a form of the apoe gene known as apoe - e4 increases your risk, and about 40 percent of those with alzheimer \u2019 s have the gene. but many people who carry the gene never get alzheimer \u2019 s. several other genes are also suspected of playing a role, though the risks they impart is smaller than the risk associated with apoe - e4. dozens of additional genes are under investigation as possible contributing factors to alzheimer \u2019 s disease, and as yet undiscovered genes may impart different levels of risk as well. in a separate study in the u. k., researchers at oxford university found that carrying the apoe - e4 gene may produce changes in the brains of young, healthy individuals who have no memory problems. the investigators studied men and women in their 20s and 30s, and compared them with those over 50. scans revealed that the brains of the younger people who had the apoe - e4 gene were normal in size. but they did find some abnormalities in the connections between cells in the white matter part of the brain, suggesting that the gene may have some effects on brain function decades before the memory loss of alzheimer \u2019 s appears. they are conducting follow - up studies to learn more about how genes affect the brain and contribute to alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the findings are consistent with ongoing research into the ways in which genes and brain changes interact to influence alzheimer \u2019 s risk. researchers hope that continued study of genes that may contribute to alzheimer \u2019 s will lead to better understanding of the disease. it may also allow for the development of new drugs that may be able to halt or reverse the memory and behavior problems of the disease. researchers are only now beginning to understand the complexities of alzheimer \u2019 s. in addition to genetic factors, lifestyle factors like diet and exercise, mental and social stimulation, advancing age, and other environmental components may all play a role in its onset. it will likely take years of continued research to understand the roles of genes and other factors in the development of alzheimer \u2019 s. source : plos genetics, sept. 23. bbc news.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4646985297025303, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.393361"} {"text": "how green is my desert? dry lands - - places where rainfall is scarce and evaporation is high - - have been crucial incubators of human culture. but deserts are precarious places for cities, and many of the ancient dry land settlements - - chaco canyon in new mexico, sumer in iraq - - are now only ruins visited by archaeologists and tourists. today, new cities are appearing in arid regions around the world. in aerial photos these desert cities may look like mirages... and perhaps they are. the price of watering our deserts can include destruction of the fragile desert ecosystem, groundwater depletion, and lowered rivers. can we keep that up indefinitely? the world ' s deserts deserts, today cover about 25 percent of earth ' s surface. more than 500 million people live in deserts and dry lands. \" whiskey is for drinking ; water is for fighting over. \" - - attributed to mark twain farm, united arab emirates population 4, 444, 011 ( 2007 ) annual rainfall 120mm ( 5 inches ) population 230, 000 ( 2006 ) average yearly rainfall 210 mm ( 8 inches ) las vegas, nevada population 1, 820, 232 ( 2006 ) average yearly rainfall 120mm ( 5 inches ) mesa county, colorado population 134, 189 ( 2006 ) average yearly rainfall 203 mm ( 8 inches ) farm, saudi arabia population 27, 601, 038 ( 2007 ) average yearly rainfall 100mm ( 4 inches ) population 1. 4 million ( 2006 ) annual rainfall 100 - 200 ( 4 - 8 inches ) population 518, 956 ( 2006 ) average yearly rainfall 300mm ( 12 inches ) al ain oasis, abu dhabi population 348, 000 ( 2003 ) average yearly rainfall 361mm ( 14 inches ) palm springs, california population 47, 806 ( 2006 ) average yearly rainfall 150mm ( 6 inches )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3922092054043643, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.397602"} {"text": "phylogenetic analysis of mexican cave scorpions suggests adaptation to caves is reversible new evidence that specialized adaptations are not evolutionary dead ends blind scorpions that live in the stygian depths of caves are throwing light on a long - held assumption that specialized adaptations are irreversible evolutionary dead - ends. according to a new phylogenetic analysis of the family typhlochactidae, scorpions currently living closer to the surface ( under stones and in leaf litter ) evolved independently on more than one occasion from ancestors adapted to life further below the surface ( in caves ). the research, currently available in an early online edition, will be published in the april issue of cladistics. \" our research shows that the evolution of troglobites, or animals adapted for life in caves, is reversible, \" says lorenzo prendini, associate curator in the division of invertebrate zoology at the american museum of natural history. \" three more generalized scorpion species living closer to the surface evolved from specialized ancestors living in caves deep below the surface. \" scorpions are predatory, venomous, nocturnal arachnids that are related to spiders, mites, and other arthropods. about 2, 000 species are distributed throughout the world, but only 23 species found in ten different families are adapted to a permanent life in caves. these are the specialized troglobites. this study concentrates on the family typhlochactidae that includes nine species of scorpions endemic to the karstic regions of eastern mexico. these species were initially grouped together by robert mitchell in 1971 but were elevated to the rank of family for the first time last year, based on morphological data published by prendini and valerio vignoli of the department of evolutionary biology, university of siena, italy, in the bulletin of the american museum of natural history. prendini, vignoli, and oscar f. francke of the departmento de zoologia, instituto de biolog \u2019 a at the universidad nacional aut \u2014 noma de mexico, mexico city, also created a new genus, stygochactas, for one species in the family and described a new surface - living species, typhlochactas sissomi, in a separate american museum novitates paper. all species in the family have adapted to the dark with features such as loss of eyes and reduced pigmentation. the family contains the most specialized troglobite scorpion, sotanochactas elliotti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4753976052291808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.402965"} {"text": "separate american museum novitates paper. all species in the family have adapted to the dark with features such as loss of eyes and reduced pigmentation. the family contains the most specialized troglobite scorpion, sotanochactas elliotti, one of the world ' s smallest scorpions, typhlochactas mitchelli, and the scorpion found at the greatest depth ( nearly 1 km below the surface ), alacran tartarus. three of the species ( including t. mitchelli ) live closer to the surface and are more generalized morphologically than the other six, making this family an excellent model with which to test and falsify cope ' s law of the unspecialized ( novel evolutionary traits tend to originate from a generalized member of an ancestral taxon ) and dollo ' s law of evolutionary irreversibility ( specialized evolutionary traits are unlikely to reverse ). for the current research paper, prendini and colleagues gathered data for 195 morphological characteristics, including a detailed mapping of the positions of all trichobothria ( sensory setae ) on the pedipalps, among the species of typhlochactidae. the resulting phylogenetic tree shows that adaptation to life in caves has reversed among this group of scorpions : two of the less specialized, surface - living species, t. mitchelli and t. sylvestris, share a common ancestor with a much more cave - adapted species, and a similar pattern was found for the third less specialized, surface - living species, t. sissomi. \" scorpions have been around for 450 million years, and their biology is obviously flexible, \" says prendini. \" this unique group of eyeless mexican scorpions may have started re - colonizing niches closer to the surface from the deep caves of mexico after their surface - living ancestors were wiped out by the nearby chicxuluxb impact along with non - avian dinosaurs, ammonites, and other species. \" the research was funded by the national science foundation, the theodore roosevelt memorial fund, and a synthesys grant. media inquiries : department of communications, 212 - 769 - 5800", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5157285137206622, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.408047"} {"text": "australasian plant conservation originally published in australasian plant conservation 21 ( 1 ) june - august 2012, p 18 - 20 ex - situ conservation of the rare tall yellow - top daisy ( senecio pilosicristus ) michael thorpe, dan duval and phillip ainsley sa seed conservation centre, adelaide botanic gardens, sa. email : email @ example. com tall yellow - top ( senecio pilosicristus ) habitat in billiat conservation park. this population was located in a mallee woodland fire scar growing with other specific fire responsive species. photo : sa seed conservation centre. tall yellow - top ( senecio pilosicristus ) plant observed in 2010. photo : sa seed conservation centre. tall yellow - top ( senecio pilosicristus ) flower. photo : sa seed conservation centre. in south australia, the tall yellow - top ( senecio pilosicristus ) is a rare daisy which was historically collected in the karoonda to lameroo area in the murraylands region of the state. the majority of herbarium collections for c were from the 1910s to the 1960s. apart from a single herbarium collection from an unknown locality in 1984 there have been no further herbarium collections in sa. this species also occurs in western victoria where it is considered very rare and it is currently listed as vulnerable in victoria. there is little is known about the biology and habitat of the tall yellow - top. the south australian seed conservation centre ( sascc ), based at the adelaide botanic gardens, is dedicated to the conservation of the state \u2019 s threatened native plants. more specifically this includes locating plants and recording habitat details, collecting and banking seeds, research to determine germination requirements and the propagation of plants to assist with restoration programs. staff at the sascc identified the tall yellow - top as a priority species to locate and collect seeds. the historic location information and lack of recent records suggested that this species may occur on the more fertile loams that have since been cleared for cropping. although there were no notes with herbarium vouchers to suggest that the tall yellow - top was collected post fire, it was suspected that the lack of records may indicate this species might only be detectable after environmental disturbance events such as bushfire. in recent years, staff from the sascc have searched some of the historical south australian localities for the tall yellow - top without success. the majority of the land where historic records were made has been substantially cleared for agricultural use and the fragmented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41288644319431766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.415969"} {"text": "bushfire. in recent years, staff from the sascc have searched some of the historical south australian localities for the tall yellow - top without success. the majority of the land where historic records were made has been substantially cleared for agricultural use and the fragmented remnant vegetation is highly impacted by numerous introduced plants and animals. however in september 2010, a chance find of a post burn site in billiat conservation park ( cp ) during field searches yielded success. a small population of the tall yellow - top was located in a mallee woodland fire scar growing in a low open swale on pale red sandy loams in regenerating mallee with other specific fire responsive species such as small - leaf ray flower ( cyphanthera myosotidea ), false buckbush ( gyrostemon australasicus ), azure daisy - bush ( olearia rudis ), branched everlasting ( coronidium adenophorum ), oondooroo ( solanum simile ), cup velleia ( velleia connata ), twiggy lignum ( muehlenbeckia diclina ) and williamson \u2019 s riceflower ( pimelea williamsonii ). this localised population contained at least a few hundred individuals. apart from a sub - population of approximately fifty plants that was identified another 800 m north of the original population, no further populations have been recorded during follow up searches within a radius of 7 km. photos of the characteristics of the plant such as flower, leaves and habit were taken along with pressed plant specimens in order to build knowledge about this daisy. regional staff working for the department of environment and natural resources ( denr ) based in the area were made aware of this population and asked to monitor other post - fire mallee in the region for this species. a follow up visit to the population twelve months later ( spring 2011 ) revealed a small number of plants resprouting. however these plants produced much less vigorous growth than observed during the previous spring immediately post fire. this observation suggests that although plants can persist for a second year post - fire, this species is quite short \u2011 lived. observations of the plant characteristics the tall yellow - top is an erect, fleshy, glaucous, short - lived herb to approximately 70 cm tall. it has sessile, stem clasping, tapered - lanceolate cauline leaves on reddish purple stems with a basal rosette of lobed spathulate leaves. flowers are a yellow daisy up to 50 mm in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4421428359854509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.416894"} {"text": "70 cm tall. it has sessile, stem clasping, tapered - lanceolate cauline leaves on reddish purple stems with a basal rosette of lobed spathulate leaves. flowers are a yellow daisy up to 50 mm in diameter with up to ten ray petals. the seeds are a brown achene with longitudinal ridges of white hairs and white pappus. tall yellow - top ( senecio pilosicristus ) seed. photo : sa seed conservation centre. germination results from testing tall yellow - top ( senecio pilosicristus ) seeds. key : ga3 = gibberellic acid ; kno3 = potassium nitrate treatment the sascc collected and banked more than eight thousand seeds for this rare daisy in 2010 and has undertaken research to determine its germination requirements. germination screening was undertaken for this species in both winter and spring diurnal conditions using gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate and untreated controls. gibberellic acid is a naturally occurring plant growth hormone which can alleviate seed dormancy in some species. potassium nitrate was used because the availability of free nitrogen post fire as nitrates in the soil can act as a \u2018 gap detection \u2019 signal and provide a cue for seed germination. no germination was recorded for the untreated controls or the seeds which received potassium nitrate treatment in either winter or spring conditions. whilst only a single germinant resulted from gibberellic acid treatment in spring conditions, a germination rate of 42 % was achieved with gibberellic acid in winter conditions. these results suggest the tall yellow - top specifically prefers winter conditions for germination. further research is required to ascertain the germination response to environmental cues such as heat and smoke chemicals. staff at the sascc anticipate that more populations of the tall yellow - top will be observed in post fire mallee in the region. the denr regional ecologist working in the murray region has identified and mapped further areas of mallee for prescribed burning which may be potential habitat for the tall yellow - top. regional staff and the sascc will perform further searches in spring 2012 upon completion of prescribed burns for billiat cp scheduled for autumn 2012. in addition to the tall yellow - top, this will be an opportunity for regional and sascc staff to monitor for other fire responsive species such as the nationally vulnerable yellow swainson - pea ( swainsona pyrophila ) and showy lawren", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4374226802959704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.417907"} {"text": "from ancestry. com wiki the tanoli are a tribe of the tanawal valley region in the hazara. the tanolis are arabic origin and descent from abbas ibn abd al - muttalib, the paternal uncle of prophet mohammad ( p. b. u. h ). the most members of the tanoli tribe reside in the former princely state of amb in the hazara division of khyber - pakhtunkhwa province of pakistan, in the cities of abbottabad, khalabat township, haripur and its district, mansehra, battagram and kohistan districts. a branch of the tanoli tribe also resides in kashmir, mainly in muzaffarabad and srinagar. tanolis also inhabit the cities of quetta and karachi. they dominate the tanawal - sherwan belt. tanoli history the tanoli are a tribe of the tanawal valley region in the hazara. the tanolis are arabic origin and descent from abbas ibn abd al - muttalib, the paternal uncle of prophet mohammad ( p. b. u. h ). the most members of the tanoli tribe reside in the former princely state of amb in the hazara division of khyber - pakhtunkhwa province of pakistan, in the cities of abbottabad, khalabat township, haripur and its district, mansehra, battagram and kohistan districts. a branch of the tanoli tribe also resides in kashmir, mainly in muzaffarabad and srinagar. tanolis also inhabit in afghanistan, the tanoli primarily live in the eastern provinces of paktia, gardez, and ghazni.. the word tanawal is derived from taniwal., the tanoli participated in the frontier wars with the british and in charles allen ' s analysis of those wars were described as \" extremely hostile \" and \" brave and hardy and accounted for the best swordsmen in hazara. \" - 1 names - 2 homelands - 3 history - 4 list of the hereditary tanoli rulers of amb state - 5 characteristics and features of tribal tanolies ( based on the classification of tribes of the indo - pak by the british ) - 6tanoli sub tribes - 7 tanolis today - 8 notable tanolis - 9 notes - 10references and bibliography the tanoli are also known as tanawal, for the name of the river. the british census included several variant forms of the name : taniwal tanole tan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38474176929019743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.430190"} {"text": "- 8 notable tanolis - 9 notes - 10references and bibliography the tanoli are also known as tanawal, for the name of the river. the british census included several variant forms of the name : taniwal tanole tanaoli, tanol, tol, tholi, tahoa, tarnoli, tanis, tanai the tanoli were first encountered by westerners around 1700 ad \" in the trans indus basin of the mahaban from which they were driven across the indus by the yusufzai \" tribe. by the late 19th century the tanaoli had settled the tanawal tract in the west center of the district between abbottabad and the indus, and in the extensive hill country between the river and the urash plains. according to the settlement report of hazara, compiled by major wace ( 1872 ), the tanolis, who founded a state named amb, had already established their authority over tanawal. the voluminous urdu copy of the settlement report of hazara contains many passages in its historical resume of the area. in a number of maps drawn at the time and enclosed in the report, showing hazara under the mughals and under the durranis, the amb state has been shown as mulk - i - tanawal. the original existence of that mulk is as old as the middle period of the great afghan invasions of india. the tanoli are divided into two major sub - tribes : the hindwal and the pallal. the latter occupies the northern portion of the tanawal tract, and, until the dissolution of the princely states in 1968, constituted the semi - independent principality of amb. according to tanoli tradition ( preserved in a commentary based on an 1881 / 1891 census report they are named after a place in \" afghanistan \" ( not to be confused with the present - day state of afghanistan they have a history that akber gahee khan was son of zorab khan who came to kashmir as general of army on the commandment of qutab shah, on signing a treaty with king of kashmir and marrying his daughter he was on way back when he went to a saint in kahuta asking him to pray for a child of him. the saint asked for promise of staying at the place in reward for a pray for child birth. the child who took birth was named as akber gahee khan, akber gahee khan married and twelve son took birth named as 1 ) kahonder khan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3624916432338365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.431314"} {"text": "asked for promise of staying at the place in reward for a pray for child birth. the child who took birth was named as akber gahee khan, akber gahee khan married and twelve son took birth named as 1 ) kahonder khan ( forefather of dhonde abbasis ) 2 ) sultan bala or barayas al mahroof tanoli khan ( forefather of tanolis in area of tanawal and amb durband ) 3 ) chajjar kanal 4 ) salal 5 ) agar khan 6 ) kool or koor 7 ) hakim khan 8 ) sarrara ( forefather of sarrara abbasi living in pattan and kukmang ) 9 ) hans khan 10 ) molam khan 11 ) dilhawas 12 ) barra hazaria. tanoli ' s have ruled the state of amb of hazara since the 13th century up until the wars with the sikhs in the 19th century. they were frequently engaged in rebellions with successive rulers of the delhi sultanate as well as allying with ahmed shah abdali in his conquest of india. charles allen in his book referred to them as \" the extremely hostile and powerful tanolis of the tanawal moutains \". they were also the last ruling dynasty of the state of amb. \" many mouths, many sayings \" many people tried to link the tanoli with their own tribe or another one else. but it ' s clear and accepted from the history. that they are abbasi. tanoli are not jungua. tanoli are not barlas mughals. barlas mughals are those who connect them selves with ( iero ma jeet barlas ) ( turk and barlas mughals are from same branch there grand father is same if we are mughal or turk... why turk arrange the army of soldiers against tanoli ' s to stop them to enter in pakhal because they rule pakhal at that time if we are there brothers they welcome us with open arms but they fight with us many time but they failed to stop us to enter us in this area. tanoli are not rajas. tanoli did ' t come with greek alaxander. tanoli ' s are not pukhtoon : check the list of pahtoon tribes ( http : / / www. khyber. org / pashtotribes. shtml you can not finde tanoli ' s in the history books of pushtoons as a sub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.382849055966893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.432266"} {"text": "farid khan, acceded to pakistan. in 1969, the state was incorporated into the north - west frontier province and in 1971 the royal status of the nawab was abolished by the government of pakistan. the construction of the tarbela dam across the indus river in the early 1970s resulted in much of amb state being submerged by the reservoir. rulers of amb the state was ruled by a dynasty who originally held the title of mir and in 1868 were granted the title of nawab by the british raj. a listing of the known rulers of amb is provided here. tenure rulers of amb ( tanawal ) unknown date - 1818 ( mir ) nawab khan 1818 - 1840 ( mir ) payenda khan 1840 - 1868 ( nawab ) jahandad khan 1868 - 1907 ( nawab ) mohammad akram khan 1907 - 26th february 1936 ( nawab ) zaman khan 26th february 1936 - 1971 ( nawab ) mohammad farid khan 1973 royal status abolished upper tanowl darband kripplian lower tanowl kokal shenghree books references - bagh - e - dawaz dahe imam written by syed hidayat hussain shah sahab - maratus salatin urdu trajuma sairul mutakhireen ( mir ghulam nawab khan shab ) - subha sadiq written by aziz ur rehman - aina - e - qiresh written by justic akram khan - abbasi shumal mashriki pakistan ma written by just ayub shaba - tarikh - e - aqwam - e - pounch written by muhamamd deen fouqe - tarikh - e - muree written by noor elahi sahab - traikh - e - abbasiya written by riyaz ur rehman saghar - tarikh - e - haft janagh written by sardar meer akbar khan - islam ki daswin kitab by moulana rehman baksh lahori - alvu awan tarikh ka aina ma written by muhabbat hussain awan - tehkik al ansabe by muhammad karim khan awan - anisab al qabail akbariya written by capt muhammad ashraf khan - tarikh e fatikh anisab written by syed mehmood hussain shah - punjab chiefs lepal h griffon - punjabi musalmans by j m wikely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.383611392271573, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.435084"} {"text": "most fruits and vegetables have a very limited life after harvest if held at normal harvesting temperatures. postharvest cooling rapidly removes field heat, allowing longer storage periods. proper postharvest cooling can : in addition to helping maintain quality, postharvest cooling also provides marketing flexibility by allowing the grower to sell produce at the most appropriate time. having cooling and storage facilities makes it unnecessary to market the produce immediately after harvest. this can be an advantage to growers who supply restaurants and grocery stores or to small growers who want to assemble truckload lots for shipment. postharvest cooling is essential to delivering produce of the highest possible quality to the consumer. although small, commercial, contractor - built cooling rooms are available, they are often much more expensive than owner - built structures. in addition to avoiding a substantial amount of the construction cost, you can tailor a cooling facility to your individual needs by designing and building it yourself. whether the cooling facility is built or bought, you can ensure its effectiveness by giving careful thought to the topics discussed in the following sections. types of produce. different types of produce have different cooling requirements. for example, strawberries, apples, and broccoli all require near - freezing temperatures, whereas summer squash or tomatoes can be injured by low temperatures ( table 1 ). if small quantities of produce with different cooling requirements must be cooled or stored together, the temperature will have to be set high enough to prevent chill injury of susceptible produce. this temperature, however, will not provide optimum quality and storage life for other types of produce. table 1. products that sustain cold injury chill sensitive freeze sensitive ( below 40 - 45 f ) ( below 32 f ) beans ( all types ) apples eggplant asparagus okra brambles peppers cabbage potatoes peaches pumpkins sweet corn squash ( summer ) strawberries sweetpotatoes squash ( winter ) tomatoes watermelons some fruits and vegetables produce ethylene gas as a natural product of ripening and respond to this gas by accelerating their ripening. others do not produce ethylene but are very sensitive to it ( table 2 ). for sensitive produce, minute quantities of ethylene gas will greatly accelerate the ripening process even at low storage temperatures. it is very important not to store items sensitive to ethylene with those that produce this gas. table 2. products that produce ethylene or are ethylene sensitive. ethylene producers ethylene sensitiveapples broccoli cantaloupes cabbage honeydew melons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5089068730234277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.505788"} {"text": "to ethylene with those that produce this gas. table 2. products that produce ethylene or are ethylene sensitive. ethylene producers ethylene sensitiveapples broccoli cantaloupes cabbage honeydew melons carrots peaches cucumbers pears cut flowers plums eggplant tomatoes green beans leaf greens okra peas peppers squash sweetpotatoes watermelons in addition to ethylene sensitivity, some types of produce generate odors that are readily absorbed by other items. the odor of apples and onions in particular are easily transferred to other produce items. consequently, care should be exercised when storing other products with either of these items. most conflicts in storing mixed produce are avoidable, but serious problems may develop if the unique requirements of each commodity are not kept in mind. complete information on postharvest cooling and storage requirements may be obtained from introduction to proper postharvest cooling and handling methods. quantity and movement of produce. although the primary function of any cooling facility is to remove field heat, an important secondary function is to provide cold storage space. cooling capacity and storage capacity are separate characteristics, but together they determine the size of the facility. cooling capacity and, to a lesser degree, storage capacity depend upon the size of the facility and the capacity of its refrigeration system. therefore, it is important to determine the amount of produce you are likely to cool and store. a refrigeration system can be thought of as a pump that moves heat from one place to another. refrigeration capacity, a measure of the rate at which a system will transfer heat energy, is normally expressed in tons. a ton of refrigeration capacity is the ability to transfer the amount of heat required to melt 1 ton of ice in a 24 - hour period ( 288, 000 btu ). said another way, a refrigeration system of 1 - ton capacity is theoretically capable of freezing 1 ton of water in 24 hours. that is, it can transfer 288, 000 btu in 24 hours or 12, 000 btu per hour. the correct size for a refrigeration unit is determined by three factors, the first of which is the weight of produce to be cooled. since most produce is sold by volume ( by crates, boxes, or bushels ) you may have to determine its weight per unit of volume. obviously, the more produce to be cooled, the larger the refrigeration unit must be. the second factor is the minimum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5408399602244058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.506941"} {"text": "by volume ( by crates, boxes, or bushels ) you may have to determine its weight per unit of volume. obviously, the more produce to be cooled, the larger the refrigeration unit must be. the second factor is the minimum time required from start to finish of cooling. ideally, cooling should take place fast enough to prevent serious degradation of the produce but no faster. cooling produce faster than necessary is unduly expensive because the refrigeration system must be larger and the demand cost for electrical energy is greater. to cool a load of produce in 2 hours instead of 4 may require twice the refrigeration capacity, and the cost of electricity may be three times as high. the third factor is the nature of the refrigerated space : its size, how well it is insulated, and how it is to be operated. because as much as one - half of the refrigeration capacity in a typical facility is used to overcome heat gained through the floor, walls, ceiling, and doors, it is important to minimize these gains. selecting a refrigeration unit of the proper size will be discussed in a later section. storage capacity. the decision to cool and ship produce immediately or to store it for a time often depends not only on the type of produce and market conditions but also on the availability of space in the storage facility. the type of produce you grow will determine, in part, how much storage space you need. obviously, highly perishable produce requires less storage space than less perishable items simply because it cannot be held for long periods without losing quality. if the construction budget will allow, it is advisable to construct enough storage space for at least one day s maximum harvest of the most perishable commodities and even more for the less perishable items. it is much easier to build adequate storage space initially than to add space later. cost per square foot decreases and energy efficiency increases with the size of the facility. adequate storage space should not be overlooked, since one of the major benefits of a postharvest cooling facility is the marketing flexibility it allows by providing short - term storage. on the other hand, excess ( unused ) storage space is a waste of energy and money. to determine the amount of refrigerated space to build, use the following formula : v = 2. 5 x ( c + s ) where : v = volume of the refrigerated space in cubic feet c = maximum number of bushels to be cooled at any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5006897007739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.507937"} {"text": "should be inclined at a slope of no more than 1 to 5. it is also convenient to include a raised dock for loading trucks and trailers. location and layout. the location chosen for the cooling facility should reflect its primary function. if you plan to conduct retail sales of fresh produce from the facility, it should be located with easy access to public roads. a retail sales operation located away from the road, particularly behind dwellings or other buildings, discourages many customers. adequate parking for customers and employees, if any, must be provided. if the cooling facility is used in connection with a pick - your - own operation, it is best to locate it near restrooms and retail sales areas. if, however, the primary function of the cooling facility is to cool and assemble wholesale lots, ease of public access is less important. in this case, the best location may be adjacent to the packing or grading room. in addition to housing grading and packing equipment, the space could be used to store empty containers and other equipment and supplies when it is not needed for cooling. all cooling and packing facilities should have convenient access to fields or orchards to reduce the time from harvest to the start of cooling. regardless of how it is used, the facility will need access to electrical power and water. for larger cooling rooms requiring more than about 10 tons of refrigeration in a single unit, access to three - phase power will be necessary. the location of existing utility lines should be carefully considered, as connection costs can be prohibitive in some rural areas. consult your local power company for details. in addition, it is a good idea to anticipate any future growth when locating and designing your facility. before you begin construction, familiarize yourself with any applicable laws, regulations, and codes pertaining to construction and electrical systems, worker health and safety, and the handling and storage of food products. plan number 6145 for a moderate - sized refrigerated storage building with adjacent space for packing and sorting is included at the end of this publication. the plan includes an optional retail sales room that can be built if needed. this facility provides approximately 7, 400 cubic feet of refrigerated space with a design storage capacity of approximately 3, 000 bushels. the nominal design cooling capacity is 300 bushels per day with a 3 1 / 2 ton refrigeration unit. as explained earlier, however, the required refrigeration capacity cannot be accurately determined unless the types and amounts of produce to be cooled are known. these plans illustrate only one of many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47030260239260896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.510223"} {"text": "with a 3 1 / 2 ton refrigeration unit. as explained earlier, however, the required refrigeration capacity cannot be accurately determined unless the types and amounts of produce to be cooled are known. these plans illustrate only one of many workable designs. what may be ideal for one operation may not be suitable for another. in developing the overall design, therefore, give serious consideration to how the produce will move through your facility. doors, loading docks, and adjacent work areas should be conveniently located to accommodate the flow of material. remember the cardinal rule of industrial engineering, always make it easy to do the right thing. the construction of a produce cooling and storage facility is an investment in quality maintenance. therefore, the materials and workmanship of the facility itself should be of the best possible quality. many different construction materials are suitable for such a project. the difficulty is deciding which ones are the most appropriate and cost effective for your application. many problems can be avoided by paying particular attention during the construction phase to the items discussed in the following sections. foundation and floor. almost all postharvest cooling facilities built nowadays are constructed on an insulated concrete slab with a reinforced, load - bearing perimeter foundation wall. the slab should be built sufficiently above grade to ensure good drainage away from the building, particularly around doors. the floor should also be equipped with a suitable inside drain to dispose of wastewater from cleaning and condensation. the floor of a refrigerated room must support heavy loads and withstand hard use in a wet environment but still provide an acceptable measure of insulation. the slab floor should be at least 4 inches of wire - mesh - reinforced concrete over 2 inches of waterproof plastic foam insulation board such as dow styrofoam or equivalent. five or even 6 inches of concrete may be necessary for situations where loads are expected to be unusually heavy. the need for floor insulation is often poorly understood and therefore neglected to cut cost. this is false economy, however, since the insulation will pay for itself in a few seasons of use. if the room is to be used for long - term subfreezing storage, it is essential that the floor be well insulated with at least 4 inches of foam insulation board ( having a rating of r - 20 or greater ) to prevent ground heave. any framing lumber in contact with the concrete floor must be pressure treated to prevent decay, especially the sill plates and lower door frames, which may be in long - term contact with water. although no produce would normally come into contact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5053331577811855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.511260"} {"text": "ground heave. any framing lumber in contact with the concrete floor must be pressure treated to prevent decay, especially the sill plates and lower door frames, which may be in long - term contact with water. although no produce would normally come into contact with it, the lumber must be treated with an approved nontoxic material. information on the toxicity of treated lumber should be obtained from the building materials supplier. during construction, the interface between the underside of the sill plate and the floor must be sealed to prevent the movement of water. this is easily done by completely coating the underside of the sill plate with a heavy layer of suitable sealant before securing it to the foundation pad with anchor bolts. the sill plate must be adequately secured to the floor to prevent the building from moving off the foundation in a high wind. although the plan shows a treated 4 - by - 4 - inch bumper guard adjacent to the sill plate, a 4 - by - 6 - inch guard is recommended ( figure 2 ). this essential component serves two important purposes. first, it protects the walls from being damaged by movement of loaded produce pallets and lift trucks. it also ensures that a suitable air gap is maintained between the produce and the walls. figure 2. bumper guard insulation. thermal energy always flows from warm objects to cold ones. all materials, even good conductors like metals, offer some resistance to the flow of heat. insulation, however, is any material that offers high resistance to the flow of energy. hundreds of different materials have been used at one time or another for thermal insulation. since selecting the proper insulation is one of the most important building decisions you will make, it is important that the material be not only cost effective but also correct for the job. the characteristics of insulation materials differ considerably. suitability for a particular application, not cost, should be the deciding factor in choosing a material. some of the important characteristics that should be considered are the product s r - value, its cost, and the effects of moisture on it. r - value. a measure of an insulation s resistance to the movement of heat is its r - value. the r ( for resistance ) number, is always associated with a thickness ; the higher the r - value, the higher the resistance and the better the insulating properties of the material. the r - value can be given in terms of a 1 - inch - thick layer or in terms of the total thickness of the material. the total resistance to the flow of heat through any insulated wall is simply", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5123356252216054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.512362"} {"text": "insulating properties of the material. the r - value can be given in terms of a 1 - inch - thick layer or in terms of the total thickness of the material. the total resistance to the flow of heat through any insulated wall is simply the sum of the resistances of the individual components. that is, in addition to the thermal resistance of the insulation, the inside and outside sheathing, layers of paint, and even the thin layer of air next to the surface contribute to the wall s overall thermal resistance. although they are highly weather resistant and require little upkeep, metal sheathing materials are very poor insulators. when specifying building materials, be sure to select those with the best combination of economic value and thermal resistance. the r - values of common building materials are listed in table 3. table 3. insulation r - values for common building materials glass wool, mineral wool, or fiberglass 3. 50 fill - type insulation cellulose 3. 50 glass or mineral wool 2. 50 - 3. 00 vermiculite 2. 20 wood shavings or sawdust 2. 22 rigid insulation plain expanded extruded polystyrene 5. 00 expanded rubber 4. 55 expanded polystyrene molded beads 3. 57 aged expanded polyurethane 6. 25 glass fiber 4. 00 polyisocyranuate 8. 00 wood or cane fiber board 2. 50 foamed - in - place insulation sprayed expanded urethane 6. 25 urea - formaldehyde 4. 20 - 5. 50 building materials solid concrete 0. 08 8 - inch concrete block, open core 1. 11 8 - inch lightweight concrete block, open core 2. 00 8 - inch concrete block with vermiculite in core 5. 03 lumber, fir or pine 1. 25 metal siding < 0. 01 3 / 8 - inch plywood 1. 25 0. 47 1 / 2 - inch plywood 1. 25 0. 62 masonite particleboard 1. 06 25 / 32 - inch insulated sheathing 2. 06 1 / 2 - inch sheetrock 0. 45 1 / 2 - inch wood lapsiding 0. 81r - value full thickness material 1 inch thick of materialbatt and blanket insulation cost. the cost of insulation varies considerably with the type, whether expressed in dollars per square foot per inch of thickness or dollars per square foot per unit of thermal resistance ( r ). for example, even though the r - value per inch of polyisocyranuate ( table 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4986749792796113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.513278"} {"text": "considerably with the type, whether expressed in dollars per square foot per inch of thickness or dollars per square foot per unit of thermal resistance ( r ). for example, even though the r - value per inch of polyisocyranuate ( table 3 ) is more than twice that of loose - fill cellulose, the cellulose may actually be less expensive in terms of insulating value per dollar. of the insulation materials commonly used for refrigerated rooms, loose - fill cellulose is usually the least costly, followed by batts and blankets, then various foam sheet materials, and finally sprayed or foamed - in - place materials, which are the most expensive. sprayed - on and foamed - in - place insulations have the added advantage of sealing an otherwise leaky structure and thereby greatly reducing infiltration. sprayed - on foam also significantly reduces labor and material costs because an interior panel wall is not required. certain types of foam insulation may constitute a fire hazard if carelessly handled, and care should therefore be exercised. check local fire and building codes. in selecting any insulation material, carefully consider the cost associated with installation and any additional material costs. effects of moisture. in most types of insulation the flow of heat energy is impeded by small cells of trapped air distributed throughout the material. when the insulation absorbs moisture, the air is replaced by water and the insulating value is greatly reduced. for this reason, insulation should be kept dry at all times. with the exception of most plastic foam insulations, which are essentially waterproof, all insulation materials must be used with a suitable vapor barrier. a 4 - mil polyethylene sheet is normally installed on the warm side ( outside ) of the insulation, the opposite of the normal practice for house construction. this placement prevents the formation of condensation on and within the insulating material. the vapor barrier sheet must be continuous from floor to ceiling. where two sheets join, they should overlap 12 inches and be positively sealed ( for example, with duct tape ). doors and other hardware items. the door is a critical part of a cooling facility. improperly built or maintained doors can waste large quantities of energy. doors should have as much insulation as the walls and should be well weather stripped to reduce the infiltration of warm air. door gaskets should always provide a good seal. door seals can be checked by inserting a thin sheet of paper between the door and the seal area and then closing the door. the seal is acceptable only if resistance is felt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5057242724394708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.514250"} {"text": "of warm air. door gaskets should always provide a good seal. door seals can be checked by inserting a thin sheet of paper between the door and the seal area and then closing the door. the seal is acceptable only if resistance is felt when the paper is pulled out. remember that a large single sliding or swinging door is much easier to keep tight than a set of double swinging doors. all large doors have a tendency to sag over time unless they are diagonally braced and well supported. use only the best grade of hinges and latches. be sure that the door can be opened from the inside. plastic strip curtains are often added to reduce energy loss when the door must remain open for long periods. these curtains allow free entry and exit by people, produce, and fork trucks but block the mixing of inside and outside air, which can waste a substantial amount of energy. although there are many ac - ceptable designs, three door section details that have been proven in actual use are shown in figure 3. figure 3. three acceptable door designs. the optimal storage temperature must be continuously maintained to obtain the full benefit of cold storage. to make sure the storage room can be kept at the desired temperature, calculate the required refrigeration capacity using the most severe conditions expected during operation. these conditions include the mean maximum outside temperature, the maximum amount of produce cooled each day, and the maximum temperature of the produce to be cooled. the total amount of heat that the refrigeration system must remove from the cooling room is called the heat load. if the refrigeration system can be thought of as a heat pump, the refrigerated room can be thought of as a boat leaking in several places with an occasional wave splashing over the side. the leaks and splashes of heat entering a cooling room come from several sources : example. the following example illustrates the method for calculating the amount of refrigeration needed to operate a cold storage facility. two thousand bushels of summer apples are loaded into a storage room 23 feet square and 14 feet high ( inside dimensions ) at the rate of 200 bushels per day. the walls have an insulation value of r - 16, the ceiling a value of r - 20, and the floor a value of r - 11. the cold storage room will be operated at 32 f during august when the mean maximum temperature is 80 f. the average maximum temperature for all 12 months for locations throughout north carolina can be obtained from table 4. table 4. average monthly maximum dry -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5442792300541595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.515268"} {"text": ". the cold storage room will be operated at 32 f during august when the mean maximum temperature is 80 f. the average maximum temperature for all 12 months for locations throughout north carolina can be obtained from table 4. table 4. average monthly maximum dry - bulb temperatures for various north carolina cities city jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec asheboro 48 51 58 69 76 81 84 84 78 69 59 50 asheville 48 51 58 69 76 81 84 84 78 69 59 50 banner elk 42 44 51 61 68 74 76 76 71 62 52 45 elizabeth city 51 53 61 71 78 84 88 87 82 72 63 55 franklin 50 53 61 71 78 83 86 85 80 72 61 53 gastonia 52 56 64 74 81 87 90 89 83 73 63 54 laurinburg 55 59 67 77 83 89 91 91 86 76 67 58 mount airy 48 52 61 72 79 85 88 87 81 71 60 51 new bern 54 57 64 74 80 85 88 88 83 74 66 57 oxford 50 53 62 73 80 86 89 88 82 72 62 53 smithfield 53 56 64 75 82 88 91 90 85 74 65 56 southport 56 57 63 72 79 84 87 87 83 75 67 59 the walls have an r - value of 16 and an area of 4 x ( 23 x 14 ) or 1, 288 square feet. the temperature difference between the inside and outside is 80 f - 32 f, or 48 f. the heat conduction, hc, through the walls is found by multiplying the area of the walls by the temperature difference and dividing the product by the r - value. wall area ( sq ft ) x temp. difference ( f ) hc ( btu / hr ) = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - r - value ( sq ft f / btu ) 1, 288 sq ft x 48 f = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 sq ft f / btu = 3, 864 btu / hr heat conducted through the ceiling is calculated using the same equation. however, since the ceiling usually has a more direct exposure to sunlight and hence a higher temperature, more insulation is installed in it, and the temperature difference in the calculation is increased by 10 f ( that is, 80 f + 10 f = 90 f ). if applicable, the installation of an attic fan will reduce the temperature considerably", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4848604268858816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.517133"} {"text": "higher temperature, more insulation is installed in it, and the temperature difference in the calculation is increased by 10 f ( that is, 80 f + 10 f = 90 f ). if applicable, the installation of an attic fan will reduce the temperature considerably, but the cost of the fan and the electricity to run it should be weighed against the saving in heat conduction. 529 sq ft x 58 f 1, 534 btu / hr = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 heat conducted through the floor is also calculated with this equation. however, since the ground has an average year - round temperature of approximately 55 f in most parts of north carolina, less insulation is put in the floor, and the temperature differential used in the equation is decreased to 23 f. 529 sq ft x ( 55 f - 32 f ) 1, 106 btu / hr = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 the total amount of heat conducted through the walls, ceiling, and floor is the sum of these three calculated values : 3, 864 btu / hr + 1, 534 btu / hr + 1, 106 btu / hr = 6, 504 btu / hr ( walls ) ( ceiling ) ( floor ) ( total ) field heat, fh, is the product of the specific heat, sh, of the crop ( the amount of heat energy it holds per degree ), the difference, dt, between the field temperature and the storage temperature, and the weight, w, of the produce. fh ( btu / hr ) = sh ( btu / lb / f ) x dt ( f ) x w ( lb ) the specific heat of water is 1 btu per pound per degree fahrenheit. since fruits and vegetables are mostly water, their individual specific heat is directly related to their water content and can for practical purposes be estimated as 1. for actual specific heat values, see table 5. for this example, we will use the actual value of 0. 87. this means that 0. 87 btu of heat must be removed to cool 1 pound of apples 1 f. table 5. specific heat and heat of respiration for horticultural crops grown in north carolina respiration - - - - - - - - - - - - - specific heat cool warm commodity ( btu / lb / f ) ( btu / lb / hour ) apples, summer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5605441627426354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.518239"} {"text": "heat of respiration for horticultural crops grown in north carolina respiration - - - - - - - - - - - - - specific heat cool warm commodity ( btu / lb / f ) ( btu / lb / hour ) apples, summer 0. 87 0. 018 0. 340 apples, fall 0. 87 0. 012 0. 240 asparagus 0. 94 0. 245 2. 523 beans, butter 0. 73 0. 123 0. 716 beans, string 0. 91 0. 161 0. 885 beets, topped 0. 90 0. 028 0. 092 blueberries 0. 86 0. 028 0. 748 brambles 0. 87 0. 092 0. 711 broccoli 0. 92 0. 092 1. 376 cabbage 0. 94 0. 023 0. 257 cantaloupes 0. 94 0. 025 0. 305 cucumbers 0. 97 0. 119 0. 170 grapes 0. 86 0. 014 0. 179 green onions 0. 91 0. 096 0. 704 leafy greens 0. 90 0. 100 1. 034 okra 0. 92 0. 257 1. 583 peaches 0. 91 0. 023 0. 466 peas, garden 0. 79 0. 177 1. 651 peas, field 0. 73 0. 160 1. 554 peppers 0. 94 0. 046 0. 252 potatoes 0. 84 0. 028 0. 055 squash 0. 95 0. 161 0. 751 strawberries 0. 92 0. 069 0. 872 sweet corn 0. 79 0. 186 1. 644 sweetpotatoes 0. 75 0. 064 0. 100 tomatoes, mature green 0. 94 0. 030 0. 197 tomatoes, ripening 0. 95 0. 067 0. 188 turnips 0. 93 0. 034 0. 130 watermelons 0. 94 0. 034 0. 110 although a bushel of apples weighs about 45 pounds, we will assume a weight of 50 pounds to take into account the weight of the container, which must also be cooled. the amount of field heat that must be removed is : 0. 87 btu / lb x ( 80 f - 32 f ) x 200 bu x 50 lb / bu = 417, 600 btu since the apples are to be cooled to 32 f in one day, the hourly field heat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4843081518591881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.518939"} {"text": "removed is : 0. 87 btu / lb x ( 80 f - 32 f ) x 200 bu x 50 lb / bu = 417, 600 btu since the apples are to be cooled to 32 f in one day, the hourly field heat load is 417, 600 btu divided by 24 hours, or 17, 400 btu per hour. on the last day of harvest, the storage facility will contain 1, 800 bushels of cool apples and 200 bushels of field - warm apples. at this time the respiration heat load generated by the stored crop will be the largest. table 5 shows that field - warm summer apples pro - duce about 0. 340 btu per pound per hour, whereas properly cooled summer apples produce only 0. 018 btu per pound per hour. thus field - warm apples pro - duce nearly 19 times as much heat by respiration as do cool apples. since the freshly harvested ( warm ) apples will be cooled to their proper storage temperature within one day, the heat of respiration used in the calculation will be the average of the values. the average is : 0. 340 + 0. 018 - - - - - - - - - - - - - = 0. 179 btu / lb / hr 2 the weight, w, of the 1, 800 bushels of cool apples is approximately : w = 1, 800 bu x 50 lb / bu = 90, 000 lb the heat of respiration of the cool apples, hrc, is : hrc = 90, 000 lb x 0. 018 btu / lb / hr = 1, 620 btu / hr the weight, w, of the 200 bushels of warm apples is approximately : w = 200 bu x 50 lb / bu = 10, 000 lb the average respiration rate, as given previously, is 0. 179 btu per pound per hour. therefore the heat of respiration for the warm apples, hrw, is : hrw = 10, 000 lb x 0. 179 btu / hr = 1, 790 btu / hr to obtain the total heat of respiration, hrt, we add the value for cool and warm apples : hrt = 1, 620 btu / hr + 1, 790 btu / hr = 3, 410 btu / hr sl = 0. 10 x ( 6, 504 + 17, 400 + 3, 410 btu / hr ) = 2, 731 btu / hr the total heat load is the sum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5690680373598338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.519704"} {"text": "/ hr = 3, 410 btu / hr sl = 0. 10 x ( 6, 504 + 17, 400 + 3, 410 btu / hr ) = 2, 731 btu / hr the total heat load is the sum from all four sources, as shown in table 6. table 6. total heat load for example cooling facility 1. heat conductance walls 3, 864 ceiling 1, 534 floor 1, 106 6, 504 btu / hr 2. field heat 200 bushels per day at 80 f 17, 400 btu / hr 3. heat of respiration 200 bushels warm apples 1, 790 1, 800 bushels cold apples 1, 620 3, 410 btu / hr subtotal 27, 314 btu / hr 4. service load 10 % of subtotal 2, 731 btu / hr total heat load 30, 045 btu / hr the approximate proportion of the total heat load contributed by each of the four sources is : heat conduction.... 21. 6 percent field heat....... 57. 9 percent heat of respiration.. 11. 3 percent service load...... 9. 1 percent as discussed previously, refrigeration systems are rated by how much heat they will move or displace in a given length of time. the standard unit of rating is the ton. since 1 ton of refrigeration equals 288, 000 btu per 24 hours, or 12, 000 btu per hour, the refrigeration capacity, rc, for a unit that would just handle the heat load in the previous example under the conditions described would be : 30, 061 btu / hr rc = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12, 000 btu / hr ton = 2. 51 tons a 2. 51 - ton refrigeration unit would need to run continuously to keep the temperature in this storage facility at 32 f under the conditions listed above. if the conditions used in this calculation were changed, a 2. 51 - ton unit could be either too large or too small to maintain the desired storage temperature. the capacity needed to maintain a temperature of 32 f would increase if : for example, if harvesting were increased to 400 bushels of apples per day, the total heat load would increase to nearly 51, 000 btu per hour. a 4 1 / 4 - ton unit running continuously would be required to maintain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5546192536316821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.521904"} {"text": "increase if : for example, if harvesting were increased to 400 bushels of apples per day, the total heat load would increase to nearly 51, 000 btu per hour. a 4 1 / 4 - ton unit running continuously would be required to maintain a storage temperature of 32 f under these conditions. in practice, it is advisable in selecting a refrigeration system to add reserve capacity to the calculated rating as a protection against overloads. of particular interest is the fact that refrigeration systems, for reasons to be discussed later, are operated for a total of only 16 to 20 hours per day. the total capacity of the system must be increased, therefore, to compensate for the \" off time. \" for example, if the system described in the example were to operate for only 16 hours per day, it would need to be 24 / 16, or 1. 5 times as large - - that is, 3. 77 tons instead of 2. 51 tons. furthermore, it is good practice to increase the capacity of the system by a chilling rate factor. the rate at which heat is removed from the produce is not constant during the cycle but is greatest at the beginning. if the capacity of the system is not sufficient to overcome the thermal inertia of the produce, cooling time may increase above the specified limits for the product. to compensate, a chilling rate factor of 1. 5 is applied to most fresh fruits and vegetables. this factor is applied in addition to the on - time factor. thus the actual refrigeration system capacity, rc, required for the example facility would be : rc = 2. 51 x 1. 5 x 1. 5 = 5. 65 tons in the example, field heat accounts for 58. 9 percent of the total heat load. once field heat has been removed from the crop, much less refrigeration capacity is required to maintain the storage temperature. while 5. 65 tons of refrigeration are needed to cool the apples in the example, about 2 1 / 2 tons are needed to maintain a constant temperature after they have reached 32 f. therefore, anything that can be done to lower the temperature of the crop brought into the storage facility will significantly reduce the initial heat load, thus reducing the cost of the refrigeration equipment needed and the electrical energy to operate it. harvesting early or late in the day or even at night helps reduce refrigeration cost. some large growers of highly perishable crops have started harvesting \" under the lights \" to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5462310954804035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.523237"} {"text": "cooling coils. however, the colder the coil surface, the more water vapor from the air will condense on the coils, either as a liquid or as ice. evaporator coil condensation represents wasted refrigeration capacity and should be minimized. allowing hot, humid air to enter the cooling room is particularly costly because the refrigeration system must not only cool the air but also condense the additional water vapor. figure 4. evaporator coils inside a cooling room. besides substantially reducing the energy efficiency of the system, condensation of water reduces the relative humidity of the air. since the optimum storage humidity for most produce is 90 percent or greater, either moisture must be added with a humidifier or the difference between the air and coil temperatures must be minimized. the temperature difference can be reduced by increasing the size of the coils enough that the air - to - coil temperature differential is 5 f or less. not all refrigeration contractors are aware of the special needs of produce cooling, so when purchasing a system be sure to specify a 5 f maximum air - to - coil differential. the system will be slightly more expensive, but the benefits will soon pay for the difference in cost. table 8 lists the recommended maximum coil - to - air temperature differential for various relative humidities. table 8. maximum evaporator design temperature differential desired relative design temperature humidity differential ( percent ) ( f ) 98 5 95 8 92 9 90 10 88 11 86 12 84 13 82 14 80 15 76 16 70 18 if the cooling room temperature is below 36 f, the coil temperature must be below freezing, and ice will therefore accumulate on the coil surface. the ice acts as an insulator, greatly reducing the coil ' s capacity to absorb heat from the air. this ice must be removed periodically by some type of defrosting mechanism, such as electrical resistance heaters, a warm water spray, or the momentary reversing of the refrigerant flow. if the refrigeration system has sufficient capacity, it may be allowed to remain off for 6 to 8 hours to let the ice melt naturally without adding supplemental heat. mechanisms designed specifically to aid de - frosting introduce heat into the room to melt evapor - ator ice, thus adding to the total cooling load. the amount of heat added, although small, should be taken into account when calculating refrigeration unit size. sanitation and maintenance. it is essential that storage rooms and containers be clean and sanitary. all accumulation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.522222118111948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.525243"} {"text": "thus adding to the total cooling load. the amount of heat added, although small, should be taken into account when calculating refrigeration unit size. sanitation and maintenance. it is essential that storage rooms and containers be clean and sanitary. all accumulations of condensation water should be piped outside. clean all storage rooms thoroughly before filling them. if molds are found growing inside the room, disinfect the surfaces with a 0. 25 percent solution of sodium hypochlorite ( 1 gallon of household chlorine bleach in 20 gallons of water ) applied with a high - pressure washer. allow the room surfaces to air dry for several days. refrigeration coils, fans, and ducts should be inspected and cleaned regularly. refrigeration coils in particular can become clogged with dust and dirt, substantially decreasing their thermal efficiency. temperature control. in controlling a cooling facility, the most important temperature is that of the produce, not the air. measuring the air temperature will not correctly indicate produce temperature because the heat of respiration always raises the temperature of the produce above that of the surrounding air. put thermometers and thermostat sensing elements into the produce or at least into the produce container. directly measuring the temperature of the pulp ( interior of the product ) is the only accurate way to determine the produce temperature. it is good practice to use several pulp thermometers in various locations to obtain an accurate temperature reading. thermostats and wet - bulb thermometers should be recalibrated from time to time with an accurate mercury thermometer. humidistats can be checked for accuracy with a sling psychrometer. if possible, avoid positioning the sensing elements of controllers on the exterior walls or ceiling. typical temperature controllers are shown in figure 5. figure 5. temperature controllers. the produce temperature and the humidity must be monitored frequently during cooling and storage to prevent undercooling and chill injury. also, maintaining the proper temperature and humidity becomes more important with increasing time in storage. container design and positioning. the movement of air inside the cooling room helps conduct heat away from the produce. produce containers should be designed and stacked to allow sufficient air circulation to enhance the cooling rate and keep the crop at the optimum storage temperature. evaporator coil fans may be positioned to aid air circulation inside the cooling room. for the rapid cooling required by many horticultural crops, it may be necessary to move cool air past the produce with additional fans.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49769864827503146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.526261"} {"text": "crop at the optimum storage temperature. evaporator coil fans may be positioned to aid air circulation inside the cooling room. for the rapid cooling required by many horticultural crops, it may be necessary to move cool air past the produce with additional fans. fans designed and operated specifically to force cold air through produce containers can reduce cooling time by more than 80 percent if sufficient refrigeration capacity is available. although cooling increases production cost, it is essential to maintaining high product quality. no amount of cooling, however, will improve poor - quality produce. if you wish to have high - quality produce after cooling and storage, you must start with high - quality produce. maintaining quality requires harvesting the crop at the correct stage of maturity ; handling it with tender, loving care ; and quickly cooling it to the proper storage temperature. many factors must be considered when planning and building a cooling facility. among them are how it is to be used, the types and amounts of produce to be cooled and stored, and the desired refrigeration capacity. the correct size of a cooling facility cannot be determined strictly on a \" square foot per acre \" basis. similarly, the capacity of the refrigeration system needed cannot be accurately determined solely on the basis of the floor area or volume of the facility. by taking the time to follow the design procedures described in this publication, you can assure yourself that the facility you build will be adequate to meet your needs under all foreseeable conditions. update : 28 / 02 / 2002", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.53217045661431, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.526899"} {"text": "topic : tsarskoye selo january 15th marked the 180th anniversary of the death of saint seraphim of sarov. in honour of this anniversary, a cross was erected in memory of an unfinished church which stood on the spot in 1916. the church was to constructed in honour of the miraculous escape of anna vyrubova, friend and confidant of the empress alexandra feodorovna, who survived a horrific train disaster on january 2 [ o. s. ], 1915. at the initiative of vyruobova, the saint seraphim hospital was opened, designed for russian soldiers officers wounded during world war one. the hospital could hold up to 50 patients at one time. in the spring of 1916, empress alexandra allocated a plot of land for the construction of hospital buildings and the saint seraphim of sarov church. a cross was erected on the spot where the church would be constructed. on november 5 [ o. s. ], 1916, a liturgy was held during the laying of the foundation stone for the new church. the service was attended by emperor nicholas ii and his family, anna vyrubova, and members of the clergy. sadly, the outbreak of the february revolution in 1917 and other subsequent events prevented further construction of the church. the church was nothing more than a simple wooden frame measuring 20 x 20 meters. after the revolution the church was destroyed. some sources say it was burnt to the ground, while others maintain that it was dismantled for firewood by locals. one point of interest is that it was here that rasputin ' s body was buried on december 21, 1916, on the north side of the church. his final resting place was disrupted in march 1917 by the bolsheviks, who dug up his remains and subsequently destroyed them. \u00a9 paul gilbert @ royal russia. 18 january, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39790210960281924, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.528607"} {"text": "about one - third of cancer deaths in 2012 will be caused by tobacco use, and another third will be related to overweight or obesity, physical inactivity, and poor nutrition, according to the american cancer society ' s annual report, cancer statistics, 2012. released yesterday, the report says that death rates continue to decline for lung, colon, breast, and prostate cancers, which are responsible for the most cancer deaths. however, there has been an increase in the past decade of people developing some less common cancers, including pancreas, liver, thyroid, and kidney cancer. a total of 1, 638, 910 new cancer cases and 577, 190 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in the united states in 2012. between 1990 / 1991 and 2008, the most recent year for which data is available, overall death rates decreased by about 23 % in men and 15 % in women. this translates to more than 1 million cancer deaths that were avoided. the rates of new cancer cases and cancer deaths vary quite a bit among racial and ethnic groups. for all cancer sites combined, african - american men have a 15 % higher rate of new cancer cases and a 33 % higher death rate than white men. african - american women have a 6 % lower rate of new cancer cases, but a 16 % higher death rate than white women. however, in the past decade, african - american men had the most rapid decline in death rates, at 2. 4 % per year. a companion piece to the report, cancer facts & figures 2012 highlights cancers with increasing incidence trends. despite a decline in the rates of the most common cancers, there has been an increase in the rates of several less common cancers : pancreas, liver, thyroid, kidney, melanoma of the skin, esophageal adenocarcinoma ( a kind of esophagus cancer ), and some kinds of throat cancer associated with hpv ( human papillomavirus ) infection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42067722491428794, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.531934"} {"text": "saturday 15 june giant clam ( tridacna gigas ) giant clam fact file - find out more - print factsheet giant clam description this enormous shellfish is the largest species of bivalve mollusc in the fossil record, and the heaviest of all the living molluscs ( 4 ). like all bivalve molluscs, the shell of the giant clam ( tridacna gigas ) consists of two valves, although in the larger giant clams these cannot close completely ( 6 ). the shell is extremely thick and lacks bony plates ; when viewed from above, each valve has four to five inward facing triangular projections ( 6 ). the mantle of the giant clam is visible between the two shells, and is a golden brown, yellow or green, although there may be such an abundance of small blue - green circles that the overwhelming impression is of a beautiful iridescent colour ( 6 ) ( 7 ). a number of pale or clear spots on the mantle, known as ' windows ', allow sunlight to filter in through the mantle ( 6 ). the mantle of the giant clam is completely fused with the exception of two holes ( or ' siphons ' ). the gills are visible through the inhalant siphon, while the exhalent siphon is tube - like and is capable of expelling a large volume of water during spawning, or if the giant clam \u2019 s shells close suddenly ( 5 ) ( 7 ). - benitier geant. giant clam biology adult giant clams are completely sessile, unable to move from their position on the coral reef. they reproduce by expelling sperm and eggs into the sea ( 6 ), where fertilization occurs. the fertilised eggs quickly enter a swimming stage ( where they are known as trochophores ), before entering a planktonic stage ( 7 ). during this stage, the larvae, ( known as ' veligers ' ), inhabit the open ocean for one week, before settling in the substrate. if a clam is disturbed it will close its shell valves ( 6 ). giant clams have an inhalant siphon, which they use to draw in seawater that is then filtered for planktonic food ( 6 ). the majority of the clam ' s nutrients, however, are obtained by a mutually beneficial relationship with minute algae known as zooxanthellae ( 6 ). these plant - like algae exist in delicate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46425119852100993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.541721"} {"text": "filtered for planktonic food ( 6 ). the majority of the clam ' s nutrients, however, are obtained by a mutually beneficial relationship with minute algae known as zooxanthellae ( 6 ). these plant - like algae exist in delicate tubules which are extensions of the stomach ( 8 ). the algae gain protection from predation by being associated with such a large organism, while the clam obtains the carbon by - products of photosynthesis ( 9 ). giant clams also provide protection for a species of pea crab ( xanthasia murigera ) ; a single pair will often be found living within the cavity of the clam ( 5 ). top giant clam rangetop giant clam habitat the giant clam inhabits warm tropical waters on reef flats and shallow lagoons to a depth of up to 20 metres ( 6 ). top giant clam statustop giant clam threats giant clams have been extensively harvested for their meat and to supply the aquarium trade with such exotic specimens ( 6 ). unable to sustain this exploitation, populations are now showing signs of decline ; tridacna gigas have not been seen in fiji for over 50 years, primarily as a result of past over - collection for food ( 2 ). top giant clam conservation these clams are listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ), which requires a permit to be granted before giant clams can be exported ( 3 ). there has been considerable success with farming ( 10 ), which may help to alleviate the pressure on wild populations in the long - term. farmed clams may also be used in restocking programmes, where numbers have become severely restricted in the wild. giant clams were reintroduced to tongan waters in 1990 ( 2 ), from quarantined - reared stocks cultured in australia under the australian centre for international agricultural research and james cook university giant clam project ( 11 ). these enormous molluscs have inspired awe for centuries and effective protection measures are vital if they are to be adequately conserved for future generations. top authenticated ( 25 / 02 / 08 ) by dr rick braley, aquasearch lab, aquarium and consultancies, queensland, australia. - simple plants that lack roots, stems and leaves but contain the green pigment chlorophyll. most occur in marine and freshwater habitats. - in this group of aquatic molluscs the soft parts are encased in a shell consisting of two parts known as valves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45220378253594085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.542678"} {"text": "roots, stems and leaves but contain the green pigment chlorophyll. most occur in marine and freshwater habitats. - in this group of aquatic molluscs the soft parts are encased in a shell consisting of two parts known as valves. - stage in an animal \u2019 s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg. larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce. - in molluscs, a fold of skin that encloses a space known as the mantle cavity, which contains the gills. the mantle is responsible for the secretion of the shell. - a diverse group of invertebrates, mainly marine, that have one or all of the following ; a horny, toothed ribbon in the mouth ( the radula ), a shell covering the upper surface of the body, and a mantle or mantle cavity with a type of gill. includes snails, slugs, shellfish, octopuses and squid. - metabolic process characteristic of plants in which carbon dioxide is broken down, using energy from sunlight absorbed by the green pigment chlorophyll. organic compounds are made and oxygen is given off as a by - product. - aquatic organisms that drift with water movements ; may be either phytoplankton ( plants ), or zooplankton ( animals ). - in molluscs, a tube - like structure through which water passes into or out of the mantle cavity. - the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water. - a type of marine larva with several bands of cilia ( hair - like projections ). by moving the cilia, the trochophore can control the direction of its movement. iucn red list ( february, 2008 ) - spalding, m. d., ravilious, c. and green, e. p. ( 2001 ) world atlas of coral reefs. university of california press, berkeley. cites ( august, 2002 ) - wye, k. ( 1991 ) the illustrated encyclopedia of shells. quintet publishing limited, london. - mead and beckett publishing. ( 1984 ) reader ' s digest book of the great barrier reef. reader ' s digest, sydney. animal diversity web - tridacna gigas, giant clam ( august, 2002 ) - braley, r. d. ( 2008 ) pers. comm. - norton, j. h. and jones, g. w. ( 1992 ) the giant clam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5310375942306967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.543666"} {"text": "for - profit, for their not - for - profit conservation or not - for - profit educational purposes. low resolution, watermarked images may be copied from this website by such end users for such purposes. if you require high resolution or non - watermarked versions of the material, please contact wildscreen with details of your proposed use. creative commons material certain material on this website has been licensed to wildscreen under a creative commons licence. these images are clearly marked with the creative commons buttons and may be used by end users only in the way allowed by the specific creative commons licence under which they have been submitted. please see http : / / creativecommons. org for details. any other use please contact the copyright owners directly ( copyright and contact details are shown for each media item ) to negotiate terms and conditions for any use of material other than those expressly permitted above. please note that many of the contributors to arkive are commercial operators and may request a fee for such use. save as permitted above, no person or organisation is permitted to incorporate any copyright material from this website into any other work or publication in any format ( this includes but is not limited to : websites, apps, cds, dvds, intranets, extranets, signage, digital communications or on printed materials for external or other distribution ). use of the material for promotional, administrative or for - profit purposes is not permitted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45120149252224984, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.545271"} {"text": "saturday 15 june giant otter ( pteronura brasiliensis ) giant otter fact file - find out more - print factsheet giant otter description the giant otter, known through much of its range as the ' river wolf ', is one of south america ' s top carnivores and is the largest of the otter species in terms of total length. the muscular, sinuous body is covered with velvety, brown fur, which is dense and water - repellent. a patch of cream colouring is present on the throat and chin, the pattern of which is unique to each individual from birth. the giant otter has short legs and large webbed feet which, along with the wing - like tail, allow the otter to move quickly through the water. the movement of prey is detected by the large eyes and sensitive whiskers ( 2 ) ( 4 ). - loutre geante du bresil. - arirai, lobito de cola ancha, lobo de rio, lobo de rio grande, lobo del rio, lobo gargantilla. - male length : 1. 5 - 1. 8 m ( 2 ) - female length : 1. 5 - 1. 7 m ( 2 ) - male weight : 26 - 32 kg ( 2 ) - female weight : 22 - 26 kg ( 2 ) giant otter biology the giant otter generally lives in family groups of three to ten individuals, composed of a monogamous, breeding pair and their offspring born during previous years ( 2 ) ( 6 ). these groups rest, play, travel, fish and sleep together. members of the group use communal latrines where they rub their faeces and urine into the earth with their paws, in order to advertise the group ' s residency ( 2 ) ( 6 ). breeding can take place throughout the year, although most young are born during the dry season. litter size varies from one to six cubs, following a 64 to 72 day gestation ( 7 ). the new cubs are cared for by both the adults and older siblings. at two to three weeks the cubs are put in the water by the female, and at three to four months the cubs begin hunting and travelling with the family. the young are weaned at six months, and are efficient hunters by the age of ten months, although they remain with the family group for at least another year ; sexual maturity is attained at age 2. 5 years, after which many young adults disperse ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44425114318702896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.552787"} {"text": "and are efficient hunters by the age of ten months, although they remain with the family group for at least another year ; sexual maturity is attained at age 2. 5 years, after which many young adults disperse ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ). the giant otter is diurnal. although highly adapted to its amphibious lifestyle, and despite its clumsy appearance on land, giant otters may travel several hundreds of metres between areas of water ( 2 ) ( 6 ). the diet is composed almost exclusively of fish, but it is also known to eat caimans, anacondas, other snakes and even the occasional turtle ( 2 ) ( 6 ). top giant otter range this species is endemic to south america ( except chile ), east of the andes mountain chain. currently, it is almost or completely absent from argentina and uruguay ( 4 ), and very rare in paraguay. the giant otter is seen within the orinoco, amazon and la plata river systems ( 5 ). top giant otter habitat key factors influencing giant otter habitat preference are the presence of non - floodable banks with vegetation cover and easy access to hunting areas with an abundance of vulnerable prey in relatively shallow waters ( 2 ). top giant otter statustop giant otter threats up until the late 1970s the giant otter was excessively hunted for its valuable fur ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ), with its naturally curious disposition making it a particularly easy target. the fur trade is less of a threat today thanks to protective legislation, but illegal killing does still occur, often due to perceived conflict with fishermen. some cubs are taken from the wild to be kept as pets ( 4 ), and usually die in the hands of inexperienced caretakers. habitat loss and fragmentation, and pollution are currently the major threats to the survival of the giant otter, with the areas in which they live being destroyed and degraded by mining, logging, and damming ( 2 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ). top giant otter conservation the giant otter is protected through much of its range and is listed on appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ), which effectively bans international trade ( 3 ). in 1990, the iucn developed an action plan for the conservation of otter species. it recommended a number of conservation measures for the giant otter, including continuing studies on the ecology and requirements of this remarkable species, improving the management of existing protected areas in which it occurs, and stricter regulations to prevent the escape of toxic waste from factories, human settlements and agriculture into the surrounding rivers and wetlands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3715846419932035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.554731"} {"text": ", including continuing studies on the ecology and requirements of this remarkable species, improving the management of existing protected areas in which it occurs, and stricter regulations to prevent the escape of toxic waste from factories, human settlements and agriculture into the surrounding rivers and wetlands. education campaigns are also required to raise awareness of the plight of this fascinating species ( 8 ). the charismatic giant otter also plays an important role in nature tourism that may provide some financial incentives for protection measures ( 6 ). top find out more learn more about the giant otter and its conservation : giant otter research : iucn otter specialist group : giant otter corner : bbc wildlife finder : authenticated ( 13 / 06 / 11 ) by jessica groenendijk, academic visitor, wildlife conservation research unit, university of oxford. - an organism that feeds on flesh. the term can also be used to refer to a mammal in the order carnivora. - active during the day. - a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. - having only one mate during a breeding season, or throughout the breeding life of a pair. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2010. 4 ( june, 2011 ) - duplaix, n. ( 1980 ) observations on the ecology and behaviour of the giant river otter pteronura brasiliensis in suriname. revue d ' ecologie : la terre et la vie, 34 : 496 - 620. cites ( june, 2011 ) - macdonald, d. w. ( 2009 ) the encyclopedia of mammals. oxford university press, oxford. - carter, s. k. and rosas, f. c. w. ( 1997 ) biology and conservation of the giant otter pteronura brasiliensis. mammal review, 27 ( 1 ) : 1 - 26. - groenendijk, j. and hajek, f. ( 2006 ) giants of the madre de dios. frankfurt zoological society \u2013 help for threatened wildlife, lima, peru. - sykes - gatz, s. ( 2005 ) international giant otter studbook husbandry and management information and guidelines. zoo dortmund, germany. - foster - turley, p., macdonald, s. and mason, c. ( 1990 ) otters : an action plan for their survival. iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk. more \u00bb related species play the team wild game myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4853208921711861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.556471"} {"text": "survival. iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk. more \u00bb related species play the team wild game myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends. terms and conditions of use of materials copyright in this website and materials contained on this website ( material ) belongs to wildscreen or its licensors. visitors to this website ( end users ) are entitled to : - view the contents of, and material on, the website ; - download and retain copies of the material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use ; - teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the material in their educational material ( including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects ) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the end user. end users shall not copy or otherwise extract, alter or manipulate material other than as permitted in these terms and conditions of use of materials. additional use of flagged material green flagged material certain material on this website ( licence 4 material ) displays a green flag next to the material and is available for not - for - profit conservation or educational use. this material may be used by end users, who are individuals or organisations that are in our opinion not - for - profit, for their not - for - profit conservation or not - for - profit educational purposes. low resolution, watermarked images may be copied from this website by such end users for such purposes. if you require high resolution or non - watermarked versions of the material, please contact wildscreen with details of your proposed use. creative commons material certain material on this website has been licensed to wildscreen under a creative commons licence. these images are clearly marked with the creative commons buttons and may be used by end users only in the way allowed by the specific creative commons licence under which they have been submitted. please see http : / / creativecommons. org for details. any other use please contact the copyright owners directly ( copyright and contact details are shown for each media item ) to negotiate terms and conditions for any use of material other than those expressly permitted above. please note that many of the contributors to arkive are commercial operators and may request a fee for such use. save as permitted above, no person or organisation is permitted to incorporate any copyright material from this website into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.481868468991263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.557642"} {"text": "saturday 15 june prairie skink ( plestiodon septentrionalis ) prairie skink fact file - find out more - print factsheet prairie skink description the prairie skink ( plestiodon septentrionalis ), sometimes called the black - banded skink ( 3 ), is a highly secretive north american reptile ( 4 ). this species can be identified by its olive - brown or grey colouration ( 4 ), with alternating stripes of light olive to black ( 4 ). these stripes extend from the skink \u2019 s smooth, shiny body onto its tail ( 2 ). the underparts of the prairie skink, including its belly, chest, chin, throat, and the soles of its feet, are typically cream or pale yellow ( 4 ). the limbs tend to be darker above than below ( 4 ). the tail comprises about half the total length of the prairie skink, and the female is larger than the male ( 4 ). the juvenile prairie skink exhibits a bright blue tail ( 2 ). two subspecies of prairie skink are recognised : the northern prairie skink ( plestiodon septentrionalis septentrionalis ) and the southern prairie skink ( plestiodon septentrionalis obtusirostris ) ( 5 ). the southern subspecies can be distinguished from the northern subspecies by its smaller size and by the absence of, or greatly reduced, mid - dorsal markings ( 2 ). - also known as - northern prairie skink. - eumeces septentrionalis. top naturenorth - biology of the northern prairie skink : - a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. - genetic diversity - the variety of genes within a particular species, population or breed causing differences in morphology, physiology and behaviour. - the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth. - a winter survival strategy in which the animal passes the winter in a resting state. this period of inactivity is characterised by specific biological and biochemical changes including lowered blood pressure and respiration rate. in reptiles, this is also known as brumation. - home range - the area occupied by an animal during routine activities, which is not actively defended. - the act of incubating eggs, that is, keeping them warm so that development is possible. - a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45047886449836194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.565872"} {"text": "act of incubating eggs, that is, keeping them warm so that development is possible. - a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species. iucn red list ( august, 2011 ) - conant, r. and collins, j. t. ( 1998 ) a field guide to reptiles and amphibians, eastern / central north america. houghton mifflin, new york. - clarke, r. ( 1955 ) observations on eumeces s. septentrionalis in kansas. herpetologica, 11 : 161 - 164. naturenorth - biology of the northern prairie skink ( august, 2011 ) - somma, l. and cochran, p. a. ( 1989 ) bibliography and subject index of the prairie skink, eumeces septentrionalis ( baird ) ( saura : scincidae ). great basin naturalist, 49 : 525 - 534. cosewic - prairie skink ( august, 2011 ) missouri prairie foundation ( august, 2011 ) natureserve explorer ( august, 2011 ) - view the contents of, and material on, the website ; - download and retain copies of the material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use ; - teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the material in their educational material ( including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects ) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the end user. prairie skink biology for seven months of the year, the prairie skink take refuge underground, when the air temperature becomes too cold to ensure its survival. it locates or excavates a burrow, where it will hibernate for several months, using stored body fat as its only means of energy. the prairie skink emerges from hibernation in the spring, usually sometime between late april and early may ( 4 ). the male prairie skink emerges first and begins to prepare for the breeding season. the jaws and throat of the male skink take on a bright orange colouration, which is at its most vibrant at the start of the breeding season. the prairie skink continues to breed throughout the spring and early summer. during courtship, the male shows interest in a female by arching his tail and gently nud", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5037588889430413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.566780"} {"text": "orange colouration, which is at its most vibrant at the start of the breeding season. the prairie skink continues to breed throughout the spring and early summer. during courtship, the male shows interest in a female by arching his tail and gently nudging and biting the female \u2019 s torso. this display may continue for up to 15 minutes, after which copulation then takes place ( 4 ). the pregnant female digs a shallow nest site in an area of loose, moist soil in preparation for her eggs ( 1 ). after a gestation period of about 40 days ( 4 ), the female prairie skink lays a clutch of 4 to 18 eggs, with larger females laying bigger clutches ( 5 ). during incubation, the female is able to sense subtle alterations in humidity levels, and will move the eggs around the nest site, rolling them with her nose, or using her mouth or tail. after an incubation period of about 30 days, the hatchlings begin to emerge. at this time, the female will leave the nest and the young are on their own ( 4 ). the young continue to grow at a rate of about one millimetre per day ( 4 ) and reach sexual maturity in two years ( 5 ). outside of the breeding season, the prairie skink spends most of its time under cover, becoming more active from mid - morning to mid - afternoon when temperatures increase ( 4 ). this species feeds on a variety of prey, including spiders, snails, insects and small lizards ( 5 ). cannibalism has also been noted, with adults eating juveniles ( 4 ). when threatened by a predator, the prairie skink has an unusual escape mechanism. it will present its tail and shake it vigorously, allowing the predator to grab hold of the tail. when it does, the tail drops off, enabling the skink to scurry for cover. after dropping the tail, the wound quickly heals and a new tail begins to grow ( 4 ). top prairie skink range the northern subspecies of the prairie skink occurs from western wisconsin and minnesota to kansas, with an isolated population in southern manitoba. the southern prairie skink ranges from east - central texas to south - central kansas, with another isolated population in the far south of texas ( 2 ). top prairie skink habitat the primary habitat of the prairie skink, as its name suggest, is the prairies of north america ( 3 ). however, it can also be found in a variety of other habitats, with soil type", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4031879015293655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.567799"} {"text": "2 ). top prairie skink habitat the primary habitat of the prairie skink, as its name suggest, is the prairies of north america ( 3 ). however, it can also be found in a variety of other habitats, with soil type being the main factor in its distribution ( 4 ). the prairie skink typically occupies areas of soft loamy sands ( a mix of sand, silt and clay ) ( 4 ), loose soil, and gravel ( 2 ), commonly taking up dwelling in sand hills and dunes ( 4 ). this species can tolerate moist or dry conditions ( 3 ). the prairie skink is highly opportunistic, and will take cover under a variety of natural and manmade structures, from large stones to wooden boards ( 3 ). the prairie skink will often find or create a shallow burrow for itself ( 2 ). top prairie skink status the prairie skink is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ). top prairie skink threats the primary threat to the prairie skink is human interference to its habitat ( 4 ). the prairie skink \u2019 s native prairies are being fragmented and lost due to cultivation ( 6 ) and the development of housing areas, roadways, and factories, as well as fire suppression and the overabundance of grazing cattle. as a result of these threats, the flora of prairies is changing, with an increase in forested areas and exotic species, both of which can change the soil makeup. as this reptile cannot fulfill its normal life cycles without sandy soils, it is unable to survive in these encroaching forests ( 4 ). top prairie skink conservation conservation of the prairie skink centres on the preservation of its habitat ( 1 ). many organizations have been established with the aim of protecting the biological and genetic diversity of the flora and fauna of north american prairies ( 7 ). this species is also found in many protected areas within its range ( 1 ). the prairie skink receives various conservation designations throughout the u. s. and canada, ranging from \u2018 secure \u2019 to \u2018 critically imperiled \u2019, affording different levels of protection ( 8 ). top find out more find out more about the prairie skink : this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact : more \u00bb related species play the team wild game myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3612379831637083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.568835"} {"text": "by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact : more \u00bb related species play the team wild game myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends. terms and conditions of use of materials copyright in this website and materials contained on this website ( material ) belongs to wildscreen or its licensors. visitors to this website ( end users ) are entitled to : end users shall not copy or otherwise extract, alter or manipulate material other than as permitted in these terms and conditions of use of materials. additional use of flagged material green flagged material certain material on this website ( licence 4 material ) displays a green flag next to the material and is available for not - for - profit conservation or educational use. this material may be used by end users, who are individuals or organisations that are in our opinion not - for - profit, for their not - for - profit conservation or not - for - profit educational purposes. low resolution, watermarked images may be copied from this website by such end users for such purposes. if you require high resolution or non - watermarked versions of the material, please contact wildscreen with details of your proposed use. creative commons material certain material on this website has been licensed to wildscreen under a creative commons licence. these images are clearly marked with the creative commons buttons and may be used by end users only in the way allowed by the specific creative commons licence under which they have been submitted. please see http : / / creativecommons. org for details. any other use please contact the copyright owners directly ( copyright and contact details are shown for each media item ) to negotiate terms and conditions for any use of material other than those expressly permitted above. please note that many of the contributors to arkive are commercial operators and may request a fee for such use. save as permitted above, no person or organisation is permitted to incorporate any copyright material from this website into any other work or publication in any format ( this includes but is not limited to : websites, apps, cds, dvds, intranets, extranets, signage, digital communications or on printed materials for external or other distribution ). use of the material for promotional, administrative or for - profit purposes is not permitted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4845001339497312, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.570142"} {"text": "madeira is an archipelago located in the atlantic ocean. it is an autonomous region of the portuguese territory, formed by the island of madeira, porto santo and two groups of smaller islands called the desertas and the selvagens islands. only madeira island and porto santo are inhabited islands. the island of madeira is the bigger with 741 km\u00b2, 57 km in length and 22 km wide. the highest place in the island is called pico ruivo at 1862m ( 6107 feet ). the desertas islands are classified as world reservations for the veg species and for being the only place in the world where a species of seawell can be found. at the north of the island of madeira it is situated the indigenous laurisilva forest which covered the whole island when it was discovered by portuguese sailors in 1418. the settlers set fire to a vast area of the island in order to convert it into farming land ( this are the origins of the islands name, madeira means wood in portuguese ). the laurisilva forest existing in the north of the island is a nature reserve kept in its original sate and is designated as a world heritage site by unesco. madeira wine at the madeira wine festival the island is famous for its madeira wine, embroidery artisans, flowers, striking scenery, its spectacular fireworks show commomerating the new years eve, and mild pleasant climate through all year. the climate of the island is classified as subtropical. its mountains, landscapes and geographical positions allows a temperature usually no more that 24 c in the summer and usually no less the 16 c ( 61 f ) in the winter. sea water temperature are 16 c in the winter and 22 in the summer due to the influence of the gulf stream. economy and politics madeira is an autonomous region belonging to the portuguese territory. it is a stable region regarding economy and politics. its president is cherished by the majority of his people and he has been the president of the island for the last 30 years, always reelected by the people votes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4391335228432576, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.573400"} {"text": "from the art and popular culture encyclopedia pompeii is a ruined roman city near modern naples in the italian region of campania, in the territory of the comune of pompei. it, along with herculaneum were destroyed, and completely buried, during a catastrophic eruption of the volcano mount vesuvius on 24 august 79 ad. the volcano buried pompeii under many meters of ash, and it was lost for 1, 600 years before its accidental rediscovery in 1748. since then, its excavation has provided an extraordinarily detailed insight into the life of a city at the height of the roman empire. today, it is one of the most popular tourist attractions of italy and a unesco world heritage site. after thick layers of ash covered the two towns, they were abandoned and eventually their names and locations were forgotten. then herculaneum was rediscovered in 1738 by workmen working on the foundation of a summer palace for the king of naples, charles of bourbon. pompeii was rediscovered as the result of intentional excavations in 1748 by the spanish military engineer rocque joaquin de alcubierre. these towns have since been excavated to reveal many intact buildings and wall paintings. the towns were actually found in 1599 by the architect domenico fontana, who was digging a new course for the river sarno, but it took more than 150 years before a serious campaign was started to unearth them. charles of bourbon took great interest in the findings even after becoming king of spain because the display of antiquities reinforced the political and cultural power of naples. karl weber directed the first real excavations ; he was followed in 1764 by military engineer franscisco la vega. franscisco la vega was succeeded by his brother, pietro, in 1804. during the french occupation pietro worked with christophe saliceti. giuseppe fiorelli took charge of the excavations in 1860. during early excavations of the site, occasional voids in the ash layer had been found that contained human remains. it was fiorelli who realized these were spaces left by the decomposed bodies and so devised the technique of injecting plaster into them to perfectly recreate the forms of vesuvius ' s victims. what resulted were highly accurate and eerie forms of the doomed pompeiani who failed to escape, in their last moment of life, with the expression of terror often quite clearly visible. this technique is still in use today, with a clear resin now used instead of plaster because it is more durable, and does not destroy the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4192296170589772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.578228"} {"text": "who failed to escape, in their last moment of life, with the expression of terror often quite clearly visible. this technique is still in use today, with a clear resin now used instead of plaster because it is more durable, and does not destroy the bones, allowing further analysis. some have theorized that fontana found some of the famous erotic frescoes and, due to the strict modesty prevalent during his time, reburied them in an attempt at archaeological censorship. this view is bolstered by reports of later excavators who felt that sites they were working on had already been visited and reburied. even many recovered household items had a sexual theme. the ubiquity of such imagery and items indicates that the sexual mores of the ancient roman culture of the time were much more liberal than most present - day cultures, although much of what might seem to us to be erotic imagery ( eg. over - sized phalluses ) was in fact fertility - imagery. this clash of cultures led to an unknown number of discoveries being hidden away again. a wall fresco which depicted priapus, the ancient god of sex and fertility, with his extremely enlarged penis, was covered with plaster, even the older reproduction below was locked away \" out of prudishness \" and only opened on request and only rediscovered in 1998 due to rainfall. in 1819, when king francis i of naples visited the pompeii exhibition at the national museum with his wife and daughter, he was so embarrassed by the erotic artwork that he decided to have it locked away in a secret cabinet, accessible only to \" people of mature age and respected morals \". re - opened, closed, re - opened again and then closed again for nearly 100 years, it was briefly made accessible again at the end of the 1960s ( the time of the sexual revolution ) and was finally re - opened for viewing in 2000. minors are still only allowed entry to the once secret cabinet in the presence of a guardian or with written permission. - cities buried by volcanic eruptions - pompeii : the last day - aqua augusta ( naples ) - roman aqueducts - erotic art in pompeii and herculaneum - the fires of pompeii - house of the faun - house of the vettii - villa of the mysteries - mount pelee ( similar destructive eruption at martinique in 1902 ) - armero tragedy ; a city in colombia that suffered the same fate - house of julia felix - robert rive, 1850s photographer of pompei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4820580782653805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.579280"} {"text": "\" we need reforms in almost every field, especially in women ' s sectors... \" on 4th july 2012, women ' s rights and peace advocate, farida afridi, was brutally murdered by militants, following threats related to her work. in this rare footage from may 2012, farida spoke out about women ' s rights and gender equality in fata ( federally administered tribal areas ), in pakistan, near the border of afghanistan. the video was produced by the support to governance in pakistan programme, in cooperation with the fata development programme. farida afridi was co - founder of women ' s grassroots advocacy organisation, sawera ( society for appraisal and women empowerment in rural areas ). \" we need reforms in almost every field, especially in women ' s sectors. the educational level of tribal women is much lower than that of men. our society doesn ' t give much importance to women ' s health. so we need reforms in health and education. we need to increase the number of schools for girls. at a certain age, girls are not allowed to go outdoors! so we need to have schools for every community. women need to have a separate space in health units for check - ups. \" | < prev | | next > | sawera is a local women - led ngo in pakistan, working in khyber agency ( a tribal area ) in particular, and in federally administrative tribal areas ( fata ). sawera is also active in flood emergency relief in district charsada. \" no nation can rise to the height of glory unless your women are side by side with you ; we are victims of evil customs. it is a crime against humanity that our women are shut up within the four walls of the houses as prisoners. there is no sanction anywhere for the deplorable condition in which our women have to live. \" mohammad ali jinnah, 1944 - ' founding father ' of pakistan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4355997042579385, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.581564"} {"text": "in many parts of the world, faculty appointments, promotions and grant evaluations are based on the number of papers a scientist has published combined with the impact factor of the journals in which the work appeared. a journal \u2019 s impact factor is the average number of citations per paper published in that journal during the two preceding years. journals that publish few papers, of relatively high impact, have high impact factors. but not every paper in a high - impact journal is itself of high impact, and the publication of article retractions actually enhances a journal \u2019 s impact factor. there are other easy ways for a journal to manipulate its impact factor ( 1, 2 ). for example, well - written, timely review articles are widely cited, and journals such as the annual review of biochemistry and nature reviews molecular and cellular biology have some of the highest impact factors. ( now i better understand why an editor once encouraged me to cite previous reviews in the same review series when drafting my own review article. ) in addition, nature \u201c news and views \u201d pieces are wonderful for readers, but they also are wonderful for editors, because they can count toward citations ( when cited ) but don \u2019 t count toward the total - number - of - papers - published denominator. \u201c news and views \u201d pieces always include citations of other articles within a given issue, further increasing the impact factor. finally, a blockbuster paper can skew a journal \u2019 s impact factor significantly : in 2008, a single paper in acta crystallographica was cited more than 6, 600 times, raising the journal \u2019 s impact factor from approximately two to a value of 49. 926 \u2013 higher than that of nature or science. some search committees use the h index to compare the scientific impact of a candidate \u2019 s research ( 3, 4 ). according to wikipedia, \u201c the h index is based on the set of the scientist \u2019 s most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other people \u2019 s publications \u2026 a scholar with an index of h has published h papers each of which has been cited by others at least h times. \u201d another impact metric! wouldn \u2019 t it be great if a simple algorithm could simplify comparison of scientific impact and stature? if only it were that simple. like the sizes of our noses and ears, h values reflect longevity as much as quality and can never decrease with age, even if an individual leaves science ( 3 ). younger scientists are at an instant disadvantage because the total number of papers influences the value. h indices for female", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5009514195999065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.586205"} {"text": "noses and ears, h values reflect longevity as much as quality and can never decrease with age, even if an individual leaves science ( 3 ). younger scientists are at an instant disadvantage because the total number of papers influences the value. h indices for female scientists also suffer in comparison with those for males because they apparently publish fewer papers during their careers than their male counterparts ( 4 ). in addition, the h index of a mechanistic enzymologist could be very different from that of a molecular cell biologist because of differences in what types of papers are published in a given subfield and how often a group of researchers cites each other \u2019 s papers. if i happened to work in a smaller field, my findings might lead to the rewriting of textbooks without needing many citations. and now in the age of online libraries, fewer authors seem to be citing original articles and often rely on review article citations instead. in 2007, the european association of science editors issued a statement recommending that journal impact factors be used \" only \u2013 and cautiously \u2013 for measuring and comparing the influence of entire journals, but not for the assessment of single papers, and certainly not for the assessment of researchers or research programs either directly or as a surrogate. \" this is an important document and has led to changes in europe and elsewhere. earlier this year, the german funding agency deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft limited applicants to citing only particularly significant publications to reduce the importance placed on publication lists and numerical indices. the u. s. national institutes of health guidelines also have changed : nih now encourages applicants to limit the list of selected peer - reviewed publications to no more than 15 based on importance to the field and / or relevance to the proposed research. let us hope that similar policies that emphasize quality rather than quantity soon will be adopted worldwide.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5243728174928015, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.587924"} {"text": "devils day out. ( the lucifer origin ) blessed be the day that lucifer was born, mourning shall follow the day that he will be gone. for our tears will be the tears of joy, because evil had departed from us. we will be glad to tell the story on that day, of how it began and how it ended. we would start by saying millions of years ago ; then the story shall begin. a story that started from the time of our creator ; jehovah. according to christian tradition, lucifer was the leader of the angels expelled from heaven for rebelling against god. known thereafter as satan ( hebrew : adversary ) or the devil, he presides over the souls condemned to torment in hell. he is also identified with the serpent that tempted eve ( genesis 3, 1 - 6 ) and the great dragon cast out of the heavens by angel michael ( revelation 12, 3 - 9 ). the exact nature of lucifer ' s sin was much debatable ; the commonest view is that his sin was pride. but the origin of lucifer isn \u2019 t known. after a lot of meditation and research, i could tell a story of him. it was on a mourning, when a child was found by a kid goddess lying in the bosom of their ship, sailing on the sea of acatoris ( a sea in the boundary of an independent state in simon called vilari ). the parent of the young goddess was called to see what she had just seen ; it was a handsome child with a pale blue eyes, a white short hair and a ring in one of the fingers of his left hand, which had a sign of love and royalty, the marks in his backs are marks of great ancestors, indicating a finder of peace and a god of honor. in his ring and on his right hand his name was crested, called \u201c preida \u201d. but his new parents called him raein. raein grew to be very different, with a lot of strength and wisdom. at age four he could already do lots of wonders. the fear of the parents about the kid turning to something else led to the parent giving the child out to another. raein was adopted again by a couple who needed a child. they were called the usine \u2019 s. raein started a new life in eune ( an old state of acricananeus ), with his new family. when raein grew enough he changed his name back to preida, saying it \u2019 s the name he was born with. preida", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44484312443698315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.606813"} {"text": "started a new life in eune ( an old state of acricananeus ), with his new family. when raein grew enough he changed his name back to preida, saying it \u2019 s the name he was born with. preida started a life as a philosopher and teacher of the gospel of god, saying he had come to prepare the way for the coming of god. preida was known for his wisdom, and later became king. every night he takes a stroll to the cast alone, and no one knowing why. when the season reached for god to come, preida prepared the heavens and the earth. on that day, a great rain and earthquake struck the earth, and the heavens were also divided into pieces by its quakes. only few survived this effect. he came as a pale of fire that fell from no where, he looked as young as a four year old kid, with grey sparkling eyes. when he came, he was unseen, but his presence carried an aura. the few gods in the heavens situated themselves in a place called omini ( an old state of simon ), the earth was destroyed and rebuilt by him. the heavens were divided into phases, dividing the wicked from the good. things changed, things evolved, things were prosperous. after god \u2019 s few minute, left for the cast and stayed therein. preida then ruled over the kingdoms, every one worshipped and served god, who showed his awesome manifestation within few minutes. he made the people of the angelii to work with preida and to serve him. preida called this people the angels. angels were strong, famous and were in categories ; they controlled what went on in the heavens and recorded all that went on, on the earth. later on preida ruled over the earth, and made things beautiful in it. everything in the heavens went on fine, so many cultures and traditions were made, so many adaptations, so many languages, so many people were born. and it came to a time that the people usually bore twins, the twins were to stay together their entire life and reproduce. they were called the gemini \u2019 s. they were usually identical male and female. but at this time came a twin which were born, both were males. they lived on together, obeying the culture and tradition of the land, they decided getting married, but the colony never accepted such a marriage between two identical sex. after a wide case held, the colony decided to do the marriage, but they will follow the normal procedure, by the rules", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45313381629442745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.607935"} {"text": "culture and tradition of the land, they decided getting married, but the colony never accepted such a marriage between two identical sex. after a wide case held, the colony decided to do the marriage, but they will follow the normal procedure, by the rules of the signs that gives the colony proofs of a true love being experienced by the couple. during the week of the pronounced marriage, the sign came forth, as one of the male bore an egg in his belly, and an opening appeared underneath his genital, becoming the first hermaphrodite. the marriage was done, and this twins, born of yammousokakiri gaene, became known as zonara and fraten gaene. they bore a child and called him montashi gay ( the name used now on earth for two identical lovers ). after the birth of the child, the colony wasn \u2019 t amazed for allowing two identical sex to have an affair. this case was discussed by the elders, and a conclusion and rule was made that if an identical sex twins is born, one or the both will be killed. after all, preida paid a visit to god, in the cast after they have returned ; telling them about all that is going on in the universe, as they listened. when preida was through with his summary, god told him to pay a visit to an old goddess that resides on earth, her name plotin. plotin was a sorcerer, bound from the heavens by a king called deimos. plotin gave the prophecy that a twin will be born, from an unknown god, through the generation of deimos, they shall be greater than their people, they shall take over the land of deimos, by overthrowing the one of the grand son of deimos himself. this child shall rule forever ; deimos was grieved by the prophesy, and requested her death immediately, but she ran to the earth. plotin have then lived a normal life on earth, until preida came to listen to the prophecy she said years ago. the prophecy was said again as preida listened ; she added that it was time for the children to be born, and when they come, none should be killed. it happened that on that same night, a maid of preida got in an affair with him, and she bore a child. this gave rise to a different method of birth ; a birth without a courtship. immediately she felt strange enough she knew she carried his child, she then ran to a church in a small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5003725107693906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.608937"} {"text": "got in an affair with him, and she bore a child. this gave rise to a different method of birth ; a birth without a courtship. immediately she felt strange enough she knew she carried his child, she then ran to a church in a small village of omini called navael. she stayed and gave birth to a twin, and after the birth she died. preida was so intelligent to know that something strange had happened, he consulted god for confirmation about his children. they laid in the church she laid, crying for any helper listening. preida could hear their cry, so could other great gods of the universe. preida ran therein, looked at both of them, he was amazed, but surprised, cause they were craniopagus ( conjoined twins ). he bathed them and gave one of his maiden to carry them to the cast and drop them on the river to flow. he wrote their names on their back, as his name was written on his back, calling them lucifer. he called both lucifer in case one is being killed, he wants the living one to bear that name. fortunately for him they both survived. the church was then filled with armies, which came to assassinate one or both children. they were no where to be found. the colony later came against preida, for hiding the children from them. preida was dethroned and arrested. this resulted to a war in the heavens, whereby preida escaped. a search was immediately made, he was later found, and sentenced to death. but he arose and fought against his foes, which included zeus. this war led to the destruction of the heavens, as almost three quarter of the heavens were destroyed. zeus and every other great god were killed, while preida was also in a state of death. after the war, preida was weak, he called a young god, and told him to ride to the cast. they he would meet nobody, but he would drop an unknown message, by his presence alone, whosoever he wants to see him shall see him. this young god did exactly, and god saw him and arose with the little lucifer \u2019 s to see their father in the heavens. it was so late, preida was in his last breath, and wasn \u2019 t wishing to live any longer even though god was willing to restore him. he said his last wishes which were \u201c my children, let them be yours, give them all i have ever wished for and worked for ; i hereby transfer my", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4534399725219069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.610085"} {"text": "wasn \u2019 t wishing to live any longer even though god was willing to restore him. he said his last wishes which were \u201c my children, let them be yours, give them all i have ever wished for and worked for ; i hereby transfer my powers to them, that they will see no death and be very strong, they shall be feared and worshipped, because it is me that stays in them, and it is you that trained them, may they have favour in your site, good bye to you my brother \u201d. after his death, god destroyed the heavens and rose the star dust ( known as their body ) of gods be constellations. he reincarnated few, for preida, he knew exactly what to do with him. a new heaven was made, one that was ruled by god himself, and things became beautiful and were made by him. lucifer ' s grew so fast, after a while, they were divided ; this left a scar in the head of the major. lucifer major grew to be violent, proud, unforgiving and strong, he took over the armies of the heavens, led them well, taught them well. while lucifer the minor, was peaceful, proud and wise ; he usually found favour and grace in the sight of the lord, when ever he went wrong his friend pleaded for him. this friend was the young god that ran the errand of preida, is name was hades. lucifer minor was the head of the opera \u2019 s in the heaven, he was born with music, and usually go to the chambers of god to play music for him. a time came that lucifer minor got his arm injured, and was unable to play the praises of god. god walked up to him and asked him to tell him one thing that he wants, and lucifer said he wishes he could play the music even without his hands. god willingly gave him all, all about music, that he was remade with music, and his movement alone produced music. and a time came that hades, the best friend of lucifer the minor, born of cronus, brother of zeus. according to the greek mythology, hades or pluto is the greek god of dead, also the name of the underworld he ruled. he was the brother of zeus and poseidon, and husband of persephone, whom he abducted. the souls of the dead were ferried to him across the river styx by charon, who was a ferry man that carried the soul of the dead over the river styx and acheron to the underworld. only the correctly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4555522454946238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.611066"} {"text": "that lucifer ( major ), went to god and asked for every thing his father ruled over including the earth, god gave him half of the heavens to share with his brother, but told him he was too young to take over the every thing, including the earth, being that it is so different from the heavens. lucifer ( major ) was angry, and planned a coup to overthrow god, that he may rule the universe, for god hasn \u2019 t given him all that pleases him. this group was the combination of thanthos, lucifer ( major ), hades and lots of angels. when lucifer the minor heard of this, he wasn \u2019 t pleased with his brother for hiding such a thing from him, he was also scared that this may lead to their death, knowing that god was too wise for them to think of handling. angel michael became persuasive and too inquisitive of the happening, while lucifer decided to kill him, knowing he knew of the coup. michael was an arch angel, but was one of the least, and couldn \u2019 t face lucifer. he was hunted for, and almost killed, but in this war the lord granted him strength not to fight back, but to withhold the pain he beard. and michael was giving strength to fight back, and used the opportunity to fight against lucifer, with the help of other angelii \u2019 s, lucifer was brutally injured on his head. this lead to his rest, lucifer ( major ) was assumed dead, but because of the wish of his father he can \u2019 t die, so he rested to come therein later. when lucifer heard of the death of his brother he grew in pain, he took the whole powers of his brother, promising to render them back on his return. lucifer the minor took over the armies, the angels and still lead the opera \u2019 s. his detest towards god grew for letting whatsoever happened, happen to his brother. he decided taking over the coup, and now gather thousands of his angels to ride and fight with him. lucifer lost the fight, and was forgiven by god, he could still lead the armies and retain all his position, because he found grace in the sight of the lord. and peace reigned again for a while. at this time, god decided to control things himself, as the angels also pledged for him to take over ; but at such times god ; themselves weren \u2019 t able to be seen. and god made an arrangement that on of them should take over the universe and represent them, only him would be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4552431004841972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.613147"} {"text": "himself, as the angels also pledged for him to take over ; but at such times god ; themselves weren \u2019 t able to be seen. and god made an arrangement that on of them should take over the universe and represent them, only him would be seen. on that night a great portent appeared in heaven, a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars ; she was with child, crying out in her pangs of birth, in anguish for delivery. \u2013 revelation 12 : 1 - 2 - the prophecy of the birth of this child went on for fourteen score and two days, when lucifer heard this prophecy, he believed not, because he had everything in his position ; all worked out by him. on that day \u201c another portent appeared in heaven ; behold a great red dragon, with seven heads and ten horns, and seven diadems upon his head. his tail swept down a third of the stars of heaven, and cast them to the earth. and the dragon stood before the woman who was about to bear a child, that he might devour her child, when she brought it fourth ( talking in past tense, not future tense. this is the only portion of the book of revelation, that talks about the past, others talks about the future. ) ; she bought forth a male child, one who is to rule all the nations with a rod of iron, but her child was caught up to god and to his throne \u201d. \u2013 revelation 12 : 3 - 5 ) - therefore, the devil was sent out of the heavens because of he tried to overthrown god. god knew is plan right from he was born. the story continues, as the woman fled into the wilderness, where she has a place prepared by god, in which to be nourished for one thousand two hundred and sixty days. now war arose in heaven, michael and his angels fighting against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought ; but they were defeated, but they were no longer a place for them in heaven. and the great dragon was thrown down, that ancient serpent, who is called the devil and satan, the deceiver of the whole world was thrown down to earth, and his angels were thrown down with him. - revelation 12 : 6 - 9 - so lucifer was thereafter thrown down to the earth, not because he tried to overthrow god, but because he tried to devour the ruler of the universe, the lord and savior himself. and the child was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44433983523764703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.614295"} {"text": ". - revelation 12 : 6 - 9 - so lucifer was thereafter thrown down to the earth, not because he tried to overthrow god, but because he tried to devour the ruler of the universe, the lord and savior himself. and the child was called melchizedek ; known as the king of salem ( jerusalem ). melchizedek became the priest of the heaven, he ruled the heavens, and they was peace in the world again. in the bible, melchizedek was addressed as the priest of the most high god, possessor of the heavens and the earth. - genesis 14 : 18 - 20 -. in the bible, christ was also emphasized to be melchizedek. \u201c so also christ glorified not himself to be made an high priest, but he that said unto him, thou art my son, today i have begotten thee \u201d - hebrew 5 : 5 -. the person melchizedek was also talked about in hebrew 5 : 10, hebrew 6 : 20, hebrew 7. and another time came, as god looked at the earth and wondered, he created the earth again, and so every thing he made was beautiful. and he thought and said \u201c let us make man in our image, after our likeness ; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth \u201d. - genesis 1 : 26 -. and god created man in his image, in the image of god created he him ( indicates that the first created was a male ), male and female created he them. - genesis 1 : 27 -. it happened that when the dragon saw he was thrown to the earth, he pursued the woman who had borne the male child. but the woman was given two wings of the great eagle that she might fly from the serpent into the wilderness, to the place where she would be nourished for a time, and times, and half a time. the serpent poured water like a river out of his mouth after the woman, to sweep her away with the flood. but the earth came to the help of the woman ; and the earth opened its mouth and swallowed the river. then the dragon was angry with the woman, and went of to make war on the rest of her offspring, on those who keep the commandments of god, and bear testimony of jesus. - revelation 12 : 13 - 17 -. thereafter lucifer the minor became the major", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43554328615113436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.615337"} {"text": "angry with the woman, and went of to make war on the rest of her offspring, on those who keep the commandments of god, and bear testimony of jesus. - revelation 12 : 13 - 17 -. thereafter lucifer the minor became the major and the only known. the two lucifer were recognized in the bible, but with different names, lucifer the minor was known as the great dragon, - revelation12 : 9 -, while the other, he who was lucifer the major, became minor after his death, and was said to be back soon is referred as the beast. - revelation 13 - on his head he had ten diadems upon its horn, that indicates his superiority than lucifer himself who had seven diadems on his horn, he still had the wound on its head, the wound he got from the fight of michael. in this book of revelation, it was said that when lucifer saw the beast he gave him his throne, authorities and powers he held for him after his death. the revelation of the beast continued in revelation 17, where he was described and really emphasized. \u201c the beast that thou sawest was and is not \u201d - revelation 17 : 8 -. this portion describes is availability in the universe, telling us that the beast seen by john during his revelations existed, but doesn \u2019 t as at the time of the world, even as at now ; that is because of his death, but shall ascend. lucifer in his pride still hold still is controversies towards mankind, and god himself. later on after jesus christ had died for our sins, his name was changed from melchizedek to jesus. at the end of all, lucifer would be thrown into the lake of fire, where is brother ; the beast would be. - revelation 20 : 10 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4488806301436883, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.616182"} {"text": "stress trigger assessment stress in small doses isn ' t a bad thing. stress can challenge you to do your best. but too much stress can affect both your emotional and physical health. learning what brings on stress in your life is the first step toward managing it. this assessment will help you identify your life \" stressors. \" in each category, check all the items that currently apply to your life. you selected the following items : you have indicated that there are no major risk factors in your current lifestyle and circumstances that would put you at risk for developing stress. being laid off boredom with job dislike of job working harder, accomplishing less high responsibility, low control problem employee, supervisor or co - worker having a child death in the family making a new friend taking a vacation children leaving home quit smoking, drinking or using drugs losing a good friend skipping a vacation difficulty finding good child care the items you checked are your stressors - - the situations that cause you stress. any kind of change in your life - - whether good or bad - - may trigger stress. certain life events may be very stressful. these include getting divorced ( or getting married ), having a baby, losing a loved one or retiring from work. each person ' s reaction to stress may be different. some events that you may find stressful may not be stressful to someone else. once you are aware of what triggers your stress and recognize the symptoms of stress, you can start using stress management strategies. in fact, many experts believe that the way in which people deal with stress may be more important than the number or type of stressful situations they face. although a little stress isn ' t harmful, persistent, long - term stress can raise your risk for illnesses, including obesity, heart disease and certain cancers. long - term stress can cause digestive problems and weaken your immune system. symptoms of stress include feelings of anxiety, back pain, headaches, sleep problems, upset stomach and constipation or diarrhea. here are some tips from the national mental health association for dealing with common stressful situations. - be realistic. don \u2019 t take on more responsibility than you can or should handle. if you feel overwhelmed, say no to any activity that is not absolutely necessary. ask yourself, \u201c what really needs to be done? \u201d how much can i do? - don \u2019 t try for perfection. no one is perfect, so don \u2019 t expect perfection from yourself or others. ask for help if you need it. - take one thing at a time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4523420032845084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.620864"} {"text": "be done? \u201d how much can i do? - don \u2019 t try for perfection. no one is perfect, so don \u2019 t expect perfection from yourself or others. ask for help if you need it. - take one thing at a time. tension or stress can make an ordinary workload seem unbearable. one way to cope with the feeling of being overwhelmed is to take just one task at a time. pick the most urgent one and work on it. once you accomplish it, choose the next one. - take time out for yourself. meditation, regular exercise, good nutrition, and sharing your feelings with friends can help you cope with stressful situations. - realize that you can ' t control everything. what you can ' t control, don ' t worry about. - plan ahead for stressful events. if you need to give a speech, for instance, give yourself time to prepare for it. - approach changes in your life as challenges or opportunities instead of threats. - exercise most days of the week. aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate - intensity exercise each day. - get enough sleep. - follow a healthy diet. - get involved in hobbies or social events that are pleasurable. references for stress trigger - american academy of family physicians. stress : how to cope better with life ' s challenges. 2005. accessed on the world wide web at american academy of family physicians", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45270307084416095, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.622526"} {"text": "the lobby stairway was just a few the major structures that had to be removed. theatre in progress almost 20 percent of the decoration surrounding the proscenium arch of the stage had been destroyed when the piggyback beam was installed. it took a crew of 10 men, 3 and half weeks to remove the truss beam. 10 tons of steel and 4 tons of plaster, sheet rock, studs and insulation had to be taken. the truss beam, which measured 118 \u2019 x 18 \u2019 & suspended the structural steel for the base, had to be cut into over a 1000 sections for removal. the balcony cinema, which had been re - stepped in order to alter the seating angles for the 2nd screen also, had to be returned to the original design. this involved tearing out over 4000 square feet of plywood. the golden gate theatre today as a key player in the best of broadway seasons since 1979, the golden gate theatre has hosted stopping musicals like a chorus line, which re - opened the theatre on december 27, 1979 followed by camelot with r. burton, sweeney todd with a. asbury, my fair lady with rex harrison, bette midler, woman of the year with lauren bacilli, 42nd street, cabaret, zorbas with anthony quinn, fiddler on the roof with tool, stomp, grease, chicago, rent, hairspray and moving ' out, among many more. this year the golden gate will host a. lloyd webber ' s newest production of vita. the golden gate theatre parking if you don \u2019 t want to drive there is another way to get to the golden gate theatre by using public transportation, make sure you have the golden gate theatre address and your the golden gate theatre seating chart. well the golden gate theatre it \u2019 s not just about tickets you can also visit the area around for more fun. and make sure you will come to us for any type of tickets we carry the cheapest tickets and best seats. the golden gate theatre what you should know!!! another thing check that your the golden gate theatre tickets are in your pockets before you go and make sure you have them because i m sure they will not let you in without your tickets, also make sure you have your the golden gate theatre driving directions, the golden gate theatre schedule and your the golden gate theatre seating chart with you. thank you for reading this and i hope you will get an excellent experience in the golden gate theatre. and make sure you will come to us for any type of tickets we carry the cheapest tickets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3633377209873582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.629564"} {"text": "who needs a history of death, you may ask? you \u2019 re here one minute, gone the next. everybody knows that. it \u2019 s natural. actually, that \u2019 s an interesting attitude. in western culture, death isn \u2019 t natural any more. social science defines natural death as \u201c one that doesn \u2019 t matter \u201d. in the wild, 90 % of animals never make it to maturity. animals sniff death, and move on. survival of the herd is tantamount. in our society, death matters greatly, for two reasons. first of all, it reminds us of the fact that we, too, will physically die at some point. this is not a popular notion! most people will tell you they believe in an afterlife. they believe this afterlife is pleasant. but then they \u2019 ll say they are afraid to die. are they confused? no. they are afraid of the dying process, not of being dead. it is the thought of pain, loss of control and relying on machines that makes people cringe. and yet millions of dollars are spent developing those very machines and drugs to put death off! in one year, americans spend enough money on anti - aging products to keep an entire african country alive and well for a decade. we create legal papers to dictate our wishes when \u201c the time comes \u201d. we are given three days leave ( maybe ) from jobs to mourn our dead, get over it, and go back to work. no, death isn \u2019 t a natural experience at all. a syrian proverb states that birth is the messenger of death. eeesh. secondly, death is memorializing our loved ones and our popular ones. we preserve, gift box and hide dead people, putting up markers so others know they are there. we visit the graves, leave gifts, pay tribute. social scientists call this ancestor worship. common? yes, this custom is totally ingrained in our lives. natural? not a bit. according to those same scientists, \" society is a structure erected against nature, which obscures natural death. \" see? isn \u2019 t this interesting? now we \u2019 ll take a look at other forms of ancestor worship. once upon a time, some cultures took a dead body and laid it along the main road. if nature took its course, and the body was consumed by bugs, beasts and birds, the family was honored that their loved one was ' worthy ' of the great spirits. if the body was untouched and left to decompose, the family was shamed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47031075361259145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.635085"} {"text": "its course, and the body was consumed by bugs, beasts and birds, the family was honored that their loved one was ' worthy ' of the great spirits. if the body was untouched and left to decompose, the family was shamed. in biblical times, bodies were laid to rest in a cave, which was then sealed. or it was laid on the ground, in an out - of - the - way spot, with rocks piled over it. while there is no definitive reason given for the jewish custom of leaving rocks on headstones, some give this reference for the tradition. many see it simply as an indication that the one buried was visited and honored. some native american tribes placed their dead cocooned in trees, to be closer to the great creator, and to let mother nature take care of them. in many african villages, family members are buried in the middle of the village, and the graves are covered with cement. names are carved into the wet cement. when dry, it provides a smooth, hard surface for the daily routines of life. burial at sea goes back to the first time man tried to conquer and control water. the tradition continues today in naval circles worldwide. even non - sailors can arrange for such a disposition with societies dedicated to that ceremony. in all forms of story telling, death is often indicated when certain characters board watercraft and sail off into the sunset. a viking funeral consisted of placing the warrior ' s body on a wooden boat, lighting a slow fire, and setting the boat adrift. cremation dates to the stone age ( three thousand bc ). homer ( of iliad and odyssey fame ) encouraged the practice for health reasons, and for soldiers killed in battle. ancient romans were finally forbidden to cremate within the city limits in the 5th century because the smoke was so thick on a daily basis. the practice originated using log pyres ( stacks ). cremation has only recently gained widespread acceptance in our culture. modern methods do not use flame, but intense heat ( 1600 degrees ) to render the body into an ashen state. funerals are a form of ancestor worship, and are solely for the well being of the survivors. the form and character of funerals are as diverse as the cultures and religions in the world. think irish wake, new orleans jazz funeral, and state funerals, to name a few. today, the green funeral concept is growing. coffins are made of biodegradable cardboard, and buried where the box and its contents can go '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4646619129360874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.636094"} {"text": "this is china this is china \u2014 probably the shortest survey of chinese history, geography, and culture that exists \u2014 was made possible by a much longer work, the 2, 754 - page berkshire encyclopedia of china : modern and historic views of the world \u2019 s newest and oldest global power. in chinese terms, even that is a short work : the yongle dadian, or great compendium of the yongle reign ( 1408 ) had 22, 877 chapters in 11, 095 volumes. it was our longer encyclopedic work that made this brief history possible. chinese people, of course, understand the importance of brevity. and their society, as readers new to chinese history will learn, has been one of many \u201c firsts. \u201d the laozi \u5b50, one of china \u2019 s most renowned philosophical works, famously declared that a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. this is china, for those of us who are learning about the country, provides an easy way to take that first, single step through thousands of years of history and across the vast territory that is china today. this history opens a window on contemporary china \u2014 with balanced, nonpolitical coverage \u2014 by providing our readers with details about chinese governance, society, and culture through the ages. even our cover design reflects the modern and the ancient. by choosing a scene cropped from a 2008 photograph of the wuyang river in zhenyuan, guizhou province, where a fisherman casts his line into the water, we evoke images depicted in thousands of traditional chinese paintings. the cover also shows lines from a sacred buddhist scroll called the diamond sutra. a copy dated 868 ce was discovered in western china \u2019 s dunhuang caves in 1907, which makes it the oldest extant printed book ( and a natural fascination for a publisher ). the caves, located in an oasis along the old silk roads, are among the most magical of sites to visit in china today. both zhenyuan and dunhuang remind us that historic china lives on. the chinese title of this book is not an exact translation of the english, but instead is based on the advice of le la ( ), a young beijing - based friend. when we explained the concept of the book to her one summer morning in easthampton, new york, she suggested we take a more colloquial approach \u2014 \u201c look! this is china \u201d ( \uff01 \u4e2d \u56fd ). for our readers who are studying the chinese language we include", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4965283398801758, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.643179"} {"text": "if you \u2019 ve never experienced anxiety or panic attacks, it \u2019 s hard to imagine just how uncomfortable they can be. more than 20 million americans suffer from anxiety \u2014 medically defined as \u201d an unpleasant emotional state ranging from mild unease to intense fear. \u201d while fear is a rational response to danger, anxiety usually lacks a clear or realistic cause. severe anxiety will often produce panic attacks \u2014 intense feelings of fear. these attacks are most often associated with agoraphobia, an intense fear of being alone or being in public places. the cause most doctors ignore both psychological stress and biochemical factors \u2014 such as caffeine and drug use \u2014 can trigger anxiety and panic attacks. elevated levels of lactic acid in the blood is also one of the most significant biochemical factors. when the body lacks oxygen, lactate is the final product in the breakdown of blood sugar. in fact, injecting anxiety sufferers with lactate can produce severe panic attacks. in normal individuals, however, nothing happens. so it appears that individuals with anxiety may be sensitive to lactate. it stands to reason, then, that reducing lactate levels should be a priority, yet most physicians ignore this goal. reducing lactate levels there are six nutritional factors that may be responsible for elevated lactate levels in individuals with anxiety : avoiding alcohol, caffeine, sugar, and food allergens goes a long way toward relieving symptoms in people with anxiety. in fact, just eliminating coffee can, in some cases, relieve symptoms completely. in one study of four men and two women with generalized anxiety who drank 1. 5 \u2014 3. 5 cups of coffee per day, avoiding caffeine for one week brought about significant symptom relief. the degree of improvement was so noticeable that all patients volunteered to continue abstaining from caffeine after the study. magnesium : the calming mineral magnesium is essential in more than 300 biochemical reactions of the human body, and a deficiency has been reported to lead to symptoms of anxiety, depression, irritability, fear, insomnia, confusion, and memory loss. in one double - blind study, 264 people diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder were given either a placebo or 300 mg of magnesium. the magnesium group had a statistically significant reduction in symptoms. for best results, use a highly absorbable form of magnesium, such as magnesium citrate and magnesium glycinate. anxiety also appears to be linked to low levels of omega - 3 fatty acids. studies using omega - 3 - rich fish oils", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4747530822648192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.648959"} {"text": "best results, use a highly absorbable form of magnesium, such as magnesium citrate and magnesium glycinate. anxiety also appears to be linked to low levels of omega - 3 fatty acids. studies using omega - 3 - rich fish oils to treat anxiety have shown impressive results. in one trial, fish oil was shown to decrease anger and anxiety in substance abusers. in another, 2. 5 grams daily of omega - 3 fats produced a 20 percent reduction in anxiety symptoms. flaxseed oil, a vegetarian source of omega - 3 fats, has also been shown to help ease anxiety. in one study, three out of four patients with a history of agoraphobia improved within two to three months of taking flaxseed ( 2 \u2014 6 tbs. daily, in divided doses ). gamma - aminobutyric acid ( gaba ) gaba is a neurotransmitter found throughout the central nervous system. low levels or decreased gaba function in the brain is associated with anxiety, depression, insomnia, and epilepsy. in fact, many popular anti - anxiety drugs interact primarily with gaba receptors. significant antistress effects have been shown in clinical studies with pharmagaba, a proprietary form of gaba. patients given pharmagaba reported feeling relaxed and experienced changes in brain wave patterns consistent with a state of relaxation. the typical dosage used in studies is 100 \u2014 200 mg up to three times daily. in clinical trials, sensoril, a proprietary extract of the herb ashwagandha, has been shown to produce considerable anti - stress effects. in one double - blind human study, chronically stressed subjects taking sensoril had significant reductions in anxiety along with positive changes in blood chemistry, adrenal hormone levels, energy levels, and feelings of wellness. a typical dosage is 125 \u2014 250 mg daily. the encyclopedia of natural medicine, which is over 1, 200 pages, has an impressive appendix, including a \" glycemic index \" chart and another chart detailing the acid value of certain foods. all of the research presented in the book is clearly listed in the references section at the very end of the book. dr. murray \u2019 s new book! from two world - renowned naturopathic doctors \u2014 joseph pizzorno, nd, and better nutrition \u201c second opinion \u201d columnist michael t. murray \u2014 comes the encyclopedia of natural medicine, the authoritative 3rd edition of the classic reference work, revised and expanded to include the latest cutting - edge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5063203425857963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.649937"} {"text": "doctors \u2014 joseph pizzorno, nd, and better nutrition \u201c second opinion \u201d columnist michael t. murray \u2014 comes the encyclopedia of natural medicine, the authoritative 3rd edition of the classic reference work, revised and expanded to include the latest cutting - edge natural therapies for the most common ailments. murray and pizzorno focus on promoting health and treating disease with nontoxic, natural therapies, and this one - of - a - kind book shows you how to improve your health through a positive mental attitude, healthy lifestyle, health - promoting diet, and supplements, with plenty of practical tips. this book is a perfect introduction to the world of natural medicine, providing clear guidance in the use of the best natural remedies for all kinds of illnesses, big and small. the encyclopedia of natural medicine is a valuable health reference. to learn more, visit doctormurray. com. promote relaxation and ease anxiety with this powerful supplement that contains no soy, dairy, gluten, sugar, artificial sweeteners, flavors, colors, or preservatives. moro - 3 balanced epa - dha formula delivers a whopping 1, 040 mg of omega - 3 fatty acids in just two softgels. with a clean, orange flavor, no fishy aftertaste, and a balanced ratio of epa to dha. clinically proven to help inhibit fatigue, tension, and exhaustion associated with stress, sensoril is produced using a patented process for guaranteed ratios and concentrations of key constituents. michael t. murray, nd, is the author of more than 30 books on natural health, including the encyclopedia of natural medicine, third edition. he is regarded as one of the world ' s top authorities on natural medicine, and is a sought - after lecturer and educator. visit him online at doctormurray. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4869895085942995, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.650691"} {"text": "| therapeutic dosages | therapeutic uses | what is the scientific evidence for chromium? | safety issues | interactions you should know about chromium is a mineral the body needs in very small amounts, but it plays a significant role in human nutrition. chromium ' s most important function in the body is to help regulate the amount of glucose ( sugar ) in the blood. insulin plays a starring role in this fundamental biological process, by regulating the movement of glucose out of the blood and into cells. scientists believe that insulin uses chromium as an assistant ( technically, a ) to \" unlock the door \" to the cell membrane, thus allowing glucose to enter the cell. in the past, it was believed that to accomplish this the body first converted chromium into a large chemical called glucose tolerance factor ( gtf ). intact gtf was thought to be present in certain foods, such as brewer \u2019 s yeast, and for that reason such products were described as superior sources of chromium. however, subsequent investigation indicated that researchers were actually creating gtf inadvertently during the process of chemical analysis. scientists now believe that there is no such thing as gtf. rather, chromium appears to act in concert with a very small protein called low molecular weight chromium - binding substance ( lmwcr ) to assist insulin ' s action. lmwcr does not permanently bind chromium and is not a likely source of chromium in foods. based on chromium ' s close relationship with insulin, this trace mineral has been studied as a treatment for diabetes. the results have been somewhat positive : it seems fairly likely that chromium supplements can improve blood sugar control in people with diabetes. chromium also might be helpful for milder abnormalities in blood sugar metabolism. one study suggests that chromium might aid in weight loss, as well, but other studies failed to find this effect. the official us recommendations for daily intake are as follows : - 0 - 6 months : 0. 2 mcg - 7 - 12 months : 5. 5 mcg - 1 - 3 years : 11 mcg - 4 - 8 years : 15 mcg - 9 - 13 years : 25 mcg - 14 - 50 years : 35 mcg - 50 years and older : 30 mcg - 9 - 13 years : 21 mcg - 14 - 18 years : 24 mcg - 19 - 50 years : 25 mcg - 50 years and older : 20 mcg - 18 years or younger : 29 mcg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5117204283147712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.662377"} {"text": "older : 30 mcg - 9 - 13 years : 21 mcg - 14 - 18 years : 24 mcg - 19 - 50 years : 25 mcg - 50 years and older : 20 mcg - 18 years or younger : 29 mcg - 19 years and older : 30 mcg - 18 years or younger : 44 mcg - 19 years and older : 45 mcg the national institutes of health ' s office of dietary supplements offers this list of food sources for chromium : 110 | english muffin, whole wheat | whole wheat bread chromium is also found in drinking water, especially hard water, but concentrations vary widely. many good sources of chromium, such as whole wheat, are depleted of this important mineral during processing. the most concentrated sources of chromium are brewer ' s yeast and calf liver. two ounces of brewer ' s yeast or 4 ounces of calf liver supply between 50 mcg and 60 mcg of chromium. some evidence suggests that chromium deficiency may be relatively common. however, this has not been proven, and the matter is greatly complicated by the fact that we lack a good test to identify chromium deficiency. severe chromium deficiency has only been seen in hospitalized individuals receiving nutrition intravenously. symptoms include problems with blood sugar control that cannot be corrected by insulin alone. corticosteroid treatment may cause increased chromium loss in the urine. it is possible that this loss of chromium may contribute to corticosteroid - induced diabetes. carbonate interferes with the absorption of chromium. the dosage of chromium used in studies ranges from 200 mcg to 1, 000 mcg daily, mostly in the form of chromium picolinate. however, there may be potential risks in the higher dosages of chromium ( see these and all other dosages of chromium regard the amount of the actual chromium ion in the supplement ( \u201c elemental chromium \u201d ), discounting the weight of the substances, such as picolinate, attached to it. some products state that they contain \u201c gtf chromium. \u201d some of these products are manufactured from brewer \u2019 s yeast, which was once thought to contain gtf. others contain chromium as chromium nicotinate, which bears a faint resemblance to the proposed gtf molecule. however, since gtf is no longer believed to exist, this claim should be disregarded. chromium has principally been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42256697970149426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.663286"} {"text": "others contain chromium as chromium nicotinate, which bears a faint resemblance to the proposed gtf molecule. however, since gtf is no longer believed to exist, this claim should be disregarded. chromium has principally been studied for its possible benefits in improving blood sugar control in people with. several, but not all, studies suggest that people with adult - onset ( type 2 ) diabetes may show some improvement when given appropriate dosages of chromium. one study suggests that chromium may also be useful for diabetes that occurs during in addition, nondiabetic individuals with mildly impaired blood sugar control might attain better control of blood sugar with chromium supplementation. since mild impairment of blood sugar control is believed to increase risk of heart disease, chromium supplementation might help reduce heart disease rates. chromium has been sold as a \" fat burner \" and is also said to help build muscle tissue. however, most studies evaluating chromium ' s ability to promote have not found benefits. one study failed to find benefit with a combination of chromium and conjugated linoleic acid studies evaluating chromium as a or aid to bodybuilding have yielded almost entirely negative results. studies on whether chromium can improve levels have returned mixed results. however, one study suggests that chromium combined with grape seed extract might have a beneficial effect. in addition, among individuals taking beta - blockers, chromium may raise levels of hdl ( \" good \" ) cholesterol. when depression is characterized by rapid mood changes, excessive sleeping and eating, a sense of leaden paralysis, and extreme sensitivity to negative life events, the condition is called \u201c atypical depression. \u201d a very small ( 15 participants ) double - blind, placebo - controlled study found that might be helpful for this form of however, a much larger study failed to find statistically significant benefits. according to some researchers, impaired blood sugar control, high cholesterol, weight gain, and high blood pressure are all part of a bigger picture, called, or syndrome x. since chromium may be helpful for the first three of these conditions, chromium deficiency has been proposed as the cause of syndrome x. however, this has not been proven. one study failed to find that chromium picolinate at 200 mcg / day can improve symptoms of polycystic ovaries ( a common cause of chromium has also been proposed as a treatment for, but there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.516543742710922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.664259"} {"text": "been proven. one study failed to find that chromium picolinate at 200 mcg / day can improve symptoms of polycystic ovaries ( a common cause of chromium has also been proposed as a treatment for, but there is as yet no real evidence that it works. what is the scientific evidence for chromium? the evidence regarding use of chromium for type 2 ( adult onset ), as well as other forms of diabetes, remains incomplete and inconsistent. double - blind, placebo - controlled study, 180 people with type 2 diabetes were given placebo, 200 mcg of chromium picolinate, or 1, 000 mcg chromium picolinate daily. the results showed that hba1c values ( a measure of long - term blood sugar control ) improved significantly after 2 months in the group receiving 1, 000 mcg and in both chromium groups after 4 months. fasting glucose ( a measure of short - term blood sugar control ) was also lower in the group taking the higher dose of chromium. a double - blind trial of 78 individuals with type 2 diabetes compared two forms of chromium ( brewer ' s yeast and chromium chloride ) against placebo. this rather complex crossover study consisted of four 8 - week intervals of treatment in random order. the results in the 67 participants who completed the study showed that both forms of chromium significantly improved blood sugar control. positive results were also seen in three other double - blind, placebo - controlled studies enrolling a total of more than 130 people with type 2 diabetes. however, several other studies have failed to find benefit for people with type 2 diabetes. these contradictory findings suggest that the benefit, if it really exists, is small at best. a combination of chromium and biotin might be more effective. following positive results in a small pilot trial, researchers conducted a double - blind study of 447 people with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. half the participants were given placebo and the rest were given a combination of 600 mcg chromium ( as chromium picolinate ) along with 2 mg of daily. all participants continued to receive standard oral medications for diabetes. over the 90 day study period, participants given the chromium / biotin combination showed significantly better glucose regulation than those given placebo. the relative benefit was clear in levels of fasting glucose as well as in hga1c. one placebo - controlled study of 30 women with - related diabetes found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4785259546010268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.665229"} {"text": ". in a third study, 44 overweight women were given either placebo or 400 mcg of chromium per day. all participants were placed on an exercise program. over a period of 12 weeks, no differences were seen between the two groups in terms of body weight, waist circumference, or percentage body fat. a small double - blind trial of older women undergoing resistance training also failed to find evidence of benefit. generally negative results have been seen in other small double - blind trials as well. when larger studies find positive results and smaller studies do not, it often indicates that the treatment under study is only weakly effective. this may be the case with chromium as a weight - loss treatment. if chromium is effective for weight loss, one small study suggests it may work by influencing the brain and its role in appetite and food cravings. heart disease prevention insulin resistance, as well as mildly elevated blood sugar levels, appears to increase risk of heart disease chromium supplementation might help by improving insulin responsiveness and normalizing blood sugar. in support of this, an observational trial found associations between higher chromium intake and reduced risk of heart attack. although the precise upper limit of safe chromium intake is not known, it is believed that chromium is safe when taken at a dosage of 50 mcg to 200 mcg daily. side effects appear to be rare. however, chromium is a heavy metal and might conceivably build up and cause problems if taken to excess. there is one report of kidney, liver, and bone marrow damage in a person who took 1, 200 mcg to 2, 400 mcg of chromium for several months ; in another report, as little as 600 mcg for 6 weeks was enough to cause damage. such problems appear to be quite rare, and it is possible that these individuals already had health problems that predisposed them to such a reaction. the risk of chromium toxicity is believed to be higher in individuals who already have liver or kidney disease. nonetheless, based on these reports, it \u2019 s possible that the dosage of chromium found most effective for individuals with type 2 diabetes \u2014 1, 000 mcg daily \u2014 might present some health risks. for example, there is some evidence that if chromium is taken in high enough amounts, it may be converted from its original safe form ( chromium 3 ) into a known carcinogen, chromium 6. we advise seeking medical supervision before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4741969488748029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.667308"} {"text": ", there is some evidence that if chromium is taken in high enough amounts, it may be converted from its original safe form ( chromium 3 ) into a known carcinogen, chromium 6. we advise seeking medical supervision before taking more than 200 mcg of chromium daily. also, keep in mind that if you have diabetes and chromium is effective, you may need to cut down your dosage of any medication you take for diabetes. medical supervision is advised. there are also several concerns about the picolinate form of chromium in particular. picolinate can alter levels of neurotransmitters. this has led to concern among some experts that chromium picolinate might be harmful for individuals with there has also been one report of a severe skin reaction caused by chromium picolinate. finally, there are also concerns, still fairly theoretical and uncertain, that chromium picolinate could cause adverse effects on dna. the maximum safe dosage of chromium for women who are pregnant or nursing and for individuals with severe liver or kidney disease has not been established. interactions you should know about if you are taking you may need extra chromium if you are taking : - calcium carbonate supplements - you should also separate your chromium supplement and your doses of these substances by at least 2 hours, because they may interfere with chromium ' s absorption you may need extra chromium if you are taking : seek medical supervision before taking chromium because you may need to reduce your dose of these medications : chromium supplementation may improve levels of hdl ( \" good \" ) cholesterol if you are taking :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42959707750755555, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.667981"} {"text": "little was known about this hydrogen - breathing organism before its genome sequence was determined. by utilizing computational analyses and comparison with the genomes of other organisms, the researchers have discovered several remarkable features. for example, the genome encodes a full suite of genes for making spores, a previously unknown talent of the microbe. organisms that make spores have attracted great interest recently because this is a process found in the bacterium that causes anthrax. sporulation allows anthrax to be used as a bioweopon because the spores are resistant to heat, radiation, and other treatments. by comparing this genome to those of other spore - making species, including the anthrax pathogen, eisen and colleagues identified what may be the minimal biochemical machinery necessary for any microbe to sporulate. thus studies of this poison eating microbe may help us better understand the biology of the bacterium that causes anthrax. building off this work, tigr scientists are leveraging the information from the genome of this organism to study the ecology of microbes living in diverse hot springs, such as those in yellowstone national park. they want to know what types of microbes are found in different hot springs - - and why. to find out, the researchers are dipping into the hot springs of yellowstone, russia, and other far - flung locales, to isolate and decipher the genomes of microbes found there. \" what we want to have is a field guide for these microbes, like those available for birds and mammals, \" eisen says. \" right now, we can ' t even answer simple questions. d source : the institute for genomic research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5172245496933335, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.669658"} {"text": "groom of the chamber to queen anne, sinecure offices which did not interfered with his literary career. he was acknowledged as a leading writer of the time. shakespeare, selden and chapman were among the few friends allowed to intrude visit his secluded home in old street, st luke ' s, where, fuller tells us, he would \" lie hid for some months together, the more retiredly to enjoy the company of the muses, and then would appear in public to converse with his friends. \" late in life daniel threw up his titular posts at court and retired to a farm called \" the ridge, \" which he rented at beckington, near devizes in, wiltshire. here he died on october 14, 1619. daniel ' s poetic works are very numerous, but were long neglected. this is more surprising since, during the 18th century, when so little elizabethan literature was read, daniel retained his prestige. later, coleridge, charles lamb and others praised this poet. of his works the sonnets are now, perhaps, most read. they depart from the italian sonnet form in closing with a couplet, as is the case with most of the sonnets of surrey and wyat, but they have a grace and tenderness all their own. of a higher order is the complaint of rosamond, a soliloquy in which the ghost of the murdered woman appears and bewails her fate in stanzas of exquisite pathos. among the epistles to distinguished persons will be found some of daniel ' s noblest stanzas tnd most polished verse. the epistle to lucy, countess of bedford, is remarkable among those as being composed in genuine terza rima, till then not used in english. daniel was particularly fond of a four - lined stanza of solemn alternately rhyming iambics, a form of verse distinctly misplaced in his dramas. these, inspired by the countess of pembroke, are less successful than his pastorals ; and hymen ' s triumph is considered the best of his dramatic writing. an extract from this masque is given in lamb ' s dramatic poets, and was highly praised by coleridge. in elegiac verse he always excelled, but most of all in his touching address to the angel spirit of the most excellent sir philip sidney. daniel was a great innovator in verse. his style is full, easy and stately, without being very animated or splendid ; it is content with level flights. as a gnomic writer daniel approaches chapman, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40048563926907466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.679038"} {"text": "statistics indicate that foodborne illness continues to be a health issue in the united states. each year, 1 in 4 americans will become sick, 1 in 1, 000 will become hospitalized, and 5, 000 will die due to a foodborne illness. blanco county food service establishments are under the texas department of state health services ( dshs ) jurisdiction. dshs requires that each food establishment has one certified food manager on site. many of you have already received a letter from the texas department of state health services regarding this. under these new rules, each food establishment permitted by the texas department of state health services must have one certified food manager. new food manager certificates will be valid for 5 years. texas agrilife extension service, blanco county, is offering a food manager certification training course. this program will be offered for $ 110 on june 15 and 16 at the blanco library large meeting room. cost includes training, materials, and the state food manager certification examination. this program is designed to not only prepare food service managers to pass the certification examination ; it will provide valuable education regarding the safe handling of food. almost 50 cents of every dollar americans spend on food is spent on meals prepared away from home. therefore, careful attention to food safety will help keep customers safe and satisfied. foodborne illnesses are estimated to cost thousands of dollars in lost wages, insurance, and medical bills. with these statistics, knowledge of how to prevent foodborne illness is essential. the benefits of improved food safety include : \u00b7 increased customer satisfaction \u00b7 improved relationships with health officials \u00b7 prevention of bad publicity and law suits due to foodborne illness by attending the course, foodservice managers will learn about : \u00b7 identifying potentially hazardous foods and common errors in food handling \u00b7 preventing contamination and cross - contamination of food \u00b7 teaching and encouraging personal hygiene for employees \u00b7 complying with government regulations \u00b7 maintaining clean utensils, equipment and surroundings \u00b7 controlling pests foodborne illnesses can be prevented by following simple food safety practices. for more information about the food manager certification training course of texas agrilife extension service, called \u201c food safety : it \u2019 s our business, \u201d call gretchen sanders, blanco county extension agent, at 830 - 868 - 7167.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42805746602262595, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.681540"} {"text": "the soil, water and air ( swa ) program in alaska supports the blm \u2019 s multiple - use mission, while protecting and restoring the physical natural resources that maintain healthy watersheds. the majority of program work supports water - related activities such as monitoring water quality and quantity, instream flow studies, climate and snowpack monitoring, cooperative watershed projects, and protecting / restoring water quality and water habitats. soil surveys and projects related to impacts from off - highway - vehicle ( ohv ) use are conducted in certain areas as needed. the program provides basic coordination for air issues, and site specific air quality studies are conducted as they relate to smoke from wildfire. how large is the program? field work in alaska is challenging and expensive due to weather and the remote and scattered nature of blm - managed public lands. the blm manages approximately 85 million acres of surface land, or about one - fifth of the state of alaska. these lands contain approximately 96, 000 miles of perennial streams, 2. 6 million lake surface acres, and innumerable wetland areas ( approximately 45 % of alaska is classified as wetlands ). the blm manages more water bodies in alaska than in the rest of the lower 48 combined. in addition, the blm manages almost 240 million acres of subsurface mineral estate in alaska. what are we aiming for? the blm sustains the health, diversity and productivity of the public lands, for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. the people of the soil, water and air program in alaska strive to support the blm \u2019 s multiple - use mission while working to protect, maintain and restore physical natural resources through watershed - based ecosystem management. why do we do this? the primary function of the program is to collect and analyze information on soil, water and air resources and provide direction necessary for : \u2022 compliance with laws, regulations and policies \u2022 mineral and energy development \u2022 land - use planning \u2022 fire management \u2022 monitoring the effectiveness of management actions \u2022 instream flow and other water rights applications \u2022 stream and watershed enhancement projects \u2022 protection of water quality and water habitats \u2022 climate change analysis \u2022 management of fish and wildlife resources for subsistence use \u2022 recreation management including ohv impacts abandoned mines land interagency hydrology committee for alaska usfs stream systems technology center usfws alaska water resources nws alaska - pacific river forecast center arcadian \u2013 current streamflow conditions in alaska university of alaska - fairbanks \u2013 water and environmental research center natural resources conservation service \u2013 alaska snow, water and climate services alaska ocean observing system ( aoos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45377659274964144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.685005"} {"text": "nursing animals to health december 16, 2003 veterinary technicians are often called animal nurses because they care for animal patients the way nurses care for humans. but veterinary technicians \u2019 responsibilities extend beyond nursing, combining duties of many human healthcare jobs. in addition to providing general nursing, technicians help to administer and monitor anesthesia just as surgical nurses do, take x rays and sonograms like radiologic technicians, clean teeth like dental technicians, provide rehabilitation like physical therapy aides, monitor surgical equipment like surgical technicians, and conduct laboratory tests like clinical laboratory technicians. veterinary technicians, sometimes called veterinary technologists, work as part of a healthcare team. they are supervised by veterinarians, who diagnose disease and injury, prescribe treatments, and perform surgery on animals. technicians also work with veterinary assistants, who groom and comfort animals, clean cages, and do other nonmedical work. veterinary technicians and technologists had median hourly earnings of $ 10. 78 in 2001. that means that 50 percent of those workers earned more than that amount, and 50 percent earned less. the highest paid 10 percent were paid more than $ 15. 97 an hour. the lowest paid 10 percent earned $ 7. 65. these data are from the occupational employment statistics program. for more information, see \" veterinary technicians : nursing animals to health \" by henry kasper and olivia crosby, occupational outlook quarterly, fall 2003. note about the chart : deciles divide the dataset into 10 equal - size groups and quartiles divide the dataset into 4 equal - size groups. bureau of labor statistics, u. s. department of labor, the editor ' s desk, nursing animals to health on the internet at http : / / www. bls. gov / opub / ted / 2003 / dec / wk3 / art02. htm ( visited june 19, 2013 ). spotlight on statistics : productivity this edition of spotlight on statistics examines labor productivity trends from 2000 through 2010 for selected industries and sectors within the nonfarm business sector of the u. s. economy. read more \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42167835310806767, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.690797"} {"text": "monroviaarticle free pass monrovia, capital, largest city, and chief atlantic port of liberia, located on bushrod island and cape mesurado. it was founded during the administration of u. s. president james monroe ( for whom it was named ) by the american colonization society as a settlement for freed american slaves. the first town ( 1822 ) was on providence island at the mouth of the mesurado river. the population is composed of descendants of settlers from north america, most of whom arrived between 1830 and 1871, and of substantial numbers of immigrants from the interior. bushrod island contains the artificial harbour and free port of monrovia, the only such port in west africa. as the national centre of commerce and transportation, it attracted petroleum, paint, tuna, pharmaceutical, and cement enterprises. prominent buildings have included the capitol ( 1958 ), the executive mansion ( 1964 ), the city hall, and the temple of justice. many of these and other buildings, however, were severely damaged or destroyed during the fierce multisided civil war beginning in 1990. monrovia is the nation \u2019 s educational centre, with the university of liberia ( founded by act of legislature in 1851, opened 1862, given university status 1951, established a medical school 1968 ), the modern monrovia consolidated school system complex in the sinkor district, and several church secondary schools. medical facilities include the john f. kennedy memorial hospital, a government and two church hospitals, and several private clinics. the monrovia conference of 1961 served to launch the organization of african unity in 1963 ( since 2002 the african union ). pop. ( 2008 ) 1, 021, 762. what made you want to look up \" monrovia \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3742495809740411, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.694783"} {"text": "naseer ahmad mee09 : 47, pp. 50. tek / avd. for telekommunikationssystem, 2009. ireless communication is one of the fields of telecommunications which is growing with the tremendous speed. with the passage of time wireless communication devices are becoming more and more common. it is not only the technology of business but now people are using it to perform their daily tasks, be it for calling, shopping, checking their emails or transfer their money. wireless communication devices include cellular phones, cordless phones and satellite phones, smart phones like personal digital assistants ( pda ), two way pagers, and lots of their devices are on their way to improve this wireless world. in order to establish two way communications, a wireless link may be using radio waves or infrared light. the wireless communication technologies have become increasingly popular in our everyday life. the hand held devices like personal digital assistants ( pda ) allow the users to access calendars, mails, addresses, phone number lists and the internet. personal digital assistants ( pda ) and smart phones can store large amounts of data and connect to a broad spectrum of networks, making them as important and sensitive computing platforms as laptop pcs when it comes to an organization \u2019 s security plan. today \u2019 s mobile devices offer many benefits to enterprises. mobile phones, hand held computers and other wireless systems are becoming a tempting target for virus writers. mobile devices are the new frontier for viruses, spam and other potential security threats. most viruses, trojans and worms have already been created that exploit vulnerabilities. with an increasing amount of information being sent through wireless channels, new threats are opening up. viruses have been growing fast as handsets increasingly resemble small computers that connect with each other and the internet. hackers have also discovered that many corporate wireless local area networks ( wlan ) in major cities were not properly secured. mobile phone operators say that it is only a matter of time before the wireless world is hit by the same sorts of viruses and worms that attack computer software.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5856605723859138, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.698423"} {"text": "exception handling in visual cobol. net let ' s start by taking a look at a simple and pretty standard cobol way of handling exceptions. we \u2019 ll then see how that same example would be coding in a managed environment utilizing visual cobol. net. cobol developers like other developers have for years used various techniques to identify and handle issues when processing yields results that are unexpected during execution of their code. while the techniques vary in each shop there is a technique that is more widely used in the. net environment that cobol developers should look at and consider. the technique is referred to by a number of names or phrases such as ' throwing exceptions ', ' raising exceptions ' or simply ' exceptions '. while it can be a more standard way of identifying and handling errors that occur, exception processing is not without some overhead that developers must be aware of and take into consideration when deciding how to handle non - standard results from execution. visual cobol provides mechanisms to enable cobol developers to take advantage of the same exception handlers that distributed developers have been doing for years. let ' s start by taking a look at a simple and pretty standard cobol way of handling exceptions. we ' ll then see how that same example would be coding in a managed environment utilizing visual cobol. net. standard cobol error handling in cobol shops developers use whatever technique is most widely used and accepted in their environment. most developers plan for and take action to identify what would be called standard errors. standard errors refers to the type of issues that may be expected to be encountered such as missing data, invalid data, or improperly formatted data. checking for this type of error is common and expected and developers know how to do this with their coding techniques. even in the. net arena standard checks for missing data are common and are not considered exceptional. so what would be considered exceptional errors? one example would be a missing file that is supposed to be present. when the application was created it was part of the design specification that a file needed for processing would always be present. but what if it isn ' t? this would be an exceptional condition and one in which ' special ' error handling must be created for. declaratives are generally used in shops to denote when exceptional errors have occurred and are also used to handle these exceptional errors. the technique can be as simple as the following. notice the header ' declaratives '. this is the area where you typically define an action that would occur for each exceptional error code encountered. continuing our example from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4753496658160882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.707655"} {"text": "to handle these exceptional errors. the technique can be as simple as the following. notice the header ' declaratives '. this is the area where you typically define an action that would occur for each exceptional error code encountered. continuing our example from above, we expect a file to be present when the application starts. the code shows a check for a ' file not found ' exception. since we always expect a file to be present this would be an exceptional condition and processing cannot continue. now let ' s see how to do this in a managed. net environment with visual cobol. throwing things around in a. net environment when unexpected processing occurs an ' exception is raised ' or ' we throw an exception '. the terms are synonymous with error handling in the distributed world so you may want to get used to them. throwing an exception in visual cobol is really straightforward and thanks as you ' ll see to intelli - sense is easy to code up. let ' s take our previous example and see how to recode it for. net. we ' ve used two techniques to raise the exception. for the file status of ' 35 ' we used the instantiation method to establish an exception object. we first define an exception object in working - storage : next we instantiate ( or create a working version within our run - unit ) the object and populate it. once we have populated the object with the necessary information we ' raise ' the exception to the run - unit. this is accomplished by the following lines of code : the other mechanism we used was for the ' other ' condition. in this instance we did not instantiate a specific object, but rather we simply raised an exception with a specific error message. both methods are valid and each accomplishes our goal of raising an exception. the first method however creates an object that we can then reuse at some later point in time if we so chose to. the first method though also adds additional overhead to the run - unit in not only creating the object, but maintaining it. as we ' ve just seen, the. net method of throwing exceptions is quite straightforward and easy to implement in visual cobol. there are some caveats though you should be aware of. in general, raising an exception is just staggeringly inefficient. the program has to populate the stack trace when the exception is raised and this is generally really slow. it is quite literally thousands of times faster to trap a condition with an ' on ' clause or an ' if ' statement than to utilize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46072098486352886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.709133"} {"text": "##nt. the program has to populate the stack trace when the exception is raised and this is generally really slow. it is quite literally thousands of times faster to trap a condition with an ' on ' clause or an ' if ' statement than to utilize exception handling. back in the early java days the mantra was : \" never raise an exception for something you expect to happen \". so, if we expect empty strings to happen sometimes then that is not an exception, rather it is an expected condition and an issue that needs to be handled and addressed in standard coding techniques for the application. in our example we expect a file to be present and if none is found then we should by all means raise an exception. we expect users to enter invalid data though so these would not be exceptions but would rather be standard input errors we would trap for in our application source. the attached zip file contains two solutions, declaratives and exceptions. the declaratives solution is the standard manner in which cobol developers have raised exceptions. the exception solution is a managed visual cobol solution using the technique described above. experiment with both solutions and see how to adapt this technique to your environment. exception handling in the distributed world can be quite a powerful tool for a developer. it provides a standard mechanism in which exceptions are identified, presented and dealt with. caution should be used however when implementing exception handling to only handle those conditions that are truly exceptional and not expected in the normal course of processing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47187011617887187, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.709753"} {"text": "classification & distribution - incomplete development ( egg, nymph, adult ) - closely related to thysanoptera and psocoptera distribution : abundant worldwide. found in most terrestrial and freshwater habitats. north america worldwide number of families4073 number of species3587 > 50, 000 life history & ecology members of the suborder heteroptera are known as \" true bugs \". they have very distinctive front wings, called hemelytra, in which the basal half is leathery and the apical half is membranous. at rest, these wings cross over one another to lie flat along the insect ' s back. these insects also have elongate, piercing - sucking mouthparts which arise from the ventral ( hypognathous ) or anterior ( prognathous ) part of the head capsule. the mandibles and maxillae are long and thread - like, interlocking with one another to form a flexible feeding tube ( proboscis ) that is no more than 0. 1 mm in diameter yet contains both a food channel and a salivary channel. these stylets are enclosed within a protective sheath ( the labium ) that shortens or retracts during feeding. the heteroptera include a diverse assemblage of insects that have become adapted to a broad range of habitats - - terrestrial, aquatic and semi - aquatic. terrestrial species are often associated with plants. they feed in vascular tissues or on the nutrients stored within seeds. other species live as scavengers in the soil or underground in caves or ant nests. still others are predators on a variety of small arthropods. a few species even feed on the blood of vertebrates. bed bugs, and other members of the family cimicidae, live exclusively as ectoparasites on birds and mammals ( including humans ). aquatic heteroptera can be found on the surface of both fresh and salt water, near shorelines, or beneath the water surface in nearly all freshwater habitats. with only a few exceptions, these insects are predators of other aquatic organisms. - antennae slender with 4 - 5 segments - proboscis 3 - 4 segmented, arising from front of head and curving below body when not in use - pronotum usually large, trapezoidal or rounded - triangular scutellum present behind pronotum - front wings with basal half leathery and apical half membranous ( hemelytra ). wings lie flat on the back at rest, forming", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4738411576002135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.713839"} {"text": "usually large, trapezoidal or rounded - triangular scutellum present behind pronotum - front wings with basal half leathery and apical half membranous ( hemelytra ). wings lie flat on the back at rest, forming an \" x \". - tarsi 2 - or 3 - segmented - structurally similar to adults - always lacking wings plant feeding bugs are important pests of many crop plants. they may cause localized injury to plant tissues, they may weaken plants by removing sap, and they may also transmit plant pathogens. predatory species of heteroptera are generally regarded as beneficial insects, but those that feed on blood may transmit human diseases. chagas disease, for example, is transmitted to humans by conenose bugs ( genus triatoma, family reduviidae ). although bed bugs ( family cimicidae ) can inflict annoying bites, there is little evidence that they regularly transmit any human or animal pathogen. the three largest families of heteroptera are : - miridae ( plant bugs ) - - most species feed on plants, but some are predaceous. this family includes numerous pests such as the tarnished plant bug ( lygus lineolaris ). - lygaeidae ( seed bugs ) - - most species are seed feeders, a few are predatory. this family includes the chinch bug, blissus leucopterus a pest of small grains, and the bigeyed bug, geocoris bullatis, a beneficial predator. - pentatomidae ( stink bugs ) - - shield - shaped body with large, triangular scutellum. most species are herbivores, some are predators. all have scent glands which can produce an unpleasant odor. other families of terrestrial herbivores include : - tingidae ( lace bugs ) - coreidae ( squash bugs and leaffooted bugs ) - alydidae ( broadheaded bugs ) - rhopalidae ( scentless plant bugs ) - berytidae ( stilt bugs ) other families of terrestrial predators include : - reduviidae ( assassin bugs ) - phymatidae ( ambush bugs ) - nabidae ( damsel bugs ) - anthocoridae ( minute pirate bugs ) the major families of aquatic predators include : - two families of heteroptera are ectoparasites. the cimicidae ( bed bugs ) live on birds and mammals ( including humans ). the polyctenidae ( bat bugs ) live", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44825771879076315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.714673"} {"text": "dr wynand van der goes van naters telephone : + 44 ( 0 ) 29 208 74127 location : cardiff school of biosciences, the sir martin evans building, museum avenue, cardiff, cf10 3ax figure 1. male fruit fly drosophila approaching a female : what does it sense? some pheromones may be present in the hydrocarbon layer on the surface of the insects. see van der goes van naters wm & carlson jr ( 2007 ) current biology 17 : 606 - 612. image from doi : 10. 1016 / j. cell. 2007. 04. 011 we are interested in the molecular basis of smell and taste in insects. smell and taste provide fundamental questions in biology \u2013 in the molecular neurobiology of behaviour, in development, in learning and memory, in chemical ecology and in evolution. insects often locate and select the hosts from which they feed, and find sites for laying eggs, by chemical cues. smell and taste also play important roles in mate choice ( figure 1 ) and other social interactions. insects include some of the most serious vectors of disease, and cause enormous losses in agriculture. new methods for insect control may come from a molecular understanding of the senses of smell and taste. for an overview see van der goes van naters wm & carlson jr ( 2006 ) nature 444 : 302 - 307. a second research direction is the function of p2x receptors in model invertebrates.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5233546335525154, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.716026"} {"text": "below are three easy questions dealing with circles, distances and their areas etc. venkatanarayana road, t. nagar, chennai 600017 has a playground that is circular in shape. mukesh started running in clock wise direction from point x. anil started running from point x in anti - clockwise direction. mukesh ran 550 m and anil ran 330 m before they met each other. what is the area of this ground? a ) pi x 16. 9 x 102 m2 b ) pi x 1. 97 x 102 m2 c ) pi x 19. 6 x 102 m2 d ) pi x 1. 69 x 102 m2 answer : c ) pi x 19. 6 x 102 m2 circumference of a circle = 2 x 22 / 7 x radius mukesh has run 550 m and anil has run 330 m before they met. so the circumference of the circle would be the sum of the distances they covered = 550 m + 330 m = 880 m. circumference = 880 m = 2 x 22 / 7 x r r = 880 x 7 divided by 2 x 22 = 140 m. area = pi x r2 = pi x 19. 6 x 102 cubbon park, bangalore has a circular garden inside it constructed hundreds of years ago. bangalore corporation has been maintaining this garden nicely. many people \u2013 retired persons, young persons go for jogging around this circular garden in the early mornings. the radius of the garden is 777 m. rajendra kumar and nagendra kumar are two close friends. one day they started jogging from a point on the border of circle \u2014 rajendra kumar went in anti clockwise direction and nagendra kumar went in clockwise direction. nagendra kumar met rajendra kumar after travelling 2416 km lesser than that would had been covered by rajendra kumar. what is the distance covered by rajendra kumar before meeting nagendra kumar? a ) 3560 m b ) 5360 m c ) 3650 m d ) none of these. answer : c ) 3650 m total circumference of the circular garden = 2 x 22 / 7 x 777 = 4884 m. let the distance covered by nagendra kumar when they met be x. let the distance covered by rajendra kumar when they met be y. it is given that y - x = 2416 - > eq 1 also we know that sum of the distances covered by both the friends should be equal to the circumference of the circle therefore y +", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46019922150536924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.719223"} {"text": "kumar when they met be y. it is given that y - x = 2416 - > eq 1 also we know that sum of the distances covered by both the friends should be equal to the circumference of the circle therefore y + x = 4884 - > eq 2 adding equations 1 and 2 we get 2y = 7300 therefore y = 7300 / 2 = 3650. hence, distance covered by rajendra kumar = 3650 m there is a circular garden in mattuthavani, madurai and is being maintained by a private transport company for many years. the radius of the ground is 1554 m. gunaseelan and munusamy started running from a point at the circumference in opposite directions. gunaseelan ran at an average speed of 60 metres per minute and met munusamy after running for 44 minutes. how much distance munusamy would have covered before meeting gunaseelan? a ) 7128 m b ) 6128 m c ) 5456 m d ) none of these. answer : a ) 7128 m circumference of circular ground = 2 x 22 / 7 x 1554 m = 9768 m distance covered by gunaseelan in 44 minutes travelling at 60 metres per minute = 60 x 44 = 2640 m let distance covered by gunaseelan when they met = x. we have already found x to be 2640 m. let distance covered by munusamy when they met = y. similar to previous question, we have x + y = circumference 2640 + y = 9768 distance covered by munusamy = y = 9768 - 2640 = 7128 m", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4788781184034603, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.719803"} {"text": "how does the fetal circulatory system work? during pregnancy, the fetal circulatory system works differently than after birth : - the fetus is connected by the umbilical cord to the placenta, the organ that develops and implants in the mother ' s uterus during pregnancy. - through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord, the fetus receives all the necessary nutrition, oxygen, and life support from the mother through the placenta. - waste products and carbon dioxide from the fetus are sent back through the umbilical cord and placenta to the mother ' s circulation to be eliminated. blood from the mother enters the fetus through the vein in the umbilical cord. it goes to the liver and splits into three branches. the blood then reaches the inferior vena cava, a major vein connected to the heart. inside the fetal heart : - blood enters the right atrium, the chamber on the upper right side of the heart. most of the blood flows to the left side through a special fetal opening between the left and right atria, called the foramen ovale. - blood then passes into the left ventricle ( lower chamber of the heart ) and then to the aorta, ( the large artery coming from the heart ). - from the aorta, blood is sent to the head and upper extremities. after circulating there, the blood returns to the right atrium of the heart through the superior vena cava. - about one - third of the blood entering the right atrium does not flow through the foramen ovale, but, instead, stays in the right side of the heart, eventually flowing into the pulmonary artery. because the placenta does the work of exchanging oxygen ( o2 ) and carbon dioxide ( co2 ) through the mother ' s circulation, the fetal lungs are not used for breathing. instead of blood flowing to the lungs to pick up oxygen and then flowing to the rest of the body, the fetal circulation shunts ( bypasses ) most of the blood away from the lungs. in the fetus, blood is shunted from the pulmonary artery to the aorta through a connecting blood vessel called the ductus arteriosus. blood circulation after birth : with the first breaths of air the baby takes at birth, the fetal circulation changes. a larger amount of blood is sent to the lungs to pick up oxygen. - because the ductus arteriosus ( the normal connection between the aorta and the pulmonary valve ) is no longer needed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43409503170099967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.724046"} {"text": "30. january 2012 05 : 19 does everyone with a red eye have \" pinkeye \". on a daily basis, i have patients who present with a red eye who automatically feel they have pinkeye. pinkeye is also known as viral conjunctivitis. however, there are many causes of a red eye including bacterial, allergic, chemical or traumatic conjunctivitis just to name a few. contact lenses are also a common source for eye redness or infection. pinkeye often involves both eyes. patients complain of redness, tearing and discharge. they often look very uncomfortable. many of these people have a cold or sore throat preceding the eye problem. in addition, it often can be transmitted from children. most patients are contagious for a week or so from the time the first eye becomes red. hand washing is very important when you have this problem. allergic conjunctivitis may have a similar presentation. however, most of these patients complain of itching. this often is the symptom that helps distinguish this condition from viral conjunctivitis ( pinkeye ). bacterial conjunctivitis usually effects one eye. contact lens wearers who present with infection often have redness and pain in one eye. the history helps the physician determine the source of the red eye. in summary, not all red eyes are pinkeye. if you have symptoms which seem to be an infection or conjunctivitis, please contact your eye care professional. remember, protect those eyes! copyright \u00a9 2004 - view full terms & conditions yourcity. md llc all rights reserved. the information on this website is provided as a courtesy of yourcity. md. this website is designed as a resource portal for informational purposes only and does not contain any warranties. reliance on any information found on or through this website or links found on this website is entirely at your own risk. if you think you may have a medical emergency, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. yourcity. md and its affiliates are not responsible for the content found on any links contained herein and do not necessarily agree with any of their opinions. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5017864518900057, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.726204"} {"text": "diagnosing allergic rhinitis in children not only are children typically unable to verbalize how they feel, but their allergic rhinitis symptoms may often resemble those of other common diseases. consequently, allergic rhinitis often remains undiagnosed or is inadequately treated, despite the fact that it is extremely common in children. signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis in children use the table below to help you distinguish between the two. if you are confused by your child ' s symptoms, or if the symptoms are prolonged, you should contact your healthcare professional for guidance. | | | allergic rhinitis | | common cold | | | as long as exposed to the allergen | | usually 5 - 7 days ( 25 % last 14 days ) | | | abundant, aqueous and clear | | initially clear, changing to thick yellow or green | | | mild to moderate ; dry at first, changing to productive | | | common ; mild ( dry, scratchy, sore ) | recognizing your child ' s allergy trigger ( s ) the best way to cope with your child ' s allergy is to find out first which substance triggers a reaction. a visit to your doctor or allergy specialist can help determine your child ' s allergy triggers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43983157822385205, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.727395"} {"text": "you will get the answer of your question if you think about the consequences of method local inner class using variables of the same method. local variables of the method exists only for the lifetime of the method. when the method ends, the stack and the variable is also destroyed. but even after the method completes, the inner class object created within it might still be alive on the heap. and if this object tries to access a variable which is no more then!!! joined : jun 03, 2008 very thank you for your reply. ok, then where are the final variables stored?. is it heap?. because the variable is final, the inner class instance keeps a copy of that variable ' s value - either primitive, or the reference to an object. if the variable was a reference to an object, this object will still have at least one reference ( in the inner class ) and not be garbage collected. so yes, in the end, its value is stored on the heap, within the instance. [ august 19, 2008 : message edited by : rob prime ] since jdk 6, you can ' t always be sure that objects will be stored on the heap. sometimes, if the jvm can determine that an object is only accessible from within a single thread, and it can determine when the last variable referencing that thread has gone out of scope, it can allocate the memory for the object on the stack rather than the heap. this means it can be garbage collected very efficiently. it also means the jvm can ignore synchronization requests if it ' s already determined that no other threads can touch the object. this is useful for a class like stringbuffer, whose methods are synchronized but in most cases this is completely unnecessary. anyway, the point here is that nowadays it ' s often hard to know for sure whether an object is really on the heap, or on the stack. and it generally makes very little difference, from the programmer ' s perspective.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46954691798575726, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.732530"} {"text": "- students should meet learning expectations \u2014 passing kids along with a weak foundation means they will never achieve higher level knowledge and skills and will be excluded from the idea economy. - students should show what they know \u2014 it \u2019 s not about turning work in, earning point, or showing up to class, they should demonstrate in several ways that they have mastered important knowledge, skills, and abilities. for most people that sounds logical and for twenty years we \u2019 ve been saying \u201c it \u2019 s about learning not time \u201d and \u201c learning is fixed and time is variable. \u201d only it \u2019 s not \u2014 it \u2019 s all about time and the structures we \u2019 ve ensconced with policies, budgets, and contracts. since horace borrowed the idea from the prussians we \u2019 ve been batch - processing kids based on birthdays through a print curriculum. this batch - print system was moderately efficient until we tried to retrofit it to work for all kids. it just created a mess of tacked on services and a crazy patchwork quilt of courses. as educational demands of society increased, it became obvious that the batch - print system is a disaster for at least two thirds of our kids. the shift to personal digital learning offers a better alternative. specifically, a system based on demonstrated competence and powered by personalized learning technology holds the potential to double the number of students prepared for college and careers in this decade. however, competency - based systems are fundamentally different than batch - print. following are ten elements of a competency - based system : - intellectual mission that focuses resources and behaviors on productive habits of mind and preparation for participation in college, careers, and civic life. - standards that express in some detail what students should know and be able to do. - progress monitoring, historically thought of as grading, and achievement recognition systems, historically thought of as class rank. - grouping and scheduling systems \u2014 when, why and how groups are used when learning not age cohorts is the dominant organizing principle. - reporting to the outside world that still thinks in courses, credits, and grades. - content that supports self - directed and customized learning. - tools that facilitate standards - based challenges, collaboration, and scheduling. - teacher support, preparation and development for a dynamic environment with differentiated ( i. e., different levels ) and distributed ( i. e., different locations ) staffing. - evaluation systems that helps to determine student learning and how experiences and adults are contributing. - community connections and supports for student success. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48258873901614097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.741754"} {"text": "buick historysource : general motors corporationdavid dunbar buick was a scottish industrialist and auto builder. after making his mark with a process for annealing porcelain to steel for bathtubs, he turned to the profit opportunities of the horseless - carriage phenomenon. his first car, appearing in 1903, was a simple little chaindrive runabout with flat - tiwn power. one engine feature, over head valves, was a rarity then, but has been a hallmark of almost all buicks since. buick motor company, founded by david dunbar buick, is incorporated on may 19, 1903. ground is broken for the first buick engine plant on september 11, 1903, with funding from flint wagon works, and operations are moved from detroit to flint. william crapo ( ' billy ' ) durant of durant - dort carriage company, flint, michigan, takes control of buick motor company on november 1, 1904. buick builds its first production four - cylinder car, a 1907 model d. under billy durant ' s leadership, general motors company is organized in 1908 ( sept 16 ), incorporating the buick motor company. in 1923, four - wheel brakes are introduced on 1924 - model year buicks in 1929, buick introduces a smaller 6 - cylinder sedan which is named the marquette. it is discontinued by 1931. in 1932, b - o - p sales company is established, consolidating the wholesale sales forces of buick, oldsmobile, and pontiac. it is disbanded the following year. in 1936, the buick roadmaster, a milestone in styling ( designed by harley earl ), is introduced. in 1937, linden division, linden, nj, is established to assemble buicks, oldsmobiles and pontiacs closer to the points of sale in the eastern u. s. in 1939, the industry ' s first rear turn signals to use flasher are introduced by buick. in 1945, the buick - oldsmobile - pontiac assembly division is organized. it later becomes general motors assembly division ( gmad ) in 1965. in 1948, buick introduces the first torque converter - type automatic transmission, dynaflow, offered in u. s. passenger cars. in 1951, buick ' s lesabre and xp - 300, two custom - built super - streamlined concept cars, are introduced to test gm ' s new advances in styling and mechanical features. in 1952, power steering is offered by cadillac, oldsmobile and buick. in 1953, 12 - volt electrical systems, developed by delco remy division, are installed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.457604691449619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.746588"} {"text": ", are introduced to test gm ' s new advances in styling and mechanical features. in 1952, power steering is offered by cadillac, oldsmobile and buick. in 1953, 12 - volt electrical systems, developed by delco remy division, are installed on cadillacs, oldsmobiles and buicks. the buick high compression v - 8 engine is introduced. power brakes are offered by buick and oldsmobile. in 1954, the industry ' s first four - door ' pillarless ' hardtop sedans are offered by buick and oldsmobile on 1955 models. the following year, cadillac offers the feature on the 1956 sedan de ville. in 1960, gm introduces three new smaller cars in the u. s. as 1961 models : the buick special, oldsmobile f - 85 and pontiac tempest. in 1961, buick introduces the first american v - 6 passenger car engine. in 1962, buick introduces the prestige, e - body based, riviera, as a 1963 model. in 1976, gm introduces its downsized chevrolet, pontiac, oldsmobile, buick and cadillac full - size and luxury cars in september. in 1979, gm introduces newly designed front - wheel - drive compact cars, the buick skylark, chevrolet citation, oldsmobile omega and pontiac phoenix x - body models. in 1982, buick motor division announces plans to consolidate its car assembly operations in flint with fisher body division ' s metal fabricating and body assembly facilities. the $ 200 million project is dubbed ' buick city '. in 1984, a new organizational structure for gm ' s north american passenger car operations is formed. two integrated car groups, chevrolet, pontiac, gm of canada ( c - p - c ) and buick, oldsmobile, cadillac ( b - o - c ), each have complete responsibility for their respective products, including engineering, manufacturing, assembly and marketing. in 1988, gm introduces its ' gm10 ' family of newly redesigned midsize cars - - the buick regal, oldsmobile cutlass supreme, and pontiac grand prix. in 1999, general motors ' new joint venture assembly plant in shanghai, china, begins production of buick regals for the chinese market. in 2001, shanghai gm, a joint venture between general motors and shanghai automotive industry corporation, launches the buick sail, the first modern family car built in china. in 2002, buick celebrates its one - hundredth anniversary.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43167873699243475, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.747722"} {"text": "eureka stockade is the common name given to the rebellion in 1854 by miners at the eureka goldfields of ballarat in victoria, australia. since 1851 the miners had been seeking changes to mining licensing and an end to its corrupt administration under the colonial authorities, as well as voting rights and representation. in august 1853 lieutenant governor c. j. la trobe was presented with a petition signed by over 5000 miners highlighting the hardships and injustices on the goldfields, including denials of due process of law. in october 1854 a drunken miner, james scobie, was beaten to death. james and catherine bentley, the owners of the eureka hotel, and some their staff were implicated but an inquest found that there was insufficient evidence to charge them. a judicial inquiry was later held, presided over by gold fields commissioner robert rede, police magistrate john dewes and assistant commissioner johnston. during an adjournment of the hearing james bentley went to magistrate dewes office, and when the hearing reconvened dewes and rede announced that the accused were to be discharged. a mob of miners rioted and burned down the eureka hotel, forcing the bentleys to flee for their lives. the miners continued their violence while the arsonists were on trial and there was at least one skirmish with troops sent to keep order, during which the regimental drummer boy was wounded. trials were held for both the death of scobie and the arson of the eureka hotel. on 20 november james bentley, william hance and thomas farrell ( both staff of the hotel ), were found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced to 3 years hard labour. on the same day 3 of the rioters ( andrew mcintyre, thomas fletcher and henry westerby ) were found guilty of riot and \u201c pulling down a dwelling house \u201d and sentenced to 3, 4 and 6 months respectively, which were considered to be quite lenient sentences. on 30 november a licence hunt at the \u201c gravel pits \u201d was met by a large number of defiant miners and a riot ensued, resulting in a number of injuries and arrests. on 1 or 2 december rebelling miners fortified about an acre of the eureka goldfield ( the ' stockade ' ), and prepared for armed resistance to licence hunts. early on the morning of 3 december 1854 government troops overwhelmed the stockade. during the battle 22 miners and 5 government troops were killed. although peter lalor and other leaders of the rebellion escaped arrest, approximately 100 of the men at the stockade were arrested. all but 13 of these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4017956372660898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.750883"} {"text": "you are getting through the building as a system and now you need to know how the actual brains work. we \u2019 ve gotten through the tools you need, the safety equipment and common sense and how to prepare yourself. then we discussed the actual building as a system. now we \u2019 re moving on to the actual mechanical systems or what some people call the brains of the house. this would be the heating, cooling and water systems of your home. heating system types central - in a central system, air or water is heated in one area and then distributed throughout the system by a fan or pump which is typically controlled by one central thermostat. you check these systems for issues by taking a look at the main system \u2019 s records to see when it was last serviced. check the filters to make sure they are clean and installed properly. zone - in a zoned system each room or zone is a self contained system which typically has its own thermostat that controls that zone. you check these types of systems by looking at the baseboards for dust and for potential air leaks in the systems coming from the floor or wall near the baseboards. cooling system types space cooling - is cooling a home by planting trees to shade a home or installing overhangs in the proper way as to allow sun in yet block sun when it is not needed. window shades can also be used to block the sunlight and shade your home for thermal blocking. air conditioning is not always needed, but ducting is typically run through attics and non - conditioned spaces which get really hot. by making sure that ducts are sealed properly ( use of mastic instead of tape so that conditioned air is not leaking straight out into non - conditioned space ) you can save money ). another solution to space cooling is to condition an attic an properly air seal an attic and know where you want to create your thermal envelope. remember your house as a system - take another look at the diagram above and look at all of the paces that air can leak out! check all of the ducting to make sure that you can \u2019 t see daylight through the mastic. if you really want to try to use your incense here you can waft it into you ducts and see if you see any of the smoke coming out through holes ; if you see smoke coming out through holes in your ducts, then you can see where the ducts need to have more mastic applied, as that is where your conditioned air is leaking out. water system - hot water is needed to bath and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5229349597849645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.756044"} {"text": "if you see smoke coming out through holes in your ducts, then you can see where the ducts need to have more mastic applied, as that is where your conditioned air is leaking out. water system - hot water is needed to bath and wash dishes and clothes. the temperature of your hot water heater should be set to 120 degrees fahrenheit. many people are looking to solar hot water heater systems as they can get up to 70 % of their water heated by the sun! this is a fantastic way to save money and see an immediate payback for a home energy improvement. when you are inspecting your hot water system you will want to check to make sure your first two feet of pipe are insulated. put your hand on the shell of your hot water heater ; if it feels warm, it needs a blanket - these can be purchased at big box stores. terms to know when looking at mechanical systems in your home : seer - seasonal energy efficiency ratio is the standard for air conditioning efficiency. it is the ratio of the cooling capacity to the power input. the higher the number the more cooling is achieved for each watt of electricity. hspf - heating season performance factor is the most important measure for heatpumps. heat pumps also have a seer for their air conditioning function. ef - energy factor is the measure for the overall efficiency of water heaters. it includes the pilot light and standby loss from a tank. standard gas hot water tanks have been about ef. 58 \u2013 or about 58 % efficient. high efficiency gas tanks above. 62 ef and electric tanks above. 93 ef qualify for utility rebates. tankless water heaters range from. 79 \u2013. 86 ef, while some condensing boilers and water tanks reach above. 90 ef. gpm - gallons per minute is the water flow rate for faucet aerators and shower - heads. shower - heads are available that work well at 1. 6 gpm and aerators that work well at 0. 8 gpm. this is getting exciting, isn \u2019 t it?! you \u2019 re well on your way on getting through your own energy audit! next you will find out how to go through your own attic. why do we have attics anyways? if you have a friend who needs to get started on their own audit, too, send them to the very beginning, and get them started! it is never too late. if you ever have any questions, or want for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5008149104483014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.756996"} {"text": "keep children healthy this winter season flu season is off to an earlier than usual start this year with large numbers of cases being reported around the country. the flu is not prevalent in unusually high numbers in montezuma county, but it ' s early in the season and the flu vaccine is still available and highly recommended. it takes the vaccine about two weeks to take effect, so the sooner you get the vaccine, the better, if you ' ve not already done so. the flu can be especially dangerous for small children, and cortez pediatrician anne christian, md, has tips for parents and caregivers of kids to help prevent the spread of the flu and keep the little ones healthy in general throughout the winter months. \" i ' m not seeing huge numbers of flu cases yet this year but i have had to hospitalize two children for the illness, \" said christian. if you ' ve not yet had your children vaccinated for the flu, it ' s not too late. \" in our clinics we have preservative - free vaccines that contain no mercury and are safe for any child over the age of six months, \" said christian. she recommends that everyone in households with young children - especially those under six months old - get vaccinated. \" this provides protection for the very young infants who can ' t get the vaccine, \" said christian. if a child ( or an adult ) begins to have flu - like symptoms they should see their healthcare provider as quickly as possible. \" tamiflu is an antiviral medication that blunts the severity of the symptoms and shortens the duration of the flu, but it needs to be given within 48 hours of exposure to the virus, \" said christian. tamiflu is safe for children one year and older. another illness common in the winter months is respiratory syncytial virus ( rsv ). it typically causes mild cold - like symptoms in adults and healthy children, but it can be quite dangerous for babies and children with compromised immune systems or chronic illnesses such as asthma. because it is a virus ( like the flu and the common cold ), antibiotics are not used in treating rsv. most cases resolve without treatment but serious cases may require hospitalization for the administration of oxygen and iv fluids. \" i ' m seeing a high number of respiratory illnesses and quite a few cases of viruses that are causing vomiting and diarrhea, \" said christian, noting that sometimes rsv and other respiratory illnesses have a gastrointestinal component. there are many common -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40605786494264906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.761445"} {"text": "m seeing a high number of respiratory illnesses and quite a few cases of viruses that are causing vomiting and diarrhea, \" said christian, noting that sometimes rsv and other respiratory illnesses have a gastrointestinal component. there are many common - sense measures that parents can take to keep children - and the whole family - healthy during the winter months when viruses tend to peak. \" frequent hand washing is a very important preventive measure that everyone can take, \" said christian. thirty to sixty seconds of hand washing with warm, soapy water followed by thorough drying can go a long way toward preventing the spread of many infections. \" i recommend that parents wash their hands frequently, especially when caring for sick children, before preparing food, and after diaper changes, \" said christian. parents should teach their children the importance of frequent and thorough hand washing as well. when soap and water are not available, use an alcohol - based hand sanitizer. keeping children home from school and day care when they are sick is the responsible thing to do to keep illnesses from spreading to other children, teachers, and caregivers. anyone who has had the flu should stay at home for 24 hours after their temperature has returned to normal without the use of fever - reducing medications. \" reschedule play dates if your child is sick or another child is showing symptoms of illness, \" said christian. to the greatest degree possible, don ' t take small babies to public places and keep all children away from family members and friends who are ill. \" even a sneeze by someone nearby can make a child sick, \" said christian. \" the checkout line at walmart is probably not the healthiest place to be during cold and flu season. \" when you need to sneeze or cough cover your nose and mouth with several tissues or sneeze or cough into the crook of your arm rather than into bare hands. everyone, but especially children, should get plenty of rest during the winter months to help ward off illnesses. christian also recommends vitamin supplements, specifically a, c, and d, along with eating dark berries for their antioxidant benefits. \" parents should talk to their children ' s doctor about the possibility of probiotic supplements as well, \" said christian. keeping children away from second - hand cigarette smoke is essential to keeping them healthy year - round, and even more so in the winter months. also, making sure that kids stay well - hydrated is important. \" hydration helps stabilize the temperature and keep the metabolism working well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4226349150895147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.762471"} {"text": "- hand cigarette smoke is essential to keeping them healthy year - round, and even more so in the winter months. also, making sure that kids stay well - hydrated is important. \" hydration helps stabilize the temperature and keep the metabolism working well, \" said christian. be certain that children are appropriately dressed when they go outside to play and when temperatures are extremely low, outdoor time should be both monitored and limited. keeping children warm is important, but don ' t load them up with too many layers of clothing. overdressing, especially in babies under a year of age, is associated with sids ( sudden infant death syndrome ), according to christian. preventing the spread of colds, the flu, and other wintertime illnesses is everyone ' s responsibility. \" do your part to stay healthy and keep others from getting sick, \" said christian. \" i love caring for children in my office, but i ' d much rather be seeing them for their well - child checkups than treating them for illnesses that could have been prevented. \" southwest health notes is a public service feature provided by southwest memorial hospital in cortez, colorado. the information provided herein is not intended as patient - specific medical advice or as a substitute for consultation with your personal healthcare provider.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4418933583573783, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.763227"} {"text": "educational service delivery this chapter reviews the educational service delivery system of venus independent school district ( visd ) in the following sections : - student performance - instructional resources - gifted and talented education - compensatory education - special education - bilingual / english as a second language education - career and technology education - library / media services - student discipline and alternative education programs - computer technology j. computer technology the texas legislature has long recognized technology \u2019 s importance in education and administrative support. in 1987, the legislature directed the state board of education to develop a long - range plan for technology. this plan called for the establishment of a statewide electronic transfer system ( tenet ), expansion of integrated telecommunications systems ( t - star ) and a center for research in educational technology ( tcet ). subsequent legislation has created funding to help districts meet the state goals for technology. the technology allotment provides approximately $ 30 per student per year in state funding for technology. house bill 2128 of the 1993 legislature created the telecommunications infrastructure fund ( tif ). this fund derives revenues from the telecommunications utilities account and the commercial mobile service providers account to provide $ 150 million in grant funds each year for 10 years to public education, higher education and telemedicine centers for computer infrastructure, distance learning and training. another grant fund that is available to public school districts is the technology integration in education ( tie ) grant, which provides funding for teaching and learning, educator preparation, administration and support and technology infrastructure. this state - level focus on technology in education has allowed some of even the smallest school districts to develop state - of - the - art computer networks and computer labs. visd, its four peer districts, 32 other districts and seven colleges worked with region 11 in a cooperative effort to receive a tie grant to establish a distance learning program through the region 11 telecommunications network ( retn ). the retn allows visd students to take advanced math, science and foreign language courses. in addition, the retn allows students to take dual - enrollment courses. to date, 34 students have completed dual enrollment courses and received college credit prior to graduating from high school. the telecommunications act of 1996 includes provisions for schools to receive special rates for telecommunications services. visd qualifies for an 80 per cent discount on basic phone service, data circuits and internet service. visd has a technology coordinator who oversees the district \u2019 s technology program and the campus technology coordinators. as a former language teacher, the technology coordinator understands the classroom needs of the teachers and works with them to solve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5066106618403612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.772666"} {"text": ", data circuits and internet service. visd has a technology coordinator who oversees the district \u2019 s technology program and the campus technology coordinators. as a former language teacher, the technology coordinator understands the classroom needs of the teachers and works with them to solve their problems. the technology coordinators at the schools are teachers, aides or other members of the school staff. they receive a stipend for work as technology coordinators at their individual schools. the backgrounds and interests of the visd technology coordinator and the technology coordinators at the individual schools enable the technology staff to understand and concentrate on fulfilling the needs of the students and teachers. the visd technology committee members come from administration, the classroom, library, the district staff and the community. to ensure that the visd technology plan they developed was complete, they reviewed the texas state long - range plan for technology ; the state board of educator certification : technology applications standards for all teachers ; and the texas essential knowledge and skills. the school board approved the plan on february 20, 2003. technology programs progress through the following phases : needs assessment, design and maintenance. the needs assessment phase determines the feasibility, value and the expected outcome of a potential program. the design phase consists of preparing plans and the acquisition costs and maintenance cost of the potential program. the maintenance phase involves the continued support and evaluation of the effectiveness of the program. all evaluations are tied to outcomes contained in the needs assessment. the visd is connected to the internet by a t - 1 data line capable of transmitting 1. 5 million bits of digital electronic data every second, which is 24 times as much data as a typical telephone line. region 11 provides this line and it is connected at venus high school. the middle school is connected to the high school by a fiber optical cable. the primary school, elementary school and the district offices are connected to the high school through a wireless communications link. to protect the district from computer viruses, the technology department has anti - virus software on all computers and servers. in addition, all e - mail coming into the district must pass through region 11 where it is scanned for viruses. the region strips the e - mail of any virus and passes the message on to the district. each school has a secure computer server located on site for storing data that is backed - up daily onto a tape. in addition, a weekly backup is made the last workday of the week. an annual backup is made at the end of the last school day for the year. all backup tapes are stored off site to ensure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4955566297402131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.773779"} {"text": "backed - up daily onto a tape. in addition, a weekly backup is made the last workday of the week. an annual backup is made at the end of the last school day for the year. all backup tapes are stored off site to ensure their safety. in 1998, visd had only a few mac computers for use in the special education department. in 2003, the district has 11 computer labs with 226 computers, 32 computers in the libraries and 426 computers in classrooms. with an enrollment of 1, 871 students, the district has an average of 4. 3 students per classroom computer, which is close to tea \u2019 s school technology and readiness ( star ) recommended ratio of 4 or less students per computer and only slightly higher than the state average of 4. 1 students per computer. visd evaluated the current status of technology within the district by using tea \u2019 s texas school technology and readiness ( star ) program developed by the state educational technology advisory committee. the star program helps determine a district \u2019 s progress toward achieving the goals outlined in the four key areas of the texas long - range plan for technology. exhibit 2 - 30 provides the results of the visd self - evaluation and shows how visd compares with region 11 and state averages. visd technology progress scores and comparison with region 11 and state averages long range plan for technology key areas teaching and learning educator preparation and development administration and support services infrastructure for technology visd * 8 7 11 8 region 11 average score * * 12 12 12 12 state average score * 12 12 11 12 maximum possible score * * 24 24 20 20 * source : visd technology plan, 2003, and texas star chart, 2002. * * source : tea texas star chart region 11 summary. visd allows teachers and staff to improve their technology skills. additionally, the district consistently upgrades internet connectivity and expands the availability of computers for student use. the results of star self - evaluation show that visd ranks highest in the administration and support services areas. this is due to the district \u2019 s internet connectivity and speed, as well as the district \u2019 s local area network / wide area network. these two items allow visd to reach higher levels of technology and attain the goals of the texas long range plan for technology. future applications for state - funded technology grants will request a completed campus or district texas star chart profile to be filed with the application as an indicator of current status and progress. visd has used a variety of funding sources to buy computers and associated training for the teachers, administrators and staff. the district applied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4777412645143919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.774842"} {"text": "a completed campus or district texas star chart profile to be filed with the application as an indicator of current status and progress. visd has used a variety of funding sources to buy computers and associated training for the teachers, administrators and staff. the district applied for and received a number of grants from the tif program. exhibit 2 - 31 shows the amounts of the tif grants received by visd and the peer districts. amount of tif grants received visd and peer districts 1996 - 97 through 2000 - 01 district number of tif grants received total amount received dublin 5 $ 326, 013 godley 5 $ 316, 040 grandview 4 $ 690, 000 rio vista 4 $ 757, 003 venus 5 $ 401, 889 peer average 4. 5 $ 522, 264 source : http : / / www. whattifhasdone. org. these grants enabled visd to move from below the state average of students per computer to almost equal to the state average in just five years. the funds have been used to pay for online technology training for all middle and high school teachers. the district added its own funds to extend this online technology training to all primary and elementary school teachers. this online training called, \u201c learn at gateway \u201d provides intensive instruction in many different software applications. employees are required by the district to meet minimum program training requirements in microsoft word and microsoft powerpoint. however, employees may continue to take additional courses until the end of the program. this program, which began in august 2002 and is available through august 2003, provides teachers the opportunity to receive instruction, demonstrations and critiques in a self - paced format that can be completed at their convenience. this flexibility allows the training to be completed at a time convenient to the employee rather than having to conform to a rigid formal training schedule. visd initiatives provide all teachers and staff members the opportunity to improve their technology skills, upgrade the district \u2019 s internet connectivity and buy computers for student use to achieve key focus areas in the texas star program. the visd has implemented several innovative programs to improve the use of technology in the classroom. the elementary school campus technology coordinator was one of two teachers from the visd selected to participate in the \u201c teach to the future \u201d program sponsored by intel corporation. after receiving complimentary training and equipment at intel corporate facilities, these teachers are training 20 visd teachers per year for the next two years. to make this training more effective, an experienced teacher who understands teks and curriculum is teamed with one of the newer teachers who usually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43190590306726495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.775863"} {"text": "training and equipment at intel corporate facilities, these teachers are training 20 visd teachers per year for the next two years. to make this training more effective, an experienced teacher who understands teks and curriculum is teamed with one of the newer teachers who usually have a broader range of computer skills. this teaming concept facilitates the cross - transfer of experience between the two individual teachers and enhances the learning experience for both. this effort works toward two of the visd technology plan goals : goal two \u201c continued staff development for integrating technology into existing curriculum \u201d and goal three \u201c meeting the needs of professional staff development for integrating of the emerging taks. \u201d the middle school technology coordinator has reconfigured old computers that were no longer being used to provide resources for a new science class computer lab. refurbishing the older computers enabled the students to use the cds that came with the new science books. this reuses excess equipment and allows full use of the new science texts to enhance science learning. this effort works toward the eventual satisfaction of goal one : \u201c increase the student per computer ratio in the classroom from 20 students per computer to four students per internet - connected computer \u201d and goal four in the visd technology plan : \u201c provide all students with proper instruction and access availability in advanced technologies and usage. \u201d the high school multi - media class uses its computer technology to prepare a videotape every morning that contains all of the announcements and notices for the day. this announcement is played over the school tv system so that every student sees and hears the announcement simultaneously. this use of computer technology enhances the learning experience by giving the students a real world application as opposed to a more traditional classroom exercise. this application works toward the eventual satisfaction of goal four : \u201c provide all students with proper instruction and access availability in advanced technologies and usage. \u201d the distance - learning lab at the high school allows the students to take dual credit courses. this provides students an opportunity to experience the collegiate environment and earn college credits prior to graduating from high school. of the 34 students who have taken dual - credit courses, 31 students have continued their studies in college. this application works toward the eventual satisfaction of goal four : \u201c provide all students with proper instruction and access availability in advanced technologies and usage \u201d and goal six : \u201c continued support and upgrade of the existing wide area network to provide enhanced performance, reliability and scalability. \u201d by providing continued professional development for the faculty and innovative learning opportunities for the students, the visd classroom and technology staffs are working to achieve the goals stated in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5138232696717265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.776958"} {"text": "media contact : jennifer martin, ( 202 ) 720 - 8188 march 30, 2009 with the current economic climate, it \u2019 s increasingly important to understand the relationship between food cost and nutrition. there has been a longstanding debate whether foods packed with calories, but low in nutritional value, are more accessible and affordable than foods that cost more but are more nutritious \u2014 especially for low - income individuals and families. a group of scientists in california and washington decided to add evidence to the debate. researchers at the university of california \u2013 davis and the university of washington tested their hypothesis that lower - cost diets among low - income women would be higher in calories but lower in nutrients. their tests concluded that the more energy - dense ( high - calorie ) the diet, the less nutritious it is likely to be. additionally, low - income women who ate more nutritious diets spent more money per calorie than those who ate less nutritious diets. the study recruited low - income women from four counties in california. participants completed a food - frequency questionnaire that assessed consumption of 152 food and beverage items over the previous three months. the data was used to estimate intakes of energy, fats, dietary fiber, added sugars and vitamins and minerals. energy density was calculated as kilocalories ( kcal ) per unit weight of edible food, and costs were estimated from local food prices. specifically, the survey showed the women reported a mean energy intake of 2, 061 kcal per day and a mean dietary energy density of 0. 94 kcal per gram. the consumption of a higher energy - dense diet was associated with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of calcium and vitamin a. mean daily diet costs were $ 6. 11 per day, or $ 6. 06 for every 2, 000 calories. as cost increased, dietary energy density ( calories ), total energy, fat and sugar intakes decreased while vitamin a intake ( nutrition ) increased. \u201d results of this project point out the need for nutrition guidance materials for low - income audiences. these new materials must include strategies for improving the quality of diets without increasing costs, \u201d said etta saltos, csrees national program leader for human nutrition. \u201c usda \u2019 s expanded food and nutrition education program ( efnep ), which teaches food budgeting skills, is an excellent example. \u201d usda \u2019 s cooperative state research, education, and extension service ( csrees )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47750897880440113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.782008"} {"text": "this time we \u2019 ll take up the so - called \u201c comma splice, \u201d one of the most common errors in student writing. it is one form of the \u201c run - on sentence, \u201d but unlike a \u201c fused \u201d sentence, which runs together two independent clauses ( i. e., complete sentences ) \u2014 e. g., \" the league of nations was the centerpiece of president wilson \u2019 s fourteen points the u. s. failure to ratify it devastated him \" \u2014 the comma splice entails a comma between the two clauses, whereas what is required is a period or a semi - colon, that is, a full stop rather than just a pause. here \u2019 s an example : julius caesar crossed the rubicon river in 49 bc, with this decision he launched rome into a civil war. both clauses are independent and thus cannot be separated by a simple comma. because, however, the two statements are closely related, it is tempting to signal merely a pause between them ( using a comma ) rather than a complete stop ( signaled by the period ). to eliminate the error of a comma splice, but avoid the sharp halt broadcast by the period, you can employ one of two solutions : either place a semi - colon between the two statements ( julius caesar crossed the rubicon river in 49 bc ; with this decision he launched rome into a civil war. ) ; or add a coordinating conjunction between them ( julius caesar crossed the rubicon river in 49 bc, and with this decision he launched rome into a civil war. ) there are seven coordinating conjunctions, small words that allow you to use a comma between otherwise independent clauses. they are easy to remember with this acronym as a mnemonic device : fanboys ( or, alternatively, boyfans ) : for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. notice that \u201c however \u201d is not in the list. proper use of this conjunctive adverb torments many students, so look for some illumination on that topic in a future column.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48797269408206234, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.785462"} {"text": "how to safely cut a log using a log splitter log splitter safety tips from cub cadet. learn how to safely use a log splitter to maintain your lawn. splitting wood in your backyard or a large wooded area can seem like an intimidating task. however, using a log splitter allows you to cut down on the time and energy it would take to create firewood or clear a space. cub cadet believes that safety is the number one priority when using a log splitter or any other large lawn maintenance equipment. as you use your cub cadet machine, keep these log splitter safety tips in mind. before splitting wood : get familiar with the equipment. look over the log splitter control panel to get a feel for the location of important levers or buttons. gather safety equipment. when using a cub cadet log splitter, always use safety gloves and goggles. make sure the logs are cut with square ends prior to splitting wood. when loading logs into a log splitter : always place your hands on the sides on the log, not on the ends, before placing the wood inside the log splitter. never use your foot to help stabilize a log. please note : failure to follow these log splitter safety tips may result in crushed or amputated fingers, toes, hands or feet. using a log splitter : use only your hands to operate the log splitter controls. never attempt to split more than one log at a time when using a log splitter. if the ram has been fully extended and a second log is needed to the complete the separation of the first log, two logs can be placed in the log splitter. when splitting wood that is not cut squarely, place the longest portion of the log inside the splitter ( facing towards the beam and wedge ) with the square side placed at the end plate. when splitting wood in the vertical position : stabilize the log before moving the log splitter control. place log on the end plate and turn until it is stable against the beam. stabilize with wood chips or split wood between the log and end plate or ground when splitting large or extra - large or uneven logs in the log splitter. always keep fingers away from any cracks that open in the log while splitting wood. failure to follow the log splitting safety tip can result in pinched or amputated fingers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44810430806885815, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.788156"} {"text": "a new law on territorial planning came into force on 1 september 2010. 5. 3. 5 architecture and spatial planning after three years of consultations with eu experts, the ministry of public works and transportation submitted a draft law on territorial planning that was passed by the parliament on 23 april 2009 ( law no. 10119 ). the new law came into force in full only on 1 september 1 2010, with the abolishment of law no. 8405 of 1998 on urban planning. the newly formed national territorial planning agency ( ntpa ) is now in charge of drafting policies and rules for better administration of the territory and the renamed national territory council ( ntc ) will be the decision - making body responsible for enacting the national planning instruments, in line with the stipulations contained in this law. it is not clear yet whether the full implementation of the new law will improve the planning situation. territory councils, whether the national one chaired by the prime minister, or the local ones chaired by respective city mayors, have been regarded by the general public as highly politicised and corrupt institutions. in 20 years of political transition following the collapse of communism in 1990, construction has constantly been the fastest growing industry and the most lucrative business in albania. the lack of urban and spatial planning has contributed to what is considered now an \" urban massacre \" especially in tirana, the adriatic and ionian coastline, as well as other major cities. many experts say the damage is irreversible, due to extremely high costs of any restoration attempts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42580144757210847, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.791228"} {"text": "london - a weak response to climate change could be catastrophic for international health, leading doctors said in two british medical journals wednesday. experts have previously warned that global warming could mean a spike in diseases including malaria and dengue fever, and that higher temperatures would result in food shortages, sanitation problems and extreme weather events like hurricanes and floods. in a letter jointly published in the lancet and bmj, presidents from 18 medical organizations worldwide called on doctors to pressure politicians meeting in copenhagen in december to take decisive action on global warming. \" there is a real danger that politicians will be indecisive, \" wrote the doctors, who included the presidents of the american college of physicians, hong kong ' s academy of medicine and britain ' s royal college of physicians. \" we call on doctors to demand that their politicians listen to the clear facts that have been identified in relation to climate change and act now. \" in an accompanying editorial, lord michael jay of the medical charity merlin and michael marmot of university college london wrote that \" a successful outcome at copenhagen is vital for our future as a species and for our civilization. \" in december, the united nations will host a conference to draw up a new climate change treaty to replace the kyoto protocol. getting all 193 member countries to agree could be tricky, as officials reported in august that only \" selective progress \" has been made on getting consensus on the 200 - page draft treaty. on the net :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3921388956020617, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.792760"} {"text": "like the parts of a machine, the joints in your body can break down when used too much or improperly. repetitive motions such as throwing a ball with the same arm, or performing the same task with your hands for extended periods can cause the joint to wear down. when joints wear down or move out of place, they can rub against bone and create friction. this can lead to conditions such as bursitis ( ber - sigh - tus ) and joint inflammation. ligaments may also become stretched, especially if you ' re using a joint that ' s been partially dislocated, and cause pain and a clicking sound when you move the joint. overuse of joints can also put unnatural pressure on nerves and cause pinched nerves and carpal tunnel syndrome. a chiropractor can help you successfully treat overuse injuries, which, when caught early, may only need rest and immobilization with a brace. overuse injuries may also be treated with chiropractic adjustments to the joint, especially if overuse has caused a partial dislocation. it ' s important that overuse injuries are treated early, because they can lead to serious nerve damage, joint damage, and even disabilities. in some cases, you may need surgery to repair your overuse injury, such as stretched ligaments, chronic bursitis, pinched nerves, and carpal tunnel syndrome.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4329563437176199, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.795582"} {"text": "points / point person in his new book, who \u2019 s afraid of post - blackness?, social commentator toure explores the question of what it means to be black in america in the aftermath of the civil rights movement of the 1960s. toure recently shared his observations about post - blackness and the nuances of growing up without many of the traditional constraints of earlier generations. so what is post - blackness? i \u2019 m talking about a concept of being rooted in, but not constrained by, blackness. so if you are black and come from the black community, there is an air about black traditions. but that doesn \u2019 t constrain who we are. you have the freedom to do anything you want, especially those things that are not considered normative blackness. there is no reason you can \u2019 t do yoga or eat sushi or be a republican. a key example of how this works i mention in the book. i went skydiving, and on my way there i \u2019 m told my people don \u2019 t do that. the one thing that i got from parachuting down was this sense that there must be a god and what a small part of the world i am. if i had not done that, i would have missed out on an opportunity to grow as a human being. you make a distinction between post - racial and post - blackness. what do you mean? post - blackness is about a freedom to view in all complexity what it means to be black. post - racial is a very weird, amorphous, undefined term that generally when i hear it, i find that people mean a time when race doesn \u2019 t matter or racism doesn \u2019 t exist. none of those things are true. i hear white people using it seriously and black people using it ironically, but we certainly know that there is not a post - racial america. it \u2019 s a ridiculous concept. what has happened is that we had a \u2019 60s period of active battle for de facto and de jure rights and equality. when you get to the \u2019 70s, most of those battles are completed. for those of us who arrived in the \u2019 80s into the schools and job force, we are dealing with a period where there are not legal constraints holding us back from what we want to do and there is affirmative action pushing some of us forward. now there are so many black people who are doing things that previously were considered outlying behavior that it is absurd to call it outlier. the fact that my generation comes up not having to fight in the way", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5503928043772595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.800641"} {"text": "is affirmative action pushing some of us forward. now there are so many black people who are doing things that previously were considered outlying behavior that it is absurd to call it outlier. the fact that my generation comes up not having to fight in the way our parents did really changes black america \u2019 s relationship with the rest of america. how does barack obama fit into the notion of post - blackness? he fits in the redefining of what it means to be black in the collective many minds. a lot of white people had to change their definition of black people to include barack obama because he was so different from their perception of anyone they \u2019 d seen on the national stage. he definitely signals that something has changed within america. why do you see comic dave chappelle as an important contributor to post - blackness? what chappelle did is the clearest example of the post - black ethos that has existed on television to this point. i use the example of grey \u2019 s anatomy as an example of a show that works with post - racialism \u2014 black, brown, asian and white characters whose races are never a consequence. you could jumble them up and the storylines, and the characters would do exactly the same things. on chappelle \u2019 s show, you saw the complexity of being black now and the shaking off of the burden of representation. he is showing us blackness \u2014 and whiteness \u2014 in its full modern complexity. does post - blackness diminish the accomplishments of civil rights leaders who by necessity defined their mission in racial self - awareness and a sense of community? it doesn \u2019 t diminish it at all. it kind of takes what they did and stands on their shoulders. it takes their victories and puts them into action \u2014 the new freedoms that allow a different interaction with america. i look at the civil rights generation as black america \u2019 s greatest generation. why do you say the \u201c keeping it real \u201d attitude is limiting and not truly authentic? a lot of time, we \u2019 re really talking about keeping it \u201c street. \u201d it is not really about authenticity, which is personal and shifting. people will say \u201c you \u2019 re not keeping it real \u201d because you are not hoodish. well, i \u2019 m not from that. i \u2019 m not pretending to be from that. \u201c keeping it real \u201d has just become this way of imposing personality and expectations on people, and it is just not helpful. what is the next step in post - blackness? the breadth and complexity in the community now is such that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4836977183797423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.801667"} {"text": "we easily understand how beating a child may damage the developing brain, but what about the all - too - common psychological abuse of children? because the abuse was not physical, these children may be told, as adults, that they should just \u201c get over it. \u201d but as developmental neuropsychiatrist martin h. teicher reveals, scientists are discovering some startling connections between abuse of all kinds and both permanent debilitating changes in the brain and psychiatric problems ranging from panic attacks to posttraumatic stress disorder. in these surprising physical consequences of psychological trauma, teicher sees not only a wake - up call for our society but hope for new treatments. we know that the abuse or neglect of children is tragically common in america today. nor are most of us surprised when studies point to a strong link between the physical, sexual, or psychological maltreatment of children and the development of psychiatric problems. to explain how such problems come about, many mental health professionals resort to personality theories or metaphors. perhaps the child \u2019 s adaptive or protective mechanisms have become counterproductive or self - defeating in the adult. perhaps childhood abuse has arrested psychosocial development, leaving a \u201c wounded child \u201d within the adult. although such explanations may offer gen uine insight and may support patients in therapy, too often they instead minimize the impact of early abuse. they make it easy to reproach the victims, to say, in so many words, \u201c get over it. \u201d research on the effects of early maltreatment, including the work of my colleagues and myself at mclean hospital in belmont, massachusetts, appears to tell a different story : that early maltreatment, even exclusively psychological abuse, has enduring negative effects on brain develop ment. we see speci\ufb01c kinds of brain abnor malities in psychiatric patients who were abused as children. we are also beginning to understand how these abnormalities may account directly for the personality traits and other symptoms that patients manifest. with the etiology of hysteria ( 1896 ), sigmund freud \ufb01rst introduced the topic of childhood sexual abuse in a scienti\ufb01c context. he was convinced that, as children, many of his patients had been sexually abused by their parents, older siblings, or other relatives. furthermore, he claimed, based on his new analytical method, that their hysterical and neurotic symptoms could be traced directly to repressed memories of that early abuse. this hypothesis marked the birth of psychoanalysis. freud later retreated from this theory, though, refusing to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.515807484493054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.831198"} {"text": "claimed, based on his new analytical method, that their hysterical and neurotic symptoms could be traced directly to repressed memories of that early abuse. this hypothesis marked the birth of psychoanalysis. freud later retreated from this theory, though, refusing to believe that childhood abuse could be as prevalent as he had initially claimed. he evolved the more complex theory that \u201c memories \u201d of early sexual abuse were merely repressed childhood fantasies. this theory has so swayed psychiatry for almost a century that it has largely blinded us to the frequency of real abuse in psychiatric patients \u2019 childhoods and to the role of abuse in psychopathology. episodes of serious neglect and physical abuse are featured regularly in the news, constantly reminding us of the horrifying cruelty adults in\ufb02ict on children. physical abuse of children by their parents remained a hidden problem until 1962, when c. henry kempe published the battered child syndrome, and an avalanche of publicity led to the enactment of child abuse reporting laws. during the 1970s, case reports of sexual abuse and incest appeared with increasing frequency in medical literature. by the 1980s, scienti\ufb01cally valid studies of the incidence and consequences of childhood sexual abuse were being published. today, episodes of serious neglect and physical abuse are featured regularly in the news, constantly reminding us of the horrifying cruelty adults in\ufb02ict on children. in separate surveys in san francisco, los angeles, and canada, and of college students in new england and texas, the percentage of women reporting sexual abuse during childhood ranged from 19 to 45. the medical literature is replete with research on this problem ; clinicians, super - sensitized to it, increasingly suggest that childhood abuse lies behind a patient \u2019 s problem, even in the absence of direct evidence. despite occasional hysteria and misuse of the diagnosis, however, the problem is all too real. it is our hope that as we identify the speci\ufb01c physiological pathways by which abusive experiences alter brain development, our society will take more seriously the challenge of uprooting the violence against the children in our midst. a harvest of psychiatric disorders physical, sexual, and psychological trauma in childhood may lead to psychiatric dif\ufb01culties that show up in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. the victim \u2019 s anger, shame, and despair can be directed inward to spawn symptoms such as depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and post - traumatic stress, or directed outward as aggression, impulsiveness, delinquency, hyperactivity, and substance abuse. 1 childhood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5003612595985008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.832158"} {"text": "and despair can be directed inward to spawn symptoms such as depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and post - traumatic stress, or directed outward as aggression, impulsiveness, delinquency, hyperactivity, and substance abuse. 1 childhood trauma may fuel a range of persistent psychiatric disorders. one is somatoform disorder ( also known as psychosomatic disorder ), in which patients experience physical complaints with no discernible medical cause. another is panic disorder with agoraphobia, in which patients experience the sudden, acute onset of terror and may narrow their range of activities to avoid being outside, especially in public, in case they have an attack. initially identi\ufb01ed in combat veterans, ptsd seems to result as well from natural disasters, child abuse, and other devastating experiences. people with ptsd keep re - experiencing the traumatic event in waking life or in dreams, and they actively avoid situations that might bring back memories of the trauma. more complex, dif\ufb01cult - to - treat disorders strongly associated with childhood abuse are borderline personality disorder2 and dissociative identity disorder3 someone with borderline personality disorder characteristically sees others in black - and - white terms, \ufb01rst putting them on a pedestal, then vilifying them after some perceived slight or betrayal. such people have a history of intense but unstable relationships, feel empty or unsure of their identity, often try to escape through substance abuse, and experience self - destructive impulses and suicidal thoughts. they are plagued by anger, most often directed at themselves. in dissociative identity disorder, formerly called multiple personality disorder ( the phenomenon behind robert louis stevenson \u2019 s \u201c dr. jekyll and mr. hyde \u201d ), at least two seemingly separate people occupy the same body at different times, each with no knowledge of the other. this can be seen as a more severe form of borderline personality disorder. in borderline personality disorder, there is one dramatically changeable personality with an intact memory, as opposed to several distinct personalities, each with an incomplete memory. people with dissociative identity disorder have two or more ( on average, eight to \ufb01fteen ) personalities or personality fragments that control their behavior at different times. often there is a passive, depressed primary identity who cannot remember personal history as fully as can the other more hostile, protective, or controlling identities. post - traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ) af\ufb02icts some people who have undergone a traumatic event involving serious injury or a threat to life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4659382464613932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.833379"} {"text": "identity who cannot remember personal history as fully as can the other more hostile, protective, or controlling identities. post - traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ) af\ufb02icts some people who have undergone a traumatic event involving serious injury or a threat to life or limb. initially identi\ufb01ed in combat veterans, ptsd seems to result as well from natural disasters, child abuse, and other devastating experiences. people with ptsd keep re - experiencing the traumatic event in waking life or in dreams, and they actively avoid situations that might bring back memories of the trauma. they may also suffer a general numbing of their responsiveness, show diminished interest in signi\ufb01cant activities, restrict the range of their emotions, or have feelings of detachment or estrangement from others. finally, they may also experience increased arousal ( such as dif\ufb01culty falling or staying asleep ), irritability or outbursts of anger, dif\ufb01culty concentrating, hyper vigilance, and an exaggerated startle response. abuse and the developing human brain for a century or more, scientists have hotly contested the relative importance of experience versus genetic endowment in the development of the brain and behavior. we know now that our genes provide the foundation and overall structure of our brain, but that its myriad connections are sculpted and molded by experience. based on animal studies, scientists have long believed that early deprivation or abuse may result in neurobiological abnormalities, but until recently there has been little evidence for this in humans. observing parallel outcomes in animals and people has bolstered our belief that trauma causes brain damage, not the other way around. then, in 1983, a. h. green and his colleagues suggested that many abused children evidenced neurological damage, even without an apparent or reported head injury. interestingly, although minor neurological disturbances and mild brain - wave abnormalities were more common in children who had been abused than in those who had not, green and his colleagues did not believe that the abuse had caused them. instead, they saw these neurological disturbances as a possible additional source of trauma, amplifying the damaging impact of an abusive environment. in 1979, r. k. davies reported that in a sample of 22 patients involved as a child or as the younger member in an incestuous relationship, 77 percent had abnormal brain waves and 36 percent had seizures. in davies \u2019 s interpretation, however, these children were more vulnerable to being sexually abused by family members because of their neurological handicap. my hypothesis is that the trauma of abuse induces a cascade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5383468334691113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.834464"} {"text": "77 percent had abnormal brain waves and 36 percent had seizures. in davies \u2019 s interpretation, however, these children were more vulnerable to being sexually abused by family members because of their neurological handicap. my hypothesis is that the trauma of abuse induces a cascade of effects, including changes in hormones and neurotransmitters that mediate development of vulnerable brain regions. testing this hypothesis in humans is dif\ufb01cult because abuse is not always a random act. if we observe an association between a history of abuse and the presence of a physical abnormality, the abuse may have caused that abnormality. but it is also possible that the abnormality occurred \ufb01rst and elevated the likelihood of abuse, or that the abnormality ran in the family and led to more frequent abusive behavior by family members or other relatives. to try to sort out these competing hypotheses, we conducted studies of analogous early stress in animals, where the potentially confusing elements can be carefully controlled. observing parallel outcomes in animals and people has bolstered our belief that trauma causes brain damage, not the other way around. a constellation of abnormalities our research ( and that of other scientists ) delineates a constellation of brain abnormalities associated with childhood abuse. there are four major components : limbic irritability, manifested by markedly increased prevalence of symptoms suggestive of temporal lobe epilepsy ( tle ) and by an increased incidence of clinically signi\ufb01cant eeg ( brain wave ) abnormalities. de\ufb01cient development and differentiation of the left hemisphere, manifested throughout the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, which is involved in memory retrieval. de\ufb01cient left - right hemisphere integration, indicated by marked shifts in hemispheric activity during memory recall and by underdevelopment of the middle portions of the corpus callosum, the primary pathway connecting the two hemispheres. abnormal activity in the cerebellar vermis ( the middle strip between the two hemispheres of the brain ), which appears to play an important role in emotional and attentional balance and regulates electrical activity within the limbic system. let us look brie\ufb02y at the main evidence for each of these abnormalities. people with temporal lobe epilepsy ( tle ) \u2014. 25 percent to. 5 percent of the u. s. population \u2014 have seizures in the temporal or limbic areas of the brain. because these areas constitute a sizable, varied part of the brain, tle has a veritable catalog of possible symptoms, including sensory changes such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5359396659332027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.835464"} {"text": "of the u. s. population \u2014 have seizures in the temporal or limbic areas of the brain. because these areas constitute a sizable, varied part of the brain, tle has a veritable catalog of possible symptoms, including sensory changes such as headache, tingling, numbness, dizziness, or vertigo ; motor symptoms such as staring or twitching ; or autonomic symptoms such as \ufb02ushing, shortness of breath, nausea, or the stomach sensation of being in an elevator. tle can cause hallucinations or illusions in any sense modality. common visual illusions are of patterns, geometric shapes, \ufb02ashing lights, or \u201c alice - in - wonderlandlike \u201d distortions of the sizes or shapes of objects. other common hallucinations are of a ringing or buzzing sound or repetitive voice, a metallic or foul taste, an unpleasant odor, or the sensation of something crawling on or under the skin. feelings of deja vu ( the unfamiliar feels familiar ) or jamais vu ( the familiar feels unfamiliar ) are common, as is the sense of being watched or of mind - body dissociation \u2014 the feeling that one is watching one \u2019 s own actions as a detached observer. emotional manifestations of temporal lobe seizures usually occur suddenly, without apparent cause, and cease as abruptly as they began ; they include sadness, embarrassment, anger, explosive laughter ( usually without feeling happy ), serenity, and, quite often, fear. 4 emotional manifestations of temporal lobe seizures usually occur suddenly, without apparent cause, and cease as abruptly as they began ; they include sadness, embarrassment, anger, explosive laughter ( usually without feeling happy ), serenity, and, quite often, fear. tle is dif\ufb01cult to diagnose because its symptoms can mimic those of other psychiatric and nonpsychiatric illnesses. the characteristic electrical discharge of tle can be observed only in an electroencephalogram ( eeg ) during a seizure that is close enough to the brain \u2019 s surface to be picked up by scalp electrodes. without this objective eeg data, a diagnosis must be based on the frequency and severity of symptoms and the ruling out of other likely causes of those symptoms. to explore the relationship between early abuse and dysfunction of the temporolimbic system, we devised the limbic system checklist - 33 ( lscl - 33 ), which calibrates the frequency with which patients experience symptoms of temporolimbic seizures. 5 we studied 253 adults who came to an outpatient mental health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5590520485106141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.836448"} {"text": ", we devised the limbic system checklist - 33 ( lscl - 33 ), which calibrates the frequency with which patients experience symptoms of temporolimbic seizures. 5 we studied 253 adults who came to an outpatient mental health clinic for psychiatric assessment ; slightly more than half reported having been abused physically, sexually, or both. compared to patients who reported no abuse, average lscl - 33 scores were 38 percent greater in the patients with physical ( but not sexual ) abuse, and were 49 percent greater in the patients with sexual ( but not other physical ) abuse. patients who acknowledged both physical and sexual abuse had average scores 113 percent greater than patients reporting no abuse. males and females were similarly affected by abuse. as we expected, abuse before age 18, when the brain is still rapidly developing, had a greater impact on limbic irritability than later abuse. patients physically or sexually abused after age 18 had scores not signi\ufb01cantly different from nonabused patients. patients with both physical and sexual abuse, however, were strongly affected regardless of when the abuse occurred, and those \ufb01rst abused after age 18 were almost as affected as those \ufb01rst abused earlier. brain wave abnormalities our second study tried to ascertain whether childhood physical, sexual, or psychological abuse was associated with speci\ufb01c evidence of neurobiological abnormalities. we reviewed the records of 115 consecutive admissions to a child and adolescent psychiatric hospital to search for a link between different categories of abuse and evidence of abnormalities in brain - wave studies. we found clinically signi\ufb01cant brain - wave abnormalities in 54 percent of patients with a history of early trauma but in only 27 percent of nonabused patients. among patients who had been abused, abnormal eeg \ufb01ndings were observed in 43 percent of those with psychological abuse ; 60 percent of the sample with a reported history of physical abuse, sexual abuse, or both ; and 72 percent of the sample in which serious physical or sexual abuse had been documented. the overall prevalence of abnormal eeg studies in patients with a signi\ufb01cant history of abuse or neglect was the same for boys and girls and for children and adolescents. the salient speci\ufb01c difference between abused and nonabused patients was in left - sided eeg abnormalities. in the nonabused group, left - sided eeg abnormalities were rare, whereas in the abused group they were much more common, and more than twice as common as right - sided abnormalities. in the psychologically abused group, all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5170153159904771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.839302"} {"text": "about the anatomy of the dominant hemisphere. the abused patients, however, were notably more developed in the right than the left cortex, even though all were right - handed. the right hemisphere of abused patients had developed as much as the right hemisphere of the controls, but their left hemispheres lagged substantially, as though arrested in their development. this abnormality in the cortex showed up regardless of the patient \u2019 s primary diagnosis, which could be depression, ptsd, or conduct disorder. it extended throughout the entire left hemisphere, but the temporal regions were most affected. this \ufb01nding of left cortex underdevelopment is consistent with our earlier \ufb01nding that abused patients had increased left - hemisphere eeg abnormalities and left - hemisphere ( verbal ) de\ufb01cits as shown by neuropsychological testing. affects on the hippocampus the hippocampus, located in the temporal lobe, is involved in memory and emotion. developing very gradually, the hippocampus is one of the few parts of the brain that continues to produce new cells after birth. cells in the hippocampus have an unusually large number of receptors that respond to the stress hormone cortisol. since animal studies show that exposure to high levels of stress hormones like cortisol has toxic effects on the developing hippocampus, this brain region may be adversely affected by severe stress in childhood. j. douglas bremner and his colleagues at yale medical school compared magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) scans of 17 adult survivors of childhood physical or sexual abuse, all of whom had ptsd, with 17 healthy subjects matched for age, sex, race, handedness, years of education, body size, and years of alcohol abuse. 8 the left hippocampus of abused patients with ptsd was 12 percent smaller than the hippocampus of the healthy controls, but the right hippocampus was of normal size, as were other brain regions, including the amygdala, caudate nucleus, and temporal lobe. not surprisingly, given the role of the hippocampus in memory, these patients also had lower verbal memory scores than the nonabused group. murray stein and his colleagues also found left hippocampal abnormalities in women who had been sexually abused as children. their left hippocampal volume was signi\ufb01cantly reduced, but the right hippocampus was relatively unaffected. fifteen of the 21 sexually abused women had ptsd ; 15 had a dissociative disorder. they suffered a reduction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48278795570049127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.841697"} {"text": "their left hippocampal volume was signi\ufb01cantly reduced, but the right hippocampus was relatively unaffected. fifteen of the 21 sexually abused women had ptsd ; 15 had a dissociative disorder. they suffered a reduction in the size of the left hippocampus proportionate to the severity of their symptoms. these studies suggest that child abuse may alter development of the left hippocampus permanently and, in so doing, cause de\ufb01cits in verbal memory and dissociative symptoms that persist into adulthood. shifting from left to right the left hemisphere is specialized for perceiving and expressing language, the right hemisphere for processing spatial information and also for processing and expressing negative emotions. we wondered, then, whether abused children might store their disturbing childhood memories in the right hemisphere, and whether recollecting these memories would activate the right hemisphere more than it is activated in those without such a history. to test this hypothesis, we measured hemispheric activity in adults during recall of a neutral memory, then during recall of an upsetting early memory. 10 those with a history of abuse appeared to use predominantly their left hemispheres when thinking about neutral memories and their right when recalling an early disturbing memory. those in the control group had a more integrated bilateral response. a deficient pathway since childhood abuse ( as we found ) is associated with diminished right - left hemisphere integration, we wanted to know whether there was some de\ufb01ciency in the primary pathway connecting the two hemispheres, the corpus collosum. we found in boys who had been abused or neglected that the middle portions of the corpus collosum were signi\ufb01cantly smaller than in the control groups. furthermore, in boys, neglect exerted a far greater effect than any other type of maltreatment ; physical and sexual abuse exerted relatively minimal effects. in girls, however, sexual abuse was a more powerful factor, associated with a major reduction in size of the middle portions of the corpus collosum. these results were independently replicated by michael de bellis at the university of pittsburgh, and the effects of early experience on the development of the corpus collosum have been con\ufb01rmed by research in primates. calming irritability in the brain decades ago, harry harlow compared monkeys raised with their mothers to monkeys raised with wire or terrycloth \u201c surrogate mothers. \u201d monkeys raised with the surrogates became socially deviant and highly aggressive adults. building on this work, other scientists discovered that these consequences were less severe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4986947751318178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.843685"} {"text": "compared monkeys raised with their mothers to monkeys raised with wire or terrycloth \u201c surrogate mothers. \u201d monkeys raised with the surrogates became socially deviant and highly aggressive adults. building on this work, other scientists discovered that these consequences were less severe if the surrogate mother swung from side to side, a type of movement that may be conveyed to the cerebellum, particularly the part called the cerebellar vermis, located at the back of the brain, just above the brain stem. like the hippocampus, this part of the brain develops gradually and continues to create new neurons after birth. it also has an extraordinarily high density of receptors for stress hormone, so exposure to such hormones can markedly affect its development. something as seemingly inconsequential as \ufb01ve minutes of human handling during a rat \u2019 s infancy produced lifelong bene\ufb01cial changes. new research suggests that abnormalities in the cerebellar vermis may be involved in psychiatric disorders including depression, manic - depressive illness, schizophrenia, autism, and attention - de\ufb01cit / hyperactivity disorder. we have gone from thinking of the entire cerebellum as involved only in motor coordination to believing that it plays an important role in regulating attention and emotion. the cerebellar vermis, in particular, seems to be involved in the control of epilepsy or limbic activation. couldn \u2019 t maltreating children produce abnormalities in the cerebellar vermis that contribute to later psychiatric symptoms? testing this hypothesis, we found that the vermis seems to become activated to control \u2014 and quell \u2014 electrical irritability in the limbic system. it appears less able to do this in people who have been abused. if, indeed, the vermis is important not only for postural, attentional, and emotional balance, but in compensating for and regulating emotional instability, this latter capacity may be impaired by early trauma. by contrast, stimulation of the vermis through exercise, rocking, and movement may exert additional calming effects, helping to develop the vermis. attention, hormones, and the brain we know that through their effects on hormone levels, early experiences in\ufb02uence brain development. fifty years ago, seymour levine and victor denenberg showed that small alterations in their environment led to lasting changes in rats \u2019 development, behavior, and response to stress. something as seemingly inconsequential as \ufb01ve minutes of human handling during a rat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.52659819052845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.845803"} {"text": "years ago, seymour levine and victor denenberg showed that small alterations in their environment led to lasting changes in rats \u2019 development, behavior, and response to stress. something as seemingly inconsequential as \ufb01ve minutes of human handling during a rat \u2019 s infancy produced lifelong bene\ufb01cial changes. we now understand through the reserach efforts of michael meany and paul plotsky that the effects of brief handling were highly bene\ufb01cial and were due to increased maternal attention. those pups whose mothers spontaneously lick and groom them the most ( about one - third in a laboratory setting ) display the same bene\ufb01ts as the rats with the human handling. by contrast, long isolation produces stress that has a deleterious effect on brain and behavior development. if we assume that lots of attention, licking, and grooming are the natural state of affairs and that lower levels of attention are a form of neglect, we can use this model to explore some of the biological consequences of neglect or abuse in children. low rates of maternal attention decrease the production of thyroid hormone by the rat pups. this, in turn, decreases serotonin in the hippocampus and affects the development of receptors for the stress hormone glucocorticoid. since corticosterone, one of our primary stress hormones, is kept in check by a complicated feedback mechanism that depends on these same stress hormone receptors, their inadequate development increases the risk of an excessive stress hormone response to adversity. for this and certain other reasons, lack of maternal attention predisposes the animals to have a heightened level of fear and a heightened adrenaline response. some of the consequences of this are altered metabolism and suppressed immune and in\ufb02ammatory responses, neuronal irritability, and enhanced susceptibility to seizures. still other consequences of an abnormally intense corticosterone response are reduced brain weight and dna content, suppressed cell growth in the cerebellum and hippocampus, and interference with myelinization \u2014 the process of sheathing nerve \ufb01bers to enhance conduction of electrical impulses. these consequences seem consistent with inadequate development of the corpus collosum, which is a highly myelinated structure, and abnormal development of the hippocampus and cerebellum. high levels of cortisol can also hinder development of the cerebral cortex, the extent of vulnerability dependent on how rapidly the brain was growing at the time of the insult. during the years of rapid language acquisition ( approximately", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5173824654553515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.848806"} {"text": "and cerebellum. high levels of cortisol can also hinder development of the cerebral cortex, the extent of vulnerability dependent on how rapidly the brain was growing at the time of the insult. during the years of rapid language acquisition ( approximately 2 - 10 years of age ), the left brain develops more rapidly than the right, making it more vulnerable to the effects of early maltreatment. finally, diminished maternal attention also appears to be associated with a lifelong decrease in production of the hormone oxytocin in the brain, and enhanced production of the stress hormone vasopressin. recent research by thomas insel suggests that oxytocin is a critical factor in af\ufb01liative love and maintaining monogamous relationships. both hormones may also help control sexual response, with vasopressin enhancing sexual arousal and oxytocin triggering climax and release. by affecting these hormones, early neglect or abuse theoretically could predispose mammals to experience enhanced sexual arousal, diminished capacity for sexual ful\ufb01llment, and de\ufb01cient commitment to a single partner. from neurobiology to symptomatology in summary, we now know that childhood abuse is linked with excess neuronal irritability, eeg abnormalities, and symptoms suggestive of temporal lobe epilepsy. it is also associated with diminished development of the left cortex and left hippocampus, reduced size of the corpus callosum, and attenuated activity in the cerebellar vermis. we see a close \ufb01t between the effects of early stress on the brain \u2019 s transmitters \u2014 our discoveries about the negative effects of early maltreatment on brain development \u2014 and the array of psychiatric symptoms that we actually observe in abused patients. many disorders are associated with childhood abuse. one is depression or heightened risk for developing it. many scientists believe that depression may be a consequence of reduced activity of the left frontal lobes. if so, the stunted development of the left hemisphere related to abuse could easily enhance the risk of developing depression. similarly, excess electrical irritability in the limbic system, and alterations in development of receptors that modulate anxiety, set the stage for the emergence of panic disorder and increase the risk of post - traumatic stress disorder. alterations in the neurochemistry of these areas of the brain also heighten the hormonal response to stress, producing a state of hyper vigilance and right - hemisphere activation that colors our view with negativity and suspicion. alterations in the size of the hip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5200771284252708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.849928"} {"text": "positive in one state and as resoundingly negative in another. couple this with possible alterations in oxytocin - and vasopressin - mediated sexual arousal, and you see why patients with borderline personality disorder have tumultuous relationships. dealing with the damage i hope that new understanding of childhood abuse \u2019 s impact on the brain will lead to new ideas for treatment. the most immediate conclusion from our work, however, is the crucial need for prevention. if childhood maltreatment exerts enduring negative effects on the developing brain, fundamentally altering one \u2019 s mental capacity and personality, it may be possible to compensate for these abnormalities \u2014 to succeed in spite of them \u2014 but it is doubtful that they can actually be reversed in adulthood. the costs to society are enormous. psychiatric patients who have suffered from childhood abuse or neglect are far more dif\ufb01cult and costly to treat than patients with a healthy childhood. furthermore, childhood maltreatment can be an essential ingredient in the makeup of violent individuals, predisposing them to bouts of irritable aggression. one day we will \ufb01nd ways to chart the progress of brain development so that we can spot early signs of stress - mediated abnormalities and monitor each patient \u2019 s progress and response to treatment. in the meantime, early intervention should be our priority. the brain is more plastic and malleable before puberty, increasing our chances of minimizing or reversing consequences of abuse. if we are right that many abuse - related changes result from a cascade of stress - mediated neuronal and hormonal responses, then we could minimize the impact of abuse by \ufb01nding ways to reduce ongoing stress or suppressing an excessive stress response. whether abuse of a child is physical, psychological, or sexual, it sets off a ripple of hormonal changes that wire the child \u2019 s brain to cope with a malevolent world. one consequence of childhood maltreatment is limbic irritability, which tends to produce dysphoria ( chronic low - level unhappiness ), aggression, and violence toward oneself or others. even into adulthood, drugs can be useful in alleviating this set of symptoms. anticonvulsant agents can help, as can drugs that affect the serotonin system. abuse also causes alterations in left - right hemisphere integration. some research suggests that anticonvulsant drugs may facilitate the bilateral transmission of information. left - right hemisphere integration may also improve through activities that require considerable left - right hemisphere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5355216431223777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.852939"} {"text": "superhuman personal growth and transformation. at the extreme, the coupling of severe childhood abuse with other neuropsychiatric handicaps ( for example, low intelligence, head trauma, or psychosis ) is repeatedly found in cases of explosive violence. dorothy otnow lewis and jonathan pincus have analyzed the neurological and psychiatric history of violent adolescents and adults. in one study they evaluated all 14 juveniles condemned to death in four states and found that all had suffered head injuries, most had major neurological impairment, 12 had subnormal iq \u2019 s, 12 had been severely physically abused as children, and 5 had been sodomized by relatives. in another study, they reviewed the childhood neuropsychiatric records and family histories of incarcerated delinquents. what might have been a tip - off to those who later were arrested for murder? the future murderers were distinguished from other delinquents by psychotic symptoms, major neurological impairment, a psychotic \ufb01rst - degree relative, violent acts during childhood, and severe physical abuse. in a follow - up study of 95 formerly incarcerated juvenile delinquents, they found that the combination of intrinsic neuropsychiatric vulnerabilities and a history of childhood abuse or family violence effectively predicted which adolescents would go on to commit violent crimes. lewis concludes that child abuse can engender all pivotal factors associated with violent behavior, namely, impulsivity, irritability, hyper vigilance, paranoia ( which she interprets as an extreme version of hypervigilance ), decreased judgment and verbal ability, and diminished recognition of pain in oneself ( dissociation ) and others. as our review shows, these factors \ufb01t closely with the enduring neurobiological consequences of abuse. to be convicted of a crime in the united states, one supposedly must have the capacity both to know right from wrong and to control one \u2019 s behavior. those with a history of childhood abuse may know right from wrong, but their brains may be so irritable and the connections from the logical, rational hemisphere so weak that intense negative ( right - hemisphere ) emotions may incapacitate their use of logic and reason to control their aggressive impulses. is it just to hold people criminally responsible for actions that they lack the neurological capacity to control? if we know that the roots of violence are fertilized by childhood abuse, can we make a long - term commitment to reduce violence by focusing on our children rather than our criminals? prosecutors and pundits are quick to coin catchphrases like the \u201c abuse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5029306026496108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.865455"} {"text": "the roots of violence are fertilized by childhood abuse, can we make a long - term commitment to reduce violence by focusing on our children rather than our criminals? prosecutors and pundits are quick to coin catchphrases like the \u201c abuse excuse \u201d to dismiss childhood trauma \u2019 s pervasive and enduring consequences for behavior. this is as unthinking as the exhortation to \u201c get over it. \u201d childhood trauma is not a passing psychological slight that one can choose to ignore. even if the abused person comes to terms with the traumatic memories and chooses ( for the sake of sanity ) to forgive the perpetrator, this will not reverse the neurobiological abnormalities. the only sound legal approach to a person with a history of abuse who commits a violent crime is to take into account the person \u2019 s neurobiological capacity to control his behavior. if it is irrational and hypocritical to hold a minor to the same standard of behavioral control as a mature adult, it is equally unjust to hold a traumatized and neurologically impaired adult to the same standard as one not so af\ufb02icted. childhood abuse, age, and neurological impairments can be critical mitigating factors that a just society should not ignore. if we know that the roots of violence are fertilized by childhood abuse, can we make a long - term commitment to reduce violence by focusing on our children rather than our criminals? what if we set a goal of reducing the cases of childhood abuse and neglect by 50 percent a year? what if we monitored statistics on childhood abuse as avidly as we track housing starts, in\ufb02ation, or baseball scores? we would have to commit ourselves, seriously, to improving access to quality day care and after - school programs. we might need to educate and support parents so they could know how to nurture their children more effectively. we certainly would need to foster better relationships among peers and siblings. think of what we could save if we needed fewer prisons and fewer mental health professionals. think of the bene\ufb01ts of moving one step closer to a society that everyone could experience and enjoy. our brains are sculpted by our early experiences. maltreatment is a chisel that shapes a brain to contend with strife, but at the cost of deep, enduring wounds. childhood abuse isn \u2019 t something you \u201c get over. \u201d it is an evil that we must acknowledge and confront if we aim to do anything about the unchecked cycle of violence in this country.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4508006678814157, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.867369"} {"text": "wetlands are combinations of land and water. they may be covered by water most of the time or only on occasion. plants and animals living here must be specially adapted to survive the twice daily changes of incoming and outgoing tides, resulting mainly from the gravitational pull of the moon on the water as the earth turns. virginia ' s tidal wetlands include salt marshes, brackish and freshwater marshes, and swamps. when it rains in the chesapeake ' s drainage basin, or watershed, most of that water flows across the land surface into streams and rivers, then into the bay and, eventually, on to the atlantic ocean. more than half of virginia ' s land base rests in the chesapeake bay watershed, as do portions of new york, pennsylvania, west virginia, delaware, maryland, and the district of columbia. the whole watershed, in fact, drains 64, 000 square miles! a tributary is a stream or river that contributes its water to another stream, river, or body of water. everyone in virginia lives fairly close to one. the main tributaries of the chesapeake bay flowing through virginia are the james, york, rappahannock, and potomac rivers. the names of the rivers in the basin reflect the early settlement of the commonwealth. the potomac, rappahannock, pamunkey, mattaponi, and chickahominy are tributaries with names originating from algonquin, a native american language spoken by the many tribes of the powhatan confederacy who first settled in the region. the susquehanna river carries the largest amount of fresh water into the bay ; again, its name comes from native american origins. two other rivers, the james and the york, have english names given by european settlers. \" chesapeake \" is yet another example of native american influence, said to have meant \" great shellfish bay. \" the chesapeake bay is an estuary, a partly enclosed water body where fresh water from rivers meets ocean salt water, and the two mix. it is the largest estuary in our nation. chesapeake bay water is saltiest near the bay ' s mouth and gradually becomes fresher to the north. this variation supports a wide array of plants and, as a result, the bay is an essential nesting and nursery site for migratory waterfowl, small aquatic creatures, and fish. this vast living resource base provides many recreational and commercial benefits to the commonwealth. virginia ' s commercial fisheries industry primarily includes finfish - menhaden, striped bass, croaker, and flounder ; and shellfish - oysters, clams, scallops", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5165248247555746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.897196"} {"text": "provides many recreational and commercial benefits to the commonwealth. virginia ' s commercial fisheries industry primarily includes finfish - menhaden, striped bass, croaker, and flounder ; and shellfish - oysters, clams, scallops, and blue crabs from the bay and ocean. the economic value of this annual commercial harvest is about $ 500 million. but the mix of the catch is changing. several valuable commercial species of the bay have declined over the years. causes are attributed to pollution, disease, over - fishing, loss of habitat, or a combination of these factors. for example, in the 1970s roughly 6 million pounds of oysters were harvested each year in virginia. by 1997 the oyster harvest had dropped to a mere 300, 000 pounds. the population of oysters in the bay is now estimated to be only one percent of what it was prior to the civil war. in 1998, the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ' s stock assessment committee considered the blue crab stock \" fully exploited \" but not overfished. in its report, the committee found that the number of crabs three inches and greater in size has decreased since 1995. other studies show that the average size of female crabs is also decreasing. scientists attribute the declines to environmental conditions and increased fishing pressure. the striped bass is an example of a resource whose fishery nearly collapsed but has recovered. their numbers declined rapidly in the late 1970s through the 1980s, most likely because of over - harvesting and subsequent reproductive failure. now, after several years of cooperative coastwide controls on striped bass fishing, their populations are rebounding. virginia is fortunate to front the atlantic ocean. from virginia beach and the eastern shore, people can thrill at the sight of shorebirds, migratory birds, dolphins, or whales breaching. a wide assortment of marine mammal species swim off virginia ' s shores. these include the atlantic bottlenose dolphin, striped dolphin, harbor porpoise, humpback whale, and harbor seal, to name a few. occasionally, risso ' s dolphin and manatee will travel this far north as well. five types of sea turtles join them : kemp ' s ridley, atlantic hawksbill, loggerhead, atlantic green, and leatherback. marine mammals, sea turtles, and pelagic ( ocean ) fish, then, are some of the important animals depending upon a clean ocean filled with species of plants and animals lower in their food chain to survive. once across the bay and on the eastern shore, virginians set foot on one of the most unique coastal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4807618527474211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.898330"} {"text": ", then, are some of the important animals depending upon a clean ocean filled with species of plants and animals lower in their food chain to survive. once across the bay and on the eastern shore, virginians set foot on one of the most unique coastal ecosystems in the world. the southern part of the delmarva peninsula ( named for delaware, maryland, and virginia, the three states that make it up ) is dotted on the seaside by a unique chain of barrier islands and lagoons. this pristine island ecosystem provides critical habitat for a wide variety of songbirds, shorebirds, waterfowl, finfish, and shellfish. along virginia ' s atlantic coast and crossing the 17. 6 - mile chesapeake bay bridge - tunnel, fishing boats, container cargo ships, barges, and oil tankers are evidence of the commercial importance of our ports. the hampton roads complex, including portsmouth, norfolk, hampton, and newport news, is one of the nation ' s major north atlantic ports for commerce, ship - building, and military presence. pollution from an identifiable point, or \" point source \", comes from pipes, ditches, sewers, channels, tunnels, sewage treatment plants, factories, and containers of various types. while much of this pollution is treated, the wastewater still contains contaminants. non - point source pollution, by contrast, is difficult to identify since it is a mix of many things draining off the land. muddy water flowing off of recently plowed farm fields or eroding construction sites blocks sunlight from reaching submerged plants that provide essential habitat for many young animals. it also is full of nutrients that lead to algae blooms, that later sink and die. during decomposition, oxygen is used and less remains available for other marine life. sediment smothers fish eggs and clogs and tears the gills of young fishes. it settles on top of oysters and other bivalve mollusks, often killing them in the process. especially harmful to coastal wildlife is motor oil that leaks from cars and boats and, eventually, reaches the bay and ocean. oil improperly discarded from one car engine during an oil change ( about one gallon ) can produce an oil slick the size of six football fields! motor oil is poisonous and likely to kill animals who ingest it. and oil that sticks to the feathers of ducks and birds prohibits them from flying. other toxics, or poisonous substances, may contaminate coastal waters, sediments, and body tissues in animals, especially near urban, industrial areas. these substances range from organic compounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4892402202378324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.899401"} {"text": "that sticks to the feathers of ducks and birds prohibits them from flying. other toxics, or poisonous substances, may contaminate coastal waters, sediments, and body tissues in animals, especially near urban, industrial areas. these substances range from organic compounds produced during industrial processes to common household products, such as paint, battery acid, nail polish remover, and pesticides. since the 1972 ban on the pesticide, ddt, there is good news about bald eagles and pelicans. in the 1970s there were so few of these birds they were in danger of disappearing. the pesticide had run off land where it was used to control insects. it had gotten into rivers, bays, and the ocean, then into fish that bald eagles, pelicans, and other birds eat. consequently, shells of eggs laid by these birds were not thick enough and broke before the young could completely develop and hatch. in 1970 there were about 50 bald eagle nests, but success in producing fledgling eaglets was very limited. by 1990 the number of \" successful \" nests in the chesapeake bay area had risen to 225. interesting facts about the chesapeake bay and about virginia ' s coast : underwater grass restoration is very important, but is still considered relatively experimental. the virginia institute of marine science has been transplanting submerged aquatic vegetation, or sav, into the chesapeake and magothy bays since 1978. transplanting techniques have been perfected, but light is essential to sav growth. success depends on our ability to reduce hindrances like sediments and nutrients which can cloud these waters. coastal waters used to be filtered and cleaned courtesy of a thriving oyster population, and for years people across the country enjoyed eating oysters harvested from the bay. oyster reefs used to protrude above coastal waters and were so prevalent they were considered navigational hazards! oyster reefs have always been home to many valuable sport fish and other aquatic animals such as blue crabs, grass shrimp, mussels, sponges, and barnacles. because of their important ecological contribution, oysters are now being transplanted onto sanctuary reefs in the great wicomico and piankatank rivers, and in pungoteague creek on virginia ' s eastern shore, under a program launched by the virginia marine resources commission. recently, the virginia coastal program at deq and the chesapeake bay foundation have joined in this effort. many citizens are growing \" oyster gardens \" alongside their docks to supply more oysters to transplant, and students are helping to establish reefs in the elizabeth river through school - sponsored", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4926626780169859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.900454"} {"text": "although it seems like robots modeled after snakes and worms could be used for a wide variety of applications, the majority are designed for only two uses. many are created as rescue robots - - for detecting danger or victims or for taking supplies to survivors. their shape, size, and locomotion style give them access to places people can ' t or shouldn ' t go, such as collapsed buildings and nuclear reactors that are damaged or being decommissioned. the other main use for snake and worm robots is in medical applications. skinny, snaky tubes are just right for inserting into blood vessels or abdominal cavities to assist in minimally invasive surgery. or they can go exploring to locate problems such as tumors and send back data about size and location. click the image below to see 10 examples of these writhing robots. the slim slime robot from the tokyo institute of technology ' s hirose fukushima lab is a pneumatically driven active cord mechanism. it is used to inspect pipes in chemical laboratories or nuclear plants, detect unexploded mines, and help first responders find victims in collapsed buildings. a series of six connected modules are driven by pneumatic actuators. compressed air is forced from the main tube of each module into that module ' s bellows, or flexible pneumatic actuators, which are located along the main tube ' s length. the slim slime can creep like a snake, make pivoting turns, roll laterally, and move with a pedal - like motion that emulates snails and limpets. its total length is 730 - 1, 120mm ( 28. 7 - 44 inches ). it weighs 12kg ( 26. 4 pounds ), and its top speed is about 60mm ( 2. 36 inches ) per second. ( source : hirose fukushima lab ) robatnorcross, i had a similar thought, although i ' m not afraid of snakes - - unless they ' re venomous, that is. this one ' s \" skin \" pattern is camouflage, but it looks a lot like some venomous western rattlers i ' ve seen. even without fear of snakes, this would still give one pause if you were trapped and couldn ' t move. everything dates everyone, doesn ' t it? but i ' m with you - - i can imagine an engineer looking at slinky ' s movements and wondering how to motorize and automate them. first there ' s a design that uses a helical shape, gravity, and momentum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49942942769083887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.904802"} {"text": "general router faq when running nat ( network address translation ) the vigor router takes the single public ip address, allocated by your isp and automatically passes data between it and the local pcs on your private local network. however, with only one address visible to the outside world, external users cannot address specific local pcs inside your network. therefore, an ' unsolicited ' tcp / ip packet to your internet ip address would arrive at your router but then the router wouldn \u2019 t know who ( or what ), locally, the packet is intended for. in order to run a local server, for example a web server which is visible to the outside world, you have to set up a port forward rule whereby an incoming packet on a particular tcp / udp port is kept open and forwarded to a specific local pc. each service ( http, ftp, smtp etc. ) uses a different port number. this procedure is commonly used if you are running an internal smtp mail server to which your isp sends email to. once you have set up this type of ' port forwarding ' rule. external users, i. e. people elsewhere on the internet can then access your internal server via your public ip address. in the case of a web server, for example, they can enter http : \\ \\ 184. 108. 40. 206 into their browser, if that was your public ip address. if you are using a dynamic dns service ( see earlier ) then this would work with the port forwarding too. from the main router menu, select the nat setup menu ( under advanced setup ) and then open ports setup and the screen shown below will appear. it is important that you only open the ports that you need to, rather than open / forward all ports, as otherwise you compromise the nat intrinsic security. the above method uses ' open ports setup ' in which an external port number is redirected to the same port number on an internet lan pc. in some circumstances you might want to translate from one port to another, in which case you can use port redirection instead. this redirects a single port, as shown below. you can use the same port number in both boxes, in which case the facility is equivalent to open ports, giving you more capacity. when using nat, you have only one public ip address. this means that incoming data which is not in response to an outgoing request from a local client does not know where to go. port forwarding can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4727339711552222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.909617"} {"text": "open ports, giving you more capacity. when using nat, you have only one public ip address. this means that incoming data which is not in response to an outgoing request from a local client does not know where to go. port forwarding can be used to direct udp / tcp traffic on particular ports to specified internal clients. however other ip protocols, for example protocols 50 ( esp ) and 51 ( ah ) do not have port numbers so there is no unique detail to decide which local client to forward the data to. in situations like this, the vigor has a facilility called dmz. in the dmz setup, you can specify a single local client ( private ip address ) to which all unsolicited data on all protocols should be forwarded. regular web browsing and other such actitivty from other clients will continue to work. with a dmz, the inherrent security properties of nat are somewhat bypassed, so you may want to consider adding addional filter rules or a secondary firewall. another important point is that although a dmz will pass all data through, some protocols are still not nat friendly. the ' ah ' extension to ipsec is designed in such a way that it prevents network address translation - the header encodes the source ip address, which in this case would be your private ip address. the receiving end will see the packet as having come from your public ip address and thus reject the packet. ah protocol therefore will not work. esp is more tolerant. in the previous section, we discussed port mapping to allow internal network devices ( e. g. servers ) to be accessible from the internet. the vigor router actually supports three variants of port mapping methods, as follows : port redirection > open ports > dmz for example, if an incoming packet ' s port number matches a rule in both ' port redirection ' and ' open ports ' then the packet will be forwarded onto the local address defined in ' port redirection '. as the router has its own built - in web server for the configuration screens, if you want access to that router remotely ( from the wan side ) and to a web server behind that router, you will have to change the router ' s http ' port ' to something other than the default ( which is port 80 ). you can change the admin port from the management setup menu : you might choose port 8080 instead ; you must then access the ad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4968838739081659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.910775"} {"text": "upper respiratory infections are rare in healthy ferrets that are kept in a good environment and have limited to no contact with sickly animals. ferrets that are most susceptible to infections include kits, older ferrets, ferrets with weakened or suppressed immune systems, and ferrets living in unhealthy conditions ( dirty cage, too warm or too cold, etc. ). the signs of an upper respiratory infection include : nasal discharge - clear, yellow, or green the color of the nasal discharge will probably give your veterinarian an idea of how severe the infection is, and whether or not it can be treated with antibiotics. the decreased appetite is due to the congestion. ferrets with upper respiratory infections cannot smell their food, and it ' s hard for them to swallow with blocked nostrils, so they eat less. a respiratory infection can occur when a ferret is exposed to another person or animal with an infection. it can also develop when an animal lives in a dirty environment that is full of bacteria. additionally, a respiratory infection can be a secondary infection to another disease such as canine distemper. most minor upper respiratory infections should clear up in a couple days, just as they would in humans, especially if the ferret is in otherwise good health. if you see signs of a respiratory infection that last longer than two days, schedule a veterinary appointment. your ferret may need antibiotics or other medications. there are a few things you can do to help your ferret be more comfortable while he is recovering from his respiratory infection. add water to his kibble, warm it in the microwave, and serve it as a warm mush to stimulate his appetite and make it easier for him to swallow. wipe excess discharge from around his nose with a tissue. if the air in your house is dry, put a humidifier near your ferret ' s cage. if he has lots of nasal discharge, put him in a small room with a vaporizer to loosen the mucous and help him to breathe easier.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3904378665170539, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.912896"} {"text": "arts & crafts, construction toy, creative product, green product, hobby the enviroblox deluxe set gives kids an easy way to create all kind of designs with 180 pieces of 100 % biodegradable building blocks and logs, in a variety of colors and sizes. the product is made in the united states from cornstarch using a patented manufacturing process and materials \u2013 no plastic or oil based materials are used. the blocks are very adaptable ; simply moisten an enviroblox with water for a firm, instant hold, no tape or glue needed. this product fills the need for an environmentally friendly building activity for kids of all ages. this is an innovative hybrid of materials between modeling compounds and plastic building bricks, which brings benefits of structured building with freeform modeling. when it \u2019 s time to put the unused blocks away, just slide them back into their zip - lock package, which is environmentally conscious to minimize waste. and when the time comes to discard your used enviroblox, simply place them in water and watch them magically disappear! or add to your compost pile for a truly green recycling solution. how cadaco inc. is a green company cadaco is committed to helping preserve the world we live in, which is why they created a number of programs that will help reduce our environmental impact. cadaco, one of america \u2019 s oldest independent game and toy companies, offers the newest innovation in \" green \" toys and play. cadaco has been accepted for the commonwealth edison \" smart ideas \" program and will be installing energy lighting throughout its entire plant. the project will save 40 % of electrical energy per year, and the initial cost outlay will be recovered in just three years. the project replaces 1, 497 light fixtures and includes every department in the plant. they have also been able to program computers and other electrical equipment to shut down automatically when not in use. in addition to reducing energy consumption, cadaco has been able to eliminate electrical lighting in some areas altogether through the installation of solutubes, which allow for natural light to illuminate key workstations. additionally, cadaco has created processes and safety checks to eliminate the emission of any volatile organic compounds ( voc ) into the atmosphere. finally, cadaco has a 19 - point recycling process that every employee learns and participates in. the past year was the best in terms of recycling efforts, as cadaco recycled 2, 170 tons of material, saving nearly 37, 000 trees in the process. drtoy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47792387695345384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.915912"} {"text": "developing a financial statement worksheet for your business after your business \u2019 s accounts successfully pass a trial balance test ( with debits and credits that equal ), you can then begin developing a financial statement worksheet, as well as the financial statements, including balance sheets and income statements. the first step in producing the financial statements is using the information from the trial balance to develop a worksheet that includes the initial trial balance, the accounts that would be shown on a balance sheet, and finally the accounts that would normally be shown on an income statement. you create the worksheet that includes these seven columns : column 1 : account list columns 2 and 3 : trial balance ( one column for debits, one column for credits ) columns 4 and 5 : balance sheet ( one column for debits, one column for credits ) columns 6 and 7 : income statement ( one column for debits, one column for credits ) in the figure below, you see a sample of a worksheet developed from trial balance numbers. note that the numbers of the trial balance are transferred to the appropriate financial statement ; for example, the cash account, which is an asset, is shown in the debit column of the balance sheet. after you transfer all the accounts to their appropriate balance sheet or income statement columns, you total the worksheet columns. don \u2019 t panic when you see that the totals at the bottom of your columns aren \u2019 t equal \u2014 it \u2019 s because the net income hasn \u2019 t been calculated yet. the difference between the debits and credits in both the balance sheet and the income statement totals should be the same. that amount should represent the net income that will appear on the income statement. in the figure, the $ 4, 500 difference for the balance sheet is shown as a credit, representing an increase in retained earnings. the retained earnings account reflects the profits that have been reinvested into the company \u2019 s assets in order to grow the company. in some incorporated companies, part of the earnings are taken out in the form of dividends paid to stockholders. dividends are a portion of the earnings divided up among stockholders. the board of directors of the corporation set a certain amount per share to be paid to stockholders. many other small companies that haven \u2019 t incorporated pay out earnings to their owners using a drawing account, which tracks any cash taken out by the owners. each owner should have his or her own drawing account so that you have a history of how much each owner withdraws from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43266344543051966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.918949"} {"text": "how to use volume in your piano playing 5 of 7 in series : the essentials of bringing expression to your piano playing volume is perhaps the most easily recognized and executed technique in bringing your piano playing to life. varying degrees of volume give your piano music a different dynamic. and that \u2019 s exactly what volume levels are called in music : dynamics. as with tvs, car stereos, and crying babies, the world of volume has a wide range : from very soft to very loud. composers are quick to realize this and tell performers exactly where to play in the volume spectrum. of course, to make things a bit fancier, all dynamics in music are italian words. starting with basic volume changes when you talk about volume, you say something is loud or soft. from there you can explain how loud or how soft. music uses the same principle : you start with two little italian words, piano ( soft ) and forte ( loud ), to describe the volume of notes. abbreviations for these words are now the norm. you see soft and loud marked simply as p and f, written in fancy, stylized fonts. when you see a dynamic marking, whatever the requested volume may be, you continue to play at this volume level until you see a new dynamic marking. widening the range if soft and loud were the only volume levels available, home stereos would just have two volume buttons, not a turning knob. but, in real life, you have a variety of volume levels. rather than keep track of some more highly descriptive but multi - syllable italian words, you need only remember one abbreviation for the in - between volumes : m, which stands for mezzo ( medium ). place this word before piano or forte, and you get two more shades of volume. for extreme volumes like \u201c very soft \u201d and \u201c insanely loud, \u201d just throw a few more p \u2019 s or f \u2019 s together. the more you have, the more you play. that is, pp means \u201c very soft \u201d ( no jokes, please ). the written word isn \u2019 t piano - piano, however. instead, you use the italian suffix - issimo, loosely translated as \u201c very, \u201d and you end up with pianissimo. the symbol ff would be \u201c very loud, \u201d or fortissimo. the whole range of volume abbreviations is shown here : making gradual shifts in volume two dynamic symbols that you encounter quite often are those that tell you to gradually play louder \u2014 a crescendo ( cresc. ) \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5091122653519831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.923063"} {"text": "since 2009, when a japanese prostitute visited a clinic in kyoto with a case of gonorrhea that proved resistant to ceftriaxone \u2013 the last remaining antibiotic effective against it \u2013 the world health organization has been terrified that we are on the cusp of another sexually transmitted epidemic. \u201c we \u2019 re on our last line of defense, \u201d said colorado department of public health and environment \u2019 s dr. mary mattson, section chief for sexually transmitted disease and surveillance. mattson said that while most u. s. cases of drug - resistant gonorrhea have so far been clustered in hawaii and california, ( with none so far reported in colorado ) and concentrated among gay males, it could easily jump into the heterosexual population, as hiv did 30 years ago. after chlamydia, gonorrhea is the second most common sexually transmitted disease in the country, with 100 million cases estimated worldwide. in colorado, 75 percent of gonorrhea infections are in 15 - to 29 - year - olds, mattson said. in fact, the frequency of gonorrhea among this population is twice the national average, causing public - health officials to raise newly urgent questions about the effectiveness of sex education in our public schools. durango school district 9 - r uses the \u201c safer choices \u201d curriculum for its sex education, which is offered to middle school students and freshmen with parents \u2019 consent. district spokeswoman julie popp said the curriculum is \u201c highly renowned, and has actually been shown to change student behaviors. \u201d in studies, students who were taught safer choices \u2013 which states abstinence is safest and provides information about contraception \u2013 were more likely to use condoms in vaginal intercourse than those who did not receive safer choices instruction. it does not address the risks of disease transmission posed by unprotected oral and anal sex. nationwide, the percentage of teenagers who ever had vaginal intercourse has declined and condom use has increased, according to the u. s. department of health and human services. public - health officials said the problem with the safer choices approach is that it has had little effect on the rate of sexually transmitted infections, particularly among teenagers 15 \u2013 19 and young adults ages 20 - 24, because such programs do not explain the high risk of disease transmission through unprotected oral and anal sex, which many see as a safe alternative to vaginal intercourse. according to the centers for disease control and prevention, about half of teenagers have experienced oral sex, including 25 percent who have never had vaginal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40835579528017946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.928755"} {"text": "through unprotected oral and anal sex, which many see as a safe alternative to vaginal intercourse. according to the centers for disease control and prevention, about half of teenagers have experienced oral sex, including 25 percent who have never had vaginal intercourse. the result is that current adolescent sexual practice makes both girls and boys much more likely to contract drug - resistant gonorrhea, which is exponentially more contagious than hiv. students complained that safer choices was insufficiently frank about the risks and range of students \u2019 modern sexual practices. hank searfus, a junior at durango high school, said safer choices wasn \u2019 t \u201c very informative. \u201d \u201c it \u2019 s not very in depth, and it isn \u2019 t adequate for the changing world we live in, \u201d he said. another junior who declined to be identified said the curriculum \u201c stayed away from controversial topics. \u201d dr. doug kirby, senior research scientist at eta associates, which runs the safer choices program, said the program may have become dated because it does not address changing sexual behavior among youth, nor did its architects anticipate the emergence of a strain of gonorrhea resistant to antibiotics. both ignacio school district and the bayfield school district use teachers from planned parenthood to educate students with the consent of parents. bayfield high school \u2019 s health and science teacher, dwight windsor, said the curriculum was \u201c pretty blunt, but you have to be. it \u2019 s not preachy or condescending, it doesn \u2019 t take a side on it. it talks about abstinence a lot, contraceptives. \u201d he said the curriculum directly addressed the risk of disease posed by unprotected oral and anal sex. district 9 - r spokeswoman popp said instructors from planned parenthood used to deliver lectures to durango students based on the safer choices curriculum, until four years ago, when the district decided its own personnel should teach students safer choices. a winnable battle the prospect of an incurable strain of gonorrhea is terrifying : symptoms, when they occur, can be excruciating, and it causes both men and women to become much more susceptible to hiv. in some cases, gonorrhea enters the blood stream, infecting the joints, skin, heart valves and brain. it can cause infertility in men and woman and can be transmitted to a fetus in the womb. the risk makes nuanced sexual education imperative, said mattson. she called gonorrhea \u201c one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4358889129662124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.929703"} {"text": "in this section : - how much groundwater do we have? - groundwater use - groundwater quality - groundwater and geology - groundwater and engineering - groundwater and wetlands - groundwater and permafrost - conclusion : safeguarding our groundwater supply groundwater is an essential and vital resource for about a quarter of all canadians. it is their sole source of water for drinking and washing, for farming and manufacturing, indeed, for all their daily water needs. yet for the majority of canadians - - those who do not depend on it - - groundwater is a hidden resource whose value is not well understood or appreciated. our image of canada is of a land of sparkling lakes, rivers and glaciers. groundwater, which exists everywhere under the surface of the land, is not part of this picture. not surprisingly, therefore, concerns of canadians about water quality focus primarily on surface waters - - our lakes and rivers. the less visible, but equally important, groundwater resources have received less public attention, except in regions of canada where people depend on them. groundwater needs protection in recent years, a number of events affecting groundwater quality have contributed to a heightened public awareness and concern about the importance and vulnerability of the resource. media reports about the contamination of wells from leaking gasoline storage tanks or dry cleaning solvents, and about the effects on groundwater of chemical leakage from landfill or industrial waste disposal sites have raised public concerns about groundwater quality. early in 1990, chemical seepage, caused by the tire fire at hagersville, ontario, threatened to pollute groundwater supplies in the region. newspaper reports alerted area residents and helped focus attention on the problem of groundwater pollution. in may 2000, a heavy rain storm washed cattle manure into a town well in walkerton, ontario. the manure contaminated the water with the e. coli intestinal bacteria, causing illness and death to some residents and acting as a serious reminder of the importance of what many canadians take for granted - - clean and safe drinking water. even where we might not use it directly as drinking water supply, we must still protect groundwater, since it will carry contaminants and pollutants from the land into the lakes and rivers from which other people get a large percentage of their freshwater supply. what is groundwater? it is sometimes thought that water flows through underground rivers or that it collects in underground lakes. groundwater is not confined to only a few channels or depressions in the same way that surface water is concentrated in streams and lakes. rather, it exists almost everywhere underground. it is found underground in the spaces between particles of rock and soil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4515807764957296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.951532"} {"text": "underground lakes. groundwater is not confined to only a few channels or depressions in the same way that surface water is concentrated in streams and lakes. rather, it exists almost everywhere underground. it is found underground in the spaces between particles of rock and soil, or in crevices and cracks in rock. the water filling these openings is usually within 100 metres of the surface. much of the earth ' s fresh water is found in these spaces. at greater depths, because of the weight of overlying rock, these openings are much smaller, and therefore hold considerably smaller quantities of water. groundwater flows slowly through water - bearing formations ( aquifers ) at different rates. in some places, where groundwater has dissolved limestone to form caverns and large openings, its rate of flow can be relatively fast but this is exceptional. many terms are used to describe the nature and extent of the groundwater resource. the level below which all the spaces are filled with water is called the water table. above the water table lies the unsaturated zone. here the spaces in the rock and soil contain both air and water. water in this zone is called soil moisture. the entire region below the water table is called the saturated zone, and water in this saturated zone is called groundwater. what is an aquifer? although groundwater exists everywhere under the ground, some parts of the saturated zone contain more water than others. an aquifer is an underground formation of permeable rock or loose material which can produce useful quantities of water when tapped by a well. aquifers come in all sizes and their origin and composition is varied. they may be small, only a few hectares in area, or very large, underlying thousands of square kilometres of the earth ' s surface. they may be only a few metres thick, or they may measure hundreds of metres from top to bottom. many important canadian aquifers are composed of thick deposits of sands and gravel previously laid down by glacial rivers. these types of aquifers provide most of the water supply for the kitchener - waterloo region in ontario and the fredericton area in new brunswick. the carberry aquifer in manitoba is an old delta lying on what was formerly glacial lake agassiz. it is well developed as a source of irrigation water. prince edward island depends on sandstone aquifers for its entire water supply. a major glacial outwash sand and gravel aquifer occurs in the fraser valley in british columbia. it is extensively used for municipal, domestic, and industrial water supplies. the winnipeg and montreal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5176773720447805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.957444"} {"text": "depends on sandstone aquifers for its entire water supply. a major glacial outwash sand and gravel aquifer occurs in the fraser valley in british columbia. it is extensively used for municipal, domestic, and industrial water supplies. the winnipeg and montreal aquifers that are used for industrial water supply are composed of fractured rocks. to concentrate only on major ( i. e., large ) aquifers, however, is misleading. many individual farms and rural homes depend on relatively small aquifers such as thin sand and gravel deposits of glacial or other origin. although these aquifers are individually not very significant, in total they make up a very important groundwater resource. groundwater \u2013 always on the move permeable material contains interconnected cracks or spaces that are both numerous enough and large enough to allow water to move freely. in some permeable materials groundwater may move several metres in a day ; in other places, it moves only a few centimetres in a century. groundwater moves very slowly through relatively impermeable materials such as clay and shale. groundwater scientists generally distinguish between two types of aquifers in terms of the physical attributes of the aquifer : porous media and fractured aquifers. porous media are those aquifers consisting of aggregates of individual particles such as sand or gravel. the groundwater occurs in and moves through the openings between the individual grains. porous media where the grains are not connected to each other are considered unconsolidated. if the grains are cemented together, such aquifers are called consolidated. sandstones are examples of consolidated porous media. fractured aquifers are rocks in which the groundwater moves through cracks, joints or fractures in otherwise solid rock. examples of fractured aquifers include granite and basalt. limestones are often fractured aquifers, but here the cracks and fractures may be enlarged by solution, forming large channels or even caverns. limestone terrain where solution has been very active is termed karst. porous media such as sandstone may become so highly cemented or recrystallized that all of the original space is filled. in this case, the rock is no longer a porous medium. however, if it contains cracks it can still act as a fractured aquifer. most of the aquifers of importance to us are unconsolidated porous media such as sand and gravel. some very porous materials are not permeable. clay, for instance, has many spaces between its grains, but the spaces are not large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5330066640440352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.959586"} {"text": "biospheric water | | 0. 001 | | approximately 1 week | source : adapted from r. allen freeze and john a. cherry, groundwater. prentice - hall : englewood cliffs, new jersey, 1979 : p. 5. how much groundwater do we have? according to some estimates, the quantity of groundwater in the earth would cover the entire surface of the globe to a depth of 120 metres. by contrast, the volume of surface water in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and swamps could be contained in a depth of about one quarter of a metre. it is extremely difficult to estimate the volume of groundwater on the entire planet. for example, a recent review of the literature revealed estimated figures ranging from 7 000 000 to 330 000 000 cubic kilometres. however, all the estimates imply that if we do not include the water frozen in ice caps, glaciers and permanent snow, groundwater makes up almost the entire volume of the earth ' s usable fresh water. source : adapted from figure 2, freshwater series no. a - 2, water - here, there and everywhere. yet, this supply is often not easily accessible, and it may be difficult and expensive to develop these water supplies in some regions. the quality of the groundwater source is also a significant determining factor when identifying its use. even in canada, there is more water underground than on the surface. although groundwater has been routinely surveyed since early last century, ithas not been mapped in a systematic way across the country. the natural resources canada groundwater mapping program, a current federal groundwater initiative, aims to establish a conceptual framework of national, regional and watershed - scale groundwater flow systems. almost nine million canadians depend on groundwater in canada, 8. 9 million people, or 30. 3 % of the population, rely on groundwater for domestic use. statistics canada, environment accounts and statistics division, special compilation using data from environment canada, municipal water use database. statistics canada, 1996, quarterly estimates of the population of canada, the provinces and the territories, 11 - 3, catalogue no. 91 - 001, ottawa. approximately two thirds of these users live in rural areas. in many areas, wells produce more reliable and less expensive water supplies than those obtained from nearby lakes, rivers and streams. the remaining users are located primarily in smaller municipalities where groundwater provides the primary source for their water supply systems. for instance, 100 % of prince edward island ' s population and over 60 % of the population of new brunswick rely on groundwater to meet their domestic needs. furthermore, the predominant use of groundwater varies by province.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48485424035819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.964488"} {"text": "primary source for their water supply systems. for instance, 100 % of prince edward island ' s population and over 60 % of the population of new brunswick rely on groundwater to meet their domestic needs. furthermore, the predominant use of groundwater varies by province. in ontario, prince edward island, new brunswick, and the yukon, the largest users of groundwater are municipalities ; in alberta, saskatchewan, and manitoba, the agricultural industry for livestock watering ; in british columbia, quebec and the northwest territories, industry ; and in newfoundland and nova scotia, rural domestic use. prince edward island is almost totally dependent on groundwater for all its uses. groundwater as a source of energy groundwater may be used as a source of heat. ground source heat pumps are receiving increased attention as energy efficient commercial and residential heating / cooling systems. although initial costs are higher than air source systems - - due to the additional costs of the underground installations - - the much greater energy efficiency of ground source systems makes them increasingly attractive. research into the use of geothermal water has been carried out in a number of institutions across canada. the city of moose jaw has developed a geothermal heating system for a public swimming pool and recreational facility. carleton university in ottawa already uses groundwater to heat and cool its buildings. the health centre complex in sussex, new brunswick has been utilizing an aquifer for thermal energy storage since 1995. we often think of water quality as a matter of taste, clarity and odour, and in terms of other properties which determine whether water is fit for drinking. for other uses different properties may be important. most of these properties depend on the kinds of substances that are dissolved or suspended in the water. water for most industrial uses, for instance, must not be corrosive and must not contain dissolved solids that might precipitate on the surfaces of machinery and equipment. pure water is tasteless and odourless. a molecule of water contains only hydrogen and oxygen atoms. water is never found in a pure state in nature. both groundwater and surface water may contain many constituents, including microorganisms, gases, inorganic and organic materials. the chemical nature of water continually evolves as it moves through the hydrologic cycle. the kinds of chemical constituents found in groundwater depend, in part, on the chemistry of the precipitation and recharge water. near coastlines, precipitation contains higher concentrations of sodium chloride, and downwind of industrial areas, airborne sulphur and nitrogen compounds make precipitation acidic. one of the most important natural changes in groundwater chemistry occurs in the soil.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.577594555565826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.965623"} {"text": "recharge water. near coastlines, precipitation contains higher concentrations of sodium chloride, and downwind of industrial areas, airborne sulphur and nitrogen compounds make precipitation acidic. one of the most important natural changes in groundwater chemistry occurs in the soil. soils contain high concentrations of carbon dioxide which dissolves in the groundwater, creating a weak acid capable of dissolving many silicate minerals. in its passage from recharge to discharge area, groundwater may dissolve substances it encounters or it may deposit some of its constituents along the way. the eventual quality of the groundwater depends on temperature and pressure conditions, on the kinds of rock and soil formations through which the groundwater flows, and possibly on the residence time. in general, faster flowing water dissolves less material. groundwater, of course, carries with it any soluble contaminants which it encounters. scientists assess water quality by measuring the amounts of the various constituents contained in the water. these amounts are often expressed as milligrams per litre ( mg / l ), which is equivalent to the number of grams of a substance per million grams of water. the suitability of water for a given use depends on many factors such as hardness, salinity and ph. acceptable values for each of these parameters for any given use depend on the use, not on the source of the water, so that the considerations important for surface water ( as mentioned in freshwater series no. a - 3, entitled \" clean water \u2013 life depends on it! \" ) are equally applicable to groundwater. the natural quality of groundwater differs from surface water in that : - for any given source, its quality, temperature and other parameters are less variable over the course of time and - in nature, the range of groundwater parameters encountered is much larger than for surface water, e. g., total dissolved solids can range from 25 mg / l in some places in the canadian shield to 300 000 mg / l in some deep saline waters in the interior plains. at any given location, groundwater tends to be harder and more saline than surface water, but this is by no means a universal rule. it is also generally the case that groundwater becomes more saline with increasing depth, but again, there are many exceptions. as groundwater flows through an aquifer it is naturally filtered. this filtering, combined with the long residence time underground, means that groundwater is usually free from disease - causing microorganisms. a source of contamination close to a well, however, can defeat these natural safeguards. natural filtering also means that groundwater usually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5038675830447439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.966674"} {"text": "filtering, combined with the long residence time underground, means that groundwater is usually free from disease - causing microorganisms. a source of contamination close to a well, however, can defeat these natural safeguards. natural filtering also means that groundwater usually contains less suspended material and undissolved solids than surface water. see also groundwater contamination section groundwater and geology groundwater is also important quite apart from its value as a resource or its close connection with surface water supplies. engineers must consider groundwater when planning almost any kind of structure, either above or below the ground. ignoring the effect of groundwater on slope stability can be both costly and dangerous. geologists see groundwater as a major force in geological change. the fluid pressures exerted by groundwater, for example, play an important role in the occurrence of earthquakes. geologists also know that the movement of water through underground geologic formations controls the migration and the accumulation of petroleum and the formation of some ore deposits. groundwater and engineering groundwater can also have dramatic implications for engineering and geotechnical studies. the study of groundwater is essential for engineers who construct dams, tunnels, water conveyance channels, mines, and other structures. groundwater must be considered whenever the stability of slopes is important, whether the slope is natural or constructed. groundwater must also be taken into account when devising measures to control flooding. in all of these situations, groundwater flow and fluid pressure can create serious geotechnical problems. groundwater, for example, may create structural weaknesses in dams, or it may flow underground right around the structure as it did at the jerome dam in idaho. water flowed so efficiently through the rock formations surrounding the reservoir that the dam would hold no water, even though it was structurally sound. in another case, when geological exploration was being carried out in preparation for the construction of the revelstoke dam in british columbia, geologists and engineers were concerned about an old landslide on the bank of the proposed reservoir. they suspected that the water held in the reservoir could increase groundwater pressures enough to make the slide unstable. the solution was to increase drainage around the slide to ensure that groundwater pressures did not increase. in 1963, these same conditions at the vaiont reservoir in italy caused a slide which killed 2500 people. other problems result from the excessive use of groundwater. overdrafting occurs when people draw water out of an aquifer faster than nature can replenish it. the most obvious problem created is a shortage of water. overdrafting, however, can also create significant geotechnical problems. although not an issue in canada,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5046196579033569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.967872"} {"text": "draw water out of an aquifer faster than nature can replenish it. the most obvious problem created is a shortage of water. overdrafting, however, can also create significant geotechnical problems. although not an issue in canada, at many locations around the world overdrafting has caused land subsidence. this can produce severe engineering difficulties. parts of mexico city, for instance, have subsided as much as 10 metres in the past 70 years, resulting in a host of problems in its water supply and sewerage system. land subsidence may also occur when the water table is lowered by drainage. in the early 1970s, for example, an entire residential subdivision in ottawa subsided when a collector sewer was constructed nearby. the subsidence seriously damaged the residents ' property. groundwater and wetlands wetlands, which provide a summer home to nearly all of north america ' s 45 million ducks and other waterfowl, often have very close connections with the groundwater system. some wetlands, e. g., potholes in higher ground, may serve as important groundwater recharge areas. others, especially those in low - lying areas, may be the receptors for significant amounts of groundwater discharge. therefore, if the underlying groundwater is contaminated, detrimental consequences will be felt by the wildlife and all other resources dependent on that wetland. groundwater and permafrost most of the terrain in the northwest territories and nunavut consists either of rugged glaciated canadian shield rock or of ground which is underlain by permafrost ( permanently frozen ground ). both of these inhibit the flow of groundwater. the major exceptions include the mackenzie mountains in western northwest territories and the yukon and the limestone terrain southwest of great slave lake, where soils, fractured rock, and glacial debris provide material that can store and release groundwater. on a local scale, the seasonal development of a thawed \" active layer \" above the permafrost can provide permeable pathways for the subsurface movement of water and contaminants. conclusion : safeguarding our groundwater supply groundwater is an essential resource. it exists everywhere under the canadian landscape and is vitally connected to our rich surface water resources. contamination of groundwater is a serious problem in canada. industrial and agricultural activities are major sources of contaminants, but canadian households are equally important sources. groundwater moves so slowly that problems take a long time to appear. because of this, and because it is so expensive to clean up a contaminated aquifer ( if it can be done at all ), it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48205704442798447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.974911"} {"text": "power electronics group to build converter for superconducting magnetic energy storage in the vpec laboratories, kunrong wang ( g ) works on a design of a power conditioning system to be used for superconducting magnetic energy storage ( smes ). the virginia power electronics center ( vpec ) has received a contract from westinghouse inc. and the office of naval research to develop a system that will convert electrical energy for magnetic storage by utilities. under the three - year $ 700, 000 contract, vpec will develop a prototype power conditioning system for superconducting magnetic energy storage ( smes ), which is a state - of - the - art method for storing electrical energy. a smes unit consists of superconducting wire wound into a huge coil, which is cooled with liquid helium to minus 458 degrees fahrenheit so that the flow of electricity meets no resistance. direct - current ( dc ) electricity is fed into the coil, creating a magnetic field that can store the energy indefinitely. the power conditioning system being developed by vpec will convert excess ac electricity from utility lines to dc electricity that can be stored in smes units. when the stored energy is needed, the power conditioning system converts the dc electricity into ac for utility line use. utilities can store excess energy in smes units during the night and retrieve energy for use during peak - demand periods of the day. the storage - retrieval process is expected to be more than 95 percent efficient, which will enable utilities to realize significant cost - saving benefits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6069487906298674, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:13.988944"} {"text": "of creative science projects - - these are not your typical science project ideas. these ideas can be turned into winning projects! | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | are two pictures of president george bush taken right after 9 / 11. notice that his facial expressions appear to indicate two completely different moods. could these pictures have been taken at the same time? are the seeds for a creative science project that you can develop using your own idea ; all you need is a computer and a digital camera... asymmetric facial expressions in the edinformatics list of creative science | | | | | | | | | | expanding a school science lab into a full science project - - many classroom experiments can be used as the beginning ' s of an excellent science project. here are some examples... we present examples of excellent science labs that can be transformed into full science projects. using free software - - java applets and is a large number of java applets and software packages that can be adapted for use as a science project. science project ideas this is a reviewed list of sites that provides ideas for projects and steps to start ideas for science experiments - - here is a list of sites that have some ideas for experiments that may be used as a starting point for a science project. science fairs - - ideas and resources to prepare for your science fair. still need help? - - ask an expert about your project. visit one of several ask an expert pages on the internet. what were some of the greatest inventions of all time? take a look at some of these inventions to get an idea for a science project", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5606605014515429, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.007277"} {"text": "intersect working papers provides iowa - specific research on education issues published by the iowa department of education. in 1997, the u. s. office of management and budget ( omb ) revised the standard of classifying race and ethnicity for federal data. these new standards separated race and ethnicity and also allow respondents to choose more than one race. states must report using the new guidelines by the 2010 - 2011 school year. iowa implemented the changes for the 2009 - 2010 school year, re - identifying all students in the fall of 2009. iowa \u2019 s growth model acknowledges the hard work teachers invest in meeting the learning needs of non - proficient students. this study looks at iowa \u2019 s use of an approved growth model for determining adequate yearly progress ( ayp ). a teacher shortage exists in iowa. this study looks at the trends in teacher retention. iowa is one of the five states in the nation that has a low dropout rate. iowa \u2019 s dropout rates have been less than 2 percent for grades 7 - 12 and less than 3 percent for grades 9 - 12 ( see figure 1 ) since 1998. however, each year the total number of dropouts was over four thousand from grades 7 through 12 in iowa. the current study seeks answers for the following questions : are students more likely to drop out from some schools than others? is a zero dropout rate possible for a school district? are same dropout rates for students in different demographic groups? the main focus of this paper is the characteristics of the districts with no dropouts. iowa data support two facts : 1 ) a zero dropout rate is possible and, 2 ) iowa has 20 to 30 percent of the districts with a zero dropout rate in each of the last eight years. graduation rate is one of the most important indicators used to measure high school success. this study examines the differences between current and proposed formulas for determining graduation rates.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5010652537549503, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.031145"} {"text": "barnum ' s partnership with the famous bear hunter - - fooling him with the \" golden pigeons \" - - adams earns $ 500 at desperate cost - - tricking barnum out of a fine hunting suit - - prosperity of the museum - - visit of the prince of wales. the famous old american museum was now the centre of barnum ' s interests, and he devoted himself to its development with such energy as never before. his enterprise in securing new curiosities, and his skill in presenting them to the public in the most attractive light, surpassed all previous efforts. to his office, as to their mecca, flocked all the \" freaks \" of the land, and all who possessed any objects of rare or marvelous nature. foremost among these visitors was one veteran frontiersman, who had attained - - and well deserved - - much fame as a fighter of the most savage wild beasts. his name was james c. adams, but he was universally known as \" grizzly adams, \" from the fact that he had captured a great many grizzly bears at the risk and cost of fearful encounters and perils. he was brave, and with his bravery there was enough of the romantic in his nature to make him a real hero. for many years a hunter and trapper in the rocky and sierra nevada mountains, he acquired a recklessness, which, added to his natural invincible courage, rendered him one of the most striking men of the age, and he was emphatically a man of pluck. a month after barnum had re - purchased the museum, adams arrived in new york with his famous collection of california animals, captured by himself, consisting of twenty or thirty immense grizzly bears, at the head of which stood \" old samson, \" together with several wolves, half a dozen different species of california bears, california lions, tigers, buffalo, elk, and \" old neptune, \" the great sea - lion from the pacific. old adams had trained all these monsters so that with him they were as docile as kittens, though many of the most ferocious among them would attack a stranger without hesitation, if he came within their grasp. in fact, the training of these animals was no fool ' s play, as old adams learned to his cost, for the terrific blows which he received from time to time, while teaching them \" docility, \" finally cost him his life. adams called on barnum immediately on his arrival in new york. he was dressed in his hunter ' s suit of buckskin, trimmed with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4388931332854053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.275732"} {"text": "which he received from time to time, while teaching them \" docility, \" finally cost him his life. adams called on barnum immediately on his arrival in new york. he was dressed in his hunter ' s suit of buckskin, trimmed with the skins and bordered with the hanging tails of small rocky mountain animals ; his cap consisting of the skin of a wolf ' s head and shoulders, from which depended several tails, and under which appeared his stiff bushy, gray hair and his long, white, grizzly beard ; in fact, old adams was quite as much of a show as his beasts. they had come around cape horn on the clipper ship \" golden fleece, \" and a sea voyage of three and a half months had probably not added much to the beauty or neat appearance of the old bear - hunter. during their conversation grizzly adams took off his cap, and showed barnum the top of his head. his skull was literally broken in. it had, on various occasions, been struck by the fearful paws of his grizzly students ; and the last blow, from the bear called \" general fremont, \" had laid open his brain so that its workings were plainly visible. barnum remarked that he thought it was a dangerous wound and might possibly prove fatal. \" yes, \" replied adams, \" that will fix me out. it had nearly healed ; but old fremont opened it for me, for the third or fourth time, before i left california, and he did his business so thoroughly, i ' m a used - up man. however, i reckon i may live six months or a year yet. \" this was spoken as coolly as if he had been talking about the life of a dog. this extraordinary man had come to see barnum about the \" california menagerie, \" of which he, adams, was the owner. barnum had shortly before, however, purchased one - half interest in it from a man who had claimed to be adams ' s equal partner. this adams disputed, declaring that he had merely borrowed from the man some money on the security of the show, that the man was not his partner, and that he had no right to sell one - half or any portion of the menagerie. as a matter of fact, however, the man did have a bill of sale for one - half of the show, and adams was soon convinced that barnum ' s purchase was entirely legitimate. the result was that barnum and adams formed a regular partnership, the former to attend to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45648947770900117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.284038"} {"text": ", the man did have a bill of sale for one - half of the show, and adams was soon convinced that barnum ' s purchase was entirely legitimate. the result was that barnum and adams formed a regular partnership, the former to attend to all business affairs, the latter to exhibit the animals. the show was opened in a huge canvas tent on broadway, at the corner of thirteenth street. on the morning of opening, a band of music preceded a procession of animal cages down broadway and up the bowery, old adams, dressed in his hunting costume, heading the line, with a platform wagon on which were placed three immense grizzly bears, two of which he held by chains, while he was mounted on the back of the largest grizzly, which stood in the centre and was not secured in any manner whatever. this was the bear known as \" general fremont, \" and so docile had he become that adams said he had used him as a pack - bear, to carry his cooking and hunting apparatus through the mountains for six months, and had ridden him hundreds of miles. but apparently docile as were many of these animals, there was not one among them that would not occasionally give adams a sly blow or a sly bite when a good chance offered ; hence old adams was but a wreck of his former self, and expressed pretty nearly the truth when he \" mr. barnum, i am not the man i was five years ago. then i felt able to stand the hug of any grizzly living, and was always glad to encounter, single handed, any sort of an animal that dared present himself. but i have been beaten to a jelly, torn almost limb from limb, and nearly chawed up and spit out by these treacherous grizzly bears. however, i am good for a few months yet, and by that time i hope we shall gain enough to make my old woman comfortable, for i have been absent from her some years. \" his wife came from massachusetts to new york and nursed him. dr. johns dressed his wounds every day, and not only told adams he could never recover, but assured his friends that probably a very few weeks would lay him in his grave. but adams was as firm as adamant and as resolute as a lion. among the thousands who saw him dressed in his grotesque hunter ' s suit, and witnessed the seeming vigor with which he \" performed \" the savage monsters, beating and whipping them into apparently the most perfect docility, probably not one suspected that this rough, fierce -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43890157022629595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.286300"} {"text": "thousands who saw him dressed in his grotesque hunter ' s suit, and witnessed the seeming vigor with which he \" performed \" the savage monsters, beating and whipping them into apparently the most perfect docility, probably not one suspected that this rough, fierce - looking, powerful semi - savage, as he appeared to be, was suffering intense pain from his broken skull and fevered system, and that nothing kept him from stretching himself on his death - bed but his most indomitable and extraordinary will. adams was an inveterate story - teller, and often \" drew the long bow \" with daring hand. he loved to astonish people with extraordinary tales, which were sheer inventions, but which no one could disprove. he pretended, too, to have been everywhere and to have seen everything. this weakness made him good game for barnum, who determined to expose his foibles to him at the first opportunity. the opportunity soon came. one day, amid the innumerable caravan of cranks that moved to the weird realm of barnum ' s wonder - house, there appeared a fat, stolid german, carrying in his hand a small basket, which he guarded with jealous care. \" i have come, \" he said, \" to see if you would not like some golden pigeons to buy? \" \" yes, \" barnum replied, \" i would like a flock of golden pigeons, if i could buy them for their weight in silver ; for there are no ' golden pigeons ' in existence, unless they are made from the pure metal. \" \" you shall some golden pigeons alive see, \" he replied, at the same time entering the office, and closing the door after him. he then removed the lid from the basket, and sure enough, there were snugly ensconced a pair of beautiful, living ruff - necked pigeons, as yellow as saffron, and as bright as a double - eagle fresh from the mint. barnum was somewhat staggered at this sight, and quickly asked the man where those birds came from. a dull, lazy smile crawled over the sober face of the german visitor, as he replied in a slow, guttural tone of voice : \" what you think yourself? \" catching his meaning, barnum quickly replied : \" i think it is a humbug. \" \" of course, i know you will so say ; because you ' forstha ' such things ; so i shall not try to humbug you ; i have them myself colored", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45118741151952824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.292555"} {"text": "replied : \" i think it is a humbug. \" \" of course, i know you will so say ; because you ' forstha ' such things ; so i shall not try to humbug you ; i have them myself colored. \" it then came out that the man was a chemist, and that he had invented a process by which he could dye the feathers of living birds any color he pleased, retaining at the same time all the natural gloss of the plumage. barnum at once closed a bargain with him for the birds, for ten dollars, and then put them in his \" happy family \" at the museum. he marked them \" golden pigeons, from california, \" and then gleefully awaited adams ' next visit, feeling sure that the old fellow would be completely taken in. sure enough, next morning adams came along, saw the pigeons, looked at them earnestly for a few minutes, and then went straight to the office. \" mr. barnum, \" said he, \" you must let me have those california pigeons. \" \" i can ' t spare them, \" said barnum. \" but you must spare them. all the birds and animals from california ought to be together. you own half of my california menagerie, and you must lend me those pigeons. \" \" mr. adams, they are too rare and valuable a bird to be hawked about in that manner. \" \" oh, don ' t be a fool, \" replied adams. \" rare bird, indeed! why, they are just as common in california as any other pigeon! i could have brought a hundred of them from san francisco, if i had thought of it. \" \" but why did you not think of it? \" with a \" because they are so common there, \" said adams. \" i did not think they would be any curiosity here. \" barnum was ready to burst with laughter to see how readily adams swallowed the bait, but, maintaining the most rigid gravity, he replied : \" oh! well, mr. adams, if they are really so common in california, you had probably better take them, and you may write over and have half a dozen pairs sent to me for the museum. \" a few weeks later barnum, being in the california menagerie, noticed that something ailed the pigeons. they had a sadly - mottled appearance. their feathers had grown out, and they were half white. adams had not yet noticed it, being too busy with his bears. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48113656063638127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.294584"} {"text": "california menagerie, noticed that something ailed the pigeons. they had a sadly - mottled appearance. their feathers had grown out, and they were half white. adams had not yet noticed it, being too busy with his bears. but barnum called him at once to the pigeon cage. \" look here, adams, \" he said, \" i ' m afraid you are going to lose your golden pigeons. they must be very sick. just see how pale they look! good thing they ' re so common in california, so you can easily get some more, adams looked at them a moment in astonishment, then turning to barnum, and seeing that he could not suppress a smile, he indignantly exclaimed : \" blast the golden pigeons! you had better take them back to the museum. you can ' t humbug me with your painted pigeons! \" this was too much, and barnum laughed till he cried, to witness the mixed look of astonishment and vexation which marked the grizzly features of after the exhibition on thirteenth street and broadway had been open six weeks, the doctor insisted that adams should sell out his share in the animals and settle up his worldly affairs, for he assured him that he was growing weaker every day, and his earthly existence must soon terminate. \" i shall live a good deal longer than you doctors think for, \" replied adams, doggedly ; and then, seeming after all to realize the truth of the doctor ' s assertion, he turned and said : \" well, mr. barnum, you must buy me out. \" a bargain was soon concluded. arrangements had been made to exhibit the bears in connecticut and massachusetts during the summer, in connection with the museum, and adams insisted that barnum should engage him to travel for the season and manage the bears. he offered to do it for $ 60 a week and expenses. barnum replied that he would gladly make such an arrangement, but he feared adams was not strong enough to stand \" you are growing weaker every day, \" he said ; \" and would better go to your home and rest. \" \" what will you give me extra if i will travel and exhibit the bears every day for ten weeks? \" added old adams, eagerly. \" five hundred dollars. \" \" done! \" exclaimed adams, \" i will do it, so draw up an agreement to that effect at once. but mind you, draw it payable to my wife, for i may be too weak to attend to business after the ten weeks are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4497307768572309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.296752"} {"text": "done! \" exclaimed adams, \" i will do it, so draw up an agreement to that effect at once. but mind you, draw it payable to my wife, for i may be too weak to attend to business after the ten weeks are up, and if i perform my part of the contract, i want her to get the $ 500 without any trouble. \" barnum drew up a contract to pay him $ 60 per week for his services, and if he continued to exhibit the bears for ten consecutive weeks, to hand him, or his wife, $ 500 extra. \" you have lost your $ 500! \" exclaimed adams on taking the contract ; \" for i am bound to live and earn it. \" \" i hope you may, with all my heart, and a hundred years more if you desire it, \" replied barnum. \" call me a fool if i don ' t earn the $ 500! \" exclaimed adams, with a triumphant laugh. the \" show \" started off in a few days, and at the end of a fortnight barnum met it at hartford, connecticut. \" well \" said he, \" adams, you seem to stand it pretty well. i hope you and your wife are comfortable? \" \" yes, \" he replied with a laugh ; \" and you may as well try to be comfortable, too, for your $ 500 is a goner. \" \" all right, \" barnum replied, \" i hope you will grow better every day. \" but the case was hopeless. adams was dying. when barnum met him three weeks later at new bedford his eyes were glassy and his hands trembling, but his courage and will were strong as ever. \" this hot weather tells on me, \" he said, \" but i ' ll last the ten weeks and more, and get your $ 500. \" barnum urged him to quit work, to take half of the $ 500 and go home. but, no. he would not listen to it. and he did actually serve through the whole ten weeks, and got the $ 500 ; remarking, as he pocketed the cash, \" barnum, it ' s too bad you ' re a teetotaler, for i ' d like to stand treat with you on this. \" when adams set out on this last tour, barnum had a fine new hunting - suit made of beaver - skins. he had procured it for herr driesbach, the animal tamer, whom he had engaged to take adams '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4566808841189467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.298471"} {"text": ". \" when adams set out on this last tour, barnum had a fine new hunting - suit made of beaver - skins. he had procured it for herr driesbach, the animal tamer, whom he had engaged to take adams ' place whenever the latter should give out. adams had asked him to loan him the suit, to wear occasionally when he had great audiences, as his own suit was badly worn. barnum did so ; and at the end of the engagement, as he received the $ 500, adams said : \" mr. barnum, i suppose you are going to give me this new \" oh, no, \" barnum replied, \" i got that for your successor, who will exhibit the bears to - morrow, besides, you have no possible use for \" now, don ' t be mean, but lend me the dress, if you won ' t give it to me, for i want to wear it home to my native village. \" barnum could not refuse the poor old man anything, and he \" well, adams, i will lend you the dress, but you will send it back to me? \" \" yes, when i have done with it, \" he replied, with an evident chuckle of triumph. barnum thought, \" he will soon be done with it, \" and replied : \" that ' s all right. \" a new idea evidently struck adams, for, with a brightening look of satisfaction, he said : \" now, barnum, you have made a good thing out of the california menagerie, and so have i ; but you will make a heap more. so if you won ' t give me this new hunter ' s dress, just draw a little writing, and sign it, saying that i may wear it until i have done with it. \" barnum knew that in a few days, at longest, he would be \" done \" with this world altogether, and, to gratify him, he cheerfully drew and signed the paper. \" come, old yankee, i ' ve got you this time - - see. if i hadn ' t! \" exclaimed adams, with a broad grin, as he took the paper. barnum smiled, and said : \" all right, my dear fellow ; the longer you live the better i shall like it, \" they parted, and adams went to charlton, worcester county, massachusetts, where his wife and daughter lived. he took at once to his bed, and never rose from it again. the excitement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.416600198624908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.299477"} {"text": "the longer you live the better i shall like it, \" they parted, and adams went to charlton, worcester county, massachusetts, where his wife and daughter lived. he took at once to his bed, and never rose from it again. the excitement had passed away, and his vital energies could accomplish no more, the fifth day after arriving home, the physician told him he could not live until the next morning. he received the announcement in perfect calmness, and with the most apparent indifference ; then, turning to his wife, with a smile he requested her to have him buried in the new hunting - suit. \" for, \" said he, \" barnum agreed to let me have it until i have done with it, and i was determined to fix his flint this time. he shall never see that dress again. \" that dress was indeed the shroud in which he was entombed. after adams ' death, barnum incorporated the california menagerie with the american museum, for a time, but afterward sold most of the animals. the museum was now most prosperous, and barnum was making steady progress toward paying off the debts that burdened him. in the fall of 1860 the museum was visited by the prince of wales and his suite, in response to an invitation from barnum. unfortunately, barnum himself had gone to bridgeport that very morning, the invitation not having been accepted until about an hour before the visit. mr. greenwood, the manager, when he heard that the prince was coming, caused the performance in the lecture - room to be commenced half an hour before the usual time, so as to clear the floors of a portion of the crowd, in order that he might have a better opportunity to examine the curiosities. when the prince arrived, there was a great crowd outside the museum, and hundreds more were soon added to the numbers assembled within the building. he was received by mr. greenwood, and immediately conducted to the second story, where the first object of interest pointed out was the \" what is it? \" in which his royal highness manifested much curiosity. in compliance with his wish, the keeper went through the regular account of the animal. here, also, the party were shown the albino family, concerning whom they made inquiries. the siamese twins, the sea - lions, and the seal were also pointed out, and some of the animals were fed in the presence of the prince at his own request. he was conducted through the building, and his attention was called to many objects of special interest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4681676232020186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.300639"} {"text": "building a medical vocabulary with spanish translationsby - peggy leonard, ba, mt, med, chesterfield, mo the language of medicine is complex, but learning it doesnt have to be. using a conversational writing style and a logical, programmed approach, building a medical vocabulary with spanish translations, 8th edition starts with common words you hear everyday and adds new root words, prefixes, and suffixes to introduce you to key medical terminology. additionally, this valuable text comes with a wealth of engaging review tools - such as interactive games, sound files, and programmed learning sections - to enhance your understanding of textbook terms and principles, polish your pronunciation skills, and help you get comfortable communicating in the language of health care. paperback, 715 pages published : october 2011 introductory chapters 1. tools for building medical terms2. building on familiar terms3. diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical terms 4. diseases and disorders5. prefixes 6. organization of the body7. body fluids and immunitybody systems chapters8. circulatory system 9. respiratory system10. digestive system11. urinary system12. reproductive system 13. reproduction and sexually transmitted diseases14. musculoskeletal system15. nervous system and psychological disorders16. integumentary system17. endocrine system18. review by chapterappendicesi. medical abbreviations ii. enhancing spanish communications iii. word parts iv. solutions to review questions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49960148836234897, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.302711"} {"text": "the following are health and medical definitions of terms that appear in the ciprofloxacin, cipro, cipro xr, proquin xr article. abdominal : relating to the abdomen, the belly, that part of the body that contains all of the structures between the chest and the pelvis. the abdomen is separated anatomically from the chest by the diaphragm, the powerful muscle spanning the body cavity below the lungs. abdominal pain : pain in the belly. abdominal pain can be acute or chronic. it may reflect a major problem with one of the organs in the abdomen, such as appendicitis or a perforated intestine, or it may result from a fairly minor problem, such as excess buildup of intestinal gas. absorption : uptake. for example, intestinal absorption is the uptake of food ( or other substances ) from the digestive tract. achilles tendon : one of the longest tendons in the body, a tough sinew that attaches the calf muscle to the back of the heel bone ( calcaneus ). the name comes from greek mythology : the hero achilles was invulnerable to injury except for his heel, which proved his downfall when it was pierced by paris ' s arrow. it has also proved, literally, to be the downfall of many athletes who have experienced the sudden pain of its rupture. anaphylaxis : allergic reaction. in severe cases, this can include potentially deadly anaphylactic shock. antibiotic : a drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. originally, an antibiotic was a substance produced by one microorganism that selectively inhibits the growth of another. synthetic antibiotics, usually chemically related to natural antibiotics, have since been produced that accomplish comparable tasks. anticoagulant : an agent that is used to prevent the formation of blood clots. anticoagulants have various uses. some are used for the prevention or treatment of disorders characterized by abnormal blood clots and emboli. anticoagulant drugs include intravenous heparin, which acts by inactivating thrombin and several other clotting factors that are required for a clot to form, and oral anticoagulants such as warfarin and dicumarol, which act by inhibiting the liver ' s production of vitamin k ' dependent factors that are crucial to clotting. anticoagulant solutions are also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5167158910526051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.330506"} {"text": "and oral anticoagulants such as warfarin and dicumarol, which act by inhibiting the liver ' s production of vitamin k ' dependent factors that are crucial to clotting. anticoagulant solutions are also used for the preservation of stored whole blood and blood fractions and to keep laboratory blood specimens from clotting. asthma : a common lung disorder in which inflammation causes the bronchi to swell and narrow the airways, creating breathing difficulties that may range from mild to life - threatening. symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, and chest tightness. the diagnosis of asthma is based on evidence of wheezing and is confirmed with breathing tests. many allergens and irritants can precipitate attacks of asthma. avoidance of precipitating factors can be helpful. treatment may include lifestyle changes, activity reduction, allergy shots, and medications to prevent or reverse the bronchospasm. bacteria : single - celled microorganisms that can exist either as independent ( free - living ) organisms or as parasites ( dependent on another organism for life ). the plural of bacterium. examples of bacteria include acidophilus, a normal inhabitant of yogurt ; gonococcus which causes gonorrhea ; clostridium welchii, the most common cause of gangrene ; e. coli, which lives in the colon and can cause disease elsewhere ; and streptococcus, the bacterium that causes the common throat infection called strep throat. bacterial : of or pertaining to bacteria, as in a bacterial lung infection. bacterium : the singular of bacteria. campylobacter jejuni : a bacterium that typically infects the bowels. now the leading cause of bacterial food poisoning, campylobacter jejuni is most often spread by contact with raw or undercooked poultry. a single drop of juice from a contaminated chicken is enough to make someone sick. symptoms tend to start 2 to 5 days after exposure and typically last a week. they resemble the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis ' diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, cramping, nausea, and vomiting ' but with campylobacter, fever is typical and the diarrhea is often bloody. antibiotics can be helpful treatment. most people recover completely. however, some suffer long - term consequences, such as arthritis or guillain - barr ' syndrome. both are thought to occur when a person", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5111416922924802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.332996"} {"text": "typical and the diarrhea is often bloody. antibiotics can be helpful treatment. most people recover completely. however, some suffer long - term consequences, such as arthritis or guillain - barr ' syndrome. both are thought to occur when a person ' s immune system is activated by the campylobacter jejuni and misdirected to attack the person ' s own body. colitis : inflammation of the large intestine ( the colon ). there are many forms of colitis, including ulcerative colitis, crohn ' s disease, infectious, pseudomembranous, and spastic. for example, intermittent rectal bleeding, crampy abdominal pain and diarrhea can be symptoms of ulcerative colitis. diagnosis can be made by direct visualization using ( sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy ) which is the most accurate test. long - standing ulcerative colitis increases the risk for colon cancer. ulcerative colitis can also be associated with inflammation in joints, spine, skin, eyes, the liver and its bile ducts. treatment of ulcerative colitis can involve medications and surgery. colon : the long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. the remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. also known as large bowel and large intestine. diarrhea : a common condition that involves unusually frequent and liquid bowel movements. the opposite of constipation. there are many infectious and noninfectious causes of diarrhea. persistent diarrhea is both uncomfortable and dangerous to the health because it can indicate an underlying infection and may mean that the body is not able to absorb some nutrients due to a problem in the bowels. treatment includes drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration and taking over - the - counter remedies. people with diarrhea that persists for more than a couple days, particularly small children or elderly people, should seek medical attention. dna : deoxyribonucleic acid. one of two types of molecules that encode genetic information. ( the other is rna. in humans dna is the genetic material ; rna is transcribed from it. in some other organisms, rna is the genetic material and, in reverse fashion, the dna is transcribed from it. ) fda : food and drug administration. fever : although a fever technically is any body", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.500451959765162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.334045"} {"text": "the genetic material ; rna is transcribed from it. in some other organisms, rna is the genetic material and, in reverse fashion, the dna is transcribed from it. ) fda : food and drug administration. fever : although a fever technically is any body temperature above the normal of 98. 6 degrees f. ( 37 degrees c. ), in practice a person is usually not considered to have a significant fever until the temperature is above 100. 4 degrees f ( 38 degrees c. ). generic : 1. the chemical name of a drug. 2. a term referring to the chemical makeup of a drug rather than to the advertised brand name under which the drug may be sold. 3. a term referring to any drug marketed under its chemical name without advertising. genetic : having to do with genes and genetic headache : a pain in the head with the pain being above the eyes or the ears, behind the head ( occipital ), or in the back of the upper neck. headache, like chest pain or back ache, has many causes. heart : the muscle that pumps blood received from veins into arteries throughout the body. the heart is positioned in the chest behind the sternum ( breastbone ) ; in front of the trachea, esophagus, and aorta ; and above the diaphragm. a normal heart is about the size of a closed fist and weighs about 298 grams or 10. 5 ounces. it is cone - shaped, with the point of the cone pointing down to the left. two - thirds of the heart lies in the left side of the chest, with the balance in the right side of the chest. the heart is composed of specialized cardiac muscle, and it is four - chambered, with a right atrium and ventricle, and an anatomically separate left atrium and ventricle. the blood flows from the systemic veins into the right atrium, thence to the right ventricle, from which it is pumped to the lungs and then returned into the left atrium, thence to the left ventricle, from which it is driven into the systemic arteries. the heart is thus functionally composed of two hearts : the right heart and the left heart. the right heart consists of the right atrium, which receives deoxygenated blood from the body, and the right ventricle, which pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs under low pressure ; and the left heart, which consists of the left atrium, which receives oxygenated blood from the lung, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5838967094075704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.335130"} {"text": "blood from the body, and the right ventricle, which pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs under low pressure ; and the left heart, which consists of the left atrium, which receives oxygenated blood from the lung, and the left ventricle, which pumps the oxygenated blood out to the body under high pressure. hives : a raised, itchy area of skin that may be a sign of an allergic reaction. it can be rounded or flat - topped but is always elevated above the surrounding skin. it reflects circumscribed dermal edema ( local swelling of the skin ). the hives are usually well circumscribed but may be coalescent and will blanch with pressure. a single spot is almost always gone by 24 hours but the process may stay for weeks to months. approximately 20 % of the population has experienced a bout of hives. inflammation : a localized reaction that produces redness, warmth, swelling, and pain as a result of infection, irritation, or injury. inflammation can be external or internal. iron : an essential mineral. iron is necessary for the transport of oxygen ( via hemoglobin in red blood cells ) and for oxidation by cells ( via cytochrome ). deficiency of iron is a common cause of anemia. food sources of iron include meat, poultry, eggs, vegetables and cereals ( especially those fortified with iron ). according to the national academy of sciences, the recommended dietary allowances of iron are 15 milligrams per day for women and 10 milligrams per day for men. iron overload can damage the heart, liver, gonads and other organs. iron overload is a particular risk in people who may have certain genetic conditions ( hemochromatosis ) sometimes without knowing it and also in people receiving recurrent blood transfusions. iron supplements meant for adults ( such as pregnant women ) are a major cause of poisoning in children. lungs : the lungs are a pair of breathing organs located with the chest which remove carbon dioxide from and bring oxygen to the blood. there is a right and left lung. nausea : stomach queasiness, the urge to vomit. nausea can be brought on by many causes, including systemic illnesses ( such as influenza ), medications, pain, and inner ear disease. nursing : 1 ) profession concerned with the provision of services essential to the maintenance and restoration of health by attending the needs of sick persons. 2 ) feeding a infant at the breast.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5516305435699923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.336197"} {"text": "such as influenza ), medications, pain, and inner ear disease. nursing : 1 ) profession concerned with the provision of services essential to the maintenance and restoration of health by attending the needs of sick persons. 2 ) feeding a infant at the breast. pain : an unpleasant sensation that can range from mild, localized discomfort to agony. pain has both physical and emotional components. the physical part of pain results from nerve stimulation. pain may be contained to a discrete area, as in an injury, or it can be more diffuse, as in disorders like fibromyalgia. pain is mediated by specific nerve fibers that carry the pain impulses to the brain where their conscious appreciation may be modified by many factors. photosensitivity : oversensitivity of skin to light. photosensitivity can be a side effect of medications or result from diseases, such as lupus. treatment depends on the severity of the reaction and the cause. photosensitivity can be prevented by avoiding skin exposure to ultraviolet light. pregnancy : the state of carrying a developing embryo or fetus within the female body. this condition can be indicated by positive results on an over - the - counter urine test, and confirmed through a blood test, ultrasound, detection of fetal heartbeat, or an x - ray. pregnancy lasts for about nine months, measured from the date of the woman ' s last menstrual period ( lmp ). it is conventionally divided into three trimesters, each roughly three months long. pregnant : the state of carrying a developing fetus within the body. prescription : a physician ' s order for the preparation and administration of a drug or device for a patient. a prescription has several parts. they include the superscription or heading with the symbol \" r \" or \" rx \", which stands for the word recipe ( meaning, in latin, to take ) ; the inscription, which contains the names and quantities of the ingredients ; the subscription or directions for compounding the drug ; and the signature which is often preceded by the sign \" s \" standing for signa ( latin for mark ), giving the directions to be marked on the container. pseudomembranous colitis : severe inflammation of the inner lining of the colon. pseudomembranous colitis is characterized by pus and blood in the stool and often caused by antibiotics. rash : breaking out ( eruption ) of the skin. a rash can be caused by an underlying medical condition, hormonal cycles, allergies, or contact with irritating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.586317810143612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.337371"} {"text": "characterized by pus and blood in the stool and often caused by antibiotics. rash : breaking out ( eruption ) of the skin. a rash can be caused by an underlying medical condition, hormonal cycles, allergies, or contact with irritating substances. treatment depends on the underlying cause of the rash. medically, a rash is referred to as an exanthem. reproduction : the production of offspring. reproduction need not be sexual ; for example, yeast can reproduce by budding. rupture : a break or tear in any organ ( such as the spleen ) or soft tissue ( such as the achilles tendon ). sensitivity : 1. in psychology, the quality of being sensitive. as, for example, sensitivity training, training in small groups to develop a sensitive awareness and understanding of oneself and of ones relationships with others. 2. in disease epidemiology, the ability of a system to detect epidemics and other changes in disease occurrence. 3. in screening for a disease, the proportion of persons with the disease who are correctly identified by a screening test. 4. in the definition of a disease, the proportion of persons with the disease who are correctly identified by defined criteria. shigella : a group of bacteria that can cause infantile gastroenteritis, summer diarrhea of childhood ( a common cause of death for children in the mid - 19th century ), and various forms of dysentery, including epidemic and opportunistic bacillary dysentery. shock : in medicine, a critical condition that is brought on by a sudden drop in blood flow through the body. the circulatory system fails to maintain adequate blood flow, sharply curtailing the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to vital organs. it also compromises the kidneys and so restricts the removal of wastes from the body. shock can be due to a number of different mechanisms, including not enough blood volume and not enough output of blood by the heart. the signs and symptoms of shock include low blood pressure ( hypotension ) ; overbreathing ( hyperventilation ) ; a weak, rapid pulse ; cold, clammy, grayish - bluish ( cyanotic ) skin ; decreased urine flow ( oliguria ) ; and a sense of great anxiety and foreboding, confusion, and sometimes combativeness. shock, which is a major medical emergency, is common after serious injury. emergency care for shock involves keeping the patient warm, giving fluids by mouth or,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5868447073456031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.339207"} {"text": "and a sense of great anxiety and foreboding, confusion, and sometimes combativeness. shock, which is a major medical emergency, is common after serious injury. emergency care for shock involves keeping the patient warm, giving fluids by mouth or, if necessary, intravenously, and frequently the administration of drugs that act to improve cardiac and circulatory function. tendinitis : inflammation of a tendon ( the tissue by which muscle attaches to bone ). tendinitis most commonly occurs as a result of injury, such as to the tendons around the shoulder or elbow. it can also occur as a result of an underlying inflammatory rheumatic disease, such as reactive arthritis or gout. tendinitis is synonymous with tendonitis. tendon : the soft tissue by which muscle attaches to bone. tendons are somewhat flexible, but tough. when a tendon becomes inflamed, the condition is referred to as tendonitis. urinary : having to do with the function or anatomy of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. for example, the urinary tract is the collection of organs of the body that produce, store, and discharge urine. warfarin : an anticoagulant drug ( brand names : coumarin, panwarfin, sofarin ) taken to prevent the blood from clotting and to treat blood clots and overly thick blood. warfarin is also used to reduce the risk of clots causing strokes or heart attacks. find out what women really need. most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4966391666599633, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.339926"} {"text": "staying healthy is important for people with epilepsy. diet, physical fitness and sleep are all critical components in a healthy lifestyle. physical fitness & exercise leading an active life is good medicine for most people with epilepsy. if you find that getting overheated or physically tired triggers seizures, then you may want to avoid exercising when it ' s very hot. take breaks when you feel you need them. but if you are like most people with seizures, you will find that exercise is good for you in a number of ways. it makes you feel good and fights depression. it keeps your weight at reasonable levels so you look your best, and it builds self - confidence and self - esteem. find out more on our physical fitness and exercise page, including details about precautions for specific physical activities. diet and eating healthfully in most cases, epilepsy isn ' t the kind of condition that can be treated with large doses of vitamins or mineral supplements. in fact, large quantities of either could be bad for your health. check with your doctor before taking more vitamins than are in typical one - a - day multivitamins. if you are a woman who might become pregnant, ask your doctor about folic acid and how much you should be taking. eating a balanced diet is as important for you as it is for everyone else. however, if you think you are overweight, don ' t go on a crash diet without checking with your doctor first. most people who have epilepsy need about the same amount of sleep as everybody else. there ' s usually no need to take extra naps or to go to bed early. however, all - night study sessions, a series of late nights, or an overall lack of sleep can greatly raise the risk of seizures. in fact, that ' s one reason why doctors often ask adults or children suspected of having epilepsy to stay up late the night before an eeg examination. the lack of sleep increases the chances of seizure activity showing up on the tests. another reason is to increase the chances that you will sleep during part of the eeg. some seizure patterns are much more common in sleep than while awake. on the other hand, people with epilepsy should not feel they need an excessive amount of sleep. if you feel tired and sleepy all the time, chances are your medicine needs adjustment in some way, or you may be depressed. perhaps your dose is too high, or you are taking it at the wrong time of day. don ' t make changes yourself,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45095528302919846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.342434"} {"text": "washington, d. c. ( november 30, 2010 ) - - one of the holy grails of nanotechnology in medicine is to control individual structures and processes inside a cell. nanoparticles are well suited for this purpose because of their small size ; they can also be engineered for specific intracellular tasks. when nanoparticles are excited by radio - frequency ( rf ) electromagnetic fields, interesting effects may occur. for example, the cell nucleus could get damaged inducing cell death ; dna might melt ; or protein aggregates might get dispersed. some of these effects may be due to the localized heating produced by each tiny nanoparticle. yet, such local heating, which could mean a difference of a few degrees celsius across a few molecules, cannot be explained easily by heat - transfer theories. however, the existence of local heating cannot be dismissed either, because it ' s difficult to measure the temperature near these tiny heat sources. scientists at rensselaer polytechnic institute have developed a new technique for probing the temperature rise in the vicinity of rf - actuated nanoparticles using fluorescent quantum dots as temperature sensors. the results are published in the journal of applied physics. amit gupta and colleagues found that when the nanoparticles were excited by an rf field the measured temperature rise was the same regardless of whether the sensors were simply mixed with the nanoparticles or covalently bonded to them. \" this proximity measurement is important because it shows us the limitations of rf heating, at least for the frequencies investigated in this study, \" says project leader diana borca - tasciuc. \" the ability to measure the local temperature advances our understanding of these nanoparticle - mediated processes. \" the article, \" local temperature measurement in the vicinity of electromagnetically heated magnetite and gold nanoparticles \" by amit gupta, ravi kane and diana - andra borca - tasciuc appears in the journal of applied physics. see : http : / / link. aip. org / link / japiau / v108 / i6 / p064901 / s1 journalists may request a free pdf of this article by contacting firstname. lastname @ example. org about journal of applied physics journal of applied physics is the american institute of physics ' ( aip ) archival journal for significant new results in applied physics ; content is published online daily, collected into two online and printed issues per month ( 24 issues per year ). the journal publishes articles that emphasize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6393897031077134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.346239"} {"text": "physics is the american institute of physics ' ( aip ) archival journal for significant new results in applied physics ; content is published online daily, collected into two online and printed issues per month ( 24 issues per year ). the journal publishes articles that emphasize understanding of the physics underlying modern technology, but distinguished from technology on the one side and pure physics on the other. see : http : / / jap. aip. org / the american institute of physics is a federation of 10 physical science societies representing more than 135, 000 scientists, engineers, and educators and is one of the world ' s largest publishers of scientific information in the physical sciences. offering partnership solutions for scientific societies and for similar organizations in science and engineering, aip is a leader in the field of electronic publishing of scholarly journals. aip publishes 12 journals ( some of which are the most highly cited in their respective fields ), two magazines, including its flagship publication physics today ; and the aip conference proceedings series. its online publishing platform scitation hosts nearly two million articles from more than 185 scholarly journals and other publications of 28 learned society publishers. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6095398120379907, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.346920"} {"text": "colon cancer gaps for blacks, whites largely due to screening survival differences could be narrowed with more equal care access, computer model suggests. wednesday, may 9, 2012 ( healthday news ) \u2014 differences in screening account for much of the disparity in both colorectal ( colon ) cancer incidence and death rates between white and black americans, a new study says. the screening differences are responsible for 42 percent of the gap in cancer incidence and 19 percent of the disparity in death rates, according to the study. the study also found that differences in survival linked to the stage of cancer at diagnosis ( which likely reflect differences in treatment ) account for an additional 36 percent of the disparity between blacks and whites in colorectal cancer death rates. the results suggest that equal access to care could greatly reduce these disparities, according to the study published online april 18 in the journal cancer epidemiology, biomarkers and prevention. researchers led by iris lansdorp - vogelaar, then a visiting scientist at the american cancer society, used a computer model to apply colorectal cancer screening and survival rates seen among whites to black americans age 50 and older. they then compared those rates to actual incidence and death rates in blacks to determine how much of the racial disparities in colorectal cancer rates are due to differences in screening or stage - specific survival. applying to blacks the screening pattern seen among whites would reduce the gap in colorectal cancer incidence rates among those age 50 and older from about 28 to 16 cases per 100, 000, and reduce the gap in death rates from nearly 27 to 22 deaths per 100, 000, according to an american cancer society news release. the researchers also found that if blacks had the same stage - specific relative survival as whites, the disparity in colorectal cancer death rates would decrease to about 17 deaths per 100, 000. altogether, differences in screening and survival accounted for 54 percent of the disparity in colorectal cancer death rates between whites and blacks. the researchers said the remainder of the disparity most likely is due to lifestyle factors that increase the risk ( such as alcohol use, smoking, obesity and meat consumption ) and decrease the risk ( such as physical activity and hormone - replacement therapy in women after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44198347979859987, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.350367"} {"text": "k - 12 as well as post secondary instructors are now setting classrooms ablaze with the use of web 2. 0 technology when it is routinely used in the classroom and included in lesson plans and syllabi. the new 3r \u2019 s : real time, right now, and relevant teaching and learning is a combination of differentiated instruction, the inclusion of multiple intelligence activities, as well as blooms taxonomy all wrapped up into one technological package. web 2. 0 tools are allowing users to use social networking in a variety of ways and in a variety of places. it is not going anywhere. it is here to stay. educators who teach for the benefit of student learning and not for meager pay check they get every two weeks agrees, that it is time to take a different look at social networking. web 2. 0 tools afford social networking opportunities for obtaining current events digitally because people worldwide report regularly. it engages the audience, it is a means for learning up to the minute news, and it provides a wealth of new tools for people to interact. because of the benefits to students it is time to collective rethinking the age of technology for the classroom. according to the rules for differentiated instruction, a teacher should meet her students where they are. web 2. 0 tools afford teachers to do just that. meet learners where they then allow teachers to raise expectations then guide students to new, innovative, and unique learning paths. it is the ultimate form of individualized instruction. what students say.... \u2022 when my teacher began using different websites for projects and assignments, we were so excited. \u2022 class was not boring anymore. \u2022 i liked being able to use bring my laptop to school to do my work. \u2022 there was never one boring moment, not even one. \u2022 networking sites for personal stuff. we soon learned to use them for class projects and assignments and then all of a sudden we didn \u2019 t use them for personal stuff anymore. \u2022 when my teacher lets us use all these funny named websites for our projects, i am always excited and inspired to finish my work. teachers can assign students web 2. 0 tools to reflect on what they learned using words, images, video and other tools \u201c smart phones provide ample opportunity for educators, which is why the nea foundation and the consortium for school networking ( cosn ) have teamed up to issue a new challenge seeking your ideas on how mobile phone technology can transform teaching and learning. ( edutopia, 2012 ) \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4623982005117224, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.356037"} {"text": "yard and garden : lilacs ames, iowa \u2013 horticulture specialists with iowa state university extension and outreach answer lilac questions that will bring more spring blooms to home gardens. to have additional gardening questions answered contact the specialists by calling or emailing the isu extension and outreach horticulture hotline at 515 - 294 - 3108 or email @ example. com. a lilac that was planted three years ago has never bloomed. can i do anything to encourage the lilac to flower? cultivars of the common or french hybrid lilac ( syringa vulgaris ) often do not bloom for several ( five or more ) years after planting. the shrubs must grow and mature before they are capable of flowering. selecting a favorable planting site and good cultural practices during establishment encourage lilacs to flower as quickly as possible. lilacs perform best in well - drained soils in full sun. plants should receive at least six hours of direct sun each day. lilacs planted in partial shade will not bloom well. good care during the first two or three years is also important. apply a 2 - to 3 - inch layer of mulch around each shrub to conserve soil moisture and control weeds. water lilacs on a regular basis during dry weather. also, protect lilacs from browsing rabbits by placing wire fencing around the shrubs in fall. while good cultural practices will aid plant growth, some practices may actually inhibit flowering. it is generally not necessary to fertilize lilacs. however, lilacs can be lightly fertilized in early spring. heavy fertilization may promote excessive vegetative growth and discourage flowering. pruning can also affect flowering. lilacs bloom on the previous year \u2019 s growth. the best time to prune lilacs is immediately after flowering in spring. pruning lilacs in late summer, fall or winter may remove many of their flower buds. while the common lilac usually doesn \u2019 t bloom for several years after planting, several other lilacs bloom when quite small. the dwarf korean lilac ( syringa meyeri ), \u2018 miss kim \u2019 lilac ( syringa patula \u2018 miss kim \u2019 ) and preston lilacs ( syringa x prestoniae ) often flower within one or two years of planting. the leaves on my lilac are covered with a white substance. is this a serious problem? the white substance is likely powdery mildew. powdery mildew is a fungal disease. it appears as a white, dusty growth on plant foliage. in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3574672695092786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.364341"} {"text": "on my lilac are covered with a white substance. is this a serious problem? the white substance is likely powdery mildew. powdery mildew is a fungal disease. it appears as a white, dusty growth on plant foliage. in the home landscape, powdery mildew is commonly found on lilac, phlox, monarda, zinnia and turfgrass. amongst lilacs, the common lilac ( syringa vulgaris ) is highly susceptible to powdery mildew, while the preston lilacs ( syringa x prestoniae ) and dwarf korean lilac ( syringa meyeri ) are resistant. powdery mildew is favored by high humidity, cool nights and warm days. plants growing in partial to heavy shade are most susceptible to powdery mildew. powdery mildew does not cause serious harm to lilacs. the damage is mainly aesthetic. spraying with a fungicide is not warranted. when planting lilacs, select a site that receives at least six hours of direct sun each day. powdery mildew will not be a serious problem in sunny areas. judicious pruning of nearby trees ( to increase the amount of sunlight ) should help reduce the severity of powdery mildew on lilacs growing in shady locations. another option would be to transplant the lilacs to a sunny site. after flowering, should i remove the spent flowers on lilacs? the spent flowers on lilacs aren \u2019 t very attractive. removing the spent flowers ( deadheading ) improves the appearance of the lilacs. removing the spent flowers also prevents seed pods ( capsules ) from forming on the lilacs. deadheading allows the lilacs to use much of their energy for flower bud development rather than seed pod formation. as a result, lilacs that are promptly deadheaded after flowering often flower more heavily ( the following season ) than those that are not deadheaded. when deadheading lilacs, make the pruning cut at the base of the flower cluster and just above the uppermost leaves. while deadheading is beneficial, the removal of spent flowers may not be feasible for home gardeners with large numbers of lilacs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4373125122692761, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.365481"} {"text": "ptosis is a condition in which the upper eyelid ( s ) droops. the eyelid may droop only slightly or it may droop enough to partially or completely cover the pupil, restricting or obscuring the field of vision. ptosis should not be confused with extra skin, fat or muscle in the eyelid area. those issues are typically addressed with cosmetic blepharoplasty surgery. when ptosis can be shown to reduce peripheral vision, its surgical correction may be covered by insurance. if the degree of ptosis is not severe, it may be considered elective surgery and can be corrected as a cosmetic procedure. the most common type of ptosis is adult onset, caused by a weakening or dehiscence of the attachment between the levator muscle ( the muscle that raises the upper lid ) and the tarsus near the eyelid margin. this typically occurs as a result of the aging process, after cataract surgery, following contact lens wear, or from an injury. in certain cases of sudden onset of ptosis, there may be other causes that should be evaluated by an oculoplastic specialist. ptosis surgery is an outpatient procedure that involves tightening the levator muscle that lifts the lid. the surgical approach taken depends on specific findings and testing performed during the consultation with one of our oculoplastic surgeons. your surgeon will discuss your treatment options fully and will perform all the proper testing to determine whether your ptosis may be deemed medically necessary by your insurance carrier.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49955875252569826, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.368369"} {"text": "silk yarn : where it comes from, it ' s history, and how it becomes the beautiful fibre we know as silk. the discovery of the product silk from the silkworm species bombyx mori occurred around 2700 bc. according to chinese tradition the bride of emperor huang ti, a 14 - year - old girl called hsi ling shi, discovered the invention of the first silk reel. sericulture, the cultivation of the silkworm, spread through china making silk a highly valued commodity much sought after by other countries. in 139 bc the world ' s longest trade route was opened stretching from eastern china to the mediterranean sea. it was named the silk road after its most valuable commodity. by 300 ad the secret of silk production had reached india and japan. silk manufacture eventually reached europe and america. during the 18th and 19th centuries europeans produced several major advancements in silk production. by the 18th century england led europe in silk manufacturing because of english innovations in the textiles industry. these innovations included improved silk - weaving looms, power looms and roller printing. between 1855 and 1865 an epidemic called pebrine disease, caused by a small parasite, raged through the industry. it was the french scientist louis pasteur who discovered that this could be prevented through simple microscopic examination of adult silkmoths. much research was carried out on silkworms at this time, ultimately setting the stage for a more scientific approach to silk production. silk production today is a combination of old and modern techniques. silkworm is a common name for the silk - producing larvae of any of several species of moths. the larva is not really a worm at all but a caterpillar. there are several species of silkworm that are used in commercial silk production, however bombyx mori is the most common. silkworms possess a pair of specially modified salivary glands called sericteries, which are used for the production of a clear, viscous, proteinaceous fluid that is forced through openings called spinnerets on the mouthpart of the larva. as the fluid comes into contact with the air it hardens. the diameter of the spinneret determines the thickness of the silk thread, which is produced as a long, continuous filament. typical commercial silkworm production the first stage of silk production is the hatching of the silkworm eggs, in a controlled environment such as an aluminium box, which are then examined to ensure they are free from disease. the female deposits 300 to 400 eggs at a time. in an area the size of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47782283220329647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.383398"} {"text": "production is the hatching of the silkworm eggs, in a controlled environment such as an aluminium box, which are then examined to ensure they are free from disease. the female deposits 300 to 400 eggs at a time. in an area the size of this page around 50 moths would deposit more than 20, 000 eggs, each about the size of a pinhead. the female dies almost immediately after depositing the eggs and the male lives only a short time after. the adult possesses rudimentary mouthparts and does not eat during the short period of its mature existence. these disease - tested eggs are raised in temperature and disease - controlled conditions. they are fastened to a flat surface by a gummy substance secreted by the female. the larvae hatch in about 10 days and are about 0. 6cm long. once hatched, they are placed under a layer of gauze and fed huge amounts of chopped mulberry leaves during which time they shed their skin four times. the larvae may also feed on osage orange or lettuce. larvae fed on mulberry leaves produce the very finest silk. the larva will eat 50, 000 times its initial weight in plant material. after it has achieved its maximum growth of 7. 5cm at around 4 to 6 weeks, it stops eating, changes colour and attaches itself to a compartmented frame, twig, tree or shrub in a rearing house to spin a silk cocoon over a 3 to 8 day period. this is period is termed pupating. a hard day \u2019 s night steadily over the next four days the silkworm produces a fine thread by making a figure of eight movement some 300, 000 times, constructing a cocoon in which it intends to spend the chrysalis stage where it is in a state of sleep and casting off its skin. after this the pupae begin the sixteen days that would normally result in the miracle of transformation to a winged being - the moth. however, if the pupa ( chrysalis ) remains alive it will begin to secrete an alkali, which eats its way through the cocoon, ruining the silk threads. therefore during the commercial production of silk, only enough adult moths are allowed to emerge to ensure continuation of the species. most of the remainder of the silkworms are killed by heat, e. g. immersion in boiling water, steaming or drying in an oven. how much silk can be harvested? the amount of useable silk from each cocoon is small. one hectare of mulberry trees yields", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4547868457088525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.385221"} {"text": "state ( suspended development ) and can then be treated to induce hatching at a commercially convenient time. cocoons are large and lend themselves to machine reeling, offering a long, continuous filament. the adult moths retained for reproduction purposes are too fat to fly, as the best fliers do not produce as much silk. the stifled or dead pupae are usually composted to feed the mulberry trees. whilst the tropical silkworm favoured by thailand is a natural, hardy creature quite capable of surviving in the wild state, the larvae farmed by the industrialised mass production techniques of china and japan are selectively bred creatures aimed at maximum output for minimum input. the silk thread silk is a continuous filament fibre consisting of fibroin protein secreted from two salivary glands in the head of each larva and a gum called sericin which cements the two filaments together. silk must be reeled off the cocoon quickly before the pupa begins to rot and taint the thread with unpleasant smells. the cocoon is then softened in hot water to remove the sericin, which frees the silk filament ends for reeling or filature. single filaments are drawn from cocoons in water bowls and combined to form yarn. this yarn is drawn under tension through several guides and eventually wound onto reels. the yarn is dried, packed according to quality and is now raw silk ready for marketing. the worn and withered body of what was intended to become the wondrous flying creature slips silently away. it ' s not pretty, but it does make a beautiful fibre. silk is a natural protein fibre containing about 70 - 75 % of actual fibre fibroin and about 25 - 30 % sericin. silk filaments are very fine and long - as much as 300 to 900 metres in length. silk has a high natural lustre and sheen of a white or cream colour ; and is one of the strongest fibres at 2. 6 to 4. 8 grams per denier. when it is dry the elongation ( elastic recovery ) varies from 10 - 25 % and when wet it will elongate as much as 33 - 35 %. silk has a relatively high standard moisture regain of 11 %. at saturation the regain is 25 - 35 %. silk can be dyed before or after it has been woven into a cloth. it can be woven or knitted. types of silk next, the raw silk is twisted into a strand sufficiently strong for weaving or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5023240766584773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.390044"} {"text": "sentence functions : the four tops in addition to classifying sentences by the number of clauses they contain, you can pigeonhole sentences according to their functions. there are four sentence functions in english : declarative, exclamatory, interrogative, and imperative. declarative sentences state an idea. they end with a period. for example : - the first toilet ever seen on television was on leave it to beaver. - the problem with the gene pool is that there ' s no lifeguard. exclamatory sentences show strong emotions. they end with an exclamation mark. for example : - what a mess this room is! - the cake is ruined! interrogative sentences ask a question. as you would expect, they end with a question mark. for instance : which type of sentence often omits the subject? imperative sentences, because the subject is often understood, as shown in these examples : \u201c clean up this mess \u201d or \u201c help! \u201d - how you gonna keep ' em down on the farm when they ' ve seen paris? - why is it possible to tickle someone else but not to tickle yourself? imperative sentences give orders or directions, and so end with a period or an exclamation mark. for instance : - sit down and listen! - fasten your seatbelts when the sign is illuminated. excerpted from the complete idiot ' s guide to grammar and style \u00a9 2003 by laurie e. rozakis, ph. d.. all rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. used by arrangement with alpha books, a member of penguin group to order this book direct from the publisher, visit the penguin usa website or call 1 - 800 - 253 - 6476. you can also purchase this book at amazon. com and barnes & noble.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48741396773703527, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.395981"} {"text": "this handy studio reference teaches draping, drafting, and drawing the way they are practiced in the industry : by integrating them throughout the creative process. integrating draping, drafting, and drawing illustrates the design process, encompassing sketch and garment pattern development, and creates bridges between studio methods and design illustration. chapters are presented as hands - on learning experiences with lessons that mimic classroom demonstrations. step - by - step photographs portray the draping process in a sculptural way rather than using illustrations, which cannot truly depict the response of fabric draped on a dress form. throughout the book, instructions for producing patterns and slopers \u2014 skirts, bodices, necklines and collars, and sleeves \u2014 are presented, along with variations, so that students will be able to drape, draft, and draw complete garments. the concluding chapter of the book is devoted to drawing exercises based on the work of 20th century designer donald brooks. drawing basics interwoven throughout the book, with an emphasis on understanding body lines in relation to the dress form and proportion glossary and supply lists within the first chapter to familiarize students with the tools and technical terms they will need to master clear presentation of the steps of draping, drafting, and drawing for design practitioners which also gives merchandisers and other fashion professionals an overview of the process tools and supplies necklines and collars instructors and students : be sure that you are logged in to view your resources. if you have just registered for a new account. if you have problems accessing the resources or wish to request access to a specific resource, please contact your account manager. has taught courses on design concepts, fashion illustration, model drawing, and fashion portfolio in the fashion design departments at the fashion institute of technology and parsons school of design. she is the author of numerous books on fashion illustration, model drawing, and rendering., msed, is an instructor at parsons the new school for design and teaches studio methods and couture design studio courses. specializing in the technical disciplines of fashion design and altering clothes, she presented papers on the subject to the sewing guild of berks county, pa and the costume society of america ( csa ) of which she is a member. she curated a retrospective exhibit featuring the work of fashion designer, donald brooks, and produced a related online publication about the designer. she earned masters of education in supervision and administration in the visual arts from bank street college of education.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5159789966482135, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.398961"} {"text": "what is a foundation? it is the beginning of something. 1 corinthians 3 : 11 for no other \" foundation \" can anyone lay than that which is already layed, which is jesus christ ( the anointed one ) ( messiah ). this is god ' s \" original foundation \". \" father, i will that they also, whom you have given me, be with me where i am ; that they may behold my glory, which you have given me : for you loved me before the \" foundation of the world \". you are built upon the \" foundation of the apostles and prophets with jesus christ himself the chief cornerstone \". the reverent and worshipful fear ( respect ) of the lord is the \" beginning \" of knowledge. ( foundation ) he \" lays \" up sound wisdom for the righteous : ( foundation ) happy is the man that finds wisdom and the man that gets understanding. ( foundation ) for it is better than silver and gold, an rubies, and anything you can desire. with wisdom you get long life, riches, and honour. ( foundation ) wisdom produces pleasantness and peace. ( foundation ) wisdom produces life. ( foundation ) happy is everyone that retains wisdom. ( foundation ) the lord by wisdom has founded the earth ; by understanding has he established the heavens. by his knowledge the depths are broken up and the clouds drop down the dew. ( foundation ) sound wisdom produces life and grace ( gods unmerited favor ) ( foundation ) wisdom produces safety and sweet sleep. ( foundation ) wisdom protects you from sudden fear, and fearing what has come on the people of the world. ( foundation ) wisdom is your confidence. ( foundation ) wisdom is the principal thing exalt wisdom, wisdom brings honour, and grace ( gods unmerited favour ), and a crown of glory ( anointing ) wisdom brings long life. ( health ) ( soundness ) wisdom leads you straight and there is no falling. ( foundation ), you will make right decisions. take hold of instruction, keep it, it is your life. ( foundation ) i wisdom dwell with prudence, and find out knowledge of witty inventions. ( creative power, you can have ) by me kings reign, and princes decree justice. by me princes rule and nobles, even all the judges of the earth. i lead by righteousness. that i may cause those that love me to inherit \" substance \" : and i will fill their treasures. ( foundation ) wisdom is eternal ( foundation ) it is everlasting.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.528754745449493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.401629"} {"text": "sustainable farms, food, feed, fuel, funds \u2013 all are needed to put us on a sustainable path to the future. but the most important ingredients in the recipe are farmers, especially women farmers, and rural communities whose empowerment is the key to poverty eradication and to sustainable development. let ' s not forget the conclusions and recommendations from csd 17 e. g. build social capital and resilience in rural communities. in that context : ( i ) empower women and small - scale farmers, and indigenous peoples, including through securing equitable land tenure supported by appropriate legal ( ii ) promote equitable access to land, water, financial resources and technologies by women, indigenous peoples and other vulnerable groups ; ( iii ) support and promote efforts to harmonize modern technologies with traditional and indigenous knowledge for sustainable rural development ; hague conference on agriculture, food security and climate change 13. agriculture and water are closely linked. there are many competing claims on water. worldwide agriculture consumes seventy percent of all freshwater withdrawals. agricultural water productivity has to be increased significantly. integrated land and water resources management, efficient use of water resources and safe reuse of waste water are vital in our approach to climate change adaptation. adaptation efforts must begin now, because institutions and the infrastructure will bind us to patterns of water use and behavior for years to come. 14. farmers have adapted to climate variability for centuries. the agricultural sector has the capacity to offer sound solutions to cope with this challenge, provided that farmers are encouraged to do so. farmers, particularly women, youth and smallholder farmers, indigenous peoples and other relevant natural resources dependent people have an important role in a transition to climate - smart agriculture. farmers feed the world, yet far too many are living in hunger and hardship. this injustice must cease. farmers and rural people through their farming practices are custodians of the land and water. they are also custodians of the forests, of biodiversity, indigenous and traditional knowledge, and other services. farmers \u2019 organizations can play an important role in promoting dialogue between farmers and across sectors. they can support individual farmers, especially smallholders. they can improve access to financial mechanisms, funding and carbon markets. para participar en esta consulta, puede introducir sus comentarios mas abajo o escribir a firstname. lastname @ example. org. se aceptan comentarios en arabe, chino, ingles, frances, ruso y espanol. conozca las nueva", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4740665082811629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.405726"} {"text": "the burris farm wagons a collection of turn - of - the - century farming and ranching machinery has been on display for the past 30 years at the burris ranch headquarters south of albuquerque, n. m., reminding passersby that agriculture was as diverse historically as it is today. the farm implements and ranch wagons belong to elizabeth burris, who moved with her late husband, weldon, to southwestern new mexico in 1949 to establish a cattle ranch. the fertile valley of northern socorro county, nourished by the rio grande river, supported the pueblo indians ' ancient farming practices and, since the time of spanish explorers, a rich ranching culture. the burrises leased the lajoya land grant from its owner, a montana man named campbell whose first name mrs. burris does not remember, although he was known locally as ' gen. campbell. ' in time, the couple bought the lajoya property, as well as other new mexico ranches, including the lazy e near deming, in luna county on the mexican border. in 1972, they received the farming implements as a gift from campbell, to thank them for their long lease of his land. the farm implements, which are representative of midwestern rather than new mexican traditional farming, include a sulky plow, a small disk, cultivators, a dump rake, an iron - wheeled sickle mower and a road grader. some pieces were long ago painted a dark green with red trim to match the wagons. the grader is a galion brand ; the name is cast into the machine. it was used on the burris ranch in deming. on display along with the implements, and intended to represent new mexico ' s ranching heritage, are two vintage wooden wagons, which mrs. burris said probably are john deeres. deere & company began selling such wagons in the 1880s. remnants of dark green and red paint remain on both ; one is a supply wagon and the other is a chuck wagon, its faint ' lazy e ' lettering still visible. mrs. burris said both she and her husband traveled the range on trail rides with these wagons many times from deming to bosque, n. m. chuck wagons were an important piece of equipment to the cowhands on long cattle drives. all would gather round the chuck wagon to eat their fill of breakfast at morning ' s first light, and return to it later in the day for their lunch and supper. little traffic passes the burris ranch headquarters these days,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3842312707210719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.408429"} {"text": "1. the cloud of smog. the companies of the cloud - - the so - called \u201c information factories \u201d of google, facebook, amazon, and apple, among others - - have collectively achieved a scale of which old - school factories could only dream. the cloud is, however, quite dirty. it takes a lot of carbon to run all the servers that power it. and since more carbon means more money, these companies are doing everything possible to make their operations as efficient as possible. just as henry ford met economies of scale with a level of vertical integration never seen before or since - - amassing railroads, mines, and even rubber plantations to supply his factories - - the cloud companies are coping with their billowing carbon footprints with their own version of integration. they ' re making advancements in data center design, hardware, and even remaking the electrical grid itself. storing 1. 2 zettabytes of information ( that ' s more than a trillion gigabytes ) requires the construction increasingly massive data centers whose voracious appetite for power consumes 3 percent of u. s. electricity, while personal devices comprise 15 percent of home electricity use - - a figure projected to triple by 2030, equivalent to the demand of the american and japanese home markets combined. much of this electricity comes from coal, the cheapest and dirtiest source available. for example, apple \u2019 s eagerly - awaited cloud music service will most likely be housed at its new data center in maiden, north carolina, which is expected to draw on an astounding 100 megawatts supplied by duke energy, which generates 61 percent of its output from coal. 2 : make servers more efficient. in 2010, shortly after facebook announced plans in 2010 to build its first data center in prineville, oregon, greenpeace singled out the social network for shaming because the utility in prineville uses coal power. last month on the eve of earth day, the advocacy organization expanded its critique to the entire cloud, arguing in a new report that \u201c many it brands at the vanguard of this 21st century technological shift are perpetuating our addiction to dirty energy technologies of the last two centuries. \u201d but two weeks earlier, facebook had taken the unusual step of publishing the blueprints for its custom - built, super - efficient prineville datacenter under an open source license, labeling it the \u201c open compute project. \u201d they were the result of nearly two years of work and \u201c tens of millions of dollars \u201d to wring still - greater efficiency from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5251449702105091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.414717"} {"text": "super - efficient prineville datacenter under an open source license, labeling it the \u201c open compute project. \u201d they were the result of nearly two years of work and \u201c tens of millions of dollars \u201d to wring still - greater efficiency from its operations by integrating the design of its servers and its data centers. \u201c you can make an average - joe server somewhat more efficient, but to build the most efficient architecture, you have to take the two together, \u201d explains tom furlong, facebook \u2019 s director of site operations. google - - the fourth largest server manufacturer in the world, according to cio ben fried - - has reached a similar conclusion. it just published some of the specs for its integrated systems, \u201c as we have hit the point where the datacenter itself - - the facility - - is hitting the point of diminished returns, \u201d says bill weihl, google \u2019 s clean energy czar. 3. jevons paradox. but what if a new generation of hyper - efficient datacenters only makes the problem worse, driving down the cost of operating them, thus inspiring facebook and google to add new services ( google music, anyone? ) which in turn causes more datacenters to propagate across the landscape? this is jevons paradox, named for a 19th - century british economist who was also obsessed with coal. in the question of coal, jevons concluded \u201c it is wholly a confusion of ideas to suppose that the economical use of fuel is equivalent to a diminished consumption. the very contrary is the truth. \" the more efficient something is, the more we use of it, canceling out any savings from efficiency. in other words, while online music services have obliterated much of the need to manufacture, store, and truck cds to stores ( which have a carbon footprint of their own ), does it make much difference if digital storage lockers from amazon, google and apple cause millions of listeners to stash their record collections in the cloud, requiring those hard drives to spin in perpetuity? does it matter how many trees are saved from being pulped if coal - fired power plants are required to keep those kindles charged? even google, the biggest of them all, has decided : no. \u201c our view of the jevons paradox is this, \u201d says wiehl. \u201c it \u2019 s incumbent on us to be as efficient as we can. we \u2019 re much more efficient than we were a few years ago. but from a climate point of view, we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5351533349437375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.415738"} {"text": "google \u2019 s bill wiehl. \u201c we feel that we have a lot of money, and can invest some of it to do good and make money ourselves. \u201d beyond that, he is quick to pour cold water on the notion of google being a utility or even \u201c particularly vertically integrated. \u201d while he concedes that the \u201c smart grid maybe does change that a little bit, \u201d he stresses that google only has an interest in supplying smart meters to consumers, not in operating the grid itself. chandrakant patel, who is director of hp labs \u2019 sustainable ecosystems research group at hp labs, suggests the idea of google and other cloud companies leading the way when it comes to renewable energy isn \u2019 t as far - fetched as it seems. the combination of the hyper - efficient datacenter and a private micro - grid composed of renewables will, in time, grow so large and so cheap compared to fossil fuels that it companies will begin to offer municipal services - - the \" network - as - the - next - utility \u201d vision hp, ibm and cisco have been so hot about. the injection of google \u2019 s money into the clean tech sector has had a more immediate effect, however. its backing no doubt helped convince brightsource energy to file this month for a $ 250 million ipo, prompting one vc to speculate that a \u201c google effect \u201d could add a sheen to the entire sector. \u201c i think it ' s going to be a hot one, \u201d said claremont creek ventures managing director nat goldhaber told a reporter. \u201c if it ' s very successful, i think perhaps we might get a little bit of a gold rush. \u201d note : based on a corrected tweet by google cio ben fried, this story was updated to reflect that google is the fourth largest server manufacturer in the world and not the third. read more from fast company ' s series the butterfly effect : the bin laden raid could transform asia ' s 21st century arms race.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.484854868785345, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.417482"} {"text": "( washington, d. c., june 7, 2012 ) a deadly predator of birds \u2013 a mongoose herpestes javanicus \u2013 has been captured on the hawaiian island of kaua\u02bbi, confirming the worst fears of local wildlife officials. previously, kaua\u02bbi and lana\u02bbi were believed to be the only two hawaiian islands free of non - native mongooses that prey on native birds. mongoose predation has been a major factor in bird population declines in the archipelago, which has been dubbed \u2018 the bird extinction capital of the world \u2019. mongooses were first released on several islands in hawai\u02bbi in the late 1800s as part of an unsuccessful attempt to control rat populations in the sugar cane fields. while mongooses did kill some rats, they are largely diurnal while rats are more nocturnal, and hence the mongooses turned to other sources of food for their survival, in particular, birds. \u201c mongooses eat ground - nesting bird eggs as well as chicks. their prior absence on kaua\u02bbi was a major reason why populations of the state bird, the nene, have been able to do so well there, \u201d said dr. george wallace, vice - president for oceans and islands for american bird conservancy ( abc ). \u201c without question, the confirmation of mongoose on kaua\u02bbi is very bad news for several remaining endangered bird species on the island. \u201d local officials had received more than 70 reports of sightings of mongoose on kaua\u02bbi over the last ten years, but until now, a live mongoose had never been captured, despite trapping programs by the kaua \u2018 i invasive species committee ( kisc ), the division of forestry and wildlife, and the u. s. department of agriculture. the capture was made on may 2 by kisc staff, but sighting reports continue to be received, implying that other mongooses are present. local, state, and federal agencies are now collaborating on a plan to deal with the mongoose. the shocking extent of the decline of native bird populations in the aloha state was recently documented in a 30 - minute film by abc entitled endangered hawai ' i. since the arrival of europeans to the hawaiian islands, 71 bird species have become extinct out of a total of 113 endemic species that existed at the time of first human colonization. of the remaining 42 species, 32 are federally listed, and ten of those have not even been seen for up to 40 years. \u201c no place else on earth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4312663552261121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.420301"} {"text": "st. augustine, fla. - - walk in to kristin harrington ' s second grade classroom at palencia elementary school and you will see students working in pairs on school ipads. \" if you learn on the ipad it ' s a lot funner because you have a lot of apps like hungry fish, or math or tunetastic. you get to make your own movie, \" said second grader hunter riedle. today ' s lesson : comparing and contrasting, the comprehension skill of the week. \" they are using their digital textbooks. they are using an app called popplet, which is actually a free app if you use popplet lite, where they are able to create their own graphic organizers to compare and contrast which will later be turned in to a paragraph, \" harrington said. \" so it just makes it a little more fun, a little easier for them to use and more engaging for the students. \" palencia elementary is the first school in the st. johns county school district to go completely digital. students at this school don ' t use any paper textbooks. \" i ' d say within one to two weeks they were adapted to it and really like it, \" harrington said. harrington said the possibilities are endless with digital textbooks. it ' s a video camera, a calculator, a qr code scanner and much more. principal don campbell said the students spend about a third of their day on the ipad. he calls it traditional learning with contemporary technology. they still use a pencil and paper, have a lot of dialogue and listen to the teacher. but as with any technology he said there are downsides to having only digital textbooks. \" the internet may go down, power may go out, the battery may die. you might not be able to access a site you are looking for. all kinds of issues you find with technology we find those too here but they are no different than if the power were to go off when you were teaching, \" he said. and then there ' s the cost. \" right now this is a brand new school, so there was some money upfront and there were some capital funds, \" campbell said. \" what will it be like when we have to outfit all of the schools and all 32, 000 students? \" child psychologist katie falwell said while some educational apps have been proven to increase student ' s skills, others could be harmful. \" we look at mris and can actually see changes in the brain so they have a much shorter wait time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43004817062244605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.425168"} {"text": "origin and authority of the bible. we are rational beings ; and, as such, the desire of knowledge is natural to us. in early childhood, as each new object of interest comes under our notice, we ask, who made it ; and as we advance in years, the same inquisitiveness attends us, and prompts us to investigate the sources of knowledge which are ever opening before us. brutes may look with indifference on the works of god, and tread under foot the productions of human ingenuity, without inquiry into their origin ; but rational men cannot act thus without violence to the first principles of their nature. among the objects which have occupied a large space in human thought, and which claim our consideration, the bible stands conspicuous. its antiquity ; the veneration in which it has been held, and continues to be held, by a large part of mankind ; and the influence which it has manifestly exerted on their conduct and happiness, are sufficient, if not to awaken higher emotions, at least to attract our curiosity, and excite a desire to know its origin and true character. we are moral beings. the bible comes to us as a rule of conduct. the claim which is set up for it is, that it is the highest standard of morals, admitting no appeal from its decisions. we are, therefore, under the strongest obligations to examine the foundation of this claim. we are, if the bible is true, immortal beings. heathen philosophers have conjectured that man may be immortal ; and infidels have professed to believe it ; but, if we exclude the bible, we have no means of certain knowledge on this point. yet it is a matter of the utmost importance. if we are immortal, we have interests beyond the grave which infinitely transcend all our interests in the present life. what folly, then, it is, to reject the only source of information on this momentous subject! besides if we have such interests in a future world, we have no means of knowing how to secure them, except from the bible. shall we throw this book from us, and trust to vain conjecture, on questions in which our all is involved? it would be folly and madness. let us then inquire, whence came the bible? is it from heaven, or from men? if it is from men, is it the work of good men, or of bad men? if bad men had been the authors of the bible, they would have made it to their liking. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4897613441631555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.455629"} {"text": "? is it from heaven, or from men? if it is from men, is it the work of good men, or of bad men? if bad men had been the authors of the bible, they would have made it to their liking. if made to please them, it would please other men of like character. but it is not a book in which bad men delight. they hate it. its precepts are too holy ; its doctrines too pure ; its denunciations against all manner of iniquity too terrible. it is not at all written according to the taste of such men. there are men who prize the bible ; who pore over its pages with delight ; who have recourse to it in all their perplexities and sorrows ; who seek its counsels to guide them, and its instructions to make them wise ; who esteem its words more than gold, and feast on them as their sweetest food. but who are these men? they are those who detest all deceit and falsehood, and whom this very book has transformed, from men of iniquity and vice, to men of purity and holiness. it is impossible, therefore, that the bible should be the work of bad men. it remains that the bible must be either from heaven or from good men. so pure a stream cannot proceed from a corrupt fountain. if it be from good men, they will not wilfully deceive us. let us, then, look to the account which they have given of its origin : \" all scripture is given by inspiration of god. \" \" the things that i write unto you are the commandments of the lord. \" \" and so we have the prophetic word more firm, to which ye do well to take heed, as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the morning star arise in your hearts ; knowing this first, that no prophecy of scripture is of private invention. for never, at any time, was prophecy brought by the will of man, but the holy men of god spake, being moved by the holy ghost. \" it may, perhaps, be objected to the use of these quotations, that we permit the bible to speak for itself ; but this is no unprecedented procedure. if a stranger were passing through our neighborhood, and we were desirous to know whence he came, it would not be unnatural to propose the inquiry to the man himself. if there were about him marks of honesty and simplicity of character,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45917132933358784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.456924"} {"text": ". if a stranger were passing through our neighborhood, and we were desirous to know whence he came, it would not be unnatural to propose the inquiry to the man himself. if there were about him marks of honesty and simplicity of character, and if, after our most careful investigations, it should appear that he has no evil design to accomplish, and no interest to promote by deceiving us, we should rely on the information we derive from him. such a stranger is the bible ; and why may we not rely on its testimony concerning itself? nay, it is not a stranger. though claiming a heavenly origin, it has long dwelt on earth, and gone in and out among us, a familiar companion. we have been accustomed to hear its words ; and have known them to be tried with every suspicion, and every scrutiny, and no falsehood has been detected. more, it has been among us as a teacher of truth and sincerity ; and truth and sincerity have abounded just in proportion as its teachings have been heeded. old men of deceit have shrunk from its probings, and trembled at its threatenings ; and young men have been taught by it to put away all lying and hypocrisy. can it be that the bible itself is a deceiver and impostor? impossible! it must be, what it claims to be, a book from heaven - - the book of god. the truth that the bible is from god, is not only testified by the inspired men who wrote it, but it is established by many other decisive proofs, some of which we shall proceed to consider. the divine origin of the bible is proved by the character of the revelation which it contains. the character of god, as exhibited in the bible, cannot be of human origin. we know what sort of gods men make ; for they have multiplied them without number. they carve deities from blocks of wood and stone, and worship them with stupid adoration ; but this is not the most debasing and abominable idolatry of which they are guilty. their vain imaginations fashion gods more vile than these. the blocks of wood or stone may take the form of birds, four - footed beasts, and creeping things ; but the deities which derive their origin from the imaginations of men have passions and propensities that are beastly, and even worse than beastly. such are the objects which they worship with laborious and costly devotion. let any man visit the temples of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5339609466040319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.457969"} {"text": "deities which derive their origin from the imaginations of men have passions and propensities that are beastly, and even worse than beastly. such are the objects which they worship with laborious and costly devotion. let any man visit the temples of the heathen, observe their horrid ceremonies, and study the character of their gods ; and then let him say whether these gods, and the god of the bible, are from one common origin. some objectors may allege that the deities to which we have referred are those of uncivilized tribes. what then? were the gods of the most civilized nations better than these? what were the divinities which were worshipped by the ancient greeks and romans, even by their sages and philosophers, whose talents and genius have been admired in every age? jupiter, their optimus maximus, best and greatest, was a monster of crime ; and venus, bacchus, mercury, mars, and the rest of their deities, were his fit companions. they were patrons and examples of vice. the infidel rousseau has drawn their character correctly. \" cast your eyes over all the nations of the world, and all the histories of nations. amid so many inhuman and absurd superstitions, amid that prodigious diversity of manners and characters, you will find every where the same principles and distinctions of moral good and evil. the paganism of the ancient world produced, indeed, abominable gods, who on earth would have been shunned or punished as monsters, and who offered as a picture of supreme happiness only crimes to commit and passions to satiate. but vice, armed with this sacred authority, descended in vain from the eternal abode ; she found, in the heart of man, a moral instinct to repel her. the continence of xenocrates was admired by those who celebrated the debaucheries of jupiter - - the chaste lucretia adored the unchaste venus - - the most intrepid roman sacrificed to fear. he invoked the god who dethroned his father, and he died without a murmur by the hand of his own. the most contemptible divinities were served by the greatest men. the holy voice of nature, stronger than that of the gods, made itself heard, and respected, and obeyed on earth, and seemed to banish as it were to the confinement of heaven, guilt, and the guilty. ' ' go now to the pantheon, and study the character and works of rome '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4826772596989202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.458921"} {"text": ", made itself heard, and respected, and obeyed on earth, and seemed to banish as it were to the confinement of heaven, guilt, and the guilty. ' ' go now to the pantheon, and study the character and works of rome ' s innumerable deities. after infidelity has acknowledged that they are monsters, more vicious than men, and sending forth a corrupting influence into human society, invite her to study the character of jehovah, the god of the bible, a spirit, whose form cannot be represented ; a being whose eyes cannot behold iniquity, who is glorious in holiness, fearful in praises, and doing wonders ; and who requires to be worshipped in the beauty of holiness. let her stand with moses in the cleft of the rock, and hear the lord proclaim his name : \" the lord, the lord god, merciful and gracious, long - suffering and abundant in goodness and truth, keeping mercy for thousands, forgiving iniquity, and transgression, and sin, and that will by no means clear the guilty. ' ' surely she will bow her head with reverence, and confess, this is the voice of god. the account of the life and character of christ given in the gospels, is not a fiction of human invention. the introduction of christianity, its existence in the world, the persecutions which it has encountered, its spread in spite of opposition, and the influence which it has exerted on nations and governments, are all so interwoven with the history of the last eighteen hundred years, that all history must be doubted, if these are fables. the evidence that there were such men as alexander and julius caesar, is not so abundant and indisputable as that jesus christ appeared at the time and place stated in the gospels. the accounts of his life, sufferings, and death, given by matthew, mark, luke, and john, come down to us with all the marks of authentic history. no signs of fraud can be detected in the narratives. the admirable simplicity of the writers, their ingenuousness in relating the faults and weaknesses of their own characters, their artlessness in depicting the sublime virtues of their master, and recording his stupendous works, and the unimpassioned manner in which they described the cruel treatment he received from his persecutors and murderers ; all these considerations place the truth of their narratives beyond question. add to all this, that they had sufficient means of knowing the truth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.51148162998902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.459849"} {"text": "the unimpassioned manner in which they described the cruel treatment he received from his persecutors and murderers ; all these considerations place the truth of their narratives beyond question. add to all this, that they had sufficient means of knowing the truth of the facts which they have recorded ; that they attested the sincerity of their faith in them by enduring tortures and death ; and that those who received their testimony, and transmitted it to us, testified their faith in it by like endurance. no other facts in the history of the world have evidence so strong. but if this evidence can be rejected, an insuperable difficulty still remains. it is impossible to account for the existence of the gospels on any other supposition, than that they are what they profess to be, true delineations of a real character. the authors were incapable of conceiving such a fiction. even such men as virgil and homer were incapable of such an effort. they could conceive and describe such characters as aeneas and ulysses, but not such a character as jesus christ. besides, the learning of the world was arrayed against christianity ; and to the unlearned and humble fishermen of galilee the task was assigned of recording the life and works of jesus of nazareth. that such men should have transmitted to succeeding ages a fiction such as this, is incredible - - impossible. another quotation from rousseau will show the overpowering influence of these considerations on the mind of an infidel : \" i will confess to you further, that the majesty of the scripture strikes me with admiration, as the purity of the gospel hath its influence on my heart. peruse the works of our philosophers, with all their pomp of diction - - how mean - - how contemptible - - are they, compared with the scripture! is it possible, that a book at once so simple and sublime should be merely the work of man? is it possible that the sacred personage whose history it contains should be himself a mere man? do we find that he assumed the air of an enthusiast or ambitious sectary? what sweetness, what purity in his manner! what an affecting gracefulness in his delivery! what sublimity in his maxims! what profound wisdom in his discourses! what presence of mind! what subtilty. what truth in his replies! how great the command over his passions! where is the man, where the philosopher, who could so live and die, without weakness and without ostentation? shall we suppose the evan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5091808243978142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.460886"} {"text": "mind! what subtilty. what truth in his replies! how great the command over his passions! where is the man, where the philosopher, who could so live and die, without weakness and without ostentation? shall we suppose the evangelic history a mere fiction? indeed, my friend, it bears not the marks of fiction. on the contrary, the history of socrates, which nobody presumes to doubt, is not so well attested as that of jesus christ. the jewish authors were incapable of the diction, and strangers to the morality contained in the gospels ; the marks of whose truth are so striking and invincible, that the inventor would be a more astonishing character than the hero. \" if the gospels give a true account of jesus christ, he was a teacher from heaven ; and both the doctrine which he taught, and the scriptures, to which he often appealed as of divine authority, are from god. the method of salvation revealed in the bible is not a human device. the preaching of christ crucified was to the jews a stumbling - block, and to the greeks foolishness, yet salvation by the cross is the grand peculiarity of the gospel. were christianity a cunningly - devised fable, a doctrine so offensive to mankind would not have been made prominent in the scheme. to this day, men of proud intellect and corrupt heart reject the doctrine of salvation by the obedience and sufferings of another. to the humble and contrite, oppressed with a sense of sin, and seeking, from the borders of despair, some divine method of escape from the wrath to come, this doctrine is thrice welcome ; but the humble and contrite are not the men to cheat the world with a forged system of religion. the blessings which the bible confers on mankind have their origin in infinite benevolence. compare the condition of those nations where paganism reigns with that of the nations where the most corrupt forms of christianity exist, and you will find the latter preferable. institute another comparison between these, and the lands where a purer christianity prevails, and where the bible, instead of being withheld from the common people, is open to the reading of all, and you will perceive a far better state of human society, where the sacred volume is best known. compare, again, in these most favored lands, the families where the bible is least regarded, with those in which its doctrines are revered and its precepts obeyed and you will be sensible that a heavenly influence pervades the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5028129949103919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.461956"} {"text": "is best known. compare, again, in these most favored lands, the families where the bible is least regarded, with those in which its doctrines are revered and its precepts obeyed and you will be sensible that a heavenly influence pervades the latter. but even in such families as these, the individual members often differ widely from each other. though they may all worship at the same altar, and read the same bible, some have the word of truth on their lips only, while others treasure it up deep in their hearts, and find it sweeter to their taste than honey and the honeycomb. what elevation of character, what pure and unsullied bliss do the latter enjoy! take, lastly, an individual of the last most favored class, and compare the different moments of his life - - those in which the bible is least regarded, with those in which he feasts on its truths and promises, and experiences joy unspeakable and full of glory, while he receives the divine word into his heart ; and you will have a full view of the blessed influence which the bible can impart. we know that the sun is a source of light and heat, because all is dark and cold when his beams are absent ; and light and heat are found to increase in proportion as we draw nearer to him. precisely so it is with the bible. from paganism, cold and dark, where the bible is unknown, to the saint in his most rapturous devotions, when he has the sweetest foretaste of heaven which mortals on earth can enjoy ; the light of truth which fills the understanding, and the warmth of love which glows in the heart, bear an exact proportion to the proximity of the bible. if the sun, which enlightens the material world, is the work of a benevolent creator, much more may we ascribe to the same benevolence the authorship of the bible, the source of spiritual illumination. having compared the bible to the sun, it may be a fit occasion to remark that both these lights have their darknesses - - the bible its obscurities, and the sun its spots. the deist may cavil at the one, and the atheist at the other ; but the cavils of both are alike absurd and unavailing. because there are spots in the sun, shall we conclude that god did not make it, or that it is not a blessing to mankind? yet this conclusion would not be more irrational than to deny that god is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5374782340250002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.463018"} {"text": "alike absurd and unavailing. because there are spots in the sun, shall we conclude that god did not make it, or that it is not a blessing to mankind? yet this conclusion would not be more irrational than to deny that god is the author of the bible, or that the bible is a blessing to the world, because there are obscurities found in its pages. suppose it be admitted that the spots in the sun, and the obscurities in the bible are imperfections, is god the author of nothing in which imperfections exist? if everything material, and everything human, be marked with imperfection, may not god nevertheless glorify himself by things material and human? the new jerusalem has no need of a material sun to enlighten it, because the glory of god and the lamb is the light thereof ; but god has fixed the sun in the firmament to enlighten this world of matter ; and the sun in the firmament, notwithstanding its spots, declares its maker ' s glory. so god may make revelation of himself to the pure intelligences of heaven in language free from human imperfection ; but when he speaks to mortals on earth, he uses the language of mortals ; and whatever may be the imperfection of the medium, this revelation of god displays his glory in the brightest light in which human eyes can behold it. but are the spots in the sun and the obscurities in the bible to be accounted imperfections? the light of the sun is pure and abundant ; and, if it were deficient, the deficiency might be supplied, as well by enlarging the sun, as by removing its spots. it would, therefore, be as rational to complain that the sun is not larger, as to complain that there are spots in its disc. in like manner, the light of god ' s word is pure, and sufficient to make men wise to salvation ; and we might as well complain that the bible is not larger, as that it contains obscurities. besides, the obscurities of the bible may have a beneficial use. if, as some astronomers suppose, the solar spots are the body of the sun, seen through the partings of its luminous atmosphere, they can scarcely be deemed imperfections ; much less can they be so regarded, if they are streams of gas rising in the sun ' s atmosphere, and diffusing itself to become fuel for the lamp of day. according to the latter hypothesis, the spots are as far from being imperfect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5343819468460551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.463942"} {"text": "much less can they be so regarded, if they are streams of gas rising in the sun ' s atmosphere, and diffusing itself to become fuel for the lamp of day. according to the latter hypothesis, the spots are as far from being imperfections, as are the clouds that sometimes darken our sky, but which are the rich sources of the earth ' s fertility, and the granaries of our bread. so, some of the obscurities of the bible are the deep things of god, seen through ; the light of revelation - - the inscrutable mystery of the divine nature appearing through the light with which he has clothed himself. other mysteries are, in process of time, dissipated ; and, like clouds which burst, pour out a blessing. it was a mystery \" that the gentiles should be fellow - heirs and partakers of the promise of christ by the gospel ; \" but in due time this mystery was explained, and the bursting cloud poured the richest blessing on all the gentile world. the old testament dispensation was dark, abounding with shadows of good things to come ; but since the sun of righteousness has arisen, the dark places have been illuminated, and are full of instruction. prophecies have been delivered in obscure language ; but their fulfilment has interpreted them. some obscurities have given occasion to the infidel to charge the bible with contradictions ; but a careful examination of the inspired word has not only served to repel the charge by reconciling the apparent discrepancies, but it has added new proof that the scriptures were written by undesigning and honest men, without any collusion ; and that there is perfect harmony in their statements, even when apparently most discordant. men of superior intellect may find a pleasant and profitable exercise of their powers in investigating those parts of the bible which are less clear ; while its plainest truths are adapted to men of least capacity, and are sufficient for their necessities. here are waters in which \" a lamb may wade, \" and in which \" an elephant may swim. \" there is yet another use of bible obscurities. when god gave a law to mankind, he did not give one which it was impossible to violate, but one which men, as free agents, might violate, and by violating bring ruin on their souls. so, when he gave a revelation to mankind, he did not give one which could not be caviled at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.543474695829231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.464893"} {"text": "it was impossible to violate, but one which men, as free agents, might violate, and by violating bring ruin on their souls. so, when he gave a revelation to mankind, he did not give one which could not be caviled at, but one at which men might cavil, and, by caviling, bring wrath upon themselves. the obscurities of the bible serve for this use ; for the bible itself declares, that it contains \" some things hard to be understood, which they that are unlearned and unstable wrest unto their own destruction. \" let those who choose rather to cavil at the obscurities of the bible, than to walk in its light, read this declaration, and fear and tremble. the revelations contained in the bible have the attestation of miracles. it is a plain dictate of common sense, that almighty god, who created and governs the world, may direct its movements as he chooses. he appointed the laws of nature, and he may suspend these laws whenever he pleases, and turn the course of things out of the ordinary channel. it is equally clear, that none but the author of nature can effect such changes. it follows, therefore, that miracles, if wrought in attestation of a revelation professing to be from heaven, stamp upon it the seal of omnipotence. persons who saw such miracles wrought, reasoned well when they said : \" we know that thou art a teacher come from god ; for no man can do these miracles that thou doest, except god be with him. \" though miracles furnished, to those who saw them with their own eyes, a more impressive evidence than to us who see them through the light of history, yet the argument founded on them is perfectly conclusive, even at the present time. that moses and the prophets, christ and his apostles, performed works truly miraculous, is as well attested as any ancient fact whatever. the character of the works attributed to them, their number, the circumstances in which they were performed, the absence of everything indicating fraud or imposture, the sufferings by which the witnesses demonstrated their sincerity, the credence which their testimony obtained rapidly and extensively, and in the face of bitter persecution, and the absence of all counter testimony ; all these considerations compel the belief that miracles were wrought, and if wrought, the revelation which they attest must be from god. the evidence, though it may be less impressive, is not less decisive than it would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5239878957822812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.465858"} {"text": "absence of all counter testimony ; all these considerations compel the belief that miracles were wrought, and if wrought, the revelation which they attest must be from god. the evidence, though it may be less impressive, is not less decisive than it would have been if we had personally witnessed the miracles. we are not wholly indebted for the evidence of miracles, to the light of history. it does not need historical proof to satisfy our minds that the pyramids of egypt were built by human labor and skill. we are as well satisfied of this, as if we had seen them rise under the hands of the workmen. we know that they are the work of man, because they resemble, in kind, other works of man. but he who gazes on these stupendous structures, may turn his eyes to the great globe beneath them, and feel equally well assured that it is not the work of man. so, in contemplating a system of heathen mythology or philosophy, we may be convinced that it is of human origin, because it bears the marks of man ' s workmanship ; but in contemplating the bible, and the religion which it has introduced into the world, we may be as well assured that the origin of these is superhuman. a system so destitute of everything which could recommend it to the carnal mind, and claiming to be attested \" with signs and wonders, and with divers miracles, \" could not, in the absence of such miracles, obtain, according to the ordinary course of things, easy and extensive credence among mankind, and become firmly established in their confidence. the propagation, in such circumstances, must itself have been miraculous. it is of no importance to the present argument, whether the miracle was wrought before the eyes of him who received the doctrine, or on his mind, to incline him to receive it. in either case, there was a miracle, an interposition of divine power, and such an interposition demonstrated that the doctrine was from god. the prophecies which the bible contains, must have proceeded from infallible foreknowledge. this is proved by their exact fulfilment. daniel prophesied to nebuchadnezzar, the proud head of the babylonian empire, then in its glory and strength, that this empire would give place to three others which were to arise after it. this succession of empires, the babylonian, the medo - persian, the grecian, and the roman, is more fully described afterward in the prophecies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5071659422201928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.466789"} {"text": ", that this empire would give place to three others which were to arise after it. this succession of empires, the babylonian, the medo - persian, the grecian, and the roman, is more fully described afterward in the prophecies of daniel, together with a series of events extending down to the present time. more than a century before the time of daniel, the prophet isaiah predicted the taking of babylon by the persians, who were, at the time of the prediction, a feeble and obscure nation. he foretold the very name of the persian leader, and the manner of his entrance into the city, through gates which, by a special ordering of providence, were carelessly left open by the babylonians in their drunken festivity. other prophets foretold the destruction and final desolation of babylon, and of nineveh, the overthrow of ancient tyre by nebuchadnezzar, and afterward of insular tyre by alexander, and the decline and present state of egypt, once the proudest of nations. all these predictions were made when the events predicted were so improbable, that they could not be foreknown by any human sagacity ; yet history, and the reports of travellers, attest their exact accomplishment. many other examples of fulfilled prophecy might readily be cited. the prophecies concerning the jews are remarkable, and we refer to them with the more satisfaction, because the reader has probably, to some extent, personal knowledge of the facts predicted. these people are scattered through our nation, and through most of the nations on earth. their synagogues, in which they meet to worship the god of their fathers, are found in all our principal cities. the scriptures of the old testament are regularly read in their public worship, and are regarded with religious veneration, as their sacred book, received from god by their ancient prophets, and handed down to them from their forefathers. this book minutely describes, in the language of prediction, the sufferings which they have undergone ; their wonderful preservation as a distinct people, notwithstanding these sufferings, and their dispersed condition among all nations. other ancient tribes, when scattered, have been lost in the general mass of mankind ; but these people, after centuries of dispersion and persecution, still remain distinct, and stand forth to the world as witnesses of the wonderful fulfilment of the predictions respecting them, uttered by their ancient prophets. the sacred writings of the jews not only contain predictions of the dispersion,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5021998034355852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.467757"} {"text": "and persecution, still remain distinct, and stand forth to the world as witnesses of the wonderful fulfilment of the predictions respecting them, uttered by their ancient prophets. the sacred writings of the jews not only contain predictions of the dispersion, sufferings, and wonderful preservation of this people, but also furnish explanation of these extraordinary events. the book describes a covenant between this nation and the god whom they worship, and its records show that they have repeatedly violated this covenant, and suffered the threatened penalty. the whole history of the nation illustrates the dealings of god with them, in accordance with the stipulations of this covenant. once before, as a punishment of their unfaithfulness, they were driven from their land into captivity for seventy years, yet they were preserved and brought back. the prophetic declarations of their sacred volume explain that their present dispersion and sufferings are, in like manner, in consequence of their crimes, and that their preservation is in prospect of another restoration. their condition, therefore, resembles that of a malefactor nailed to the cross, with his accusation written over his head ; a fit punishment for the nation that crucified the lord of glory. they hold in their hands the book which specifies their crimes and predicts their sufferings, and they furnish, in their persons, the spectacle of these predictions fulfilled. they not only claim that their book is divine, but they are the proof of its divinity. the jews may be made witnesses for the new testament also, which they reject, and for christianity, which they hate. what crime so great, has extended their dispersion and sufferings through the long period of eighteen centuries? the new testament gives the only satisfactory answer to this inquiry, and it answers in perfect accordance with their own scriptures. they have rejected and crucified their king, their long - expected messiah, whom their prophets had foretold. it was predicted that he would appear before the tribe of judah should become extinct, or should cease to maintain a distinct government of its own ; before the second temple should be destroyed ; and in 490 years from the decree of cyrus to rebuild jerusalem. at this time jesus christ appeared, claiming to be their messiah, and furnishing most abundant proofs that he came from god ; yet, as their prophets had foretold, they rejected him, and united with gentile rulers to destroy him. their own scriptures, and their confessed hatred of jesus christ, fully make out the crime for which they suffer,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5063577745528194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.468705"} {"text": "came from god ; yet, as their prophets had foretold, they rejected him, and united with gentile rulers to destroy him. their own scriptures, and their confessed hatred of jesus christ, fully make out the crime for which they suffer, and these unite with the known fact of their sufferings to demonstrate the messiahship of jesus and the divine origin of christianity. the new testament contains various predictions which have been exactly fulfilled concerning the destruction of jerusalem ; the calamities of the jews ; their dispersion and their preservation ; also concerning the persecutions of christianity ; its spread through the world, and the papal apostasy. besides these, it contains predictions, yet not accomplished, of the conversion of the gentiles, the restoration of the jews, and the millennial state of the church. when these shall have been fulfilled, the prophetical evidence now constantly accumulating will be complete. in concluding this brief inquiry into the origin of the bible, we may admire and adore the wonderful providence of god, which has made his enemies the preservers and witnesses of his revelation. the jews, who killed the prophets and crucified the son of god himself, have preserved and transmitted the scriptures of the old testament, and are now witnesses to the world of its divine origin, and the truth of its prophecies. the roman catholic church, the great antichrist, or man of sin, drunk with the blood of the saints, has transmitted to us the scriptures of the new testament, and now gives, in the same two - fold manner, its testimony to this part of the sacred volume. even the infidel scoffer is made an unconscious witness. in its pages, his very scoffs are predicted, and his corrupt heart, from which, rather than from sober judgment, these scoffs proceed, is portrayed with an accuracy and skill which bespeak the author divine, the searcher of hearts. the word which \" is quick and powerful, and sharper than any two - edged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart, \" must be \" the word of god. \" even the reluctant tongue of the infidel, as in the case of rousseau, is sometimes constrained to utter its testimony aloud ; and at other times, when danger comes or death threatens, his alarm and terror divulge the truth, that his rock is not as our rock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4890125539128914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.469621"} {"text": "infidel, as in the case of rousseau, is sometimes constrained to utter its testimony aloud ; and at other times, when danger comes or death threatens, his alarm and terror divulge the truth, that his rock is not as our rock, himself being judge. unhappy infidel! is there a god? hast thou an immortal soul? until thou canst, with unfaltering hardihood, answer, no to both these inquiries, do not cast away from thee the bible, the book of god, the light of immortality. though the bible was written by inspired men, they are to be regarded merely as the instruments chosen, fitted, and employed by god, for the production of this work. god himself is the author of the bible. when we read its sacred pages, we should realize that god speaks to us, and when we suffer it to lie neglected, we should remember that we are refusing to listen to god, when he proffers to instruct us on subjects of infinite moment. the bible contains the testimony of god, and is therefore a rule of faith. the declarations of an honest man ought to be believed, much more ought those which are made by the god of truth ; \" if we receive the witness of men, the witness of god is greater. \" to reject the testimony of god, is to make him a liar. to call a fellow - man a liar, is to offer an insult of the grossest character. this insult we offer to the great god, when we refuse to receive his testimony, given to us in his holy word. the bible contains the precepts of god, and is therefore a rule of duty. we are bound to obey the commands of parents and civil rulers, but god has a higher claim on our obedience. he is our father in heaven, and the supreme lawgiver of the universe. against this high authority we rebel, when we refuse to obey the precepts of the bible. the bible contains the promises of god, and is therefore a rule of hope. it determines, not only what we are to believe and to do, but also what we are to expect. it presents, as the foundation of our hope, the promise and the oath of god, two immutable things, in which it is impossible for god to lie. we look to him as the rewarder of those that diligently seek him, and all our confidence respecting the nature and extent of this reward, and the certainty of our obtaining it,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5284232850479127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.471294"} {"text": "things, in which it is impossible for god to lie. we look to him as the rewarder of those that diligently seek him, and all our confidence respecting the nature and extent of this reward, and the certainty of our obtaining it, is founded on the sure word of prophecy, the bible. whether, as a rule of faith, of duty, or of hope, the authority of the bible is supreme. we may rely on the testimony of men, but they sometimes deceive us. we may regulate our conduct by the command of those who are over us, or by the dictates of our own conscience, but rulers may command what is wrong, and conscience is not infallible. we may cherish hopes founded on human promises, or the natural tendencies of things, but human promises are often delusive, and the promises of nature are buds which, however beautiful and fragrant, are often blasted before they produce fruit. god never deceives. \" the grass withereth, and the flower thereof falleth away, but the word of the lord endureth forever. \" when the bible speaks, all else may be silent, and its decisions leave no room for doubt and admit no appeal. the authority of the bible is independent. it was not conferred on it by the inspired men who wrote it ; nor does it derive any from the persons who have transmitted it to us. the purest church on earth cannot invest it with authority ; much less can the corrupt church of rome. the inspired writers referred the authority of what they wrote to god ; and here it must rest. the transcribers of the manuscripts, who have been the agents of providence in preserving and transmitting the sacred volume to us, and the printers and bookbinders by whose labors this volume is so widely circulated, have conferred no authority on it, and it has received as little from the church of rome as from these. it possesses authority simply because it is the word of god. the authority of the bible is immediate. its address is directly from god, and directly to the mind and heart of every individual reader. we have no mediator but christ, and no infallible interpreter but the holy spirit. we may derive assistance from men in understanding the bible, but they have no right to understand it for us. we should employ our own minds in the study of god ' s word, and allow no human interpreter to intervene between god and our own conscience. we should say, each one for himself, \" speak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5078195643971979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.472411"} {"text": "they have no right to understand it for us. we should employ our own minds in the study of god ' s word, and allow no human interpreter to intervene between god and our own conscience. we should say, each one for himself, \" speak, lord, for thy servant heareth. \" what a precious gift is the bible! who will not prize it? who will not bind it to his heart? we stand on the narrow isthmus of life, between two oceans, the boundless past and the boundless future. the records of eternity past are beyond our reach, but the ancient of days has opened them, and has revealed to us in the bible whatever it is necessary that we should know. the vanishing present is all important to us, because on it depends our everlasting all, but who will instruct us how to use the swiftly passing moments as we ought? the only wise god has condescended to speak to us in the bible, and to teach us how to order our steps in life ' s short way, so as to insure life eternal. the future world is just before us. for myself, i realize that i am standing on the shore of the boundless ocean, with but an inch of crumbling sand remaining. i hear the shrieks of the dying infidel at my side, to whose view all is covered with impenetrable darkness. he, too, has come to the brink, and would gladly refuse to proceed, but he cannot. perplexed, terrified, shuddering, he plunges in and sinks, he knows not whither. how precious, at this trying moment, is the book of god! how cheering this light from heaven! before it i see the shades retiring. the bible lifts its torch - - nay, not a feeble torch, such as reason may raise, to shine on the darkness and render it visible ; the bible sheds the light of the noonday sun on the vast prospect before me, and enables me, tranquil and joyful, to launch into eternity with the full assurance of hope. mortals, hastening to the retributions of eternity, be wise ; receive the revelation from heaven presented to you in the bible ; attend diligently to its instructions, and reverence its authority, as the word of the final judge before whom you will soon appear. 2 tim. iii. 16. 1 cor. xiv. 37. 2 peter i. 19, 20, 21 ; macknight ' s translation. brown ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46038380014128055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.473328"} {"text": "i \u2019 m sure everyone reading this has heard the debate over whether that top dog free operating system should be called \u201c linux \u201d or \u201c gnu / linux \u201d, but how big a contribution is gnu or linux to that operating system? as conventional wisdom has it, it \u2019 s the availability of applications that make a system valuable, and this is where free software really shines. linux contributes only about 6 % to the cost value of a full operating system, but then again, gnu contributes only about 15 % \u2014 who do we have to thank for the remaining 79 %?! and why don \u2019 t we hear them complaining about what it \u2019 s called? this isn \u2019 t really about \u201c gnu / linux \u201d, it \u2019 s really about asking \u201c where does free software come from? \u201d in order to answer that question in any really definitive way, of course, you first have to collect all the relevant free software applications into one giant collection so you can do statistical analysis on them. wouldn \u2019 t it be nice if somebody would do that for us? debian gnu / linux represents the largest such collection in existence, and with something like 15, 000 packages, it comes pretty close to representing the \u201c universe \u201d of free software ( or at least, \u201c working \u201d free software, there \u2019 s plenty more that isn \u2019 t ready for prime time yet, as a quick look at sourceforge will tell you ). debian will do nicely. meanwhile david wheeler ( who you may recall is an occasional contributor to free software magazine ), wrote a package called sloccount to count \u201c physical source lines of code \u201d ( sloc ) in software projects, as well as evaluate them in terms of their \u201c estimated replacement cost if they had to be redeveloped from scratch according to proprietary methods \u201d, represented by their \u201c constructive cost model \u201d ( cocomo ) costs ( which was, of course, originally developed to help managers estimate the cost of proprietary software development projects ). this model is convenient to use, because it only needs physical source lines of code as an input, and that \u2019 s the easiest thing to collect. there are more sophisticated cost models out there ( cocomo ii for a start ), but they require more sophisticated input, and are therefore harder to use on a large automated estimation project. so cocomo i it is. observing these two wonderful facts, a group of researchers in spain decided to have a go at debian with sloccount, and published their results. their interests are in things like what programming languages were used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48217170366543105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.479584"} {"text": ". so cocomo i it is. observing these two wonderful facts, a group of researchers in spain decided to have a go at debian with sloccount, and published their results. their interests are in things like what programming languages were used, but the complete data set can be used to answer some other questions, too. including the question of who writes free software. the dataset lists sloc, package size, and cocomo estimated cost for each package considered. the packages are meant to cover the entire bulk of debian source packages, but without overly duplicating code ( for example, if two closely related branches exist, pick only one of them ). this makes sense, because presumeably the code was only developed once, and so copying didn \u2019 t cost much ( some would say that ' s the whole point of free software ). so, in the end, they have 8, 560 packages listed for sarge ( not the entire set, but fairly close ). less for earlier distributions, of course. now where do they come from? one way to estimate affiliation is by looking for dashed package names : for example, it \u2019 s probably fair to count, say, mozilla - suite as both being products of the mozilla project. even if such a package is actually maintained by a third party, it \u2019 s still part of the \u201c mozilla culture \u201d surrounding the mozilla project. many large free software projects are like that : a well organized core with a halo of unaffiliated supporters. for the gnu project, however, there is a simpler way : they have a list. which is nice, because they have quite a few projects. fortunately, debian is pretty conservative with package names, so if they package, say, \u201c gcc \u201d, there \u2019 s a strong chance the package name will contain the string \u201c gcc \u201d, so we can filter. also, all debian package names are strictly lowercase ( this is policy ), so we know exactly what to do to compare. this makes it a snap to cross - reference the gnu package list against the debian collection. combining the two techniques, we can get a good picture of who \u2019 s behind all those packages. here it is : this estimate is by total accumulated sloc, so it doesn \u2019 t draw any distinction between lots of small packages and one giant package. this means, for example, that it overestimates the value of gnu versus linux. both are underestimated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4882971554718395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.480605"} {"text": "estimate is by total accumulated sloc, so it doesn \u2019 t draw any distinction between lots of small packages and one giant package. this means, for example, that it overestimates the value of gnu versus linux. both are underestimated against the field of smaller independent packages. however, sloc are a nicely objective measure, so it \u2019 s good to start with this. to get a better picture of the division by value, however, we can use the cocomo estimated replacement cost numbers. these are a kind of lower limit to the value : because presumeably, you would have to spend this much to create these packages in order to use them. if they were developed by a proprietary organization and then sold, they would have to be sold at prices that would raise at least this much ( distribution costs and profits would probably at least double these costs ). in any case, here \u2019 s what that valuation looks like : you may be a little surprised by the total cost figure at the bottom of the chart. yep. that ' s in adjusted year 2000 us dollars, and is equivalent to approximately one half of the cost to develop the first space shuttle. that \u2019 s a lot of value. note of course, this is not necessarily what it actually cost to develop : we assume that free software methods are considerably more cost - efficient, and most of the contributions were \u201c in kind \u201d donations of time, so actual cost is much harder to compute. but this chart is really about the pie slices : gnu, while being the single largest contributor, still only accounts for 15. 3 %. meanwhile, linux isn \u2019 t even number two \u2014 that honor goes to a set of desktop applications, openoffice. org. more to the point, more than half of the applications come from \u201c the field \u201d \u2014 thousands of individual applications created by individuals or companies for their own reasons, not backed by any of the high - profile, high - mindshare free software organizations. i don \u2019 t mean to diminish the importance of the flagship organizations in maintaining free software. but it \u2019 s the fleet backing them up that makes the system into the powerful force that it is. the fairest term for what we like about \u201c gnu / linux \u201d is probably neither \u201c gnu \u201d nor \u201c linux \u201d, but rather just the \u201c free software operating system \u201d. free software operating systems are made valuable principally by the contribution of individual developers. i should probably mention that david originally used sloccount to analyze the red hat distribution, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49183230703425096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.481696"} {"text": "\u201c linux \u201d, but rather just the \u201c free software operating system \u201d. free software operating systems are made valuable principally by the contribution of individual developers. i should probably mention that david originally used sloccount to analyze the red hat distribution, and while that \u2019 s interesting, it \u2019 s not as up to date or as comprehensive as the research i refer to here. maybe i \u2019 ll write about that on another day. i got this information from transcripts from the columbia accident investigation board, reviewing the program. the cost adjustment is my own, based on government tables for adjusting the cost of large scale projects ( not the consumer price index, which is inaccurate for these kinds of figures ). the actual cost in 1980 dollars, was actually less than the figure for sarge, but that \u2019 s just because of inflation. this is the cost to the first flight ( of columbia ), and does not include program maintenance costs, which, over some 25 + years of flight is obviously much higher. that \u2019 s the fairest comparison i can make because it compares development to development in adjusted dollars. gives you pause, doesn \u2019 t it? copyright \u00a92007 terry hancock / creative commons attribution - sharealike license ( http : / / creativecommons. org / licenses / by - sa / 3. 0 ) originally published at www. freesoftwaremagazine. com. you must retain this notice if you reprint this article. unless otherwise noted, the illustrations in this piece have the same attribution and licensing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4824989792718659, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.482347"} {"text": "instead of tony the tiger in the tank, how about aunt jemima? would it be possible to use a simple sugar syrup ( about 50 % water and 50 % sugar ) as a vehicle fuel? one of the biggest challenges of large - scale use of biofuels is that refining the fuel is often extremely energy - intensive. most products of biological processes are water - soluable, since biological process all take place in a water medium. unfortunately, however, most current internal combustion engines can ' t run on a fuel + water mixture, so it is necessary to remove the water from the fuel as part of the process of refining the biofuel. this can take almost as much energy as is present in the fuel to begin with. ( note that oil - based biofuels, like biodiesel, don ' t have this problem since the oil will naturally separate from the water. however, oil - producing plants tend to have a much lower yield of oil than sugar - producing plants have of sugar. ) so if you can build an engine capable of running efficiently on a fuel + water mixture, you can get a lot more biofuel for the amount of energy you put into growing and refining the fuel. in addition to making the biofuel much more sustainable, this also makes the economics of producing biofuels much more compelling since it ' s no longer necessary to buy massive amounts of fuel to separate the fuel from the water. once you ' ve decided to use a fuel + water mixture, sugar becomes a much more compelling fuel choice than ethanol. ethanol production always begins by fermenting sugar anyway ( even cellulose - derived ethanol, since that uses enzymes to break the cellulose down into simple sugars ), and sugar has a significantly higher energy density than ethanol. sugar is a lot cheaper, too. the only reasons to prefer ethanol over sugar are ( a ) ethanol can be used in existing engines with little or no modification, and ( b ) ethanol is a liquid, and sugar is a solid, and solid fuels are really hard to deal with in an internal combustion engine. but if we ' re designing a new engine specifically to run on a fuel + water mixture, we ' ve already decided that compatibility with existing engines doesn ' t matter ; and a sugar syrup is a liquid. sugar syrup has some other advantages : it ' s readily available from a wide variety of sources, it has a low freezing point and high boiling point, and the desired 50 % mixture can be achieved fairly readily by removing water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48534757181055654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.486060"} {"text": "sugar syrup is a liquid. sugar syrup has some other advantages : it ' s readily available from a wide variety of sources, it has a low freezing point and high boiling point, and the desired 50 % mixture can be achieved fairly readily by removing water from certain plant saps ( no need to dry it all the way to granulated sugar ). you can even make the stuff at home, cheaply and easily. i don ' t know if a syrup - powered engine is possible, but i think it would be. the challenge is that before the fuel can burn, the water has to boil completely inside the cylinder, since the water boils ( even at high pressure ) at a lower temperature than the ignition point of the sugar. boiling the water takes energy and cools the gas inside the cylinder, making it harder for the fuel to ignite. this isn ' t an insurmountable problem : you just have to get the cylinder that much hotter to overcome to cooling effect of the water in the mixture. the trick is to design the engine so that the energy used to boil the water can be recovered to help turn the engine. since the role of the water in the syrup is essentially to vaporize and cool the combustion gasses, the engine has to be designed for a slightly higher volume of slightly cooler gas. thinking in terms of modifying an existing engine design, i would think that a diesel engine would be ideal, since it ' s intended to operate with very high compression and hot cylinders, and fuel which burns as a mist rather than a vapor. somewhat higher compression ( to yield a hot enough gas to ignite the syrup ) may be the only change necessary. one final note : sugar actually is used as a rocket fuel for some model rockets, typically mixed with potassium nitrate ( saltpeter ), but this is normally done with solid dry sugar, not syrup, since if the mixture has any water in it it becomes difficult to ignite. i did find, however, some youtube videos of experiments with including sugar syrup in a rocket propellant.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4810642779418423, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.486933"} {"text": "african - american poetry : 1760 - 1900 the database of african - american poetry, 1760 - 1900, provides access to the full text of the works of nearly 3, 000 poems by 54 african - american poets of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. the database includes the poems of such well - known figures as paul laurence dunbar and phillis wheatley and the verse of many lesser - known poets whose works may only be found in anthologies or private libraries. most of the poets in the database were not acknowledged during their lifetimes, but only granted recognition posthumously. covering a wide range of topics from slavery and abolition to love and death, this collection provides a unique portrait of early america through the reflections of african - american poets during the 18th and 19th centuries. it contains a rich variety of poetic styles and types including elegies, odes, ditties, hymns, and sonnets. generally, the policy has been to use first editions whenever possible ; later editions were selected if they were more inclusive. where poems appeared in their original dialect in an earlier edition and standardized in a later edition, both forms have been included for comparison purposes. poems originally published in periodicals have also been included. textual apparatus and front matter to the poems are generally omitted, except the poet ' s own notes, which are included in the database. the contents are based upon the bibliography of william french et al, afro - american poetry and drama, 1760 - 1975 : a guide to information sources ( gale research, 1979 ). express link ( bookmark ) : http : / / www. galileo. usg. edu / express? link = zlda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43561353156076316, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.491614"} {"text": "article by joe celko ( 71062. 1056 @ compuserve. com ). nobody is sure where or when chinese dominoes came into existence, but they were reported by european travelers during the renaissance and are still popular in asian countries today. it is assumed that chinese dominoes were the ancestor of mah jong. chinese dominoes are different from the usual set of western dominoes in many ways. about the only things they have in common are a relationship to dice, being made from a hard black material and having their spots drilled into the surface and then colored for visibility. chinese dominoes are longer and narrower than the \" double square \" shape in european sets. this is because the games played with them use the tiles like playing cards to build melds or like dice to make totals rather than to build chains of tiles. they have to have a shape which allows several of them to be held at once, so most pieces are about one inch wide and about 2. 5 inches long. chinese dominoes have no dividing bar in the center to separate the two ends. the two ends are separated by either distance, clustering or colors. the games depend on the total number of pips, so easily identifying the ends is not as important. following the convention of chinese dice, the one pip and the four pip are always colored red. the other pips are all colored white, except for the double six. the double six separates the two ends by coloring three pips red and three pips white in each cluster of pips. twos are shown as two white spots side by side ( like chinese dice ) on the extreme end, not on a diagonal like western dominoes and dice. there are no blanks tiles. korean sets sometimes use a large red spot for the one, again following the convention of chinese dice. the three pips are usually shown as a diagonal, except on the double three dominoes, where the spots are laid out as two horizontal, two vertical and two horizontal groupings. unlike western dominoes, there are no blank tiles in chinese sets. the western set has 28 tiles in the standard double six set while the chinese set has 32 tiles. the ranking, name, coloring and arrangement of pips of chinese dominoes is based on tradition. the total count of pips is important in many of the chinese games ; in most western domino games, the total is not as important as the values on each half of the tile. chinese dominoes are also divided into two series : military", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47564710445164715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.496972"} {"text": "tradition. the total count of pips is important in many of the chinese games ; in most western domino games, the total is not as important as the values on each half of the tile. chinese dominoes are also divided into two series : military and civil. the military series consist of ten dominoes : 1 - 2 1 - 4 2 - 3 2 - 4 2 - 5 2 - 6 3 - 4 3 - 5 3 - 6 4 - 5 notice that there are no military double tiles. the civil series is made of two of each of the following dominoes : 1 - 1 1 - 3 1 - 5 1 - 6 2 - 2 3 - 3 4 - 4 4 - 6 5 - 5 5 - 6 6 - 6 notice that all doubles are civil tiles. the better quality western dominoes have a spinner in the middle of their dividing bar. this is a little, metal, rounded nail head that keeps the face of the tile from scratching on the table top when they are shuffled and to allow them to spin so they shuffle better. chinese dominoes are always flat faced. they are mixed in the same manner as western dominoes, but while western games leave the tiles loosely spread on the table top in a boneyard, chinese games build a woodpile by stacking the dominoes in a row to a height which varies from game to game. the hands for the games are dealt from the woodpile by throwing dice ( usually three ) and counting the stacks in the woodpile. the first player gets the stack determined by the dice and then each player takes the next one in line. there are traditional pairs that have names and rankings, much like the names that we assign to dice throws. if you shoot craps you know that 1 - 1 is \" snake eyes \", 6 - 6 is \" boxcars \", 4 - 4 is a \" hard eight \" ;. similarly, the jack of spades and the queen of diamonds are a \" pinochle \" in the card game of the same name. the game cabinet - firstname. lastname @ example. org - ken tidwell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48205082616117567, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.497721"} {"text": "my asiatic lilies that in previous years were pink, white, and yellow came up orange and black this year. what happened? \u2014 doug sheehan, ludlow, vt this is frustrating, but not unusual, and you can \u2019 t tell with complete certainty what happened to your lilies. the black - spotted orange lilies ( as a child, i called them tiger lilies ) are very robust. if there were any small bulbs, or even bulb scales, from orange and black ones mixed in with the pastel - flowering bulbs when you planted them, they may have grown and thrived while the more delicate bulbs diminished and eventually died out. little \u201c bulbils, \u201d the seed - like miniature bulbs that often form along the stems of asiatic lilies, should produce plants that are identical to those from which they came. but you can \u2019 t count on real seeds from the plant \u2019 s seed pods to \u201c come true. \u201d so if you didn \u2019 t deadhead your lily flowers faithfully before seed pods matured, it \u2019 s likely they produced ripe seeds which reverted to the more common ancestral orange and black form. after falling to the ground, some may have grown, then bloomed orange and black after several years, eventually taking over your lily displays. they won \u2019 t revert back to pink, white, or yellow again.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36020026009957906, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.498992"} {"text": "happy independence day! geckos native to the u. s. to celebrate us independence day, gecko time presents some information about geckos which are native to mainland united states. this does not include geckos which have been introduced from other locales. there are three genera native to the united states, two of which contain a single species and one which includes at least four species. phyllodactylus xanti and the four coleonyx species ( brevis, switaki, reticulatus, variegatus and its subspecies ) are native to california and southwestern united states ; sphaerodactylus notatus ( \u201c reef gecko \u201d ) is native to the florida keys. coleonyx are probably the most widely kept of all native u. s. geckos, both in this country and abroad. the most popular are coleonyx variegatus and its subspecies ( c. v. abboti, bogerti, variegatus and the less popular c. v. utahensis and san lucan ) and coleonyx brevis. other species found in the united states are c. v. switaki, and reticulatus. various coleonyx species are distributed throughout the western and southwestern states including ( but not necessarily limited to ) california, utah, arizona and texas. these geckos are small and smooth - skinned, reaching a maximum length of about 5 inches. they are born with brown and yellow bands which develop into adult coloring, ranging from bands to splotches to spots. they are eublepharids with movable eyelids, nocturnal and terrestrial. although they inhabit areas with very dry climates, it is possible that they spend a fair amount of time in caves and crevices where there may be a microclimate with higher humidity. the coleonyx i have kept have thrived when exposed to higher humidity. my primary experience has been with coleonyx variegatus bogerti, also known as the \u201c tucson banded gecko \u201d. care of coleonyx is very similar to that of leopard geckos, though they are quite a bit smaller. opinions vary about whether to keep them on a particulate substrate or not. after much thought and research, i decided to keep them on a ceramic tile substrate with some areas of eco - earth provided in containers. the geckos often spent much of their time under pieces of slate dug into the eco - earth. i have found the coleonyx i \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.418847774259827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.505869"} {"text": "decided to keep them on a ceramic tile substrate with some areas of eco - earth provided in containers. the geckos often spent much of their time under pieces of slate dug into the eco - earth. i have found the coleonyx i \u2019 ve kept to be extremely alert and entertaining. they eat small crickets and occasionally mealworms with gusto. they are very aware of any change in their environment. if another gecko is introduced to the enclosure, they will approach warily with tail waving slowly, may occasionally nip at the newcomer and then will usually settle down and co - exist peacefully. although i have not been able to reliably handle my coleonyx, a friend to whom i sold a juvenile reports that it regularly climbs on his hand, allows him to \u201c play \u201d with it and will eat from his hand. this species, also known as the \u201c reef gecko \u201d is the only united states gecko not found in the western part of the country. according to www. herpedia. com it is the smallest north american gecko, reaching a size of about 2 \u00bd inches. a terrestrial gecko without eyelids, it is brown with dark speckling and an orange tail on the underside. maureen winter writes about her experience keeping this gecko sphaerodactylus notatus is a delightful little gecko to keep. they are one of the many sphaerodactylus which can be seen exploring the terrarium daily. this is one gecko which quickly settles in. once settled you will find it to be quite friendly, it may even crawl onto your hand as you are misting, but general holding is not recommended for this small animal. one of the first things i noticed about this cute little gecko when bringing it home was that it has the ability to move around both of its eyes at various different angles separately at the same time. talk about talent! a great thing about sphaerodactylus notatus is that they can be kept in a minimum enclosure size of 2 gallons. they can be kept in bigger enclosures of course, but it is not really needed and may even stress them out due to their small size. in the wild sphaerodactylus notatus is generally found in the leaf litter, under stones and dead wood. due to this, their lighting in captivity needs not to be dramatic : a single fluorescent t5 tube with a rating of 4, 000k or 6500k will do. if your enclosure is a little larger than 2 gallons, you can even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39601334450277387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.506867"} {"text": ". due to this, their lighting in captivity needs not to be dramatic : a single fluorescent t5 tube with a rating of 4, 000k or 6500k will do. if your enclosure is a little larger than 2 gallons, you can even mix the two types of bulbs. it is not required to provide sphaerodactylus with spot or uvb lamps ; the latter may even kill the gecko when used for prolonged periods. lighting is maintained for 12 hours daily, with reduced illumination in the winter months, so the females my regain their strength for the next breeding season. in captivity sphaerodactylus notatus should be kept at temperatures of 79 - 82f with around 70 % humidity. 70 % humidity is easily achieved by misting them once daily. their substrate can either be plain sand or a sand, coconut fiber, peat moss mixture, with the latter being the preferred choice. it is also important to place pieces of flat cork or scattered leaves around the terrarium floors, so the geckos may hide if need be. the walls of the terrarium may be decorated with stone or cork. the diet of sphaerodactylus notatus in captivity consists of micro - food, such as drosophila melanogaster, springtails, newborn firebrats, micro crickets and tropical woodlice. a small bowl of crushed up cuttlefish bone is an important fixture of the terrarium for breeding females. all feeder insects should be dusted with a high quality supplement. i strongly recommend supermin & calcium plus icb by rephasy or other equally high quality supplements. misting their tank once daily will also provide them with their daily water supply. sphaerodactylus notatus should be kept in pairs only, as females of this species can be as equally aggressive as trying to house two males together. i was unable to locate anyone who keeps phyllodactylus xanti, also known as the \u201c leaf toed gecko \u201d. it would be lovely to hear from someone who keeps them if you \u2019 re out there. these western geckos are, according to www. herpedia. com, 4 - 5 inches long, without eyelids and nocturnal. their coloring is \u201c translucent pink to gray, occasionally with dark brown blotches. the back scales are small and granular with lengthwise rows of wart - like tubercles ( quoted from herpedia. com ) \u201d. they get their common name from the leaf shaped pads on the ends of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37672166715462335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.507917"} {"text": "brown blotches. the back scales are small and granular with lengthwise rows of wart - like tubercles ( quoted from herpedia. com ) \u201d. they get their common name from the leaf shaped pads on the ends of their toes. this species is found in southwestern california and the islands in the gulf of california. california herp has some great photos of this species and their habitat. if you live near or travel to the florida keys or the southwest, enjoy searching for these \u201c native americans \u201d! born and raised on long island, new york, maureen winter has been keeping reptiles and amphibians on and off since the age of 7. her first reptile was a red eared slider. later on she kept various amphibians ranging from hyla cinerea to litoria caerulea and was quickly hooked. eventually maureen moved to munster, germany and longed to have her beloved amphibians once again. she began with litoria caerulea and her hobby grew to keeping various species of dart frogs. after a year of owning dart frogs maureen desired to have some geckos and soon her first geckos, phelsuma klemmeri, were purchased. shortly after, she began keeping many different geckos. she currently works with various pheulsuma, lygodactylus, sphaerodactylus, and lepidodactylus lugubris, alongside her many frogs. aliza is a home care speech therapist living in the boston area. she has been breeding leopard geckos since 2005 and has recently been successful in breeding coleonyx geckos as well. other interests which she pursues in her copious free time include work in ceramics, practicing aikido and surfing the internet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3719967750494122, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.508632"} {"text": "fall is better known for big harvests and feasts, but fall can also be a great time to plant and grow certain cool - weather veggies in your garden. while certain plants take advantage of the lingering summer heat in early autumn, there are a number of hardy greens and frost tolerant vegetables that you can plant, even late in the season. if you \u2019 re looking to start some end - of - the - year gardening, here are some good crops to plant before the winter. kale and certain lettuces can be great for a winter garden. kale is much hardier than lettuce and can survive even very cold winters, but lettuce will fare much better in milder seasons. however, cold weather can sweeten the taste of lettuce, so the winter is a great time to grow. kale may be an unfamiliar green for many people, but it \u2019 s a very nutritious green that will be a great addition to many holiday dishes. when cold weather approaches, just make sure that you properly cover your crops to avoid freezing. spinach is a great winter crop, and it can be grown throughout the season, even in the coldest areas. spinach won \u2019 t require much help to grow during the winter it will need to be covered and need about a foot between plants to grow. rather than harvesting the full plant, only take a few leaves from each plant at a time. this will let you harvest for the full season and keep plants as healthy as possible. we recommend using our soil20 soil conditioner to help retain water so you can water during warmer days to release water slowly. garlic and shallots most people will wait until spring to plant garlic and shallots, but you can get the jump on most gardeners to set up a large, tasty crop. garlic and shallots planted in fall and harvested in summer will result in larger bulbs with stronger flavor than those planted in late spring. both plants will need at least a month in the ground to get established before the ground freezes. once the cold comes, the plants will go dormant until the spring thaw. as soon as they thaw, your garlic and shallots will have a healthy head start leading to a big crop in the summer. transplant flowering vegetables brassicas plants like broccoli, brussels sprouts and cauliflower, are tasty additions to any fall garden, especially in warmer climates. since most will have to be harvested before the first freeze, it can be easier to transplant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.36496731343465516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.512000"} {"text": "brassicas plants like broccoli, brussels sprouts and cauliflower, are tasty additions to any fall garden, especially in warmer climates. since most will have to be harvested before the first freeze, it can be easier to transplant rather than planting from seeds. if you want to transplant, you \u2019 ll want slightly acidic soil. to set up a proper growing schedule, do some math and add 10 days to the plant \u2019 s maturity date and count backwards from the first expected frost. definitely harvest these before the first hard freeze if you \u2019 re in a colder area, but if you \u2019 ll have a mild winter these will be great additions to winter meals. you won \u2019 t be harvesting these throughout the winter, but the fall is an excellent time to plant rootcrops for a spring harvest. late maturing roots like carrots, beets and rutabaga are easy to plant. if you have about 30 days before your first expected freeze, you can stock up on some quick growing rootcrops like chives and green onions, but you \u2019 ll have to move quickly to plant these. fresh herbs are an important addition to any holiday feast, and homegrown herbs are the best. luckily, you don \u2019 t need your full garden to plant a good herb crop, just move them inside the house. herbs like basil, rosemary, oregano, parsley, chives and more can easily be grown indoors. put them in pots, with a sunny growing location. just be careful not to overwater them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3797842968318346, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.512641"} {"text": "the u. s. institute of medicine ( iom ) of the national academies should be congratulated for its thoughtful conclusions concerning the use of chimpanzees in a range of nih research projects. after a careful and in - depth study of the issue, the iom last month issued a report entitled \u201c chimpanzees in biomedical and behavioral research : assessing the necessity. \u201d the iom stated, \u201c given that chimpanzees are so closely related to humans and share similar behavioral traits, the national institutes of health should allow their use as subjects in biomedical research only under stringent conditions including the absence of any other suitable model and inability to ethically perform the research on people \u2026 in addition, use of these animals should be permissible only if forgoing their use will prevent or significantly hinder advances necessary to prevent or treat life - threatening or debilitating conditions \u2026 based on these criteria, chimpanzees are not necessary for most biomedical research. \u201d the iom goes on to point out that the \u201c nih also should limit the use of chimpanzees in behavioral research to studies that provide otherwise unattainable insights into normal and abnormal behavior, mental health, emotion, or cognition \u2026 nih should require these studies to be performed only on acquiescent animals using techniques that are minimally invasive and are applied in a manner that minimizes pain and distress. animals used in either biomedical or behavioral studies must be maintained in appropriate physical and social environments or in natural habitats. \u201d it \u2019 s important to emphasize that the iom does not call for a complete ban on the use of chimps in research. what it does is lay out a humane roadmap, long overdue in some cases. as a former graduate biological anthropology student, i have taken courses that explored primate physiology and behavior. many of my assigned readings focused on chimpanzees and the other great apes. although i have never met a chimpanzee face - to - face in the wild, i have visited many zoos and wildlife parks over the years where chimpanzees lived in various states of captivity. on a number of occasions for my anthro and animal behavior courses, i assumed the role of observer of chimp activities and wrote reports for my classes. granted that i was always carrying out my studies in artificial environments, i saw enough to realize that chimpanzees are truly, and significantly, different from most other animals. each year we seem to be greeted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46999664517102224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.515552"} {"text": "and wrote reports for my classes. granted that i was always carrying out my studies in artificial environments, i saw enough to realize that chimpanzees are truly, and significantly, different from most other animals. each year we seem to be greeted with a new research report on the intelligence of chimpanzees. most recently it was revealed that some chimps actually fashion a small branch so that it has a sharp point \u2014 in essence, they are making a spear that they then use to hunt and kill small prosimians ( for food ) living inside trees. these and other types of behaviors have led many primatologists to conclude that chimpanzees are highly intelligent. partially based on these and other attributes, the iom issued its report. the institute also cited the development of cell - based technologies and other animal models that make the use of chimps unnecessary in specific research projects. i fully understand that opinions, pro and con, on the use of chimpanzees in biomedical research make for a controversial issue. from my point of view, it would be ideal if one day we no longer need to rely on these unique and magnificent primates as research subjects. but that day probably remains way ahead in the future. for now, i applaud the iom report.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44808566975125363, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.516065"} {"text": "about harold clayton urey, nobel prize in chemistry, 1934 harold clayton urey ( april 29, 1893 \u2013 january 5, 1981 ) was an american physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the nobel prize in chemistry in 1934. he played a significant role in the development of the atom bomb, but may be most prominent for his contribution to theories on the development of organic life from non - living matter. harold clayton urey was born in walkerton, indiana, on april 29, 1893, as the son of the rev. samuel clayton urey and cora rebecca reinoehl, and grandson of pioneers who settled in indiana. his early education in rural schools led to his graduation from high school in 1911 after which he taught for three years in country schools. in 1914 he entered the university of montana and received his bachelor of science degree in zoology in 1917. he spent two years as a research chemist in industry before returning to montana as an instructor in chemistry. in 1921 he entered the university of california to work under professor lewis and he was awarded the degree of ph. d. in chemistry in 1923. he spent the following year in copenhagen at professor niels bohr ' s institute for theoretical physics as american - scandinavian foundation fellow to denmark and on his return to the united states he became an associate in chemistry at johns hopkins university. in 1929 he was appointed associate professor in chemistry at columbia university and he became professor in 1934 ; during the period 1940 - 1945 he was also director of war research, atomic bomb project, columbia university. he moved to the institute for nuclear studies, university of chicago in 1945 as distinguished service professor of chemistry and became martin a. ryerson professor in 1952. he was george eastman visiting professor, university of oxford, during 1956 - 1957 and in 1958 he took his present post as professor - at - large, university of california. professor ' s urey ' s early researches concerned the entropy of diatomic gases and problems of atomic structure, absorption spectra and the structure of molecules. in 1931 he devised a method for the concentration of any possible heavy hydrogen isotopes by the fractional distillation of liquid hydrogen : this led to the discovery of deuterium. together with the late dr. e. w. washburn, he evolved the electrolytic method for the separation of hydrogen isotopes and he carried out thorough investigations of their properties, in particular the vapour pressure of hydrogen and deuterium, and the equilibrium constants of exchange reactions. he later worked on the separation of uranium isotopes and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5046838236861519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.519687"} {"text": "for the separation of hydrogen isotopes and he carried out thorough investigations of their properties, in particular the vapour pressure of hydrogen and deuterium, and the equilibrium constants of exchange reactions. he later worked on the separation of uranium isotopes and, more recently, he has been concerned with the measurement of paleotemperatures, investigations into the origin of the planets, and the chemical problems of the origin of the earth. he is the author of the books atoms, molecules and quanta ( 1930, with a. e. ruark ), and the planets ( 1952 ). he was editor of the journal of chemical physics during 1933 - 1940 and he has written numerous papers on the structure of atoms and molecules, the discovery of heavy hydrogen and its properties, separation of isotopes, measurement of paleotemperatures and the origin of planets. these have been published in many different chemical journals. professor urey received the willard gibbs medal ( american chemical society ) in 1934 ; davy medal ( royal society, london ), 1940 ; franklin medal, 1943 ; medal for merit, 1946 ; cordoza award, 1954 ; honor scroll award ( american institute of chemists ), 1954 ; joseph priestley award, 1955 ; alexander hamilton award, 1961 ; and the j. lawrence smith award ( national academy of sciences ), 1962. he has received honorary doctor of science degrees of montana, princeton, newark, columbia, oxford, washington and lee, mcmaster, yale, indiana, birmingham universities, and of the universities of athens, durham, and saskatchewan ; also honorary doctor of law degree from wayne university and the university of california. he is a member of many of the more important scientific societies of the world, and is honorary fellow of the chemical society ( london ), the national institute of sciences of india and the weizmann institute of science ( israel ). in 1926 he married frieda daum. they have three daughters and one son. from nobel lectures, chemistry 1922 - 1941, elsevier publishing company, amsterdam, 1966", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5254378064856531, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.521513"} {"text": "about william frend de morgan william frend de morgan ( 16 november 1839 \u2013 15 january 1917 ) was an english potter and tile designer. a life - long friend of william morris, he designed tiles, stained glass and furniture for morris & co. from 1863 to 1872. his tiles are often based on medieval designs or persian patterns, and he experimented with innovative glazes and firing techniques. galleons and fish were popular motifs, as were \" fantastical \" birds and other animals. many of de morgan ' s tile designs were planned to create intricate patterns when several tiles were laid together. born in gower street, london, the son of the distinguished mathematician augustus de morgan and his highly educated wife, de morgan was always supported in his desire to become an artist. at the age of twenty he entered the royal academy schools, but he was swiftly disillusioned with the establishment ; then he met morris, and through him the pre - raphaelite circle. soon de morgan began experimenting with stained glass, ventured into pottery in 1863, and by 1872 had shifted his interest wholly to ceramics. in 1872, de morgan set up a pottery works in chelsea where he stayed through 1881 \u2014 his most fruitful decade as an art potter. the arts and crafts ideology he was exposed to through his friendship with morris and his own insistent curiosity, led de morgan to begin to explore every technical aspect of his craft. he soon rejected the use of blank commercial tiles, preferring to make his own biscuit, which he admired for its irregularities and better resistance to moisture. his inventive streak led him to spend hours designing a new duplex bicycle gear and also lured him into complex studies of the chemistry of glazes, methods of firing, and pattern transfer. william de morgan ( c. 1890 ), sands ends pottery : a tile inspired by middle east examples. de morgan was particularly drawn to eastern tiles. around 1873 \u2013 1874, he made a striking breakthrough by rediscovering the technique of lustre ware ( characterized by a reflective, metallic surface ) found in hispano - moresque pottery and italian maiolica. nor was his interest in the east limited to glazing techniques, but it permeated his notions of design and colour, as well. as early as 1875, he began to work in earnest with a \" persian \" palette : dark blue, turquoise, manganese purple, green, indian red, and lemon yellow, study of the motifs of what he referred to as \" persian \" ware ( and what we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4387710276255485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.525492"} {"text": ", he began to work in earnest with a \" persian \" palette : dark blue, turquoise, manganese purple, green, indian red, and lemon yellow, study of the motifs of what he referred to as \" persian \" ware ( and what we know today as fifteenth - and - sixteenth century iznik ware ), profoundly influenced his unmistakable style, in which fantastic creatures entwined with rhythmic geometric motifs float under luminous glazes. william and his wife evelyn the pottery works was always beset by financial problems, despite repeated cash injections from his wife, the pre - raphaelite painter evelyn pickering de morgan, and a partnership with the architect halsey ricardo. this partnership was associated with a move for the factory from merton abbey to fulham in 1888. during the fulham period de morgan mastered many of the technical aspects of his work that had previously been elusive, including complex lustres and deep, intense underglaze painting that did not run during firing. however, this did not guarantee financial success, and in 1907 william de morgan left the pottery, which continued under the passenger brothers, the leading painters at the works. \" all my life i have been trying to make beautiful things, \" he said at the time, \" and now that i can make them nobody wants them. \" william de morgan turned his hand to writing novels, and became better known than he ever had been for his pottery. his first novel, joseph vance, was published in 1906, and was an instant sensation in the united states as well as the united kingdom. this was followed by an affair of dishonour, alice - for - short, and it never can happen again. the genre has been described as ' victorian and suburban '. william de morgan died in london in 1917,, of trench fever, and was buried in brookwood cemetery. recollections of william de morgan praise him both for his personal warmth and the indomitable energy with which he pursued his kaleidoscopic career as designer, potter, inventor and novelist. collections of de morgan ' s work exist in many museums, including the victoria and albert museum, and the william morris gallery in london, a substantial and representative collection in birmingham, and a small but well - chosen collection along with much other pottery at norwich. his dragon charger is in the dunedin public art gallery in new zealand.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4443351311065133, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.526410"} {"text": "you are here biopharmaceutical glossaries homepage / search > biology > informatics > maps genomic & genetic genomic & genetic glossary & taxonomy of exactitude in science finding guide to terms in these glossaries biology & chemistry map site map related glossaries include genomics technologies genomic technologies genomic informatics sequencing biology snps & genetic variations 2d gel maps : used in expression mapping. bac maps : bacterial artificial chromosome maps, a type of physical map. google = about 2, 560, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 4, 480 june 23, 2004 related terms : genome fingerprint maps ; cell biology bac biological atlas : maps describing different aspects of protein function should be compiled into a \" biological atlas \" by integrating the information contained in the atlas, increasingly meaningful biological hypotheses could be formulated. however, it should be kept in mind that these hypotheses will still need to be tested back in the context of relevant biological settings, perhaps using more refined approaches. marc vidal \" biological atlas of functional maps \" cell 104 : 333 339, february 9, 2001 ] bottom - up : see contig maps, high - resolution physical mapping : does this relate in some way to bottom - up research? research cdna maps : shows the locations of expressed dna regions ( exons ) on the chromosomal map. because they represent expressed genomic regions, cdnas are thought to identify the parts of the genome with the most biological and medical significance. a cdna map can provide the chromosomal location for genes whose functions are currently unknown. for disease - gene hunters, the map can also suggest a set of candidate genes to test when the approximate location of a disease gene has been mapped by genetic linkage techniques. [ primer on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us ] http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 google = about 53, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 266 june 23, 2004 related term : cdna gene definitions cell mapping : the determination of the subcellular location of proteins and of protein - protein interactions by the purification of organelles or protein complexes followed by mass - spectrometric identification of the components. most proteins are thought to exist in the cell not as free entities but as part of \u2018 cellular machines \u2019 which perform cellular functions cooperatively. systematic identification of protein complexes would permit these machines to be defined and allow \u2018 physical maps \u2019 to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5512901245732884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.563787"} {"text": "components. most proteins are thought to exist in the cell not as free entities but as part of \u2018 cellular machines \u2019 which perform cellular functions cooperatively. systematic identification of protein complexes would permit these machines to be defined and allow \u2018 physical maps \u2019 to be created for a variety of cell types and states. such information is of great value for the assignment of protein function. [ blackstock & weir \u201c proteomics \u201d trends in biotechnology : 121 - 134 mar 1999 ] google = about 2, 110, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 3, 200 june 23, 2004 cell maps : a cell map specifies the proteins that constitute a given organelle within a given cell type. cell maps for normal and diseased cells can be constructed which give insight into the role proteins have in disease and can guide the drug development process. paul kearney \" mapping and navigating the human proteome \" annual meeting of the canadian applied and industrial mathematics society, june 7 - 9, 2001, victoria, b. c. canada http : / / www. pims. math. ca / industrial / 2001 / caims / kearney. html google = about 777, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 8, 320 june 23, 2004 chromosomal maps : genes or other identifiable dna fragments are assigned to their respective chromosomes, with distances measured in base pairs. these markers can be physically associated with particular bands ( identified by cytogenetic staining ) primarily by in situ hybridization, a technique that involves tagging the dna marker with an observable label ( e. g., one that fluoresces or is radioactive ). the location of the labeled probe can be detected after it binds to its complementary dna [ cdna ] strand in an intact chromosome. as with genetic linkage mapping, chromosomal mapping can be used to locate genetic markers defined by traits observable only in whole organisms. because chromosomal maps are based on estimates of physical distance, they are considered to be physical maps. the number of base pairs within a band can only be estimated. [ primer on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us ] http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 related terms : cdna map, cytogenetic map ; gene amplification & pcr fish ; narrower term : radiation hybrid rh maps any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome. mesh, 1967 clone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5632847783351783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.564799"} {"text": "terms : cdna map, cytogenetic map ; gene amplification & pcr fish ; narrower term : radiation hybrid rh maps any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome. mesh, 1967 clone - based maps : the physical map of the human genome published by nature is a clone - based physical map of 3. 2 gigabases ( 25 times larger than any previously mapped genome ). this approach involved generating an overlapping series of clones for the whole genome. with a fingerprinted bac map clones could be selected for sequencing ensuring comprehensive coverage of the genome. [ international human genome mapping consortium \" a physical map of the human genome \" nature 409 : 934 - 941, 15 feb. 2001 ] related term : cell biology clone cnv map : we have constructed a first - generation cnv map of the human genome through the study of 270 individuals from four populations with ancestry in europe, africa or asia.... a total of 1, 447 copy number variable regions ( cnvrs ) which can encompass overlapping of adjacent gains or losses, covering 360 megabases ( 12 % of the genome ) were identified in these populations... notably, the cnvrs encompassed more nucleotide content per genome than snps, underscoring the importance of cnv in genetic diversity and evolution. richard redon et. al, global variaiton in copy number in the human genome, nature 2006 nov 23 ; 444 ( 7118 ) : 444 - 454 the new global cnv map will transform medical research in four areas. the first and most important area is in hunting for genes underlying common diseases. to date, attempts to identify these genes have not really considered the role cnvs may play in human health. second, the cnv map is being used to study familial genetic conditions. third, there are thousands of severe developmental defects caused by chromosomal rearrangements. the cnv map is being used to exclude variation found in unaffected individuals, helping researchers to target the region that might be involved. the data generated will also contribute to a more accurate and complete human genome reference sequence used by all biomedical scientists. http : / / www. gene - quantification. de / cnv. html google = about 723 dec 8, 2006 comparative genome mapping : comparative genome mapping in the sequence - based era : early experience with human chromosome 7, jw thomas et. al. genome research 10 ( 5 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5313354157020664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.566004"} {"text": ". de / cnv. html google = about 723 dec 8, 2006 comparative genome mapping : comparative genome mapping in the sequence - based era : early experience with human chromosome 7, jw thomas et. al. genome research 10 ( 5 ) : 624 - 33, may 2000 google = about 423, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 735 june 23, 2004 contig mapping : overlapping of cloned or sequenced dna to construct a continuous region of a gene, chromosome or genome. mesh, 1999 google = about 1, 830 june 23, 2004 related terms : high - resolution physical mapping ; sequencing : contig contig maps : contig maps are important because they provide the ability to study a complete, and often large segment of the genome by examining a series of overlapping clones which then provide an unbroken succession of information about that region. [ nhgri ] the bottom - up approach involves cutting the chromosome into small pieces, each of which is cloned and ordered. the ordered fragments form contiguous dna blocks ( contigs ). currently, the resulting library of clones varies in size from 10, 000 bp to 1 mb. an advantage of this approach is the accessibility of these stable clones to other researchers contig construction can be verified by fish [ fluorescence in situ hybridization ], which localizes cosmids to specific regions within chromosomal bands. consist of a linked library of small overlapping clones representing a complete chromosomal segment. while useful for finding genes localized to a small area ( under 2 mb ), contig maps are difficult to extend over large stretches of a chromosome because all regions are not clonable. dna probe techniques can be used to fill in the gaps, but they are time consuming. [ primer on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us ] http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 related terms : macrorestriction maps, physical maps ; sequencing contig cosmid maps : \" constructing chromosome - and region - specific cosmid maps of the human genome \" carrano av, de jong pj, branscomb e, slezak t, watkins bw genome 31 ( 2 ) : 1059 - 65, 1989 cytogenetic maps : the visual appearance of a chromosome when stained and examined under a microscope. particularly important are visually distinct regions, called light and dark bands, which give each of the chromosomes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5306319903003344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.566917"} {"text": "31 ( 2 ) : 1059 - 65, 1989 cytogenetic maps : the visual appearance of a chromosome when stained and examined under a microscope. particularly important are visually distinct regions, called light and dark bands, which give each of the chromosomes a unique appearance. this feature allows a person ' s chromosomes to be studied in a clinical test known as a karyotype, which allows scientists to look for chromosomal alterations. [ nhgri ] the lowest resolution physical map. dna maps : see genetic maps disease maps : ontologies to represent the terminological relationships among concepts necessary to construct a knowledge - base of neurological disorders. a. gupta, b ludascher, js grethe, me martone, towards a formalization of disease - specific ontologies for neuroinformatics. neural netw. 2003 nov ; 16 ( 9 ) : 1277 - 1292. est maps : related term expression mapping ests expressed sequence tags : see dna markers, useful for mapping. related term sts sequence tagged sites epigenome maps : through the epigenomics mapping centers and data coordinating center, the epigenomics roadmap program will provide high resolution maps of epigenetic marks across the full human genome for a representative selection of cell and tissue types. the mapping centers will begin with established methodologies and the purpose of the discovery rfas is to develop and validate additional marks which would be incorporated into the comprehensive mapping strategies of the centers. epigenomics, nih roadmap for medical research, 2008 http : / / nihroadmap. nih. gov / epigenomics / faq. asp epitope mapping : methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry. [ mesh, 1995 ] see also definition in iupac provisional glossary biomolecular screening google = about 3, 390, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 17, 600 may 10, 2004 related terms : pharmaceutical biology antibody, epitope evolutionary genetics : evolutionary study of genes has been purely theoretical, but it can provide useful information for guiding gene mapping. people are now finding, for example, that a lot of things are not true associations ; instead, they are an artifact of association. you can make such mistakes when you are looking at two individuals who share a common ancestry. understanding the phylogeny helps us, for example, understand horizontal gene transfer between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6041553217671999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.567818"} {"text": "things are not true associations ; instead, they are an artifact of association. you can make such mistakes when you are looking at two individuals who share a common ancestry. understanding the phylogeny helps us, for example, understand horizontal gene transfer between microorganisms. for humans or other sexually reproducing organisms, the use of phylogenetic information improves resolution for making associations by helping to avoid type i errors - that is, finding an association that is actually merely due to sharing a recent common ancestor, or, in other words, being closely related. related terms : phylogenomics exon mapping : obtaining gene structure through the assembly of information from different peptides. confirmant, science, exon mapping http : / / www. confirmant. com / expression map : see expression imbalance map, gene expression map, protein expression maps. see also under transcript maps expression imbalance map eim : a new visualization method, for detecting mrna expression imbalance regions, reflecting genomic losses and gains at a much higher resolution than conventional technologies such as comparative genomic hybridization ( cgh ). simple spatial mapping of the microarray expression profiles on chromosomal location provides little information about genomic structure, because mrna expression levels do not completely reflect genomic copy number and some microarray probes would be of low quality. the eim, which does not employ arbitrary selection of thresholds in conjunction with hypergeometric distribution - based algorithm, has a high tolerance of these complex factors. m. kano et. al, \" expression imbalance map : a new visualization method for detection of mrna expression imbalance regions \" physiological genomics 13 ( 1 ) : 31 - 46, mar. 18, 2003 expression mapping : the creation of quantitative maps of protein expression from cell or tissue extracts, akin to the est maps commercially available. this approach relies on 2d gel maps and image analysis, and opens up the possibility of studying cellular pathways and their perturbation by disease, drug action or other biological stimuli at the whole - proteome level \u2026 expression mapping is a valuable tool in the discovery of disease markers and its use in gaining information in toxicological and drug - action studies seems assured. it is unclear at present how successful this approach will be in elucidating cellular pathways and their importance in disease processes, and how much the precise measurement of protein levels matters when compared with the rough guide provided by the measurement of mrna levels \u2026 the ability to measure protein - level changes directly would seem to carry inherent advantages and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5369424275409451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.569073"} {"text": "the laboratory is a potential genetic marker. [ primer on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us ] http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 related term : linkage maps. genetic maps : also known as a linkage map. a chromosome map of a species that shows the position of its known genes and / or markers relative to each other, rather than as specific physical points on each chromosome. [ nhgri ] the value of the genetic map is that an inherited disease can be located on the map by following the inheritance of a dna marker present in affected individuals ( but absent in unaffected individuals ), even though the molecular basis of the disease may not yet be understood nor the responsible gene identified. genetic maps have been used to find the exact chromosomal location of several important disease genes, including cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, tay - sachs disease, fragile x syndrome, and myotonic dystrophy. [ primer on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us ] http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 in 1913, alfred sturtevant, a member of thomas hunt morgan ' s fly group at columbia university, drew the first genetic map - \" the linear arrangement of six sex - linked factors in drosophila, as shown by their mode of association \". ever since, the map of the genes has been, in fact, the map of gene defects. only about fifteen years ago, when dna sequencing and the art of locating genes on chromosomes began to be practical, were geneticists able to isolate a gene sequence and then reason forward to what it specifies. horace freeland judson \" talking about the genome \" nature 409 : 769, 15 feb. 2001 can be cytogenetic, linkage, or physical maps. also called dna maps. starting genetic maps is easier than finishing them. related terms : functional genomics positional cloning ; sequencing finished sequence, \" working draft \" google = about 26, 900, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 145, 000 june 23, 2004 genome control maps : would identify all the components of the transcriptional machinery that have roles at any particular promoter and the contribution that specific components make to coordinate regulation of genes. the map will facilitate modeling of the molecular mechanisms that regulate gene expression and implicate components of the transcription apparatus in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5523656117996759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.572080"} {"text": "the components of the transcriptional machinery that have roles at any particular promoter and the contribution that specific components make to coordinate regulation of genes. the map will facilitate modeling of the molecular mechanisms that regulate gene expression and implicate components of the transcription apparatus in functional interactions with gene - specific regulators. r. young et al \u201c dissecting the regulatory circuitry of a eukaryotic genome \u201d cell 95 : 717 - 728 nov. 25 1998 genome fingerprint map : the collection of all fingerprint clone contigs placed in a genome - wide map. ( nickname \" bac map \" or \" fpc map \". ) uc - santa cruz, us, human genome project working draft terminology, 2001 http : / / genome. ucsc. edu / goldenpath / term. html google = about 9, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 27, june 23, 2004 genome map : physical map of the human genome, nature 409, 934 - 941 ( 15 february 2001 ) | doi : 10. 1038 / 35057157 http : / / www. nature. com / nature / journal / v409 / n6822 / full / 409934a0. html genetic, physical and / or transcript maps. google = about 29, 000 june 23, 2004 ; about 1, 530, 000 aug 8, 2007 genome mapping : http : / / link. bubl. ac. uk / genomemapping / google = about 37, 500 aug. 26, 2002 ; about 45, 500 june 23, 2004 gene indices - genomics maps, tigr http : / / www. tigr. org / tdb / tgi / map. shtml genomic mapping : while a few technologies for functional analysis on a genomic basis are being developed at present, additional approaches and technologies for genomic interpretation that can be applied efficiently and economically at the level of an entire genome will be required for comprehensive analyses. informatics will continue to play an important role in achieving all of these goals, as well as in ensuring the maintenance and accessibility of the forthcoming data. the development and application of new technologies for acquisition, management, analysis, and dissemination of genomic data are still required. technologies for genomic mapping, sequencing, and analysis nih guide, vol. 26, number 8, march 14, 1997 pa number : pa - 97 - 044 http : / / grants. nih. gov / grants / guide / pa - files / pa - 97 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5398648857130002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.573055"} {"text": ", and analysis nih guide, vol. 26, number 8, march 14, 1997 pa number : pa - 97 - 044 http : / / grants. nih. gov / grants / guide / pa - files / pa - 97 - 044. html google = about 2, 720 aug. 26, 2002 ; about 13, 200 june 23, 2004, about 61, 100 jan. 11, 2006 ; about 98, 700 aug 8, 2007 haplotype map : francis collins, director of the nhgri, speaking at bio 2001 ( san diego ca, us, june 2001 ) announced plans for a public - private effort to create a human haplotype map. creators hope this so - called haplotype map will be a tool for pinning down the genes that contribute to the development of complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and mental illness. l. helmuth \" map of the human genome 3. 0 \" science 293 ( 5530 ) : 583 - 5 july 27, 2001 agreeing on a definition of haplotype is only one of the challenges. google = about 503, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 4, 830 june 23, 2004, about 30, 700 jan. 11, 2006 ; about 55, 200 dec 8, 2006 ; about 69, 500 aug 8, 2007 haplotype map project, national human genome research institute, nih, us http : / / www. genome. gov / page. cfm? pageid = 10001688 hapmap : see international hapmap haplotype mapping : is often carried out as part of a genome scan. in a population isolate, the appearance of a rare mendelian disease is almost always attributable to a single founder gene or mutation. the disease allele can be identified by searching for a common haplotype signature shared among patients. as the ancestral haplotype signature is passed from generation to generation, it is disrupted by recombination. partial conservation of the haplotype signature in a patient strongly suggests that the disease locus resides in the conserved region of the haplotype. [ l. peltonen et. al, \" use of population isolates for mapping complex traits \" nature reviews genetics 1 : 182 - 190 ( 2000 ) http : / / www. nature. com / nrg / journal / v1 / n3 / slideshow / nrg1200 _ 182a _ bx4. html google = about 176, aug. 26, 2002 ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5325628124715804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.573914"} {"text": "2000 ) http : / / www. nature. com / nrg / journal / v1 / n3 / slideshow / nrg1200 _ 182a _ bx4. html google = about 176, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 866 june 23, 2004 ; about 14, 700 jan. 11, 2006 heat map : algorithms high density maps : genetic maps with ( many ) markers at relatively short intervals. high dimensional brain mapping : high - dimensional brain mapping is a new analytic method that quantitatively characterizes the shape as well as volume of a brain structure. in this study, high - dimensional brain mapping was used to evaluate hippocampal shape and volume in patients with major depressive disorder and healthy comparison subjects. ja poesner et. al, high - dimensional mapping of the hippocampus in depression, american journal of psychiatry 160 ( 1 ) : 83 8 - 9, jan. 2004 high - resolution genetic maps : 2 - 5 cm [ centimorgans ]. genetic mapping resolution has been increased through the application of recombinant dna technology, including in vitro radiation - induced chromosome fragmentation and cell fusions ( joining human cells with those of other species to form hybrid cells ) to create panels of cells with specific and varied human chromosomal components. primer on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 related term : macrorestriction maps. high - resolution physical mapping : the two current approaches are termed top - down ( producing a macrorestriction map ) and bottom - up ( resulting in a contig map ). with either strategy the maps represent ordered sets of dna fragments that are generated by cutting genomic dna with restriction enzymes. the fragments are then amplified by cloning or by polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) methods. electrophoretic techniques are used to separate the fragments according to size into different bands, which can be visualized by direct dna staining or by hybridization with dna probes of interest. the use of purified chromosomes separated either by flow sorting from human cell lines or in hybrid cell lines allows a single chromosome to be mapped. [ primer on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us ] http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 homology map : the davis human / mouse homology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5714941233256097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.574786"} {"text": "on molecular genetics, oak ridge national lab, us ] http : / / www. ornl. gov / hgmis / publicat / primer / prim2. html # 1 homology map : the davis human / mouse homology map, a table comparing genes in homologous segments of dna from human and mouse sources, sorted by position in each genome. a total of 1793 loci are presented, most of which are genes. the authors did not include pseudogenes, members of multigene families where specific homology relationships could not be determined, nor any other genes for which homology was in doubt. in addition, for 568 of the loci there are provisional assignments of markers that link the homology map with that of the gene map of the human genome.. these links also provide a rough approximation of the position of markers in the genethon linkage map. in constructing this table, the authors first ordered genes so as to best maintain order according to both human cytogenetic position and mouse genetic map position. within these homologous regions, genes were ordered according to the mouse genetic mapping data. [ ncbi, us \" human mouse homology map ] http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / omim / homology / google = about 4, 670, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 1, 770 june 23, 2004 related terms : functional genomics interactome map : - omes & - omics google = about 10, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 135 june 23, 2004 international hapmap project the international hapmap project is a partnership of scientists and funding agencies from canada, china, japan, nigeria, the united kingdom and the united states to develop a public resource that will help researchers find genes associated with human disease and response to pharmaceuticals. http : / / www. hapmap. org / the goal of the international hapmap project is to develop a haplotype map of the human genome, the hapmap, which will describe the common patterns of human dna sequence variation. the hapmap is expected to be a key resource for researchers to use to find genes affecting health, disease, and responses to drugs and environmental factors. the information produced by the project will be made freely available. international hapmap project http : / / www. hapmap. org / abouthapmap. html the goal of the international hapmap project is to produce a resource that describes the ha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5370470223654864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.576001"} {"text": "by the project will be made freely available. international hapmap project http : / / www. hapmap. org / abouthapmap. html the goal of the international hapmap project is to produce a resource that describes the haplotypes in the human genome and the snps that tag them. it is estimated that roughly 300, 000 to 500, 000 tag snps can be chosen that contain most of the information on the patterns of variation of the 10 million common snps in the human genome. by using the hapmap tag snps, researchers will be able to examine candidate regions or even the entire genome for association with a phenotype in an efficient and comprehensive way. additional genotyping for the human haplotype map, apr. 16, 2004 rfa number : rfa - hg - 04 - 005 http : / / grants1. nih. gov / grants / guide / rfa - files / rfa - hg - 04 - 005. html the hapmap project, nature 7064, 27 oct. 2005 http : / / www. nature. com / nature / journal / v437 / n7063 / edsumm / e051027 - 01. html linkage disequilibrium : see snps & genetic variations. evidence for linkage disequilibrium can be helpful in mapping disease genes since it suggests that the two [ alleles ] may be very close to one another. [ nhlbi ] linkage maps : a map of the relative positions of genetic loci on a chromosome, determined on the basis of how often the loci are inherited together. distance is measured in centimorgans ( cm ). [ doe ] also known as a genetic map or genetic linkage map. localizome mapping : one can imagine comprehensive mapping projects of the \" localizome \", with the goal of recording not only where all proteins of a proteome can be found but also when. [ marc vidal \" biological atlas of functional maps \" cell 104 : 333 339, february 9, 2001 ] related terms : interactome maps, phenome maps, transcriptome maps ; - omes & - omics localizome locus : gene definitions. any genomic site, whether functional or not, that can be mapped through formal genetic analysis. [ nhlbi ] related term markers. macrorestriction map : describes the order and distance between enzyme cutting ( cleavage )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5085446045207911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.578442"} {"text": "a peptide map does not disclose the precise order of the amino acids in a protein, although it may point to areas of difference between similar proteins. tr. at 493, 506 - 7 ; ori scientific terms at 2. additional work must be done to determine the amino acid sequence of a particular peptide, and then to determine the order of the sequence within the protein as a whole. research integrity adjudications panel subject : aug. 6, 1993 docket http : / / www. os. dhhs. gov / dab / decisions / dab1431. txt google = about 783, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 5, 850 june 23, 2004 phenome mapping : the conceptual matrix for a comprehensive \" phenome \" mapping project would be as follows : one axis represents all available knockouts while the other represents a large series of standardized phenotypes that can be screened. marc vidal \" biological atlas of functional maps \" cell 104 : 333 339, february 9, 2001 google = about 11, aug.. 26, 2002 ; about 55 june 23, 2004 phenome maps : can be thought of as lists of similar phenotypes that could be referred to as \" pheno - clusters \" marc vidal \" biological atlas of functional maps \" cell 104 : 333 339, february 9, 2001 google = about 7, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 24 june 23, 2004 related terms : interactome maps, localizome maps, transcriptome maps ; omes & omics phenome. physical mapping : the determination of the linear positions of genes on a dna molecule ; distances are measured in physical units, i. e., base pairs, kilobases, and megabases. genetic glossary, judith hall, m. d. and william horton, m. d., growth, genetics and hormones journal, june 1997 http : / / www. kumc. edu / gec / gloss. html physical maps : a map of the locations of identifiable landmarks on dna ( e. g. restriction enzyme cutting sites, genes ) regardless of inheritance. distance is measured in base pairs. for the human genome, the lowest - resolution physical map is the banding patterns on the 24 different chromosomes ; the highest resolution map would be the complete nucleotide sequence of the chromosomes. [ doe ] a chromosome map of a species that shows the specific physical locations of its genes and / or markers on each chromosome. physical maps are particularly important when searching for disease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5444838395459425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.582299"} {"text": "highest resolution map would be the complete nucleotide sequence of the chromosomes. [ doe ] a chromosome map of a species that shows the specific physical locations of its genes and / or markers on each chromosome. physical maps are particularly important when searching for disease genes by positional cloning strategies and for dna sequencing. [ nhgri ] related terms : clone - based maps, contig maps, cosmid maps, cytogenetic maps, restriction mapping. narrower term : bac maps. see also human genome project genomics positional cloning : see functional genomics. requires a genetic map with a large number of markers ( especially in the region of interest ), and the use of physical mapping and dna sequencing technologies to isolate and sequence the targeted gene. protein expression map : since 2d electrophoresis gel patterns reveal not only the amounts of protein, but is unrivaled in its ability to detect post - translational modifications, the 2de protein map provides much more relevant information about cellular dynamics than the corresponding expression map at the mrna level. by comparing the 2de gel patterns of samples exposed to different physiological conditions or different drug treatments it is possible to identify groups of proteins with related functions or whose expression is interdependent ( expression proteomics ). john barrett \u2019 s research group, \u201c parasite proteomics \u201d aberystwyth university, wales, uk http : / / www. aber. ac. uk / ~ mpgwww / proteome / proteome. html google = about 22, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 190 june 23, 2004 protein expression mapping pem : details the distribution and abundance of protein in specific samples, under defined physiological conditions. [ chi proteomics ] quantitative study of global changes in protein expression in tissues, cells or body fluids using 2d gels and image analysis. currently carried out by 2d gel electrophoresis, though alternatives are under investigation. [ blackstock & weir \u201c proteomics \u201d trends in biotechnology : 121 - 134 mar 1999 ] the researchers ( in the laboratory of marc vidal [ then at ] at massachusetts general hospital [ now at dana - farber cancer institute ] ) were able to develop and validate ( using known biological information derived from sources other than their two - hybrid assay ) a map that reveals both known and new potential interactions and provides a functional annotation for approximately 100 uncharacterized gene products. the researchers believe that protein interaction mapping is now feasible for c. elegans", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5337798601486258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.583735"} {"text": "two - hybrid assay ) a map that reveals both known and new potential interactions and provides a functional annotation for approximately 100 uncharacterized gene products. the researchers believe that protein interaction mapping is now feasible for c. elegans on a genome - wide scale and should contribute to the understanding of molecular mechanisms in this organism and in human diseases. [ walhout aj, sordella r, lu x, \u201c protein interaction mapping in c. elegans using proteins involved in vulval development. \u201d science 287 ( 5450 ) : 116 - 122. jan 7 2000 google = about 36, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 92 june 23, 2004 protein interaction mapping : methods for determining interaction between proteins. mesh, 2002 google = about 419, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 2, 090 june 23, 2004 protein interaction maps : hybrigenics \" comprehensive protein interaction maps using automated yeast - two - hybrid methodology in pathogens and in cdna of normal and diseased tissues. \" moving up a dimension : proteomics deal making \" chi ' s genomelink 5. 2 http : / / www. chidb. com / newsarticles / issue5 - 2. asp google = about 645, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 4, 820 june 23, 2004 protein linkage maps : with respect to a genome - wide use of the two - hybrid assay in the case of yeast, the goal is to find which proteins in the yeast genome interact with every other protein. this process would generate protein linkage maps, delineating large networks of interacting proteins. the approximately 6, 000 yeast proteins can potentially interact in 18 million pairwise combinations. google = about 58, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 422 june 23, 2004 proteome map : a number of organizations have announced plans to produce a map of the proteome, including myriad genetics, large scale biology, curagen and others. whether the human proteome will be successfully mapped in three years depends on how you define \" proteome \" scientific american aug. 2001 google = about 151, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 757 june 23, 2004 qtl mapping quantitative trait loci mapping : a phenotype driven approach to gene function. as such it permits the discovery of new genes and can be contrasted with gene - driven approaches such knock - out and knock - in mice which allow for the study of known genes. qtl reflect natural genetic variations as they exist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.562623140553421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.584732"} {"text": "approach to gene function. as such it permits the discovery of new genes and can be contrasted with gene - driven approaches such knock - out and knock - in mice which allow for the study of known genes. qtl reflect natural genetic variations as they exist in the mouse strains under study. we are limited to detecting those genes that vary among the available strains. however the natural variations among mouse strains are vast and largely untapped. gary churchill ' s statistical genetics group qtl mapping, jackson laboratory, 2000 http : / / www. jax. org / research / churchill / research / qtl / rflp ( restriction fragment length polymorphism ) : see genetic variations & snps polymorphic sequences that result in rflps are used as markers on both physical maps and genetic linkage maps. rflps are usually caused by mutation at a cutting site. see marker. [ doe ] genetic variations & snps radiation hybrid rh map : a genome map in which stss are positioned relative to one another on the basis of the frequency with which they are separated by radiation - induced breaks. the frequency is assayed by analyzing a panel of human \u2013 hamster hybrid cell lines. these hybrids are produced by irradiating human cells, which damages the cells and fragments the dna. the dying human cells are fused with thymidine kinase negative ( tk\u2212 ) live hamster cells. the fused cells are grown under conditions that select against hamster cells and favor the growth of hybrid cells that have taken up the human tk gene. in the rh maps, the unit of distance is centirays ( cr ), denoting a 1 % chance of a break occurring between two loci. ncbi handbook, nlm us, 2002, 2003 http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / books / bv. fcgi? rid = handbook. glossary. 1237 google = about 1, 200 aug. 26, 2002 ; about 8, 060 june 23, 2004 ; about 27, 500 june 14, 2007 broader term : chromosome maps radiation hybrid mapping : a method for ordering genetic loci along chromosomes. the method involves fusing irradiated donor cells with host cells from another species. following cell fusion, fragments of dna from the irradiated cells become integrated into the chromosomes of the host cells. molecular probing of dna obtained from the fused cells is used to determine if two or more genetic loci are located within the same fragment of donor cell dna. mesh,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5757353653255219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.585742"} {"text": "dna from the irradiated cells become integrated into the chromosomes of the host cells. molecular probing of dna obtained from the fused cells is used to determine if two or more genetic loci are located within the same fragment of donor cell dna. mesh, 2001 google = about 6, 590, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 14, 800 june 23, 2004 radiation hybrid mapping information page, rutgers univ., 2008 http : / / compgen. rutgers. edu / old / rhmap / receptor mapping : in silico & molecular modeling google = about 416, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 790 june 23, 2004 resolution : degree of molecular detail on a physical map of dna, ranging from low to high. [ doe ] related terms : genetic maps, high - resolution, physical maps. restriction endonucleases : cell biology restriction map : a description of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites within a piece of dna. generating such a map is usually the first step in characterizing an unknown dna, and a prerequisite to manipulating it for other purposes. typically, restriction enzymes that cleave dna infrequently ( e. g. those with 6 bp recognition sites ) and are relatively inexpensive are used to produce at a map. l. augsten, ra bowen, m rouge \" restriction mapping \" biotechnology and genetic engineering \" 2000 http : / / arbl. cvmbs. colostate. edu / hbooks / genetics / biotech / enzymes / maps. html restriction mapping : use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of dna. mesh, 1989 google = about 5, 770, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 31, 300 june 23, 2004 ; about 610, 000 aug 8, 2007 snp maps : a collection of snps that can be superimposed over the existing genome map, creating greater detail and facilitating further genetic studies. [ snp consortium ] current estimates indicate that a very dense marker map ( 30, 000 - 1, 000, 000 variants ) would be required to perform haplotype - based association studies. we have constructed a snp map of the human genome with sufficient density to study human haplotype structure, enabling future study of human medical and population genetics. [ international snp map working group \" a map of human genome sequence variation containing 1. 42 millions single nucleotide polymorphisms \" nature 409 : 928", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5673484479824428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.587496"} {"text": "human haplotype structure, enabling future study of human medical and population genetics. [ international snp map working group \" a map of human genome sequence variation containing 1. 42 millions single nucleotide polymorphisms \" nature 409 : 928 - 934, 15 feb. 2001 ] google = about 451, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 4, 030 june 23, 2004 ssr simple sequence repeats : genetic variations & snps often used as a mapping marker sts sequence - tagged sites : see also snps & genetic variations useful for orienting the physical mapping and sequence data reported from different laboratories. [ doe ] pcr - based stss have been used as landmarks for construction of various types of genomic maps. [ electronic pcr, ncbi, us ] http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / sts / related term est expressed sequence tag sts map : see sts - content mapping sts - content mapping : a physical mapping method in which the presence of stss on large - insert clones ( e. g. yacs ) is used to infer linkage and ordering of the sites. [ ncbi ] self - organizing maps : algorithms syntenic map : chromosomal maps showing the collinear relationships between the genomes of different organisms. often these chromosomal regions from related organisms ( such as various grass species ) contain corresponding genetic information and similar gene order. glossary, national plant genome initiative, interagency working group on plant genomes, 1999 http : / / www. ostp. gov / html / genome / genome _ 6. html tandem repeats : see snps & genetic variations useful as a marker in physical mapping. telomere maps : telomeres are the tips of the chromosomes. they are crucial in maintaining the chromosomes ' stability and are important in the cell cycle and ageing. because of the way the physical maps are constructed, many telomeres of chromosomes are left out. riethman et al. used a special way of capturing the ends of all the telomeres to ensure that the whole - genome map stretches all the way to the tips of the chromosomes. the authors also show from their computational analysis that these areas are not boring junk dna but contain many interesting gene sequences likely to be important to our cells. nature genome gateway press releases, human genome issue, 15 feb. 2001 http : / / www. nature. com / genomics / human / overview / press - releases. html top - down :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5128522583787536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.589795"} {"text": "gene sequences likely to be important to our cells. nature genome gateway press releases, human genome issue, 15 feb. 2001 http : / / www. nature. com / genomics / human / overview / press - releases. html top - down : see high - resolution physical mapping. any relation to top - down research? see research transcript maps : in only a year or two, most human genes will be sequence - tagged and placed on various physical maps. such a \u2018 transcript map \u2019 ( or \u2018 expression map \u2019 ) of the genome will be an important part of the sequencing infrastructure, as well as a critical resource for the positional candidate approach to gene cloning. one of the specific goals of the us human genome project is the construction of a high resolution sts map of the genome... one of the early problems with gene - based stss was that there simply were not enough unique human gene sequences to bother with. but all of that changed with the advent of est sequencing, at which time several groups began mapping ests albeit on a limited scale and only to the resolution of a chromosome assignment. mark s boguski and gregory d schuler \u201c establishing a human transcript map \u201d nature genetics 10 : 369 - 371, 1995 expression map of the genome. google = about 359, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 6, 330 june 23, 2004 related term expression mapping. transcriptome maps : consist of \" expression clusters \" of co - regulated genes. challenges ahead for computational biology include the integration of clusters obtained for the transcriptome, the interactome, the phenome, and the localizome. marc vidal \" biological atlas of functional maps \" cell 104 : 333 339, february 9, 2001 google = about 33, aug. 26, 2002 ; about 534 june 23, 2004 related terms : interactome maps, localizome maps, phenome maps. whole genome clone - based maps : in their paper, the international human genome mapping consortium describe how they constructed the first whole - genome physical map, how they created the templates from which the genome was sequenced and demonstrated how the map was essential for the accurate assembly of the human genome by the publicly funded effort. four short reports accompanying the whole - genome mapping paper ( bruls ; bentley ; kucherlaparti ; page ), describe alternative mapping strategies that were implemented for chromosomes 12, 14 and y, as well as a host of other chromosomes. information from all these papers were integrated into the whole - genome paper and demonstrate how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5328132310090001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.590796"} {"text": "1884 drew pocket map of florida description : an extremely scarce and important map of florida drawn by horace drew in 1884. this highly uncommon map, the earliest known example of which was issued in 1867, is considered to be the only pocket map of florida actually printed in florida. the first edition of this map was printed by columbus drew from his offices in jacksonville florida and subsequently updated in an unknown number of editions into the 1880s. this example was printed by horace drew, son and successor to columbus. it reflects the rapid and hopeful development of florida through the middle and late 19 century, with numerous railways, roads, and canals noted. of particular note is the lucie canal, shown here leading from lake okeechobee to the atlantic. this canal was part of a plan, supported by drew, to drain the everglades via a series of well placed water channels. fortunately the lucie canal was never built and the unique everglades biosphere has been preserved for us to enjoy today. also of interest is the extensive notation in the lower left quadrant regarding the florida land survey. even in the late 19th century much of florida remained federally administrated public land. it was the work of the florida land survey, upon which this map is based, to plat out the land for sale to settlers. drew ' s notations explain the process and how do identify land available for purchase. drew additionally notes the sites of various important battles during the seminole wars. considered the holy grail of 19th century florida cartography, this map is a must for any serious collection focusing on the american southeast. dated and copyrighted, \" entered according to act of congress in the year 1884 by horace drew, in the office of the librarian of congress, at washington. \" date : 1884 ( dated ) references : rumsey, 5190. 001 ( 1870 edition ). fitzgerald, 167 ( 1874 edition ). phillips, ( maps ) 285 ( 1874 edition ). library of congress, map division, g3931. p3 1874. d7 rr 195. baxter, j. m., tequesta - an annotated checklist of florida maps, p. 115. cartographer : columbus drew ( 1820 - 1891 ) was a florida physician, politician, writer, bookseller, publisher and printer active in the mid to late 19th century. drew acquired a degree in medicine from washington university in baltimore before relocating to florida to establish a practice in jacksonville. drew quickly became a leading citizen and, being an ardent union man, held the post of state com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4214153953348895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.594063"} {"text": "in the mid to late 19th century. drew acquired a degree in medicine from washington university in baltimore before relocating to florida to establish a practice in jacksonville. drew quickly became a leading citizen and, being an ardent union man, held the post of state comptroller during the post civil war reconstruction. drew was a leading figure in the development of florida following the civil war. his influence impacted the course and development of state railways, canals, drainage projects, and other civil world. cartographically he is best known for the publication of his \" new map of the state of florida \", which, through numerous editions and revisions, chronicles the history and development of the state during a critical period. this map is now extremely scarce in any edition. columbus drew passed his publishing company to his son, horace drew, who continued to publish an update drew ' s important map. the drew family became leading citizens in jacksonville and today their historic victorian home enjoys landmark status. click here for a list of maps by the horace and columbus drew. size : printed area measures 25 in height x 26 inches in width ( 63. 5 x 66. 04 centimeters ) condition : very good. minor discolorations along original fold lines. professionally removed from binder ( included ) and flattened. code : florida - drew - 1884 ( to order by phone call : 646 - 320 - 8650 ) \u00a9 geographicus rare antique maps, kevin brown, 19 / 6 / 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.390021152075261, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.594821"} {"text": "published by the american geological institute newsmagazine of the earth sciences monday, jan. 29 : a preliminary magnitude - 7. 9 earthquake struck india at 8 : 46 a. m. on jan. 26. the death toll, originally estimated at 1, 100, reached 20, 000 by monday morning. most of the casualties were reported from the state of gujarat in western india, mainly in the cities of bhuj and ahmedabad. the depth of the earthquake was 23. 6 kilometers and felt as far as pakistan and nepal. this is the fifth earthquake in january to reach a magnitude of 7. 0 or higher. geotimes is working to provide readers with up - to - the - minute reports from other news services. the links below provide information on news stories about the event in addition to information about the science behind the the geologic disaster. [ image at right taken from a probabilistic seismic hazard map of india and adjoining regions by s. c. bhatia, m. ravi kumar and h k gupta of the national geophysical research institute, hyderabad, india. ] incorporated research institutions for seismology ( iris ) special events : usgs earthquake hazards program : usgs earthquake bulletin and map : care international relief efforts : india development and relief fund : times of india online : link to several stories on the earthquake from today \u2019 s home page. the times of india also has a link to a photo gallery specifically for this earthquake. press trust of india : the hindu news update service :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47591867047922987, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.596554"} {"text": "sizing up earthquake damage : differing points of view when a catastrophic event strikes an urban area, many different professionals hit the ground running. emergency responders respond, reporters report, and scientists and engineers collect and analyze data. journalists and scientists may share interest in these events, but they have very different missions. to a journalist, earthquake damage is news. to a scientist or engineer, earthquake damage represents a valuable source of data that can help us understand how strongly the ground shook as well as how particular structures responded to the shaking. media reports and private accounts can provide important information about an earthquake \u2019 s impact. but a recent study co - authored by prabhas pande, director of the earthquake geology division of the geological survey of india, and susan hough, published in the april issue of the bulletin of the seismological society of america, illustrates how scientists can potentially be led astray by failing to recognize that written accounts tend to emphasize especially dramatic events rather than representative, overall effects. for a journalist, the news is what happened. when mid - rise buildings collapsed in mexico city in 1985, that was big news. when the nimitz freeway collapsed in oakland in 1989, that was big news. in any earthquake, the most dramatic damage is the biggest story. if nothing, or not much, happens, that isn \u2019 t news. modest earthquake effects will merit a much smaller story, if one at all. those who experience an earthquake use the same sort of selection process in relaying what happened, either orally or in correspondence. when people experience something dramatic, they are apt to write letters \u2014 or, these days, e - mail messages. as a rule, people don \u2019 t tend to write to say, \u201c we didn \u2019 t feel the earthquake that happened last tuesday. \u201d for the scientist or engineer, however, the damage that didn \u2019 t happen can be every bit as important as the damage that did happen. an engineer knows, for example, that isolated damage might not reflect how hard the ground was shaking because in any area, buildings that are relatively poorly built are especially susceptible to damage. the issue of bias in media reports looms especially large for those earthquakes historically important for their impact on society or their physical devastation or both, such as the one that took place in charleston, s. c., in 1886. as no modern instruments were available to estimate earthquake magnitudes before the late 19th century, scientists measure this by quantifying the distribution of damage and other effects, such as the area over which the shaking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45139423073431467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.602783"} {"text": "charleston, s. c., in 1886. as no modern instruments were available to estimate earthquake magnitudes before the late 19th century, scientists measure this by quantifying the distribution of damage and other effects, such as the area over which the shaking was felt, and then comparing the results to the effects of modern earthquakes for which a magnitude can be determined. however, the older the earthquake, the more sparse the written record. after the charleston earthquake struck, clarence dutton \u2014 an army captain working for the u. s. geological survey \u2014 set out to systematically compile every available account. thanks largely to his efforts, we have accounts of this earthquake from almost a thousand locations. no similar compilation was made after the so - called new madrid sequence of large earthquakes struck the mid - continent during the winter of 1811 to 1812. for these earthquakes, seismologists have turned to extensive archival searches to unearth written records squirreled away in old newspapers, diaries and letters. this sleuthing has turned up accounts from only about a hundred locations for each of the three largest new madrid earthquakes. written accounts of an earthquake \u2019 s effects are obviously quite different from a modern seismogram, but both types of observations represent data. to analyze written accounts of earthquake effects, the seismologist first assigns an intensity value based on the severity of documented effects. intensity values differ from magnitude values in that the latter reflect the size of the earthquake itself, whereas intensity reflects the severity of shaking at a particular location. confusions sometimes arise because intensity and magnitude values span a similar range. in fact, the magnitude scale is open - ended, and tiny earthquakes can have negative magnitudes. intensity values, usually denoted by roman numerals, are defined to span a range of i to x. intensity i corresponds to shaking that is not felt while intensity x corresponds to shaking that is strong enough to cause significant damage to even well - built modern structures. as intensity values are assigned to old, often brief, archival accounts, one question often rattles in the back of seismologists \u2019 minds : do available accounts provide a good overview of an earthquake \u2019 s effects? the nagging voice suspects the answer is no. but how does one evaluate information that isn \u2019 t there? if the only available account of an earthquake just describes damage done to adobe houses in a certain town, it is hard to know if they were the especially poorly built structures in that area or not. sometimes more recent newspaper articles are helpful in this regard, for example, noting that adobe buildings collapsed while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5266644027332471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.605419"} {"text": "describes damage done to adobe houses in a certain town, it is hard to know if they were the especially poorly built structures in that area or not. sometimes more recent newspaper articles are helpful in this regard, for example, noting that adobe buildings collapsed while wood - frame houses were only lightly damaged. but often older newspapers are less helpful and the seismologist is left guessing. the 2001 bhuj, india, earthquake provided a unique opportunity to quantify the media bias. this magnitude - 7. 6 earthquake struck western india on jan. 26, 2001, claiming nearly 20, 000 lives and causing extensive damage throughout the state of gujarat. immediately after the earthquake, seismologists realized that damage surveys would be invaluable because the earthquake was only recorded on a handful of instruments within india, none of them very close to bhuj. an early study analyzed media accounts of the earthquake published on the web and in local newspapers to assign intensity values for more than 200 locations in india and pakistan. in the meantime, the geological survey of india sent out teams to survey the damage directly. these teams were charged specifically with assessing the overall severity of earthquake effects in towns throughout india. when their map was complete, it could be compared in detail with the media \u2019 s map. the comparison revealed that the two approaches yielded similar results for low intensities. when media accounts report that an earthquake was lightly felt in a certain town, it appears that such accounts tend to be representative. but in regions where damage occurred, the suspicious nagging voice proves to be correct : intensity values based on media accounts were systemically biased toward higher values than those based on direct surveys. the availability of two independent intensity surveys for the bhuj earthquake allowed media bias to be analyzed in some detail \u2014 but only for this particular earthquake. it is not clear that reporting in modern newspapers and web sites is comparable to that in newspapers and private letters from 100 or 200 years ago. however, the results of the bhuj comparison provide at least a preliminary quantification of how older archival accounts might be biased. on an encouraging note, the results suggest that archival accounts of historical earthquakes can provide a good indication of the area over which shaking was felt. comparing the extent that historical and modern earthquakes were felt therefore may yield more reliable results than comparing the extent of damage. this study also serves as a reminder that the news media past and present can help seismologists do their job, but it remains part of the seismologist \u2019 s job to understand the nature \u2014 and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48240444385334924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.606671"} {"text": "i do a lesson with tints and shades that requires no drawing skills. the kids make a large triangular banner using their first or last initial - usually 24x18 or 24x36 if you have that sized paper. they make the letter on a piece of 9x12 size paper. they can embellish a simple block or puffy letter with a few swirls or whatever, but keep it simple enough to paint in the shape with whatever their color choice is. then transfer the letter onto the triangle, near the center of the upper part of the wide end. i have them tape the letter in place behind the triangle and trace through on the light box or at the window. this is a monochromatic painting the way i do it with my 3rd graders. the choose one color and use it straight from the bottle to paint the letter shape. this is the only shape with unmixed colors. then they divide the background behind the letter into large shapes using straight or curved lines ( nothing too nervous, if you know what i mean. just simple lines ). i usually limit the number of extra shapes to about 10 - 12 and remind the kids that the letter is the star of this show, not the background then they start with tints ( color plus white ) and paint in half the shapes. do the same with shades ( color plus black ) to finish the background area. when dry, we outline with a wide sharpie marker to neaten up the painted edges between shapes and around the letter. sometimes we edge the whole thing with colored construction paper strips to make the banner a bit more concepts used are always mixing from light to dark to avoid needing gallons of white paint to lighten up a dark blue, for example. start with the lightest tint and paint a shape, progressing darker by adding into that bowl more of the prime color. same with shades, starting with a drop of black into the prime color, painting a shape, and progressing with more black til all the shapes are done. saves a lot of paint that way! the kids usually pick a color that will match their bedroom at home. my third graders love this project and look forward to it each year. if you need a photo, i can take one and send it tomorrow. i am off mondays.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47637511459228776, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.609160"} {"text": "fukushima visit for university of glasgow scientist issued : tue, 28 feb 2012 09 : 15 : 00 gmt a university of glasgow academic is flying to japan to visit the fukushima prefecture, where three nuclear reactors were seriously damaged in the earthquake and subsequent tsunami of march 2011. david sanderson, professor of environmental physics at the scottish universities environmental research centre ( suerc ), will be in japan between 28 february and 9 march following an invitation from fukushima university, where scientists are working to map and measure the area \u2019 s radiation levels. he will tour fukushima city and surrounding areas and deliver speeches to academics and government officials on environmental radiation and how mobile and airborne gamma ray spectrometry techniques can be used to map areas affected by radiation. he will take a portable gamma ray sensor system to demonstrate a method of radiation measurement developed at suerc. the information collected by the backpack - mounted sensor can be used to build a visual map of the radiation levels in any given location. professor sanderson expects to examine radiation levels on the campus of fukushima university and in areas within the prefecture which have been affected by the accident. significant amounts of radioactive material were released into the air last year when three of the reactors at the fukushima daiichi power plant melted down and caused explosions. scientists at suerc, a collaboration between the universities of glasgow and edinburgh, subsequently detected radioactive iodine particles from the plant in the atmosphere over glasgow, which had been carried by air currents from fukushima. professor sanderson said : \u201c after the earthquake struck and the scale of the problems unfolding at fukushima became clear, the team at suerc helped advise uk authorities of elevated levels of radiation found in scotland and offered assistance to the international atomic energy agency. \u201c i \u2019 ll be visiting the week before the first anniversary of the earthquake on 11 march. i \u2019 ll be speaking about suerc \u2019 s work and the environmental consequences of past nuclear accidents to audiences at fukushima university and the national institute for enviromental science, and visiting the agriculture, forestry and fisheries research council in tsukuba. \u201c i expect the visit will provide a valuable exchange of information and ideas with japanese academics as well as an opportunity to see for myself how the area is dealing with the lingering after - effects of the earthquake. \u201c at the end of march, four scientists from fukushima university will come to east kilbride to visit suerc \u2019 s headquarters. i look forward to continuing our conversations and exploring new opportunities for collaborations which could be of wide - ranging benefit in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5044044357536658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.615427"} {"text": "at the end of march, four scientists from fukushima university will come to east kilbride to visit suerc \u2019 s headquarters. i look forward to continuing our conversations and exploring new opportunities for collaborations which could be of wide - ranging benefit in the field of environmental radiation detection. \u201d professor sanderson \u2019 s visit to japan is funded by the great britain sasakawa foundation, which promotes uk - japanese relations, and the university of glasgow \u2019 s college of science and engineering. for more information contact ross barker in the university of glasgow media relations office on 0141 330 8593 or email firstname. lastname @ example. org notes to editors about suerc : suerc \u2019 s mission is to perform, stimulate and support high quality basic, applied and strategic research, within the scottish university community and beyond, in the earth, environmental and biomedical sciences through development and maintenance of high - end analytical facilities, inter - disciplinary exchange and collaborative interaction. suerc provides a focus in scotland for high quality research through its own research programme and by assisting partner universities successfully to bid for research grants and deliver research outputs. through teaching and training, suerc contributes to the future supply of highly able scientists. commercial research and testing is a valuable source of additional income and frequently contributes to national welfare and security. suerc is operated jointly and funded equally by the universities of glasgow and edinburgh and, through a memorandum of understanding, aberdeen university is an associate member. links to several other scottish institutions are illustrated by suerc \u2019 s lead role in the research pooling initiatives, sages, the scottish alliance for geoscience, environment and society, and ecosse, the edinburgh collaborative of sub - surface science and engineering. < < university news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5117671997231881, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.616492"} {"text": "a first nations sense of place it has often been said that canadian literature, especially the novel, is distinguished by \u201c a sense of place \u201d which reflects in a very distinct way the historical and geographical realities of this nation. in part, this is the result of canada being a vast land of \u201c regions \u201d that are clearly demarcated by formidable topographical features \u2014 the mighty st. lawrence river and the great lakes ( the largest freshwater inland waterway in the world ), the ancient mountains that form the canadian shield, the immense prairie lands to the west of lake superior, the daunting rocky mountains ( themselves a major barrier to expansion ), and the sub - arctic and arctic regions to the north. the \u201c flow \u201d of canadian history from east to west was therefore fraught with many natural obstacles and many trials and tribulations. as was the case in many other areas of the world, the evolution of canada frequently involved a clash of cultures with its first nations peoples whose indigenous sense of place often was at odds with that of the european newcomers. in the north america of the 21st century \u2014 a society that is once again in the throes of rapid and powerful social change \u2014 it can be difficult to put one \u2019 s quite normal ethnocentric presumptions aside in order to fully understand and appreciate how the first peoples lived here for thousands of years before the arrival of europeans, and the subsequent and frequent usurpation of land that ensues. a visit to the siksika nation ( the blackfoot of alberta ) is a case study of an aboriginal sense of place that differs in many ways from both the preconceived notions that many of the europeans held before their arrival, and conceptually different from the european relationship to the land. an encounter ( however brief ) with the siksika nation ( and the blackfoot crossing national historic site ) south - east of calgary, will allow you a glimpse and a new appreciation of this distinct sense of place in part because the physical landscape will have a powerful sensory effect on you. and when you delve into the history and culture of the siksika, you will discover that the sense of place is inextricably linked to a sense of time. because, as we often say, \u201c we travel to discover the diversity of the human experience and in so doing, discover the commonality, \u201d the gift that the blackfoot will give you is an enhanced sense of both place and time \u2014 yours, theirs, and all others on this planet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49481611101547546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.641124"} {"text": "travel to discover the diversity of the human experience and in so doing, discover the commonality, \u201d the gift that the blackfoot will give you is an enhanced sense of both place and time \u2014 yours, theirs, and all others on this planet. a visit to the siksika nation is an experience in the dynamism and endurance of human culture. a first look the event was a community affair ; we had been invited to attend the unofficial inauguration of the magnificent siksika nation - blackfoot crossing historical park interpretive centre. in many respects it was like an enormous family picnic during which a great deal of inter - generational bonding was going on. on another level, it was a soft - spoken but triumphant celebration of thousands of years of siksika history ; a validation and reconfirmation of the soul of a people. it was a day for reconnecting through low - key speeches, exhibits, various cultural demonstrations and displays, a focus on eldership and storytelling, visits to the strategic moments in time nearby, and a traditional feast. but this first look was primarily for family and friends. the official vip public inauguration would come later. this was a day on which the siksika would quietly assume ownership once again of their heritage. we had made our way to the siksika nation across very windy and rather damp grasslands. dark theatrical clouds formed, reformed, and shifted across the vast prairie sky. on this day, nature seemed to be cautioning us to take care, and to be prepared to take shelter if necessary. turning south from the transcanada highway, we entered the siksika nation reservation and followed a road along which there were few of the usual indicators that mark the route being followed. and yet there was a subtle sense of direction as if the slightly rolling landscape was gently urging us onward. we went with the flow until up ahead there appeared an apparition, at an indeterminate distance. initially it looked like sailing ships about to slip over the horizon. and then as we came closer, the lofty, tent - like structures defined themselves, and stood out starkly against the moody sky. i was reminded of the approach to the great gothic cathedral of chartres across the pastoral countryside of rural france. as we pulled into the parking lot, i was drawn to the sight of three traditional teepees standing self - assured on a low hill, somewhat of an anomaly itself in the flat prairie landscape we had just traversed. behind them the siksika had erected a long white dining", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4856391866658747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.642466"} {"text": "lot, i was drawn to the sight of three traditional teepees standing self - assured on a low hill, somewhat of an anomaly itself in the flat prairie landscape we had just traversed. behind them the siksika had erected a long white dining tent of modern materials and design but with a sculptured look that provided a perfect contrasting background. this initial \u201c visual \u201d also established what would be a key theme for the day, the artful blend of time past and time present. looking back, looking forward as we reached the top of the low - rising hill, we looked out over a magnificent landscape, one small part of the ancestral lands of the siksika. the panoramic view is of the blackfoot crossing, a low - lying valley and wooded area that embraces the gently meandering bow river. this was also a transit area for aboriginal hunters and their prey ( primarily the great buffalo herds ) for thousands of years. later it was a crucial crossing point for explorers as they began to open the west to the european newcomers. looking to our left, we saw for the first time, the new interpretive centre. its design is a masterful combination of structural configurations and architectural themes that embody the traditional and the futuristic. facing westward over the valley, its prominence in the landscape is striking but not overwhelming. the symmetry of this state - of - the - art structure creates a very successful blend with the natural environment of the prairie that surrounds it, and the valley over which it presides. there is a sense of vigilance inherent in the design and the placement of the centre on the edge of the escarpment. the architects have skillfully interpreted the watchfulness and serenity of the environs ; there is also a sense of the sacred in the building. visions, eco - awareness, and iconography the interpretive centre is an architectural tour de force that personifies the siksika culture and ethos. it is a conceptual building that also embodies in its physical structure the ancient stories and metaphors of the nation it celebrates. it is a highly integrated structure that \u201c flows, \u201d following the patterns inherent in the landscape. not only does the new centre look over an important historic site, it is also a window onto a unique environmental site ; the largest prairie riparian ( riverbank ) ecosystem still in existence on the planet. riparian environmental zones are important because of their role in soil conservation, bio - diversity, and for their life - sustaining qualities. the centre is also a complex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.492156195704002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.643530"} {"text": "; the largest prairie riparian ( riverbank ) ecosystem still in existence on the planet. riparian environmental zones are important because of their role in soil conservation, bio - diversity, and for their life - sustaining qualities. the centre is also a complex iconic structure, a testament to the aboriginal way of life in which the interconnectedness and interdependence of all things are understood on a profound ( often non - verbal ) level. like any creative endeavour, the creators of this centre took risks. in striving for excellence one may just miss the mark and the end - product may actually diminish the impact of the intended message. this is not the case with the blackfoot crossing interpretive centre. in integrating the theme and metaphor of the teepee in the design of the centre, the architects ( and the siksika elders who advised them and contributed their inherited wisdom ) did indeed risk creating an imitation of a cultural and geographical heritage. however, because the process was a truly shared experience, what they have produced is true to the siksika consciousness, and at the same time innovative. the building is a living metaphor for the natural balance that is at the core of the siksika belief system ; and it is also successful in leaving a soft footprint on the land. the approach to the centre up an s - curved lane sets the tone of following the landscape. to the left of the entranceway are a series of buffalo rub rocks, highly polished boulders that bison over the millennia have used to rub against in an attempt to remove mosquitoes and other insects. these rub rocks are in a way touchstones to the past when the great herds of bison roamed these grasslands, and were hunted by the forbears of the siksika and other nations. the bison that is part of the coat of arms of the siksika is representative of this animal which is sacred to them given that it sustained their ancestors in many ways. the overall spoke - like design of the building also is a link to the past, and representative of the medicine wheels ; large stone circles still found throughout alberta which confirm the existence of some of the earliest peoples on the great plains of north america. as you explore the centre, you do so gradually as if you were being led by spirits. approaching it from the east entrance ( protected from the prevailing westerly winds ) you also see how the roof of the building incorporates and repeats the theme of the teepee, seven sacred tepees in fact. it is not difficult to imagine the centre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4894478058198857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.644587"} {"text": "approaching it from the east entrance ( protected from the prevailing westerly winds ) you also see how the roof of the building incorporates and repeats the theme of the teepee, seven sacred tepees in fact. it is not difficult to imagine the centre from \u201c a bird \u2019 s eye view \u201d ; the planned and fortuitous positioning of the building takes into account all points of reference in this prairie environment. you enter the centre under a feature that i particularly admired, a luminous coloured glass eagle feather fan. the eagle is of course sacred to the siksika ; and this luminosity is a central motif in the centre as you immediately realize on entering. the seven sacred teepees on the roof are also skylights ; and they are also connected to a central teepee \u201c sundance arbour \u201d which allows the prairie light to permeate the structure. the enormous windows that look out to the west are covered with an energy - efficient reflective gold and blue glass curtain. in telescope - fashion, the great wall of glass brings the panorama to the viewer. if you were an eagle, this would be the place from which you would launch yourself and soar over the landscape, confident and free. when you are standing in the amphitheatre of the centre, if you look down you will notice that the floor is decorated in a sunburst pattern. looking up, you see a network of cantilevered sundance poles that ( like a traditional teepee ) provide the essential structure that places you in close proximity to the land. this is a building in which vision and perception are enhanced through natural methods. from the valley below, and from the prairie land beyond, the building seems to beckon. nestled into the grassy hilltop, the overall curved shape suggests a bird of prey that has touched down with its wings still extended catching the cool updraft from the valley floor. in both of the pre - cast \u201c wings \u201d of the building are embedded a series windows in the form of segmented arrows, symbolic of the life force that is central to the siksika ethos. the central theme of the teepee with the gigantic solid metal \u201c lodge poles \u201d is what gives the building its lofty appearance and reinforces the openness to the sky and to the life forces that are so prevalent in the aboriginal worldview. looking at the centre from the blackfoot crossing and treaty flats, and with your back to the imminent setting sun, you realize how this structure also suggests a sense of direction, both literally and poetically. when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48404755975281766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.645624"} {"text": "so prevalent in the aboriginal worldview. looking at the centre from the blackfoot crossing and treaty flats, and with your back to the imminent setting sun, you realize how this structure also suggests a sense of direction, both literally and poetically. when a member of the siksika creates his or her own teepee, it is painted with symbols and images that come to the individual in the form of a vision or a dream. this new centre is part of a visionary 21st - century dream of creating a place where travellers can come from all over the world to learn about the great stories this land has to tell. it is also, of course, a new and dramatic focal point for the members of the siksika nation. but the centre and the blackfoot historical crossing heritage park are also part of a strategic business plan on the part of the siksika. this is a travel and tourism initiative that will attract travellers from all over the world, especially those who value the kind of historical - cultural travel that informs and enlightens. and this centre will be the entry point, for non - aboriginal people especially, into a history that pre - dates that on which people of european descent often base their frame of reference. on september 22, 1877, chief crowfoot of the siksika nation ( along with others ) signed a treaty with \u201c her majesty the queen, \u201d a treaty whose provisions and stipulations were to last \u201c as long as the sun shines, the grass grows, and the water flows. \u201d history, however, is a complex and problematic process. and in terms of the first nations peoples of canada \u2014 or of all of north america for that matter \u2014 the adage \u201c until lions have their historians, tales of the hunt shall always glorify the hunter \u201d applies in a rather roundabout way. explaining the complexities of the history of canada \u2019 s first nations and their relationships with the european colonial powers is a daunting and constantly ongoing task. there are few simple answers. there is however a need to recognize the role that perception and misperception, cross - cultural conflicts, and ethnocentric bias have played in the telling of this history. the siksika nation has approximately 6000 members and is part of the much larger blackfoot confederacy whose ancestral lands ( approximately 113, 000 square kilometres ) once spread over most of southern alberta and into what today is montana. their history adds 10, 000 years onto what is usually considered the span of canadian history. like most first nations people in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4916719328527076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.646709"} {"text": "confederacy whose ancestral lands ( approximately 113, 000 square kilometres ) once spread over most of southern alberta and into what today is montana. their history adds 10, 000 years onto what is usually considered the span of canadian history. like most first nations people in north america, they were initially called \u201c indians, \u201d an error usually attributed to christopher columbus. ironically, in canada that incorrect descriptor has been institutionalized as a legal term, especially in \u201c the indian act, \u201d the canadian federal statute that defines the rights and privileges of one of canada \u2019 s three aboriginal peoples. the equally complex history of the struggle between the competing imperial powers of france and britain for control over canada ( primarily for access to the lucrative fur trade ) led to a myriad of events that in turn eventually led to a frequently discordant legal relationship between first nations people and the colonial powers. when france conceded defeat to britain and gained control over \u201c new france, \u201d britain of course gained great potential wealth and power, but it was also left with a great many issues to deal with ; as every colonial - imperialistic power faces when it occupies land. foremost among the challenges of colonialism of course is what to do with the indigenous people who are already there. the royal proclamation of 1763 this is what faced king george iii when he issued the royal proclamation of 1763. the \u201c crown \u2019 s \u201d purpose was to create an organizational structure in the vast new north american empire britain was left with. stability of course was key, and to this end the proclamation also focussed on relations with the first peoples nations by regulating trade, and making land settlements and purchases on canada \u2019 s western frontier. and whereas it is just and reasonable, and essential to our interest, and the security of our colonies, that the several nations or tribes of indians with whom we are connected, and who live under our protection, should not be molested or disturbed in the possession of such parts of our dominions and territories as, not having been ceded to or purchased by us, are reserved to them, or any of them, as their hunting grounds. and whereas great frauds and abuses have been committed in purchasing lands of the indians, to the great prejudice of our interests, and to the great dissatisfaction of the said indians ; in order, therefore, to prevent such irregularities for the future, and to the end that the indians may be convinced of our justice and determined resolution to remove all reasonable cause of discontent, we do, with the advice of our privy council strictly enjoin and require, that no private", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45346297046600703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.647875"} {"text": "such irregularities for the future, and to the end that the indians may be convinced of our justice and determined resolution to remove all reasonable cause of discontent, we do, with the advice of our privy council strictly enjoin and require, that no private person do presume to make any purchase from the said indians of any lands reserved to the said indians, within those parts of our colonies where, we have thought proper to allow settlement \u2026 what was embarked upon \u2014 and this was certainly not new throughout the world \u2014 was a long constitutional - legislative and moral endeavour to do \u201c the right thing. \u201d however the schism of perception over what that right thing was and how it was enacted, is what makes the analysis of the historical events exceedingly difficult. eventually treaties would be negotiated with first nations peoples, the most important being what is known as the numbered treaties under which the first nations peoples surrendered parts of their land in return for direct payments and other promises on the part of the crown. the siksika, for example, along with other nations in this part of what would eventually be canada, negotiated treaty 7 ( with a queen this time ), which many historians consider one of the most important of them all. and it was the legendary chief crowfoot who acted on behalf of the siksika nation. and whereas the said indians have been informed by her majesty \u2019 s commissioners that it is the desire of her majesty to open up for settlement, and such other purposes as to her majesty may seem meet, a tract of country, bounded and described as hereinafter mentioned, and to obtain the consent thereto of her indian subjects inhabiting the said tract, and to make a treaty, and arrange with them, so that there may be peace and good will between them and her majesty and between them and her majesty \u2019 s other subjects \u2026. and the undersigned blackfeet, blood, peigan and sarcee head chiefs and minor chiefs, and stoney chiefs and councillors, on their own behalf and on behalf of all other indians inhabiting the tract within ceded, do hereby solemnly promise and engage to strictly observe this treaty, and also to conduct and behave themselves as good and loyal subjects of her majesty the queen \u2026. a defining moment in canadian history treaty 7 is considered one of the most \u201c defining \u201d of the treaties in that it played a crucial role in uniting canada. because of canada \u2019 s unique geography and the constant fears of expansion northward on the part of the great new republic to the south, the newly formed government", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4566110093352692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.649079"} {"text": "of the most \u201c defining \u201d of the treaties in that it played a crucial role in uniting canada. because of canada \u2019 s unique geography and the constant fears of expansion northward on the part of the great new republic to the south, the newly formed government of canada knew it had to acquire full control over the vast lands to the west, then known as rupert \u2019 s land. the only way to do this was to build a transcontinental railroad. such a railroad would complete the east - west link, a political unification strategy that took into account the great inland waterway of the st. lawrence river and the great lakes, which stops of course at the western end of lake superior. ( this is known as the laurentian school / theory of canadian history. ) a railroad across the prairies and then through the largest obstacle of all \u2014 the rocky mountains \u2014 became therefore the \u201c national dream \u201d of canada \u2019 s first prime minister sir john a. macdonald. such a railroad, however, was also crucial because it was the key \u201c bargaining chip \u201d for bringing british columbia into canadian confederation, which it did in 1870. because \u201c indian lands \u201d were under control of the federal government \u2014 as stipulated in the royal proclamation of 1763 \u2014 the government in ottawa therefore had to deal with the aboriginal people whose land stood between the onward thrust of the railroad : over 80, 000 square kilometres. and a large part of this land was the ancestral homeland of the siksika nation. the treaty that allowed the transcontinental railroad to go ahead, and completed the east - west unification of canada, was treaty 7. and as you stand looking out the windows of the interpretive centre, you can see blackfoot crossing, the exact spot on which that treaty was signed. in part, the universal issue in and the challenge of interpreting these agreements after - the - fact is to arrive at a real understanding of how two significantly different cultures interpreted them. were these just real estate deals? what was the spirit and the intent of each party in the negotiations? were both parties operating fully as equals in the negotiations? as antoine de st. - exupery has said, \u201c language is the source of all misunderstanding. \u201d and when different cultures meet, there are many levels of language ( spoken, unspoken, assumed ) that may not have been fully expressed nor understood. promises kept, promises broken? in one document i obtained from the siksika, there is the statement, \u201c siksika has a rich culture that has been eroded and overrun by a eurocentric view", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5147385046974315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.650146"} {"text": "may not have been fully expressed nor understood. promises kept, promises broken? in one document i obtained from the siksika, there is the statement, \u201c siksika has a rich culture that has been eroded and overrun by a eurocentric view of the aboriginal role in the development of canada. blackfoot crossing historical park will help revive our noble heritage and will add a new dimension to canadian history. this is our gift to you, an expression of the partnership understood when our ancestors signed treaty 7. \u201d as we have seen time and time again throughout the world, when cultures clash or collide, someone always loses, someone always gains, and someone has another \u2019 s worldview imposed on them. like most indigenous people, the siksika have invested a great deal of trust in their oral history, a record that has been passed down from generation to generation for thousands of years. in a european cultural mode, the oral history is often less validated than the written record, and yet written records date back only so far. the culture of story - telling cultures like the siksika are also storytelling cultures, however these stories are not just imagined nor invented accounts of what came before ; for the siksika they represent a legitimate recorded history. the blackfoot crossing historical park interpretive centre is a collection of stories. and while there is much tangible evidence of the long - term shared knowledge, wisdom, and art of these people to be found in the centre, the non - aboriginal visitor would do well to bear in mind the intricate narrative that the centre and the blackfoot crossing historical park communicates on many levels, through many layers, and in many ancient forms of \u201c media. \u201d this is grand theatre with all that such historic dramas imply : impressive settings, dynamic characters and characterization, complex plot lines, crises, and a denouement. this new interpretive centre is also indicative of the siksika \u2019 s ability to blend the past and the present. the planning of the centre was begun over 25 years ago when a small group of elders had a dream for their people. they knew that they needed to keep the stories alive, and they envisioned doing so through a new medium \u2014 travel and tourism. like most aboriginal people, the siksika know that experiential learning is the most direct and effective method of gathering and communicating information ; and shaping attitudes. and travel is the most experiential form of learning. i am confident that what the siksika nation \u2019 s new heritage centre will achieve is a new level", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4974673072158875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.651578"} {"text": "job control refers to the ability to selectively stop ( suspend ) the execution of processes and continue ( resume ) their execution at a later point. a user typically employs this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel \u2019 s terminal driver and bash. the shell associates a job with each pipeline. it keeps a table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jobs command. when bash starts a job asynchronously, it prints a line that looks indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process id of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. all of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. bash uses the job abstraction as the basis for job control. to facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal process group id. members of this process group ( processes whose process group id is equal to the current terminal process group id ) receive keyboard - generated signals such as these processes are said to be in the foreground. background processes are those whose process group id differs from the terminal \u2019 s ; such processes are immune to keyboard - generated signals. only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. background processes which attempt to read from ( write to when stty tostop is in effect ) the terminal are sent a signal by the kernel \u2019 s terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. if the operating system on which bash is running supports job control, bash contains facilities to use it. typing the suspend character ( typically \u2018 ^ z \u2019, control - z ) while a process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns control to bash. typing the delayed suspend character ( typically \u2018 ^ y \u2019, control - y ) causes the process to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned to bash. the user then manipulates the state of this job, using the bg command to continue it in the fg command to continue it in the foreground, or the kill command to kill it. a \u2018 ^ z \u2019 takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. there are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. the character \u2018 % \u2019 introduces a job specification ( jobspec ). n may be referred to as \u2018 % n", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.467103430544776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.656512"} {"text": "causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. there are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. the character \u2018 % \u2019 introduces a job specification ( jobspec ). n may be referred to as \u2018 % n \u2019. the symbols \u2018 % % \u2019 and \u2018 % + \u2019 refer to the shell \u2019 s notion of the current job, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. a single \u2018 % \u2019 ( with no accompanying job specification ) also refers to the current job. the previous job may be referenced using \u2018 % - \u2019. if there is only a single job, \u2018 % + \u2019 and \u2018 % - \u2019 can both be used to refer to that job. in output pertaining to jobs ( e. g., the output of the command ), the current job is always flagged with a \u2018 + \u2019, and the previous job with a \u2018 - \u2019. a job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. for example, \u2018 % ce \u2019 refers to a stopped ce job. using \u2018 %? ce \u2019, on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string \u2018 ce \u2019 in its command line. if the prefix or substring matches more than one job, bash reports an error. simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground : \u2018 % 1 \u2019 is a synonym for \u2018 fg % 1 \u2019, bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground. similarly, \u2018 % 1 & \u2019 resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to \u2018 bg % 1 \u2019 the shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. normally, bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes in a job \u2019 s status so as to not interrupt any other output. if the - b option to the set builtin is enabled, bash reports such changes immediately ( see the set builtin ). any trap on sigchld is executed for each child process if an attempt to exit bash is made while jobs are stopped, ( or running, if checkjobs option is enabled \u2013 see the shopt builtin ), the shell prints a warning message, and if the checkjobs option is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. jobs command may then be used to inspect their status. if a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, bash does not print", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5063110905465353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.657425"} {"text": "golf ' s margin of error in all of sports, especially those using instruments, or apparatus in order to complete their function, there is a fundamental truth called \" the margin of error \". this basically refers to a scientific happening that actually measures and allows the athlete to complete his intended task without having to be exactly perfect in his execution. measuring a margin of error in horseshoes the margin of error would be the distance between the two legs of the shoe. that distance allows the shoe to wrap around the pin without being exactly centered. in basketball, the margin of error is that you can actually fit two basketballs inside the rim, and that produces a \" margin of error \" that enables a non - perfect shot to still go in. golf ' s margin of error in golf, the margin of error is very small. so small in fact, that every accomplished athlete in all other sports as well as the entirety of the world ' s population has had the utmost fascination with the game of golf for centuries past, and we can expect that to continue into the distant future. 20 years ago, the margin of error was so small, in terms of golf club technology, that the opportunity of succeeding to any degree on \" errant shots \" was so limited that it produced an exacerbated amount of frustration amongst golfers. it left open the possibility of shooting good scores to only a select few, who had the time and ability to practice and maintain a fundamentally sound swing. through the years, with the advances of sports science and technology, golf ' s \" margin of error \" has tripled in size and is directly related to many reasons. two of the most important are : 1. golfers are wearing golf gloves it begins with the basic golf glove allowing the nerves in the hand to transfer feel to the brain, as well as cushion the vibrations of the energy transfer in the correct portion of the hand. 2. the golf ball has been aerodynamically enhanced when a modern ball, which has its trajectory and flight registered on the box, is hit well it goes further. this is because the ball has been aerodynamically enhanced over the years. this, along with some basic knowledge of the respective golfer ' s launch angle, allows the appropriate ball to remain airborne longer, and thus produce longer shots. the synergism that is created between ball technology and a basic understanding of how shafts play a part in launch angle, backspin rate vs. sidespin rate, as well as the kick point of the shaft, enables the average golfer to appreciate a level", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5309700912447077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.660029"} {"text": "by barbara kessler green right now as summer sets in, many of us are looking to shade those windows any way we can, and one of the greenest solutions is to add greenery. outside the window, that is. a shade tree can mitigate the heat gain on a west or south - facing window and truly cut down on electricity costs. the trouble is \u2014 it takes a few years to maximize its effect. even if you plant a big tree, it will be a while before it \u2019 s settled in and leafing out. which brings us to a project at purdue university. scientists there have been studying a new hybrid species of the american chestnut, a tree that can grow much faster and larger than other hardwood varieties. they think it could be a good bet to shade your windows, built new forests that could be sustainably harvested and in the process sequester a whole lot of carbon more efficiently than many other trees could. they \u2019 ve compared the american chestnut to quaking aspen, red pine and white pine and found that the chestnut grew faster and had three times more biomass than the other species. it also sequestered more carbon than the other trees, except when compared with a black walnut in one study location. \u201c each tree has about the same percentage of its biomass made up of carbon, but the fact that the american chestnut grows faster and larger means it stores more carbon in a shorter amount of time, \u201d said douglas jacobs, an associate professor of forestry and natural resources at purdue. as a bonus, much of that carbon could be retained when the chestnuts are converted into wood products, he noted. many years ago, the original ( non - hybrid ) american chestnut was used for fine furniture because it is a dense hardwood. however, beginning in the early 1900s, it experienced a blight caused by a fungus that spread across it \u2019 s natural u. s. territory from new england, across new york and south to alabama. fifty years later, the tree was nearly gone, according to a report on the purdue project in science daily. but arborists are creating a hybrid american chestnut through interbreeding with the blight - resistant chinese chesnut that results in a tree that \u2019 s \u201c 94 percent american chestnut, \u201d according to the report. the catch : that hybrid tree will be available sometime in the next decade. \u201c we \u2019 re really quite close to having a blight - resistant hybrid that can be reintroduced into eastern forests, \u201d jacobs said. \u201c but because american chestnut has been absent from our forests for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4470835204696708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.663193"} {"text": "hybrid tree will be available sometime in the next decade. \u201c we \u2019 re really quite close to having a blight - resistant hybrid that can be reintroduced into eastern forests, \u201d jacobs said. \u201c but because american chestnut has been absent from our forests for so long now, we really don \u2019 t know much about the species at all. \u201d actually, there is a group of chestnut enthusiasts who know as much as there is to know and are collaborating to bring the native american tree back to its appalachian roots. intrigued? visit the american chesnut foundation. they \u2019 re still promising a blight - resistant american chestnut that will be forest - ready before the end of the decade. are they jus - nuts? it doesn \u2019 t appear so. not only are they pushing the research on the blight - resistant variety, they provide people with traditional american chestnut seeds and seedlings ( if you live east of the mississippi \u2014 they don \u2019 t want to spread any potential blight westward ). order on the site to get your personal forest underway. the purdue research is being funded by the stry foundation, electric power research institute and hardwood tree improvement and regeneration center. ( photo credits : chesnut, the american chesnut foundation ; researcher with seedling, purdue university / nicole jacobs. ) copyright \u00a9 2009 green right now | distributed by noofangle media", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43122747034585035, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.663743"} {"text": "shell, bp and other oil companies at the centre of the tar sands revolution in canada are facing a backlash from the co - operative and other members of the ethical investment community determined to bring a halt to these operations for environmental reasons. a joint report from co - operative investments and the wildlife charity wwf released today will be followed up in september by a meeting of the uk social investment forum ( uksif ) to press for an end to this carbon - intensive activity. the tar sands business, by which crude oil is produced through highly carbon and water - intensive extraction and treatment procedures, risks tipping the world into an irreversible process of global warming, critics claim. the co - op and wwf are calling for a global halt to new licensing for tar sands and similar oil operations known as \" unconventional fuels \". they want the uk and other countries to prohibit the sale and distribution of any oil products with higher emissions than traditional petrol. the move comes as shell and other industry leaders have pledged to spend more than $ 125bn ( \u00a363bn ) by 2015 to develop these new sources of petrol at a time of very high crude prices and fears of supply shortages. the oil companies say the world needs these reserves, which are expensive to produce but are located in a politically stable area, unlike the traditional reserves of the middle east or russia. but critics say the environmental price is disastrous. paul monaghan, head of social goals and sustainability at the co - op group, said : \" the current rush to invest in unconventional fossil fuels is wholly inappropriate and, due to their carbon intensity, these projects risk dangerous levels of climate change. \" the new report, unconventional oil : scraping the bottom of the barrel, will be used as the basis for discussion with the co - op ' s 6. 5 million customers and for garnering support from more than 200 other members of the uksif. james leaton, senior policy officer at wwf - uk, said : \" unconventional fuel sources may seem attractive in the short term but ultimately the environmental and economic costs are unthinkable. \" companies and investors claim to recognise the need to tackle climate change and support international efforts such as kyoto [ climate change protocol ]. in oil sands we have an activity that is going against this imperative and undermining canada ' s kyoto commitments, so it is time for investors to challenge this strategy. \" shell said : \" the global demand for energy is growing. this will mean greater demand for oil and gas, too. supplies of accessible, conventional oil and gas cannot keep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4252280000137444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.667409"} {"text": "s kyoto commitments, so it is time for investors to challenge this strategy. \" shell said : \" the global demand for energy is growing. this will mean greater demand for oil and gas, too. supplies of accessible, conventional oil and gas cannot keep up with the demand growth. as a result, society has little choice but to add other sources of energy including ' unconventional ' fuels like oil sands. \" bp said fossil fuels were still going to be needed well into the future even if there were tough restrictions on carbon dioxide emissions. \" reserves of oil sands represent a significant untapped resource from a politically stable country. the husky joint venture [ bp is planning ] will use a process known as steam - assisted gravity drainage, not mining, which produces oil in - situ with a significant reduction of both water use and overall environmental footprint, \" it said in a statement. bp added that it was a \" keen \" supporter of mandatory market mechanisms such as cap - and - trade programmes on greenhouse gases : \" we support national and international trading programmes and have factored the future costs of carbon in our analysis of the project ' s value. \" there are estimated to be 1. 1tn barrels of extractable unconventional oils in north america - canadian tar sands and us oil shales - according to the co - op and wwf report. in canada alone it is hoped to produce 5m barrels a day, which would make the country one of the world ' s largest oil producers. the extremely energy intensive process means that if all of the reserves were exploited in the next century it would result in emissions of 980 giga - tonnes of co2. this equates to an estimated rise in co2 emissions of 49 and 65 parts per million when the world is already at 430ppm - 450 is considered to be a tipping point, the two organisations argue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4734200916530988, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.668153"} {"text": "bill irving and benj shuler. physics is the scientific study of matter, energy, space and time. physics is all around us and affects our lives on a daily basis. it is in the electrical appliances you use in your home, the various types of transport used to get from a to b, it affects our climate and the weather we get to enjoy or suffer, depending on where you are, and it keeps the sun providing us with light and warmth. basically, physics keeps us alive and allows us to experience everything life has to offer. the scale by which physics affects us can be anything from the subatomic ( eg particles that make up the atom ) to the astronomical ( eg the dimensions of stars and galaxies ). physics forms the basis of the foundation of all the physical sciences ( eg material science, geology, etc ) and is important for many other fields of human endeavour ( eg medicine, computing, etc ). there exist many fields of physics. examples include acoustics, astronomy / astrophysics / cosmology, atomic and nuclear physics, elementary particles, biomedical physics, electromagnetism, electronics, geophysics, mechanics, meteorology, semiconductors, nanotechnology, optics, thermodynamics, aerodynamics to mention but a few. the list goes on. what pupils can expect physics is a fascinating and exciting subject to study and get involved with. it not only allows us to explore what we already know about the world around us and how we know, but there are still some profound questions that remain unanswered ( eg what is dark matter? are there more than three dimensions in space? ). it caters for those who enjoy theoretical - based studies and those who relish the challenge of undertaking practical and experimental work. physics allows you to develop, consolidate and possess valuable key skills which are not confined just to the subject itself ( eg problem - solving, reasoning, research, analysis, presentation - both oral and written ). the more we learn about physics, the better it will help us understand our place in the universe. if you are asked to describe a typical physicist then your reply would normally be \" a geek wearing a white coat who is quite eccentric \". in fact, most physicists look and behave just like you and me. the employment prospects for people with a physics qualification tend to include working for research laboratories, universities, private companies and government agencies. they also can teach, perform research and develop new technologies. they ' re not confined indoors either.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6179536619672782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.675816"} {"text": "like you and me. the employment prospects for people with a physics qualification tend to include working for research laboratories, universities, private companies and government agencies. they also can teach, perform research and develop new technologies. they ' re not confined indoors either. they do experiments on mountaintops, underwater, underground in mines and in orbit around the earth. physicists are good at solving all kinds of problems from esoteric to the mundane ( eg how does a mirror reflect light? what holds an atom together? how fast does a rocket have to go to escape the earth? how can a worldwide team share data in real time? solving this last problem led physicists to invent the world wide web. ). having a physics qualification will impress any employer, even if you are not choosing to work in anything related to the field of physics as it is perceived as a difficult subject to master. physics provides a route into many careers. such prospects are not just confined to research but extend into a wide range of industries including food, medicine, finance, marketing, business and management. the valuable skills of analysis and problem - solving that a physics qualification fosters enables you to contribute effectively to not only your chosen vocation, but to society as a whole. staffing and facilities the physics department consists of five dedicated laboratories and four full - time staff supported by one full - time technician ( jan tucker ) and one part - time technician ( petra jaggard ). in addition, there is a large prep room and a resources room. head of physics : tim reade he joined in january 2008 and has 17 years ' teaching experience in the independent sector. he has worked at a number of schools both in the uk and abroad including king william ' s college iom, st george ' s college north ( argentina ) and ardingly college. he has been a senior examiner with the ibo as well as an ib coursework moderator. he has a bsc in physics from king ' s college london as well as a pcge from manchester university. before becoming a teacher he worked as a manufacturing jeweller. physics teacher : bill irving bill joined haileybury as a physics teacher in 2009 after a 22 - year career in the army where he served in a variety of countries including the usa, the middle east, the balkans, germany, norway and italy. the high point of his army career was to command the officer ' s training corps of the university of london. before leaving the army, he gained his pgce from goldsmiths, university of london. he also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5321485964188368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.676804"} {"text": "the ability of birds resting on telephone wires to stand in balance without difficulty must have called the attention of many people. neither the continuously shifting wind nor the wires vibrating by force of the wind disturbs this balance. when we think of the acrobats who work in circuses, only then we can understand how superior the ability of birds to stand in balance is. for instance, an acrobat who tries to walk on a steel tightrope has to use a long stick made up of special substances in order to poise. this stick gives the acrobat a sort of balance mechanism and helps him stand on the rope without falling down. birds, on the other hand, do not use any kind of equipment to poise but they are more talented than even the best acrobat : they can dive floating on air when stand on the wire and can enable their balance in less than a second. prof. reinhold necker, a german scientist, has carried out a four - year research in order to find how birds that behave like a superior acrobat can stand on a thin wire without falling down. the researcher, who worked in the university of bochum ruhr, discovered that birds are equipped with a very special balance mechanism. according to this research, two different organs took part in this balance mechanism. one of these organs is the inner ear, which is also seen in other vertebrates. this organ helps when the bird is flying and prevents it to turn upside down when flapping its wings. the other organ is in the pelvic cavity of the bird. this organ that works perfectly is composed of the semicircular canals on the left and right hand - sides of the spinal cord. these symmetrical canals tied to the spinal cord are filled with a special liquid. prof. necker explains how this system works : \u201c these semicircular canals work like a pair of scales. this liquid moves in the same direction as the bird \u2019 s body and goes to this canal or the other one. 1 this system works by means of the nerve cells that work very much like a computer system. the nerve cells in the lobes that are mechanically stimulated, sends the signal to the leg of the cerebellum. necker says, \u201c the muscles control the movement in such a good way that birds can enable balance perfectly. \u201d the scientist who tested the role of this organ plays on balance, also observed that birds with imperfect organs in the pelvic area cannot maintain balance and that they fall down.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49607859065148446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.679689"} {"text": "active school travel is not only a great way for kids to get needed physical activity by walking, biking or wheeling but it also helps reduce the number of families driving and improves safety around schools. - haste date : tue. may. 29 2012 7 : 03 am et canadian kids have once again earned an f for \" active play and leisure \" on a report card evaluating their physical activity levels. the 2012 active healthy kids canada report card on physical activity for children and youth finds that canadian kids are spending a pitiful amount of time playing, with 46 per cent of kids taking part in three hours of active play every week or less. out of the four hours or so of free time that kids typically have after school and during their lunch breaks, kids are getting only 24 minutes of moderate - to vigorous - intensity physical activity. while active play was once a regular part of a child ' s day, kids are now spending the majority ( 63 per cent ) of their free time after school and on weekends sedentary. the report card was released tuesday by active healthy kids canada and its partners, participaction and the children ' s hospital of eastern ontario research institute \u2013 healthy active living and obesity research group ( halo ). dr. mark tremblay, the chief scientific officer of active healthy kids canada and director of halo, says the amount of time that kids are spending in \" unstructured play \" is declining with each generation. and that ' s hurting the health of our children and youth. \" kids of all ages should have regular opportunities for active play, where they can let loose, explore, run, climb, crawl and play in parks with friends, like their parents once did, \" he said in a news release. \" active play is fun, but it is also shown to improve a child ' s motor function, creativity, decision - making, problem - solving and social skills. \" there are a number of reasons kids aren ' t as active today as they should be, but a big one is parental concerns about safety. fifty - eight per cent of canadian parents say they are very concerned about keeping their children safe and feel they have to be over - protective of them. safety concerns, such as crime, traffic, neighbourhood dangers such as bullies, and a lack of supervision, discourage parents from letting their children and youth play outdoors. so instead of playing outside, many kids are instead spending their time in front of screens. the report found that canadian kids are spending seven hours and 48 minutes per day in front of screens -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4441253357397732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.683433"} {"text": ", discourage parents from letting their children and youth play outdoors. so instead of playing outside, many kids are instead spending their time in front of screens. the report found that canadian kids are spending seven hours and 48 minutes per day in front of screens - - well above the guideline of no more than two hours per day. that ' s despite research that says 92 per cent of canadian kids would choose playing with friends over watching tv if they had the opportunity. \" we have a responsibility to get out of our children ' s way and give them the time, space and freedom to run around, direct their own activities and learn from their mistakes, \" kelly murumets, president and ceo, participaction says all canadians said in a statement. \" the reward will be increased confidence, a sense of adventure and, perhaps most importantly, a love for being active. \" the report urges parents and caregivers to encourage children to choose active play, especially outdoors. to address safety concerns, the report urges parents and caregivers to take turns supervising and playing with children outdoors or encourage kids to play with a buddy. for the fourth year in a row, the report card also assigns an \" f \" for screen - based sedentary behaviour, noting that most canadian children and youth are exceeding the recommended guideline of no more than two hours a day. and, for the sixth year in a row, the report card also assigns an \" f \" to physical activity levels. that ' s because only seven per cent of canadian children and youth meet the canadian physical activity guidelines of at least 60 minutes of daily moderate - to vigorous - intensity physical activity. girls are still trailing the boys in this area : 28 per cent of 10 - to 16 - year - old boys in canada reported accumulating at least 60 minutes of moderate - to vigorous - intensity physical activity a day compared to only 17 per cent of girls.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43170354061669475, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.684194"} {"text": "fluoridation in new york state : addressing safety concerns - \" fluoridation in new york state : addressing safety concerns \" is also available in portable document format. ( pdf, 119kb, 4pg. ) fluoride at some level is naturally present in water and food. in new york state, it is not uncommon to have naturally occurring fluoride at 0. 2 to 0. 5 milligrams per liter of water ( mg / l ). thus, all new yorkers are exposed to some levels of fluoride. fluoridation of community drinking water is the adjustment of the existing natural fluoride concentration in drinking water to a level that is recommended for tooth decay prevention. the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), the office of the united states ' surgeon general and the new york state department of health support fluoridation of public water supplies because of the public health benefits, while being cognizant of the possible health risks of too much fluoride ingestion. who is responsible for regulating chemicals in drinking water? the main federal law that ensures the quality of americans ' drinking water is the safe drinking water act ( sdwa ). under sdwa, the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) sets standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement those standards. standards are set to protect against both naturally - occurring and man - made contaminants that may be found in drinking water. within new york state, the new york state department of health ( nys doh ) oversees the delivery of drinking water to assure that it is suitable for people to drink. fluoride in drinking water is regulated by epa and new york state. fluoride that is added to drinking water is subject to a system of standards, testing, and are certified by the american water works association ( awwa ) and the national sanitation foundation / american national standards institute ( nsf / ansi ). both of these entities are nonprofit, nongovernmental organizations. the nsf / ansi standards 60 and 61 limit a chemical or product ' s contribution of contaminants to drinking water applications. standards 60 and 61 provide for product purity and safety assurance that aim to prevent adding harmful levels of contaminants from water treatment additives. new york state has regulations requiring product compliance with standards 60 and 61. what is the concentration of fluoride recommended for drinking water in new york state? - the target fluoride concentration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45597768630023033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.695475"} {"text": "levels of contaminants from water treatment additives. new york state has regulations requiring product compliance with standards 60 and 61. what is the concentration of fluoride recommended for drinking water in new york state? - the target fluoride concentration in water recommended for tooth decay prevention in nys is 1 mg / l. the new york state department of health monitors all water systems that add fluoride to assure that the concentration of fluoride is in the range of 0. 8 to 1. 2 mg / l. - the maximum concentration allowed in new york state drinking water for fluoride, including naturally occurring levels, is 2. 2 mg / l. this standard is lower than the federal standard and is the standard that the state public water supplies must meet. - the federal drinking water standard ( maximum contaminant level ) for fluoride in drinking water including fluoride that naturally occurs, is 4 milligrams per liter of water ( 4 mg / l ). this is set to prevent stage iii skeletal fluorosis, a crippling bone and joint condition. - the epa has also set a non - enforceable standard called secondary maximum contaminant level for fluoride, including naturally occurring fluoride. this standard of 2 mg / l of fluoride in water was set to reduce the cosmetic effects on teeth ( moderate and severe forms of enamel fluorosis ), which is a discoloration and / or pitting of teeth. what are the risks associated with exposure to fluoride at 1 mg / l in drinking water? a systematic review conducted by the university of york, uk assessed the evidence for potential adverse effects. this review did not reveal causal association between fluoride in drinking water at 1 mg / l and severe enamel fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, bone fractures or bone cancer. water fluoridation is associated with an increased occurrence of milder forms of enamel fluorosis. 2 enamel fluorosis that results from drinking fluoridated water appears as a barely noticeable white marking of the outer tooth enamel that is of no cosmetic or functional significance. a study conducted in new york state showed that the prevalence of enamel fluorosis ranged from 14. 4 % to 18. 6 % in fluoridated communities. however, the study also showed that the prevalence of enamel fluorosis in non - fluoridated communities ranged from 11. 1 % to 14. 8 %. 3 given that fluorosis occurred in both", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45144244897899705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.696418"} {"text": "in fluoridated communities. however, the study also showed that the prevalence of enamel fluorosis in non - fluoridated communities ranged from 11. 1 % to 14. 8 %. 3 given that fluorosis occurred in both fluoridated and non - fluoridated communities, it is likely that water fluoridation is not the only risk factor for mild fluorosis. other risk factors included use of fluoridated tooth paste by young children and dietary supplements. 3 ( many parents may not be aware that use of fluoride toothpaste is not recommended in children under age 2 years without consulting a dentist ). nonetheless, the nysdoh has concluded that the known benefits of fluoride to prevent or reduce the incidence of tooth decay and dental fillings outweigh the risk of milder forms of fluorosis ( which is not considered as an adverse effect by public health agencies ). what are the risks associated with exposure to fluoride at 4 mg / l ( and above ) in drinking water? the effects generally associated with high levels of exposure to fluoride include severe enamel fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, and bone fractures. a recently released national research council ( nrc ) report titled fluoride in drinking water4 made the following observations : - severe enamel fluorosis occurs in about 10 % of children in us communities with water fluoride concentrations at or near the current federal drinking water standard of 4 mg / l. the prevalence of severe enamel fluorosis is very low below about 2 mg / l of fluoride in drinking water. - there are very few known clinical cases of skeletal fluorosis in the us, where about 200, 000 people ( in 1992 ) had water concentrations of 4 mg / l or above. 3 - overall, there was consensus among the committee that there is scientific evidence that under certain conditions fluoride can weaken bone and increase the risk of fractures. however, there was not a consensus on the group about the risks of bone fractures associated with 4 mg / l in drinking water in the us. the majority of the committee concluded that lifetime exposure to fluoride at drinking water concentrations of 4 mg / l or higher is likely to increase fracture rates in the population, particularly in some people who are prone to accumulate fluoride into their bones ( e. g., people with renal disease ). however, three of the 12 members judged that the evidence only supported a conclusion that the epa standard ( mcl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4786653374850022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.697401"} {"text": ", particularly in some people who are prone to accumulate fluoride into their bones ( e. g., people with renal disease ). however, three of the 12 members judged that the evidence only supported a conclusion that the epa standard ( mclg ) might not be protective against bone fracture, and that more evidence is needed that bone fractures occur at an increased frequency in human populations exposed to fluoride at 4 mg / l before drawing a conclusion that the epa standard likely poses a risk of increased bone fracture. - the evidence as to whether fluoride is or is not associated with cancer is not clear. some studies show no association ; others show an association. an exploratory study showed an increasing risk for osteosarcoma with age ( peak at age 7 ) among boys but not in girls. an exploratory study showed an increased risk for osteosarcoma with age ( peak at age 7 ) among boys but not in girls. a relatively large scale study is underway at harvard school of dental medicine and is expected to be published soon. according to the investigators at harvard, the findings of the earlier study could not be replicated. the nrc committee advised the epa to consider the results of this study to help determine what follow - up studies are needed. - sufficient relevant data were not available to consider the effects of fluoride on any other systems in the body. two studies conducted by investigators in the new york state department of health failed to show an association between fluoridation and osteosarcoma in new york state. 5, 6 what does the nrc committee ' s report mean for new york state residents? naturally occurring fluoride levels of 4 mg / l or above in drinking water supplies ( private or public ) are rare in nys and the nys standard for fluoride in public water supplies is 2. 2 mg / l. moreover, the target concentration for water fluoridation is 1 mg / l. thus, it is unlikely that nys residents are exposed to drinking water containing 4 mg / l of fluoride. because the nrc committee did not evaluate the risks or benefits of the lower fluoride concentrations ( 0. 7 to 1. 2 mg / l ) used in water fluoridation, the committee ' s conclusions regarding the potential for adverse effects such as severe enamel fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis and bone fractures from exposure to fluoride at 2 to 4 mg / l in drinking water do not apply at the lower water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4953344752907666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.698410"} {"text": ", the committee ' s conclusions regarding the potential for adverse effects such as severe enamel fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis and bone fractures from exposure to fluoride at 2 to 4 mg / l in drinking water do not apply at the lower water fluoride levels commonly experienced by new york state residents. what can be done to reduce the risk of enamel fluorosis? the proper amount of fluoride helps prevent and control tooth decay. an excessive amount consumed during tooth development in infancy and childhood can also result in a range of changes in the enamel surface of the tooth. these changes have been broadly termed enamel fluorosis. ingestion of fluoride toothpaste and inadvertent use of fluoride tablets in fluoridated areas have been associated with an increased risk for enamel fluorosis. here are some simple ways to reduce the risk of enamel fluorosis : - know the fluoride concentration in the source of drinking water. water containing 1 mg / l is considered optimum for caries prevention. there is no need for fluoride supplements if the fluoride level in water is greater than 0. 6 mg / l. - counsel parents and caregivers on the use of fluoride toothpaste by young children, especially those younger than 2 years to avoid ingestion of too much toothpaste because it has high concentration of fluoride ( approximately 1000 parts per million ). children under age 6 should use only a pea - sized amount of fluoride toothpaste twice a day ; parents should consult their child ' s doctor or dentist concerning use of fluoride toothpaste for children under age 2. some reports have also expressed concern about the amount of fluoride contained in water used for mixing infant formula may also influence the possibility of developing enamel fluorosis. the new york state department health concurs with the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) that water fluoridated at the optimum level has not been shown to cause adverse health effects. ( www. nyhealth. gov / prevention / dental ). 8 further, the department has concluded that the risk of enamel fluorosis associated with infant formula prepared with fluoridated water is low for several reasons : - the occurrence of advanced forms of enamel fluorosis is extremely rare in fluoridated communities even though some water systems have been fluoridating for over 50 years. milder forms of enamel fluorosis are not noticeable. - the critical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4813463342937431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.699446"} {"text": "- the occurrence of advanced forms of enamel fluorosis is extremely rare in fluoridated communities even though some water systems have been fluoridating for over 50 years. milder forms of enamel fluorosis are not noticeable. - the critical period for permanent tooth development when enamel fluorosis is most likely to occur, is later in life when children are less likely to be on infant formula. - the theoretical amounts of fluoride that might cause advanced forms of enamel fluorosis are reached with exclusive and / or excessive formula use for a prolonged period. according to the national center for education in maternal and child health ' s bright futures guidelines, infants should begin solid foods between four and six months, if they are developmentally ready. this will also reduce the exposure to excessive levels of fluoride. therefore, if infant formula is used as recommended the risk of enamel fluorosis would be minimized significantly. - centers for disease control and prevention. fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental caries. morbidity and mortality weekly report 48 ( 1999 ) : 933 \u2013 40. - mcdonagh ms, whiting pf, wilson pm, sutton aj, chestnutt i, cooper j et al. ( 2000 ). systematic review of water fluoridation. bmj 321 ( 7265 ) : 855 - 859. - kumar jv, swango pa. fluoride exposure and dental fluorosis in newburgh and kingston, new york : its implications for policy. community dent oral epidemiol 1999 ; 27 : 171 - 80. - fluoride in drinking water. a scientific review of epa ' s standards, national research council, 2006. - mahoney mc, nasca pc, burnett ws, melius jm. bone cancer incidence rates in new york state : time trends and fluoridated drinking water. am j public health 1991 ; 81 ( 4 ) : 475 - 479. - gelberg kh, fitzgerald ef, hwang sa and dubrow r. fluoride exposure and childhood osteosarcoma : a case - control study. am j public health 1995 ; 85 ( 12 ) : 1678 - 1683. - cdc. recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the united states. mmwr 2001 ; 50 ( rr - 14 ) : 1 - 30. - new york state department of health. guidance for use of fluoridated water for feeding during infancy. available", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4796632916952903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.700332"} {"text": "article updated and reviewed by scott j. luhmann, md, instructor in surgery, department of orthopaedic surgery, washington university school of medicine on june 6, 2005. degenerative disc disease refers to wear changes in the individual discs of the spine in any part of the spine. spondylosis is another term for degenerative disc disease. ddd can affect any part of the spine, although common sites are the lumbar ( lower back ) and cervical ( neck ) spine ; thoracic ddd is very uncommon. it ' s late. i ' ve been asleep for awhile. the time? i look at the tv thing - ee. 12488 is lit up in red. i squint. i blink. finally, with... read more \u00bb i have discussed here more than once the increased risk of death in rheumatoid arthritis patients when compared to healthy individuals.... read more \u00bb alzheimer ' s disease is a degenerative disease of the brain. because of this the appearance of the brain changes dramatically as the disease... read more \u00bb some studies have shown that, although alzheimer ' s disease and parkinson ' s disease are distinct neurological disorders, as many as 25... read more \u00bb the person with the most replaced parts wins and now the joint replacement race does not stop with hips, knees or shoulders. spinal discs are the... read more \u00bb most people would be surprised to know that total hip replacements ( thrs ) have been around since the 1930s. today ' s successful use of thrs reflects... read more \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5083512141107123, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.701856"} {"text": "diabetes is a disease that occurs when a person \u2019 s body can no longer produce hormone insulin or response to insulin properly. if left untreated, this disease may lead to health complications such as kidney failure, limb amputations, blindness, nerve damage and heart disease. currently, there is no cure for this disease yet, however you can control or stabilize your blood sugar levels by getting exercise and eating the right foods. here are 10 foods that will help control blood sugar and reduce your risk of developing complications from diabetes. make sure to include them into your daily diet. eat an apple a day help keeps diabetes away. apples are very useful when it comes to the diabetes treatment because it contains pectin which may lower the body \u2019 s insulin needs. a study has found that women who ate at least one apple a day were 28 percent less likely to develop type 2 diabetes than those who did not eat apples. broccoli is a good source of chromium which is a mineral that helps regulate blood sugar and insulin. it also could reverse the damage caused by diabetes to heart blood vessels ( people with diabetes are five times more likely to suffer heart attack and stroke, both linked to damaged blood vessels ). the researchers believe that the key is a compound called sulforaphane found in vegetables. sulforaphane is an organosulfur compound that help protect blood vessels and reduce high levels of molecules which cause significant cell damage. fish, such as tuna, mackerel, and salmon, are good sources of omega - 3 fatty acids that reduce inflammation, reduce the risk of heart disease, and improve insulin resistance. also, as a low saturated fat food, it is an alternative for non - vegetarians who love red meat. - whole grains according to researchers from harvard school of public health, people eating diet high in whole grains have a lower risk of suffer from diabetes and heart disease than those who does not eat whole grain. the researchers suggest people to eat 3 servings daily based on the results of their study. example whole grain suggested include brown rice, oats, wheat bread and whole wheat pasta. the high soluble fiber contained in beans is not only good for your digestive system and heart, but it also keeps blood sugar from spiking after meals. if you have type 2 diabetes, nuts can help balance your blood sugar levels while providing steady, slow - burning energy. soybeans contain a lot of fiber and protein which are important nutrients in reducing urinate excretion of sugar in people suffering from diabetes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4393798349538998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.707148"} {"text": "type 2 diabetes, nuts can help balance your blood sugar levels while providing steady, slow - burning energy. soybeans contain a lot of fiber and protein which are important nutrients in reducing urinate excretion of sugar in people suffering from diabetes. - olive oil olive oil is considered a good fat that help cut off the risk of heart attacks and has been shown to help maintain stable blood sugar levels by reducing insulin resistance. in a study conducted by australian researchers showed that when people with type 2 diabetes containing chili peppers in their daily diet, the amount of insulin needed to lower blood sugar after meals is reduced. moreover, chillies contain vitamin c, carotenoids and antioxidants which may help regulate hormone insulin. recent studies have found that cinnamon may have a regulatory effect on blood sugar level, making it very beneficial for people with type 2 diabetes. to include cinnamon in your diet, just sprinkle it over your tea, coffee, or cereal. garlic contain many organic compounds, such as allyl propyl disulphide ( apds ), diallyldisul - phide oxide ( allicin ), flavonoids, etc, which are important components to decrease blood glucose levels and stimulate the pancreas to release insulin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42985890385064945, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.707742"} {"text": "the bulgars invaded and soon dominated the balkans in the 7th century. they accepted christianity under tsar boris i in the 9th cetury. tsar simeon greatly expanded bulgarian territory in the 10th century. the christian kindoms in bulgaria and the rest of the balkans were conquered by the ottomon turks in the 14th and 15th centuries. the bulgarian royal dynasty was restablished in the 19th century after the decline of ottomon rule. a member of the german royal family was selected for the bulgarian monarchy. the bulgarian monarchy was one of the most recently established in europe. bulgarian history, however, extend unto the era of ore - history and is inter - woven with the tumultuous history of the balkans. one complication in studying bulkgarian history is that the area now referred to as modern bulgaria has been inhabited by many different peoples. archeologists have found artifacts from primitive people living in the area of modern bulgaria during the neolithic era ( 40, 000 - 10, 000 bc ). bulgaria has a black sea coast with it shares with several other countries. many archeologists believe that the neolithic people that lived along the coast were decimated by a great flood at the close of the last age when the higher level mediterrean broke through what is now the dardenelles / bosporous to flood the black sea basin. some archeologists believe that this may be the origins of the great flood tradition which many peoples of the middle east ( including the hebrews ) report in their traditions. the thracian people from the east moved into the thrace valley of modern bulgaria ( about 3000 bc ). the thracians were cattle herders, but they were notble for ceramics and metal working ( gold and copper ). they traded with the neighboring people of the balkans at the time : dacians ( romania ), mycenneans ( greece / crete ), illyrians ( albania ) and the macedonians ( southern bulgaria / northern greece / southern yugoslavia ). the thracians initially controlled an area extending west to the adriatic, but over time were pushed east and north by the illyrians ( 1300 bc ) and macedonians ( 500 bc ). greek colonies such as byzantium were founded, but the thracians did not become helenized. bulgarian history has been dominated by the location of bulgaria on a crossroads between europe and asia. waves of migrations swept back and forth from both asia and europe turing the plains of thrace, moesia, macedonia and the balkan mountains into int", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40628087466496543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.727287"} {"text": "the balkans from the north and east ( about 500 ad ). the slavs settled the danube plain ( moesia region ). the byzantines tried to reconquer this former territory of the roman empire. the slavic tribes to resist the byzanties united as never before to form a slavonic state. somewhat later the bulgars, a fierce turkic people, living on the russian plains were pushed west. some of the bulgars under tartar khan asparuh settled on the thracian plain ( about 650 ad ). what we are less sure about is what happened to the thracians and other residebnt population when the slavs and turkic people arived. the bulgars crossed the danube and moved south to found the first bulgarian empire ( 679 ad ). this was the first modern bulgarian state. the tartars and slavs united to fight the byzantines who they defeated in a major battle ( 681 ad ). the bulgarian state was ruled by a tartar khan supported by slavic and bulgar nobels. over two centuries the slavs and bulgars assimilated forging a new bulgar mational identity. although called bulgars, the name of the turkic tribe, the original turkic bulgars were gradually assimilated by the more numerous slavs, and adopted their language and way of life. the bulgars were thus thus more associated with the slavic cultural tradition. treaties were negotiated with byzantium. the bulgars over time, however, expanded south taking more and more of byzantium ' s balkan lands. the bulgars seized macedonia ( 9th century ). tsar boris i converted to christianity ( 865 ad ). one source reports that a byzantine monk painted a picture of hell on the palace walls frighten boris into accepting orthodox christianity. many bulgars object to this characterization as mocking the tsar and suggesting that his choice of christianity was unreasoned. there were important cultural and political reasons that influenced boris to convert the bulgarians to christianity. [ cherneva ] it was his rule that encoureged that the cyrilic alphabet was invented and spread. a substantial part part of the european population uses this alphabet. tsar simeon ( 893 - 927 ) expanded his kingdom. at his time bulgaria experienced a \" golden age \" since bulgaria experienced amazing cultural progress and geographically possesed the areas between three seas surrounding the balkans - black, aegean and adriatic. simeon was crowned as an ' emperor of bulgarians", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44157698073682183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.729504"} {"text": ") expanded his kingdom. at his time bulgaria experienced a \" golden age \" since bulgaria experienced amazing cultural progress and geographically possesed the areas between three seas surrounding the balkans - black, aegean and adriatic. simeon was crowned as an ' emperor of bulgarians and romans ' by the patriarch in constantinople ( 913 ). [ cherneva ] the byzantine emperor, basil ii gained a decisive military victory and had the eyes of 15, 000 bulgarian soldiers put out ( 1014 ). bulgaria came under byzantine rule in 1018. a second bulgarian empire ( 1185 - 1396 ) was created when two brothers, asen and peter, led a general uprising against byzantium. the second empire extended over thrace, macedonia and albania. it was tsar ivan ii ( ivan asen ) ( 1218 - 1241 ) who extended the bulgarian empire over the largest area. he conqquered virtually the entire balkan peninsula, except for greece in the extreme south which remained under byzantine control. after iban ii, bulgaria declined and was confronted with a rising srbian christian kingdom. macedonian which had been part of bulgaria was conquered by serbia ( 1330 ). fighting between the two christian kingdoms weakened both. gradually the otomon turks became the dominate power in the islamic world. the ottomons presed on the byzatines, taking constanople in 1453. they then conquered the balkans, driving deep into europe, only beeing stopped at the gates of vienna. the ottoman turks in 1453 seized constantinople and by 1460 controlled most of greece. thousands of greeks went into exile in christain europe and had an important influence on the european renaissance. the ottomons conquered mesopotamia in 1533. for the next three centuries, the regional christan powers ( venice, austria, and russia ) warred intermitently with the turks and greece changed hands several times. the ottoman conquest of christian southeast europe began in 1352. an ottoman force sailed through hellespont ( dardanelles ) separating europe from asia, and took tsimpe, a small byzantine fort. the first two assaults in the 8th century and the turn of the 13th century failed. the third ottoman invasion was very different. the increasing internal feudal disorders in bulgaria weakened the bulgarian state. thus the bulgars were unable to effectively resist ottoman armies. the ottomons defeated both bulgarian and serbian christian armies. the serbs were defeated at kosovo ( 1389 ). an ottomon campaign succeeded in taking two - thirds of bulgar territory ( 1393 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4155686625889151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.730497"} {"text": "were unable to effectively resist ottoman armies. the ottomons defeated both bulgarian and serbian christian armies. the serbs were defeated at kosovo ( 1389 ). an ottomon campaign succeeded in taking two - thirds of bulgar territory ( 1393 ). the ottomans destroyed veliko tarnovo. despite heroic resistance at vidin, another ottoman victory at nikopol ( 1396 ) allowed them to sweep over the remaining bulgarian territory. both bulgaria and serbia were was absorbed into the ottoman empire. bulgaria became the ottomon province of roumelia. ottomon rule over the balkans was finalized with the fall of constaninople ( 1453 ). bulgaria like most of the other medieval christian states in the balkans were overcome by the ottomans and absorbed into their empire during the l4th and l5th centuries. the ottomans were only finally stopped at the gates of vienna in 1683. ottoman rule in the balkans was oppressive, although accounts vary widely. it seems fair to describe ottomon administration as oppresive, but within the context that they were much less oppressive than comparable measures in western christendom. there were numerous unsuccesful rebellions by their christian subjects. the ottomans conducted a sustained campaign to to destroy bulgarian christianity and the bulgarian language, major components of bulgarian nationalism. the turks recognized christianity as a legitimate religion in the empire. they recognized orthodox eastern church in constantinople and the patriarch there as the sumprme christian authority which served to undercut the bulgarian church and bulgarian culture. the construction of churches were restricted and not permitted to rival mosques. modern bulgarian historians emphasized the taking of christian children who were converted to islam and made ottomon administrators or the fierce janissaries, a major component of the ottomon empire. the revulsion of this practice by modern historians probably was not as strongly felt at the time. as a result of ottoman promotion of islam, sometimes through the sword. this appears to have been especially the case in the rhodopes. more commonly the ottomons used economic and social measures to promoye conversions. some bulgarians, as a result, converted to islam. most bulgarians, however, clung to their christian faith. a bulgarian reader disagrees with this interpretation. ottomon rule in the balkans is a matter of considerable controversy, strongly colored by recent balkan history. a bulgarian reader writes, \" i totaly, radically and undoubtedly disagree with your description. the bulgarians were torchured and murdered in case they did not convert. it was definately systematic!!! it was done purposely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46725363246563656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.731688"} {"text": "recent balkan history. a bulgarian reader writes, \" i totaly, radically and undoubtedly disagree with your description. the bulgarians were torchured and murdered in case they did not convert. it was definately systematic!!! it was done purposely. \" there is no doubt that the ottomons were oppressive rulers. there were numerous incidebnts of brutality, especially when repressing rebellions. the ottomon conquest, however, was not a holocaust. the christians of the balkans were allowed to retain their christianity. the proof of this is that only in albania did the population become predominately muslim. this is in sharp contrast to christian practices, such as the forced conversion and expulsion of the moors from spain ( 1492 ). nowhere in christian dominated europe was islam tolerated. bulgaria ' s desire for independence began to grow in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. bulgarian historians call this the national revival. here the french revolution and subsequent napoleonic wars may have been a factor. increasing russian pressure on the ottomans may have been another factor. an increasingly asertive bulgarian nationl spirit can be seen in the work of artists and craftsmen. traders began to increasingly turn toward western markets, although ottoman authorities placed limitations on such trade. as turkish power weakened bulgarians began to suffer rising taxes and inflation, the result of unsuccessful turkish wars against the austrians and the russians. resentment against the turks grew. it was at this time that the ottomans introduced reforms aimed at assimilating the bulgarians. the bulgarians were not, however, by the early 19th century at all interested in assimilation. many bulgarians had begun to think of independence. the bugarians by the 19th century in a national revival with a revived interest in popular customs and folklore. clandestine revolutionary groups began plotting against the turks. some bulgarians became the haiduks or bandits / highway men who oprerated from mountain hideouts where ottoman authorities were increasingly reluctant to veture. this was another factor on weakening the ottoman hold on bulgaria. today the haiduks are remembered in bulgarian folk songs a good example is irto dance with the inspirational song \" sleznai paule ot balkana \" ( sleznai paule of the balkans ). the crimean war ( 1853 - 56 ) temporarily reduced russian pressure on the ottomans, but the independence movement in bulgaria continued to grow. the bulgarian church achieved independence from the greek patriarchate ( 1870 ). was successful. vasil levsky helped organize revolutionary committees throughout the country. ottoman officials arrested him ( 1873 ). they hanged", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4825935679636062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.733291"} {"text": ", but the independence movement in bulgaria continued to grow. the bulgarian church achieved independence from the greek patriarchate ( 1870 ). was successful. vasil levsky helped organize revolutionary committees throughout the country. ottoman officials arrested him ( 1873 ). they hanged him, but his revolutionary network was firmly ebtrenched. kristov botev ( 1848 - 76 ) wrote nationalist poems while leading an armed band. he died in the pirin mountains. bulgarian revolutionaries launched a revolt at koprivshtitsa ( april 1876 ). the turks suppressed the revolt with great brutality. the turks massacred about 15, 000 people at plovdiv. this city is today of a notable bulgarian boys ' choir. ) the ottomans also destroyed 58 in supressing the revolt. european public opinion was outraged at the turkish attrocities. the europens led by russia decided to intervene and declared war. the russians were joined by both the romanians and bulgarians forces. the bulgarians call this the war of independence. the resulting russo - turkish war ( 1877 - 78 ) destroyed ottoman power in the balkans. russia alone suffered 0. 2 million casulties in the resulting war. the russian army advanced to within 50km of istanbul before the ottomans sued for peace. the war was ended with the peace of san stefano. bulgarian natiionalists were disappointed as bulgaria was partitioned. the ottomn ' s ceded 60 percent of their balkan territories to bulgaria. sofia became the capital of bulgaria, but the turks regained control over macedonia, thrace, and eastern roumelia. the ottomon state might have been destroyed at partitioned at this time if the great powes had been able to decided on how to do this. the russians wanted the straits ( the bosporus and dardenelles ) for their black sea warm water ports, but the british and french were determined to keep the straits out of russian hands. the modern bulgarian state originated with the defeat of ottoman turk forces by the russian army and bulgarian volunteers in 1878 - 79. the great powers intervened to prevent the creation of a strong bulgarian state under the influence of the russians. instead a bulgarian state was created which was nominally left under the jurisdiction of the ottomans and two other liberated areas were returned to the ottomans. still some of bulgaria was libetated and a bularian nation created. the bulagarian monarchs have come from german families, despite the fact that bulagria was in large part created by the russian tsars in their wars with the ottoman turks. the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4392314333517223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.735546"} {"text": "was libetated and a bularian nation created. the bulagarian monarchs have come from german families, despite the fact that bulagria was in large part created by the russian tsars in their wars with the ottoman turks. the first grand national assembly ( the bulgarian parliament ) in 1879 elected the german prince alexander of battenberg as prince of bulgaria. the prince had had participated in the liberation war, which earned him some initial respect in bulgaria and russia. prince alexander objected to the principality ' s democratic constitution and attempted to institute royal authority. this led to an unstable political situation. some of the bulgarian populated areas controlled by the ottomans were united with the principality after a popular insurection in 1885. prince alexander became attached to the prussian princess victoria, daughter of frederich iii. princess victoria was prince alexander were supported by the crown princess victorria as well as queen victoria. within the family, prince alexander was called sandro. prince wilhelm objected on family grounds. bismarck for political reasons. he wanted to maintain prussia ' s alliance with russia. bulgarian hostilities with serbia followed, instigated by austria. finally pro - russian elements staged a coup, arrested alexander, and sent him to russia. a counter - coup brought the prince back to sofia. however, the russian czar ' s opposition eventually forced alexander to abdicate. the battenburg name would appear again, this time in english history and in the anti - german world war i histeria would be changed to mountbatten. his brother was prince louis of battenberg ferdinand ' s father was august of saxe - coburg - gotha ( 1818 - ). his mother was french princess antoinette ( antonia ) kohary ( 1797 - ). ferdinand had four brothers and sisters. ferdinand married marie louise ( bourbon ) of parma in 1893. ferdinand and marie louise had four children. boris iii ( 1894 - ) was the eldest. prince alexander who was a member of the hessian royal family and a nephew of tsar alexander ii. after he was ousted, ferdinad was elected by the bulgraians creating an international incident because several countries, especially the russians objected. its prime minister stefan stambolov used his iron hand to smother the russofile army and political opposition in the country. substantial areas populated by bulgarians remained outside the principality. insurections were brutally suppresed by the ottomans. an internal crisis in turkey during 1908 which resulted in the \" young turks \" coming to power, made the bulgarians hurry. taking advantage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4111213658905756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.736660"} {"text": "areas populated by bulgarians remained outside the principality. insurections were brutally suppresed by the ottomans. an internal crisis in turkey during 1908 which resulted in the \" young turks \" coming to power, made the bulgarians hurry. taking advantage of the sultan ' s dethronement in that same year, bulgaria declared its legal independence and became a kingdom. up to that point, it had formally existed as an independent principality under the nominal suzerainty of the ottoman empire. bulgaria had been planning a war with the ottomans for years. finally they succeded in reaching an alliance with serbia and greece and in the first balkan war defeated the ottomans. king ferndinand remained neutral in 1914, but finally joined the war on the side of the central powers ( germany and austria ). the bulgarians achieved some success. the outbreak of the socialist revolution in russia during 1917 and the bolshevik ideas for peace and social change were gaining some popularity among the bulgarian workers and farmers. the collapse of germany and austria in 1918 allowed the allies to increase pressure on bulgaria. army units mutinied and almost seized sofia in an effort to remove ferdinand, but failed. the government was forced to seek a truce with the allies. an armistice was concluded in september 1918. the peace which followed saw the loss of additional territories. ferdinad was forced to abdicate in october 1918. he was, however, the only monarch of one of the central powers who succeded in saving the throne for his dynasty. boris iii ' s father was ferdinand i of saxe - coburg - goth, king of bulgaria. boris wore dresses as a little boy. as an older boy, kneepants sailor suits seem to have been a popular outfit for both him and his broyther. prince boris and cyril were commonly dressed in identical or similar outfits. borris iii was crowned in 1918 after the abdication of his father. bulgaria ' s disastrous participation in world war i had made king ferdinand very unpopular. boris was only about 24 years old when he became king. the king was forced to assume executive authority as fascism grew in power. the king tried to keep bulgaria out of world war ii, but with the german army on the border, he was forced to declare war on britain and america and to provide war materials. despite intense german pressure, he refused to declare war on the soviet union or to turn over bulgaria ' s jews to the nazis. king boris died under misterious conditions in 1943, possibly as a result of a hear attack or perhaps more sinister", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4310813397503488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.740576"} {"text": "materials. despite intense german pressure, he refused to declare war on the soviet union or to turn over bulgaria ' s jews to the nazis. king boris died under misterious conditions in 1943, possibly as a result of a hear attack or perhaps more sinister causes. his young son prince simeon, who was only 6 years old, was left to deal with the germans and advancing soviet army. simeon borissov saxe - coburg - gotha was born in 1937. as heir to the throne, simeon was given the title prince of tirnovo. he spent his early childhood with his parents and elder sister princess marie - louise, in the palace of vrana, near sofia, where he began school. he succeeded his popular father, boris iii, as king of bulgaria during world war ii in 1943. a regency was forned as he was only 6 - years old at the time. the germans were already retreating in ruissia at the time. the red army reached bulgaria in 1944. after the occupation by the red army, king simeon remained the nominal ruler under a new council of regents. power of course was in thehands of the occupying russians. the russians in 1946 rigged a plebiscite which abolished the monarchy. bulgaria became one of the russians ' eastern european satellites. the 9 - year old king went into exile. the royal exiles sailed to alexandria, egypt, where the young king went to victoria college, a british school ( 1951 - 57 ). he then attended the lycee francais, madrid, spain ( 1958 - 59 ), valley forge military academy, wayne, pennsylvania ( 1959 - 62 ). he specialized in business administration and law courses. he married in 1962 and has five children. he speaks bulgarian, english, french, german, italian, spanish, and fair knowledge of arabic and portuguese. his religion is eastern orthodox. he became a spamish businessman. cherneva, iveto. e - mail message, february 15, 2004. navigate the boys ' historical clothing web site royal pages : [ main royal pages ] [ austria ] [ belgium ] [ denmark ] [ france ] [ germany ] [ german states ] [ italy ] [ luxenburg ] [ monaco ] [ netherlands ] [ norway ] [ romania ] [ russia ] [ spain ] [ united kingdom ] created : june 6, 1998 last updated : 12 : 05 am 3 / 17 / 2005 navigate the boys ' historical clothing web site royal pages :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39176675123533267, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.741585"} {"text": "description of historic place queenston heights is an extensive hillside area on the niagara escarpment, centred on a heavily wooded, landscaped park which includes an elegant 57. 9 metres ( 190 foot ), classical column containing sir isaac brock ' s grave. the park marks the site of the battle of queenston heights in the war of 1812. queenston heights was declared a national historic site of canada because : - the battle of queenston heights was fought here when an attempted invasion by american troops was repulsed by british / canadian forces early in the war of 1812, - the importance of queenston heights, and the difficulty of achieving a meaningful historic interpretation at lundy ' s lane, renders this the main battlefield to be interpreted in commemorating the war of 1812 in the niagara peninsula. the heritage value of queenston heights national historic site of canada resides in the completeness of the found forms and spatial inter - relationships of the remaining cultural landscape of the large area over which the battle was fought. this includes the landing place in queenston, the locations of the defending british batteries, the portage road, the redan battery, the cliffs, the slope upon which the british charges were made and where major / gen. brock and lt / col. macdonnell died, sheaffe ' s march, and the heights where the british victory was secured. fort drummond, a feature of queenston heights, has been separately recognized as a national historic site of canada. sources : hsmbc minutes, june 1968 ; commemorative integrity statement, 1989. key features contributing to the heritage value of this site include : - the cultural landscape as a product of its parts including archaeological remains, natural landscape, built landscape features including military defence works, the portage road, the redan battery and fort drummond, - the spatial relationships of these resources, - the found forms of the redan battery, including its earthworks, breastworks and expense magazine, - the found forms, materials, and associated earthworks of fort drummond, - the remains of vrooman ' s battery, - the natural features of the site relevant to the battle, including the landing place at queenston, the cliffs, the slope upon which british charges occurred, sheaffe ' s route of march, and the plateau on the heights, - the found form, route, and continuing legibility of remnants of the portage road from queenston to chippewa, - the viewplanes of the portage road from the battery, from the heights to lewiston and to queenston, from the road from niagara -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4765570363792119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.744596"} {"text": "a nocturnal bird of prey. ( am2 : dp. 1, 009 ( f. ) ; l. 18710 ; 1 b. 356 ; dr. 104 ; s. 14 k. ; cpl. 78 ; a. 2 3 ; cl. lapwing ) the first owl ( am2 ) was laid down 25 october 1917 by the todd shipbuilding corp., brooklyn, n. y. ; launched 4 march 1918 ; sponsored by miss ruth r. dodd ; and commissioned 11 july 1918, lt. ( j. g. ) charles b. babson in command. following a new york to charleston towing assignment, owl reported to the 5th naval district at norfolk, 22 august 1918. employed as a minesweeper for the remaining months of world war i, she then served as a light ship in the inner approach to chesapeake bay until 10 july 1919. from that time until 1936, she was primarily engaged in providing towing services along the eastern seaboard and in the caribbean. between june 1936 and january 1941, she operated with units of the aircraft division, base force, providing planeguard, seaplane tender, and target and mooring buoy planting services from new england to the caribbean. then, temporarily attached to train, patrol force at culebra, p. r., she steamed to bermuda in may for towing and servicing duties with mindiv 14. redesignated at137, 1 june 1942, she was based at bermuda until june 1943. during that time, towing and escort duties frequently took her to the east coast, while numerous salvage and rescue missions, including aid to the submarine r1 and torpedoed argentine tanker victoria, kept her busy at bermuda and in nearby convoy lanes. detached from bermudan duty in june, owl spent the last six months of 1943 with desron 30 operating out of guantanamo bay. she then steamed back to norfolk for overhaul, and sailed for europe. she arrived at falmouth, u. k., 14 march 1944 to join the allied forces gathering for the invasion of france. redesignated ato137 on 15 may 1944, she arrived off the normandy coast two days after d - day. as ground forces pushed inland, she towed port and road construction materials to the french coast, thus aiding the all important flow of men and equipment to the front. availability at falmouth early in the new year, 1945, preceded her return to the united states, 27 february, and midatlantic coast towing assignments. transferred to the pacific fleet, she sailed from newport, 5 may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44113004028230923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.747407"} {"text": "up next in how to use microsoft excel ( 29 videos ) get a handle on microsoft excel - - the industry standard for spreadsheets - - with the help of computer whiz shir moscovitz in these howcast videos. hi, my name is shir and i ' m the founder and ceo of shirconsulting. com where we focus on converting the existing data from your business into massive savings and extraordinary profits. today we ' re going to learn the basics of excel. let ' s get started. so now let ' s talk about moving cells around inside of the worksheet. i can do it in a number of ways. i can use the mouse to select the cells i want and as soon as i hover over the edge of the selected cells, i get four diff, four directional arrows. if i click and drag that - i ' m physically moving all of those. i tend to stay away from that. i am just hitting undo to go back which is ctrl + z. i like to do instead a ctrl + x which is a cut and then click where i want to move it to and hit ctrl + v to paste. this cut and paste will always work and that ' s why i recommend using it for all moving needs. you can also insert new cells in between current data. so if i want to move everything down and move some stuff around that way - i click on the cell that i want, i right click and then i do insert. it then asks me in this little window - do i want to shift the cells to the right or down? i want to try shifting them down. i can do this all at once across these five by doing, by selecting all five, right clicking on it, hitting insert and shifting the cells down. i can do the same thing with vertical cells. i select all these, i right click on it, i hit insert and i shift them to the right. and now i have new cells over here. the best method to move cells around is to select what you want, hit ctrl + x to cut, click where you want to paste it, and then hit ctrl + v to paste. another important reason to do that is to maintain the cell references. we ' ll go over that later but that ' s a very important concept. and that ' s how you move cells around in microsoft excel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44445145925419416, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.749629"} {"text": "inls 740 : digital library evaluation the imls / niso framework of guidance for building good digital collections states : collections principle 6 : a good collection has mechanisms to supply usage data and other data that allows standardized measures of usefulness to be recorded. many such mechanisms exist. for this exercise we will look at two of them : automatically - collected weblog statistics and user comments. the digital library that you will be building for this course will not be fully enough developed, nor used heavily enough, for evaluation data to be meaningful. we will therefore be looking at data from a well - established dl : documenting the american south. docsouth is the flagship project of the carolina digital library and archives, and contains several collections, with a wide range of types of materials, file formats, and presentation styles. imagine that you are the head of docsouth, or the head of the cdla, or the university librarian. what would you want or need to know about docsouth, in order for you to do your job? develop a set of evaluation questions about docsouth. for example : - which of docsouth ' s collections receive the most / least use? - what user communities make the greatest / least use of docsouth ' s collections? for what are different user communities using the docsouth collections? - how to users navigate the docsouth site? what are users browse paths? for what do users search? - given users ' behaviors on the docsouth site, what functionality or tools might be most appropriate to provide? these are just suggestions : other evaluation questions of your invention are fair game. then, look at the two sources of data to which we have access about docsouth : you may or may not be able to answer your evaluation questions with the data available to you, or you may be able to answer different questions. part of this exercise is for you to identify the questions that you ideally want to be able to answer, and then the questions that are actually answerable given the data available to you. given that gap, make recommendations about additional data that it would be useful to collect, to answer important but currently unanswerable questions. this assignment will proceed in two stages : individually then collectively. first, individually develop a set of evaluation questions, look at both datasets, identify which of your questions are answerable or not, and brainstorm about additional data that docsouth should collect. next, make a post to the course site about all of that. please tag", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4813338625868394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.752285"} {"text": "about speech, language & communication needs ( slcn ) speech, language and communication underpin everything we do \u2013 making our needs known, expressing our likes and dislikes, interacting with others and building relationships. we often take these skills for granted, but many children struggle to communicate. they have speech, language and communication needs or slcn. a child with speech, language and communication needs : - might have speech that is difficult to understand - they might struggle to say words or sentences - they may not understand words that are being used, or the instructions they hear - they may have difficulties knowing how to talk and listen to others in a conversation children may have just some or all of these difficulties ; they are all very different. speech, language and communication are crucial for reading, learning in school, for socialising and making friends, and for understanding and controlling emotions or feelings. slcn is often called a \u2018 hidden difficulty \u2019. many children with slcn look just like other children, and can be just as clever. this means that instead of communication difficulties people may see children struggling to learn to read, showing poor behaviour, having difficulties learning or socialising with others. some children may become withdrawn or isolated. their needs are often misinterpreted, misdiagnosed or missed altogether.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43864943339478707, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.754419"} {"text": "the global hunger index ( ghi ) is designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger globally and by country and region. calculated each year by the international food policy research institute ( ifpri ), the ghi highlights successes and failures in hunger reduction and provides insights into the drivers of hunger. by raising awareness and understanding of regional and country differences in hunger, the ghi aims to trigger actions to reduce hunger. to reflect the multidimensional nature of hunger, the ghi combines three equally weighted indicators in one index number : - undernourishment : the proportion of undernourished as a percentage of the population ( reflecting the share of the population with insufficient calorie intake ) ; - child underweight : the proportion of children younger than the age of five who are underweight ( low weight for age reflecting wasting, stunted growth, or both ), which is one indicator of child undernutrition ; and - child mortality : the mortality rate of children younger than the age of five ( partially reflecting the fatal synergy of inadequate dietary intake and unhealthy environments ). the ghi ranks countries on a 100 - point scale. zero is the best score ( no hunger ), and 100 is the worst, although neither of these extremes is reached in practice. this widget was developed by harvestchoice ( put this map on your website )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48242981805917096, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.756495"} {"text": "use the free adobe acrobat reader to view a pdf file of this article harry dexter white and the international monetary fund james m. boughton harry dexter white profoundly influenced both the design of the imf and its development, yet his important work is not widely appreciated today. the fiftieth anniversary of his death offers an opportunity to review his accomplishments and career. both of the founding fathers of the bretton woods institutions died of heart attacks while at the peak of their intellectual powers and before they could see the imf and the world bank grow into the pillars of the postwar economic system : john maynard keynes ( at left in the above photograph ) at age 62 in april 1946, and harry dexter white ( at right ) at age 55 in august 1948. keynes, of course, was not only the preeminent economist of his day but also a cultural icon, as much a graduate of the bloomsbury group as of cambridge university. the fiftieth anniversary of his passing was commemorated by a host of conferences, articles, and books. white, in contrast, stayed in the background throughout most of his life, and the danger exists that his achievements will be, to paraphrase abraham lincoln, \" little noted nor long remembered. \" but, in a more mundane phrase, he certainly had his \" fifteen minutes of fame. \" in november 1953, more than five years after his death, his face was on the cover of time magazine, his name was on the front pages and in the editorial columns of newspapers around the world, and questions about his 1946 appointment as an executive director at the imf led to an ugly battle in which three u. s. presidents \u2014 the then incumbent, dwight d. eisenhower ; his predecessor, harry s. truman ; and a future president, richard m. nixon \u2014 became engaged. understanding what harry white stood for and what he had accomplished was impossible in those circumstances. the fiftieth anniversary of his death offers an occasion to reassess his contributions. without question, harry dexter white was one of the two great intellectual founders of the imf and the world bank. as the chief international economist at the u. s. treasury in 1942 \u2013 44, he drafted the u. s. blueprint for the imf that competed with the plan drafted for the british treasury by keynes. the final compromise adopted at bretton woods, new hampshire in july 1944 retained much of the flavor of the white plan : it defined the imf not as a world central bank but as a promoter of economic growth through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48209375501946833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.768171"} {"text": "for the british treasury by keynes. the final compromise adopted at bretton woods, new hampshire in july 1944 retained much of the flavor of the white plan : it defined the imf not as a world central bank but as a promoter of economic growth through international trade and financial stability. when the imf began operations in 1946, president harry s. truman named white as its first u. s. executive director. since no deputy managing director post had yet been created, white served occasionally as acting managing director and generally played a highly influential role during the imf ' s first year. his health deteriorated, however, and he resigned in march 1947 and died of heart failure the following year. harry white ' s path to prominence followed a classic script for success in america. born in boston, massachusetts in october 1892, he was the son of lithuanian immigrants. as a young man, he worked for a time in the family hardware business and then served in the u. s. army in france during world war i. not until he was 30 did he begin serious university studies : first at columbia ; then at stanford, where he received his first degree in economics ; and finally at harvard, where in 1930 he completed a prize - winning ph. d. thesis on french international payments in the prewar period. white taught at lawrence college in appleton, wisconsin for a few years until he received an unexpected letter from professor jacob viner of the university of chicago in 1934. viner was working on an assignment at the u. s. treasury department in washington, and he asked white to come work for him. white left academia for good and spent the next 12 years at the treasury, where he eventually became assistant secretary. an american internationalist as early as 1935, white maintained in his internal treasury writings that recovery of the u. s. economy from the great depression would require a restoration of international monetary stability. on a trip to england that year, he had his first meeting with keynes and other prominent british economists, men who shared his views on this issue and from whom he gained a sense of the importance of anglo - american cooperation in monetary affairs. when the united states entered the second world war in december 1941, secretary of the treasury henry morgenthau jr. put white in charge of all international matters for the department. although white could have more than occupied himself with the complexities of the war effort, he immediately began to look further ahead and drafted the ambitious plan that would restore international stability after the war through the creation of the imf and the world bank", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4763631955684053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.769282"} {"text": "department. although white could have more than occupied himself with the complexities of the war effort, he immediately began to look further ahead and drafted the ambitious plan that would restore international stability after the war through the creation of the imf and the world bank. although white lacked the stature of keynes, either as intellectual or as icon, he had a strong foundation as an economist. he was not known as a great innovative thinker, and he published very little. even so, he gained keynes ' s respect as a strategist and debater, and his internal writings at the treasury reveal both a clear understanding of international policy and an ability to explain the issues with unusual clarity. his de facto leadership of the u. s. team at bretton woods was essential in determining the form and function of the imf, and he was a dominant influence on u. s. international economic policy throughout world war ii. nonetheless, it was because of the strength of american economic and political power, not the superiority of white ' s intellectual powers, that the imf was shaped primarily by the white plan rather than the keynes plan. for the most part, white ' s views on international trade and finance were consonant with those of the anglo - saxon economic mainstream of his time. three themes were important for shaping both the postwar international monetary system and the role of the imf. first, it was imperative to avoid the mistakes made after the first world war. the world economy must be founded on cooperative competition among nations, not on hegemony or autarky, and economic growth should be given at least as high a priority as stabilization. second, the international flow of capital should encourage trade and not be allowed to become an independent and possibly disruptive force. white and keynes agreed on those two points, as did most economists. third, a multilateral official agency should be established to promote the first two goals. white and keynes also agreed on that point, but they differed on how strong and how independent the agency should be. part of the conventional wisdom about the origins of the imf is that it was a response to the depression of the 1930s and was designed primarily to prevent a recurrence of global deflation. certainly the avoidance of ruinous competitive devaluations and of trade and exchange restrictions was uppermost in both keynes ' s and white ' s thinking, but they saw those policy errors as creatures of the 1920s, as the result of the mercantilist debacles that flowed from the versailles peace conference. such mistakes had contributed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5010924369366953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.770685"} {"text": "uppermost in both keynes ' s and white ' s thinking, but they saw those policy errors as creatures of the 1920s, as the result of the mercantilist debacles that flowed from the versailles peace conference. such mistakes had contributed to the depression and then had fed on it, but they would have been just as disastrous if they had led instead to an inflationary spiral. white saw the avoidance of either deflation or inflation as a precondition for sustained economic growth, as did keynes. he was no fan of the classical gold standard, but he argued persistently within the u. s. treasury for a stable monetary standard that the government could manage with some flexibility but that would still link the u. s. dollar firmly to gold. his plan for the imf placed the dollar and its ties to gold at the center of the international monetary system, in the belief that it would provide a stable anchor for policies conducive to growth. a paper prepared by white and his staff shortly after bretton woods linked this proposal directly to the avoidance of the errors of the 1920s and to the new keynesian consensus. \" long before the [ second world ] war, \" the paper recalled, \" the necessary monetary and financial basis for international prosperity had been weakened by competitive currency depreciation, by exchange restriction, by multiple currency devices, \" and the like. after the war, \" only through international cooperation will it be possible for countries successfully to apply measures directed toward attaining and maintaining a high level of employment and real income which must be the primary objective of economic policy. \" the second tenet underlying white ' s design for the imf was that capital flows had to be controlled, or else they would become an independent and disruptive force against normal trade relations between nations. in contrast to the global economy of the 1990s, international capital flows at that time played only a limited role in supporting trade. white developed his thinking on that point while pursuing his ph. d. at harvard in 1930 and writing a thesis on french international trade and finance. his thesis challenged the conventional view that france had raised its national income during the decades before the first world war by running a persistent trade deficit financed by the income from foreign investments. white interpreted the evidence as showing that french investors had systematically overestimated the risk - adjusted rates of return on those investments and that the macroeconomic effects of foreign investment were not necessarily positive. he concluded that his study \" supports, in my opinion, the growing belief that capital exports are not always beneficial to the export", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5330187993010473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.772224"} {"text": "the imf to create an international credit instrument to supplement dollars in reserves. keynes had made such a proposal in his own plan, but white had rejected the idea as being too ambitious. shortly before his death, however, white drafted a proposal to amend the articles of agreement to enable the imf to create its own reserve assets. that plan was circulated internally at the imf, but no action was taken on it. not for another two decades would the idea come to fruition, when the first amendment to the articles was adopted and the imf began allocating sdrs to member countries. frustration and decline the core of white ' s thinking on these and other economic problems was a belief that cooperation among governments was necessary for global prosperity. the key relationship between the wars had been between the united states and great britain, but after the war cooperation with the soviet union would be even more important, both politically and economically. one way to promote that cooperation would be to bring the soviet union into the imf, even if its economic principles were opposed to open trade and finance. white ' s 1942 plan for a stabilization fund stressed that to exclude the soviet union from participating because of its socialist economy would be an \" egregious error. \" despite some resistance from keynes and others, white succeeded in getting the soviet union to participate in the bretton woods conference in 1944, but his goal was frustrated when joseph stalin decided a year later that the country would not join the imf. in a paper that white was writing at the time of his death, he lamented the \" tensions between certain of the major powers \" that had brought \" almost catastrophic \" consequences, including an \" acute lack of confidence in continued political stability and the crippling fear of war on a scale unprecedented and almost unimaginable in its destructive potentialities. \" white ' s intensely personal internationalism came under heavy criticism in the united states once the wartime military alliance with the soviet union against the axis countries was no longer in force. during the investigations of the mccarthy era, attacks on his motives ranged from the questionable to the bizarre. his meetings with soviet officials around the time of bretton woods were interpreted as espionage. his efforts during the war to hold the nationalist government in china accountable for hundreds of millions of dollars in u. s. financial aid were interpreted as an effort to undermine chiang kai - shek in favor of mao tse - tung. his assistance in drafting a plan to limit the reindustrialization of germany after the war was interpreted as part of a grand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5202509512098882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.774510"} {"text": "s. financial aid were interpreted as an effort to undermine chiang kai - shek in favor of mao tse - tung. his assistance in drafting a plan to limit the reindustrialization of germany after the war was interpreted as part of a grand design to create an economic vacuum in europe to be exploited by the soviet union. whatever mistakes white may have made in these and other projects seem trivial today when set next to the excesses of his enemies and to the personal price that he was made to pay. his spirited defense of his loyalty to the united states and its values, made at hearings before the committee on un - american activities of the u. s. house of representatives in august 1948, left him exhausted. he died three days afterwards. five years later, at the height of the loyalty investigations led by wisconsin senator joseph mccarthy, president eisenhower ' s attorney general accused former president truman of knowing that white was a soviet spy before appointing him to the executive board of the imf. although truman successfully fought off both that charge and a subpoena compelling him to testify on the matter, white was vilified in congress and in the press. the exposure irreparably damaged his personal reputation. what remains of his legacy is the international monetary fund, which still bears his imprint more than any other ' s. suggestions for further reading : j. keith horsefield., 1969, the international monetary fund 1945 \u2013 1965 : twenty years of monetary cooperation ( washington : international monetary fund ). david rees, 1973, harry dexter white : a study in paradox ( new york : coward, mccann & geoghegan ). harry dexter white, 1933, the french international accounts, 1880 \u2013 1913 ( cambridge, massachusetts : harvard university press ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48620191276354047, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.775250"} {"text": "how to create a mind the secret of human thought revealed publication date : november 2012 ray kurzweil, the bold futurist and author of the new york times bestseller the singularity is near, is arguably today ' s most influential technological visionary. a pioneering inventor and theorist, he has explored for decades how artificial intelligence can enrich and expand human capabilities. now, in his much - anticipated how to create a mind, he takes this exploration to the next step : reverse - engineering the brain to understand precisely how it works, then applying that knowledge to create vastly intelligent machines. drawing on the most recent neuroscience research, his own research and inventions in artificial intelligence, and compelling thought experiments, he describes his new theory of how the neocortex ( the thinking part of the brain ) works : as a self - organizing hierarchical system of pattern recognizers. kurzweil shows how these insights will enable us to greatly extend the powers of our own mind and provides a road map for the creation of super - intelligence? humankind ' s most exciting next venture. we are now at the dawn of an era of radical possibilities in which merging with our technology will enable us to effectively address the world ' s grand challenges. how to create a mind is certain to be one of the most widely discussed and debated science books in many years? a touchstone for any consideration of the path of human progress.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.561597533850391, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.776818"} {"text": "it ' s snake - bird season in north carolina. the ostrich - necked, fan - tailed fish hunter also known as a water turkey, or anhinga, typically resides in the bayous of louisiana and florida. however, it will migrate north in the summer if it finds a swampy, low - lying lake with trees to perch on \u2014 not around, but inside the lake. as the audubon society notes on its web site, \" the more retired and secluded the spot, the more willingly does the snake - bird remain about it. \" falls lake, built by the u. s. army corps of engineers in the early 1980s to prevent flooding and provide a water source for the region, is a summer refuge for snake - birds. navigating the muddy brown waters, our motorboat passes a flock of them gathered on the branches of dead trees. three birds are perched on what looks like the points to a wooden crown, barely jutting through the low - lying waters near lick creek. as they lift off, they do not go far. unlike most aquatic birds, their feathers do not repel water ; instead, as they dive, horizontally, they allow the water to drag them down, until they just skim the surface, like a river snake. if they need to, they will completely submerge. after we gawk at the snake - birds, the neuse riverkeeper boat stalls in the lake near lick creek, where deposits of silt and mud cause the lake ' s depth to quickly fluctuate from 15 feet to 2 feet. as the motor restarts, greenish - brown muck shatters the reflective pool, and power lines in the distance reminds us that we are in the middle of a metropolitan area. the raleigh - durham area has not always been kind to falls lake. since the late 1990s, three streams snaking into east durham \u2014 ellerbee, lick and little creeks \u2014 have been classified as impaired by the environmental protection agency due to runoff from development. roads and roofs and other impervious surfaces are the largest sources of pollution ; they prevent water from being naturally cleansed of pollutants, which then drain into the lake and kill or damage aquatic life. floating by stumps and strange birds, we look to the water ' s edge, where trees ' roots are exposed to a shoreline that looks like a mountain cliff \u2014 a reminder of how quickly this man - made lake can evaporate. the drive back to durham is remarkably rural : farmhouses and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4215413795179901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.780598"} {"text": "beloved prophet muhammad, may god send his praises upon him, was born in mecca, saudi arabia circa 570 c. e. he is an example for all of humanity. he was a remarkable man at all times. he excelled in all walks of life by being a prophet, ruler, philosopher, orator, soldier, husband, friend, father, uncle, nephew, and a grandfather. he was a man of love, patience, courage, wisdom, generosity, intelligence and magnitude who inspired millions of lives throughout the world. god says in the quran that he was sent as a mercy for the people of the world. \u201c we sent thee not save as a mercy for the peoples. \u201d ( quran 21 : 107 ) his prophetic mission began at the age of forty, circa 610 c. e., and continued until 632 c. e. from the path of ignorance, mankind was lead to the straight path and was blessed with the guidance of god. shortly before his death, prophet muhammad delivered a sermon during the hajj, which came to be known as his \u201c final sermon \u201d. this final sermon was not only a reminder to his followers, but also an important admonition. the final sermon confirms the end of his prophetic mission. year 10 a. h. of the islamic calendar is considered to be one of the most significant years for three reasons. firstly, this was the year when the prophet delivered his last sermon during his farewell pilgrimage to mecca. secondly, this was the year where number of deputations came to the prophet to announce their islam as well as their tribes. thirdly, it was the golden period of islam when multitudes of people embraced the faith by accepting the message of the prophet. prophet muhammad undertook his farewell pilgrimage in the year 10 a. h. his farewell pilgrimage to mecca is one of the most significant historical events in the minds of muslims, for it was the first and last pilgrimage made by prophet muhammad, as well as being the model for performing the fifth pillar of islam, the hajj. prophet muhammad \u2019 s final sermon was delivered during the hajj of the year 632 c. e., the ninth day of dhul hijjah, the 12th month of the lunar year, at arafat, the most blessed day of the year. there were countless muslims present with the prophet during his last pilgrimage when he delivered his last sermon. the final sermon after praising, and thanking god, the prophet, may god send his praises upon him said : \u201c o people,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43774542695233554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.789222"} {"text": "day of the year. there were countless muslims present with the prophet during his last pilgrimage when he delivered his last sermon. the final sermon after praising, and thanking god, the prophet, may god send his praises upon him said : \u201c o people, lend me an attentive ear, for i know not whether after this year, i shall ever be amongst you again. therefore, listen to what i am saying to you very carefully and take these words to those who could not be present here today. o people, just as you regard this month, this day, this city as sacred, so regard the life and property of every muslim as a sacred trust. return the goods entrusted to you to their rightful owners. hurt no one so that no one may hurt you. remember that you will indeed meet your lord, and that he will indeed reckon your deeds. god has forbidden you to take usury ( interest ), therefore all interest obligation shall henceforth be waived. your capital, however, is yours to keep. you will neither inflict nor suffer any inequity. god has judged that there shall be no interest, and that all the interest due to abbas ibn abd \u2019 al muttalib shall henceforth be waived... beware of satan, for the safety of your religion. he has lost all hope that he will ever be able to lead you astray in big things, so beware of following him in small things. o people, it is true that you have certain rights with regard to your women, but they also have rights over you. remember that you have taken them as your wives only under a trust from god and with his permission. if they abide by your right then to them belongs the right to be fed and clothed in kindness. do treat your women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers. and it is your right that they do not make friends with any one of whom you do not approve, as well as never to be unchaste. o people, listen to me in earnest, worship god, perform your five daily prayers, fast during the month of ramadan, and offer zakat. perform hajj if you have the means. all mankind is from adam and eve. an arab has no superiority over a non - arab, nor does a non - arab have any superiority over an arab ; white has no superiority over black, nor does a black have any superiority over white ; [ none have superiority over another ] except by piety and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45097008265648575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.791434"} {"text": "no superiority over a non - arab, nor does a non - arab have any superiority over an arab ; white has no superiority over black, nor does a black have any superiority over white ; [ none have superiority over another ] except by piety and good action. learn that every muslim is a brother to every muslim and that the muslims constitute one brotherhood. nothing shall be legitimate to a muslim which belongs to a fellow muslim unless it was given freely and willingly. do not, therefore, do injustice to yourselves. remember, one day you will appear before god and answer for your deeds. so beware, do not stray from the path of righteousness after i am gone. o people, no prophet or apostle will come after me, and no new faith will be born. reason well, therefore, o people, and understand words which i convey to you. i leave behind me two things, the quran and my example, the sunnah, and if you follow these you will never go astray. all those who listen to me shall pass on my words to others and those to others again ; and it may be that the last ones understand my words better than those who listen to me directly. be my witness, o god, that i have conveyed your message to your people. \u201d thus the beloved prophet completed his final sermon, and upon it, near the summit of arafat, the revelation came down : \u201c \u2026 this day have i perfected your religion for you, completed my grace upon you, and have chosen islam for you as your religion \u2026 \u201d ( quran 5 : 3 ) even today the last sermon of prophet muhammad is passed to every muslim in every corner of the word through all possible means of communication. muslims are reminded about it in mosques and in lectures. indeed the meanings found in this sermon are indeed astounding, touching upon some of the most important rights god has over humanity, and humanity has over each other. though the prophet \u2019 s soul has left this world, his words are still living in our hearts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4956704765138617, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.792266"} {"text": "| scientific name : | | ctenosaura melanosterna ( cayos cochinos subpopulation ) | | taxonomic notes : | | because this species was described relatively recently, it is often referenced in the literature as ctenosaura palearis or enyaliosaura palearis, the sister species that it was split from. | | red list category & criteria : | | critically endangered b1ab ( iii, v ) + 2ab ( iii, v ) ver 3. 1 | | assessor / s : | | pasachnik, s., montgomery, c. e. & henningheim, e. | | reviewer / s : | | grant, t. & hoffmann, m. | | contributor / s : | | ariano - sanchez, d., burgess, j. & ruyle, l. | within cayos cochinos the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana is restricted to the two larger islands and a few very small satellite cays. the individuals on the small cays were most likely introduced by people and do not represent stable populations. extent of occurrence and area of occupancy for this iguana is 2. 2 km\u00b2. iguanas occur throughout the land space but there is a gradual decline in the quality of the habitat on both islands, and in the number of mature iguanas on cayo mayor. declines will be transferred to cayo menor as hunting pressure has increased. the presence of invasive alien mammals on both islands threatens the iguana. in addition, increasing common green iguana ( iguana iguana ) populations on cayo menor poses a threat to the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana population due to increased competition for forage. these factors combined with the close proximity of the two islands make this population highly susceptible to the impacts of any hurricane. local extinctions of iguanas on small, low elevation islands has been observed after a hurricane for other iguana species in the caribbean ( hayes et al. 2004 ). this is a non - genuine change from the previous assessment due to misinterpretation of the criteria. | range description : | | the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana is known only from the valle de aguan in northern honduras and the cayos cochinos archipelago off the caribbean coast of honduras, where it occurs primarily on the two largest islands : cayo mayor ( grande ) and cayo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4223363368571138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.800067"} {"text": "tailed iguana is known only from the valle de aguan in northern honduras and the cayos cochinos archipelago off the caribbean coast of honduras, where it occurs primarily on the two largest islands : cayo mayor ( grande ) and cayo menor ( pequeno ). these two cays are approximately one kilometre distant from each other. the extent of occurrence is estimated to be 2. 2 km\u00b2 for the cayos cochinos subpopulation. this subpopulation occurs from sea level up to 140 m. | native : honduras ( honduran caribbean is. ) | range map : | | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | the total population size is not known, but is estimated to be less than 3, 000 mature individuals within the cayos cochinos. although the geographic range of the cayos cochinos subpopulation is substantially smaller than for the valle de aguan subpopulation, the density of individuals throughout the valle is extremely low, and it is believed iguana numbers are greatest on cayos cochinos ( s. a. pasachnik pers. obs. 2011 ). the population trend is currently stable on cayo menor ( pequeno ), but recent increases in the population density of common green iguana ( iguana iguana ) may result in increased competition for resources. the population on cayo mayor ( grande ) seems to be at low density, most likely due to hunting and predation by feral dogs. hunting pressure has been seen to increase on cayo menor as local villagers from cayo mayor visit the island for additional resources. the cayos cochinos subpopulation is genetically distinct from the valle de aguan iguanas and has been described as a separate evolutionarily significant unit ( pasachnik et al. 2011 ). | habitat and ecology : | | the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana inhabits tropical and subtropical dry forest and scrubland from 0 to 140 meters above sea level ( holdridge 1967, dinerstein et al. 1995 ). it is semi - arboreal and diurnal, taking refuge in hollow logs and rock crevices at night. on cayos cochinos, iguanas utilize forest edge habitat consisting of sandy beach strand vegetation and rocky cliffs, as well as areas of open forest, including tree fall gaps. this iguana is omnivorous, consuming fruit, flowers, leafy vegetation, arthropods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37031983246495187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.801069"} {"text": ". the exact number of animals being exported is difficult to determine because declaration of the species name is not necessary for importation and the exportation is illegal, thus undocumented. exportation is largely to the united states and europe. the cost of an individual iguana in the valle de aguan varies from $ 1 to 90 usd, depending on size and sex. cayos cochinos is located within a marine natural monument, and within the cays the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana is offered protection from exploitation ( although the level of protection and enforcement varies between islands ). in an effort to reduce illegal trade and over - harvesting, the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana was recently listed in appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ). research is needed on this iguana ' s life history and ecology. conservation actions recommended include educational awareness and trade and harvesting regulation and enforcement at both the national and local level. | citation : | | pasachnik, s., montgomery, c. e. & henningheim, e. 2012. ctenosaura melanosterna ( cayos cochinos subpopulation ). in : iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 19 june 2013. | | feedback : | | if you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please fill in the feedback form so that we can correct or extend the information provided |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40368786823940966, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.802739"} {"text": "| scientific name : | | carcharias taurus ( southwest atlantic subpopulation ) | | species authority : | | rafinesque, 1810 | | taxonomic notes : | | see compagno ( 1984, 2001 ) for a detailed discussion of the taxonomical background for this species and for its separation from the genus odontaspis. off india it appears to have been referred to as c. tricuspidatus ( compagno 1984 ) but this name was synonymized with c. taurus ( compagno 2001 ). | | red list category & criteria : | | critically endangered a2abcd ver 3. 1 | | assessor / s : | | chiaramonte, g., domingo, a. & soto, j. | | reviewer / s : | | musick, j., dudley, s., soldo, a., francis, m., valenti, s. v. & kyne, p. m. ( shark red list authority ) | a large migratory coastal shark with one of the lowest reproductive rates known among chondrichthyans, giving birth to only one or two large young every two years. as a result, annual rates of population increase and ability to sustain fishing pressure are extremely low. although the species is widespread in subtropical and temperate waters of the atlantic, indian and western pacific oceans, as well as the mediterranean sea, regional populations are isolated and are not thought to mix. in the southwest atlantic, the species ranges from rio de janeiro, brazil ( 21\u00b0s ) to san matias gulf, argentina ( 41\u00b030 \u2019 s ). although it is not directly fished in this region, it does have commercial value as a bycatch in benthic trawling and gillnet fisheries and is harvested throughout this range by commercial, artisanal and recreational ( mainly in argentina ) fishing. in uruguay, this species has been taken for over 50 years by the artisanal fleet and it formed an important component of gillnet catches off southern brazil in the 1980s. catches have declined dramatically off uruguay from 784 kg per fishing day in 1985 to 32 kg per fishing day in 2001 and off southern brazil from a cpue of 11. 7 to 0. 3 sharks per 1, 000 meters of net during the 1980s and 1990s, respectively. recent surveys ( 2005 ) also appear to indicate that catches in the gillnet fisheries off southern brazil have declined considerably relative to levels in the 1980s. aggregations off brazil were also targeted by spear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40779264624236444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.812787"} {"text": "000 meters of net during the 1980s and 1990s, respectively. recent surveys ( 2005 ) also appear to indicate that catches in the gillnet fisheries off southern brazil have declined considerably relative to levels in the 1980s. aggregations off brazil were also targeted by spear - fishers for sport in the 1970s and 1980s. this species is assessed as critically endangered due to a combination of a severe depletion along the brazilian coast since the 1970s and declining trends in the uruguayan coastal fisheries. coastal fishing pressure is intense and continuing within its range along the south atlantic coast of south america. the species is listed as threatened with over - exploitation on annex ii of the brazilian federal law of threatened and overexploited aquatic species. however there are no known species - specific management measures in place for it within the region and protection measures are urgently required. carcharias taurus has a broad but disjunct distribution in littoral and sub - littoral waters, primarily in subtropical to warm temperate regions around the main continental landmasses, except in the eastern and central pacific ( compagno 1984, 2001 ; gilmore et al. 1983 ). it is not known from deepwater, unlike odontaspis ferox. southwest atlantic subpopulation : in the southwest atlantic c. taurus ranges from rio de janeiro, brazil ( 21\u00b0s ) to san matias gulf, argentina ( 41\u00b030 \u2019 s ) ( menni 1986, soto 2001 ). native : argentina ( buenos aires, rio negro ) ; brazil ( parana, rio de janeiro, rio grande do sul, santa catarina, sao paulo ) ; uruguay | fao marine fishing areas : | | atlantic \u2013 southwest | range map : | | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | | population : | | morphometric and meristic analysis indicate that the southwest atlantic subpopulation is a probable \u201c closed group \u201d with common characteristics, but not a distinct species ( sadowsky 1970, compagno 2001 ). although there is no information on the population size of c. taurus in the southwest atlantic, past and present fishing pressures have led to significant declines in catches ( see threats section below ). | | habitat and ecology : | | carcharias taurus generally occurs in warm - temperate and subtropical waters, ranging from the surf zone and shallow bays to approximately 200 m depth on the outer continental shelf. the species is most usually found on or near the bottom in reef areas but may occasionally occur in midwater or at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3924368093812387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.813725"} {"text": "warm - temperate and subtropical waters, ranging from the surf zone and shallow bays to approximately 200 m depth on the outer continental shelf. the species is most usually found on or near the bottom in reef areas but may occasionally occur in midwater or at the surface ( compagno 1984 ). embryonic oviphagy and intra - uterine cannibalism occurs in this species and only two large pups are produced per litter every second year ( gilmore et al. 1983, goldman 2002, goldman et al. in press ). as a result, annual rates of population increase are very low, greatly reducing its ability to sustain fishing pressure. size at birth is about 95 to 105 cm tl ( gilmore et al. 1983 ). maximum size attained is 300 to 320 cm tl ( females ) and 220 to 270 cm tl ( males ) ( compagno 2001 ). age and size at maturity varies regionally. age at maturity is reported at 7. 7 years ( females ) and 4. 5 years ( males ) in the southwest atlantic by lucifora ( 2003 ). lucifora ( 2003 ) reports size at maturity in the southwest atlantic as 218 to 235 cm tl ( females ) and 193 cm tl ( males ). longevity is estimated at 18. 3 years in females and 12. 8 years in males in the southwest atlantic ( lucifora 2003 ). average reproductive age is 17. 1 yrs from demographic analysis ( goldman 2002 ). natural mortality is mhoenig = 0. 205, mjensen = 0. 211 and mpauly = 0. 198 from analyses from the southwest atlantic ( lucifora 2003 ). because this species typically inhabits shallow inshore areas it is rarely, if ever caught by large - scale industrial fisheries operating on the high seas. however, its nearshore distribution makes it susceptible to small - scale multi - species and artisanal fisheries as well as recreational fisherman, spearfishers and shark control programs. as a bycatch in other fisheries it is often reported as unidentified shark or not reported at all and as such the extent of the impact that these fisheries have had on c. taurus is unknown for most of its geographic range. consequently this species could be at a high risk of unrecognized depletion in many countries. the sand tiger is not subjected to directed fishing in south america, but nevertheless does have commercial value ( including the jaws ) as a non target catch in benthic trawling and gillnet fisheries and is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4281537407542962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.814732"} {"text": "captures increased in the late 1970s, mainly in summer, reaching a peak in the mid 1980s. thereafter there was a continued decline, with catches decreasing from 784 kg per fishing day in 1985 to 32 kg per fishing day in 2001 ( a. domingo pers. obs ). only occasional captures are recorded from 2000 to the present. there are also occasional captures in the trawl net and longline fisheries. lucifora ( 2003 ) estimated that 889 sharks ( ci 95 % = 625 to 1, 140 ) were captured by anglers during three consecutive summers ( 1999 - 2001 ) in anegada bay, argentina. out of 175 sharks observed, 153 suffered serious injuries of the internal organs caused by hooks. crespo and corcuera ( 1990 ) report extensive damage to shark catches in gillnets by marine mammals ( sea lions bite out the belly of entangled sharks and eat the liver ). | conservation actions : | | further studies of the biology and reproduction of this species in the southwest atlantic are needed. this species has been listed as a species threatened with over - exploitation on annex ii of the brazilian federal law of threatened and overexploited aquatic species since 2004 ( vooren and klippel 2005 ). also the prohibition of trawl fishing within three nautical miles from the coast of southern brazil is now being enforced satisfactorily. however, the species is still caught as bycatch in the legally permitted coastal gillnet fisheries and offshore trawl and gillnet fisheries. it is recommended that the species is protected throughout its inshore range along the southwest atlantic coast of south america, particularly in areas of critical habitat and areas where the adult population still exists. a management plan is being considered for development for this species in the bahia san blas reserve ( anegada bay, argentina ). | | citation : | | chiaramonte, g., domingo, a. & soto, j. 2007. carcharias taurus ( southwest atlantic subpopulation ). in : iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 19 june 2013. | | feedback : | | if you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please fill in the feedback form so that we can correct or extend the information provided |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39529300795109873, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.816699"} {"text": "| scientific name : | | mesoplodon bidens | | species authority : | | ( sowerby, 1804 ) | | red list category & criteria : | | data deficient ver 3. 1 | | assessor / s : | | taylor, b. l., baird, r., barlow, j., dawson, s. m., ford, j., mead, j. g., notarbartolo di sciara, g., wade, p. & pitman, r. l. | | reviewer / s : | | hammond, p. s. & perrin, w. f. ( cetacean red list authority ) | there is no information on global abundance or trends in abundance for this species. it is not believed to be uncommon but it is potentially vulnerable to low - level threats and a 30 % global reduction over three generations cannot be ruled out ( criterion a ). | range description : | | sowerby ' s beaked whales are known almost exclusively from the colder waters of the north atlantic, from at least massachusetts, usa to labrador, canada in the west, and from iceland to norway in the east ( mead 1989 ; macleod et al. 2006 ). this is the most northerly distributed of the atlantic species of mesoplodon, with most records north of 30\u00b0n. there are a number of strandings or sightings considered to be extralimital in the mediterranean sea, and from the gulf of mexico side of florida. | native : belgium ; canada ; denmark ; france ; germany ; gibraltar ; iceland ; ireland ; netherlands ; norway ; portugal ; spain ; sweden ; united kingdom ; united states | fao marine fishing areas : | | atlantic \u2013 eastern central ; atlantic \u2013 northeast ; atlantic \u2013 northwest | range map : | | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | | population : | | very little is known of the population biology of this species. it is one of the most commonly seen mesoplodonts in some parts of its range. | | habitat and ecology : | | as with other members of the genus, these whales occur almost exclusively in deep waters past the continental shelf edge. although it is one of the most commonly stranded mesoplodon species, there have been few sightings at sea, and it is poorly known. de buffrenil ( 1995 ) mentioned that two sightings were north of scotland and west of the orkney islands, in waters several 100 m deep.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4279162171494398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.826172"} {"text": "e. 2001. a mass stranding of cetaceans caused by naval sonar in the bahamas. bahamas journal of science 8 ( 2 ) : 2 - 12. barlow, j. 1999. trackline detection probability for long - diving whales. in : g. w. garner, s. c. amstrup, j. l. laake, b. j. f. manley, l. l. mcdonald and d. g. robertson ( eds ), marine mammal survey and assessment methods, pp. 209 - 221. balkema press, netherlands. cox, t. m., ragen, t. j., read, a. j., vos, e., baird, r. w., balcomb, k., barlow, j., caldwell, j., cranford, t., crum, l., d ' amico, a., d ' spain, a., fernandez, j., finneran, j., gentry, r., gerth, w., gulland, f., hildebrand, j., houser, d., hullar, t., jepson, p. d., ketten, d., macleod, c. d., miller, p., moore, s., mountain, d., palka, d., ponganis, p., rommel, s., rowles, t., taylor, b., tyack, p., wartzok, d., gisiner, r., mead, j. and benner, l. 2006. understanding the impacts of anthropogenic sound on beaked whales. journal of cetacean research and management 7 ( 3 ) : 177 - 187. de buffrenil, v., 1995. mesoplodon bidens - sowerby - zweizahnwal. in : d. robinueau, r. duguy and m. klima ( eds ), handbuch der saugetiere europas, pp. 545 - 560. aua - verlag, wiesbaden, germany. fernandez, a., edwards, j. f., rodriguez, f., espinosa, a., de los monteros, herraez, p., castro, p., jaber, j. r., martin, v. and arebelo, m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49084212800538135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.827802"} {"text": "., rodriguez, f., espinosa, a., de los monteros, herraez, p., castro, p., jaber, j. r., martin, v. and arebelo, m. 2005. \" gas and fat embolic syndrome \" involving a mass stranding of beaked whales ( family ziphiidae ) exposed to anthropogenic sonar signals. veterinary pathology 42 : 446 - 457. gomercic, h., gomercic, m. d., gomericic, t., lucic, h., dalebout, m., galov, a., skrtic, d., curkovic, s., vukovic, s. and huber, d. 2006. biological aspects of cuvier ' s beaked whale ( ziphius cavirostris ) recorded in the croatian part of the adriatic sea. european journal of wildlife research 52 ( 3 ) : 182 - 187. hooker, s. k. and baird, r. w. 1999. observations of sowerby ' s beaked whales, mesoplodon bidens, in the gully, nova scotia. canadian field - naturalist 113 : 273 - 277. jepson, p. d., arebelo, m., deaville, r., patterson, i. a. p., castro, p., baker, j. r., degollada, e., ross, h. m., herraez, p., pocknell, a. m., rodriguez, f., howie, f. e., espinosa, a., reid, r. j., jaber, j. r., martin, v., cunningham, a. a. and fernandez, a. 2003. gas - bubble lesions in stranded cetaceans. nature 425 : 575 - 576. learmonth, j. a., macleod, c. d., santos, m. b., pierce, g. j., crick, h. q. p. and robinson, r. a. 2006. potential effects of climate change on marine mammals. oceanography and marine biology : an annual review 44 : 431 - 464. macleod, c. d., perrin, w. f., pitman, r. l., barlow, j., balance, l., d ' ami", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4730296962436729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.828563"} {"text": "and marine biology : an annual review 44 : 431 - 464. macleod, c. d., perrin, w. f., pitman, r. l., barlow, j., balance, l., d ' amico, a., gerrodette, t., joyce, g., mullin, k. d., palka, d. l. and waring, g. t. 2006. known and inferred distributions of beaked whale species ( ziphiidae : cetacea ). journal of cetacean research and management 7 ( 3 ) : 271 - 286. malakoff, d. 2002. suit ties whale deaths to research cruise. science 298 : 722 - 723. mead, j. g. 1989. beaked whales of the genus mesoplodon. in : s. h. ridgway and r. harrison ( eds ), handbook of marine mammals, vol. 4 : river dolphins and the larger toothed whales, pp. 349 - 430. academic press. ostrom, p. h., lien, j. and macko,. a. 1993. evaluation of the diet of sowerby ' s beaked whale, mesoplodon bidens, based on isotopic comparisons among northwestern atlantic cetaceans. canadian journal of zoology 71 : 858 - 861. reeves, r. r., smith, b. d., crespo, e. a. and notarbartolo di sciara, g. 2003. dolphins, whales and porpoises : 2002 - 2010 conservation action plan for the world ' s cetaceans. iucn / ssc cetacean specialist group, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk. wang, j. y. and yang, s. c. 2006. unusual cetacean stranding events of taiwan in 2004 and 2005. journal of cetacean research and management 8 : 283 - 292. waring, g. t., hamazaki, t., sheehan, d., wood, g. and baker, s. 2001. characterization of beaked whale ( ziphiidae ) and sperm whale ( physeter macrocephalus ) summer habitat in shelf - edge and deeper waters off the northeast us. marine mammal science 17 ( 4 ) : 703 - 717. | citation : | | taylor, b. l., baird, r.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4571572848060462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.829374"} {"text": "scale / arpeggio / chord are you hip to the coolness of how the pitches of a scale become an arpeggio, and how this sequencing of pitches within the arpeggio can then be stacked vertically and struck simultaneously to create chords? if necessary, read on. the following musical example simply presents a c major scale in measure 1, then respells the major scale using the intervals of the major and minor thirds, the essential tertian chord building intervals within equal temper. it is in this respelling of the pitches of the major scale by thirds that creates the c major arpeggio, as in measure 3, then stacks the pitches of the arpeggio atop one another to create a c major chord as presented in bar 4 below. thus, scale / arpeggio / chord. vwala. example 1. can you see and hear how the scale in bar 1 becomes the arpeggio in bar 3? then how the arpeggio in bar 2 is simply stacked one pitch upon another to create the chord in bar 4? cool with this? does the sound of the arpeggio and chord sound a bit off to you? no worries, chords of this dimension are a quite rare in the music. just looking to learn the three terms here and how they are created from the exact same group of pitches. got these three components under your fingers? so why is understanding how scales evolve into arpeggios and into chords potentially so important to the creative musician? well, when improvising our own melodies i. e., soloing over chord changes, a rather nice approach oftentimes combines elements of each of these three possibilities. each have their own unique ways of building excitement and when smoothly combined together within a song, it gives the player a wider range of orchestrative techniques to enhance their ideas. perhaps try this next idea when time permits. pick a tune you really know well. play scales through the first chorus, arpeggiate the changes in the second, then play chords in the third chorus. as this ability develops, simply try to create ideas that contain elements of each of these three approaches in your lines within one chorus. oftentimes, fluidly combining scales, arpeggios and chords is indicative of a very advanced musical intellect. what about the sound of the extended arpeggio and chord from the above example? can we alter some of the pitches to improve the sound and why must we alter pitches anyway? click here to get there. what about in the blues? monk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46772537902249234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.831946"} {"text": "july 16, 2012 dr. seuss and the holocaust in france seventy years ago this week, 15 - year - old annie kriegel was sitting in her paris high school classroom, taking an exam, when her mother suddenly burst into the room and warned her not to come home \u2014 the nazis were preparing to round up and deport any jews they could get their hands on. more than 3, 000 miles away, the cartoonist known as dr. seuss was setting pen to paper to alert america about what was happening to the jews in france. annie found a place to stay that night. the next morning, as she later recalled, she was making her way towards the city \u2019 s jewish quarter when, \u201c at the crossing of the rue de turenne and the rue de bretagne, i heard screams rising to the heavens. \u201d they were \u201c not cries and squawks such as you hear in noisy and excited crowds, but screams like you used to hear in hospital delivery rooms. all the human pain that both life and death provide. a garage there was serving as a local assembly point, and they were separating the men and women. \u201d stunned, the teenager sat down on a nearby park bench. \u201c it was on that bench that i left my childhood. \u201d ( kriegel \u2019 s experience is recounted in susan zucotti \u2019 s 1993 book, the holocaust, the french and the jews. ) over the course of the next two days, more than 13, 000 jews were rounded up in paris by the germans, with the active collaboration of the vichy french government headed by nazi supporter pierre laval. the majority of those arrested were couples with children. they were held for five excruciating days in the velodrome d \u2019 hiver stadium, in the summer heat without food or water. eyewitnesses described it as \u201c a scene from hell. \u201d then they were deported by train to the gas chambers of auschwitz. the brutal details of the roundup process were amply reported in the american press. the new york times described the \u201c scenes of terror and despair \u201d in the streets of paris, including suicides, jewish patients dragged violently from hospital beds, and children violently separated from their parents. unfortunately, the article was relegated to page 16. theodor geisel, who drew editorial cartoons for pm under the pen name \u201c dr. seuss, \u201d was outraged by the news from france and decided to use his cartooning skills to help publicize the plight of the jews. the future creator of such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3968317466648981, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.841573"} {"text": "cape town is the second most populated city in south africa and is where the jewish community established its roots and began to grow and flourish. in 1820, a large number of british settlers immigrated to cape town, including three jewish families that in total made up about 20 people. over the next three decades, british jewish immigrants established additional synagogues, as well as cemeteries and other philanthropic institutions. jewish immigrants from germany and holland arrived in cape town in the early 19th century seeking fortune and adventure, which enabled the community to grow slowly and steadily. between 1880 and 1910, the jewish population swelled from 4, 000 to 40, 000 with yiddish - speaking immigrants from lithuania, thus revitalizing the jewish community of cape town. in 1930, increased feelings of anti - semitism surfaced in south africa but with the institutionalization of the apartheid agenda, anti - semitism became much less of an issue. many jewish organizations and individuals from cape town played a significant role within the anti - apartheid movement during the mid 1900 \u2019 s. prior to the second half of 2003, many in the jewish community left south africa primarily due to concerns about crime and the economy. presently, the jewish community of cape town numbers around 17, 000, which makes up about 25 percent of the total jewish population of south africa. to begin a day of sightseeing, head to the \" museum mile, \u201d which is located at 88 hatfield street in the center of town. here stands the museum complex, which compromises many jewish sites. one such site is the old synagogue or the gardens synagogue, named because it was erected in the gardens district of cape town, 1863. the synagogue is of a neo - classical style, and also houses the museum of the history of the jewish people in south africa, established in 1958, and an exhibition of jewish ceremonial art. in 1996 the decision was taken to incorporate the old museum into the new south african jewish museum, which was formally opened in 2000 by nelson mandela. the synagogue links via a courtyard to the south african jewish museum, which is a piece of bold architectural design. the museum uses multi - media platforms to tell the history of the jews of south africa. the museum also shows a daily documentary titled, nelson mandela. a righteous man, which helps understand how certain events shaped south africa. next door to the old synagogue is the great synagogue, opened in 1905, which seats 1, 400. this is arguably one of the city \u2019 s finest and most magnificent buildings. in particular, the stained - glass windows are pieces of art in their right", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43079559668531053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.847183"} {"text": "door to the old synagogue is the great synagogue, opened in 1905, which seats 1, 400. this is arguably one of the city \u2019 s finest and most magnificent buildings. in particular, the stained - glass windows are pieces of art in their right. sparkling golden mosaics adrorn either side of the holy ark and a beautiful chandelier hangs from the dome. the synagogue is used for services and is free to tour with donations accepted. also forming part of this museum complex is the cape town holocaust center, the first holocaust center in africa, opened in 1999. this is a permanent exhibition that includes sections on the pseudo - science of race and the stories of holocaust survivors who made their home in cape town. as with many holocaust centers, this is a very moving exhibition that also tackles the institutionalized racism of apartheid. the museum complex is open every day apart from saturdays and jewish and public holidays. the cost for an adult is r40, and children under the age of 16 go free. touring the museum complex will take the best part of the morning, and conveniently the complex is home to the kosher cafe riteve. here they serve a selection of kosher meals and snacks. the average cost for lunch is r150 per person. for the afternoon, a visit to the only kosher winery awaits, situated on the slopes of paarl mountain. zandwijk wines, premium vineyard and winery, is nestled in the south eastern slopes of paarl mountain, and is the only kosher winery in south africa dedicated exclusively to kosher wines and juices. as well as wine tasting, a visit to the wine cellars is available and also the the option to bring a picnic to enjoy in the grounds. a cheese and wine tasting is r20 per person, and the cellar tour with standard wine tasting is r10 per person. when visiting it \u2019 s important to pre book and remember to take cash with you as there are no atm \u2019 s at the site. the winery is located at pieter hugo rd, courtrai, paarl, western cape. paarl is just 40 minutes on the r44, off the n1, a quick drive or taxi ride from cape town. for the evening, head back to central cape town and to sea point. here there \u2019 s a big jewish community with some kosher options for dinner such as avron \u2019 s place. initially inspired by manhattan and new york eateries, avron \u2019 s serves up kosher food from schnitzel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3964349864645257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.849038"} {"text": "symptoms in adults that require immediate medical attention : - headaches that get worse - weakness, numbness or decreased coordination - repeated vomiting - cannot be awakened - have one pupil - - the black part in the middle of the eye - - larger than the other - convulsions or seizures - slurred speech - getting more and more confused, restless or agitated symptoms in children that require immediate medical attention : - any of the danger signs for adults ( see above ) - child won ' t stop crying - child can ' t be consoled - child won ' t nurse or eat post - concussion syndrome can occur to people who suffer a head injury. they may have poor memory and concentration, headache, fatigue and dizziness for weeks or months after the injury. in children who have even a moderate concussion, there may be an increase in irritability, angry behavior and meanness for up to a year. the aans recommends that athletes not return to play while they have these symptoms and that those who have had repeated concussions should consider ending participation in that sport. the neck supports the head and is very flexible, so many injuries to the neck occur from a fall or an abrupt jerking of the head ( whiplash ). neck pain can be caused by strains, sprains or fractures. strains and sprains are injuries to the muscles and ligaments. pain can also come from injury to nerves that branch from the neck into the arms and hands. the action that injures a neck does not have to be sudden. injury can occur over a period of time from activities that strain the neck such as mountain bike riding and horseback riding. symptoms that indicate medical attention is necessary : - neck pain after an injury ; if the pain is severe, the person should not be moved and emergency medical personnel should be called - pain or numbness radiating down an arm, or weakness in an arm - pain that continues for a period of time if severe neck pain occurs after an injury, such as in a motor vehicle accident, diving accident or fall, a trained professional, such as a paramedic, should immobilize the person to avoid the risk of further injury and possible paralysis. seek immediate medical care.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43626650143780293, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.851321"} {"text": "after gaining familiarity with the lives and music of copland and ellington, students write each a formal letter expressing how culture is reflected in music. students create a bio - poem about the composer \u2019 s life and music. through the use of music, students will make connections with the historical events in colonial america and europe during the early 19th century. using the music of sousa and tchaikovsky, students will understand how music can become a patriotic symbol and help depict historical events. students will have made visual and numerical representations of change by making aural observations of the musical dynamics of a recorded excerpt from beethoven ' s fifth symphony, first movement. they will record the data in a bar graph and make observations about the changes and effects, which they may apply as a storytelling device. this lesson introduces argentine culture through the study of tango to students taking spanish language. the lesson focuses on the works of vocalist carlos gardel and composer astor piazzolla, as well as the use of spanish infinitive verbs. students listen to vivaldi ' s the four seasons, autumn, and describe emotion, tempo, and dynamics. students engage kinesthetically as they move to the music and learn about the composer. students learn the scientific reasons for fall leaves changing color. students sing the poem \" little leaves \" to the tune of twinkle, twinkle and the tune of row, row, row your boat. students do a choral reading of \" colors of fall. \" students will collect real autumn leaves, then draw and paint them as their interpretation of vivaldi ' s autumn. this lesson integrates language arts with visual and performing arts. students immerse themselves in the world of the russian folktale, the firebird, and then explore other avenues of appreciating the tale through listening and dancing to stravinsky ' s firebird suite, as well as engaging in theater and visual arts activities. students will develop the ability to articulate moods and imagery in music through poetry. they will be able to do this through comparing and contrasting two pieces of beethoven ' s music via language and movement. they will depict beethoven in an art piece and learn about his life. using saint - saens ' carnival of the animals as a stimulus prompt, students will generate descriptive language of several animals ( with special focus on verbs ), culminating in the writing of a poem about the animal of their choice. this lesson will contrast aaron copland ' s appalachian spring ( classical ) and stephane furic ' s crossing brooklyn ferry ( jazz ), and the role the poems crossing brooklyn ferry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5456105682385883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.856590"} {"text": "webmd health news keith barnard, md oct. 4, 2012 \u2013 an operation known as hip resurfacing - - an alternative to hip replacement often recommended for younger patients - is prone to frequent failure and should not be used in women, a new study shows. researchers looked at data from 434, 650 operations carried out in england and wales between 2003 and 2011, of which 31, 932 ( 7. 4 % ) were resurfacings. hip resurfacing is similar to hip replacement. in a replacement operation, though, the rounded top section of the thigh bone, known as the femoral head, is completely removed and replaced. during resurfacing surgery, the femoral head is ground down to an even surface and given a metal cap. hip resurfacings always have metal - on - metal bearings, while total hip replacements can have a variety of bearing options, such as ceramic, metal, or plastic. researchers from the university of bristol looked at the failure rate of resurfacing implants since the united kingdom ' s national joint registry was set up in 2003. they used data from the next seven years to compare them with total hip replacements. they found that the predicted seven - year failure rate for a 55 - year - old woman who had undergone hip resurfacing ranged from 8. 54 % to 11. 67 %. this failure rate was dependent on the size of the femoral head, with the smallest sizes more prone to early failure. these failure rates were much higher than full replacements with a metal ball and a polyethylene socket, where the failure rate was between 1. 81 % and 2. 25 % over seven years. men also experienced higher failure rates with resurfacing surgery compared to total replacement. the findings appear in the online edition of the lancet. ashley blom, md, phd, is a professor of orthopaedic surgery in the university of bristol \u2019 s school of clinical sciences, and one of the paper ' s authors. \" resurfacing failure rates in women were unacceptably high. in view of these findings, we recommend that resurfacing procedures are not undertaken in women, \" she says. furthermore, \" the national joint registry for england and wales has the biggest joint replacement database in the world, allowing us to analyze over 30, 000 hip resurfacings up to seven years after surgery. our findings show that resurfacings with smaller head sizes are prone to early", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4433747850132575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.860472"} {"text": "and wales has the biggest joint replacement database in the world, allowing us to analyze over 30, 000 hip resurfacings up to seven years after surgery. our findings show that resurfacings with smaller head sizes are prone to early failure, and in particular that resurfacing in women has much worse implant survival, irrespective of head size, \" she says. the researchers also write that their findings cannot simply be explained by the use of smaller head sizes, since women fared worse than men even with the same head size. women might have a higher risk of osteoporotic fractures in the thigh bone, or they may be more susceptible to complications from metal - on - metal prostheses. the researchers acknowledge that surgeons will need to weigh other factors when assessing whether hip resurfacing is suitable for a patient, such as the relative benefits of total hip replacement and resurfacing surgery on patient function and quality of life. in an editorial to the study, art sedrakyan, md, phd, of weill cornell medical college in new york, said : \" regulators and surgeons need to make proper recommendations for patients, such as not using resurfacing in women, and developing decision aids for patients to convey the benefits, harms, and uncertainty related to second surgery with large metal - on - metal implants. \" nicola lennard, md, the deputy clinical director of the medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency in the u. k., says : \" decisions about what hip implants to use in patients are made by clinicians after careful consideration of the risks and benefits for each individual patient. this involves taking into account the patient \u2019 s age, gender, and activity level. for some patients a resurfacing hip implant may be the most clinically appropriate implant for them. \" the use of these hip resurfacing implants has fallen from about 11 % in 2006 to about 2. 5 % in 2011, and only about one in six hip resurfacings were carried out on women in 2011. this change is a result of a better understanding by clinicians of the risks and benefits of hip resurfacing compared with other kinds of hip replacements in different patient groups. \" sources : blom, a. the lancet, published online oct. 2, 2012. sedrakyan, a. the lancet, published online oct. 2, 2012. news release, the lancet. medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43494014437472645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.861382"} {"text": "the following are recommended books for parents and educators. a guide to collaboration for iep teams this book contains everything necessary for establishing effective iep meetings. the former president of the texas council of administrators of special education, chuck noe, m. a., acknowledges this and says, \" martin ' s ideas work \" and he recommends this book to \" anyone wanting to strengthen the quality of meetings and outcomes. \" the book targets the needs of administrators, teachers, resource professionals, and parents. it is a skills - based book that will help these groups to design, review, and modify ieps for children with special education needs. a parent ' s guide to special education the term ' special education ' encompasses dozens of learning challenges : developmental delay, learning and physical disabilities, emotional disturbance, retardation, language impairment, autism, and others. by nature of this diversity, navigating even well - run, well - funded special education programs can be daunting. a parent ' s guide to special education offers invaluable information and a positive vision of special education that will help them through a potentially overwhelming process. filled with practical recommendations, sample forms, and enlightening examples, this is a priceless resource for helping every child learn. meeting the challenge : special education tools that work for all kids this book is intended to serve as a freestanding reference for teachers whose classes include students with academic or behavioral difficulties. the recommended best practices were originally developed for students with disabilities but have been found to be effective with all students. each chapter provides principles, suggestions and specific tools ( such as sample check lists, rubrics, forms, word lists, observation guides, planning guides, and lesson plans ). negotiating the special education maze negotiating the special education maze is one of the best tools available to parents and teachers for developing an effective education program for their child or student. every step is explained, from eligibility and evaluation to the individualized education program ( iep ) and beyond. this edition covers changes in disability laws, including the americans with disabilities act ( ada ) and individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). it reviews early intervention services for children from birth to age three, and for those who have young adults with special needs, it also covers transitioning out of school. the complete iep guide : how to advocate for your special ed child the individualized education program, or iep, determines the nuts and bolts of your child ' s special education. this includes the specific classroom set up, curricula, support services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44320038946394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.866427"} {"text": "complete iep guide : how to advocate for your special ed child the individualized education program, or iep, determines the nuts and bolts of your child ' s special education. this includes the specific classroom set up, curricula, support services, and program and educational goals. understanding every aspect of the iep process will help you avoid surprises along the way. the complete iep guide walks you step - by - step through the iep process. the book provides all the instructions, suggestions, strategies, resources and forms you need to proceed from the beginning, when you first suspect a problem, to the end, when your child completes school. wrightslaw : from emotions to advocacy wrightslaw : from emotions to advocacy, second edition will teach you how to plan, prepare, organize and get quality special education services. in this comprehensive, easy - to - read book, you will learn your child ' s disability and educational needs, how to create a simple method for organizing your child \u2019 s file and devising a master plan for your child ' s special education. you will understand parent - school conflict, how to create paper trails and effective letter writing. this book includes dozens of worksheets, forms and sample letters that you can tailor to your needs wrightslaw : special education law wrightslaw : special education law, 2nd edition provides a clear roadmap to the laws and how to get better services for all children with disabilities. this wrightslaw publication is an invaluable resource for parents, advocates, educators, and attorneys. you will refer to this book again and again. proceeds from the sale of books purchased from our recommended books section can help support ld online.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45063049185493154, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.867049"} {"text": "' used to ' or ' use to ' vs would i was asked on pal talk recently how to use used to and would. if we say something used to happen we are talking about repeated events and actions in the past, usually things that happened a long time ago and are now finished. to express this we can use either used to or would. - when i was young i used to play with my dolls. = when i was young i would play with my dolls. of course i no longer play with dolls! - we used to go out a lot in the summer. implies that we no longer go out much. if you want to talk about repeated states or habits in the past, you must use used to, you cannot use would : : - my dog used to bark at cats. - i used to smoke. - i used to be an administrative assistant. - i used to live in england. you should use ' use to ' without a d in sentences when it follows ' did ' or ' didn ' t ' ( don ' t worry too much about this because lots of people get it wrong ). the question form is \u2018 did you use to \u2026? '. when asking a closed question you put did / didn ' t in front of the subject followed by use to, you cannot use would. - did you use to go out with my sister? - did they use to own the company? - didn ' t we use to go to the same school? also when asking questions about states in the past you cannot use would. - what sort of things did you use to like when you were young?. in the negative you cannot use would without a change in meaning. - i didn ' t use to play with my dolls. if i said i wouldn ' t play with my dolls. it would mean i refused to play with my dolls. - we didn ' t use to go out much in the winter months. if i said we wouldn ' t go out much. it would mean we refused to go out much.! note - the general rule is when there is did or didn ' t in the sentence, we say use to ( without d ) when there is no did or didn ' t in the sentence, we say used to ( with d ). there is also a difference between \" used to do something and to be used to something \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4488629709484115, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.872406"} {"text": "successful environment projects based on the results of the lions clubs service activity report, lions have dedicated more than 9 million hours to protecting the environment in the last ten years. environment projects have included tree planting, recycling, education, environmental clean - up, water preservation, and green technology projects as well as involvement in environmental advocacy / governance. - memorial forest ( dist. 36 - o, usa ) : oregon lions worked with lion frank lockyear to create a vietnam memorial forest. this environment project, called \" say yes to trees, \u201d will plant 60, 000 trees to memorialize every fallen american in vietnam. - international reforestation cooperation ( dist. j - 1, uruguay ) : the punte del este and montevideo pocitos lions clubs created a local joint commission of agriculture to promote the planting of 50 million trees. this reforestation effort grew from the club to the district level. lions expanded the project by working with district governors in georgia and florida ( usa ) who donated pine seeds compatible with growing conditions in uruguay. - trees for africa ( md 105, england ) : lions in md 105, in concert with the europa forum, financed the planting of trees in africa through twinned clubs. european lions financed the trees, and african lions provided progress updates and verified the planting. - student memorial forest ( dist. 324 - c2, india ) : the lions club of snehapuri donated trees for a school planting project. each student watered his or her own tree. name plates affixed to the saplings identified each tree. - recycling center ( dist. 17 - sw, usa ) : lions of stafford, ks ( pop. 2, 000 ) organized a recycling center that processes 5, 000 pounds of trash every two weeks. working with commissioners, the city engineer and other interested parties, lions arranged for an empty building to be the recycling center, and a local waste disposal company to pick up aluminum, plastic, newspaper and glass. the unmanned facility is opened and closed daily by local police. - reusable beverage cups ( dist. 111 - sm, germany ) : at a christmas fair, the bad wimpfen lions club initiated a concept to sell beverages in reusable cups. the achievement earned the club an environment certificate from the mayor. - promoting improved disposal ( dist. 310 - b, thailand ) : many restaurants, schools and homes dump cooking grease in waterways. accumulated grease hardens in outbound pipes and blocks water flow or causes grease to overflow into the public drainage system. to solve this problem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4440946242436064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.901668"} {"text": "dist. 310 - b, thailand ) : many restaurants, schools and homes dump cooking grease in waterways. accumulated grease hardens in outbound pipes and blocks water flow or causes grease to overflow into the public drainage system. to solve this problem, the lions devised a simple method to trap grease and collect it in a bin. later, the grease is buried under trees as fertilizer or dried in the sun to become charcoal. - noise pollution ( md a, canada ) : canadian clubs compiled statistical data on the effects of noise pollution, which resulted in a report that serves as a prototype for clubs in other countries interested in adressing noise pollution issues. - multi - faceted program ( md 103, france ) : various service projects addressed different aspects of the environment, including a recycling program, a tree planting program, the clearing of a nature trail and preservation of a species of wild birds of prey. lions also removed air pollution damage from religious and cultural monuments, and held district seminars on improving the environment. - save the himalayas ( dist. 322 - b, india ) : a bicycle rally created awareness of the environmental crisis facing the himalaya mountains and the ganges river. - save the rhino project ( dist. 412, zimbabwe ) : the lions club of umfuli dedicated a fundraiser to save the black rhinoceros. contributions from the successful benefit ball totaled us $ 70, 000. - hawaiian island clean - up campaign ( dist. 50, usa ) : the kihei lions club supports annual clean up, forestation and preservation efforts on their island. - cemetery clean - up ( dist. 335 - a, japan ) : the akashi futami lions club sponsors three cemetery cleanup projects per year, where they pull weeds and pick up litter. - noxious weed eradication ( dist. 323 - d, india ) : the miraj lions club organized an environment project to collect and destroy parthenium grass ( gajar gawat ), which poses a health threat to the community. the club paid workers to remove the grass. - purifying the seas ( dist. 108 - y, italy ) : the agrigento lions club created a plan to save the mediterranean sea in accordance with the united nations ' blue plan. the club sponsors lectures, holds informational programs on safeguarding the mediterranean from pollution and holds fundraisers to support this program. - ecosystem preservation ( dist. 111 - nb, germany ) : lions aided in the reconstruction of a river ecosystem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47569979860801115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.903007"} {"text": ". the club sponsors lectures, holds informational programs on safeguarding the mediterranean from pollution and holds fundraisers to support this program. - ecosystem preservation ( dist. 111 - nb, germany ) : lions aided in the reconstruction of a river ecosystem by altering the path of a local river. lions will also help restore the river and an accompanying bird sanctuary. - river clean up ( dist. 333 - b, japan ) : the utosonomiya lions club cleaned a local river and then stocked it with fish. - potable water ( dist. 411, tanzania ) : local lions clubs donated a safe drinking water system to the town of morogoro. more than 1, 000 residents have benefited from having access to safe drinking water. - solar energy for a recycling center ( dist. 36 - r, usa ) : the eugene bethel lions club in oregon developed an experimental solar unit to use as an energy source for their community recycling center. - electric car ( dist. 103 - ip, france ) : lion michel baury, chairman of the national committee on the environment, helped develop an electric traction car. he worked with the city of paris, and organizations including the unep, the committee for the european year of the environment and the electricite de france to complete his car. in 1990, he raced his car in the international formula e grand prix of touquet and a year later, entered it in the vincennes grand prix. - international court for the environmental safeguard of the mediterranean sea ( md 108, italy ) : lions developed an international court to preserve their water source. the court maintains a seat in rome, and has 18 member countries. it reviews violations compromising the equilibrium of the environment or those living in the area. sentences, arbitrations and declarations according to international rules are served to those responsible for damaging the sea. - suggesting improvements ( dist. b - 9, mexico ) : the district advocated that local government agencies institute strict control of the area ' s air, land and water. the lions proposed emission controls and increased oversight of landfill usage. in addition, they suggested a new sewage system to eliminate contamination of the general drainage system while effectively recycling water. lions clubs international 300 w. 22nd street, oak brook, il 60523 - 8842", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46061828873225763, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.905599"} {"text": "when are we in a recession? a recession is complicated to define, but there are many indicators to examine. credit : wallet image via shutterstock to the average american, it might seem ludicrous to suggest that the united states is not in a recession right now. but economists ' fuzzy definition of the term makes it hard to say when a recession actually starts until we ' re well into one. last week, the international monetary fund said the united states likely will slide into recession. and one thing ' s for sure : when we get there, the economy will be in the toilet. there are, of course, more technical definitions. you might hear, for example, that recession occurs when gross domestic product ( gdp ) growth is negative for two or more consecutive quarters. but that ' s not an adequate measure, most economists agree. the national bureau of economic research ( nber ), a non - profit group that includes economics researchers and professors from all over the country, has a somewhat formal definition that is often cited, said michael bernstein, provost and professor of economics and history at tulane university. \" nber would define a recession as a significant decline in economic activity that spreads across the economy and that lasts more than a few months, \" bernstein said. \" normally it would be visible in data on real income, employment, industrial output, sales, gross domestic product ( gdp ), that sort of thing. \" as for duration, recessions can last for those \" few months \" or up to about two years. the factors that predict a recession also are not entirely simple. the stock markets have received a lot of attention during this year ' s economic decline, but bernstein said that economists have found that stock market indicators alone aren ' t very good predictors of recessions. \" as much as we try, we cannot demonstrate a close statistical relationship between how the stock market moves and how the so - called business cycle moves. sometimes they ' re linked, sometimes not, \" he told livescience. the stock market can certainly fall in relation to a recession though, as it appears to be doing now. \" in the current context, the market right now is falling because of a perception, apparently a very accurate perception, that the banking and finance system is at great risk for losing money, \" bernstein said. the terms \" bear market \" and \" bull market \" also have nothing to do with whether or not the economy is in a recession, bernstein said. they ' re simply colloquial expressions : the market is bearish when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47371602968408266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.910138"} {"text": "\" bernstein said. the terms \" bear market \" and \" bull market \" also have nothing to do with whether or not the economy is in a recession, bernstein said. they ' re simply colloquial expressions : the market is bearish when people are nervous about buying and start selling off shares, whereas in a bullish market people take more risks and are buying more. one factor that is a better predictor of recession is the real estate market, bernstein said. when houses are being built, jobs are created and production in construction - related industries goes up ; when real estate stagnates, those jobs and the related production are lost. refinancing on homes also frees up money that homeowners can spend on other things, but when homes drop in value, there ' s no money to spend. these types of problems in the housing market were a factor in the current economic mess, which bernstein says has every indication of becoming a full - blown recession. the economy hasn ' t been in a downturn for long enough yet to call it a recession at the moment, but unless things change drastically, we ' ll be in one in just a few more months. \" there ' s no sign at the moment that we can avoid this thing, \" he said. recessions and depressions past the last recession the country faced was nearly a decade ago when the \" dot - com \" bubble burst, taking under countless companies and sending many to the unemployment line. but that downturn was mild compared to the recession the economy is likely heading into, bernstein said, which will probably be more comparable to the u. s. recession of the late 1980s. \" the last big slide was 1987, when the stock market went down by about 20 percent, and the economy went into the toilet for about five years, \" bernstein said. of course, none of the 10 recessions since 1945 that the nber recognizes compares to the magnitude of the great depression. though the great depression lasted for about a decade, it isn ' t necessarily longevity that turns a recession into a depression. it ' s the depth of the crisis, bernstein said. the 1930s saw a 25 to 30 percent drop in gdp, and unemployment went up to 25 percent. \" these are mind - boggling numbers compared to what we ' ve been through since world war ii, \" he said. for comparison, the national unemployment rate was 6. 1 percent as of september this year, according to the bureau of labor statistics. real gdp ( the output of goods and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39928937725843994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.911154"} {"text": "concussions on the rise among athletes ( newsusa ) - notice how many professional athletes have been sidelined lately by concussions? experts have, and - - with the problem also affecting youth sports from soccer to bicycling to football - - they ' re labeling it \" a national epidemic. \" \" not only are most athletes susceptible to concussions from collisions, but in pro hockey alone there are more than 50, 000 ' hits ' annually - - and too many are serious injuries to the head, \" says dr. ted carrick, board - certified chiropractic neurologist and distinguished professor of neurology at life university, who treats professional athletes from around the world, and is active in the foundation for chiropractic progress. a concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a bump, blow or jolt to the head that can change the way the brain functions. symptoms include dizziness, instability and confusion. using methods that rely on brain - based, non - invasive, drug - free approaches - - like chiropractic care and physical rehab - - can help re - establish balance and maximal brain and nervous system functionality. doctors of chiropractic are trained in recognizing signs of concussions, and directing appropriate care or referral as part of an integrated health team. learn more at www. yes2chiropractic. org. distributed by internet broadcasting. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4895346596263475, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.912740"} {"text": "piri reis map? discovery near cuba? scott stones? piri reis map the piri reis map of 1513 is the first surviving map that shows the americas ( the vinland map may be older but only shows a part of north america ). the piri reis map shows north america, south america, greenland and antarctica which had not yet been discovered. piri reis was a famous admiral of the turkish fleet in the sixteenth century. his passion was cartography, he was always on the lookout for new maps and other such documents. in 1513 a map had been commissioned him. piri reis was high rank within the turkish navy which allowed him to have a privileged access to the imperial library of constantinople. he was considered an expert on mediterranean lands and coastlines, and he even wrote a famous sailing book called kitabi bahriye where he described all the details of coastlines, harbors, currents, shallows, bays and straits of the mediterranean and aegean seas. he died in 1554 or 1555 being beheaded for unknown reasons. it is said that in a now - forgotten sea battle he met, among the prisoners, a sailor who claimed to have been sailing along with columbus in his three journeys to the new world, and that he was one of his pilots. it turned out that columbus had a map of the lands he was chasing, and that this map now was in the possession of that pilot. the admiral piri reis got to put hands and eyes on the map ; then in 1513 he compiled a world map based on that map and on the other antique charts from his collection - many of which had survived from the days of the great library of the map had drawn the attention of scholars in 1929 when it had been discovered in the archives of the imperial palace in constantinople. the map showed the outline of south america very accurately. this was surprising since columbus had discovered the new world only 21 years earlier in notes made by piri indicated he had based his map on earlier maps, including one consulted by columbus before his famous voyage. this excited the scholars since there had been rumors that there existed a pre - columbian map of the new world. piri ' s claim that he had possessed the \" lost map \" intrigued historians. it wasn ' t the accuracy of the south american coastline that interested mallery, though. it was what was shown at the very bottom of the map : a chunk of land that looked very much like antarctica. this was surprising since antarctica had not been discovered until", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39691471648069576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.917811"} {"text": "' t the accuracy of the south american coastline that interested mallery, though. it was what was shown at the very bottom of the map : a chunk of land that looked very much like antarctica. this was surprising since antarctica had not been discovered until 1820. even more intriguing was a section of the coastline of this southern part of it looked very much like the coast of queen maud land which was a section of antarctica. the strange thing was that the coast of queen maud land had been covered with a thick sheet of ice for many centuries and its shape was only known now to modern mapmakers through the use of modern seismographic equipment. this made mallory wonder if the admiral had somehow owned maps that dated back before the ice sheet covered the coast and if the coast had been somehow surveyed from the air. most serious professional geographers, though, rejected mallery ' s radical theory without even considering it carefully. professor charles h. hapgood, of keene state college at the university of new hampshire, did take an interest in the map and mallory ' s thoughts. professor hapgood was known for his support of unorthodox theories. with the help of some of his students, hapgood did a careful examination of piri ' s map and several other old maps and published a book on the subject called maps of the ancient sea kings. the book suggests that at one time in the ancient past there was a world - wide civilization with advanced technology. though this civilization was destroyed, some of its knowledge survived to wind up in the maps. later, an even more radical theory for piri ' s map was advanced from writer eric von daniken. von daniken, a supporter of the idea that aliens had visited earth in the distant past, noted that the map resembled what might be seen from space if you took a picture of earth from directly over cairo, egypt. he suggested that the map was the result of aerial photographs taken from an alien critics of hapgood and von daniken offer a more mundane explanation for the map. they start by pointing out that lots of maps from that era displayed a continent at the bottom of the earth, though none had yet been found. there was a general belief going back to the time of the greeks that all the continents must have been connected at one time. this lead to the belief in a southern continent ( interestingly enough, they were correct. the modern theory of plate tectonics supports the idea of single land mass in the very distant past ). the critics point out that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5206138488398153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.918765"} {"text": "connected at one time. this lead to the belief in a southern continent ( interestingly enough, they were correct. the modern theory of plate tectonics supports the idea of single land mass in the very distant past ). the critics point out that the land mass shown on the map may have a similar coastline to that of queen maud land, but the similarity is not unmistakable. what is on piri ' s map, they argue, is just a lucky attempt to display an unknown, but suspected land. the similarity, say critics, is just coincidence. they also point out that the map shows south america and antarctica connected, which they have not been for many millions of years. also information about weather conditions and animal life in antarctica as found on the map is other experts speculate that though the first recorded sighting of land in the antarctica was in 1820, there may have been earlier unreported voyages to the southern reaches. though this might not explain the coastline of queen maud land on the piri map, it might be the reason that there was such a strong belief in the existence of a southern continent. maps of the ancient sea kings an ancient map that king henry owned in 1500 a. d. clearly shows greek documents and maps showing atlantis that christopher columbus studied before he set sail for america, including the 1482 benincasa map showing 3 atlantis islands that no longer exist! explorers view ' lost city ' ruins under caribbean december 6, 2001 - reuters explorers using a miniature submarine to probe the sea floor off the coast of cuba said on thursday they had confirmed the discovery of stone structures deep below the ocean surface that may have been built by an unknown human civilization thousands of years ago. researchers with a canadian exploration company said they filmed over the summer ruins of a possible submerged ` ` lost city ' ' off the guanahacabibes peninsula on the caribbean island ' s western tip. the researchers cautioned that they did not fully understand the nature of their find and planned to return in january for further analysis, the expedition leader said on thursday.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48989334576385934, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.919561"} {"text": "greater dof with secondary electron imaging is largely a matter of working distance - - defined as the distance ( in mm ) from the objective lens to the top of the sample being imaged. of course, the lenses in this type of instrument are electromagnetic ( not glass ) lenses, and can effect different crossover ( focus ) points based on current supplied to the lens coils. the longer the wd, the greater the dof, ( but this entails other tradeoffs as with every operating parameter ). of course, this is a familiar principle to any photographer ; the closer you move to an object, the shallower the dof is. the wd i used for this shot was 28mm, which is considered very long. i also use a tilt of around 30 degrees. this adds an additional sense of depth. if you were trying to convey the three dimensionality of a sphere, or ping pong ball for example, the worst way to photograph it would be from directly above. better to come in obliquely from the side. the protozoa ( protists is a better word ) that live in the guts of lower termites are often very large, and this presents a challenge for dof. this one in question is about 40 microns long, but others can be up to 300 microns long. we beleive that they have evolved large size in order to engulf the relatively large wood fragments that make their way to the hindgut after being chewed by the termites jaws. focus stacking is something i ' ve never tried, but for some large cells, i ' ve taken multiple images with different portions in focus. if someone can point me to a tutorial for focus stacking, in photoshop ( i use cs2 ) i would appreciate it! thanks very much for this explanation. never worked with or read about this kind of equipment before so i still didnit quite get it. due to that i asked to mr. google who provided the following reference. of course there could be a lot of different sems but the key details that caught my eye were : dthe scanning electron microscope has many advantages over traditional microscopes. the sem has a large depth of field, which allows more of a specimen to be in focus at one time. e http : / / www. purdue. edu / rem / rs / sem. htm # 2 my next question is : does a sem require a light source? the shading on the image you displayed is so delicate it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5203554368915505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.924193"} {"text": "efforts to fight poverty this is gwen outen with the voa special english development report. the world bank estimates that more than one thousand million people live on less than one dollar a day. these are the poorest of the poor, about one - sixth of the world population. martin ravallion works for the development research group at the world bank. he says about fifty percent of the people in several african nations are among the world ' s poorest. these nations include ethiopia, sierra leone, tanzania and zambia. but even though these areas remain extremely poor, mr. ravallion says world poverty has been cut in half over the last twenty years. he says the number of poor people dropped by almost four hundred million between nineteen eighty - one and two thousand one. to reduce poverty, the world bank says developing nations should expand the possibilities for business and investment. the bank ' s newest world development report notes that private industry creates more than ninety percent of jobs in developing countries. the report for two thousand five is based on questions asked of more than thirty thousand businesses in fifty - three developing countries. world bank researchers found that companies are most concerned about how governments decide to enforce laws. about ninety percent of those in guatemala reported policy conflicts with their government. this was true of more than seventy percent of businesses in belarus and zambia. many companies also express concerns about problems like dishonesty and undependable electricity supplies. last week, about fifty heads of state discussed ways to reduce poverty during a one - day conference in new york. the leaders and top officials met before the opening of the united nations general assembly meeting. french president jacques chirac and brazilian president luis inacio lula da silva called for a world tax to help finance an anti - poverty campaign. diplomats say international finances, airplane tickets and sales of heavy weapons are just some of the things that could be taxed. agriculture secretary ann veneman and another official represented the united states at the conference. she said taxes on world trade would be undemocratic and impossible to put in place. the u. n. has a goal to reduce by half the remaining number of poor people in the world by two thousand fifteen. this voa special english development report was written by jill moss. this is gwen outen.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43096477672530287, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.926404"} {"text": "there is clear and unambiguous scientific evidence that documents how rising atmospheric carbon dioxide is leading to increasingly acidic seawater. this phenomenon has been termed \u2018 ocean acidification \u2019 and presents a real threat to marine organisms that build their structures of calcium carbonate and, by extension, the organisms that feed on and live among them. marine conservation institute is working with partners from the scientific community, political arena, and coastal fishing and aquaculture industries to address the emerging threat of ocean acidification and the impacts on the marine ecosystems upon which we all depend. reducing carbon dioxide emissions to zero overnight is highly unlikely, but working towards carbon dioxide reduction over the coming decades is imperative if we are to avoid the worst possible scenarios. the opportunity exists for creating innovative solutions for adapting to the problems associated with climate change and ocean acidification, gaining a better understanding of what society stands to lose ( biologically and economically ), and hedging our bets by protecting areas of the ocean most likely to survive the coming changes to our oceans. this issue of current highlights ocean acidification, a term used to describe the ongoing global scale changes in seawater chemistry caused largely by human combustion of fossil fuels. ocean acidification will have severe consequences for marine life and humankind, and has been nicknamed global warming \u2019 s \u201c evil twin. \u201d the articles in this special issue focus on multiple facets of ocean acidification, including threats to marine organisms, economic implications for fisheries and ecosystem services, and policy options for mitigating negative impacts. because the dangers posed by ocean acidification are so serious, responsible carbon policy must be implemented immediately at all levels of government and individuals must do their part to curtail carbon consumption, in the hope of safeguarding the future of our oceans.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4823152984497981, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.928408"} {"text": "maryland is the first state in the nation to require high school students to engage in service - learning activities as a condition of graduation. each of the 24 school districts in maryland implements the service - learning graduation requirement differently, because they tailor the specifics of their program to their local community. service - learning fact sheet history of service - learning in maryland what does a service - learning project look like? \u00b7 biology classes at c. milton wright high school in harford county grew submerged aquatic vegetation know as wild celery in their classrooms as part of the grasses in classes project sponsored by the chesapeake bay foundation and the maryland department of natural resources. students then planted the grasses in the bay to help improve the overall health of the chesapeake bay. \u00b7 fairmount - harford high school students in baltimore city were all involved in a renovation of an abandoned community lot. this multidisciplinary project had students designing and maintaining the lot. they have mapped and cleared the lot, researched and planted appropriate vegetation, and built picnic tables and a gazebo. \u00b7 stevensville middle school students in queen anne ' s county engage in a project called serving seniors, a service - learning unit connected to math, science, social studies, and language arts / reading classes in partnership with the department of aging. students define service - learning, study citizenship, and become aware of the needs of the community, especially the changing physical and mental characteristics of aging. students then develop relationships with elderly residents of their community who are living in nursing homes or are involved with a senior center. \u00b7 see our growing archive of high - quality service - learning project ideas. service - learning is not the same as... volunteerism : volunteers engage in service for a variety of personal reasons. they do not necessarily link their service to academic studies nor do they receive academic credit for their efforts. community service : people engaging in community service do so for a variety of reasons. this is a broad term that can encompass court ordered, stipended or volunteer service. it also does not necessarily link to academic studies. work study internship : student interns frequently work at for - profit business to benefit the financial standing of that business. they are not necessarily working to improve their communities through these internship experiences. there can be overlap between work study internships and service - learning. students are engaged in service - learning if through their internship experiences they work to improve the health or welfare of their community while linking this to their academic studies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45262908467119234, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.931083"} {"text": "from our 2010 archives preexisting health issues add to problems for disaster survivors thursday, aug. 26 ( healthday news ) - - natural and man - made disasters are difficult for any person to endure, but researchers point out that these situations are particularly tough on people with disabilities and mental disorders. latest medicinenet news their research is published in a series of articles in a special section of the journal rehabilitation psychology that focuses on disaster management for people with disabilities. \" katrina taught us a harsh lesson about the plight of vulnerable people in times of disaster and national emergency, \" journal editor timothy elliott, of texas a & m university, said in a news release from the american psychological association, which publishes the journal. one study looked at hurricane katrina survivors with a wide range of disabilities. the researchers interviewed case managers and supervisors who provided services to 2, 047 individuals with disabilities and their families after the 2005 storm. two years after the disaster, these survivors still faced major barriers to housing, transportation and disaster services. they were also less likely to have jobs, which affected their ability to pay utility bills or buy furniture when they finally made it into more permanent housing. the researchers also found that people with disabilities were more likely to have medical needs, which affected their ability to travel to service agencies or get jobs. case management with disabled survivors takes longer because they need help in many multiple areas of their lives, the study authors noted. \" case managers who are knowledgeable about the needs of people with disabilities are essential when navigating an already difficult service system following a disaster of [ katrina ' s ] magnitude, \" lead author laura stough, of texas a & m university, noted in the news release. in another report in the journal, researchers examined the impact of both hurricane katrina and the 1995 oklahoma city bombing. for the research, 182 mostly injured bombing survivors were assessed, as were 421 hurricane evacuees who had been evaluated in a mental health clinic at a dallas shelter. the most common psychiatric diagnosis for the bombing victims was post - traumatic stress disorder, with 34 % of participants suffering from the problem. the second most common psychiatric diagnosis was major depression, according to the article. but the analysis noted that the hurricane actually affected a greater number of people who were members of an already disadvantaged population. the main tasks in the mental health clinic were rapid diagnostic assessment, resumption of psychotropic medications, and a link - up to psychiatric care for already existing disorders, they explained. \" interventions to address unmet treatment needs for an abundance of pre -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4541504692944708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.935351"} {"text": "from our 2012 archives lifesaving defibrillators often not nearby when needed latest heart news friday, may 11 ( healthday news ) - - potentially lifesaving automated external defibrillators ( aeds ) are not close at hand in most cases of cardiac arrest that occur in public places, according to a new study. cardiac arrest occurs when an abnormal heart rhythm causes the heart to stop beating. automated external defibrillators are devices that use electrical shocks to restore the heart to a normal rhythm. the findings may help explain why cardiac arrest survival rates remain below 10 percent in most areas of the united states, despite aed and cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cpr ) awareness programs, according to the researchers at the university of pennsylvania school of medicine. for the study, the research team examined the locations of nearly 3, 500 out - of - hospital cardiac arrests and the locations of more than 2, 300 automated external defibrillators throughout philadelphia county. the devices were most commonly located in schools and on university campuses ( 30 percent ), in office buildings ( 22 percent ) and in residential buildings ( 4 percent ). the investigators found that just 7 percent of cardiac arrests occurred within a 200 - foot radius of an automated external defibrillator, which is about a two - minute round - trip walk from the scene of the emergency. ten percent of cardiac arrests occurred within 400 feet and 21 percent occurred within 600 feet - - a six - minute walk - - of an automated external defibrillator location. the study was slated for presentation friday at the annual meeting of the society for academic emergency medicine in chicago. it ' s been found that cardiac arrest victims ' chances of survival fall by about 10 percent with each minute that passes without cpr and defibrillation. patients who receive an automated external defibrillator shock six minutes or more after suffering a cardiac arrest have very low survival rates. \" aeds are an essential part of the ' chain of survival ' that ' s necessary to save cardiac arrest victims, \" senior author dr. raina merchant, an assistant professor of emergency medicine, said in a penn medicine news release. \" despite thousands of them in the community, our results show they are usually not readily available during cardiac arrests. without an aed, the minutes bystanders spend waiting for paramedics to arrive could mean the difference between life and death. \" the researchers said their findings highlight the need to place automated external defibrillators more strategically in communities and to develop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5054359603462008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.940260"} {"text": "by john gillingham published online ( 2010 ) introduction : that those who invaded ireland in the late twelfth century were encouraged to think that they were engaged in a civilising mission is well - known. but did they also believe that a deliberate policy of civilising could have been devised and implemented? in his book on governance of norman and angevin england, 1086 - 1272 ( 1987 ) lewis warren wrote that for much of the period 1086 - 1272 \u2018 the means for the direct exercise of royalauthority were restricted in scope. the essence of the matter is that early medieval societies were in practice fashioned and controlled more by social, economic and religious factors than by institutionalized government and the will of rulers \u2019. he \u2013 and the many others who say similar things \u2013 may be right, but is this what people at the time thought? did they imagine that the means for the exercise of royal authority were indeed restricted in scope? or did they assume that societies could be fashioned by the will of rulers and institutionalised governments? the answers to these questions matter because, as rees davies wrote, \u2018 how men see the world \u2013 how it is and how it should be \u2013 very considerably shapes how they act and their reasons for doing so \u2019. no one wrote more illuminatingly about perceptions and expectations than rees davies did and it is with this virtual world of perceptions and expectations that i shall be concerned. did many of the english imagine that their kings could set out to \u2018 civilise \u2019 celtic societies as a matter of conscious policy? and if they did, then by what means did they expect such a policy to be promoted? did they think that the twelfth - and early thirteenth - century kings of england had sufficient power to be able to implement such a policy?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46917589662113524, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.942329"} {"text": "definition of fear of blood fear of blood : an abnormal and persistent fear of blood. sufferers of this very common phobia dread the sight of their own blood, the sight of the blood of another person or an animal, and sometimes printed or filmed images of blood or even thoughts of blood. blood may remind them of their own vulnerability to injury and of the eventuality of death. some sufferers of hemophobia experience an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. other sufferers experience an atypical phobic reaction characterized by a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate, causing paleness and weakness. they may even faint. those with the latter reaction may develop a new fear : the fear of fainting. through the ages, writers have done little to calm the fear of blood. in homer ' s iliad, waterways run red with blood as a wrathful achilles harvests his crop of trojans. in shakespeare ' s macbeth, blood becomes a terrifying symbol of guilt to lady macbeth, and she washes her hands raw to rid them of blood, real or imagined. in bram stoker ' s dracula blood becomes the nurture of a vampire. this fear of blood is termed \" hemophobia, \" a word derived from the greek \" haima \" ( blood ) and \" phobos \" ( fear ). other english words derived from \" haima \" include \" hemodialysis \" ( a procedure that removes impurities from the blood ), \" hemoglobin \" ( a blood component that transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body ) and \" hemorrhage \" ( rapid blood loss ). alternate name for hemophobia : hematophobia. last editorial review : 6 / 14 / 2012 back to medterms online medical dictionary a - z list need help identifying pills and medications? get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5528279752774177, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.944617"} {"text": "cancer is a group of abnormal cells often \u2014 though not always \u2014 consolidated into a mass called a tumor. the common characteristic of all cancer cells is the absence of normal growth control mechanisms. normal, healthy cells grow and reproduce only to replace cells that have died or, in young animals, to support ordinary growth and development. cancer cells have no such restraints ; they keep growing and reproducing even when there is no need for new cells. they often invade and damage or destroy nearby healthy cells. any tissue in a body can develop cancer cells ; no area of a body is immune to cancer. more than 100 types of cancer are known. cancers are named based on the type of cell or organ in which the cancer develops. thus, as an example, hepatocellular carcinoma is a specific type of cancer involving the liver. while many types of cancer cause the development of tumors, not all tumors are malignant ( cancerous ). tumors can be benign ( noncancerous ). benign tumors, while they may need to be treated or removed, are not usually as dangerous as malignant tumors. malignant tumors invade and destroy nearby cells and organs. they can be difficult to remove because of the involvement of nearby organs. further, malignant tumors often spread ( metastasize ) to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the bloodstream. last full review / revision july 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5223411821236882, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.946302"} {"text": "throughout his life, durer was in thrall to the idea that the perfect human form corresponded to a system of proportion and measurements and could be generated by using such a system. near the end of his life, he wrote several books codifying his theories, including the underweysung der messung ( manual of measurement ), published in 1525, and vier bucher von menschlichen proportion ( four books of human proportion ), published in 1528 just after his death. durer ' s fascination with ideal form is manifest in adam and eve. the first man and woman are shown in nearly symmetrical idealized poses : each with the weight on one leg, the other leg bent, and each with one arm angled slightly upward from the elbow and somewhat away from the body. the figure of adam is reminiscent of the hellenistic apollo belvedere, excavated in italy late in the fifteenth century. the first engravings of the sculpture were not made until well after 1504, but durer must have seen a drawing of it. durer was a complete master of engraving by 1504 : human and snake skin, animal fur, and tree bark and leaves are rendered distinctively. the branch adam holds is of the mountain ash, the tree of life, while the fig, of which eve has broken off a branch, is from the forbidden tree of knowledge. four of the animals represent the medieval idea of the four temperaments : the cat is choleric, the rabbit sanguine, the ox phlegmatic, and the elk melancholic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48490948448925075, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.947857"} {"text": "injection molding is a manufacturing process for producing plastic parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials. material is fed into a heated barrel, then mixed and forced into a mold cavity by a reciprocating screw or a ram injector, where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mold cavity. after a part is designed, usually by an industrial designer or an engineer, molds are then manufactured by an injection mold company, where it is assigned to a mold maker or toolmaker. the mold is usually constructed using either steel or aluminum and precision - machined to form the features of the desired part. injection molding is widely used for manufacturing a variety of parts, from the smallest component to entire body panels of cars. plastic injection molding is the preferred process for manufacturing plastic parts. injection molding is used to create many things such as electronic housings, containers, bottle caps, automotive interiors, pocket combs, and most other plastic products available today. it is ideal for producing high volumes of plastic parts, due to the ability of making multi - cavity injection molds, where multiple parts are made with one cycle. some disadvantages of this process are expensive tooling investment, the need to prototype ( some custom complex parts may encounter problems during the injection molding process, such as warp ) and surface defects. glossy surface, diamond buff polish non - glossy surface, paper polish rough surface, stone polish very rough surface, dry blash polish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5001592640812754, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.949278"} {"text": "diseases and conditionsdysthymia pediatric diseases and conditionsmajor depression in adolescents mood disorders in children and adolescents dysthymia, also known as dysthymic disorder, is classified as a type of affective disorder ( also called mood disorder ) that often resembles a less severe, yet more chronic form of major ( clinical ) depression. however, persons with dysthymia may also experience major depressive episodes at times. depression is a mood disorder that involves a child ' s body, mood, and thoughts. it can affect and disrupt eating, sleeping, or thinking patterns, and is not the same as being unhappy or in a \" blue \" mood, nor is it a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed or wished away. children with a depressive illness cannot merely \" pull themselves together \" and get better. treatment is often necessary and many times crucial to recovery. there are three primary types of depression, including : major depression ( clinical depression ) bipolar disorder ( manic depression ) dysthymic disorder ( dysthymia ) dysthymia occurs in up to 1. 7 percent of children, and in up to 8 percent of adolescents. although less severe, yet more chronic than major depression, the following are the most common symptoms of dysthymia. however, each adolescent may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : persistent feelings of sadness feeling hopeless or helpless having low self - esteem feelings of wanting to die difficulty with relationships sleep disturbances ( i. e., insomnia, hypersomnia ) changes in appetite or weight irritability, hostility, aggression a decrease in the ability to make decisions suicidal thoughts or attempts frequent physical complaints ( i. e., headache, stomach ache, fatigue ) running away or threats of running away from home loss of interest in usual activities or activities once enjoyed hypersensitivity to failure or rejection for a diagnosis of dysthymia to be made, a depressed or irritable mood must persist for at least one year in children or adolescents and must be accompanied by at least two other major depressive symptoms ( noted above ). the symptoms of dysthymia may resemble other medical problems or psychiatric conditions. always consult your adolescent ' s health care provider for a diagnosis. because depression has shown to often coexist with other psychiatric disorders, such as substance abuse or anxiety disorders, seeking early diagnosis and treatment is crucial to the recovery of your adolescent. a child psychiatrist or other mental health professional usually diagnoses dysthymia following a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5225011185701975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.954427"} {"text": "to often coexist with other psychiatric disorders, such as substance abuse or anxiety disorders, seeking early diagnosis and treatment is crucial to the recovery of your adolescent. a child psychiatrist or other mental health professional usually diagnoses dysthymia following a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation. an evaluation of the adolescent ' s family, when possible, in addition to information provided by teachers and care providers may also be helpful in making a diagnosis. specific treatment for dysthymia will be determined by your adolescent ' s health care provider based on : your adolescent ' s age, overall health, and medical history extent of your adolescent ' s symptoms your adolescent ' s tolerance for specific medications or therapies expectations for the course of the condition your opinion or preference mood disorders, including dysthymic disorder, can often be effectively treated. treatment should always be based on a comprehensive evaluation of the adolescent and family. treatment may include one, or more, of the following : antidepressant medications ( especially when combined with psychotherapy has shown to be very effective in the treatment of depression in children and teens ) psychotherapy ( most often cognitive - behavioral and / or interpersonal therapy ) for the adolescent ( focused on changing the adolescent ' s distorted views of themselves and the environment around them ; working through difficult relationships ; identifying stressors in the adolescent ' s environment and learning how to avoid them ) consultation with the adolescent ' s school parents play a vital supportive role in any treatment process. dysthymia is associated with an increased risk for major depression if a child or adolescent does not receive appropriate treatment. dysthymia also increases the risk for a child or adolescent to develop other mental health disorders. appropriate treatment helps to reduce the severity of symptoms and the risk for relapse of a depressive episode. because episodes of dysthymia may last for longer than five years, long - term, continued treatment may help to prevent reoccurrence of the depressive symptoms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4875183104553986, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.957470"} {"text": "no, this is not the moon : credit to bad astronomy, which never disappoints! the nasa probe messenger flew by the planet mercury last week, sending back the first close - up, high - resolution photos of the solar system ' s smallest planet. these images are exciting, and ba says it quite well : but there \u2019 s a terrible beauty in all these pictures. mercury is a strange little world. hot, dense, battered, cracked \u2026 it \u2019 s as unlike earth as any solid body can be, and it \u2019 s exactly those contrasts that will help us understand more about planetary geology and environments. we travel the solar system for many reasons \u2014 to learn about strange, new worlds ; to discover new science ; to have our brains tickled at the wonder and majesty of nature \u2014 but it \u2019 s funny how so many of these findings wind up helping us understand our own planet. that may not be the only reason we go, or even the most important one, but it \u2019 s still a fine thing to do. the very reasons to get excited about mercury are the same reasons i love ultrarunning : \"... to learn about strange, new worlds ; to discover new science ; to have our brains tickled at the wonder and majesty of nature.... \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4800913846418133, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.958911"} {"text": "the lab technician retested khan ' s blood, and results came back in november. \" it was definitely in the lethal range for cyanide in the blood, \" cina said. cook county policy is not to perform autopsies on anyone under 50 unless the death is suspicious or an autopsy is requested. cyanide is among the most potent and deadly poisons, but it is not easy to get. the u. s. consumer product safety commission prohibits the retail sale of products with cyanide salts. it is, however, available from industrial sources. it cleans metal and is used in research labs and mining. cyanide can be found in some household products, such as acetonitrile false fingernail remover. there are also tiny quantities of it in cigarette smoke, and even smaller amounts in almonds, the pits of stone fruits such as apricots, and lima beans. someone would have to eat a large quantity of those foods for them to become toxic. \" like everything else, dose makes the poison, \" said dr. robert geller, medical director of the georgia poison center and an associate professor at emory university school of medicine. he co - wrote a study about cyanide poisoning and pediatric patients. for someone to die from cyanide poisoning, he or she would have to inhale or consume a large quantity, which can cause a quick death, according to geller. if someone received a less severe exposure, such as through eating, the person would show early symptoms of weakness, confusion, headache, dizziness and shortness of breath. if untreated, the person could experience nausea, hypertension, vomiting, coma, seizure and then death due to cardio - respiratory arrest. a person who has been poisoned with cyanide may take on a cherry - red coloring, and the retinal veins and arteries would appear red because the person ' s cells cannot get oxygen from the blood. in a small number of cases, a patient ' s breath may smell like bitter almonds due to the excretion of unmetabolized cyanide, but more often than not it ' s undetectable, according to geller. \" in terms of intentional poisonings, you don ' t have a lot of that with cyanide, \" geller said. the georgia poison center has handled more than 800, 000 cases of poisoning, he said, and cyanide rarely turned up in those cases.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.429705996914681, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.961154"} {"text": "when dr. samuel w. torrey of beverly, massachusetts, died in 1917, his obituary spoke of his reputation as a \u201c skillful surgeon, a sound and searching diagnostician, and a wise counselor and devoted friend in general practice. \u201d becoming deaf as a young man had not prevented him from receiving a degree from the university of vermont, serving as a quartermaster for the union in the civil war, and taking a medical degree at the college of physicians and surgeons in new york city in 1868. he opened a practice in beverly and founded a private hospital which he later donated to the city. in addition to a distinguished reputation, he left behind a small leather drug kit, handwritten notes on the preparation and therapeutic uses of heavy metals, and a casebook of gynecological patients. in his casebook are notations of prescriptions for hydrastis ( goldenseal ), viburnum ( black haw ), podophyllum ( mayapple ), cascara sagrada, and other herbal preparations. in his drug kit are vials of strychnine ( from the seeds of plants in the genus strychnos ), cocaine ( from coca ), heroin and morphine ( from poppies ), and an asthma remedy containing lobelia and boneset, both common native north american plants. on his bookshelf, he quite likely had a copy of a manual of materia medica and pharmacology, a standard reference text of the time containing descriptions and methods of preparing several hundred medicinal plants. yet had you asked dr. torrey if he were an herbal doctor, he would almost surely have denied it. herbal medicine in those times tended to be associated with folk practitioners, whose methods were regarded by the medical community as superstitious at worst, hit - or - miss at best, or with thomsonians, who were regarded as quacks. the followers of samuel thomson ( 1769 - 1843 ) believed that metals and minerals, being heavy and from the earth, would draw a patient down ; plants, which grew upward, elevated one. thomsonians used only botanical materials and steam inhalation therapy. the eclectics were medical doctors who used native american plants and took a broader and more rational view of their therapeutic benefits, but tended to be lumped into the \u201c quack \u201d category nevertheless. the metals and minerals shunned by the thomsonians were fundamental to conventional medical practice of the day. the nineteenth century saw great leaps forward in scientific knowledge \u2014 an understanding of such important", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5008924558806943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.967767"} {"text": "to be lumped into the \u201c quack \u201d category nevertheless. the metals and minerals shunned by the thomsonians were fundamental to conventional medical practice of the day. the nineteenth century saw great leaps forward in scientific knowledge \u2014 an understanding of such important principles as the bacterial causes of infection, the circulation of blood, the nature of digestion. but for much of the century, illnesses of all kinds were still regarded as an overexcitement of the body \u2019 s systems. treatments consisted primarily of measures to subdue rapid pulse, elevated temperature, and other symptoms of disease by bloodletting ( either with leeches or by opening veins ) or thorough purging with toxic substances such as calomel ( mercurous chloride ). dr. torrey \u2019 s notes include detailed discussions of the preparation and uses not only of calomel and other forms of mercury, but also of arsenic, antimony, copper, zinc, and lead \u2014 all of which were used to cause vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, and / or profuse salivation. purging was not inconsistent with herbal treatments. lobelia, samuel thomson \u2019 s herb of choice, is also poisonous and a strong emitic ( a nickname was \u201c pukeweed \u201d ), and dr. torrey \u2019 s podophyllum was used as a somewhat gentler alternative to calomel. then, as now, herbal and allopathic ( conventional ) medicine had similar aims but a philosophical gap between \u201c scientific \u201d and \u201c natural \u201d. the common ground, one feels on reading dr. torrey \u2019 s casebook, is a careful attention to the individual patient that is a hallmark of herbal medical practice but is too often lost in allopathic medicine today. judging from his notes, this highly respected professional spent careful, extensive time in examining, counseling, and treating patients. whether middle - class housewives, immigrant maids, or \u201c lost \u201d women, whether paying or non - paying, whether gravely ill or clearly hypochondriac, dr. torrey \u2019 s patients had the benefit of a kind of care that transcends the form and content of the pills he administered. herbal derivatives in dr. torrey \u2019 s medical kit the therapeutic uses of the herbs listed here are among those espoused in the nineteenth century ; they have not necessarily held up to the present day. belladonna. deadly nightshade ( atropa belladonna ). a perennial herb of the nightshade family ( other members include potatoes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5249957872976402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.968662"} {"text": "appetite, gastric secretions, and bile flow. constricts blood vessels, reduces muscle spasms ; slightly sedative, strongly antibacterial. used to treat chronic dyspepsia, cystitis, constipation, bronchitis, jaundice, gonorrhea, hemorrhoids, fissured nipples, etc. lobelia. indian tobacco ( lobelia inflata ). a north american annual herb of the lobelia family. narcotic, purgative, nerve tonic ; stimulates respiration and discharge of phlegm ; induces vomiting and sweating ; reduces inflammation ; promotes urination. used to treat asthma, croup, whooping cough, constipation. podophyllum. mayapple ( podophyllum peltatum ). a low - growing north american perennial herb of the barberry family. slow - acting laxative, irritant. increases intestinal secretions, bile flow, induces vomiting. has been called \u201c vegetable calomel \u201d for its action on the liver. used to treat constipation, torpid liver, diarrhea, jaundice, syphilis, etc. veratrum. false or american hellebore ( veratrum viride ). a tall, leafy north american perennial herb of the lily family. sedative, irritant. induces vomiting and sweating, slows heart rate, lowers blood pressure, paralyzes the spine. used to treat heart disease, typhoid, pneumonia, spinal spasms. viburnum. black haw ( viburnum prunifolium ). a small north american tree of the honeysuckle family. nerve tonic, astringent. promotes urination, relieves spasms. used to treat threatened miscarriage, nervous diseases of pregnancy, abnormally profuse menstrual flow, pain following childbirth, asthma, hysteria. lyons, albert s., and r. joseph petrucelli, ii. medicine : an illustrated history, new york : harry n. abrams, inc., 1978. warner, john harley. the therapeutic perspective : medical practice, knowledge, and identity in america, 1820 - 1885. cambridge, massachusetts : harvard university press, 1986. right : dr. torrey \u2019 s medical kit and notes speak between the lines about the role of herbs in nineteenth - century medicine. linda ligon is the former editorial director of herbs for health. dr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46443170046235666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.971347"} {"text": "bell ' s palsy is an unexplained episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis that begins suddenly and worsens over three to five days. this condition results from damage to the 7th ( facial ) cranial nerve, and pain and discomfort usually occurs on one side of the face or head. it can strike anyone at any age, but it occurs most often in pregnant women, and people who have diabetes, influenza, a cold or another upper respiratory ailment. according to the national institute of neurological disorders and stroke, this nerve disorder affects about 40, 000 u. s. adults and children each year. bell ' s palsy strikes men and woman equally. it is less common before age 15 or after age 60. bell ' s palsy is not considered permanent, but in rare cases it does not disappear. currently, there is no known cure for bell ' s palsy ; however, recovery usually begins two weeks to six months from the onset of the symptoms. the majority of people with bell ' s palsy recover full facial strength and expression. a specific cause of bell ' s palsy is unknown, however, it has been suggested that the disorder is due to inflammation that is directed by the body ' s immune system against the nerve controlling movement of the face. the weakness or symptoms seen in bell ' s palsy is sometimes associated with the following : - high blood pressure - lyme disease - guillain - barre syndrome - myasthenia gravis - infection, especially following a viral infection with herpes simplex virus ( a virus that is related to the cause of the common \" cold sores \" of the mouth ) these conditions cause weakness through a different mechanism than the usual inflammation of bell ' s palsy. click image to enlarge the following are the most common symptoms of bell ' s palsy. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : - disordered movement of the muscles that control facial expressions, such as smiling, squinting, blinking, or closing the eyelid - loss of feeling in the face - loss of the sense of taste on the front two - thirds of the tongue - hypersensitivity to sound in the affected ear - inability to close the eye on the affected side of the face the symptoms of bell ' s palsy may resemble other conditions or medical problems. always consult your doctor for a diagnosis. one uniformly recommended treatment for bell ' s palsy is protecting the eye from drying at nighttime or while working at a computer. eye care, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5179666781057052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.974419"} {"text": "catalyst volume 22 issue 3 this issue of catalyst includes the following articles : the price of rice this article looks at how genetics has increased yields of rice, a staple food for billions of people. what causes the aurora? the aurora borealis is caused by the interaction of the solar wind with the earth ' s magnetic field. this article explains how satellites are testing thoeires of how this happens. this catalyst article looks at the changing definition of the kilogram, a unit of mass and a base unit in the si system ( the international system of units ). what ' s in a cell? this catalyst article explores the complex structure of cells, and numerous theories of how they were formed. this article looks at how californians are being encouraged to prepare for the next big earthquake. seven billion - and counting the human population of earth has reached seven billion. this article explores the impact human activity may have on the planet. marie curie - a life of discovery this article looks at marie curie who discovered two radioactive elements and showed that radioactivity was a property of atoms, not compounds. going bananas about radioactivity this article looks at how we are exposed to radiation from many different sources, including the food we eat - even bananas. catalyst is a science magazine for students aged 14 - 19 years. annual subscriptions to print copies of the magazine can be purchased from mindsets. health and safety any use of a resource that includes a practical activity must include a risk assessment. please note that collections may contain archive resources, which were developed at a much earlier date. since that time there have been significant changes in the rules and guidance affecting laboratory practical work. further information is provided in our health and safety guidance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5639144150490449, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.980948"} {"text": "the island of colombia is located in south america and has the third largest spanish speaking population in the world. because of its geographical location in relation to the equator, the climate of colombia is tropical and isothermal ( constant temperature ). the tourism industry of colombia has been rapidly growing since the 1940 ' s and there are many areas that are popular for tourists and festivals that draw in high numbers of people from all over the world. located in pasca, colombia the archeological was founded by the catholic priest jaime hincapie santamaria. the museum is home to a large collection of pre - colombian relics and chibchan mummies, the now extinct muisca tribe. there is also a replica of the famous golden ship balsa muisca and a natural zoo and a large insectary. the museum of gold is home to the malagana treasure which is a group of gold and other artifacts plundered in 1992 by a mob during a \u201c gold rush \u201d. the gold originally came from a cemetery near hacienda malagana, located in western colombia and was discovered in 1992. over 150 ancient gold relics were seized during this endeavor and these relics represent the tombs where they had been placed many centuries before. during 2004, the museum underwent extensive renovations and once the project was completed in 2007, the museum viewers experienced newer and improved displays which explained the culture and history surrounding the malagana treasure. the monumento a los lanceros is a large sculpture complex that was designed by the colombian artist rodrigo arenas bentancur. the vargas swamp lancers was designed as a memorial to honor of the vargas swamp battle which occurred in july of 1815. it is recognized as the largest monument in colombia and depicts the 14 lancers commanded by colonel juan jose rondon. the sculpture is made of bronze and stands 33 meters high with 14 soldiers and their horses suspended in mid - air and framed by a concrete structure. the colombian city of medellin is the site of the annual festival of the flowers. the celebration is one of the most important in the city and the main feature is the silleteros parade, a pageant, automobiles, a pasa fino equestrian parade and musical entertainment. the first festival took place in 1957 and consisted of a display of flowers located in the metropolitan cathedral, which was organized by the gardening society of medellin. malpelo island is 300 miles off the east coast of colombia and this region is home to the world heritage site, malpelo nature reserve. the island is home to some 500 hammerheads and silk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43155479892247545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.985435"} {"text": "by the gardening society of medellin. malpelo island is 300 miles off the east coast of colombia and this region is home to the world heritage site, malpelo nature reserve. the island is home to some 500 hammerheads and silk sharks and is one of the few places in the world where the smalltooth sand tiger has been seen. the unesco foundation named it a protected area to preserve the biodiversity of this unique island. there are many wonderful places in colombia that offer stellar lodgings and the finest amenities possible. the hotel morrison in bogotb is in one of the most recognized commercial areas in all of colombia. the rooms are decorated in an exquisite european style and have marble fixtures throughout. the location is in an area rife with restaurants, bars, clubs, shopping and entertainment. the sofitel altamira hotel is located at the city entrance and within minutes of a golf course and fine dining restaurants. the hotel offers guests horse back riding, tennis courts and three swimming pools and activities that cater exclusively to children. there is also 24 - hour concierge service, dry cleaning, a porter, an overnight shoe shine, a beauty parlor and spa located on the grounds of the hotel. colombia is filled with exciting latin nightlife, street vendors who sell precious gems and is the cultural and intellectual hub of south america.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.427011769977592, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.986018"} {"text": "( naturalnews ) according to finnish researchers, a diet rich in carotenoids such as lycopene and beta - carotene may significantly lower the risk of stroke for men. higher concentrations of carotenoids in the blood were associated with as much as a 55 - 59 percent decrease in the likelihood of having a stroke during the 12 - year study of over 1, 000 finnish men aged 46 - 65. fruit and vegetable consumption and carotenoid concentration in the blood has gradually been gaining a positive reputation in maintaining cardiovascular health. lycopene ( commonly found in tomatoes and watermelon ) and beta - carotene ( which can be found in carrots, pumpkin, and spinach ) are two of the chief carotenoids believed to help in the prevention of stroke. the magic of carotenoids carotenoids have numerous preventive effects. they have been renowned for their ability to help prevent lung and prostate cancer, and their antioxidant properties may be responsible for preventing the build - up of plaque in the arteries, which is a crucial contributor to heart disease and stroke. these benefits may arise as much from the general diet and lifestyle that accompany the consumption of large amounts of carotenoid - containing vegetables. because of this, scientists are unable to draw a causal connection between carotenoids and stroke. the research is promising ; however, and researchers and public health advocates alike are eager to point to results of studies like this to encourage a well - rounded, veggie - heavy diet. the highest concentrations of carotenoids can be found in fruits and vegetables with red, orange, and yellow skins or flesh. heavy hitters include tomato paste, sweet potatoes, carrot juice, papayas, citrus fruits, and leafy greens. aim for at least five servings of fruits and vegetables each day, and eat carotenoid - containing foods with a source of fat to help your body absorb the nutrients properly. supplements may also be effective, although fewer studies have demonstrated a strong connection between carotenoid pills and improved cardiovascular health. most physicians recognize the value of these amazing antioxidants but also recommend a varied, nutritious diet and regular physical activity as the best way to promote cardiovascular health. in addition, although the study did not extend to women or young individuals, researchers expect that a diet high in carotenoids and fruits and vegetables will hold similar preventive effects for the general population. about the author : katie brindamour", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4510937415866759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.990908"} {"text": ". in addition, although the study did not extend to women or young individuals, researchers expect that a diet high in carotenoids and fruits and vegetables will hold similar preventive effects for the general population. about the author : katie brindamour is a certified health education specialist and passionate health and wellness freelance writer. she enjoys cooking, yoga, gardening, searching for the perfect wine and chocolate combination, and spending time with friends. she has a masters in biology and is currently pursuing her phd in health services management and policy. she also enjoys blogging for women ' s healthcare topics and healthline networks. free online report shows how we can save america through a nutrition health care revolution. \" eating healthy is patriotic! \" click here to read it now... healing power of sunlight and vitamin d in this exclusive interview, dr. michael holick reveals fascinating facts on how vitamin d is created and used in the human body to ward off chronic diseases like cancer, osteoporosis, mental disorders and more. click here to read it now... get the full story the international medical council on vaccination has released, exclusively through naturalnews. com, a groundbreaking document containing the signatures of physicians, brain surgeons and professors, all of which have signed on to a document stating that vaccines pose a significant risk of harm to the health of children. click here to read it now... ranger storable organics gmo - free, chemical - free foods and superfoods for long - term storage and preparedness. see selection at www. storableorganics. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45772684579448497, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:14.991503"} {"text": "community indetail, part 3 myths and realities myth 1 : institutions are the best setting for some individuals with severe intellectual and developmental disabilities. four groups of people are often cited as the most difficult to serve in the community. - medically fragile : some institution residents have complex medical conditions such as seizure disorder, aspiration risk, and dysphagia, requiring intensive medical support. if skilled nursing and medical planning are provided, successful community placement of people with complex medical issues can be ensured ( kozma et al., 2003 ). - dual diagnoses : half of institution residents have a condition requiring psychiatric attention ( lakin et al., 2009 ). often people with dual diagnoses need high levels of services and supports that require integrated interventions from both id / dd and mental health providers. often id / dd providers do not have the capacity to provide treatment for mental health issues, and mental health providers do not have the capacity to provide self - care supports to address id / dd issues. joint system planning can be difficult because the two types of services are available through different funding streams ( day, 2009 ). - involved with the criminal justice system : developmental services agencies are expected to serve a public safety function for these individuals. this can be challenging in the context of developing a system designed to promote self - determination and community participation ( bascom, 2009 ). - older people who have spent many years in the institution : older residents who have spent many years in an institution present several challenges ; they ( or their parents or guardians ) may feel that the institution is their home and they do not want to be uprooted. many have never had the experience of living in the community. some states have developed specific strategies to meet the needs of challenging populations, including those with the most significant challenges. people with co - occurring developmental disabilities and mental illnesses and older adults with developmental disabilities are particularly vulnerable populations. they face barriers to services related to a lack of coordination and collaboration across service systems, as well as gaps in research, clinical expertise, and access to appropriate programs. this lack of coordination has many causes, including separate systems for financing services ; a reluctance by mental health and developmental disabilities systems to allocate scarce resources for a high - needs population that could be served in another service system ; established provider networks that are not cross - trained ; and the evolution of advocacy movements emphasizing different priorities. in many cases, specific barriers to service may be both a cause and a result of the lack of coordination across systems. in 2002, the surgeon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46787508416312784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.008066"} {"text": "; established provider networks that are not cross - trained ; and the evolution of advocacy movements emphasizing different priorities. in many cases, specific barriers to service may be both a cause and a result of the lack of coordination across systems. in 2002, the surgeon general addressed the needs of vulnerable populations in a national blueprint to improve the health of persons with [ mental retardation ]. states and advocates have implemented strategies and programs to address the needs of people with complex medical needs, dual diagnoses, and older adults with development disabilities. for example : - to facilitate the closure of agnews developmental center, california created 23 licensed homes in the community that provide sophisticated medical support ( sb 962 homes ). although they are expensive ( an average monthly cost of $ 15, 000 per person ), they seem to be meeting the needs of a medically fragile population ( california health and human service agency, 2010 ). - in 2008, tennessee opened a 16 - bed icf / dd with medical services including 24 - hour nursing care. - missouri advocates founded the association on aging with developmental disabilities to increase awareness of the importance of providing community - based services and support focusing on older adults with developmental disabilities. - the florida department of elder affairs sponsored training for service providers on meeting the needs of aging people with developmental disabilities. ( www. adrc - tae. org / tiki - download _ file. php? fileid = 30426 ) - as part of a federal lawsuit settlement, the state of hawaii is required to take specific steps to identify people with developmental disabilities within the mental health system and ensure that there are smooth discharges from the state psychiatric hospital. - in 2008, the new jersey department of human services convened the dual diagnosis task force to examine and resolve the serious lack of services, unmet service needs, and other significant obstacles to receiving mental health and developmental disability services. the task force made recommendations on a framework for change that would enable the service system to effectively serve the needs of children and adults with developmental disabilities and co - occurring mental health and / or behavior disorders. - oregon and several other states use person - centered planning, coupled with individual budgeting, to adequately address complex individual needs. - maryland \u2019 s rosewood center placed 17 of the 30 court - committed individuals in the community and 13 in a secure residential facility to ensure public safety. in the community, the individuals were placed in small residences with a range of supports, including one - to - one supervision and / or awake overnight supervision, or creative monitoring in a small ( up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4578720534818259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.009193"} {"text": "13 in a secure residential facility to ensure public safety. in the community, the individuals were placed in small residences with a range of supports, including one - to - one supervision and / or awake overnight supervision, or creative monitoring in a small ( up to three individuals ) residential setting with day, vocational, or supported employment services. monitoring may include oversight by another agency ( regular reporting to a probation officer through the department of corrections ) or monitoring devices ( alarmed windows and doors ) ( maryland developmental disabilities administration, 2008 ). myth 2 : the quality of care cannot be assured in a community - based residential setting. opponents of institutional closure argue that it is easier to monitor the quality of a small number of large institutions rather than a large number of smaller facilities. proponents of deinstitutionalization admit that \u201c in the early phases of deinstitutionalization, efforts to develop quality assurance strategies suited to community services were sometimes subordinated in the rush to meet court - ordered deadlines \u201d ( bradley and kimmich, 2003 ). most states have now developed mechanisms to monitor the quality of community - based services. however, no quality assurance mechanism is foolproof, and incidents of abuse, neglect, and even death occur in the community, just as they do in institutions. we have found no studies comparing the rate of adverse incidents in the community with the rate in institutional settings. family, friends, and neighbors play important roles in assuring safety and service quality for people in community - based settings. several researchers found that family presence and participation in the person \u2019 s life can be an important safeguard for security and service quality ( lemay, 2009 ) and should be regarded as the most important and dependable source of quality assurance. although there are few specific federal requirements as to how states must assure quality, states must persuade the centers for medicare and medicaid services ( cms ) that the state can assure health and welfare. cms has established a quality framework that addresses access, pcp and service delivery, provider capacity, participant safeguards, rights and responsibilities, outcomes and satisfaction, and system performance. though it is not regulatory, it provides a framework for certain expectations of quality outcomes for hcbs waiver program services. in recent years, most states and communities have increased regulation or oversight of community - based services. most states have multifaceted systems of quality assurance, including the participation of different stakeholders in and outside government and the service system. systems of quality assurance include the following ( from bascom, 2009 ) : - licensure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.535076983274108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.010313"} {"text": "community - based services. most states have multifaceted systems of quality assurance, including the participation of different stakeholders in and outside government and the service system. systems of quality assurance include the following ( from bascom, 2009 ) : - licensure : group homes and other community residences where three or more unrelated people with disabilities live require licensure. - quality management reviews : reviewers assess medicaid - funded services to ensure compliance with state and federal medicaid standards. in vermont, for example, site visits are conducted every two years, with follow - up as appropriate. - guardianship : public guardians who are provided to adults with developmental disabilities play distinct quality assurance functions. they are expected to have regular ( in some states at least monthly ) face - to - face contact with the people for whom they are guardians and to monitor their welfare and quality of life and advocate for appropriate services. - safety and accessibility checks : all residences of people with developmental disabilities are inspected for compliance with safety and accessibility standards. - consumer and family surveys : annually, about 25 states participate in the national association of state directors of developmental disability services and human services research institute nci survey, which canvasses consumer and family members to measure the satisfaction of people receiving services and to measure what services people report receiving. ( http : / / www2. hsri. org / nci ) - critical incident reporting process : most states have a critical incident reporting process, whereby developmental disability service providers report to the state developmental disability agency when certain incidents take place, such as the death of someone receiving services ; use of restrictive procedures ; allegations of abuse, neglect, or exploitation ; or criminal behavior by or against someone receiving services. - grievance and appeals : the only formal federal requirement for developmental disability service providers is that they provide rights of appeal for eligibility decisions. however, many states require each developmental disability service provider to have written grievance and appeals procedures and to inform applicants and service recipients of that process. - abuse complaints : any human service provider is legally required to file an immediate report of any suspected abuse, neglect, or exploitation of a vulnerable adult. - medicaid fraud unit : the medicaid fraud unit is a specially staffed unit within the office of the attorney general. it investigates allegations of criminal activity, including abuse, neglect, or exploitation, in any medicaid - funded facility or involving a person receiving medicaid - funded supports. - service coordination : the role of service coordinator or case manager often includes the functions of monitoring and advocacy. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5017836111157347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.011421"} {"text": "including abuse, neglect, or exploitation, in any medicaid - funded facility or involving a person receiving medicaid - funded supports. - service coordination : the role of service coordinator or case manager often includes the functions of monitoring and advocacy. in some states, the service coordinator is the focal point for individual - based quality assurance at the local level. - advocacy : empowered service users and families are powerful components in the quality assurance chain. self - advocacy groups work to empower people with disabilities to learn about their rights, step forward, and speak for themselves. in addition, advocacy organizations such as the arc provide information, support, and advocacy for people with disabilities and their families. - other organizations : other organizations develop the capacity to monitor specific groups of people. for example, the guardianship trust in vermont provides regular, structured individually based citizen monitoring of residential services provided by the state. brandon training school association is an alliance of parents and other people concerned with the well - being of former residents of brandon training school. myth 3 : community - based settings do not offer the same level of safety as institutional settings. all states take measures to make sure that people, whether living in institutions or in the community, are healthy, safe, and protected from harm. however, if the state \u2019 s safeguards are not rigorous, closely enforced, and monitored, people with developmental disabilities are not safe, regardless of where they live. two significant factors increase the risk of abuse and neglect : isolation from family and a system that rewards compliant attitudes among people with developmental disabilities ( valenti - hein and schwartz, 1995 ). the nci 2009 \u2013 2010 survey shows that the majority of people with id / dd feel safe in their home, in their neighborhood, and their work / day program / daily activity. more than 90 percent of the individuals surveyed reported that they have someone to go to when they feel afraid. nevertheless, some opponents of deinstitutionalization claim that the safeguards offered in the community are inadequate to ensure the physical safety of a very vulnerable population. based on newspaper reports, protection and advocacy investigations, and state investigations, it is clear that instances of abuse and neglect occur in community settings, and some of them result in unnecessary deaths. however, the same can be said about institutions. for example, the 2009 \u201c fight club \u201d incident, in which institution workers forced residents to fight one another while employees taped the incidents on their cell phones, made national news. in 2007, the atlanta journal - constitution published an expose on state mental health hospitals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.515931043915578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.012606"} {"text": "example, the 2009 \u201c fight club \u201d incident, in which institution workers forced residents to fight one another while employees taped the incidents on their cell phones, made national news. in 2007, the atlanta journal - constitution published an expose on state mental health hospitals that revealed more than 100 suspicious deaths of patients during the previous five years ( judd, 2010 ). the 2002 death of brian kent in kiley center in waukegan, illinois, revealed a pattern of neglect caused by unprofessional attitudes, administrative indifference, lack of competence, and caregiver fatigue ( equip for equality, 2008 ). as systems of care become more sophisticated and mature, states are able to move toward increasing their quality assurance efforts to protect health and safety. missouri, for example, has instituted a health identification planning system, which represents the quality monitoring process for the discovery and remediation of health and safety concerns for individuals in division of developmental disability community residential services. a health inventory tool is completed on all people when they enter a community placement and annually, as well as when there are significant health changes. regional office registered nurses complete nursing reviews on individuals with a defined score on their health inventory. these reviews evaluate the provider \u2019 s health supports and services, evaluate the individual \u2019 s response to treatment, and identify unmet health care needs. missouri also created an office of constituent services to serve as an advocate for people with id / dd. myth 4 : mortality rates are higher in the community for individuals with id / dd than in institutions. older adults or adults who are medically fragile have a higher mortality rate regardless of where they live ( or their geographic location ). as a result, mortality comparisons are not straightforward and require complex statistical approaches. for example, a massachusetts study on deaths showed that the average age at death varied across residential settings. the study indicated generally that the average age of death for each residential setting reflects the relative age and health status of the residents in each of the residential settings. the study also showed that mortality rates are lowest among people living at home or with family. ( center for developmental disabilities evaluation and research ( cdder ), 2010 ). the study showed that people with developmental disabilities generally died of the same causes as the general population. heart disease remained the leading cause of death and alzheimer \u2019 s disease the second leading cause. the massachusetts department of developmental services ( dds ), in collaboration with the cdder, has focused on the health status of people with developmental disabilities. examples of projects they have taken on in massachusetts include the following", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5153080065946233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.013711"} {"text": "\u2019 s disease the second leading cause. the massachusetts department of developmental services ( dds ), in collaboration with the cdder, has focused on the health status of people with developmental disabilities. examples of projects they have taken on in massachusetts include the following : - identification and customization of a health screening tool for use by direct supportive providers - development of preventive health guidelines for individuals with mental retardation - root cause analysis training and support - incident management protocol development - mapping the community - based system of mental health and physical health supports - annual mortality reports - annual quality assurance reports and the development of web - based quality briefs - implementation of the dds stop falls pilot to identify patterns and risk factors for falls among people with id / dd - implementation and evaluation of a pilot study of dds \u2019 s new health promotion and coordination initiative - support in development of training modules for community providers - quantitative analysis of clinical service capacity within the residential provider system - analysis of medicaid pharmacy utilization claims data an increasing number of states conduct mortality studies, review each death, and have proactively begun programs and initiatives to improve the health status of people with developmental disabilities. however, adults with developmental disabilities are more likely to develop chronic health conditions at younger ages than other adults due to biological factors related to syndromes and associated developmental disabilities, limited access to adequate health care, and lifestyle and environmental issues. they have higher rates of obesity, sedentary behaviors, and poor nutritional habits than the general population ( yamaki, 2005 ). most studies find that the mortality rate is comparable across settings or is favorable in community settings. for example : - conroy and adler ( 1998 ) found improved survival for people leaving the pennhurst institution for life in the community and no evidence of transfer trauma. - lerman, apgar, and jordan ( 2003 ) found the death ratio of 150 movers who left a new jersey institution was quite comparable to a matched group of 150 stayers after controlling for critical high risk variables. - heller et al. ( 1998 ) found that, although transitions from institutions or nursing homes to community settings may result in short - term stress and risks that may affect mortality ( transfer trauma ), the long - term survival rates improve. - hsieh et al. ( 2009 ) found that, regardless of residential location, those who had a greater variation in the physical environment and greater involvement in social activities had a lower risk of mortality. despite such findings, opponents of deinstitutionalization continue to use the mortality argument. in its advocacy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.505734749344358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.014975"} {"text": "pope benedict writes nothing new in jesus of nazareth : part 2 when he states that the jewish people are not collectively responsible for jesus \u2019 death. readers will be pardoned if they think otherwise, since some media outlets have treated the holy father \u2019 s statements as if they were revelations. perhaps that \u2019 s understandable, given the history of the relations between christians and jews. but it \u2019 s still not news. likewise, readers may think pope benedict has said something novel about a related topic \u2014 the conversion ( or non - conversion ) of jews to christianity. according to some reports, christians shouldn \u2019 t try to convert jews, in benedict \u2019 s view. is that so? what does benedict actually say? let \u2019 s begin with what he doesn \u2019 t say. he doesn \u2019 t say that jews shouldn \u2019 t become christians, that jews shouldn \u2019 t recognize jesus as the messiah. nor does he say christians shouldn \u2019 t try to convert jews. some background should help. in speaking of jesus \u2019 discourse about the destruction of the temple in a. d. 70 and the end of the world, pope benedict explains the place of evangelization in the unfolding of history. he quotes st. bernard of clairvaux \u2019 s words to pope eugene iii that he needn \u2019 t concern himself with the conversion of the jewish people ; god has left the matter until the time when \u201c the full number of the gentiles \u201d to become christians has been reached ( pp. 44 - 45 ). benedict then quotes commentator hildegard brem, who says that bernard \u2019 s comments reflect roman 11 : 25, which brem interprets to mean that \u201c the church must not concern herself with the conversion of the jews, since she must wait for the time fixed for this by god, \u2018 until the full number of the gentiles come in \u2019 \u201d ( p. 45 ). it \u2019 s clear that benedict thinks israel, in some sense, \u201c retains its own mission \u201d ( p. 46 ). the church \u2019 s mission, on the other hand, is to focus on the gentiles. he interprets the lord \u2019 s teaching about the destruction of the temple as linked to the \u201c times of the gentiles \u201d \u2014 an unspecified period between the time of jesus and the end of the world. during the \u201c times of the gentiles, \u201d \u201c the evangelization of the gentiles \u201d is \u201c the disciples \u2019 particular task \u2014 thanks above all to the special commission given to paul as a duty and a grace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43619419875146964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.020858"} {"text": "of the world. during the \u201c times of the gentiles, \u201d \u201c the evangelization of the gentiles \u201d is \u201c the disciples \u2019 particular task \u2014 thanks above all to the special commission given to paul as a duty and a grace \u201d ( p. 46 ). in other words, the age of the church stresses converting the gentiles to the message of jesus, not converting jews. but it \u2019 s an illicit jump from saying that the focus of the church during the \u201c times of the gentiles \u201d is on non - jews to concluding that christians should not evangelize jews. does benedict mean that christians should never present jesus as messiah to the jewish people? is jesus the gentile - only messiah? are there, in fact, two covenants, one for jews ( the mosaic covenant ) and one for gentiles ( the new covenant of jesus )? benedict says none of the above. he maintains jesus to be the messiah of everyone \u2014 jews as well as gentiles. it is also clear that the holy father doesn \u2019 t oppose presenting jesus to the jews as the messiah. the pope writes that \u201c the nucleus of jesus \u2019 eschatological message includes the proclamation of an age of the nations, during which the gospel must be brought to the whole world and to all people \u201d ( p. 46 ). the \u201c whole world \u201d means the \u201c whole world \u201d and \u201c all people \u201d means \u201c all people, \u201d including the jewish people. what \u2019 s more, benedict insists, based on romans 11 : 25, that, ultimately, \u201c all israel \u201d will come to accept jesus as messiah. at the same time, it is clear that pope benedict believes that the focus of evangelization during the \u201c times of the gentiles \u201d should be non - jews. he does not repudiate a \u201c mission to israel \u201d as much as de - emphasize it in preference to evangelizing the rest of the world. why? benedict \u2019 s thinking about the \u201c times of the gentiles \u201d is shaped by st. paul in 2 corinthians 3 : 14 - 16, who speaks of a sort of spiritual veil over the eyes of israel in its reading of the old testament and its failure to see jesus as the messiah. in romans 11 : 25, paul speaks of the majority of israel \u2019 s not embracing jesus for a time as a providential plan to bring the gentiles into god \u2019 s people. some christians have promoted evangelizing the jewish people as a way", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4553140282854065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.022336"} {"text": "baby ' s first website taking pictures and making movies are great ways to record how your baby has been growing and developing his first year. that way you can always look back and have a clear reminder of this rapidly changing time. as you collect all of these photos and videos, you will soon be wondering how you will share them with all of your friends and family members. will you send out printed pictures or just e - mail your photos to everyone? those are simple options, but they don ' t offer an easy way to keep those pictures organized. an e - mailed photo also doesn ' t provide a good way to insert comments about each picture or event. a blog is a type of web page that you regularly update, like an online diary or journal. blogs have become a popular way for families to share what is going on in their lives and it is a great way to post information about your baby. a blog is a good alternative to a more traditional website if you plan on making very frequent changes and additions. a much better option is to create a website for your baby. this can be as simple as a single page with a few pictures and a few lines of text that describe the picture, or a larger site with pages for each stage of your baby ' s development. as you get more advanced, you can add movies, stories, and even a guest book for family members to add their own comments. but isn ' t it hard to create a website? it can be if you are trying to learn everything on your own and you aren ' t very internet savvy. if you don ' t know what html ( hypertext markup language ) and ftp ( file transfer protocol ) are, then you might have some learning to do if you want to start a website from scratch. fortunately, there are many easy and free ways to create a website, even if you have no experience and don ' t know where to start. you may be able to set up such a site through your internet service provider. or you can use a free online service \u2014 for example, if you want more control over the look and feel of your baby ' s site, you might consider learning html and creating your own website from scratch. for a little extra help, pick up some software that will automate many of the steps for you. adobe dreamweaver and microsoft frontpage are good choices. you also could read a book or take a class that will teach you how to create your own website. any of these methods will help you get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4152760290227556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.025075"} {"text": "particle looking more like higgs boson - from : afp - march 07, 2013 the subatomic particle whose discovery was announced amid much fanfare last year, is looking \" more and more \" like it could be the elusive higgs boson. but in the latest update, physicists told a conference in la thuile, italy, that more analysis is needed before a definitive statement can be made. key to a positive identification of the particle is a detailed analysis of its properties and how it interacts with other particles, the european organisation for nuclear research ( cern ) explained in a statement. since scientists ' announcement last july that they had found a particle likely to be the higgs, much data has been analysed, and its properties are becoming clearer. it is exciting for scientists because it could explain why matter has mass. one property that will allow several teams researching the particle to declare whether or not it is a higgs, is called spin. a higgs must have spin - zero. \" all the analysis conducted so far strongly indicates spin - zero, but it is not yet able to rule out entirely the possibility that the particle has spin - two, \" said cern. \" until we can confidently tie down the particle ' s spin, the particle will remain higgs - like. only when we know that it has spin - zero will we be able to call it a higgs. \" british physicist peter higgs theorised in 1964 that the boson could be what gave mass to matter as the universe cooled after the big bang. last july, scientists said they were 99. 9 per cent certain they had found the particle without which, theoretically, humans and all other joined - up atoms in the universe would not exist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6390847838423643, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.030006"} {"text": "agave syrup, stevia, honey and other natural sweeteners are all the rage these days, as more people worry that white sugar and high - fructose corn syrup are making them gain weight and increasing their risk for type 2 diabetes. but are natural sweeteners really any better than plain baking sugar? a reality check : for the most part, your body can ' t tell the difference between one type of sweetener and another. and most sweeteners contain similar amounts of calories : approximately 16 per teaspoon. \" added sugar, no matter where it comes from, is added sugar - - and in excessive amounts, it could increase body fat, \" says registered dietitian lona sandon, an assistant professor of clinical nutrition at the university of texas southwestern medical center. \" no matter what your sweetener comes from, you need to stick with it in moderation and not overdo it. \" but different sweeteners do have different properties when it comes to cooking and health. when researchers at virginia tech compared the antioxidant content of various sweeteners, they found considerable variability : most antioxidants : dark and blackstrap molasses some antioxidants : maple syrup, brown sugar, honey here ' s a guide to how sweeteners otherwise stack up, along with directions for best using each one : agave syrup is a natural sweetener made from the sap of the agave plant. it contains the same calories as white sugar, but it ' s considerably sweeter - - so you don ' t need to use as much. if a recipe calls for 1 cup of sugar, you ' d use only 1 / 3 cup of agave, says registered dietitian angela ginn, a baltimore - based spokeswoman for the american dietetic association. also, agave syrup is low on the glycemic index, meaning it doesn ' t raise blood sugar quickly. but \" because it has a higher percentage of fructose than what ' s in high - fructose corn syrup, it may raise triglyceride levels in your blood, according to studies done at ut southwestern, \" warns sandon. this sweetener is derived from the leaves of the stevia plant and contains almost no calories - - yet it can be used cup - for - cup as a replacement for sugar, says ginn. \" you can use it for baking, but it ' s not very sweet and it may make a cake more dense,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37660244553716354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.034370"} {"text": "almost no calories - - yet it can be used cup - for - cup as a replacement for sugar, says ginn. \" you can use it for baking, but it ' s not very sweet and it may make a cake more dense, \" says ginn. you can also sprinkle it in your coffee or on berries or oatmeal. in addition to antioxidants, honey also has some antibacterial properties. \" honey is ideal for beverages because it ' s easily absorbed, \" says ginn. \" and it ' s great for mixing in yogurt, drizzling on chicken or using in salad dressings. \" however, because of its consistency, it ' s \" not as good for baking, \" she says. genuine maple syrup is very sweet and has a slightly woodsy flavor, says ginn, \" so a little goes a long way. \" besides its typical use on pancakes, waffles or french toast, maple syrup also works as a glaze on root vegetables, like sweet potatoes, acorn or butternut squash, turnips and carrots. molasses is derived from sugar cane or sugar beets. it contains more antioxidants than all other natural sweeteners, and it also contains a small amount of iron, says sandon. because it lends foods a rich, dark flavor as well as a touch of sweetness, it ' s a good choice for baking spice cakes, gingerbread or ginger snaps. made from molasses and white sugar, light brown sugar is best for baking ( cakes, cookies, pies and sweet breads ) or sprinkling on oatmeal. the dark brown variety, in contrast, gives foods ( like baked beans, stews and gingerbread ) a richer flavor, thanks to the extra molasses it contains, says ginn. raw sugar comes from sugar cane, just like white sugar, but it ' s less refined, so it ' s coarser in texture and has a golden color ( from the molasses it retains ). but it isn ' t any healthier than the white stuff. often used in tea and other beverages or as a topping on baked goods, raw sugar can be sweeter than white sugar - - so you ' ll need less to achieve the desired sweetness, says ginn. it may not be as trendy as other natural sweeteners, but white sugar \" holds up better than the others in high heat, \" says sand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4169437173498084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.035263"} {"text": "this article was originally distributed via prweb. prweb, worldnow and this site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. source : centers for disease control and prevention binge drinking continues to be a serious health issue problem under - recognized in women and girls atlanta, ga ( prweb ) january 11, 2013 binge drinking is a dangerous behavior that can lead to tragic circumstances. it \u2019 s not often recognized as a women \u2019 s health problem but nearly 14 million u. s. women binge drink about three times a month, and consume an average of six drinks per binge, according to a vital signs report released today from the centers for disease control and prevention. the report highlights how binge drinking puts women at increased risk for many health problems such as breast cancer, sexually transmitted diseases, heart disease, and unintended pregnancy. pregnant women who binge drink expose a developing baby to high levels of alcohol, which can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and sudden infant death syndrome. in addition, the report finds that about 1 in 8 women and 1 in 5 high school girls report binge drinking. binge drinking was most common among women aged 18 - 34 and high school girls, whites and hispanics, and women with household incomes of $ 75, 000 or more. half of all high school girls who drink alcohol report binge drinking. binge drinking is defined as consuming four or more drinks on an occasion for women and girls. drinking too much, including binge drinking, causes about 23, 000 deaths among women and girls in the united states each year \u201c binge drinking causes many health problems, and there are proven ways to prevent excessive drinking, \u201d said cdc director thomas frieden, m. d., m. p. h. \u201c effective community measures can support women and girls in making wise choices about whether to drink or how much to drink if they do. \u201d cdc scientists looked at the drinking behavior of approximately 278, 000 u. s. women aged 18 and older for the past 30 days through data collected from the 2011 behavioral risk factor surveillance system, and for approximately 7, 500 u. s. high school girls from the 2011 national youth risk behavior survey. the report highlights the guide to community preventive services ( community guide ), which recommends effective policies to prevent binge drinking. \u201c it is alarming to see that binge drinking is so common among women and girls, and that women and girls are drinking so much when they do, \u201d said robert brewer, m. d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4445650083714988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.040128"} {"text": "which recommends effective policies to prevent binge drinking. \u201c it is alarming to see that binge drinking is so common among women and girls, and that women and girls are drinking so much when they do, \u201d said robert brewer, m. d., m. s. p. h., of the alcohol program at cdc. \u201c the good news is that the same scientifically proven strategies for communities and clinical settings that we know can prevent binge drinking in the overall population can also work to prevent binge drinking among women and girls. \u201d for more information about binge drinking, visit cdc \u2019 s alcohol and public health web site at http : / / www. cdc. gov / alcohol. individuals who are concerned about their own or someone else ' s binge drinking can call 1 - 800 - 662 - help to receive assistance from the national drug and alcohol treatment referral routing service. for state - specific estimates of alcohol - related deaths and years of potential life lost by condition, age and gender, visit the alcohol - related disease impact online application at http : / / apps. nccd. cdc. gov / dach _ ardi / default / default. aspx. vital signs is a cdc report that appears on the first tuesday of the month as part of the cdc journal morbidity and mortality weekly report, or mmwr. the report provides the latest data and information on key health indicators. these are cancer prevention, obesity, tobacco use, motor vehicle passenger safety, prescription drug overdose, hiv / aids, alcohol use, health care \u2013 associated infections, cardiovascular health, teen pregnancy, food safety and viral hepatitis. for the original version on prweb visit : http : / / www. prweb. com / releases / prweb2013 / 1 / prweb10299095. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4074714027326061, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.041013"} {"text": "looking beyond the labels to the essence of food october 9, 2012by taunya english sustainable is a word that ' s going to be corrupted... monsanto uses sustainable in their marketing. so even to build what i ' m trying to do around a word like that is sort of pointless because that word will mean less over time. \" - dean carlson, local farmer perhaps more than any time in the past, americans are aggressively asking where their food comes from and whether it ' s been produced justly. philadelphia ' s academy of natural sciences of drexel university is hosting public forums this fall to debate the politics, controversy and confusion surrounding food and health. it seems we can ' t stop asking about the provenance of our food - - and comedians have started to poke fun. consider this exchange between a diner and server in the comedy \" portlandia. \" waiter : so here is the chicken you will be enjoying tonight. here are his papers. his name was colin. diner : he looks like a happy chicken. did he have lots of friends? \" portlandia \" may exaggerate, but for some people, there is a lot to think about before taking your first bite. just some of the considerations are organic, sustainable, local gmo - free. \" i think the labels are very confusing and i think often times they are meant to be, \" said farmer and meat purveyor dean carlson. \" so i would rather market our product directly from the farm so people can make up their own mind. \" carlson raises pork, chicken and beef on wyebrook farm, 360 acres in honey brook, chester county. he says he produces food in ways that tax natural resources less than conventional farming. \" conscious of the fact that we have a very limited amount of resources on this planet, unless we find another one, we are going to exhaust what we have, \" carlson said. the changing concept of ' sustainable ' carlson says wyebrook farm is \" sustainable \" but that the concept is shifting. \" sustainable is a word that ' s going to be corrupted, \" he said. \" monsanto uses sustainable in their marketing. so even to build what i ' m trying to do around a word like that is sort of pointless because that word will mean less over time. \" that fact, small farmers say, makes it more important than ever to find clear and clever ways to market the difference they offer. rich lescavage, a west brandywine, pa., resident, shops at wyebrook", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5085315623649473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.046946"} {"text": "time. \" that fact, small farmers say, makes it more important than ever to find clear and clever ways to market the difference they offer. rich lescavage, a west brandywine, pa., resident, shops at wyebrook farm every weekend. on a recent trip he spent nearly $ 50 for local, pasture - fed meat, which comes with a \" directly from the farm \" experience and some amazing views. \" you look at the chickens here, they ' re up walking in the fields versus ' ok, they had a door in their pen open. ' if you go local, you know the people where you get your food from, and trust ' em, \" lescavage said. \" what can be simpler than that? sure, if you go to the grocery store, you need a bunch of labels. your food got trucked in from where? i don ' t know. most people don ' t know. \" in lancaster county, sweet stem farm uses a parody of british songstress adele ' s song \" rolling in the deep \" to advertise its \" happy meat. \" a youtube video, featuring playful pigs and hard working farmers, extols the benefits of \" eating cheek to cheek. \" kristian holbrook, the dairy manager at doe run farm in coatesville, pa., said if local, small farmers don ' t find a way to differentiate what they are doing, sales goes to the cheapest product. \" i have 18 cows i milk, \" holbrook said. \" i make every wheel of cheese from start to finish. then i take it to the festivals, cut it for them and talk to them about it. people don ' t get how much work it takes. it ' s hard, it ' s expensive and people don ' t want to pay for it either. \" the academy of natural sciences of drexel university has invited local experts, as well as national pundit james mcwilliams, to speak. confronting difficult questions \" if we are going to have a frank discussion about agriculture then we have to be just as critical about these alternatives as we do about industrial agriculture as we do about the conventional factory farms, \" said mcwilliams, author of \" just food : where locavores get it wrong and how we can truly eat responsibly. \" mcwilliams says the images used to sell \" sustainability \" rarely let consumers glimpse the waste in animal agriculture or the ties that even small,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41168881113076916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.047866"} {"text": ": where locavores get it wrong and how we can truly eat responsibly. \" mcwilliams says the images used to sell \" sustainability \" rarely let consumers glimpse the waste in animal agriculture or the ties that even small, local producers sometimes have to what many now call \" factory farming. \" the vast majority of the environmental problems related to the food - industry come from \" industrial agriculture, \" mcwilliams said. but, he asks, what if the \" small, local sustainable farms \" catch on? \" what if they start producing 20, 30, 40 percent of the animals products that we eat? \" he said. \" then i think you ' re going to see some environmental problems and ethical problems with these small - scale systems as well. \" self - proclaimed \" sustainable \" farmers often get a pass in popular media, mcwilliams said. any sustainable food discussion should include questions about the basic ethics of raising and treating animals well, then butchering them for food, he said. mcwilliams, who is a vegan, said purveyors of \" humanely raised \" meat argue that keeping animals in the food production loop is a sustainable practice that puts animal waste to good use. \" hey, if you really feel that strongly about manure as the best form of fertilizer, then let the animal be a manure - producing machine, \" mcwilliams said. \" but, of course, the animal is only a manure - producing machine until it gets fat enough to be slaughtered and become food on somebody ' s plate. \" killing an animal at year two, instead of letting it live out 20 years of potential life, is a \" waste \" of a natural resource, he argues. inside philadelphia ' s reading terminal market, workers at the fair food farmstand educate people about the food system, said ann karlen, executive director of the nonprofit group. \" we are not the local food police, \" karlen said. \" people define what makes sense to them. \" fair food works with food producers in a 150 - mile radius and karlen says the stand provides choices for people shopping with different budgets. eggs for $ 7 a dozen aren ' t for everyone. \" i think it ' s awesome that we have a farmer in this region that ' s raising araucana chickens that lay blue eggs, and we are here to sell them, but the $ 3. 50 eggs are wonderful, healthy very high - quality eggs, \" karlen said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4497565902916435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.048950"} {"text": "god, arguments for the existence of arguments or proofs for the existence of god have been proposed by philosophers, theologians, and other thinkers. these arguments have an epistemological dimension ( how can one know that god exists? ) and an ontological dimension ( what is the nature of god \u2019 s being? ). if god is conceived as the supreme being, being - itself, the source and creator of all beings, or in other similar ways, the question of his existence is of primordial importance. it is indeed paradoxical that there would be a need to prove the existence of this being of all beings, yet that is precisely the situation philosophers and theologians find themselves in, since god cannot be perceived by human senses. the overall theistic explanation is that god transcends finite forms of being and thus cannot be reached directly by finite human minds, although indirect rational proofs may be possible. the opposite position concludes that god cannot be perceived because he simply does not exist. this leads to the essential question of the meaning of \" existence \" when the notion is applied to god. thus, one \u2019 s understanding of god \u2014 rational, intuitive, religious, or other \u2014 affects one \u2019 s approach to the question of his existence. given the variety of approaches, it has been rightly suggested by people such as ninian smart that if the existence of god is to be taken seriously, rational or philosophical insights about it need to be combined with the various other aspects of religious revelation, such as the experiential dimension, the moral dimension, and the mythical dimension. context of the arguments the three traditional proofs of god \u2019 s existence the attempt to provide proofs or arguments for the existence of god is known as natural theology. this undertaking has traditionally consisted of three key arguments : the ontological, cosmological, and teleological arguments. such proofs may seem futile in the contemporary context. however, one must understand that in the middle ages, when the famous proofs of god first appeared, the issue was not to find out logically if god exists or not. god ' s existence was a given, based on faith. thinkers like anselm of canterbury and thomas aquinas in christianity, maimonides in judaism, and avicenna or averroes in islam mostly questioned whether god ' s existence could be known only through faith, or whether it was also possible to prove it by using the philosophical ( rational ) method and, if so, how. these arguments were meant to buttress the arguments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5478868698415801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.111460"} {"text": "give a universal notion of \" god, \" since that word and its equivalents have been used in very different ways throughout history. today in the west, the term \" god \" typically refers to a monotheistic concept of a supreme being that is unlike any other being. classical theism asserts that god possesses every possible perfection, including such qualities as omniscience, omnipotence, and perfect benevolence. in the advaita vedanta school of hinduism, reality is ultimately seen as being a single, qualityless, changeless being called nirguna brahman, understood to be beyond \" ordinary \" human comprehension. advaitin philosophy introduces the concept of saguna brahman or ishvara as a way of talking about brahman to people. ishvara, in turn, is ascribed such qualities as omniscience, omnipotence, and benevolence. polytheistic religions use the word \" god \" for multiple beings with varying degrees of power and abilities. such deities are thus neither perceived to be all - powerful nor always benevolent. the myths of polytheism often cover a deeper layer of philosophical reflection that hints at a united being that takes precedence even over the gods. the issue of existence the seemingly innocuous question about the exact meaning of the word \u201c existence \u201d cannot be avoided in the context of the proofs for god \u2019 s existence. what does it mean to exist when the term is applied to god? this, of course, leads back to an understanding of god. at least since aristotle, there has been an unending debate over the difference between \u201c existence, \u201d \u201c being, \u201d and \u201c essence. \u201d in general terms, to exist simply means to be there \u2014 to be real. it also implies that one is talking about a specific entity, generally perceived by the senses. however, one can also say that goodness or evil exist in this world. what is meant by that statement is immediately clear, though it is hard to pinpoint what their being really is. the problem with stating that god exists is that by doing so one seems to imply that he is an entity, albeit an elusive one. in this way, he is reduced to the level of a particular being, though perhaps the highest or most perfect one. many have perceived that, if god is to have any reality, it must be of an entirely different order that cannot be qualified as existence. twentieth century theologian paul tillich is one of them. for him, \u201c god does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6120041203400968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.113695"} {"text": "or most perfect one. many have perceived that, if god is to have any reality, it must be of an entirely different order that cannot be qualified as existence. twentieth century theologian paul tillich is one of them. for him, \u201c god does not exist. \u201d it is even a sign of atheism to say that he does, as it implies a denial of god \u2019 s real being, being - itself, the ground of all being. similarly, twentieth century philosopher martin heidegger has decried the use of what he called \" onto - theology, \" where god is objectified as if he were a particular being. in medieval theology and philosophy already, thomas aquinas had stated that god is beyond essence and existence. this distinction between existence and being is proper to the western philosophical landscape. it does not appear, for instance, in the thought systems of the far east. this is no accident : the notion of a personal, theistic god is proper to the religions of the west. the issue of god \u2019 s existence does not arise in buddhism or confucianism for instance. the problem of the supernatural another problem immediately posed by the question of the existence of a god is that traditional beliefs usually grant god various supernatural powers. religious apologists offer the supernatural abilities of god as explanation of the inability of empirical methods to prove god ' s existence. in karl popper ' s philosophy of science, the assertion of the existence of a supernatural god would be a non - falsifiable hypothesis, not amenable to scientific investigation. thus, logical positivists, such as rudolph carnap and a. j. ayer, view any talk of gods as literally nonsense. for the logical positivists and adherents of similar schools of thought, statements about religious or other transcendent experiences could not have a truth - value, and were deemed to be without meaning. even for other schools of thought, the question of god appears at the same time as the culmination of philosophical inquiry ( since it deals with the ultimate question ) and the point where that inquiry must stop due to its own limitations. one cannot be said to \" know \" something just because one believes it. knowledge is, from an epistemological standpoint, distinguished from belief by justification through proofs or arguments. much of the disagreement about \" proofs \" of god ' s existence is due to different conceptions not only of the term \" god \" but also the terms \" proof, \" \" truth, \" and \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5705406761914908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.115053"} {"text": "by justification through proofs or arguments. much of the disagreement about \" proofs \" of god ' s existence is due to different conceptions not only of the term \" god \" but also the terms \" proof, \" \" truth, \" and \" knowledge. \" religious belief from revelation or enlightenment is fundamentally different. different conclusions as to the existence of god often rest on different criteria for deciding what methods are appropriate for deciding if something is true or not. some examples include : - whether logic counts as evidence concerning the quality of existence - whether subjective experience count as evidence for objective reality - whether either logic or evidence can rule in or out the supernatural the religious perspective is almost always linked to some sort of philosophical explanation. however, its emphasis is on god as a living reality, accessible through revelation or introspection, rather than rational discussion. early christian thinkers like augustine of hippo believed that humans had a natural ability to perceive the reality of god. in such a perspective, arguments or proofs do not occupy an important position : it is not necessary to prove the existence of something obvious ; what is needed is only an explanation. much later thinkers, including eighteenth century german philosopher david friedrich fries, thought that human reason culminated in a direct apprehension of the divine reality, something akin to intellectual intuition, a faculty immanuel kant insisted humans do not have. the problem with this perspective is that of intersubjectivity : how can one communicate her certainty to another person and ascertain that it is identical, other than by assuming a priori that it is so? the indian religion of sikhism offers an elaborate version of that position. the fundamental belief of sikhism is that god exists, not merely as an idea or concept, but as a \" real entity, \" indescribable yet knowable and perceivable to anyone who is prepared to dedicate the time and energy to become perceptive to god \u2019 s persona. the sikh gurus never spoke about proofs of the existence of god ; for them, god is too real and obvious to need any logical proof. guru arjan says : \" god is beyond color and form, yet his presence is clearly visible \" ( gg, 74 ), and again, \" nanak ' s lord transcends the world as well as the scriptures of the east and the west, and yet he is clearly manifest \" ( gg, 397 ). types of arguments different types of classification have been suggested. some arguments are a priori, that is, independent from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5792612856247052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.116745"} {"text": "as well as the scriptures of the east and the west, and yet he is clearly manifest \" ( gg, 397 ). types of arguments different types of classification have been suggested. some arguments are a priori, that is, independent from experience. first and foremost, this is the case of the ontological argument, which seeks to show the necessity of god from the very notion of god. most arguments are a posteriori, that is, they try to show evidence for the presence of a god from certain features of reality. for example, the cosmological argument intends to show that there must be an ultimate, uncaused cause ( god ) to the existing universe. the teleological argument assumes that the harmony and purposefulness evident throughout nature represents an evidence of intelligent design, thus of a supreme designer ( god ). still another well - known a posteriori argument is the argument from the degrees of perfection, developed by aquinas, which argues that the various degrees of goodness, beauty, truth, etc. in the world resemble something which is the maximum ( best, most beautiful, truest, etc. ), and that this something is god. these a posteriori arguments are empirical, because they are based on observation, while the ontological argument is strictly metaphysical, because it only involves reflection that transcends sense data. but there are so many arguments that their richness defies classification. since the very notion of god has a universal ( or even trans - universal ) dimension, it is normal that evidence for god \u2019 s existence has been searched for by using nearly every approach and every faculty. besides logic and rational deduction, ethics, science, spiritual intuition, and even the authority of scripture and tradition are some of the dimensions that have been explored to that end. given these many arguments, it is debatable whether they are all different or whether they are all not merely parts of one and the same argument. while all such proofs would end in the same way, by asserting the existence of god, they do not all start at the same place. aquinas calls them aptly vi\u00e6 : roads to the apprehension of god which all open on the same highway. also, any argument for or against the existence of god must be considered in context. few people, if any, will be swayed by the persuasiveness of one single argument if they are not previously so inclined. neither is the use of arguments by philosophers generally meant to persuade in this way. there is often a syn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5465918653742837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.117917"} {"text": ". few people, if any, will be swayed by the persuasiveness of one single argument if they are not previously so inclined. neither is the use of arguments by philosophers generally meant to persuade in this way. there is often a synergy between complementary arguments. this clearly results from a careful examination of the three main historical arguments. the ontological argument according to this argument, god, as the supreme being, must exist by definition. it is an a priori argument. saint anselm of canterbury and rene descartes have used this argument, but immanuel kant dismissed it, as he did the other two arguments. the common - sense approach finds it much less obvious than the cosmological and teleological arguments. the notion that the mere idea of god implies god \u2019 s existence may even seem strange, yet contemporary philosophers find it fascinating. attempts are regularly being made to prove its validity by using formal logic. paul tillich \u2019 s attempt to show that the unconditioned is a necessary function of the mind can be seen as another contemporary form of the argument, though tillich never made that claim. the argument works by examining the concept of god, and arguing that it implies the actual existence of god ; that is, if one can conceive of god, then god exists \u2014 it is thus self - contradictory to state that god does not exist. this is obviously a controversial position, and the ontological argument has a long history of detractors and defenders. the argument ' s different versions arise mainly from using different concepts of god as the starting point. the ontological argument was first proposed by anselm of canterbury ( 1033 \u2013 1109 ) in chapter 2 of the proslogion, even though he did not directly use the expression. he argued that there are necessary beings \u2014 things that cannot not exist \u2014 and contingent beings \u2014 things that may or may not exist, but whose existence is not necessary. he starts with his famous definition, or necessary assumption about the nature of god : \" now we believe that [ the lord ] is something than which nothing greater can be imagined. \" then anselm asks : does god exist? in sum, he concludes that, whether one believes in god or not, she cannot avoid at least having the notion of that greatest possible being in her mind. now anselm introduces another assumption : \" and certainly that than which a greater cannot be imagined cannot be in the understanding alone. for if it is at least in the understanding alone, it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5469747657512726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.120878"} {"text": "having the notion of that greatest possible being in her mind. now anselm introduces another assumption : \" and certainly that than which a greater cannot be imagined cannot be in the understanding alone. for if it is at least in the understanding alone, it can be imagined to be in reality too, which is greater. \" it would therefore be contradictory to assume that the greatest possible being exists in the understanding alone, because then, it would always be possible to imagine an even greater being \u2014 that which actually exists. from that contradiction, anselm draws his conclusion : \" there exists, therefore, beyond doubt something than which a greater cannot be imagined,, both in the understanding and in reality. \" in his proslogon 3, anselm made another a priori argument for god, this time based on the idea of necessary existence. he claimed that if god is that than which nothing greater can be conceived, it is better to be necessary than contingent. therefore god must be necessary. philosophical assumptions underlying the argument in order to understand the place this argument has in the history of philosophy, it is important to understand the essence of the argument in the context of the influence of hellenic philosophy on christianity. first, anselm ' s argument stemmed from the philosophical school of realism. realism was the dominant philosophical school of anselm ' s day. according to realism, and in contrast to nominalism, things such as \" greenness \" and \" bigness \" were known as universals, which had a real existence outside the human imagination, in an abstract realm of ideas, as described by plato. accordingly, if a concept could be formed in the human mind ( as was his concept of god ), then it had a real existence in the abstract realm of the universals. in essence, if one could imagine god, god existed. anselm also held that there were two types of existence : necessary existence and contingent existence. contingent existence is a state of existence which depends on something else \u2014 that is, if something else were not the case, the object in question would not exist. necessary existence, by contrast, depends on nothing. something that necessarily exists will exist no matter what. it cannot not exist. criticisms and objections one of the earliest recorded objections to anselm ' s argument was raised by his contemporary, gaunilo of marmoutiers. gaunilo invited his readers to think of the greatest, or most perfect, conceivable island. as a matter of fact, it is likely that no such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5675636820445615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.123729"} {"text": "argument was raised by his contemporary, gaunilo of marmoutiers. gaunilo invited his readers to think of the greatest, or most perfect, conceivable island. as a matter of fact, it is likely that no such island actually exists, even though it can be conceived. in short, to conclude that something exists because existence would make it more perfect makes no sense. such objections always depend upon the accuracy of the analogy. in the case of gaunilo \u2019 s island, there is no single concept of a perfect island, because perfection here can only mean what is perfect for one particular person, rather than perfect in itself. the notion of the perfect being, however, isn ' t relative to any individual ; it ' s the notion of a being that is maximally great \u2014 not for an individual, but great universally. another rationale is attributed to douglas gasking ( 1911 \u2013 1994 ). gasking makes a paradoxical statement to show that one could just as well use the argument to prove that god does not exist : greatness depends on one \u2019 s merit in accomplishing something. for god to create the world even though he doesn \u2019 t exist would imply the greatest merit ( overcoming the greatest handicap ). hence, for god to be the greatest, he must not exist. defenders of anselm would reject the thesis that disability and handicap are things that make a creator greater. the merit of that particular objection is that it highlights the problematic nature of the word \u201c exist \u201d and that it challenges the traditional view of god as a supreme, detached being who created the world with no effort at all. obviously, anselm thought this argument was valid and persuasive, and it still has occasional defenders, but many, perhaps most, contemporary philosophers believe that the ontological argument, at least as anselm articulated it, does not stand up to strict logical scrutiny. others, like gottfried leibniz, norman malcolm, charles hartshorne, kurt godel, and alvin plantinga have reformulated the argument in an attempt to revive it. descartes ' ontological arguments rene descartes ( 1596 - 1650 ) composed a number of ontological arguments which differed from anselm ' s formulation in important ways. generally speaking, it is less a formal argument than a natural intuition. descartes wrote in the fifth meditation on first philosophy : but if the mere fact that i can produce from my thought the idea of something entails that everything which i clearly and distinctly perceive to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5363546779223864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.124707"} {"text": "it is less a formal argument than a natural intuition. descartes wrote in the fifth meditation on first philosophy : but if the mere fact that i can produce from my thought the idea of something entails that everything which i clearly and distinctly perceive to belong to that thing really does belong to it, is not this a possible basis for another argument to prove the existence of god? certainly, the idea of god, or a supremely perfect being, is one that i find within me just as surely as the idea of any shape or number. and my understanding that it belongs to his nature that he always exists is no less clear and distinct than is the case when i prove of any shape or number that some property belongs to its nature ( at 7 : 65 ; csm 2 : 45 ). the intuition above can be formally described as follows : - whatever one clearly and distinctly perceives to be contained in the idea of something is true of that thing. - one clearly and distinctly perceives that necessary existence is contained in the idea of god. - therefore, god exists. the key to the argument is the first premise, which is, in essence, a statement of faith in his intuition. in another, less formal statement of his argument, he draws an analogy between belief in the existence of god and the geometric demonstration. mathematical demonstrations can lead to absolute certainty through complicated demonstrations that cannot be immediately evident. in the case of god, things are much simpler : \u201c for what is more manifest than the fact that the supreme being exists, or that god, to whose essence alone existence belongs, exists \u201d ( at 7 : 68 - 69 ; csm 2 : 47 ). plantinga ' s modal form and contemporary discussion contemporary american philosopher alvin plantinga has created another version of the argument, one where the conclusion follows from the premises, assuming axiom s5 of modal logic. the axiom s5 says that if a proposition is possibly necessarily true, then it is necessarily true. if, then, a maximally great being possibly exists, it exists. richard m. gale has argued that the \" possibility premise \" begs the question, because here \" possibly necessarily \" is basically the same as \" necessarily. \" a very different approach has recently been attempted by a. r. pruss, who starts with the eighth / ninth century c. e. indian philosopher samkara ' s dictum that if something is impossible, then one cannot have a perception ( even a non - veridical one ) that it is the case. if mystic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5724126734308209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.125836"} {"text": "who starts with the eighth / ninth century c. e. indian philosopher samkara ' s dictum that if something is impossible, then one cannot have a perception ( even a non - veridical one ) that it is the case. if mystics perceive the existence of a maximally great being, it follows that the existence of a maximally great being is at least possible. one difficulty in this argument is that one might misinterpret the content of one ' s experience, and hence the mystic might be incorrect even in a cautious description of an experience as an experience \" as of a maximally great being. \" the cosmological argument the premise of the cosmological argument is that all existing beings are dependent beings ( they cannot exist by themselves, they did not create themselves ), therefore, there must be a self - existent being, i. e., a being whose existence is accounted for by its own nature. the problem is to define such a being. either there is an ultimate cause that is fundamentally different from humanity, or people have infinite regress. that ultimate being would have to be of a different nature, and would have to be a different type of cause. this argument assumes the principle of sufficient reason : there must be an explanation for the existence of every being, thing, or quality. but buddhism, aristotle, and jean - paul sartre, to name a few, feel that there is no problem with the assumption that the universe has always existed. it is simply there. there are three basic variants of this argument in its classic form : the argument from causation in esse, the argument from causation in fieri, and the argument from contingency. the cosmological argument does not attempt to prove anything about the first cause or about god, except to argue that such a cause must exist. origins of the argument plato and aristotle both posited first cause arguments, though each with certain notable caveats. plato ( c. 427 \u2013 c. 347 b. c. e. ) believed that a \" demiurge \" was the creator of the cosmos. for plato, the demiurge lacked the supernatural ability to create ex nihilo or out of nothing. the demiurge was only able to organize the pre - existent chaos, itself subjected to the purely physical laws of necessity ( ananke ). ultimately, for plato, all is derived from the soul, or self - mover, a non - material entity. aristotle ( c.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.533084820056366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.126887"} {"text": "organize the pre - existent chaos, itself subjected to the purely physical laws of necessity ( ananke ). ultimately, for plato, all is derived from the soul, or self - mover, a non - material entity. aristotle ( c. 384 \u2013 322 b. c. e. ) also put forth the idea of a creator of the cosmos, often referred to as the \" unmoved prime mover \" in his work metaphysics. for aristotle, as for plato, the underlying \" stuff \" of the universe always was in existence and always would be ( which in turn follows parmenides ' famous statement that \" nothing can come from nothing \" ). aristotle posited an underlying ousia ( an essence or substance ) of which the universe is composed. it is the ousia which the prime mover organized and set into motion, not by acting, but by being the center of attraction, hence the unmoved mover. thomas aquinas ( c. 1225 \u2013 1274 c. e. ), the best known theologian of the middle ages, adapted the argument to form one of the earliest and the most influential versions of the cosmological argument. his conception of first cause is the idea that the universe must have been caused by something which was itself uncaused, which he asserted was god. framed as a formal proof, the first cause argument can be stated as follows : - every effect has a cause ( s ). - nothing can cause itself. - a causal chain cannot be of infinite length. - therefore, there must be a first cause \u2014 something which is not an effect. the cosmological argument can only speculate about the existence of god from claims about the entire universe. the argument is based on the claim that god must exist due to the fact that the universe needs a cause. the existence of the universe requires an explanation, and an active creation of the universe by a being outside of the universe \u2014 generally assumed to be god \u2014 is that explanation. the argument from contingency aquinas follows aristotle in claiming that there must be something which explains why the universe exists. since the universe could, under different circumstances, conceivably not exist \u2014 that is to say, since it is contingent \u2014 its existence must have a cause. and that cause cannot simply be another contingent thing, it must be something which exists by necessity. the german philosopher gottfried leibniz made a somewhat similar argument with his principle of sufficient reason, in 1714. he wrote : \" there can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5425690790741391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.127883"} {"text": "a cause. and that cause cannot simply be another contingent thing, it must be something which exists by necessity. the german philosopher gottfried leibniz made a somewhat similar argument with his principle of sufficient reason, in 1714. he wrote : \" there can be found no fact that is true or existent, or any true proposition, without there being a sufficient reason for its being so and not otherwise, although we cannot know these reasons in most cases. \" he formulated the cosmological argument succinctly : \" why is there something rather than nothing? the sufficient reason \u2026 is found in a substance which \u2026 is a necessary being bearing the reason for its existence within itself. \" in esse and in fieri \" in esse \" and \" in fieri \" are latin expressions from medieval scholasticism. they make an important distinction. god can be seen as a remote first cause who starts everything and then is no longer needed ( in fieri, i. e., \u201c in becoming \u201d ). that is the position of deism, where god is merely a logical assumption to explain how everything started. once the universe is set into motion, according to that view, things pretty much proceed mechanically \u2014 god is no longer needed. but god can also be seen as the creator and permanent sustainer of the universe ( in esse, i. e., \u201c in existence \u201d ). in that case, god is not only the first cause who started everything, but god also maintains the existence of everything all the time. creation then is a permanent event. this second view is less mechanistic, but also more mysterious : how is god \u2019 s action invisibly present in every moment? as a general trend, the modern slants on the cosmological argument tend to lean very strongly towards an in fieri argument to the extent that they are trying to explain how it all started. the question, there, is : what brought the whole of existence into motion? on the other hand, based on the biological sciences, some have insisted on the necessity of an original life force working in organic processes. for instance, scientists know how wounds heal, but they don \u2019 t have the slightest idea why the healing process is set into motion. in everyday language, an answer would be that god is permanently working through the organism. counterarguments and objections several objections to the cosmological argument have been raised. the most obvious one runs as follows : \" if god created the universe, who created god? \" if everything needs a cause", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5598038823946149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.129126"} {"text": "is permanently working through the organism. counterarguments and objections several objections to the cosmological argument have been raised. the most obvious one runs as follows : \" if god created the universe, who created god? \" if everything needs a cause ( the basic assumption of the cosmological argument ), then why doesn \u2019 t god? skeptics have thus spoken of a \u201c trilemma \u201d ( a triple dilemma ) that is not solved by the argument : either one has infinite regress ( every entity is caused by another entity, which is caused by yet another, and so on indefinitely ) ; or one dogmatically asserts that there is a god as first cause ( without even trying to explain why this should be the case ) ; or one has circular reasoning : god explains the existence of the world, but this brings it back to the starting point, the fact that there is a world means that there must be a god, which is circular reasoning. the implication of this position is that it is useless to try to find an ultimate cause of things. another objection is that even if one accepts the argument as a proof of a first cause, it does not identify this first cause with \" god. \" the argument simply names the first cause as \" god \" without proving that it has the characteristics that that name implies. it is also troublesome to use the title \" creator, \" as this would imply assuming that the \" creator \" has some sort of intelligence. at best, one may be able to call this first cause a \" supernatural \" first cause. opponents also point out that the cosmological argument applies temporal concepts to situations where time does not exist. if god created the universe, he also created time. the nonsensical question \u201c what was there before god created time? \u201d would ensue. and some, including german philosopher immanuel kant, have contended that applying the category of causality to a hypothetical first cause is entirely inappropriate. cause and effect apply to finite events within this universe. how such a relationship could exist between an unknowable first cause and the universe is beyond the human grasp. criticisms of counterarguments a response to criticism will naturally incorporate some of the very elements that make up that criticism. first and foremost, it must be admitted that the argument cannot yield much information, if any, on the nature of the first cause, or god, other than that there must be a being that is such a cause. the argument cannot be a substitute for faith or spiritual insights", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5338198922726964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.130202"} {"text": "must be admitted that the argument cannot yield much information, if any, on the nature of the first cause, or god, other than that there must be a being that is such a cause. the argument cannot be a substitute for faith or spiritual insights, much less church dogma. the objection that this first cause must have a cause itself, resulting in circular reasoning, can be answered by stating the following : the very argument assumes that there must be a being that is of a fundamentally different nature from all existing entities in that it can be its own cause. thus, the argument cannot go beyond suggesting the reality of such a being, without making any further statements on its nature. it can also hint to the fact that denying it means accepting a meaningless and unexplained universe without a cause. in other words, assuming the reality of such a prime being does not offer a full answer, but it does clarify the nature of the issue and its possible implications. thus, almost all physical cosmologists subscribe to a theory of universal origin that is effectively dualistic in nature. on careful consideration of the big bang, for example, some sort of \" cause, \" itself not caused by \" natural \" forces of the universe ( causa sui, i. e., its own cause ), appears to be inescapable. that includes time. time is understood as \" natural \" in substance, while the uncaused cause is not natural and therefore not operable in time. aquinas understood the divine as outside of time, viewing all of time, indeed being present in all of time, simultaneously. when one looks for the origin of the universe he effectively postulate \" substances, \" forces or circumstances that are \" pre - natural. \" understanding that time itself is part of the natural order, one cannot say \" before \" time, but that at the instant of the big bang, conditions that cannot exist under natural physical laws caused an inflationary expansion of matter and energy. currently, the theory of the cosmological history of the universe most widely accepted by astronomers and astrophysicists includes an apparent first event \u2014 the big bang \u2014 the expansion of all known matter and energy from a superdense, singular point at some finite time in the past. the cosmological argument as elaborated in antiquity and in the middle ages was purely based on logical philosophical reflection : there is a need for a first cause. there was not the slightest notion of how that original being might have caused the world to exist. in trying to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5676127908375298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.131299"} {"text": "to the extreme conditions of a hypothetical starting point. this in itself represents a formidable argument against common - sense objections of the type used by kant. a commonly stated workaround for the cosmological argument is the nature of time. the big bang is said to be the start of both space and time, so the question \" what was there before the universe? \" makes no sense ; the concept of \" before \" becomes meaningless when considering a situation without time. this has been put forward by stephen hawking, who said that asking what occurred before the big bang is like asking what is north of the north pole. science is presently still learning the nature of time, and how the visible universe originated, therefore to an extent certain questions are partially unanswered. the other look at the question the three proofs have been developed in the western world and primarily apply to a theistic view : there is one god, transcendent creator of the universe. people are used to considering that everything must have a cause, so the universe must have a prime cause. but what if there is something wrong with the assumption that the universe must have a cause, like every individual entity? in east asia, including india and china, the notion of a creator is not entirely absent. it appears in various creation myths ( mythical stories on how the universe came into being ), just like it does in other parts of the world. but there is also a strong tendency not to look at things in this way. there is little focus on this question in religious traditions and thought systems such as buddhism. the focus is more on attitudes towards the human condition, rather than on speculation on the origin of the universe. this resonates with many in the west as well. the teleological argument the teleological argument ( argument from design ) is essentially an inductive and intuitive argument. it states that there must be an intelligent designer ( god ) who is responsible for order, harmony, and beauty in the world. it is an argument for the existence of god based on perceived evidence of order, purpose, design and / or direction in nature. the word \" teleological \" is derived from the greek word telos, meaning end or purpose. teleology is the supposition that there is purpose or directive principle in the works and processes of nature. but there are objections : the universe is far from perfect ( david hume ), and what if it is the product of trial and error ( charles darwin )? the basic argument can be stated as follows", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5860485584254822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.133589"} {"text": "directive principle in the works and processes of nature. but there are objections : the universe is far from perfect ( david hume ), and what if it is the product of trial and error ( charles darwin )? the basic argument can be stated as follows : - x is too ( complex, orderly, adaptive, apparently purposeful, and / or beautiful ) to have occurred randomly or accidentally. - therefore, x must have been created by a ( sentient, intelligent, wise, and / or purposeful ) being. - god is that ( sentient, intelligent, wise, and / or purposeful ) being. - therefore, god exists. x usually stands for the universe ; the evolution process ; humankind ; a given animal species ; or a particular organ like the eye or capability like language in humans. x may also stand for the fundamental constants of the universe like physical constants and physical law. a very concise and whimsical teleological argument, for instance, was offered by g. k. chesterton in 1908 : \" so one elephant having a trunk was odd ; but all elephants having trunks looked like a plot. \" history of the argument plato posited a \" demiurge \" of supreme wisdom and intelligence as the creator of the cosmos in his work timaeus. plato ' s teleological perspective is also built upon the analysis of a priori order and structure in the world which he had already presented in the republic. aristotle ' s views also have very strong aspects of a teleological argument, specifically that of a prime mover who, so to speak, looks ahead in setting the cosmos into motion. indeed, aristotle argued that all nature reflects inherent purposiveness and direction ( his so - called final cause ). cicero ( c. 106 \u2013 c. 43 b. c. e. ) also made one of the earliest known teleological arguments. in de natura deorum ( on the nature of the gods ) cicero stated, \" the divine power is to be found in a principle of reason which pervades the whole of nature. \" he was writing from the cultural background of the roman religion. in roman mythology the creator goddess, gaia was borrowed from greek mythology. \" when you see a sundial or a water - clock, you see that it tells the time by design and not by chance. how then can you imagine that the universe as a whole is devoid of purpose and intelligence, when it embraces everything, including these artifacts themselves and their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5628880805555518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.134632"} {"text": "or a water - clock, you see that it tells the time by design and not by chance. how then can you imagine that the universe as a whole is devoid of purpose and intelligence, when it embraces everything, including these artifacts themselves and their artificers \" ( cicero, de natura deorum, ii. 34 ). augustine of hippo ( 354 \u2013 430 c. e. ) presented a classic teleological perspective in his work, city of god. he did not, however, make a formal argument for the existence of god ; rather, god ' s existence is already presumed and augustine is giving a proposed view of god ' s teleology. aquinas and the scholastics the most notable scholastics ( c. 1100 - 1500 c. e. ) who put forth teleological arguments were averroes ( ibn - rushd ) and thomas aquinas. averroes was writing in spain from an islamic perspective in the latter half of the twelfth century. averroes argues based mainly upon aristotle ' s physics, in essence that the combination of order and continual motion in the universe cannot be accidental, and requires a prime mover, a supreme principle, which is in itself pure intelligence. this would set the stage for aquinas in the thirteenth century. aquinas makes a specific, compact, and famous version of the teleological argument, the fifth of his five proofs for the existence of god in his summa theologiae : the fifth way is taken from the governance of the world. we see that things which lack knowledge, such as natural bodies, act for an end, and this is evident from their acting always, or nearly always, in the same way, so as to obtain the best result. hence it is plain that they achieve their end, not fortuitously, but designedly. now whatever lacks knowledge cannot move towards an end, unless it be directed by some being endowed with knowledge and intelligence ; as the arrow is directed by the archer. therefore, some intelligent being exists by whom all natural things are directed to their end ; and this being we call god. the british empiricists starting with john locke, seventeenth and eighteenth century british empiricists opened the way to a scientific perspective based on experience that left little room for assumptions about an a priori divine purpose. locke \u2019 s successor, george berkeley, would try to counterbalance that tendency. as part of this approach, berkeley included in his text, alciphron, a variant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5195076499272866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.135647"} {"text": "experience that left little room for assumptions about an a priori divine purpose. locke \u2019 s successor, george berkeley, would try to counterbalance that tendency. as part of this approach, berkeley included in his text, alciphron, a variant of the teleological argument which held that the order one sees in nature is the language or handwriting of god. david hume, in the mid - eighteenth century, attempted a number of interesting refutations, including one that arguably foreshadows darwin ' s theory, but he reaches no conclusion. the watchmaker analogy the \u201c watchmaker analogy \u201d framing the argument with reference to a timepiece dates back to cicero, as quoted above. it was also used by voltaire, who remarked : \" if a watch proves the existence of a watchmaker but the universe does not prove the existence of a great architect, then i consent to be called a fool. \" today the analogy is usually associated with the theologian william paley, who presented the argument in his book natural theology, published in 1802. as a theology student, charles darwin found paley ' s arguments compelling, then later developed his theory in the origin of species, which puts forward an alternative explanation for complexity in nature. many others have countered the watch argument, such as by showing that highly complex systems can be produced by a series of very small randomly - generated steps. richard dawkins ' book the blind watchmaker ( 1986 ) is one of the best - known examples of this approach outside philosophy and theology. more recently, proponents of intelligent design have reframed the argument as the concept of irreducible complexity. this argument asserts that each substructure of an organism confers no benefit on its own, and therefore cannot have been selected by an evolutionary mechanism. the argument then posits that the probability of all the substructures being created in a single mutation is too low to be considered possible. critics describe this as an argument from ignorance which assumes that substructures have not changed in function, and give illustrations of how gradual replacement by a series of advantageous variations can lead to the evolution of structures claimed as being irreducibly complex. the anthropic principle and fine - tuned universe arguments a well - known contemporary variation of the argument is the so - called anthropic principle, which says that the seemingly arbitrary and unrelated constants in physics have one strange thing in common \u2014 these are precisely the values needed to have a universe capable of producing human life ( hence,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5597113722368393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.136822"} {"text": "the argument is the so - called anthropic principle, which says that the seemingly arbitrary and unrelated constants in physics have one strange thing in common \u2014 these are precisely the values needed to have a universe capable of producing human life ( hence, \u201c anthropic, \u201d from the greek word for human ). even a tiny difference would have made the appearance of our universe impossible. the universe gives the appearance that it was designed to support life on earth, another example of paley \u2019 s watch. in this line of reasoning, speculation about the vast, perhaps infinite, range of possible conditions in which life could not exist is compared to the speculated improbability of achieving conditions in which life does exist, and then interpreted as indicating a fine - tuned universe specifically designed so human life is possible. this view is well articulated by john d. barrow and frank j. tipler in the anthropic cosmological principle ( 1986 ). some of the estimated proportions involved in cosmic \" fine - tuning \" are remarkable. john polkinghorne, for instance, pointed out in 1985 that just one factor among many in the cosmos, the difference between expansive and contractive forces in the expanding cosmos according to then - currently accepted theory, depends upon an extremely fine balance of the total energy involved to within one in 1060, a 61 - digit number ; equivalent to taking aim from earth and hitting an inch - wide target at the farthest reaches of the observable universe. george wald, also in 1985, wrote that the conditions for something as fundamental as the atom depend on a balance of forces to within one in 1018. all this, they argue, hints at the existence of a designer. many highly regarded thinkers have weighed in on both sides the debate. a counter - argument to the anthropic principle is that one could manipulate statistics to define any number of natural situations that are extremely improbable, but that have happened nevertheless. by the critics ' view a key problem in terms of being able to verify whether the hypothesized probabilities are correct, is that the improbable conditions were identified after the event, so they cannot be checked by experiment. and, there is no ability to sample a large enough set of alternatives. an analogy from common experience where the odds can be readily calculated is given by john allen paulos in innumeracy : mathematical illiteracy and its consequences ( 1989 ). paulos calculates that the probability of a particular hand in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6065280823178321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.139968"} {"text": ". an analogy from common experience where the odds can be readily calculated is given by john allen paulos in innumeracy : mathematical illiteracy and its consequences ( 1989 ). paulos calculates that the probability of a particular hand in a card game is approximately one in 600 billion. it would be absurd to examine the hand carefully, calculate the odds, and then assert that it must not have been randomly dealt. this perspective on the issue of improbability appears to bolster the position that characteristics of earth that allow it to sustain life could be just a fortunate and / or accidental \" hit, \" so to speak. however, this does not take into account the difference between a set of particular cards \u2014 a very unlikely combination, but of no particular complexity \u2014 and a complex organic or physical combination. as for the cosmological argument, the teleological argument has inherent limitations that need to be acknowledged even by its proponents. first of all, the argument says nothing about the nature of the designer, or god, other than that he must be of a nature able to originate design without being in need of it himself ( an \u201c undersigned \u201d designer ). the reality of such a being is posited, rather than explained. also, even if the argument from design proves the existence of a powerful intelligent designer, it does not prove that the designer is a theistic god. voltaire noted this from his deistic perspective. voltaire observed, [ f ] rom this one argument, i cannot conclude anything more, except that it is probable that an intelligent and superior being has prepared and shaped matter with dexterity ; i cannot conclude from this argument alone that this being has made the matter out of nothing or that he is infinite in any sense [ i. e. that he is god ]. in his critique of judgment and elsewhere, kant put considerable emphasis on the apparent evidence of design in nature and the mind \u2019 s need to conclude from it that there must be a designer. this, he nevertheless concluded, cannot be taken as a theoretical proof of the reality of such a designer or god. it merely shows that the world looks \u201c as if \u201d it had been created by such a designer, thus leaving the possible reality of that designer as an open question that will never be answered. kant \u2019 s follower jakob friedrich fries ( 1773 - 1843 ) interestingly tried to separate the notion of design from its verifiable manifestations. as a man of the enlightenment, fries had a mechanical view of the universe. he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.589408893629251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.142028"} {"text": "be answered. kant \u2019 s follower jakob friedrich fries ( 1773 - 1843 ) interestingly tried to separate the notion of design from its verifiable manifestations. as a man of the enlightenment, fries had a mechanical view of the universe. he considered that the material world consisted of a network of causes and effects that needed no further explanation. if it weren \u2019 t for its extreme complexity, future outcomes of that system could be predicted in their minutest detail. seeing purpose in it would be a mere projection based on the existing outcome. however, fries also considered that the human mind has the inherent capacity to perceive the reality of purpose through intuition, or ahndung. he thus rejected the traditional application of the teleological argument in favor of an intuitive one. actual purpose can be perceived through the intuition of beauty in creation and human beings, thus allowing humanity to reach the realm of the infinite, which is that of god. the premises of the argument assume that because life is complex, it must have been designed. however, the design claim is often attacked as a simple argument from ignorance. a designed organism would also be a contradiction to evolutionary theory. as most biologists support the theory of biological evolution by means of natural selection, they reject the first premise of the argument, arguing that evolution is not only an alternative explanation for the complexity of life but a better explanation with more supporting evidence. a range of chemical reactions could take place in living organisms, forming chemicals with increasingly complex properties and ways of interacting. over very long periods of time self - replicating structures could arise and later form dna. thus biologists commonly view the design argument as an unimpressive argument for the existence of a god. the argument from design is thus a major element in the debate between creationism and evolution. argument from poor design the argument from poor design is based on the premise that a creator god would create organisms that have optimal design, but that many organisms have significant defects. this point was already made by eighteenth century philosopher david hume. the term incompetent design has been coined by donald wise to describe aspects of nature that are flawed in design. one well - know examples of \" poor design \" would be the existence of the appendix in the human body. that small part of the intestine is apparently useless and is often the source of trouble. many other observations of the same type, applying to the human body or other entities, have been made. \" poor design \" is consistent with the predictions of the scientific theory of evolution by means of natural selection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5371671127320904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.143934"} {"text": "useless and is often the source of trouble. many other observations of the same type, applying to the human body or other entities, have been made. \" poor design \" is consistent with the predictions of the scientific theory of evolution by means of natural selection. this predicts that features that were evolved for certain uses, are then reused or co - opted for different uses, or abandoned altogether. the argument from poor design is one of the arguments used by charles darwin ; modern proponents have included stephen jay gould and richard dawkins, who argue that such features can be explained as a consequence of the gradual, cumulative nature of the evolutionary process. the argument from poor design is generally criticized by showing how an apparently poor design or useless feature actually has a purpose that has simply been ignored or undetected. even where the existence of useless features cannot be explained away, it can be argued that these are leftovers of a trial - and - error process by the designer. what this line of arguing does in the process is to present a view of the designer that is different from the traditional notion of a god who is in total control. if design and creation happens, it appears more realistically as a long, painstaking process towards an ultimate goal \u2014 a process in which many blind alleys have to be avoided. thus, the argument from poor design is sometimes interpreted as an argument against characteristics commonly attributed to god, such as omnipotence, omniscience, or personality. or, it is used as an argument for the incompetence of god. finally, certain features of life that seem to contradict the existence of a perfect designer, such as various forms of suffering, can be explained by the human fall away from god. the notion of a human fall, found in most religions, has in turn been used to show that the existence of a good god is self - contradictory. some have argued that there is no inherent contradiction between intelligent design and evolution. certain religious perspectives may find nothing illogical about believing in a creator - deity who purposed evolution to propagate the emergence of life on earth. this position is becoming increasingly accepted today \u2014 indeed, pope john paul ii put forward a position of exactly this kind. the argument from the degrees of perfection this argument was somewhat touched upon by augustine and anselm but developed later by aquinas as the fourth of his five ways ( quinque viae ). all things in nature have various degrees of perfections such as goodness, truth, and nobility. if anything comes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5409602557238841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.146096"} {"text": "by augustine and anselm but developed later by aquinas as the fourth of his five ways ( quinque viae ). all things in nature have various degrees of perfections such as goodness, truth, and nobility. if anything comes in degrees, it must be comparable to a maximum. the maximum in a genus is the cause of all in that genus. so, there must be a maximum of perfections such as goodness, truth, and nobility, i. e., the best, the truest, the noblest, etc. the maximum of perfections is god. this is sometimes called the platonic argument because it talks about the existence of the platonic \" forms \" along with the existence of god. one strength of this argument is that it can speak of many more attributes of god than the ontological, cosmological, and teleological arguments. david hume critiqued this argument by saying that since there is much evil and suffering in this world, a god of the maximum of perfections cannot exist. the moral argument among all the proofs for god \u2019 s existence that have been attempted besides the main three proofs described above, the moral argument is the best known. this argument comes in different forms, all aiming to prove god \u2019 s existence from the evidence of morality in the world. kant \u2019 s moral argument kant introduced his famous formulation of the proof as a replacement for the three classic proofs, which he felt were hopeless attempts to derive certainty about god through theoretical knowledge. in his critique of practical reason, kant sought to replace theoretical certainty with the moral certainty of practical reason. that certainty exists, kant insisted, because of the following : - the highest good is where moral virtue and happiness coincide. - people are rationally obliged to attain the highest good. - what people are obliged to attain, it must be possible for them to attain. - if there is no god or afterlife, it is not possible to attain the highest good ( summum bonum ). - god ( or the afterlife ) must exist. kant cites several reasons why it would not be possible to attain the highest good if there was no god. first, reality shows beyond a doubt that good people often have more miserable lives than evil people. only the existence of an afterlife with god could explain this paradoxical situation in a satisfactory way. next, it appears to be impossible to achieve perfection of morality in our short lifespan. thus, kant believed that eternal life with god is necessary for us to be able to reach that perfection eventually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.528484757109646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.147651"} {"text": "god could explain this paradoxical situation in a satisfactory way. next, it appears to be impossible to achieve perfection of morality in our short lifespan. thus, kant believed that eternal life with god is necessary for us to be able to reach that perfection eventually. kant himself insisted that this argument could not lead to absolute theoretical certainty, but that people were rationally obliged to assume that this was so, because this is the only way the world could make sense. kant \u2019 s position assumes that the universe is rational. it also assumes that the certainty one reaches through his argument is the culmination or rationality, whereas others would see in it a certainty of the intuitive type. the moral argument as presented by kant has precisely been criticized for assuming a universal rational order and universal justice. other forms of the argument all forms of the moral argument begin with the notion that there is a fundamental moral norm. that is, human beings are typically aware of actions as being right and wrong. this awareness seems to bind people toward certain obligations, regardless of their personal goals and ends. in this sense, moral qualities have the appearance of universality and objectivity. according to the argument, the perceived absoluteness of morally binding commands can only be justified based on an absolute origin of these commands, i. e., god. for instance, it has often been stated that, if there is no god, anything goes. there is ultimately no reason for doing good, rather than evil. to this, it has been objected that even in the absence of a god, humans can and often do abide by moral commands for their own sake. in addition, it is highly debatable whether there is one set of absolute moral commands. many would insist that moral commands are conditioned culturally or otherwise. critics also point out this argument ' s appeal to a \" divine command theory \" of ethics. objections to divine command theories of ethics are numerous, most stemming from forms of the euthyphro dilemma. is an action good because god commanded it, or did god command it because it is good? the first horn would imply that what is good is arbitrary ; god decides what is right and wrong in the same way that a government decides which side of the street cars should drive on. the second horn would imply that god made his commands in accordance with transcendental facts that exist apart from god. god, then, would not be omnipotent. proponents of the argument maintain that this dilemma can be adequately resolved. thomas aquinas, for example, explains that god", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5338959360736026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.149447"} {"text": "commands in accordance with transcendental facts that exist apart from god. god, then, would not be omnipotent. proponents of the argument maintain that this dilemma can be adequately resolved. thomas aquinas, for example, explains that god indeed commands something because it is good, but the reason it is good is that \" good is an essential part of god ' s nature. \" other arguments for the existence of god countless other arguments have been proposed over the centuries. what follows is but a sampling. - the \" will to believe doctrine \" was pragmatist philosopher william james ' attempt to prove god by showing that the adoption of theism as a hypothesis \" works \" in a believer ' s life. this doctrine depended heavily on james ' pragmatic theory of truth where beliefs are proven by how they work when adopted rather than by proofs before they are believed ( a form of the hypothetico - deductive method ). - richard swinburne, one of the foremost contemporary philosophers of religion, has suggested in his the existence of god ( 2004 ) what can be called a hypothetical argument, according to which the existence of the god of monotheistic religions as they understand him should be treated first only as an \" hypothesis \" and then be tested or verified by observing the world which was supposedly created by him. the verification process using scientific and experiential data about the world, according to swinburne, would make the hypothesis on god ' s existence more probable than improbable. even though he is a supporter of the teleological argument, his use of a hypothetical method has made it more acceptable to people including atheists. - another class of philosophers asserts that the proofs for the existence of god present a fairly large probability, though not absolute certainty, as obscure points remain. in order to overcome these difficulties, either an act of the will, a religious experience, or the discernment of the misery of the world without god is necessary, so that finally the heart makes the decision. this view is maintained, among others, by the english statesman arthur balfour in his book the foundations of belief ( 1895 ). - subjective arguments mainly rely on the testimony or experience of certain witnesses, or the propositions of a specific revealed religion. the witness argument gives credibility to personal witnesses, in contemporary and past ages. a variation of this is the argument from miracles which relies on testimony of supernatural events to establish the existence of god. the \" christological argument \" is specific to christianity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5149738302221623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.151663"} {"text": "religion. the witness argument gives credibility to personal witnesses, in contemporary and past ages. a variation of this is the argument from miracles which relies on testimony of supernatural events to establish the existence of god. the \" christological argument \" is specific to christianity and asserts that jesus ' life as written in the new testament establishes his credibility, so one can believe in the truth of his statements about god. an example of this argument is presented by c. s. lewis in mere christianity. the \" argument from common consent \" or \" majority argument \" argues that people in all times and in different places have believed in god, so it is unlikely that he does not exist. - the scotch school, led by thomas reid, taught that the fact of the existence of god is accepted by one without knowledge of reasons but simply by a natural impulse. that god exists, this school said, is one of the chief metaphysical principles that humans accept not because they are evident in themselves or because they can be proved, but because common sense obliges one to accept them. - the \" argument from a proper basis \" argues that belief in god is \" properly basic \" \u2014 that is, similar to statements such as \" i see a chair \" or \" i feel pain. \" such beliefs are non - falsifiable and, thus, neither able to be proved nor disproved ; they concern perceptual beliefs or indisputable mental states. - in germany, the school of friedrich heinrich jacobi taught that reason is able to perceive the supersensible. jacobi distinguished three faculties : sense, reason, and understanding. just as sense has immediate perception of the material so has reason immediate perception of the immaterial, while the understanding brings these perceptions to our consciousness and unites them to one another. god ' s existence, then, cannot be proved. jacobi, like kant, rejected the absolute value of the principle of causality \u2014 it must be felt by the mind. a similar position was defended by fries. - in his emile : or, on education, jean - jacques rousseau asserted that when human understanding ponders over the existence of god it encounters nothing but contradictions ; the impulses of the heart, however, are of more value than the understanding, and these proclaim clearly to one the truths of natural religion, namely, the existence of god and the immortality of the soul. - the same theory was advocated in germany by friedrich schleiermacher ( d. 1834 ), who assumed an inner religious sense by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5636359205140555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.154172"} {"text": "to one the truths of natural religion, namely, the existence of god and the immortality of the soul. - the same theory was advocated in germany by friedrich schleiermacher ( d. 1834 ), who assumed an inner religious sense by means of which one feels religious truths. according to schleiermacher, religion consists solely in this inner perception, and dogmatic doctrines are inessential. many modern protestant theologians follow in schleiermacher ' s footsteps. arguments against the existence of god each of the following arguments aims at showing that some particular conception of a god either is inherently meaningless, contradictory, or contradictory to known scientific and / or historical facts, and that therefore a god thus described does not exist. empirical arguments ( against ) empirical arguments depend on empirical data in order to prove their conclusions. in addition to those already indicated, several additional objections have been made : - the pejorative expression god of the gaps expresses one fundamental objection of many scientists against the notion of a divinity. it means that god is used as an explanation for as - of - yet unexplainable phenomena, even though there is no rational ground for such a belief. the mysterious word \u201c god \u201d simply covers up temporary ignorance. in history, church dogma was also used to counter scientific evidence in ways that defied reason, in order to avoid facing conclusions uncomfortable to the church. - the argument from inconsistent revelations contests the existence of the deity called god as described in holy scriptures of monotheism, by identifying contradictions between different scriptures, contradictions within a single scripture, or contradictions between scripture and known facts. - the problem of evil in general has been seen as evidence against the existence of an all - powerful and benevolent god ( see article on theodicy ). - the argument from nonbelief contests the existence of an omnipotent god who wants humans to believe in him by arguing that such a god would do a better job of gathering believers. this argument is contested by the claim that god wants to test humans to see who has the most faith. deductive arguments ( against ) deductive arguments attempt to prove their conclusions by deductive reasoning from true premises. - the omnipotence paradox is one of many arguments which argue that the definitions or descriptions of a god are logically contradictory, demonstrating his non - existence. this paradox can be shown through questions such as : \" can god create a rock so big that [ god ] could not lift it? \" some may argue that this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5931520890447978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.158777"} {"text": "definitions or descriptions of a god are logically contradictory, demonstrating his non - existence. this paradox can be shown through questions such as : \" can god create a rock so big that [ god ] could not lift it? \" some may argue that this paradox is resolved by the argument that such a rock is an impossibility of human reality rather than the result of an imperfect god. - one simple argument that the existence of a god is self - contradictory goes as follows : if god is defined as omniscient and omnipotent, then god has absolute knowledge of all events that will occur in the future, including all of his future actions, due to his omniscience. however, his omnipotence implies he has the power to act in a different manner than he predicted, thus implying that god ' s predictions about the future are fallible. - the argument from free will contests the existence of an omniscient god who has free will by arguing that the two properties are contradictory - it is alleged that there is a logical impossibility in theism : god is defined as an extra - temporal being, but also as an active creator. the argument suggests that the very act of creation is inconceivable and absurd beyond the restraints of time. inductive arguments ( against ) - the \" no reason \" argument tries to show that an omnipotent or perfect being would not have any reason to act in any way, specifically creating the universe, because it would have no desires since the very concept of desire is subjectively human. this raises the essential question of god \u2019 s nature and the purpose of creation. - god is perfect. god also created man in his image. man is imperfect, however. therefore, god is imperfect and thus disproves himself. summary of views on god ' s existence as a summary, views on the existence of god can be roughly divided into three camps : theist, atheist, and agnostic. the theist and atheist camps can be further divided into two groups each, based on the belief of whether or not their position has been conclusively proven by the arguments. god exists and this can be proved the thomist tradition and the dogmatic definition of the first vatican council affirm that it is a doctrine of the roman catholic church that god ' s existence has been rationally demonstrated. some other christians in different denominations hold similar views. as a theological defense of this view, one might cite paul ' s claim that pagans were without excuse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5731130212539328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.161156"} {"text": "is a doctrine of the roman catholic church that god ' s existence has been rationally demonstrated. some other christians in different denominations hold similar views. as a theological defense of this view, one might cite paul ' s claim that pagans were without excuse because \" since the creation of the world [ god ' s ] invisible nature, namely, his eternal power and deity, has been clearly perceived in the things that have been made \" ( romans 1 : 20 ). god exists, but this cannot be proved or disproved others have suggested that the several logical and philosophical arguments for the existence of god miss the point. the proofs do not resolve that issue. blaise pascal suggested this objection in his pensees, when he wrote, \" the god of abraham, isaac, and jacob \u2014 not the god of the philosophers! \" some christians note that the christian faith teaches salvation by faith, and that faith has little to do with the believer ' s ability to comprehend. god ' s existence can never be demonstrated, either by empirical means or by philosophical argument. the most extreme example of this position is called fideism, which holds that that if god ' s existence were rationally demonstrable, faith in his existence would become superfluous. the atheistic conclusion has two main variants. the conclusion called strong, positive, or explicit atheism is the conclusion that god or gods do not exist. the strong atheist positively asserts this explicit non - existence, and may go further and claim that the existence of some or all gods is logically impossible. similarly, explicit atheism may argue that any assertions about god are irrational and impossible. more fundamentally, a philosopher like jean - paul sartre insists that the very notion of a being whose essence determines everyone \u2019 s existence is certain to be false. negative or weak atheism concludes that there is no sufficient reason to believe in god. weak atheists argue that merely pointing out the flaws or lack of soundness in all arguments for the existence of god is sufficient to show that god ' s existence is less probable than his nonexistence ; by ockham ' s razor ( the principle that the most simple explanation is always to be preferred ), the burden of proof lies on the advocate of that alternative which is less probable. atheism is thus the \" default \" position. antony flew has been a well - known supporter of such \u201c negative \u201d atheism. his alleged change towards a deistic position would be consistent with that form of atheism : once confronted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5362008500221592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.164236"} {"text": "atheism is thus the \" default \" position. antony flew has been a well - known supporter of such \u201c negative \u201d atheism. his alleged change towards a deistic position would be consistent with that form of atheism : once confronted with unexpected evidence to the contrary ( there seems to be a god after all ), a negative atheist is prepared to change his position. agnostics hold that the existence of god is uncertain or unknown. possible reasons for holding this view are a belief that the existence of any deity has not yet been sufficiently proven, that the existence of a deity cannot be proven, or that claims about the existence or non - existence of any deity make no sense. agnostics may claim that it is not possible to have absolute or certain knowledge of supernatural beings or, alternatively, that while certainty may be possible, they personally have no such knowledge. agnostics may or may not believe in gods based on personal convictions. there exists a very large variety of historical approaches to the existence of god, whether they argue for or against it, intellectual or religious. there also exists objections to these various approaches. it seems that none of them are free from criticism. then, is the existence of god something which is far from knowable with universally acceptable certainty, and therefore which one should be discouraged from seeking further to know? an observation of current trends might help address this question. people now live in a culturally diverse society where absolute certainties are all but absent. so, it seems that the variety of approaches which have not necessarily been compatible with one another have softened their positions and lessened their claims. this change has been also due to the development of science ; the \" anthropic principle \" established in science, for example, has shown at least that the existence of god is more probable than improbable. last but not least, the general approach has become more holistic. people are more aware of dimensions other than the strictly logical, and they are aware that a purely logical approach has its own pitfalls. as ninian smart puts it, the traditional proofs have survived and they still have their use, but it is suggestive, rather than decisive. smart rightly notes that the often discredited rational proofs do have their rightful place in the debate, even though they may not touch the heart of the life of faith. the absence of an intellectual framework that makes sense has always been detrimental to faith, thus the quest for understanding should not be abandoned. for smart, rational or philosophical insights", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5428115262339429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.167063"} {"text": "the debate, even though they may not touch the heart of the life of faith. the absence of an intellectual framework that makes sense has always been detrimental to faith, thus the quest for understanding should not be abandoned. for smart, rational or philosophical insights about the existence of god are to be combined with the various other aspects of religious revelation, such as the experiential dimension, the moral dimension, and the mythical dimension. - \u2191 summ. theol., i, q. ii, a. 3. - \u2191 w. grey, gasking ' s proof. analysis 60 : 4 ( 2000 ) : 368 - 370. retrieved october 19, 2007. - \u2191 a. r. pruss, \" samkara \u2019 s principle and two ontomystical arguments, \" international journal for philosophy of religion 49 ( 2001 ) : 111 \u2013 120. retrieved october 19, 2007. - \u2191 that religious studies website, thomas aquinas ' five ways. retrieved september 20, 2007. - \u2191 a. stockl, geschichte der neueren philosophie, ii, 82 sqq. - broad, c. d. \" arguments for the existence of god, \" journal of theological studies 40 ( 1939 ) : 16 - 30 ; 156 - 67. retrieved september 20, 2007. - cell, edward. language, existence, and god. new york : abingdon press, 1971. isbn 0687210631 - cohen, morris r. \" the dark side of religion, \" religion today, a challenging enigma, ed. arthur l. swift, jr. ( 1933 ). revised version in morris cohen, the faith of a liberal ( 1946 ). retrieved september 20, 2007. - haisch, bernard. the god theory : universes, zero - point fields and what ' s behind it all. san francisco : red wheel / weiser books, 2006. - hume, david. 1779. dialogues concerning natural religion. edited by richard popkin. indianapolis : hackett, 1998. - mackie, j. l. the miracle of theism. oxford : oxford university press, 1982. isbn 019824682x - nielson, kai. ethics without god. london : pemberton books, 1973. - paley, william, 1802. natural theology. indianapolis : bobbs - merrill, 1963. - plantinga, alvin. warranted christian belief. oxford university press, 1999. isbn 0195131932 - ross, robert r. n. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5518907517235176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.169232"} {"text": ", william, 1802. natural theology. indianapolis : bobbs - merrill, 1963. - plantinga, alvin. warranted christian belief. oxford university press, 1999. isbn 0195131932 - ross, robert r. n. the non - existence of god. linguistic paradox in tillich \u2019 s thought. new york & toronto : the edwin mellen press, 1978. isbn 0889469059 - swinburne, richard. the existence of god. oxford : clarendon, 1991. - hartshore, charles. the logic of perfection. lasalle, il : open court, 1962. - malcolm, norman. \" anselm ' s ontological argument, \" philosophical review 69 ( 1 ) ( 1960 ) : 41 - 62. - plantinga, alvin. the ontological argument from st. anselm to contemporary philosophers. garden city, ny : doubleday, 1965. - plantinga, alvin. god, freedom and evil. grand rapids, mi : william b. eerdmans, 1977. - smith, quentin. \" a big bang cosmological argument for god ' s nonexistence. \" faith and philosophy 9 ( 2 ) ( april 1992 ) : 217 - 237. - crouch, will. \u201c how do hume ' s views on causality feature in philo ' s objection to the teleological argument? \u201d on philosophy. retrieved september 20, 2007. - dennett, daniel. darwin ' s dangerous idea. new york : simon and schuster, 1995. isbn 068482471x - dawkins, richard. 1986. the blind watchmaker : why the evidence of evolution reveals a universe without design. new york : w. w. norton and company, 1996. isbn 0393315703 - gjersen, derek. science and philosophy : past and present. london : penguin, 1989. isbn 0140226745 - gould, stephen jay. the panda ' s thumb : more reflections in natural history. new york : w. w. norton and company, 1980. isbn 0393300234 - gurney, peter w. g. \" is our ' inverted ' retina really ' bad design '? \" creation ex nihilo technical journal / tj 13 ( 1 ) ( 1999 ) : 37 \u2013 44. retrieved september 20, 2007. - selim, jocelyn. \u201c useless body parts. \u201d discover 25 ( 6 ) ( june 2004 ). retrieved september 20, 2007. - sot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5636959199610576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.174955"} {"text": "com / offices / billcraig / docs / craig - smith1. html \u201c initial arguments : a defense of the cosmological argument for the existence of god \u201d ] by william lane craig. retrieved october 23, 2007. - writings from william lane craig on the existence of god. retrieved october 23, 2007. - teleological argument ( stanford encyclopedia of philosophy ). retrieved october 23, 2007. - design argument \u2013 dictionary of the history of ideas. retrieved october 23, 2007. - design arguments for the existence of god \u2013 internet encyclopedia of philosophy. retrieved october 23, 2007. - the teleological argument and the anthropic principle \u201d by william lane craig. retrieved october 23, 2007. - the skeptic ' s dictionary : argument from design. retrieved october 23, 2007. - immanuel kant ' s moral argument for the existence of god \u2013 faithnet. org. uk. retrieved october 23, 2007. - moral arguments for the existence of god ( stanford encyclopedia of philosophy ). retrieved october 23, 2007. - moral argument by c. s. lewis \u2014 john depoe. com. retrieved october 23, 2007. general philosophy sources - stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. retrieved october 23, 2007. - the internet encyclopedia of philosophy. retrieved october 23, 2007. - philosophy sources on internet epistemelinks. retrieved october 23, 2007. - guide to philosophy on the internet. retrieved october 23, 2007. - paideia project online. retrieved october 23, 2007. - project gutenberg. retrieved october 23, 2007. new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards. this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3. 0 license ( cc - by - sa ), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation. to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats. the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here : - god, _ arguments _ for _ the _ existence _ of ( sep 1, 2006 ) history - ontological _ argument ( sep 1, 2006 ) history - cosmological _ argument ( sep 1, 2006 ) history - teleological _ argument ( sep 1, 2006 ) history - poor _ design & oldid = 8466832", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5507487788868208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.182099"} {"text": "what is the niyc? across the canadian arctic, there are four inuit regions : inuvialuit settlement region ( isr ), nunavut, nunavik ( northern quebec ) and nunatsiavut ( labrador ). inuit nunangat ( inuit homelands ) have an estimated 55, 000 inuit living in 53 communities. inuit youth make up a clear majority of the overall population. the national inuit youth council ( niyc ) represents the interests of inuit youth in canada. the council is made up of six voting members and 1 president. the president is voted in by the memeber on a 2 year term every second june. there are 6 regional youth file holders, employed by the respective land claims organizations that sit on the niyc as the voting members. the youth project coordinator ( s ) of inuit tapiriit kanatami ( itk ), our parent organization, serve as the secretariet for the niyc. qikiqtaani inuit association : thomas anguti johnston, acting president ( nunavut ) kitikmeot inuit association : sarah jancke ( nunavut ) kivalliq inuit association : eugene kabluitok ( nunavut ) makivik corporation ( saputiit youth assoc ) : elizabeth annahatak ( nunavik ) inuvialuit regional corporation : john stuart jr. ( isr ) nunatsiavut government : sandra dicker ( nunatsiavut ) the first niys was held in kuujjuaq, quebec in november of 1994. along with the formation and election of the first board, 13 resolutions were passed on a variety of issues, including education, justice, recreation, youth camps, communication, inuit youth well - being, youth participation in inuit organizations, codes of conduct for inuit organization and inuit participation in united nations convention on the rights of the child. a new executive was elected during the next niyc summit, which was held in february, 1997 in iqaluit, nu. the main discussion item was the question of whether the national inuit youth council should continue to exist. there was a strong support of niyc \u2019 s continued existence and it was reaffirmed that the niyc takes it direction from regions and communities. the niyc met again as a working group in cambridge bay, nu in january, 2000 to set out their scope in improving communications and reporting methods ; brainstorming for the national inuit youth newsletter as well as an inuit youth web site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4209363719249461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.190152"} {"text": "communities. the niyc met again as a working group in cambridge bay, nu in january, 2000 to set out their scope in improving communications and reporting methods ; brainstorming for the national inuit youth newsletter as well as an inuit youth web site. the niyc also discussed youth centres in inuit communities and awarded regional elders on their contributions and dedication to youth developments. in february, 2002, the niyc hosted a summit in inuvik, nwt and adopted the following as their top priorities for action : - language and culture - education and training - inuusiqatsiarniq / suicide prevention in 2003, the national inuit youth suicide prevention framework ( niyspf ) was undertaken and released, including a set of recommendations for action. itk and the niyc have since been working together with partners on the implementation of these recommendations and taking direction from inuit youth on the issue of suicide prevention. over 100 inuit gathered in inukjuak, nunavik for the national inuit elders and youth conference in march 2003. they celebrated inuit culture and discussed topics such as traditional healing and shamanism, climate change, inuktitut language, parenting skills, educational directions, economy, amongst others. nain, labrador hosted the niys in march of 2005. elder and youth delegates expressed their dreams, thoughts and feelings and provided further direction for the niyc and inuit youth. the summit was an opportunity to bring inuit youth and elders together, which enabled them to share information and ideas and rekindle motivation and activity at the local level while building on regional and national partnerships. in march 2007, the niyc held a national inuit elders and youth summit ( nieys ) in qamani \u2019 tuaq, nunavut. a new niyc president was elected. it was decided that two elders would serve as advisors to the niyc board with ex - officio status for a one - year term. the most recent nieys was held in august 2010 in inuvik, nwt. over 70 youth participated in workshops and discussions of importance to inuit youth and elders. the participants identified issues by region and established five national priorities : - language and culture ( advocating, preserving, promoting, building pride ) - health and education ( mental, health ) - networking & communication between regions ( within and between inuit regions ) - funding support ( the national, regional, and local initiatives ) - lack of housing monthly teleconferences are held to keep communications open, exchange ideas, share", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45728367210726323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.191254"} {"text": "community design and public policies can have a significant impact on public health. many health risks pose threats to the long - term vitality and productivity of cities ; for example, by one calculation, the rising obesity epidemic incurs an annual direct and indirect cost of $ 147 billion. by addressing public health challenges, cities can improve quality of life and strengthen their economies. local leaders are recognizing the role of urban food systems, zoning codes, bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure, public transit, air and water quality, and green space on residents \u2019 health and wellbeing. nlc is helping cities identify and remove barriers to healthy, sustainable communities. healthy people, healthy places - building sustainable communities through active living ( 2011 ) the ways in which we shape our built environment - including the range of transportation options, provision of open space, and accessibility to places of work, education, or basic services - contributes to the physical health of our communities by either restricting or facilitating opportunities for physical activity, recreation and community interaction. local leaders play an important role in promoting public health through creating the conditions for individuals to incorporate healthy options into their daily lives. this guide explores several ways that cities are incorporating options to promote active living and emphasize the multiple connections to sustainability principles. developing a sustainable food system ( 2011 ) municipal governments are implementing policies and programs that allow residents to grow, sell, buy and eat more sustainably produced and locally grown foods, while strengthening the community and region. comprehensive sustainability plans for food systems can include strategies to attract grocery stores in food deserts, improve support for urban agriculture and farmers ' markets through zoning codes, and reduce food related waste by composting. this city practice brief covers a range of solutions from cities that seek to ease the environmental burden of their food system and cultivate economically strong local food sources. citiesspeak blog : local food for economic prosperity let ' s move cities and towns this initiative is a major component of first lady michelle obama ' s signature initiative to reverse the nation ' s childhood obesity epidemic within a generation. let ' s move cities and towns targets one of america ' s gravest public health threats and emphasizes the critical leadership mayors and other city leaders can provide to spur local action. participating cities and towns agree to take simple steps that promote healthy eating and physical activity, choosing strategies that make sense for their own communities. food access as a community development strategy ( 2010 ) access to healthy, affordable food is increasingly becoming a challenge for communities of all sizes. at this congress of cities workshop city representatives and experts in the field will review strategies that local", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46126690208249266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.197551"} {"text": "for their own communities. food access as a community development strategy ( 2010 ) access to healthy, affordable food is increasingly becoming a challenge for communities of all sizes. at this congress of cities workshop city representatives and experts in the field will review strategies that local leaders can use to increase access and discuss how these initiatives can contribute to broader community and economic development goals. nation ' s cities weekly articles the city of omaha, neb., undertakes a public - private partnership to provide basic physical healthcare services at schools, to improve student health and academic success. vilsack focuses on childhood obesity, let ' s move! campaign ( december 12, 2010 ) addressing the delegates luncheon during the congress of cities & exposition in denver, secretary of agriculture tom vilsack called on local officials to address obesity and its consequences for public health, economic competitiveness and national security. mayors from 19 mid south cities focus on childhood obesity and public health ( november 22, 2010 ) at a meeting in jackson, miss. to launch the municipal leadership for healthy southern cities initiative, 19 mayors shared ideas for building healthy communities. white house invites local officials to join let ' s move cities and towns campaign ( september 13, 2010 ) over the past three decades, childhood obesity rates in the u. s. have tripled. first lady michelle obama has called on cities and towns across the country to join her let ' s move! campaign to reverse this public health threat and protect children from obesity - related disease. nlc report highlights city - school partnerships to combat obesity ( may 3, 2010 ) a new nlc report, \" community wellness : comprehensive city - school strategies to reduce childhood obesity, \" focuses on lessons learned by cities that, with technical assistance from nlc, sought to develop and implement local wellness strategies to combat childhood obesity. nlc commends first lady ' s work to reduce childhood obesity ( february 15, 2010 ) nlc praised first lady michelle obama for recognizing both the public health threat posed by childhood obesity, and the role that municipal leaders need to play in promoting nutrition and fitness in the nation ' s communities. tax increment financing : a tool for advancing healthy eating and active living cities seeking to support healthy communities can use creative financing mechanisms such as public - private partnerships, tax incentives and federal or foundation grants. this policy brief from leadership for healthy communities examines tax increment financing ( tif ) as a potential source of funding for initiatives that promote healthy eating and active living. safe routes to school this publication describes strategies for improving pedestrian and bicycle routes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4500695878525551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.198716"} {"text": "grants. this policy brief from leadership for healthy communities examines tax increment financing ( tif ) as a potential source of funding for initiatives that promote healthy eating and active living. safe routes to school this publication describes strategies for improving pedestrian and bicycle routes to schools. by focusing on safety, cities can increase the number of children choosing to bike or walk by 20 % to 200 %. the benefits of safe routes to school programs go beyond traffic safety, better air quality around schools, and reduced traffic congestion : many schools are pursuing this initiative as part of their school wellness and health activities. increasing physical activity among children is an essential part of city public health programs. understanding the basics of climate change and public health : a local official ' s guide climate change is having and will continue to have impacts on public health, ranging from heat waves to more extreme snow storms, from flooding to water shortages, from new insect - borne diseases to higher rates of asthma. public officials must be prepared to adapt cities to a changing climate and protect those populations at risk of public health threats. this paper by the institute for local government details the public health effects that local officials can anticipate, as well as strategies for adaptation. physical inactivity cost calculator for policy - makers this tool from east carolina university provides an estimate of the financial cost associated with a physically inactive population, including medical care, workers compensation and lost productivity. the tool also provides companion resources and information about re - allocating resources and planning for healthier workplaces and communities that support physically active lifestyles. active design guidelines a city ' s design plays a crucial role in contributing to or counteracting public health threats. historically, the design of streets, water systems and parks helped cities overcome cholera and tuberculosis epidemics. today, architectural and urban design techniques can encourage physical activity and healthy eating to combat obesity and related chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. the new york city department of design and construction created the active design guidelines to provide architects and urban designers with a manual of strategies for creating healthier buildings, streets, and urban spaces, based on the latest academic research and best practices in the field. creating a regulatory blueprint for healthy community design : a local government guide to reforming zoning and land development codes zoning and land use codes determine the use of physical space in cities and towns, with significant impacts on the environment, economy and public health. code changes can capitalize on the built environment ' s capacity to allow active transportation, easy access to healthy food, and economically strong cities. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49550816290066224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.199926"} {"text": "curt stager, a scientist at paul smiths college, is publishing an article later this month in the journal science that describes an ancient drought that transformed asia and africa thousands of years ago. the \" h1 mega - drought \" may have wiped out whole tribes of humans, as it dried up rivers and lakes across whole continents. as brian mann reports, stager thinks that devastating event could be a warning for people living in a new period of global warming. the department of corrections will close two more prisons this year, bringing to a total of nine the number... the general brown central school district in dexter, along with... twenty - five years ago, curt stager was paddling the waters of lake barombi mbo in cameroon. he and other researchers had rigged a crude drilling platform \u2013 not searching for oil, but rooting around for the deep layers of muck that have been settling on the bottom of the lake for millenia. \" we built the raft, \" stager recalled. \" we strung 10 foot long sections of pipe together \u2026 it plunges into the bottom of the lake. we ended up getting twenty - something thousand years worth of sediment. \" these days, much of cameroon is cloaked in rain forest. but down under all that lake mud stager found sediments that showed that this african landscape has changed dramatically. \" you bore on down through this wet brown mud. suddenly you hit shells and sand and soil. which means that it would have looked like a beach and before that it would have looked like the serengeti plains. stager is a paleo - climatologist at paul smiths college in the adirondacks. he studies the history of the really big climate patterns that have shaped our planet over thousands of years. when scientists were collecting those ancient sediment samples from lakes across africa and asia, he says they weren \u2019 t really sure what it would all mean. but in a new paper set to be published next month in the journal science, stager argues that he \u2019 s found evidence of a massive drought, so big that it literally changed the world. sixteen thousand years ago, the monsoons of asia failed. the nile and the congo shriveled up. the great lakes of africa and the near east turned to dust. \" there would have been nowhere [ for tribes of humans ] to go, \" he said. \" it would have turned what is now a green part of africa into a savannah or a desert. \" normally this might just sort of be cool", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4481647248487832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.204035"} {"text": "dust. \" there would have been nowhere [ for tribes of humans ] to go, \" he said. \" it would have turned what is now a green part of africa into a savannah or a desert. \" normally this might just sort of be cool information, a time - machine glimpse of the harsh world faced by our ancient ancestors. but stager \u2019 s paper makes one more connection. he says this mega - drought, which lasted for centuries, was likely caused by a natural cycle of global warming, the end of an ice age that melted glaciers and tipped thick ice sheets into the north atlantic. \" somehow the oceans not only cooled in the north atlantic, but it looks like all through the indian ocean, too, and that \u2019 s probably why the rains were shut off in the tropics, \" he said. these days, scientists are seeing a similar warming pattern in the north atlantic, triggered not by the end of an ice age this time, but by industrial greenhouse gases. once again, the two - mile thick ice sheet in greenland is melting fast. \" from what we \u2019 ve seen in this one glacier and other ones like it in greenland, there \u2019 s been just such rapid enormous changes in the last five or ten years, \" said glaciologist gordon hamilton from the university of maine, speaking with cnn. \" it \u2019 s really been quite alarming. curt stager doesn \u2019 t think this round of global warming will trigger the kind of devastating disruption in ocean currents and rains that our ancestors faced. for one thing, the amount of ice in the north atlantic is far smaller now. but he says the mega - drought sixteen thousand years ago shows that rapid warming in the arctic might trigger sudden and dramatic changes all over the planet, possibly occurring in a single lifetime. \" abrupt, severe climate change really can happen, because it did, \" stager said. \" we know tipping points like this exist. the big mystery is where is the tipping point? \" stager points out that even a much smaller disruption to global rain patterns could have huge implications \u2013 especially now when the human population in places like cameroon is so much greater. \" it would be unbelievable. more than half of humankind lives in the zones that were affected by this, \" he said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.432044305801706, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.207079"} {"text": "\" one man with courage makes a majority. \" \u2014 andrew jackson official white house portrait of andrew jackson. official white house portrait of andrew jackson. wikimedia commons throughout february, hear new works by contemporary composers based on words of 16 american presidents, in recordings by conductor judith clurman and essential voices usa. today, words from andrew jackson come alive in music by nico muhly. composer nico muhly isn ' t afraid of large forces or new media. he ' s at work on an opera with playwright craig lucas that ' s destined for london and the metropolitan opera. his drones and piano for pianist bruce brubaker features sounds from an unusual instrument : the ipod. but for this installment of the mr. president series, muhly worked with voices alone. \" i have a soft spot in my heart for nico muhly, \" says conductor judith clurman, the instigator of the project. \" i directed choral activities at juilliard for 18 years, and i got to know him as a student, and i ' m really fortunate that i brought him back a little bit into choral music. \" clurman assigned the young composer a quotation from andrew jackson : \" one man with courage makes a majority. \" courage jackson had in spades. in a duel, he killed a man who had insulted his wife. he was the first tennessean elected to the house of representatives. and in the war of 1812, he defeated the british at new orleans and became a hero, one who would serve as the seventh president. muhly crafted a canon out of jackson ' s seven words, a melody that the voices layer over each other. \" it ' s basically one idea, \" muhly says. \" it ' s one idea that has to work against itself at different times, which is the nature of a canon. one voice comes in, and then the next voice comes in, and then the third, all singing the same material. so the idea had to be foldable, in that sense \u2014 the idea contains pleats that meet up at clever junctions. \" muhly wrote in a clean, declamatory style that has echoes of both early english choral music and modern minimalism. his melody leans into the word \" courage \" and leaps up during \" majority. \" the cumulative effect is as if women and men all across the country are striving to make themselves heard, and each has something worthwhile to say. \" it ' s very minimalistic, but it ' s amazing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4261451886846511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.211501"} {"text": "during \" majority. \" the cumulative effect is as if women and men all across the country are striving to make themselves heard, and each has something worthwhile to say. \" it ' s very minimalistic, but it ' s amazing, \" clurman says. \" the music just flows out of everybody. and people are singing all over the place. keeping a steady beat in his piece was not always an easy task. everybody was excited. \" there are four individual lines, yet they fit together beautifully as a cohesive whole. and the tendency was to rush rush rush rush rush rush rush. i found myself playing metronome during rehearsals of this piece, more than for many of them. and yet, it ' s one of those pieces that just fits together one, two, three. \" the composer says, \" the idea is that you should be immediately able to understand what ' s being said. but it also has a lot to do with steve reich ' s music, where once you ' ve heard the text the first time, it slowly unfolds itself, like a noodle being teased out of a wheat ball \u2014 and then you end up with what i think sounds like a very tudor choral texture at the end. \" the last words of the piece aren ' t the last ones in the quotation. while the other voices hold, you can hear one final \" one man \" \u2014 a reminder of what jackson ' s words mean, and where all work begins. about the composer born in vermont in 1981 and raised in providence, rhode island, nico muhly has composed extensively for chorus, including five works for judith clurman. his orchestral works have been premiered by the american symphony orchestra, the boston university tanglewood institute orchestra, the boston pops, the new york philharmonic and the chicago symphony. film credits include scores for joshua ( 2007 ), the reader ( 2008 ) and the argentine drama felicitas. he has worked extensively with philip glass as editor, keyboardist and conductor for numerous film and stage projects. with designer / illustrator maira kalman, muhly composed a vocal work based on strunk & white ' s the elements of style. he has been co - commissioned by the english national opera, the metropolitan opera, and lincoln center theater commissions program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42526857373846366, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.212410"} {"text": "resources and tools are available to assist in carrying out requirements and pursuing opportunities for archeological public outreach and education. in addition to those linked within each section of this module, the following sources are helpful. laws and policies full text of laws applicable to archeology outreach and plain english explanations are available online : - archeological laws and ethics - archeology laws - nps office of policy - nps 28 : cultural resource management guideline director ' s orders include special directives aimed at the nps to encourage outreach. - do 6 : interpretation and education - do 7 : volunteers in parks - do 17 : tourism - do 28a : archeology - do 75a : civic engagement and public involvement find assistance in identifying stakeholders and resources for effective outreach and civic engagement programs. on the web : - civic engagement resources include related links, a bibliography, the community tool box, and more. - archaeologists and local communities. edited by linda derry and maureen malloy ( society for american archaeology, 2003 ). - archeology as a tool of civic engagement. edited by barbara j. little and paul a. shackel ( altamira press, 2007 ) - technical brief 23 : archeology and civic engagement, barbara j. little and nathaniel amdur - clark consultation may take place with tribes, the general public, or other stakeholders. outreach opens lines of communication. - native american consultation database ( nacd ) is a tool for identifying consultation contacts for indian tribes, alaska native villages and corporations, and native hawaiian organizations. the database is not a comprehensive source of information, but it does provide a starting point for the consultation process. - consultation, from the 2008 programmatic agreement toolkit for nhpa section 106 find assistance about the various public and professional audiences for archeological outreach. on the web : - according to the poll exploring public perceptions and attitudes about archaeology by harris interactive, americans support the goals and practice of archeology, think it ' s important to today ' s society, and endorse laws protecting sites and artifacts. still, they harbor major misconceptions about the discipline and its accomplishments. - public benefits of archeology for communities, historians, ecologists, educators, forensics, museums - public benefits of archaeology. edited by barbara j. little ( university press of florida, 2002 ). see : table of contents and selected bibliography - archeology education handbook : sharing the past with kids. edited by karolyn m. smardz ( altamira press, 2000 ). - presenting archaeology to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4391116573989901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.217305"} {"text": "florida, 2002 ). see : table of contents and selected bibliography - archeology education handbook : sharing the past with kids. edited by karolyn m. smardz ( altamira press, 2000 ). - presenting archaeology to the public : digging for truths. edited by john jameson ( altamira press, 1997 ). - past meets present : archaeologists partnering with museum curators, teachers and community groups. edited by john h. jameson, jr. ( springer, 2007 ). beyond the nps learn from museums and centers beyond the nps. - the anthropology outreach office at the national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, includes news on departmental outreach activities including public programs, educational programs, exhibits, and publications. - read about exemplary archeological outreach projects on the society for american archaeology ' s archaeology for the public webpage. also learn about writing for the public, exhibits, and more on the tips page. - project archaeology is a joint project of the u. s. department of the interior, bureau of land management and montana state university. project archaeology gives students a basic understanding of how archaeology works and teaches them to respect and protect our nationis rich cultural heritage. - the crow canyon archaeological center has an active educational and exhibits program. - the alutiiq museum archaeological respository has an active community outreach program that involves collections, excavations, and public programs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48876090626462665, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.217936"} {"text": "a timeline for structures at jamestown related to the chiles family colonial nhp collection in 1638 - 9, richard kemp, who served as secretary of the virginia colony during the tenure of the irascible sir john harvey, built his \u201c brick house \u201d on 3 \u00bd acres of land to the east of the present - day ambler ruins. this \u201c brick house \u201d was designated s44 by nps archeologists ; it is the building that would eventually pass into walter chiles i \u2019 s hands. governor sir john harvey identified kemp \u2019 s house as the first brick dwelling at jamestown and two eyewitnesses used the word \u201c faire \u201d to describe the house. governor harvey himself referred to kemp \u2019 s house as \u201c the fairest that ever was knowen in this countrye for substance and uniformity. \u201d archeological evidence ( excavations done in the 1930 \u2019 s and 1990 \u2019 s ) indicate that structure 44 was a one - or possibly two - story home raised on a shallow footing of brickbats. a central, h - shaped chimney was shared by two rooms on the ground floor. both rooms may have been paved with brick or tile. empy jones, the lead excavator during the 1934 - 35 dig, kept a daily logbook and produced a freehand sketch ( illustrated above ) of the foundations laid bare. jones \u2019 sketch indicated that s44 was about 23 feet long. s44 is also depicted in nps archeologist john cotter \u2019 s 1958 base map of the jamestown townsite. richard kemp was a close associate of the unpopular governor harvey, who had been thrust out of office by his fellow virginians and then briefly reinstated by the crown. when sir john \u2019 s replacement sir francis wyatt arrived in virginia in 1639, he appointed a new council, suspending kemp as secretary. colonial nhp collection william kemp sold s44 to governor wyatt in 1641, perhaps under duress, and moved to rich neck plantation on the mainland. he would not recover his old post until governor sir william berkeley replaced wyatt in 1642. sir francis wyatt built the \u201c country house \u201d ( s38 ) on a half - acre lot to the west of s44. ( s38 is illustrated to the left in a conjectural painting by nps artist sydney king. ) around 1644, governor sir william berkeley purchased the s44 property with its brick house. the deed turning the property over to sir william referred to the \u201c mansion house, together with all gardens, orchards, yard backsides, out houses, buildings \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3993337010789252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.228085"} {"text": ") around 1644, governor sir william berkeley purchased the s44 property with its brick house. the deed turning the property over to sir william referred to the \u201c mansion house, together with all gardens, orchards, yard backsides, out houses, buildings \u2026 late in ye tenure and occupacon of richd kemp esq. and by him conveyed unto sr. ffrancis wyatt kt. \u201d this was at the same time that berkeley was building his green spring estate, located a few miles away on the mainland. although sir william owned other houses in town, he may have lived in s44 at one time or another. in 1649, berkeley sold s44 and its acreage to merchant and burgess walter chiles i. sometime prior to his death in 1653, walter chiles i acquired 70 acres at black point, located near the easternmost tip of jamestown island. when walter chiles i died, his widow elizabeth retained a dower interest and remained in s44. his son walter chiles ii inherited the estate from his father. walter chiles ii married mary page, daughter of wealthy york county merchant john page. the couple may well have lived with the widow elizabeth for awhile before building their own 38 - x 24 - foot house sometime in the 1650 \u2019 s. this new house is referred to in site maps as s138 and was situated located directly in front of s44. s138 was made of brick and likely consisted of two rooms, heated by a fireplace in the west gable. ( the detail from a conjectural drawing of colonial jamestown, illustrated to the right, depicts both s138 and s44, located next to the \u201c ambler house. \u201d ) colonial nhp collection recent archeology has indicated that a structure had stood previously on the site of s138. in 2005, nps archeologist dr. andrew veech found evidence of a post - in - the - ground structure ( s178 ) when excavating s138. s178 appeared to be a timber building 10 feet wide and at least 24 feet long and was perhaps part of kemp \u2019 s construction efforts after 1638. it is very likely that s178 stood at the time of the chiles family \u2019 s ownership. when mary chiles died, her husband walter chiles ii married suzanna ( no last name? ). when chiles died, suzanna wed the reverend james wadding and moved elsewhere. suzanna and her husband the minister sold the lot with s44 and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3971807498703469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.229424"} {"text": "her husband walter chiles ii married suzanna ( no last name? ). when chiles died, suzanna wed the reverend james wadding and moved elsewhere. suzanna and her husband the minister sold the lot with s44 and s138 on it to john page, the father of walter chiles ii \u2019 s first wife mary. john page was a york county merchant and resident of bruton parrish at middle plantation ( the site of present - day williamsburg ), where he dwelt in a brick house he had built in 1662. sometime before september 1676, john page tore down s44 and built s53 behind s138 ; archeological evidence indicates strongly that it was a wing of s138. ( these structures are depicted in a 1664 plat drawn by john underhill, illustrated to the left. ) in 1676, there was mention of looting of s53 \u2019 s cellar ; pipes of wine were stolen during bacon \u2019 s rebellion. both s138 and s53 were burned down or at least badly damaged during the rebellion. colonial nhp collection by 1682, both s138 and s53 were either rebuilt or repaired by william sherwood, who had bought the property sometime before that year. ( sherwood had been purchasing property near the center of town to renovate and improve old structures, then leasing them out to burgesses and lord culpepper \u2019 s council. ) sherwood \u2019 s improvements to s138 and s53 were impressive. in 2005, excavators found evidence of a porch tower raised around the front doorway, probably constructed after 1676. a \u201c porch chamber \u201d was on the second story of the 16 \u2019 3 \u201d x 13 \u2019 10 \u201d porch. when sherwood rebuilt s138 and s53, he followed the footprint of the chiles house, but enlarged it and probably built the aforementioned porch tower. in government leases of the property, there is mention of a \u201c great hall \u201d and \u201c dining - room \u201d ( probably the front rooms in s138 ) and \u201c a back room on the same floor \u201d ( s53 ) and a \u201c cellar \u201d ( under s53 ). in excavations from the 1930 \u2019 s ( illustrated above is a 1935 nps dig at the chiles / sherwood property holdings ), nps excavators h. c. forman and summerfield day found about 50, 000 pieces of ornamental molded plaster across the entire ambler complex site. these were recognized by the archeologists as destruction debris used to fill", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3765157596162171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.230485"} {"text": "), nps excavators h. c. forman and summerfield day found about 50, 000 pieces of ornamental molded plaster across the entire ambler complex site. these were recognized by the archeologists as destruction debris used to fill in cellar holes, leveling the old building sites in preparation for construction of the ambler mansion in the 1750 \u2019 s. the vast majority of ornamental plasterwork fragments ( nearly 700 pieces ) were associated with s138 ; nearly 300 were from the excavation of the cellar of s53. cherub faces, a foot, a hand holding a book ( illustrated to the left ), mastiff heads and acanthus leaves were amongst the plasterwork debris excavated. there was no evidence of strapwork, which was typical of the first half of the 17th century. according to historian cary carson \u2019 s report in the national park service \u2019 s evaluation of previous archeology ( a document associated with its jamestown archeological assessment project ), the plaster fragments \u201c were as fashionably up - to - date as any 1670 - 1690s plasterwork in far grander buildings in england. \u201d carson continues : \u201c so far as architectural historians know, s138 / 53 became the most dignified and fashionable public building in england \u2019 s north american colonies until the capitol at williamsburg and the governor \u2019 s palace were built 40 years later. \u201d in 1697, william sherwood died ; his widow rachel continued to lease out her property for government business. rachel sherwood married edward jaquelin about 1699 and his eldest daughter elizabeth ( from a later marriage ) would inherit his jamestown island plantation. she wed richard ambler, who built the ambler mansion ( illustrated to the right by a photograph taken before the 1895 fire that destroyed the building ) and demolished s138 / 53, s31 and s58. it is very likely that bricks from the earlier structures were incorporated into the ambler mansion. carson, cary ( senior principal investigator ). evaluation of previous archaeology ( part of the jamestown archaeological assessment study conducted between 1992 and 1996 ). williamsburg, virginia, 2006. cotter, john. archeological excavations at jamestown. washington, d. c. : u. s. government printing office, 1958. cotter, john and j. paul hudson. new discoveries at jamestown. washington, d. c. : u. s. government printing office, 1957. forman, henry chandlee. jamestown and st. mary \u2019 s : buried cities of romance. baltimore : the johns hopkins press, 1938. - - -.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4343773508246863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.231636"} {"text": "northern prairie wildlife research center abstract : the expansion of outdoor recreational activities has increased greatly the interaction between the public and waterfowl and waterfowl habitat. the effects of these interactions on waterfowl habitats are more visible and obvious, whereas the effects of interactions which disrupt the normal behavior of waterfowl are more subtle and often overlooked, but perhaps no less of a problem than destruction of habitat. resource managers and administrators require information on the types, magnitude, and potential effects of disturbances that will affect human use of and access to wildlife resources. this bibliography contains excerpts or annotations from 211 articles that contained information about effects of human disturbances on waterfowl. indices are provided for subject / keywords, geographic locations, species of waterfowl, and authors used in this bibliography. increases in human population, transportation, recreational boating, industrial and residential development, birdwatching, camping, and hiking all create conflicts with waterfowl which must use a dwindling and fragmented habitat base. managers and administrators require information on the types, magnitude, and potential effects of disturbances that will affect human use of and access to wildlife resources. managers responsible for waterfowl production should be aware of the problems created by human disturbance to aid them in the design of facilities and developments to increase public appreciation of waterfowl. this bibliography resulted from concerns about human disturbance to flocks of canvasback ducks ( aythya valisineria ) and other waterfowl that stage on navigation pools of the upper mississippi river during fall migration. initially, a field study and subsequent literature search for information to use in a manuscript describing these disturbances ( korschgen et al. 1985 ) indicated that few specific studies had been conducted on the subject, although there were numerous anecdotal references. aspects of human disturbance to other groups of wildlife, especially large game mammals ( e. g., bollinger et al. 1973 ; ream 1980 ; ferguson and keith 1982 ) and nesting seabirds and shorebirds ( e. g., hunt 1972 ; robert and ralph 1975 ; buckley and buckley 1976 ; manuwal 1979 ; rodgers and burger 1981 ; burger 1981 ; whitman 1988 ; frederick and collopy 1989 ; strauss and dane 1989 ; yalden and yalden 1990 ), have received considerable attention because of the increased frequency of human - wildlife interactions in national and state parks, refuges, management areas, and seashores ( foin et al. 1977 ; purdy et al. 1987 ; pomerantz et al. 1988 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4706693657180168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.240913"} {"text": "of the increased frequency of human - wildlife interactions in national and state parks, refuges, management areas, and seashores ( foin et al. 1977 ; purdy et al. 1987 ; pomerantz et al. 1988 ). books have been written relating to effects of human disturbance on natural resources ( edington and edington 1986 ; hammitt and cole 1987 ). we decided that a consolidated information source on human disturbances to waterfowl would be of value to waterfowl managers and administrators. we searched wildlife abstracts, wildlife review, journal of wildlife management, wildlife society bulletin, and wildlife monographs for titles and key words related to human disturbance. unfortunately, few key words used by journals relate to this topic. we also searched a bibliography of waterfowl papers maintained by kenneth j. reinecke ( u. s. fish and wildlife service, patuxent wildlife research center ) that contains over 5, 000 citations. perhaps our most valuable source of information was the reference sections of publications dealing with human disturbances to waterfowl. some of the bibliographic entries are papers that did not directly pertain to waterfowl, but the topics may be important for further research related to waterfowl. the definition of human disturbance to waterfowl varies among authors. the following definition seems reasonable to us : a direct event, intentionally or unintentionally created by people, leading to a reaction of alertness ; fright ( obvious or inapparent ) ; interruption of activities ; flight, swimming, or other displacements ; or death or disablement. the event may have long - term or short - term effects. we have excluded almost all references dealing with death of waterfowl including : hunter harvest or illegal harvest, waterfowl collisions with power lines, deaths from the ingestion of angler ' s lead sinkers, losses of diving ducks to commercial fish nets and trotlines, and losses of waterfowl to furbearer trapping during spring seasons that are no longer in existence. sometimes it was so awkward to exclude these subjects that we included them, but our intent was to confine ourselves chiefly to disturbance caused by direct human activity ( presence, traffic, flights, fishing, boating, and so forth ). we included several papers relating to waterfowl energetics because disturbances may hinder the acquisition of food ( energy ) which may affect fitness for migration and breeding. energetics is a rapidly developing topic that will be important in answering some of the questions about the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5193915791031561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.241834"} {"text": "included several papers relating to waterfowl energetics because disturbances may hinder the acquisition of food ( energy ) which may affect fitness for migration and breeding. energetics is a rapidly developing topic that will be important in answering some of the questions about the effects of disturbance that cannot now be answered. the frequency of topics in the subject index is shown in table 1. disturbances created by water users, chiefly boaters, anglers, and hunters, are mentioned most frequently. these disturbances were serious in that they displaced waterfowl from their feeding grounds, created energetic costs associated with flight, and affected nesting or brooding waterfowl, which may have lowered productivity. interestingly, researcher - caused disturbances also had a high frequency of occurrence. most biologists are familiar with the desertions of females caused while conducting nesting studies. we hope this bibliography will stimulate research and focus on those areas most lacking in definitive data. despite our efforts to include all the pertinent references, this bibliography is incomplete. it provides, however, a starting point for the reader interested in human disturbances to waterfowl. | subject | | number of citations | | anglers ( see fishing ) | | boating ( boats, canoes, sculling, rowing, power, airboats, sailing ) | | 66 | | development ( industrial, petroleum, pollution, urban, construction ) | | 24 | | energetic costs ( flight ) | | 23 | | lead weights ( fishing or angler ' s ) | | 2 | | human activity / disturbance, general | | 58 | | nest ( see investigator / research - caused ) | | refuge ( restricting trespass, sanctuary - - see abatement ) | | 36 | | research ( see investigator / research ) | | roads ( also see development ) | | shipping ( see barges / shipping ) | | wariness ( tameness, alert, tolerance distance ) | | 43 | this project was begun under the direction of r. f. berry, manager of the upper mississippi river refuge complex. we particularly thank the following persons for their encouragement and aid : d. v. bell, senior research officer of the wildfowl trust, slimbridge, england ; r. b. kahl, wisconsin department of natural resources ; l. a. batten, senior ornithological advisor and chief scientist directorate, nature conservancy council, peterborough, england ; and l. h. fredrickson, director of the gaylord memorial laboratory, university of missouri. we are indebted to many researchers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5221663246150712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.242744"} {"text": "ornithological advisor and chief scientist directorate, nature conservancy council, peterborough, england ; and l. h. fredrickson, director of the gaylord memorial laboratory, university of missouri. we are indebted to many researchers, both in america and in europe, who supplied reprints of their work. most important has been the patient and thorough assistance of a. zimmerman, librarian at the northern prairie wildlife research center, who obtained many of the publications and provided editorial comments on the manuscript. j. sauls and s. h. thatcher, translated german papers. d. stroud and j. magerus, university of wisconsin - la crosse, translated german and french papers. we are also grateful to a. prochowicz, l. ames, b. toal, c. eloranta, and h. sampson who typed and checked the manuscript. bollinger, j. g., o. j. rongstad, a. soom, and r. g. eckstein. 1973. snowmobile noise effects on wildlife, 1972 - 1973 report. engineering experiment station, university wisconsin, madison, wisconsin 85 pp. buckley, p. a., and f. g. buckley. 1976. guidelines for the protection and management of colonial nesting waterbirds. u. s. national park service, boston, mass. 54 pp. burger, j. 1981. the effect of human activity on birds at a coastal bay. biological conservation 21 : 231 - 241. edington, j. m., and m. a. edington. 1986. ecology, recreation, and tourism. cambridge university press, new york. 198 pp. ferguson, m. s. d., and l. b. keith. 1982. influence of nordic skiing on distribution of moose and elk in elk island national park, alberta. canadian field - naturalist 96 : 69 - 78. foin, t. c., e. o. garton, c. w. bowen, j. m. everingham, and r. o. schultz. 1977. quantitative studies of visitor impacts on environments of yosemite national park, california, and their implications for park management policy. journal of environmental management 5 : 1 - 22. hammitt, w. e., and d. n. cole. 1987. wildland recreation. john wiley and sons, inc., new york. 341 pp. hunt, g. l., jr. 1972. influence of food distribution and human disturbance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47605361858370077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.243720"} {"text": "w. e., and d. n. cole. 1987. wildland recreation. john wiley and sons, inc., new york. 341 pp. hunt, g. l., jr. 1972. influence of food distribution and human disturbance on the reproductive success of herring gulls. ecology 53 : 1051 - 1061. korschgen, c. e., l. s. george, and w. l. green. 1985. disturbance of diving ducks by boaters on a migrational staging area. wildlife society bulletin 13 : 290 - 296. manuwal, d. a. 1978. effect of man on marine birds : a review. pages 140 - 160 in wildlife and people. purdue university press, west lafayette, ind. pomerantz, g. a., d. j. decker, g. r. goff, and k. g. purdy. 1988. assessing impact of recreation on wildlife : a classification scheme. wildlife society bulletin 16 : 58 - 62. purdy, k. g., g. r. goff, d. j. decker, g. a. pomerantz, and n. a. connelly. 1987. a guide to managing human activity on national wildlife refuges. human dimensions research unit, department natural resources, cornell university, ithaca, n. y. and u. s. fish and wildlife service, office of information transfer, 1025 pennock place, fort collins, colo. 57 pp. ream, c. h. 1980. impacts of backcountry recreationists on wildlife : an annotated bibliography. u. s. forest service general technical report int - 81. 62 pp. robert, h. c., and c. j. ralph. 1975. effects of human disturbance on the breeding success of gulls. condor 77 : 495 - 499. rodgers, j. a., jr., and j. burger. 1981. symposium on human disturbance and colonial waterbirds. colonial waterbirds 4 : 1. strauss, e., and b. dane. 1989. differential reproductive success in a stressed population of piping plovers in areas of high and low human disturbance. american zoologist 29 : 42a. whitman, p. l. 1988. biology and conservation of the endangered interior least tern : a literature review. u. s. fish wildlife service biological report 88 ( 3 ). 22 pp. yalden, p. e., and d. w.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44043591656570513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.244778"} {"text": "( naturalnews ) there is only one kind of immunity and that is natural immunity which is achieved by battling the infectious diseases itself. vaccination is merely the artificial triggering of temporary responses to manmade pathogens. vaccines are both harmful and dangerous and are leading to generations of humans with no natural defenses to disease. vaccines do not provide long - term immunity ; only temporary at best. in vaccines, an antigen is injected into the body to produce a reaction and the immune system responds in the form of antibodies, but antibody presence does not confer immunity. people still catch the diseases that they are vaccinated against. vaccines actually skip the normal immune responses to activate killer cells which can trigger an overproduction of cytokines in response to the toxic vaccine adjuvants and can damage tissues and organs and even stop the heart and block air pathways. vaccines should never be called immunizations because that is a misnomer. immunity and vaccinations are two different subjects altogether. in fact, breast milk is so potent with immune energizing effects in the infant that researchers at the cdc recommend women withhold breastfeeding their children in order to boost the \" effectiveness \" of childhood vaccines. the paper claims that women should stop breastfeeding long enough for the man - made poison to work on artificial / temporary \" immunity. \" after - effects of vaccines are only followed for a very short time. effects that are not seen for 30 years will not even be associated with the vaccine. immunizations are contributing to the lowering of immunity along with the spread of auto - immune diseases such as arthritis and even aids throughout the world. research clearly shows that aluminum mixed into vaccines carries a risk for autoimmunity, long - term brain inflammation, and subsequent neurological complications and may have profound and widespread adverse health complications. many vaccines contain both aluminum and trace amounts of mercury. when you mix these 2 metals together it causes extreme synergistic toxicity. as vaccinated disease rates go down ( but not necessarily as a result of toxic vaccinations ), the rate of chronic disease goes up in lock - step. vaccines, as they are commonly given, destroy the natural immunity process and accelerate the auto - immune disease process. deaths from measles in 1900 were 13 per 100, 000 people. in 1948 : less than one. measles vaccines introduced in 1963 but took full credit for what they never did - eliminate measles. japanese health authorities realized that early inoculations were causing crib deaths", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4890677365899895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.249045"} {"text": "per 100, 000 people. in 1948 : less than one. measles vaccines introduced in 1963 but took full credit for what they never did - eliminate measles. japanese health authorities realized that early inoculations were causing crib deaths so they postponed them until the 24th month and sids virtually disappeared along with whooping cough ( pertussis ) during the first two years of babies ' lives. instead of preventing whooping cough the dpt promotes it as well as sids. reuters recently reports that according to the cdc, the number of pertussis cases is growing - in the fully vaccinated population! the recent bachmair vaccine study reveals that the allergy rate in vaccinated children is more than double the rate in unvaccinated ones. vaccinated children are also nearly eight times more prone to develop asthma or chronic bronchitis than unvaccinated. furthermore, vaccinated kiddos suffer from more neurodermatitis, herpes, otitis media, hay fever, hyperactivity, scoliosis, epilepsy and seizures, migraine headaches, thyroid disease, and sids than unvaccinated children. vaccinated kids historically also have more measles than unvaccinated kids doctor after doctor will tell you that vaccinations have reduced the incidence of many infectious diseases but they have no real proof. in fact, all the epidemical evidence shows that disease rates rise after vaccines - in the vaccinated population. should we trust them just on their word? make an informed decision about you and your child ' s health. sources for this article include : tomljenovic l and shaw ca. aluminum vaccine adjuvants : are they safe? current medicinal chemistry. 2011 ; 18 : 2630 - 2637. about the author : craig stellpflug is a cancer nutrition specialist, lifestyle coach and neuro development consultant at healing pathways medical clinic, scottsdale, az. with 17 years of clinical experience working with both brain disorders and cancer, craig has seen first - hand the devastating effects of vaccines and pharmaceuticals on the human body and has come to the conclusion that a natural lifestyle and natural remedies are the true answers to health and vibrant living. you can find his daily health blog atwww. blog. realhealthtalk. comand his articles and radio show archives atwww. realhealthtalk. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4411840491201966, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.249932"} {"text": "| from the library of congress g3764. b6s3 1775. d4 | this was just a teeny skirmish during the american revolution, but i love it because the marsh and the island where it happened belonged to some of my ancestors, and some of the people involved are right out of my family tree. as i tell the tale of the battle of noddle \u2019 s island ( sometimes known as the battle of chelsea creek, or the battle of hog island ), i \u2019 ll point out the family ties. noddle \u2019 s island is now where boston \u2019 s logan airport sits. the land around it has been filled in, and it is no longer an island. one of the first settlers to live here was samuel maverick, and in the 1630s his house was located near maverick square in east boston, today. there is a \u201c maverick station \u201d on the blue line of the t ( the massachusetts bay transportation authority ( mbta ) subway ) in this part of east boston. samuel maverick ( b. about 1602 ) is the brother to my 10 x great grandfather, moses maverick ( 1611 - 1686 ). chelsea creek, rumney marsh and pullen point, all land near these islands, was settled by my bill family ancestors in the 1600s. they lived and farmed also on the island that is now known as the town of winthrop, massachusetts. rumney marsh and pullen point are in the current cities of chelsea and revere massachusetts. other ancestors from the belcher, cheever and tuttle, and hitchings families lived here, too. fast forward 150 years, and the second battle of the american revolution happened here. or rather, a skirmish happened here. the british were going up and down the coast causing trouble by confiscating gunpowder and supplies, including hay cut and stored on islands, as well as livestock that used to roam the islands safe from predators and poachers. on 27 may 1775, just a bit more than a month after the battle of lexington and concord, new hampshire \u2019 s own general john stark was in charge of burning the hay and supplies on noddle \u2019 s and hog island so the resources wouldn \u2019 t fall into enemy hands. the british saw the smoke from boston, and came out to investigate. british general gage sent out the schooner diana, which misjudged the depth of the marshy waters and foundered in the mud. dr. joseph warren ( of bunker hill fame ) and general israel putnam ( married to my 1st cousin, 7 generations removed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40470875182229626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.254523"} {"text": "gage sent out the schooner diana, which misjudged the depth of the marshy waters and foundered in the mud. dr. joseph warren ( of bunker hill fame ) and general israel putnam ( married to my 1st cousin, 7 generations removed, hannah pope ) arrived on foot with a troop of soldiers from stark \u2019 s 1st new hampshire regiment. although the british tried to fire their cannons at the rebels, the cannons were pointed towards the mud because of the listing ship, and so there was a standoff. when the british finally abandoned ship, the colonial soldiers stripped the ship of everything of value : artillery, guns, sails, money, anything not nailed down. they put the hay the british wanted under the diana and set it ablaze. no one died. it wasn \u2019 t much of a battle, but it was great for boston \u2019 s morale to destroy a british warship. lord percy wrote back to england \u201c \" the rebels have lately amused themselves with burning the houses on an island just under the admiral ' s nose ; and a schooner, with our carriage - guns and some swivels, which he sent to drive them off, [ had ] unfortunately [ ran ] ashore, and the rebels burned her. \" [ the boston harbor islands : a history of an urban wilderness, by david kales, the history press, 2007, page 46 ] the guns and supplies from the hms diana were used by the americans at the battle of bunker hill a few weeks later. it is always fun to read more about these little skirmishes, and to find out who was there. in the chelsea, massachusetts historical society there were many details about this battle, and also in the book a documentary history of chelsea, by mellen chamberlain, jetty c. watts, and william r. cuttler, published by the massachusetts historical society, 1908. a few years ago, an article in the boston globe got me interested in learning more about the battle of noddle \u2019 s island : \u201c in chelsea, hunt is on for remains of lost revolutionary war ship \u201d, by steve leblanc, associated press reporter, boston globe, 20 july 2009 http : / / articles. boston. com / 2009 - 07 - 20 / news / 29261040 _ 1 _ battle - schooner - ship investigating this little story led to discovering the places, names and stories of many ancestors! copyright 2012, heather wilkinson rojo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4131644634294157, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.255558"} {"text": "white grubs are the larvae of beetles. the larvae all have six strong legs near the head, and are white. they vary in other characteristics such as size, head color, and hair patterns on the body. these grubs feed on roots of various plants. your garden plants, lawn and even potted plants can be attacked by grubs. in general, white grubs have a one or two year life cycle, depending on the type of grub. the following describes a one year life cycle. spring - the grubs are fully grown larvae and are actively feeding. summer - the grubs turn into pupae and pupate into beetles. this generally occurs around june in the northern us and canada. the beetles only live for about a week, mating and laying eggs. these eggs hatch a few weeks later. fall - the new grubs feed until temperatures drop and they burrow deep in the soil to avoid freezing, and emerge the following spring. many grubs only cause minor damage and control strategies are not required. there are a few grubs, like european chafer, that commonly cause extensive damage to lawns. the grubs eat the roots of the lawn, and the lawn dies. as few as five grubs per square foot can cause extensive damage. major damage can also occur when raccoons, skunks, and crows rip the lawn apart while feeding on the grubs. the most important thing to do to reduce grub damage is to ensure a healthy, robust lawn. this means regular feedings and annual core aeration to encourage a strong, dense root system. if the lawn has a dense root system, it will tolerate minor feeding by the grubs. traditional pest control if the lawn has historically had large populations of grubs like european chafer, then consider scheduling an application of merit\u00ae in june or july. merit\u00ae is a new grub control product that must be applied prior to hatching of the new eggs. it provides up to 90 % control of the grub larvae and meets all the new environmental standards imposed by pmra ( health canada ). note - check with your local nutri - lawn if merit\u00ae is registered in your area. if it is spring time and the lawn is being damaged by grubs, then applications of sevin\u00ae will help reduce the grub populations. it is important to know that controlling fully matured grubs in the spring is very difficult for several reasons. 1.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4286917403264898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.259734"} {"text": "and the lawn is being damaged by grubs, then applications of sevin\u00ae will help reduce the grub populations. it is important to know that controlling fully matured grubs in the spring is very difficult for several reasons. 1. the grub \u2019 s immune system is fully developed, and it must consume more of the pest control before control is successful. 2. the grubs may not be actively feeding due to cooler soil temperatures, and they may not consume enough of the pest control to be effective. 3. the grubs are often deeper in the soil, and getting the pest control deep enough into the soil for effective control is difficult. core aeration will facilitate the movement of the pest control to the grubs. because of these factors, the best strategy is to focus on renovating the damaged areas in late spring, and schedule a merit\u00ae application for june. note - check with your local nutri - lawn if sevin\u00ae is registered for use in your area. beneficial insects - predatory nematodes predatory nematodes are naturally occuring microscopic roundworms that attack soil larvae like white grubs. they are best used as a preventative application applied to newly hatched larvae. this means that the best time to apply the nematodes to white grubs like european chafer is in late august into early october depending on geographic location. the nematodes will not control all the grubs in the soil, but will reduce the grub populations and thereby reduce any potential lawn damage. they are naturally occurring in the soil, but we inundate the soil with the nematodes in order to achieve infection of the larvae. there are a few factors to consider when applying nematodes. 1. apply the nematodes to moist soil. if applied to dry soil, the nematodes will die. we recommend a heavy watering prior to the application of nematodes to not only wet out the soil and thatch, but also to drive the grubs closer to the surface and closer to the nematodes. 2. avoid applying nematodes during bright sunny days. uv light kills nematodes, so it is best to apply them early or late in the day when light levels are low, or during an overcast day. 3. water the nematodes into the soil as soon as possible. water carries the nematodes off the leaves of the lawn into the soil where the grubs live. core aeration prior to an application", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4104202105779381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.260616"} {"text": "from ohio history central samuel galloway was a political leader and public servant from ohio. he was born on march 20, 1811, in gettysburg, pennsylvania. his family moved to ohio in 1819, and galloway graduated as valedictorian from miami university in 1833. he began a teaching career after his graduation and became a professor of ancient languages at miami university in 1837. in 1841, after teaching at two additional institutions of higher education, galloway began studying the law. in 1843, he successfully passed the ohio bar examination and set up a law practice in chillicothe, ohio. in 1844, galloway began a political career and became ohio ' s secretary of state. one of his many duties was to oversee public education in the state. during galloway ' s six years in office, the ohio legislature passed two major laws dealing with education. both of these laws helped create the school district system still in effect in ohio. the first of these laws was the akron school law of 1847. before this legislation was enacted, local schools commonly functioned independently from one another, with little attempt at uniformity. the citizens of akron, influenced by their new england roots, used the new law to organize their community ' s schools into a single system. the roots of today ' s school system could be found in the akron school law. there was one school district encompassing the entire city. within that district were a number of elementary schools, with students divided into separate \" grades \" based on achievement. when enough demand existed, the school board established a high school as well. property taxes paid for the new school system. a school board, elected by the community, made decisions regarding the system ' s management and hired the necessary professionals to run each school. in 1849, the ohio legislature adopted the akron school law for the entire state. in 1850, galloway refused to seek reelection as secretary of state. in 1854, he returned to public life as a member of the u. s. house of representatives from ohio. politically, he favored the stance of the new republican party and became well known for his opposition to slavery ' s expansion into the kansas territory. he sought reelection to the house of representatives in 1856, but was defeated by samuel s. cox. galloway ran against cox again in 1858, but once again failed to win the election. galloway stopped seeking elected public offices at this point. he served as judge advocate of camp chase, a military prison located in columbus, ohio, during the american civil war. samuel galloway died on april 5, 1872, in columbus, ohio. - dee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3771685327917594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.265870"} {"text": "feeling down? mehmet oz, md, explains why antidepressants aren ' t always the best answer. for years now, we ' ve been led to believe that if we ' re falling behind in the joy department, we need only take a pill to feel calm and content. yet, as many people are aware, antidepressants have been linked to significant side effects, including decreased sexual desire, weight gain, even an increased risk of suicide. adding insult to injury, the drugs may not work as well as advertised ; a 2008 study found that some can be no more effective than sugar pills. and according to a report in the new england journal of medicine, many negative antidepressant study results have never been published. all in all, the prescription route to happiness may be less safe or effective than even doctors realize. to help cut through the confusion, i ' ve identified four common misconceptions about happiness and depression. the truth just might surprise you. myth # 1 : you should feel happy all the time sadness is not necessarily a sign of illness \u2014 it ' s a normal part of being human and can even be beneficial. for example, grief is a natural and healthy response that helps us adapt to major losses ( of a loved one, a marriage, a job ). in the face of stressful challenges, unhappiness can also serve as a beacon to spur positive change. in fact, depression likely evolved to help us cope with environments that are unsatisfying or even harmful. low moods can signal that it ' s time to reevaluate what ' s happening in our lives. myth # 2 : it ' s all about serotonin the most popular antidepressants are drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ). these work by increasing levels of a brain chemical called serotonin, which regulates mood. but newer research suggests that two areas of the brain called the hippocampus and brodmann ' s area 25 can also influence how we experience despair. in addition, we know that depression is often closely linked to anxiety, against which stress - reducing practices like yoga or meditation can be powerful weapons. myth # 3 : pills offer the easiest fix about 15 percent of adults will experience major depression at some point in their lives, but many others suffer from mild to moderate forms of the disease. in those cases, research has shown that lifestyle interventions, such as therapy and exercise, can be as effective as medication. and they ' re free", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46963209913190107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.269946"} {"text": "caring for grapevines isn ' t difficult \u2014 just restrain the impulse to make it hard. \" the main thing i tell people is ' don ' t panic, ' \" rombough says. \" ' don ' t freak out. your grapes can handle an insect or two. ' \" prevent problems. keep pests in check by attracting beneficial insects and removing infected fruit and foliage to prevent larvae from overwintering. keep watch. even after you ' ve identified a pest, watching and waiting may still be the best strategy. a study conducted by iowa state university showed that although half of all organic vineyards surveyed had grape leafhoppers on their vines, the insects had minimal impact on the crop. only 18 percent of organic grape growers surveyed used any kind of biological or botanical insecticide. use organic controls. before you try any natural or biological pest control products, take the time to properly identify the pest and use the appropriate product \u2014 at the right stage of the pest ' s life cycle to make a difference. check out rombough ' s grape guidebook, the resources listed in our online grape - growing guide, or your local extension office for helpful id and control information. you can tolerate some insect damage without taking action, but when it comes to disease, early intervention is the key. know thy enemy. the diseases that afflict grapes differ vastly from one climate to the next. your best bet is to ask other gardeners, nurserymen, or your local master gardener program before you plant about the diseases prevalent where you are. cool, wet springs and mild winters in the pacific northwest, for instance, can lead to powdery mildew, while warm, humid weather in the east can bring on black rot. in the southeast and california, pierce ' s disease, which is caused by a bacterium, scorches grape leaves and browns their canes. an accurate id of the problem helps you choose the right solution. choose a disease - resistant variety. as i ' ve already mentioned, choosing varieties that naturally fend off diseases minimizes potential problems. act early. organic gardeners have more tools than ever when it comes to controlling the common fungal diseases. serenade, for instance, is a spray containing a beneficial bacterium that protects your grapes against three diseases : powdery mildew, botrytis, and bunch rot. it works best when you apply it as a preventative, says pamela marrone, ph. d., an entomologist who founded agraquest, the company that manufactures serenade. be vi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3928561259257073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.275020"} {"text": "##ew, botrytis, and bunch rot. it works best when you apply it as a preventative, says pamela marrone, ph. d., an entomologist who founded agraquest, the company that manufactures serenade. be vigilant. mike benziger, owner of benziger family winery in northern california, urges gardeners to keep a close watch on grapes. \" growing organic grapes isn ' t hard, \" he says, \" but it takes commitment. \" he recommends spending a little time with the grapes every day and training yourself to observe and spot signs of potential trouble early. as grapes ripen, their final pigments appear \u2014 usually red, sometimes blue \u2014 and the stems get woody. taste before you harvest ; sugar content changes throughout the day and throughout the harvest season, so wait until grapes are as sweet as you ' d like them to be before you pick a cluster. cutting a heavy, ripe bunch of grapes off the vine in the fall is the final reward of a grape grower, but then what? grapes make a great addition to salads or as toppings on cereal or dessert. you might also want to try preserving the harvest for later in the year. the easiest way is to place dry grapes on a tray in the freezer. once they ' re frozen, you can store them in a freezer bag and pop a few in your mouth anytime you want something sweet and cold. of course, the best way to enjoy grapes is right off the vine \u2014 just ask any finch or starling!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3790762673762562, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.275604"} {"text": "- number 333 | - march 21, 2011 an x - ray laser captures the structures of life an x - ray laser captures the structures of life two studies published recently in nature demonstrate how the unique capabilities of the world \u2019 s first hard x - ray free - electron laser \u2014 the linac coherent light source, located at doe \u2019 s slac national accelerator laboratory \u2014 could revolutionize the study of life. in one study, an international research team used the lcls to demonstrate a shortcut for determining the 3 - d structures of proteins. the laser \u2019 s brilliant pulses of x - ray light pulled structural data from tiny protein nanocrystals, avoiding the need to use large protein crystals that can be difficult or impossible to prepare. this process could lop years off the structural analysis of some proteins and allow scientists to decipher tens of thousands of others that are out of reach today, including many involved in infectious disease. in a separate paper, the same team reported making the first single - shot images of intact viruses, paving the way for snapshots and movies of molecules, viruses and live microbes in action. since the publication of these papers, members of the research team have returned to slac to continue their studies of proteins involved in photosynthesis, parasitic disease and other important life processes. using the coherent x - ray imaging instrument ( cxi ) \u2014 the fourth instrument to become operational since the lcls opened for research in 2009 \u2014 the researchers shined highly energetic \u201c hard \u201d x - rays at the photosynthetic protein complex photosystem i and an enzyme that breaks down proteins, extracted from the parasite that causes african sleeping sickness. though the results of these more recent studies won ' t be known until extensive analysis of the data has been completed, the researchers were extremely excited to see fine, crisply detailed protein structures at near atomic - scale resolution. \" it ' s going very well, \" said slac researcher marvin seibert, grinning. \" the fireworks are back. it ' s always fun. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6138795137506254, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.277709"} {"text": "media contact : fred strohl ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ) | communications and external relations new superconductor research laboratory dedicated oak ridge, tenn., april 19, 2001 a new high - temperature superconductor research laboratory was dedicated today at the department of energy ' s ( doe ) oak ridge national laboratory ( ornl ). the new laboratory is part of the accelerated coated conductor initiative, a collaborative effort between ornl and los alamos national laboratory. the initiative will help accelerate the development of power cables, motors, generators and transformers using new \" second - generation \" wire technology. superconductors have virtually no resistance to electric current, offering the possibility of developing new electric power equipment with more energy efficiency and higher capacity than today ' s systems. superconducting technology may help reduce the future need for new electric power generation during the next three decades. the ornl - invented superconducting tape is a roll - textured buffered metal material that carries a critical current density of at least 1 million amperes per square centimeter in liquid nitrogen. this compares to standard household wires that that typically carry less than 1, 000 amperes per square centimeter. the new laboratory will help accelerate the development and application of high - temperature superconductor technologies through joint efforts among doe laboratories, universities and industry. scientists are using technologies adapted from the semiconductor and photographic film industries to learn to make longer lengths of these superconductor wires. congress allocated $ 6 million in fy 2001 to accelerate the development of this second - generation wire. \" u. s. industry and national laboratory researchers will work side by side to develop this technology, \" said bob hawsey, manager of ornl ' s superconductivity program. ornl is a national leader in developing superconducting technology that has been licensed to private industry and is being evaluated through several cooperative research and development agreements ( cradas ). among ornl ' s crada partners participating in today ' s dedication were american superconductor corp., microcoating technologies, oxford superconducting technology and the southwire co. ornl is a doe multiprogram facility operated by ut - battelle.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5648310681215051, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.280095"} {"text": "tips to protect workers in cold environments prolonged exposure to freezing or cold temperatures may cause serious health problems such as trench foot, frostbite and hypothermia. in extreme cases, including cold water immersion, exposure can lead to death. danger signs include uncontrolled shivering, slurred speech, clumsy movements, fatigue and confused behavior. if these signs are observed, call for emergency help. osha ' s cold stress card provides a reference guide and recommendations to combat and prevent many illnesses and injuries. available in english and spanish, this laminated fold - up card is free to employers, workers and the public. tips include : how to protect workers - recognize the environmental and workplace conditions that may be dangerous. - learn the signs and symptoms of cold - induced illnesses and injuries and what to do to help workers. - train workers about cold - induced illnesses and injuries. - encourage workers to wear proper clothing for cold, wet and windy conditions, including layers that can be adjusted to changing conditions. - be sure workers in extreme conditions take a frequent short break in warm dry shelters to allow their bodies to warm up. - try to schedule work for the warmest part of the day. - avoid exhaustion or fatigue because energy is needed to keep muscles warm. - use the buddy system - work in pairs so that one worker can recognize danger signs. - drink warm, sweet beverages ( sugar water, sports - type drinks ) and avoid drinks with caffeine ( coffee, tea, sodas or hot chocolate ) or alcohol. - eat warm, high - calorie foods such as hot pasta dishes. - remember, workers face increased risks when they take certain medications, are in poor physical condition or suffer from illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension or cardiovascular disease.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4948685908158379, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.282029"} {"text": "by eddie o ' neill what would the christmas season be without carols? these seasonal songs seem to greet us everywhere this time of year with their familiar melodies and lyrics. though we may know the first verse and the refrain of a number of christmas carols, do we know the origin of these songs we sing each december? the singing of psalms and songs of praise in worship dates back to earliest christian times, of course, a tradition with roots in jewish religious custom. hymns written especially in honor of christ ' s birth first appeared in the early centuries, such as \" of the father ' s love begotten, \" composed by the latin poet aurelius clemens prudentius ( 348 - 413 ). over time, the repertoire of latin chant that developed for use in the mass came to include propers written especially for the nativity and nearby celebrations on the church calendar, such as advent and epiphany. their words were based on scripture and other sacred texts. the kind of popular song we would typically call a \" christmas carol \" today, however, had different origins. the word \" carol \" probably comes from the french carole, a circle dance ac - companied by singing, often with a verse and refrain pattern. up through the later middle ages, caroles were thus typically dance music for communal celebrations. but eventually they were used also as processional songs during religious festivals and as accompaniment for religious mystery plays. only later did they come to be sung in churches and associated with christmas in particular. the singing of popular christmas tunes received a boost from st. francis of assisi. in 1223 he formed a living nativity scene on the outskirts of town, inviting the children of his village to come see the creche while he taught them simple songs to honor the coming of the lord. this new december custom grew larger and more ornate each year, spreading throughout europe, with each culture adding its own local customs to the celebrations. carols were composed and learned by the common folk wherever the creche and seasonal plays were performed. to the chagrin of some local parish priests, many of these new christmas carols borrowed melodies from well - known drinking songs. clergy in some places opposed their being sung. but the joy of singing carols was infectious and unstoppable. bands of traveling singers and musicians, or carolers, as they would come to be known, performed on street corners, in taverns and in homes in village after village. after the protestant reformation, which began in the 16th century", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39564659214244924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.287424"} {"text": "by thomas j. craughwell - osv newsweekly, 5 / 22 / 2011 from canada to chile, devotion to the blessed mother runs deep in the americas. you know that under her title the immaculate conception mary is the patroness of the united states, and certainly you \u2019 ve heard the story of our lady of guadalupe. but there are many more madonnas in the americas. what follows, then, is a selection of national patrons. it is interesting to note that often devotion to mary under a particular title began among humble people and outcasts, then, from such lowly beginnings, spread to all levels of society until our lady became the patron of the nation. our lady of the immaculate conception of lujan in 1630, a brazilian potter received from a customer in argentina an order for a 2 - foot - high statue of the blessed virgin. when he finished the work, he packed it into a wooden crate and sent it by oxcart to his client in the town of santiago del estero, argentina. but when the cart reached lujan, the oxen stopped and refused to move. the teamsters and the townspeople took this as a sign that our lady wanted her statue venerated at lujan. it is still there, in a magnificent sanctuary. to protect the fragile terra cotta, the statue is sheathed in silver, over which are robes of white and pale blue \u2014 the national colors of argentina. feast day : dec. 8. our lady of la candelaria of copacabana in 1582, francisco tito yupanqui, a member of the imperial family of the incas, felt inspired to fashion a statue of the virgin and child. he had no experience as a sculptor, yet after several false starts he created a beautiful image, 4 feet high, made of plaster and maguey fiber. in 1583, yupanqui \u2019 s statue was placed in an adobe church on the peninsula of copacabana, where it became beloved by incas who lived in the region. over the centuries the image became known as the most blessed virgen de la candelaria, our lady of copacabana and was venerated as the patron of bolivia. ( candelaria is spanish for candlemas, the feast of the purification of the blessed virgin on feb. 2 ). to preserve the original sculpture, it has been plated with gold, except for the hands and faces of mary and the christ child. feast days : feb. 2 and aug. 5. our lady", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40872285824361976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.298303"} {"text": "of the blessed virgin on feb. 2 ). to preserve the original sculpture, it has been plated with gold, except for the hands and faces of mary and the christ child. feast days : feb. 2 and aug. 5. our lady of the immaculate conception of aparecida in 1717, three poor fishermen were working the paraiba river. they had fished all night and caught nothing, so one of them invoked the help of our lady of the immaculate conception. they cast their net into the water, and pulled up a statue of the immaculate conception. filled with confidence, they cast in their nets again, and this time the net was teeming with fish. the local people venerated this statue of mary as aparecida, or \u201c she who appeared. \u201d in 1930, pope pius xi proclaimed our lady of aparecida patroness of brazil. feast day : oct. 12. our lady of mount carmel of the maipu during chile \u2019 s struggle for independence from spain, the leaders of the independence movement placed their cause under the protection of our lady of mount carmel. on april 5, 1818, at the battle of maipu, gen. jose de san martin assured the chilean troops, \u201c our patroness, the most blessed virgin of carmel, will give us victory! \u201d the chileans won the battle and their independence, and in thanksgiving to mary, they built a church on the maipu battlefield, and enshrined inside it an 18th - century sculpture of our lady of mount carmel. feast day : last sunday of september. our lady of the rosary we know that father lopez de montoya, a dominican priest, commissioned this statue of our lady of the rosary, but we do not know the names of the artists who made it. the statue of the blessed mother holding the christ child in her arms is made of silver. according to a popular legend in guatemala, centuries ago our lady and her son traveled through the americas. when they reached guatemala, the infant jesus fell asleep in his mother \u2019 s arms, and so they stayed there. in 1821, guatemalan patriots adopted our lady of the rosary as the patron of the national independence movement ; in 1833, they crowned her queen of guatemala. one of the crowns made for this image is studded with 121 emeralds, 80 pearls and 44 diamonds. feast day : in guatemala, our lady of the rosary does not have a one - day celebration ; instead the entire month of october is dedicated to her. our lady of perpetual help in 1882", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38523882447277136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.299262"} {"text": "given the rank grand marshal of peru. feast day : sept. 24. our lady of coromoto with arrival of the spanish in the late 16th century, the coromoto tribe fled into the forests of venezuela. in 1651, the virgin mary, carrying the infant jesus, appeared to the coromoto chief and his wife and instructed them to lead all their people to a spanish settlement and become christians. she handed the chief an image of herself on a small holy card, then vanished. the coromotos obeyed our lady \u2019 s instructions. today, the holy card is displayed in a monstrance in the shrine church of coromoto. in 1944, pope pius xii declared our lady of coromoto patroness of venezuela. feast days : feb. 2, sept. 8 and sept. 11. thomas j. craughwell is the author of \u201c saints behaving badly \u201d ( doubleday, $ 15. 95 ) and osv \u2019 s catholic cardlinks series. canada : our lady of the cape colombia : our lady of the rosary of chiquinquira costa rica : our lady of the angels cuba : our lady of charity of el cobre dominican republic : our lady of la altagracia ecuador : our lady of quinche el salvador : our lady of peace honduras : our lady of suyapa mexico : our lady of guadalupe nicaragua : our lady of the immaculate conception of el viejo panama : our lady of la antigua puerto rico : our lady of divine providence united states : the immaculate conception uruguay : our lady of the 33 please note : comments left online may be considered for publication in the letters to the editor section of osv newsweekly. blog comments powered by disqus catholic faith resources | for catholic parishes | order osv products | rss | advertise | about us | contact us | jobs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37583335722348765, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.301137"} {"text": "washington - the largest genetic study of mental illnesses to date finds five major disorders may not look much alike but they share some gene - based risks. the surprising discovery comes in the quest to unravel what causes psychiatric disorders and how to better diagnose and treat them. the disorders \u2014 autism, attention deficit - hyperactivity disorder or adhd, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia \u2014 are considered distinct problems. but findings published online wednesday suggest they ' re related in some way. \" these disorders that we thought of as quite different may not have such sharp boundaries, \" said dr. jordan smoller of massachusetts general hospital, one of the lead researchers for the international study appearing in the lancet. that has implications for learning how to diagnose mental illnesses with the same precision that physical illnesses are diagnosed, said dr. bruce cuthbert of the national institute on mental health, which funded the research. consider : just because someone has chest pain doesn ' t mean it ' s a heart attack ; doctors have a variety of tests to find out. but there ' s no blood test for schizophrenia or other mental illnesses. instead, doctors rely on symptoms agreed upon by experts. learning the genetic underpinnings of mental illnesses is part of one day knowing if someone ' s symptoms really are schizophrenia and not something a bit different. \" if we really want to diagnose and treat people effectively, we have to get to these more fine - grained understandings of what ' s actually going wrong biologically, \" cuthbert explained. added mass general ' s smoller : \" we are still in the early stages of understanding what are the causes of mental illnesses, so these are clues. \" the psychiatric genomics consortium, a collaboration of researchers in 19 countries, analyzed the genomes of more than 61, 000 people, some with one of the five disorders and some without. they found four regions of the genetic code where variation was linked to all five disorders. of particular interest are disruptions in two specific genes that regulate the flow of calcium in brain cells, key to how neurons signal each other. that suggests that this change in a basic brain function could be one early pathway that leaves someone vulnerable to developing these disorders, depending on what else goes wrong. for patients and their families, the research offers no immediate benefit. these disorders are thought to be caused by a complex mix of numerous genes and other risk factors that range from exposures in the womb to the experiences of daily life. \" there may be many paths to each of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4477008546595842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.304445"} {"text": "avoid discrimination and encourage diversity complying with discrimination laws is not just the right thing to do ; it is the law. but you don ' t have to simply focus on covering the legal basis. smart employers work hard to encourage diversity as well - along the way taking advantage of every employee ' s creativity, ideas, sense of teamwork and commitment to company success. let ' s start with the basics. employees are protected from discrimination by a number of laws including : - civil rights act - age discrimination in employment act - americans with disabilities act - equal pay act - rehabilitation act - and others these laws protect employees from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, color, sex, age, disability and pregnancy. in addition, almost half the states and the district of columbia have laws that currently prohibit sexual orientation discrimination in private employment. these include : california, colorado, connecticut, hawaii, illinois, iowa, maine, maryland, massachusetts, minnesota, nevada, new hampshire, new jersey, new mexico, new york, oregon, rhode island, vermont, washington, and wisconsin. some of these states also specifically prohibit discrimination based on gender identity. what areas of employment are covered? discrimination laws cover practices related to hiring, promotion, job assignment, termination, and compensationa\u20ac\u00a6 just to name a few. a quick note : discrimination laws are very specific but also let employers maintain some amount of latitude. as an example, the americans with disabilities act ( ada ) requires an employer to make \" reasonable accommodations \" for an employee with a protected disability. at the same time, it specifies that the accommodation cannot create a financial hardship to the employer. as you can guess, interpreting these two aspects of the ada can leave a lot of room for confusion. if at any time you are unsure or unclear as to your responsibilities and your rights as an employer, consult with an experienced employment law attorney and the equal employment opportunity commission ( eeoc ). so where are you, as an employer, most vulnerable to discrimination or harassment charges? here are a few of the most common possibilities : - hiring, promotions, disciplinary actions, and termination. keep detailed records, consistently follow your internal processes, and make sure all employees - and prospective employees - are treated fairly and equally. if you do, and if you keep accurate records of important and pertinent employee communication, in most cases you will have little to fear. - less obvious forms of discrimination. discrimination based on race or national origin is easy to spot ; it can be more difficult to spot discrimination based on age or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4133847062863649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.313353"} {"text": "of important and pertinent employee communication, in most cases you will have little to fear. - less obvious forms of discrimination. discrimination based on race or national origin is easy to spot ; it can be more difficult to spot discrimination based on age or religious affiliation. as an owner or manager your job is to ensure that discrimination in all forms is not tolerated. - small companies without an established human resources department. a human resources department or position can not only serve as a \" watch dog \" for discriminatory practices but can also help train employees on how to support diversity. if you run a small business without the luxury of a human resources function, you ' ll need to be extra - vigilant. - satellite locations. discrimination or harassment is more likely to occur when a small group of employees is assigned to and works at a remote location, because management oversight and presence may be limited. - treating diversity as a legal requirement only. promoting anti - discrimination practices simply because \" they ' re the law \" has been found to create a discriminatory environment. work hard to promote diversity as an environment that benefits the company and all its employees. so how can you avoid discrimination and promote diversity? here are some simple techniques and practices : - treat all employees equally. act in a fair and consistent manner. create policies that promote fairness and equality, and follow those policies. - maintain accurate and complete records. keep well - organized files documenting employee evaluations, disciplinary actions, performance issues, and substantive, performance - related conversations held with employees. - provide different ways for employees to make a complaint. make it easy for employees to speak up when they feel discriminated against or harassed. - never make statements in regard to race, religion, age, gender, disability, sexual orientation, or marital status. if your employees do, counsel them immediately. - create a diverse workforce. hire based on skills, experience, and fitness for position. make sure your hiring practices clearly define the qualifications a prospective employee must meet. - set a great example. ensure you hold all workers to the same standards. and expect others to do the same. if you do receive a complaint from an employee : - conduct all investigations promptly and thoroughly. make sure you follow up after the issue is resolved to ensure the employee not only understands the outcome but also that the employee does not feel that he or she has been retaliated against. - document the results of all complaints and investigations. note corrective actions taken. follow up on those actions and monitor the situation closely.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46283952468291606, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.315442"} {"text": "( bpt ) - whether a patient faces a simple health problem, such as a head cold, or one as complex as alzheimer \u2019 s disease, relieving the symptoms is often as important as resolving the issue itself. yet for the more than 5 million americans affected by alzheimer \u2019 s, treating the symptoms is even more vital. some of the early signs of alzheimer \u2019 s include memory loss that disrupts daily life, mood and personality changes, and difficulty solving otherwise simple daily tasks. alzheimer \u2019 s disease is the sixth - leading cause of death in the united states, according to the alzheimer \u2019 s association. of the top 10 causes of death, it is the only one for which there is no cure or preventive measure. however, research suggests that addressing one early facet of the disease \u2013 decreased blood sugar in brain cells, also known as diminished cerebral glucose metabolism ( dcgm ) \u2013 may help relieve symptoms for certain people with mild to moderate alzheimer \u2019 s. in a healthy brain, glucose is the primary energy source. a brain affected by alzheimer \u2019 s doesn \u2019 t process glucose into energy as efficiently as a healthy brain. \u201c unlike other cells in the body that can metabolize fats as fuel, brain cells rely on glucose ( sugar ) for their primary energy source, \u201d says dr. richard s. isaacson, associate professor of clinical neurology and vice chair of education at the university of miami \u2019 s miller school of medicine. \" one aspect of alzheimer \u2019 s is that it hinders the brain \u2019 s ability to use glucose, and this significantly affects brain function. \u201d \u201c dcgm is an early feature of alzheimer \u2019 s disease, represented by region - specific declines in brain glucose \u2013 or energy \u2013 metabolism, \u201d isaacson says. \u201c dcgm correlates with both the cognitive decline and the pathology associated with alzheimer \u2019 s. research suggests that addressing dcgm may help mitigate symptoms for some patients. \u201d providing brain cells with an alternative energy source may help ease the effects of dcgm, while enhancing memory and cognitive function in alzheimer \u2019 s patients. one prescription - only medical food aims at helping alzheimer \u2019 s patients by addressing dcgm \u2013 axona by accera, inc. the easy - to - mix, once - daily drink is currently the only prescription therapy for patients with mild to moderate alzheimer \u2019 s that addresses the link between the brain \u2019 s inability to process and use glucose with the degenerative symptoms of alzheimer \u2019 s by providing the brain with an alternative energy source. the liver digests and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5044135336055271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.319069"} {"text": "therapy for patients with mild to moderate alzheimer \u2019 s that addresses the link between the brain \u2019 s inability to process and use glucose with the degenerative symptoms of alzheimer \u2019 s by providing the brain with an alternative energy source. the liver digests and metabolizes axona to produce the naturally occurring compounds \u2013 ketones \u2013 that the brain can use as an alternative energy source. patients or caregivers mix the powder with other liquids or foods and take it once a day in conjunction with commonly prescribed alzheimer \u2019 s medications. \u201c more research is necessary to determine the exact reasons why dcgm can have profound effects on cognition over the long term, \u201d isaacson says. \u201c when blood glucose drops rapidly, significant decline in cognitive function occurs and may be accompanied by confusion, coma and even brain death. \u201d while axona is not a cure for alzheimer \u2019 s, it can help some patients mitigate the symptoms of the disease. doctors and caregivers of patients using axona have reported patients appear more alert and engaged in daily activities and conversations. \u201c if you or a family member experience symptoms such as poor short - term memory, changes in behavior and difficulty with language, see your doctor for a full evaluation, \u201d says isaacson. to learn more about alzheimer \u2019 s disease, visit www. alz. org, the website of the alzheimer \u2019 s association. for more information on dcgm and axona, visit www. about - axona. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5086478378569994, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.319617"} {"text": "one of the fastest, easiest ways to prototype a new design is by using a solderless breadboard. these accept through - hole devices and allow fast, reasonably secure connection of components with a minimum of wiring. an idea for a new circuit can be tried out in minutes instead of hours \u2014 and changes to the circuit can be made easily. solderless breadboards work by providing many holes containing electrical contacts, arranged in various useful connectivity patterns. these holes follow 0. 1 \u2033 spacing ( 2. 54mm in real units ), and come in a variety of subtly - different configurations. the common theme is several dozen columns of connected holes, with a 0. 3 \u2033 ( 7. 62mm ) gap in between. this allows for the use of 300 - mil dip components on the breadboard. ( 600 - mil dip parts can be used, as well, although they cover several rows of holes. ) connection diagrams for three of the most common types are shown below : here is a walkthrough of a simple introductory project ( a blinking led ) using a solderless breadboard. total component cost is about us $ 10. i \u2019 ve provided links to sources for the components \u2014 but all of these can be found from many different vendors. mpja does have good prices for the breadboard and wiring kit. ( 1 ) solderless breadboard ( almost any type will do for this circuit ) ( 1 ) breadboard wiring kit ( 1 ) led ( any color ) ( 1 ) 555 timer ic ( 1 ) resistor kit, containing : ( 1 ) 470 - ohm resistor ( 1 ) 1k resistor ( 1 ) 6. 8k resistor ( 1 ) 100uf capactor ( 1 ) 0. 1uf capacitor the circuit we will be building is an \u201c astable oscillator, \u201d using the venerable ( read, \u201d so cheap, ubiquitous, easy - to - use, and reliable that it \u2019 s still very popular despite its age \u201d ) 555 timer ic. the ic allows c1 ( 100uf in this example ) to charge from + 5v via both resistors until it reaches 2 / 3 of vcc, then discharges it through r2 ( 6. 8k ) until it reaches 1 / 3 of vcc. this action provides a regular timing function, which is converted into a ttl rectangular - wave output by the 555. a 470 - ohm resistor is used to limit current to an led, which blinks at about 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5066272997810478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.323458"} {"text": "3 of vcc. this action provides a regular timing function, which is converted into a ttl rectangular - wave output by the 555. a 470 - ohm resistor is used to limit current to an led, which blinks at about 1hz ( that is, about once per second. ) changing the values of the resistors and / or c1 would change the blinking frequency. for instance, if a 50uf capacitor were used instead of a 100uf one, the led would blink twice as quickly. * place the 555 on the board, straddling the center divide as shown. the 555 should be oriented so that the notch or dot identifying pin 1 is on the left. * use a series of jumpers to connect pins 2 and 6 of the 555, as shown. ( pins on dip components are numbered counter - clockwise from lower left, so pin 2 is the second pin from the left on the bottom row, and pin 6 is the second pin from the right on the upper row. ) * place the 0. 1uf capacitor on the board as shown, including its jumper wires. polarity doesn \u2019 t matter if you are using a ceramic capacitor. * place the 100uf capacitor on the board as shown, including its jumper wires. ( remember to check the polarity ; the negative side should go to ground. * place the two timing resistors ( 1k and 6. 8k ) on the board as shown, including a jumper connecting the end of the 6. 8k resistor to pins 2 and 6. * connect a wire from the 5v power rail to pin 4 of the 555 ( the rightmost bottom pin ) * connect a wire from the 5v power rail to pin 8 of the 555 ( the upper left pin ). * connect a wire from the ground power rail to pin 1 of the 555 ( the leftmost pin on the lower row. ) * connect a led as shown. ( the shorter pin should go to the ground rail. ) * connect the 470 ohm resistor between pin 3 of the 555 and the led as shown. the circuit should now be complete. since it can be difficult to see everything that is going on through 2d pictures, here are some alternate - angle images of the timer resistors and 0. 1uf cap, the 100uf cap, and the led.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44508451240221375, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.324267"} {"text": "hip problems, age 11 and younger home treatment may help relieve your child ' s hip pain, swelling, and stiffness. if your child will cooperate, use the following tips. if your child becomes upset or will not cooperate, do not force your child. - rest. have your child rest and protect the sore hip. have your child stop, change, or take a break from any activity that may be causing pain or soreness. - ice will help your child ' s pain and swelling. put reference ice or cold packs on the sore area immediately. put ice on for 20 minutes out of every hour and do this 4 or more times in the first 1 to 2 days. if your child is cooperative, use the ice often. if your child is not cooperative, use the ice as much as you can without struggling with your child. wrap the ice in a wet towel. do not put the ice right on the skin. take the ice off if your child falls asleep. - for sleep, put your child on the side that does not have a problem. - gently rub your child ' s hip to relieve pain and help blood flow. - if the swelling is gone, reference heat can be put on the area. your child can carefully begin normal activities. moist heat with a hot water bottle, warm towel, or a heating pad set on low may feel good to your child. | try a nonprescription medicine to help treat your child ' s fever or pain : | talk to your child ' s doctor before switching back and forth between doses of acetaminophen and ibuprofen to treat a fever. when you switch between two medicines, there is a chance your child will get too much medicine. | be sure to follow these safety tips when you use a nonprescription medicine : | cast care tips if your child has a cast, see reference cast care tips. symptoms to watch for during home treatment reference call your child ' s doctor if any of the following occur during home treatment : - pain develops. - reference signs of infection opens new window develop. - your child does not want to bear weight on the side of the hip injury. - symptoms do not get better with home treatment. - symptoms become more severe or more frequent. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference july 30, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference william h. blahd, jr., md, facep - emergency medicine reference h. michael o ' connor, md - emergency medicine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40793135900715843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.326744"} {"text": "a weekly news update on pesticides, health and alternatives see panups updates service, for complete information. september 7, 2006 household pesticides in children : with the phase - out of organophosphate pesticides for use in the home, pyrethroid pesticides are being used for more residential applications. new research documents that children ' s household exposure to pyrethroid pesticides is greater than their exposure from food. according to the journal environmental health perspectives, \u201c depending on the compound and the dose, pyrethroids may affect neurological development, disrupt hormones, induce cancer, and suppress the immune system. \u201d researchers at emory university and u. s. centers for disease control studied children during the summer of 2003 to determine the source of the pyrethroid contamination, while feeding them an organic diet. read more. organic farming degree from u. of florida : joining colorado state and washington state universities, the university of florida has announced that it, too, would offer a degree in organic farming. with organic food sales growing at the average rate of 20 % per year, the new degrees reflect the need for farmers to keep up with growing demand. the miami herald reports that organic farming is one sector where small farmers can earn a premium on their investment. the herald interviewed ryan zinn, from the organic consumers organization, who said that consumer choices for buying organic from a \u201c really a localized food system, is not a flash in the pan. ' ' read the story here. rice contaminated with ge variety : according to the washington post, \u201c agriculture secretary mike johanns announced late yesterday that u. s. commercial supplies of long - grain rice had become inadvertently contaminated with a genetically engineered variety not approved for human consumption. johanns said the company that made the experimental rice, bayer cropscience of monheim, germany, had provided information to the agriculture department and the food and drug administration indicating that the rice poses no threats to human health or the environment \u2026 the variety, known as llrice 601, is endowed with bacterial dna that makes rice plants resistant to a weedkiller made by the agricultural giant aventis. \u201d the story recalls the discovery of starlink genetically engineered corn in the u. s. food supply in 2000, originally found by friends of the earth and the genetically engineered food alert coalition ( of which panna was a member ), in taco shells manufactured by kraft foods. starlink, a type of corn engineered by aventis to produce an insecticidal protein and grown for animal feed, was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4699096758441426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.329424"} {"text": "general motors company was started by william durant in 1908. after the stock market panic of 1907, a lot of companies were in dire straits and durant chose this opportunity to buy smaller car builders and companies that manufactured car parts. he combined these companies and created the general motors company. due to mismanagement and over extending the companies in 1910 bankers were forced to step in to prevent the financial collapse of the company. durant was removed from the company he had founded. durant had managed to start another car manufacturing company, called chevrolet. he used this company to once again take over the reins at general motors in 1915. this time he was successful in developing a car company that was profitable. during this time the cadillac was introduced and became luxury car icon. durant position as head of the company only lasted until 1920 when he was again removed from the company. general motors went on to become one of the leaders in the auto industry. general motors was founded in 1908 but didn \u2019 t really start to become a giant in the auto industry until the 1920 \u2019 s. with a new leader at the helm, alfred sloan, auto sales reached the 4. 5 million mark and the auto industry now had three giants which were, general motors, ford and chrysler. general motors were now interested in giving the public more stylish colors, features and comfort became the new motto of the company. general motors also came up with the option of buying on credit. general motors had five brands, including pontiac, cadillac, buick, oldsmobile, and chevrolet. there were some rough years for the company after the wall street crash in 1929 but the company kept at it and by 1955 they were the first company to make more than a billion dollars in one year. at one time general motors was the largest corporation in the us as well as the single largest employer in the world. currently the company is facing financial woes and will hopefully once again make back to the top of the auto industry. leave a reply", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42538744565862474, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.332484"} {"text": "ali hussein is the chief of the village council in the small village of haidarpur naubasta in uttar pradesh, one of india \u2019 s most populous states. ali hussein \u2019 s wife, kheroon hussein, assists him in his duties. ten years ago, their pregnant daughter - in - law fell ill one night. the nearest hospital was nine kilometers away and the family was at the mercy of auto - rickshaws as they did not have a vehicle of their own. when the husseins arrived at the hospital, the medicine they required was not available. they could not find a doctor to help them. finally, they convinced a nurse to accompany them to the village and provide medical assistance to their daughter - in - law. fortunately, she survived the night and her baby was born healthy, but the memory of helplessness and fear has remained with the family until this day. neonatal and pregnancy - related deaths are a major problem not only in uttar pradesh, but in all of india. the country accounts for a quarter of the world \u2019 s maternal and neonatal deaths. every year in india, 78, 000 pregnant women and a million babies die. poverty, lack of awareness, and lack of access to health care are common causes for often - preventable fatalities. to address this problem, the indian government runs the national rural health mission and the reproductive and child health program. their goal is to improve the availability of and access to quality health care for the socially and economically deprived. yet, despite these schemes, supply gaps and challenges remain. in a country of india \u2019 s size, where a maternal death occurs every seven minutes, it requires considerable effort from various quarters to ensure a smooth and successful delivery in a health facility for an underprivileged woman. so when ali hussein was approached by sure start, he was only too happy to collaborate with the project in its mission of helping mothers and their babies survive and stay healthy. sure start strives to demystify health by promoting simple maternal and neonatal health practices through innovative awareness - building activities. it makes communities aware of available medical facilities and government schemes and empowers them to access these. it ensures accountability by serving as a bridge between communities and public health providers. these efforts have certainly had an impact in haidarpur naubasta village. ali hussein believes 70 percent of the men and women in his village now know about the benefits of opting for an institutional delivery versus a home delivery. men are encouraged to ensure their pregnant wives receive proper nutrition, iron - f", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4626987812902336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.335898"} {"text": "marine mammals \u2014 highly intelligent, sensitive, social beings \u2014 suffer greatly in captivity. the chlorine and copper sulfate used to keep tanks clean has caused dolphins ' skin to peel off and may cause them to go blind. many marine mammals suffer from peptic ulcers, often resulting in death, because of frustration from their unnatural lives in captivity. captivity also tears families apart. in the wild, orcas often spend their entire lives with their mothers and siblings. wild dolphins swim together in family pods of three to 10 individuals or in tribes of hundreds. while the aquarium industry claims that it exists purely for education and conservation, what aquariums really teach is that it is acceptable to keep animals in captivity, bored, cramped, lonely, far from their natural homes, and at the mercy of people. marine mammal conservation is achieved through the abolition of whaling, the cleanup of our oceans, the end of driftnet fishing, and a prohibition on live captures \u2014 not through forcing whales and dolphins to swim in endless circles for our entertainment. captive displays stand in contrast to the truly educational experiences that many facilities offer, such as the opportunity to see marine mammals swim freely in their ocean home via whale - and dolphin - watching boat trips. aquariums could also broadcast real - time videos of marine mammal rehabilitation efforts into their theaters, on the internet, and into classrooms. there are countless ways to educate the public and cultivate respect for animals without imprisoning dolphins and whales \u2014 it ' s time to put the focus on teaching visitors how to protect marine life rather than harm it. for more information, see peta ' s factsheet on marine mammal parks. < < return to frequently asked questions almost all of us grew up eating meat, wearing leather, and going to circuses and zoos. we never considered the impact of these actions on the animals involved. for whatever reason, you are now asking the question : why should animals have rights? read more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46477745668908266, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.341257"} {"text": "what are sugar gliders? sugar gliders are small marsupials, and one of several gliding opossums found in australia, tasmania, indonesia, and new guinea. their scientific name is petaurus breviceps. they have a thin membrane that stretches between their front and rear legs, much like the flying squirrels in north america. they are 9\u00bd - 12 inches long and weigh less than 3 - 4 ounces. sugar gliders are nocturnal. what is their normal habitat? in the wild, sugar gliders live in trees, and rarely, if ever, touch the ground. they nest in holes in old growth trees. how do they glide? when a sugar glider launches himself from a tree, he spreads his limbs. the gliding membranes from his wrists to his ankles open up and slow his descent, much like a parachute. he can change the curvature of the membrane by moving his legs to regulate the glide, and also uses his tail ( which is as long as his body ) like a rudder. they have been known to glide over 150 feet. what is their normal diet? in the wild, sugar gliders eat blossoms, flower nectar, sap from eucalyptus trees, acacia gum, and insects. how do they reproduce? sugar gliders mate during the winter and spring, and generally have two young per litter. sugar gliders, like kangaroos, have a pouch. about 16 days after mating, the small embryos pass through the vagina and crawl to the pouch. there they nurse off of their mother ' s milk and develop for another 60 - 70 days. ( as in kangaroos, the young are called ' joeys. ' ) after that time, the mother sugar glider will leave them in the nest while she forages for food. at 4 months of age, the young sugar gliders are on their own. what is their social behavior? sugar gliders are extremely social, especially for marsupials. they live in small family groups with up to seven adults and their young in a nest. this also helps to conserve heat when the weather is cold. they have scent glands which they use to mark their territory, and also mark their nest with urine. they communicate using a wide variety of vocal sounds. how long do sugar gliders live? in the wild, sugar gliders live about 4 - 5 years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4285446917270782, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.344662"} {"text": "& ladies of the maccabees knights of the maccabees variously known as the knights ( and ladies ) of the maccabees, maccabees of the world, macabees, womens benefit association. the original early biblical maccabees were a priestly family of jews who organized a successful rebellion against the seleucid ruler antiochus iv and reconsecrated the defiled temple of jerusalem. in 1896, the knights of the maccabees had a membership of 209, 831. the knights of the maccabees were a fraternal and benevolent \" legal reserve society. \" families of deceased members received benefits in the form of legal - reserve insurance. all white persons of sound health and good character, from birth to 70 years of age, were eligible for membership. their name comes from the biblical maccabees. the order was founded in london, ontario in 1878 and reorganized in 1883. before 1914, it was known as the knights of the maccabees. subsequent to 1914, it has been simply been called \" the maccabees \". at one time, about one third of membership was in michigan. thirty years ago, their national headquarters was located at 5057 woodward avenue, detroit, mi. from \" history of genesee county, michigan vol. 1, - 1916 \" : knights of the maccabees of the world, organized originally in canada, was incorporated in michigan in 1884. originally it operated on an assessment basis ; whenever a member died, each living member was assessed 10 cents to go into a pot to provide the widow $ 1000. after reorganization, it became much more sophisticated, collecting monthly assessments based on payouts. by the 1890s it provided not only death benefits but also sick benefits of $ 4 to $ 10 / week ; total and permanent disability benefits of $ 50, $ 200, or $ 300 annually ( depending on the size of your assessment ) ; $ 175 - $ 2000 for loss of hands, eyes, feet, etc. ; funeral benefits, and so on. \" coal miners \" - \" aeronauts \" and other dangerous professions excluded. manufacturers, sellers, and drinkers of alcohol also excluded. the maccabees were one of the more successful of fraternal benefit societies which sprung up after the civil war. many insurance companies were not interested in sales to ordinary people and there was little in the way of \" safety nets \". groups like the maccabees, foresters, woodmen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40459879867985593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.444797"} {"text": "fraternal benefit societies which sprung up after the civil war. many insurance companies were not interested in sales to ordinary people and there was little in the way of \" safety nets \". groups like the maccabees, foresters, woodmen, and so on provided a safety net along with pleasant social meetings and other gatherings. each had its own ritual legend - - the foresters, robin hood, for example, and the maccabees the story of mattathias maccabee and his sons, the leaders of the jewish revolt against syrian desecration of the temple. the insurance aspect of the fraternity has always been paramount. its fraternal aspect drew on the exploits of the jewish military genius judas maccabeus. knights of the modern maccabees and the maccabees of the world have since consolidated and were known simply as the maccabees. their fraternalism activities ceased to exist in 1962 when they became a life insurance company. ladies of the maccabees ladies of the maccabees were organized in the mid - 1880s and not at first recognized by the knights, but persistence paid off, and according to albert c. stevens, ( in 1896 ), \" its successful career has surprised many, even among its well - wishers, and has shown that women may safely be entrusted with the conduct and management of many of the broader business affairs of life. \" in 1891, a young woman went to a summer picnic that would transform her life as well as port huron ' s history. the woman, bina mae west, was a prodigy. at age 18, she completed her studies at st. clair county normal school and returned to her alma mater, capac high, as a teacher and assistant principal. at 20, she won a seat on the board of county school examiners, one of the first women in michigan to hold elected office. the picture above and just below are from karen baker who describes her female relatives that were members of ladies of the maccabees : my aunt jean drane yott ( with glasses ) is on the far right, and my grandmother jean drane is beside her. the young girl kneeling in front of them them is my mother, elizabeth ( \" bettie \" ) fettes drane ( married name, ferency ). the picnic, which she attended with an aunt, was sponsored by the maccabees, a fraternal benefit society led by port huron native nathan boynton. such societies offered social", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41373596555814207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.445767"} {"text": "a second temple in 1904 at the intersection of huron and pine grove avenues. the original temple, built in 1892 at huron and bard, was noted for its hive - shaped brass domes. it became the algonquin hotel in 1906 and was destroyed in a fire port huron ' s mayor declared a public holiday on oct. 22, 1915, when the cornerstone was placed for the association ' s headquarters on military street. the structure, with an exterior of indiana limestone and corinthian columns flanking its entrance, would be dedicated two bena west miller a sign in west ' s office gave the motto - \" hard work and ever at it \" - that she embraced until her retirement at age 81. she died in 1954. the woman ' s life insurance society, as the association is known today, is still based in port huron. janice whipple, who took over in 1990, is only its sixth president in more than a century. pictured above is a past presidents pin for the women ' s benevolent association. it could very well have belonged to bena west miller the founding president or possibly francis partridge, as there have been but 5 past presidents of this organization in the past century ( 116 years ). ladies of the maccabees petition for membership this circa 1922 application for membership in the ladies of the maccabees came from the family of edward ward. ladies of the maccabees charter click here to see an early music sheet containing maccabees opening odes, closing odes and initiatory odes. click here to see national membership records for the maccabees from 1917. a special \" thank you \" to dan harrett, director, grand blanc heritage association, grand blanc, michigan for the supporting links above! the maccabees building in port huron, michigan we owe a special \" thanks \" to richard c. kelly, an amateur photographer who lives in port huron for submitting the above picture. here is a collage of maccabee founder major nathan s. boynton and his commemorative plaque in front of the \" new maccabees temple \" in 1938. the dome is smaller and the building is facing in a southerly direction. the cornerstone is on the north - east corner, or on the right rear of the building. the current building houses a law firm and \" ladies of the maccabees \" is still on the front above the entrance. the building on lower left is on the old site of the original temple, about 3 blocks south of the boynton", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38896607156698726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.447712"} {"text": ". the current building houses a law firm and \" ladies of the maccabees \" is still on the front above the entrance. the building on lower left is on the old site of the original temple, about 3 blocks south of the boynton monument. a special thanks to jim cox for submitting the above picture. nathan boynton was a major and a good deal other things besides the man who gave boynton beach in florida his name. he was born june 23, 1837 in port huron, michigan. his direct ancestor john boynton emigrated to the new world in 1638 ( a scant eighteen years after the mayflower ) from yorkshire, england and settled in rowley, massachusetts. another ancestor, sir matthew boynton, was knighted by the crown of england in the seventeenth century for being the first to ship sheep and goats to america ( think about that the next time you smear some domestic chevre on a cracker ). his father, granville p. boynton, helped pioneer michigan in 1827 and his mother ' s father, captain lewis rendt, fought in the war of 1812 - on the british side. after graduating high - school, nathan s. boynton worked as grocery - store clerk and a buggy - whip manufacturer before making a tidy sum of money with his own grocery business. he invested his savings in michigan pine lands and was promptly wiped out by the panic of 1857. over the next five years he lived in cincinnati, new orleans and st. louis working alternatively as a farmer ' s work hand, carpenter and a salesman of electrical apparatus for \" curative \" purposes ( obviously this was before the fda came into existence ). along the way he married and had his first of six children, charles boynton, in 1860. he gave his firstborn the middle name of lincoln in honor of the newly elected president who ' s strong anti - slavery position mirrored his own. it was also for that reason that nathan boynton left his wife and child to enlist as a private in the eight michigan calvary of the union army. and it was here that boynton ' s star began to shine. he was soon promoted to the rank of first lieutenant and with a detachment of 100 men cut off the retreat and accepted the surrender of confederate john morgan after his devastating raid through kentucky, indiana and ohio. he served under burnside in the campaign of east tennessee and was in one of the first units that marched into atlanta alongside general sherman. returning to port huron as a major he became the editor and publisher of the port huron", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37806332973800955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.448799"} {"text": "kentucky, indiana and ohio. he served under burnside in the campaign of east tennessee and was in one of the first units that marched into atlanta alongside general sherman. returning to port huron as a major he became the editor and publisher of the port huron press. boynton was elected mayor three times and served in the state legislature. he also invented the boynton fire escape, the boynton hook and ladder fire truck and the boynton system of rope trussing for fire ladders. nathan s. boynton was also a founder of the order of the maccabees. under his leadership the order ' s membership grew from a handful to almost half a million. in 1883 his health began to deteriorate. eleven years later he and his friend, congressman william s. linton, traveled to florida in search of a winter retreat from the harsh michigan winters. they sailed down the newly dredged florida east coast canal ( the intracoastal ) in fred c. voss ' s launch \" victor \". pausing at an area close to the present - day ocean avenue, nathan s. boynton pointed around him and said, \" i ' ll it was as simple as that. linton bought the area further south that temporarily bore his name until it was changed to delray beach. two years later boynton began construction of the legendary boynton beach hotel that cemented his name to the area and outlived its creator by fourteen years. he died in port huron at 11 : 30pm on saturday, may 27, 1911. his last words were, \" i am tired. i am ready the above history was written by david j. castello. the photos of boynton were submitted by boynton ' s great great nephew dennis smith. knights of the maccabees ribbons two ribbons above are 9 inches long overall, ribbon with gilt brass fittings, brass fringe, celluloid emblems and embroidered flags. the second one is reversible, the back being in black for funeral processions. condition is very good, it does show some wear. makers card between the ribbons is \" the m. c. lilley & co. \" the medal is 4 inches long with a nice 1 inch tin litho. the logo on the lower portion has some wear and reads : \" modern kotm original lodge 1881 \" surrounded with the words : \" astra castra numen lumen \" which means : \" the stars my camp, the deity my light \" and michigan at the bottom. the silver plating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4177758869053245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.449739"} {"text": "and reads : \" modern kotm original lodge 1881 \" surrounded with the words : \" astra castra numen lumen \" which means : \" the stars my camp, the deity my light \" and michigan at the bottom. the silver plating has minor wear and tarnish. it has a pin on the top to hold a ribbon and the other pin is broken off. makers mark on back is \" whitehead & hoag knights of the maccabees this knights of the maccabees medallion served much the same purpose as the mark master chapter penny. it bears their latin motto : \" astra castra numen lumen \" which means : \" the stars my camp, the deity my light \" and has an area on the reverse for engraving a name, camp and member number. they were made by the whitehead and hoag company of newark, nj. knights of the maccabees dues assessment card and \" permit \" pictured above is a maccabee ' s \" permit \"... it shows how our ancestors had a sense of humor! it must have had several names penciled in on it and erased over the years by the visible wear on the paper! the other side i found interesting too! they wouldn ' t sell life insurance to you if you were older than 51. the life expectancy at the time was only about 47! people sure had a hard life back then! a special \" thank you \" to richelle campbell for submitting the above pictures of her maccabee ' s permit for our museum! this is a standard member ' s piece - - this one has a past commander ' s jewel dangling from it. there were a lot of maccabees and every member had one of these. the maccabees building in port huron, michigan the building did exist at one time in port huron, michigan as the above post card depicts. it was destroyed by a fire after serving many years as the algonquin hotel. picture was taken looking northeast. note the maccabee temple with the domes. the howard furniture co. and the maccabee temple are no longer there. in the pictures below you can see the former maccabees headquarters being torn down after the fire in 2000. the beautiful domes collapsed into the building during the fire. special \" thanks \" to dale mcdonald who took the above pictures of the ( algonquin hotel ) the original maccabees headquarters being torn down! this is a knights of the maccabees goat riding this is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4530081611752215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.450643"} {"text": "building during the fire. special \" thanks \" to dale mcdonald who took the above pictures of the ( algonquin hotel ) the original maccabees headquarters being torn down! this is a knights of the maccabees goat riding this is what they looked like! above is an early cabinet card photograph of a uniformed maccabee. their dress is very similar to that of a masonic knight templar. here is another young maccabee wearing his badge and hat. knights of the maccabees of the world ritual of the first, or degree of protection a new member must receive all three of the degrees before he can become a knight of the maccabees and entitled to take part in the regular tent work of the order. when one has received the first degree his insurance protection is in force while he continues in good standing. it is intended that in ordinary practice not more than one degree will be conferred upon a candidate on the same evening. while this ritual contains a ceremony for \" communication \" of the second and third degrees, it is hoped that this practice will only be resorted to when absolutely necessary, and that every tent will, as far as possible, prepare itself to confer the dramatic or amplified work of the second and third degrees, which is so beautiful and instructive. it is courteously and earnestly recommended that all members of the order thoroughly familiarize themselves with the laws, rules and usages of the order, the by - laws of their tent, and cushing \u2019 s parliamentary rules, not for the purpose of acquiring brilliancy in debate, but for the purpose of quickly and properly disposing of all the business coming before their tent, and also for the purpose of controlling a contentious class of members when they exist, since the latter not only delay the work but actually threaten the prosperity of the promptitude should be a distinguishing quality of every maccabee. exactly upon the hour for any review he should be present, ready and willing for business and great pains have been taken to make the work plain, so that any person can understand it ; also, to interpose all the necessary directions as to floor - work, delivery, and drama, so that the most unpretentious tent may confer the work in an effective and impressive manner. explanation and directions ( when they occur ) are printed in smaller type and enclosed in brackets, and should be carefully studied and closely followed. it is recommended also that the amplified degrees be used in all cases when at all practicable.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4796015453552961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.451732"} {"text": "impressive manner. explanation and directions ( when they occur ) are printed in smaller type and enclosed in brackets, and should be carefully studied and closely followed. it is recommended also that the amplified degrees be used in all cases when at all practicable. officers of degree teams must memorize their respective parts, and they should drill to perfection in the dramatic and private work before attempting to, confer the degree on any candidate. the use of uniforms, badges, emblems, and regalia is governed by the laws of the order. the use of costumes and paraphernalia in degree work, as well as the proper arrangement of the floor, is fully described at the beginning of each the utmost decorum and dignity should always prevail ; and no boisterous, profane, or other ungentlemanly conduct should be permitted in the hall, whether the tent is at work or not. this is imperative. the head of the tent is always where the presiding officer sits ; the foot of the tent, the sir knight sergeant \u2019 s station ; the right of the tent, the station of the sir knight past commander ; and the left of the tent, that of the sir knight nothing of a political, sectarian, or private character should be brought before the tent, except grievances ; and those only in form and manner provided in the laws of the order. all who have parts to commit to memory must do so perfectly, and then deliver them with spirit and distinct pronunciation and not mumble, stammer, or recite them after the manner of the school - boy speaker. nothing is more impressive in work of this kind than the energetic action, ready response, bright eye, and impressive behavior of a man thoroughly in earnest. members desiring to cross the hall or go anywhere in the tent during review must be guided in their course as laid down in the diagram. square corners must be observed at all times ; and the walks are so arranged that a member, by following them, can reach any part of the hall. all sir knights moving about the hall should keep and turn to the right when possible, unless there are instructions to the contrary. the master at arms must have the tent properly arranged for work before the commander proceeds to open the review. he should place in the inner ante - room badges sufficient for all members. he should arrange the altar, by placing thereon the cover ( if one is used ), and also the book of the maccabees and copy of the laws of the knights", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4971502662928816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.453851"} {"text": "in the inner ante - room badges sufficient for all members. he should arrange the altar, by placing thereon the cover ( if one is used ), and also the book of the maccabees and copy of the laws of the knights of the maccabees of the world, which should be unopened and have the circle on top. he should also distribute the odes to the members, and deliver the officers \u2019 badges at their respective stations. all members should be clothed with regulation badge, before entering the tent when at work, and must wear one of them during all reviews. no tent or body of members thereof shall be privileged to present in public or in the presence of any person not a member of the order, anything prescribed herein to be done by a tent of the order, under penalty of losing its charter. no candidate for the degrees must be subjected to any rude, ungentlemanly, humiliating or boisterous treatment, and in conferring the degrees, nothing must be done that might inflict any injury upon the candidate. no maccabean business can be legally performed except it comes under the regular order of business as prescribed in the third degree. therefore, every review must be opened in the third degree and all degree work take place as an order of business of that degree. in closing, however, it is not necessary to pass from the degree in which the tent may be working to the third ; the regular closing may take place at the end of any degree. when initiating candidates in the first or second degrees, unless the other degrees are to be \" communicated \" on the same evening, it is advisable to finish the regular \" order of business \" before taking up degree work, so that the tent may be closed when the degree work is over without re opening in the third degree \u2014 thus allowing newly admitted members to stay until the tent is closed in all officers, when addressed by the commander ( or presiding officer ), must immediately arise and give the token of sincerity ; this ceremony must be observed by all sir knights when they wish to obtain the floor for any purpose. the commander should set the example and encourage all sir knights to wear their \" sunday clothes \" at all reviews. the tent having been properly arranged by the master at arms, the commander opens the tent in regular form. commander, giving any number of raps with the gavel to secure order : sir knights, let us come to order. the officers will take their respective stations. this done sir knight record", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4631902605523365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.456460"} {"text": "at arms, the commander opens the tent in regular form. commander, giving any number of raps with the gavel to secure order : sir knights, let us come to order. the officers will take their respective stations. this done sir knight record keeper, call the roll of officers. sir knight sentinel call in after the roll call, the commander will immediately fill all vacancies and the record keeper will make the record read accordingly. sergeant : sir knights sentinel and picket, advance and communicate to me the pass and tokens. the two officers will advance and communicate the pass and the tokens of the three degrees in a whisper and return to the inner door without orders. commander : attention sir knights! three raps. all present must arise and give the token of sincerity. sir knight record keeper, are you satisfied that all present are qualified to the record keeper may satisfy himself by inspection. if all present are entitled to remain, he will report to the commander : record keeper : all present are qualified to remain, sir knight if he is not so satisfied, he will report as follows : i am in doubt, sir knight commander. the commander will then proceed as follows : commander : sir knights, right face! for \u2014 ward \u2014 march! all present will march once around the room in single file. the record keeper will pass each one positively known to be qualified to remain and cause those, concerning whom he may be in doubt, to step out of the file and remain in front of his station. the circuit having been completed, the sir knights will be seated, provided there are many challenged, otherwise they must remain standing. if the r. k. is absent or the commander deems it necessary he should order the sergeant to take up the pass, when the following ceremony should be observed : sergeant : sir knight guards, communicate the passwords. at the words, \" sir knight guards, \" the guards will respond with the \" token of sincerity, \" and after being instructed to communicate the passwords they should step down in front of the sergeant and communicate the passwords in regular form, after which they should remain standing, facing sergeant until further instructed. : the words are correct. you will now ascertain that all present are qualified to remain. the first m. of g. then advances to head of tent and commences taking passwords from lieut. commander, working his way to foot of tent, while the second m. of g. works his way from foot to head of tent. each member places his left hand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4723530738781504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.458067"} {"text": "then advances to head of tent and commences taking passwords from lieut. commander, working his way to foot of tent, while the second m. of g. works his way from foot to head of tent. each member places his left hand on the left shoulder of guard, and whispers passwords in that officer \u2019 s left ear. members of tent without passwords will be announced by guard as follows : \" sir knight commander, sir knight is without the passwords. \" the commander inquires of the proper officer : \" is sir knight \u2026 clear on the books and entitled to the the officer reports \" he is \" or \" he is not, \" as the case may be. if he is in arrears and wishes to pay, the commander will permit him to do so. the record keeper having finished with the challenged persons, or the pass having been taken, the commander will say : commander : sir knights, let us attend the chaplain \u2019 s all present must stand under the token of sincerity and remove any head dress that may be worn. the chaplain, remaining in his station says : chaplain : supreme ruler, strengthen our hands in building up this order. aid us in carrying out the great principles of fraternity which underlie it. assist us in bringing peace on earth and good will toward men. may the deliberations of this body be conducted in that spirit of harmony so necessary to success. may our order grow and prosper. may its usefulness be enlarged and its protecting arms extended so that we may be better able to provide for the widow, protect the orphan, and care for those dependent upon us. may we so speak and act as not to bring reproach upon the order nor disgrace any of its humane principles. make us a power for good in this land, and worthy exponents of the brotherhood of man. commander : sir knights, let us exemplify our secret work. the commander from his station calls for this work in the following order, and all present must take part in it, following the commander. 1. step and salutation signs ( 3 ). 2. recognition sign ; its answer. 3. ladies \u2019 recognition sign ; its answer. 4. token of sincerity. 5. degree tokens. ( honor, amity, obedience ) 6. test word. ( all say see \u2013 bac - cam. ) master at arms, attend the altar. master at arms advances to foot of altar, gives token of sincerity, and placing the book of the laws of the mac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5213390291814821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.458996"} {"text": "obedience ) 6. test word. ( all say see \u2013 bac - cam. ) master at arms, attend the altar. master at arms advances to foot of altar, gives token of sincerity, and placing the book of the laws of the maccabees of the world on the altar, opens the second book of the maccabees at the third chapter, places the circle so that it will rest equally on both books, salutes ( token of sincerity ), and retires to air : \u2014 \" battle cry of freedom. \" we have gathered in our tent, knights, gathered once again, singing the joyful song of gladness. we \u2019 ve resolved to be true, more knowledge to obtain, singing the joyful song of gladness. chorus : \u2014 united forever, we \u2019 ll by each other stand, protecting the helpless all over this land, yes, we \u2019 ll rally to our standard, so noble and so grand, singing the joyful song of gladness. with the stars for our tent, and the deity our light, singing the joyful song of gladness. we \u2019 ll battle for the widow, the orphans and the right, singing the joyful song of gladness. chorus : \u2014 united forever, etc let harmony prevail in all that we may do, singing the joyful song of gladness. well labor for the right, the good, the grand, the true singing the joyful song of gladness. chorus : \u2014 united forever, etc. commander : now by virtue of the authority in me vested as commander, i declare this tent regularly opened and ready for business. the tent is arranged as for a regular review. it is expected that the regular officers confer the degree, and occupy their regular stations. degree teams may be organized and for the purpose of conferring the degree work the best talent in the tent should be selected, that the work may be most it is not only possible, but we advise that the commander do all the work \u2014 give all the lectures, ask all the questions, and give the obligation, \u2014 thus making it necessary to have only himself and the lieutenant commander, thoroughly versed in the \" dialogue \" other members must help in the \" discussion. \" the text of the initiation is in the singular number, but when more than one candidate is initiated, the officers must change the language so as to conform to the plural number. as soon as the ceremony proper begins, no one should leave the room except for the most pertinent reasons.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49759608530081395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.460146"} {"text": "singular number, but when more than one candidate is initiated, the officers must change the language so as to conform to the plural number. as soon as the ceremony proper begins, no one should leave the room except for the most pertinent reasons. those who are permitted to retire or enter must attract as little attention as possible and report only to the sergeant and lifting machine, stones, etc., etc. water guns may be used with good effect in the test of courage instead of stones. eli. a \" trap or bench \" that will guarantee the candidate \u2019 s arising at the proper time. when possible an electric battery and chair mat should be used. if several are to be admitted at the same review, they may all be taken together. when the lt. commander is ready to blindfold the candidate he will select one or more for that purpose. all the others may then be taken inside and allowed to witness the \" work \" as it will be given the one or more thus selected. when \" questioning \" is begun by the commander all but the one to be thus questioned and tested should be seated on one side of room, together if possible, and they will remain seated until the obligation is to be given, when they will join the others and go with them until after they have been \" welcomed. \" they will then be seated as before, only placing as many as possible having reached the sixth order of business, the commander will proceed as commander : sir knight record keeper, have we any degree work tonight? record keeper, saluting : sir knight commander, we have ( number ) candidate entitled to the first degree. commander : sir knight sentinel, you will ascertain if any candidate is in waiting. sentinel, saluting and opening the wicket will ascertain from the picket who is in waiting for the first degree and report as follows : sir knight commander, \u2026 name, candidate for the first degree, is in waiting. commander : sir knight record keeper, retire and collect from the candidate what may still be due this tent. record keeper, salutes, retires to the ante room and does as ordered ; returns from the ante room to his station, salutes and reports as follows : sir knight commander, \u2026 name, candidate for the first degree, has been duly proposed, elected examined and approved, paid all fees and is qualified and ready for his reception. takes his seat. commander : sir knight master at arms, attend the altar. i declare this review closed in the third degree and opened in the first degree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5039878230030317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.461063"} {"text": "proposed, elected examined and approved, paid all fees and is qualified and ready for his reception. takes his seat. commander : sir knight master at arms, attend the altar. i declare this review closed in the third degree and opened in the first degree. master at arms, rises and salutes upon being addressed, advances to the foot of the altar and arranges it for the first degree. - he must so time his actions that when the commander says \" closed, \" he will close the book, and when he says \" opened, \" that he will open the book at the first chapter of the second book of the maccabees and place thereon a small black stone. having done so, he returns to his station. commander : sir knight lieutenant commander, retire and introduce the lt. commander, rises, salutes, retires to the ante room and addresses the candidate : my friend, you have been duly proposed, elected, examined and approved for membership in this tent, and having paid all fees, you are now entitled to receive, at our hands, the degree of protection. honor is the first and greatest qualification of this degree. in this degree your moral as well as your physical qualifications will be given further and most searching investigation. to reach the summit of maccabean knighthood is not the task of a weakling ; it is a work that demands the highest expressions of honor, courage and obedience. with this understanding, are you willing to proceed? candidate must answer in the affirmative. in token of your courage, and as an evidence of your willingness to obey, you must now suffer yourself to be blindfolded, and follow me. candidate is now blindfolded. lieutenant commander then gives three raps at the inner door. sentinel, partly opening the door : who comes? lt. commander : a friend who desires to unite with us in the cause of sentinel, closes the door and reports : sir knight commander, the lieutenant commander, with a friend, who desires to unite with us in the cause humanity, seeks admission. commander : let him enter. sentinel, opening wide the door : our commander bids you enter with lieut. com. enters with candidate and makes one complete circuit of the room by way of the stations of past commander, commander, chaplain and, upon arriving at station of sergeant, turns square corner up center of room, halting at foot of altar facing commander \u2019 s station. while this is being done, the following responses are to be uttered in a clear, earnest tone of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.513448568810897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.462002"} {"text": "chaplain and, upon arriving at station of sergeant, turns square corner up center of room, halting at foot of altar facing commander \u2019 s station. while this is being done, the following responses are to be uttered in a clear, earnest tone of voice and so timed as to conclude the moment the candidate halts in the middle of the room. these responses may be made by the commander. the lieutenant commander must also so time his steps as to make this possible without undue drag or hurry. past commander : pure religion and undefiled before god and the father is this \" to visit the fatherless and the widows in their affliction and to keep himself unspotted from the world. \" chaplain : \" but if any provide not for his own, he hath denied the faith and is worse than an infidel. \" lt. commander, saluting : sir knight commander, i have with me a friend who desires to unite with us in the cause of humanity. commander : sir knight lieutenant commander, why is your friend lt. commander : as a token of his courage and as an evidence of his willingness to obey. commander : your friend is now about to enter into a most important contract relationship that means much to his loved ones as well as to himself \u2014 a contract that shall continue through life \u2014 one that he should fully understand in all its terms and conditions. no one should qualify for and complete such a contact in the dark. he should have his eyes wide open and must have every opportunity to know what he is doing. let the blindfold be removed. lt. commander now removes the blindfold. commander, lieutenant commander and candidate at foot of altar, the commander will address the candidate as follows. if the commander is to give all the work prescribed for past, com, and chaplain, lt. commander should now conduct candidate to a seat a few feet in front of commander : my friend, as you are now about to take the first step towards the goal of maccabean knighthood it is proper at this lime, to impress upon your mind the great objects of this order as well as to call your attention to some of its first, let me tell you something of the reason for calling ourselves the knights of the maccabees of the world. nearly twenty - one hundred years ago, there ruled in the land of syria, a monstrous king, antiochus the fourth. returning from an expedition into egypt. about the year 167, b. c., he passed by way of jerusalem, where he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4253294591908376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.462946"} {"text": "twenty - one hundred years ago, there ruled in the land of syria, a monstrous king, antiochus the fourth. returning from an expedition into egypt. about the year 167, b. c., he passed by way of jerusalem, where he halted for a short time. through the perfidy of a renegade jew, he became informed of the existence and location of a large sum of money which this people had accumulated and from which they contributed, from time to time, to the relief of their widows and orphans. king antiochus returned about a year later and sacked the holy city. he burned the homes and palaces of the people, despoiled the holy temple, and plundered the treasury in which was kept the widow and orphan fund. we then desired to make judea tributary to his kingdom and attempted to abolish the worship of jehovah and introduce the monstrous practices of syria and greece. the prospect of another captivity and another loss of the ancient faith brought on a most determined resistance. the war of independence ensued, in which the first family of maccabees ( mattathias and his five sons ), so ably distinguished themselves. their wonderful achievements on the side of personal independence, freedom of thought, and liberty of conscience the wise and magnanimous uses to which they put their marvellous victories ; their provident forethought in behalf of the widow, the orphan, and the disabled, \u2014 these are some of the noble acts of that ancient and heroic family which prompted a just and grateful posterity to recognize the maccabees among the first and greatest of the benefactors of the race. our order takes its name from that famous household. like - them, we also wage a righteous warfare against the ills that so constantly afflict humanity ; we also care for the widow, protect the fatherless, and assist the disabled ; we too have a sacred treasury in which are kept immense sums of money, \u2014 millions of dollars \u2014 from which we take, with liberal hands our generous contributions to the widow, the orphan, the sick and to those in our principal object is to unite in fraternal fellowship all white men, within certain age limits, who are socially, physically, mentally, and morally acceptable and qualified under our laws, in order to properly as well as fraternally, care for the sick, relieve the distressed and provide in a substantial manner for the widows, orphans, and dependents of our members. the knights of the maccabees of the world is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46847839164092225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.463885"} {"text": "order to properly as well as fraternally, care for the sick, relieve the distressed and provide in a substantial manner for the widows, orphans, and dependents of our members. the knights of the maccabees of the world is a great business co - partnership. all its members are equally interested in its welfare \u2014 all being equal under its laws. it is not a cold hearted business corporation, organized and run for the sole and sordid purpose of gain or profit ; it is a business fraternity, or a fraternal business, founded on honor in its highest and most chivalric sense. human honor is a sure and eternal foundation without which no superstructure of genuine fraternalism or business conduct can be reared with safety. honor alone, in the governing body not less than in the humblest and most obscure member, makes it possible for this society to guarantee to the future an enormous trust fund involving hundreds of millions of dollars consecrated to the material comfort and personal safety of hundreds of thousands of families. sir knight lieutenant commander, you will conduct your friend to the past commander for further instructions. past commander : the ordeal through which you are about to pass is not an idle invention for the purpose of entertaining a selected audience at your expense. far from it! it is our aim to impress on your mind, in a manner so forceful as to never be forgotten, the importance and nature of the relationship upon which you are now entering. in so far as our work involves the elements of life insurance, we must be governed by strict business principles. we must know, beyond the shadow of a doubt, that all who seek to unite with us are qualified along certain lines ; that they understand the contract they are making, and that they have fully, understandingly, and truthfully answered all questions contained in their we believe, and we teach, that it is the duty of every man, who has others dependent upon him, to make as ample provision for them in the event of his death, as his circumstances will permit. no man can wish to leave his loved ones without substantial protection to be dependent upon others, or to take the chance of having his good name discredited if not dishonored by failing to fully and properly understand the relationship he is entering into for their sir knight lieutenant commander, you will conduct your friend to the chaplain for further instructions. chaplain : to honestly do your whole duty as a good maccabee should, you must be true to every vow taken, faithful to every trust imposed, and, for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48422535560888735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.464843"} {"text": "lieutenant commander, you will conduct your friend to the chaplain for further instructions. chaplain : to honestly do your whole duty as a good maccabee should, you must be true to every vow taken, faithful to every trust imposed, and, for the sake of your own good name and the welfare of those you ought to love above every other being on earth, remain loyal to the order until death bids you take off your knightly armor! as long as you live like that, rest assured that you will never lack for friends to comfort you in sorrow, assist you in adversity, tenderly commit your body to mother earth when you die, keep green your memory, defend your character, and, in a most fraternal sense, take your place so far as that is possible, in the hearts of those who mourn your departure. we have a right, to know with what manner of man we enter into such sacred relations ; and that is why we emphasize, in this degree, that highest of all the honor is the essence of all the moralities. it is the crown of human excellence because it demands the fulfillment of every duty we owe to god, to humanity, and to ourselves. when honor speaks, her words ring clear and true as newly minted gold, and every spoken promise becomes the equivalent of actual performance. blessed is the man, the society, the civilization whose master passion is honor. sir knight lieutenant commander, you will conduct your friend to the commander for further instructions. lieutenant commander now conducts the candidate to a point a few feet from the commander \u2019 s station and says : if the candidate has been seated in front of commander \u2019 s station, the commander will continue without being addressed by lieutenant commander. lt. commander : sir knight commander, my friend awaits your further commander : sir knight lieutenant commander, we are glad to welcome your friend, but before we can extend to him the hand of fellowship we must know that he is physically and morally fitted for membership, that he fully understands the conditions of membership among us and that he is inclined to aid us in the general service of humanity. we must also require of him a solemn vow and we must be assured that he will remain true to his vow as long as he shall live. do you vouch for your friend in these things? lt. commander : my friend will answer for himself. let him be commander, standing, asks candidate to stand up, and then asks the following questions and others if necessary to have candidate fully understand the contract he is now about to complete", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46079140890594716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.465797"} {"text": "these things? lt. commander : my friend will answer for himself. let him be commander, standing, asks candidate to stand up, and then asks the following questions and others if necessary to have candidate fully understand the contract he is now about to complete : stranger, how old are you? what is your business or occupation? are you physically and mentally sound? where were you born? is your sight or hearing impaired? what is your weight? and your height? do you use intoxicating liquors? have you truthfully answered all questions in your written application? what physician examined you? have you ever thought of taking your life? do you know that our protection does not extendlto the beneficiaries of those who commit suicide? did you read your written application before signing it? do you know what it contains? what does your application say about your engaging in prohibited and hazardous have you ever been finally suspended or expelled from membership in any do you hold membership in any other order at the present time? why do you want to become a maccabee? lieutenant commander conducts candidate to seat on eli at left of commander \u2019 s station, facing the foot of the room, while he resumes his official station. it is the business of the master at arms to have the chair ready, but no use should be made of this chair now. commander : sir knights, you have heard the answers made to the several questions asked. what is your judgment in regard to the candidate \u2019 s physical and mental qualifications, and as to his real motive and purpose in presenting himself before us? here will follow a general and somewhat animated discussion of the answers made by the candidate. this discussion should be led by the past commander, chaplain and record keeper, and the defense should be led by the lieutenant commander. any member may take part in the discussion, and the candidate himself should be given a chance \u2014 even urged \u2014 to defend himself. during the \" speeches, \" frequent allusions should be made to the fact that \" honor is the first and greatest qualification for membership in the order. \" the record keeper should always have a blank application on his table. among the points of controversy may be mentioned that he looks older than he claims to be in his application. if over forty years of age, it is well to question him concerning his family record of births, etc., especially if he is a foreigner or of foreign descent or extraction. his weight, whether very heavy or very light may be commented on. his calling may be of a hazardous nature, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4817534740032161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.466811"} {"text": "to question him concerning his family record of births, etc., especially if he is a foreigner or of foreign descent or extraction. his weight, whether very heavy or very light may be commented on. his calling may be of a hazardous nature, or such as may be prejudicial to his best health, etc., etc. it not unfrequently happens that men claim their eye sight to be perfect and yet wear glasses. he may admit that he drinks a little, this may be inquired into almost to the extent of impertinence. should it appear that the answers made in the tent differ from those given to the doctor who made the medical examination, or the one who took his application, both the candidate and the doctor or the one who took the application may be arraigned for a severe castigation. sometimes it may be suggested that the doctor tried to aid an unworthy man or foist a bad risk, etc. much questioning may be indulged in along that line so as to involve more persons than simply the candidate. the candidate may say that he answered all questions truthfully and yet be made to admit that he did not read all the questions contained in the application blank! if he says he knows what his written application contains, ask him to tell a few of the things stated therein. he may admit that he does not know exactly what it contains. in this event he should be severely criticised for signing a document, the contents of which he does not know much about, etc. or he may be accused of a - willingness to sign most anything just to get into the order. in the application he says that he has reviewed all answers with the doctor ; press this matter with special reference to the subject of suicide and make it very plain that the beneficiaries of a member who commits suicide will get no benefits. if he has ever been suspended or expelled from any order this can be used with powerful effect as indicating his real motive and his sense of honor. never lose a chance to ring in the changes on \" honor \" in all its expressions. if he broke his promise with one order, he would be likely to do the same in this order ; what must be the attitude of such an one in a contract that is for life! if he is a member of other orders ( and especially if a very active one ) he may be charged with being a spy, wanting to find out how we do our work, that he may carry the information as news to others that he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5158349089936571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.467787"} {"text": "life! if he is a member of other orders ( and especially if a very active one ) he may be charged with being a spy, wanting to find out how we do our work, that he may carry the information as news to others that he probably loves better, etc. or it may be charged that all he wants with us is to get \" insurance, \" and that he probably will never return to take the other degrees which would of course be poor evidence of his honorable intentions ; or that he will not be likely to live up to the requirements of our order since belonging to so many other orders his affection must be badly \" split up. \" make him promise that he will take the other two degrees as soon as possible. his reasons for \" joining the maccabees \" must be handled critically and with the above are only a few of the many suggestions that may he offered for discussion based on his answers both in the application and while in the room. the discussion while dignified and earnest must not descend to anything base or vile or objectionably personal. the point being never to give the candidate any other thought than that his advancement in the order depends upon his ability to prove the purity of his intentions, his physical and mental health and that he is not attempting to gain a membership by fraud, etc. it is one of the objects of this part of the ceremony to get the candidate to talk in order that something may be learned of his coolness, courage, integrity, etc. to that end, give him all the chance he wants to explain and argue and extenuate his sergeant, arising : sir kinight commander, it is probable that some here desire to further express their opinions but do not care to do so in the presence of the candidate. i move that he be conducted to the ante - room until we shall have finished our discussion. commander : such will be taken as the will of all present unless there is objection. sir knight lieutenant commander, conduct your friend to the ante room and there await our further pleasure. lieut. com. without ceremony, conducts the candidate to the ante room ( or to a room adjacent to the tent room in case another candidate is in waiting ) and remains with candidate until recalled. everything being in readiness, the lieutenant commander being notified by the sentinel, enters with the candidate and advancing to the foot of the altar says : lt. commander : sir knight commander, saluting my friend awaits your pleasure. commander, rising : it is the purpose of this household of fraternity to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5130914776094205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.468792"} {"text": "notified by the sentinel, enters with the candidate and advancing to the foot of the altar says : lt. commander : sir knight commander, saluting my friend awaits your pleasure. commander, rising : it is the purpose of this household of fraternity to judge fellowman with leniency \u2014 to study the conduct of men with reference to the prompting motive. we are inclined to overlook mere irregularities or clerical errors, where we are satisfied that the intention has been honorable. sir knights, if you are satisfied that the motives of this candidate are honorable and are willing to test his fitness to become one of us by the supreme tests of strength, courage and liberality, rise to your feet. seated be. addressing candidate : in order to ascertain your fitness for membership in this fraternal household we shall give you ample opportunity to prove yourself possessed of the necessary physical and moral qualifications. do you wish to avail yourself of these opportunities? candidate should answer in the affirmative. sir knight lieutenant commander, proceed with the tests. the candidate is now conducted by the lieutenant commander once round the room while other members place lifting machine near the center of the room, to which the candidate is conducted and made to stand on the platform, take hold of handles and directed to lift as much as he is able. the members may crowd around the machine and make all kinds of remarks as to his strength or weakness as the case may be. when he has given sufficient demonstration of strength so as to \" discharge \" the machine, the members may compliment him on his ability in that connection and make other complimentary remarks which, would indicate that he has demonstrated the possession of sufficient strength to show that he is in good physical condition. this test being completed the lieutenant commander conducts the candidate again around the room to a position about midway between the altar and the sergeant \u2019 s station, where he is told by the lieutenant commander that his \u2018 courage \" will now be put to the test. a few good marksmen have been selected to throw a number of stones at his body. he will be allowed the privilege of freedom, not being bound in any manner, but that he will be put upon his honor and thus most fittingly will his courage be tested. the marksmen will now post themselves at a distance of six or eight steps in front of the candidate, each one carrying a genuine stone and also a small black sponge which has been saturated with water and squeezed until nearly dry, and which he will, at the proper signal, throw hard at the candidate. lieutenant commander now takes position to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5091309450718291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.469818"} {"text": "of the candidate, each one carrying a genuine stone and also a small black sponge which has been saturated with water and squeezed until nearly dry, and which he will, at the proper signal, throw hard at the candidate. lieutenant commander now takes position to one side, about half way between the candidate and the throwers, saying, \" are you ready? i will count three and then say fire! upon the word \u2018 fire, \u2019 each of you will throw a stone at the body before you, but not at any part he cannot protect with his hands. are you ready? ( they say \" ready \" ) \" one \u2014 two \u2014 three \u2014 fire! \" the lieutenant commander will say, \" fire \" very quickly after having counted three, or he may count very irregularly, in order to arouse a feeling of unsafety in the mind of the candidate. the throwers must also be thrown off the \" time \" thus, so that they do not all throw at the same time. care must be taken that none throw other than the imitation stones or doing anything that can injure the candidate in any instead of using stones, the water guns are very effective for this purpose. two guns are provided, one shoots forward and the other backward. we use the wm. tell act. let candidate stand as above, place an apple or block of wood on his head and direct some good marksman to shoot it off, using forward action gun. then give the candidate a chance to \" get even \" by shooting the apple from the head of a fellow candidate or some member, and while using the pretext of reloading the gun, exchange it for the one with the back action, so that he will get the \" shot \" when he discharges the gun. if the candidate has stood this ordeal without flinching or showing evidence of fear, the lieutenant commander should congratulate him upon his coolness and courage and tell him that the possession of such qualifications should make him a good maccabee. if, on the other hand, he has shown evidence of fear by dodging or running away, the lieutenant commander should express his regret and admonish him that he should know and henceforth remember that in a tent of the maccabees he is among friends who would never do him harm or injury. these remarks are addressed to him by the lieutenant commander as he conducts him to the foot of the altar facing the. commander \u2019 s station, where the lieutenant commander will lt. commander : sir knight commander, my friend awaits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.500307204618307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.471706"} {"text": "him harm or injury. these remarks are addressed to him by the lieutenant commander as he conducts him to the foot of the altar facing the. commander \u2019 s station, where the lieutenant commander will lt. commander : sir knight commander, my friend awaits your further commander, arising and in tones of approbation : sir knight lieutenant commander, your friend has demonstrated by tests most convincing that he is indeed well fitted to join with us in the cause of humanity. let him be placed in position to take our solemn vow. lieutenant commander causes candidate to stand at the foot of the altar, his right hand resting upon the black - stone, his open left hand over his heart. by this time the chaplain will have arrived at the head of the altar. the candidate and chaplain being in position, the commander will give three strong raps. chaplain, addressing candidate : you will repeat after me : i do most solemnly vow, in the presence of these witnesses that henceforth, in all matters pertaining to the order of the knights of the maccabees of the world, i will be bound by the laws of the order in force from time to time. that i will not make known to any one not a member of this order, any of its private work or any other thing that i may see or hear under cover of any tent. that i will never take part in any unlawful meeting with members of the order, nor will i publish, directly or indirectly, by spoken, written or printed words anything calculated to discredit the influence or honor of any department of the that i will not knowingly wrong or defraud a tent, a member or any of his family, nor permit it to be done by another if i can prevent it. that i will be temperate in my habits, and upright in my conduct so as to command the respect of all. to all this i pledge my honor as a man to remain true and steadfast as long as i all present : your vow shall be remembered! commander gives one rap. the lieutenant commander will conduct the candidate to the station of the commander. lt. commander : sir knight commander, thus far my friend has appeared in the role of one who was anxious to know and understand our requirements and who is willing to give every evidence of his qualifications as well as of his good faith. he has taken our solemn vow and now desires to engage with us in the great and glorious work of fraternity as taught and practiced by the knights of the maccabees of the world. commander : my friend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4525692393616816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.472717"} {"text": "as well as of his good faith. he has taken our solemn vow and now desires to engage with us in the great and glorious work of fraternity as taught and practiced by the knights of the maccabees of the world. commander : my friend, in order to engage upon such a high and noble undertaking, you must be invested with the secret work of the degree of protection. i take great pleasure in communicating this work to you. to gain admission into a tent open in the degree of protection, ( the first ), give any ordinary alarm at the outer door. this will attract the picket, who will open the door or wicket, and to him you will give in a whisper, the pass, which, for this term, is \u2026 this will admit you into the ante room, advance to the inner door and give one loud rap. the sentinel will open the wicket and to him you will give, in a whisper, your name and the token of this degree, which is honor. this will admit you into the tent. you will now advance, by way of the sergeant \u2019 s station, to the foot of the altar on which should rest a copy of the books of the maccabees, opened at the first chapter of the second book \u2014 a small, black stone resting on the open book. finding the altar so arranged, you will give the salutation of this degree and the step, at the same time, saying, \" sir knight commander! \" to the presiding officer. you will be recognized by a nod of the head, wave of the hand or gavel. you will then take your seat. the sign is given by placing the left foot directly in front of the right, the heel touching toe, thus. the salutation is given by raising open hands, palms forward, on a level with and about one foot distant from the face, as if shielding it from threatened injury or assault. the gavel is an emblem of authority when in the hands of the presiding officer during any review of the tent. three raps, gives them call all the members to their feet ; one rap gives it, causes all to be seated ; two raps calls to order. the symbolic color of this degree is black ; it symbolizes the dark prospects that surrounded judas maccabeus in the mighty struggle he waged in behalf of physical, mental, and spiritual liberty. i have now given you the regular work of our first degree. any sir knight : sir knight commander! haven \u2019 t you forgotten commander : i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4868958436272843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.473697"} {"text": "an opportunity to meet and welcome the new member, the commander will again give two raps and call the tent to order, the lieutenant commander conducting the candidate to a seat on the eli, which should be placed beside the station of the master at arms. the commander, as soon as quiet is restored, will inquire if there is any further business to be transacted in this degree before proceeding to close, when some one, who has been posted in advance, will create a pretext for the purpose of raising a little money. sometimes an object of simple charity is advanced. a widow with sick children has come to town, she is a widow of a maccabee, and should be helped quickly, no time for the usual proceedings, red tape, etc., etc. sometimes it may be a sick sir knight who is passing through town, and is in need of help, or it may be one of the members of the tent. the sentinel may announce that there is a visiting sir knight in the ante room, and a committee may be appointed to wait on him and ascertain his wants. he may be a member of the tent who is playing the roll of a \" stranger, \" and if he is not known to the candidate he may be invited in, and allowed to tell a \" hard luck \" story, thus giving a pretext for raising some money. it may be for himself or his family, or if in a small place where the candidate probably knows everybody, the \" committee \" may simply report without bringing the stranger in. they may say that he preferred not to come in while the tent was acting on his sometimes an appropriation for building purposes or for a worthy enterprise like a church, a hospital, etc. anything will do so that it is agreed upon in advance and promoted with due earnestness and vigor. after there has been some little discussion of the matter, the commander will request those who will give $ 5. 00 or $ 10. 00 or even more according to the need of the case in hand to arise and the record keeper will take their names. no one will rise in response to this suggestion, but the sir knight who has charge of the \" eli \" will work the lever and as the result of which the new member will be compelled to rise to his feet. the commander will immediately step forward, and congratulate him upon his the candidate is now given a pocket coin, which he is asked to always carry with him, not only as a reminder of his experience during his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5343837720665948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.476035"} {"text": "compelled to rise to his feet. the commander will immediately step forward, and congratulate him upon his the candidate is now given a pocket coin, which he is asked to always carry with him, not only as a reminder of his experience during his first evening among the maccabees, but as a means of identification. the candidate is being seated. if no other degrees are to be conferred on this candidate at this review, he is allowed to retire, after being requested to be ready for the second degree at the next review. after the candidate has been excused the tent will open again in the third degree and proceed with the regular order of business. care must be taken to know that the eli is working properly \u2014 and several members should be \" posted \" so that if for any reason it does not work promptly they will arise so as to not have the \" request for help \" fail and thus embarrass the tent instead of the candidate. commander, rises : master at arms, that officer rises and gives \" token of sincerity, \" what is the last and constant care of every knight of, the maccabees? master at arms : to remember his pledges to the order, and to protect humanity, especially the widows and the orphans. commander : sir knights, never fail to discharge these important duties. let us now sing the closing ode. gives three raps with gavel. air : \u2014 sweet bye and bye. 1. we now go from our labors tonight, to our homes, to our hearths, to our rest may our lives overflow with kind acts, our hearts full of joy and tenderness. chorus \u2014 let us join in the song, as it comes from that beautiful shore yes, we \u2019 ll join in the song, as it floats from that beautiful shore. 2. when we meet in our tent once again, when we enter this guarded abode, as brothers our work we \u2019 ll review, and endeavor to lighten each load. chorus \u2014 let us join in the song, etc. 3. when our life \u2019 s grand review shall be held, in yonder grand mansion of rest, all warfare and trials will be o \u2019 er, in that beautiful land of the blest. chorus \u2014 let us join in the song, etc. commander : sir knight master at arms remove the circle ; close the book ; collect the odes and place all in the depository of this tent. master at arms, after complying with the orders, returns to his station and says :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46853442727548456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.476931"} {"text": "etc. commander : sir knight master at arms remove the circle ; close the book ; collect the odes and place all in the depository of this tent. master at arms, after complying with the orders, returns to his station and says : sir knight commander, your orders have been obeyed. commander : sir knight sentinel, call in the picket. sentinel, after the picket appears, says : sir knight commander, your orders have been obeyed. commander : this review is ended. sir knights, retire to your homes in peace, and hold yourselves ever in readiness to serve our noble cause. all clap hands, right hand above left ; taking time from the commander, he leading. all bring hands nearly together twice, and the third time together at once ; and the review is ended. knights of the maccabees of ritual of the second, or degree of friendship the tent is arranged to represent an open air court within, or adjacent to, the camp of antiochus the fourth. at the head of the room should be a platform to represent an imp ) rovised throne on which the king is to be seated. a thick curtain extending across foot of room should. be so arranged as to be easily parted in the centre. the king should be seated on the throne, the four soldiers near him as a guard, and eleazar concealed at foot of room. nothing within the actors and costumes sir knight commander as king antiochus iv. crown, coat of mail reaching to knees, official robe of office, gray or brown wig and beard, flesh colored long hose or leggings, sandals strapped well up the calves, scepter in right hand. sir knight chaplain as eleazar. dressed in the garb of a priest, long flowing white gown, white turban with cape to cover hair, long flowing gray beard, large sir knight lieutenant commander as judas maccabeus. dressed as a jewish peasant, black and white turban, tunic, hose and sandals. four selected sir knights as soldiers. wearing helmets, shields, coats of mail reaching to knees, spears, tight fitting long flesh colored hose or leggings, two leather scourges, a metal dish or urn in which to burn the red fire during the preliminaries to be observed before the ceremony begins are exactly like those observed in the first degree, changing the wording and the dressing of the altar, etc., to fit the second, instead of the first, degree. in dressing the altar, the master at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4359920111741099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.477811"} {"text": "be observed before the ceremony begins are exactly like those observed in the first degree, changing the wording and the dressing of the altar, etc., to fit the second, instead of the first, degree. in dressing the altar, the master at arms will remove the altar to one side of the chaplain \u2019 s station. commander as king antiochus : sir knight lt. commander, be pleased to retire and introduce our kinsman. lt. commander as judas, arises and salutes the commander. he then retires to the ante - room where the candidate should be in waiting and addresses him as follows : my kinsman, having been found to be physically and morally worthy, you received the first, or degree of protection, in this order. you are now entitled to be advanced to the second, or degree of friendship. nothing will be required of you that a man in pursuit of the higher degrees of this order would hesitate of refuse to endure. i promise that i will accompany you in your journey and be your special friend. with this assurance on my part are you willing to proceed? candidate must answer in the affirmative. then come with me. lieutenant commander then enters the room with the candidate and standing at opening in curtain delivers the following in an earnest, impressive manner : i trust you will thoughtfully observe, and vividly remember, all that you are about to see and hear. in order to prepare you, in a measure, for what will soon take place, allow me to call your attention to an event and happening in the history of the human race that doubtless was one of the most pathetic, and, in some respects, the most remarkable this world has ever seen. about 175 years before the present era ( over two thousand years ago, as you have learned, ) there ruled in syria a king by the name of antiochus the fourth. he was a most cruel and rapacious despot. after plundering the holy city of jerusalem be issued a proclamation that all the people of palestine should deny the ancient faith and forsake their venerable forms of worship. many, in order to save their lives, obeyed the impious decree. there were some, however, who preferred death to dishonor. one such was eleazar, a doctor of the law. he not only refused to obey the edict of the pagan king but determined to go to him and personally make answer before him, according to his understanding of the holy at this moment, the curtain is drawn apart by a sir knight selected for the purpose. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4721538862590632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.478782"} {"text": "not only refused to obey the edict of the pagan king but determined to go to him and personally make answer before him, according to his understanding of the holy at this moment, the curtain is drawn apart by a sir knight selected for the purpose. the king and his guards are seen at the head of the room. eleazar, erect and vigorous, emerges from the corner of the room near the foot and boldly approaches the king and his guards. the instant that eleazar comes in sight, the lieutenant commander will exclaim : behold the man! eleazar reaches a point about ten feet distant from the king, whose attendants meantime manifest much impatience waiting for his order to attack the bold intruder. the king, who has been extending his scepter for some time, now exclaims : king : hold! his guards instantly carry or ground spears. who art thou? eleazar : o king! my name is eleazar. i am a doctor of the law. bows in a dignified manner. king, leaning forward, and critically looking over the venerable figure : what wouldest thou before me, ant iochus. i have not sent for thee! eleazar, slowly and with much emphasis : no, o king! thou hast not sent for me. but i hear that thou hast commanded my people to forsake the sacred law and deny its authority. it would be shameful in me to seek shelter at this time, neither will i stain my age and office with hypocrisy. so i have come before thee to say, that i will not obey thy commands, \u2014 i will not embrace thy king, seriously : humph! knowest thou the penalty inflicted upon all who refuse to obey my will and commands. eleazar, with much fervor and dignity : yea, o king ; death! a pause. but what if i do escape thy punishment at this time, i could never escape the justice of almighty god! and so i would rather lay down my life now, for the sake of my country and its divine laws, than leave to the young men of my nation pointing to candidate, an example of dishonor! o king, i would! king, talking to himself : this foolish old man shall be taken in his own conceit. and yet i fear nothing in the earth so much as that kind of a rising suddenly and with much vehemence. away with him! let him be scourged to death! stands erect and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4169965169417321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.479746"} {"text": "shall be taken in his own conceit. and yet i fear nothing in the earth so much as that kind of a rising suddenly and with much vehemence. away with him! let him be scourged to death! stands erect and defiant the very picture of irresponsible power, while the following tableau is being enacted : the guards instantly seize eleazar and rush him to near center of tent. two of the guards hold him while the other two mercilessly lash his back with the leather scourges. eleazar, writhing and groaning, drops limp in death at the feet of the assassins. the king now descends his throne and stands at head of body, chuckling with fiendish satisfaction, and folded arms ; the soldiers raise their spears as if to pierce the corpse ; those who did the scourging stand, \u2014 one with the scourge resting on the body, the other with scourge raised as if about to give another blow. at this instant the red fire is lighted and allowed to burn about one minute. the curtain is then closed and the lieutenant commander says : judas : the fidelity of that man is a memorial of civil virtue and personal heroism, not alone to his country and generation but unto all peoples of every age, \u2014 as long as patriotism and piety and honesty shall be considered honorable among men. such sublime courage, such utter contempt of death, such free will honesty, mankind will never willingly forget. it is just such heroism as this that is the glory of our race. if you are willing to assist in avenging similar dastardly assaults upon honor, freedom of thought, and liberty of conscience, follow me. candidate is conducted to ante - room and lieutenant commander returns to the in this section, the tent is supposed to represent a scene in the vicinity, and within the walls of jerusalem. curtains of the first section remain. the room should be lighted as in the preceding actors and costumes sir knight commander as general. dressed as was king antiochus in first section, except that the crown is removed for a helmet, the robe of office discarded, and a short grecian sword takes the place of the scepter. he should also carry a scroll which he is supposed to be studying. lieuteuant commander as judas maccabeus. dressed as usual but wearing a red master at arms as friend. dressed as a peasant. four selected sir knights as soldiers. dressed as usual. the route. a strip of rough pathway composed of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4728665568019639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.480675"} {"text": ". friend, with surprise and avidity : ah - h! i too am on my way to the holy city for the same purpose! let us make haste! straight ahead! the lieutenant commander and master at arms hurry the candidate over the \u2018 route. \u2019 this must be done diligently in order to somewhat tire the candidate. if the \u2018 route \u2019 has plenty of electricity it will make the ceremony more friend : thy friend seems tired ; let him be seated a moment upon this moss covered rock. lieutenant commander and master at arms will see that candidate sits down properly on the \" rock. \" judas : what! rested so soon! my friend is impatient to reach the city. and, if i mistake not, there is much evidence to indicate that foreign soldiers have been here quite recently. let us hasten. immediately there is a terrible din of shouting and clashing of weapons, with all kinds of exclamations. the candidate is rushed around the circumference of the room at a breakneck rate of speed, but with great care not to injure him in any manner, while his conductors exclaim, \" a detachment of soldiers is upon us! \" \" we are discovered! \" \" we shall be slain if captured! \" \" we are lost! \" then the lieutenant commander and master at arms differ as to which way to run. one says, \" let us go this way! \" the other will say \" no, this way! \" while thus wrangling and pulling the candidate first one way then another, the lieutenant commander becomes separated from the candidate. the object of thus separating the candidate and the lieutenant commander will appear presently. master at arms and candidate now run right into the detachment of syrian soldiers, who set up a most derisive and cruel \" horse laugh, \" and master at arms drops out of play. first soldier : well, if we haven \u2019 t another of the rebels! and in second soldier : tear off his mask and lets see what he looks like! tears off candidate \u2019 s first soldier : shall we kill him or take him to the general? second soldier : why take him to the general, of course, he may be a spy! ha, ha. the other soldier agrees with a hearty laugh, and they hurry the candidate about the room to head of tent, where the general has meantime taken position before his tent, reading his scroll, or sitting on the platform and reading there. first soldier, both giving military salute : general, we have secured another captive. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4954263422146966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.485829"} {"text": "candidate about the room to head of tent, where the general has meantime taken position before his tent, reading his scroll, or sitting on the platform and reading there. first soldier, both giving military salute : general, we have secured another captive. the foraging band you dispatched up the valley, came upon three miserable looking peasants and proceeded to capture them. they offered resistance. one was slain on the spot. one defended himself in a most remarkable manner. one undertook to run away. we caught him and have him before you. general, looking up from his paper wearily : let him be searched. the soldiers search him, and finally discover the book. second soldier : general, we find nothing but this book full of all kinds of strange markings. the general takes the book and examines it quickly, for during the time the second soldier makes his response, the other two soldiers are bringing the lieutenant commander in. general, excitedly : why this is the book of the law. he is a maccabee! let him stand aside until we find out what this struggle means. stand the candidate on the electric carpet, and put same into action when general orders him thrown \" over the wall. \" third soldier, panting and in broken sentences : general, the squad you sent to forage the valley came upon three peasants. one we killed. the other escaped. one of them seemed to have the strength of a lion and the skill of david of old. reinforcements came to our aid else we could not have taken him. he is covered with wounds and almost ready to die from the loss of blood. so we brought him hither. thinking he might be of more value to you alive than dead, we refrained from killing him. we bound up his wounds. in his delirium he continually called for a friend. this we do not understand. question him yourself. here is his sword stained with the blood of our comrades. general, takes the sword without examining it, \u2014 his eyes are fastened upon judas, the captive : my comrades, when i report this affair to his majesty the king, it will please me to mention your valor and skill. addressing judas the captive in loud rough tone of voice. stand up, you murderous rebel and tell me who you are! lieutenant commander, sways from side to side as if about to faint ; in a moment he drops to the floor as if dead. general : what, refuse to answer me. ha! ha! you shall be made to speak. guards bind him that he may be made ready", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4834757827447314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.486933"} {"text": "side to side as if about to faint ; in a moment he drops to the floor as if dead. general : what, refuse to answer me. ha! ha! you shall be made to speak. guards bind him that he may be made ready for the torture. judas struggles feebly with the guards, who bind him in such a way that he can free himself. general, turning to candidate : you trembling poltroon, you must know who this man is pointing to the prostrate body of judas. your life depends upon your answer. if you do not tell me truly you shall be tortured until your tongue is loosened. speak if he refuses, more emphatically : speak, i say, and tell me who this traitor is or you shall be made to stiffer as no mortal ever did before. if candidate still refuses to disclose who his friend is the general says : general : these fellows must be friends. if candidate tells who his friend is, then the general says : general : ah! you are not only a rebel but a traitor as well, who would betray a friend and kinsman to save his own miserable life. yours shall be the fate of a traitor. in either event the general now turns and looks at judas a moment and then his eyes fall upon the grecian sword, which he has, apparently, without thought, taken by the hilt with one hand and rested the point in the palm of the other hand. he looks at it ; turns it over ; raises it high above his head in both hands and with the most frightful outburst of indignant fury, exclaims : why this is the sword of apollonius! and that must be pointing to lt. commander judas maccabeus who killed him! he drops or casts away the sword, so that it may be found in about the centre of room and exclaims : accursed blade that thou shouldst ever serve our foes! quickly extending his hands towards the soldiers, who rush upon the prostrate form of the lieutenant commander ready to hack it into pieces. no! brave soldiers never mangle a fallen foe! leave him as he fell ; later we must in honor return and give him a soldier \u2019 s burial, \u2014 for he was valiant and the sword must be lost sight of or forgotten in the confusion. general now turns to candidate and says : but as for this poltroon, guards let his eyes be blinded and his body thrown over the walls as food for the vultures and hyenas. let", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4754707331060837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.489832"} {"text": "lost sight of or forgotten in the confusion. general now turns to candidate and says : but as for this poltroon, guards let his eyes be blinded and his body thrown over the walls as food for the vultures and hyenas. let it be done! candidate is again blindfolded. four soldiers take him and carry him around a little ways and then with a \" one, two three \" signal cast him into the sheet held by four or six strong sir knights, who carry and lay him down on electric carpet near judas, wrapping sheet about him and put on the current when judas says, an alarm is now heard and the general shouts. general : ah! the enemy is upon us. away to your posts. the power of antiochus shall be felt. general and soldiers rush out behind curtain at foot of tent. a few moments are passed in perfect silence. lieutenant commander begins to move a little, groans as if in pain, and slowly works himself into a sitting, then standing posture. slowly and painfully he staggers about and as if by accident, he stumbles over the body of the candidate. he tears off the blindfold, listens to his heart, etc., and says : judas : my friend! my friend! and still alive. fortunate indeed are we to have escaped with our lives from those cruel barbarians. i was parted from you against my will and in spite of my best efforts. come, let us hasten to join the forces of the maccabees that we may aid in the cause of humanity, and share in the glory of their triumph. the destiny of judea and the liberty of its people hang in the balance. takes candidate \u2019 s right arm and as they approach the sword, judas discovers it, stops, and as he takes it from the floor, says : ah! here is my trtisty blade again. judas and the general may here fight a duel with swords \u2014 judas victorious. turning to candidate and holding sword aloft in his right hand, left foot on prostrate form of general, judas says : thou shalt yet listen to a proclamation of judea \u2019 s freedom, for unto the just belongeth the victory. candidate is then quickly conducted to the ante - room to be prepared for the next in this section the room will be arranged as it was in the first degree, section 1, the books of the maccabees opened at the second chapter of the second book, and lying diagonally across it a naked sword ( the sword", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4715877050223719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.490938"} {"text": "next in this section the room will be arranged as it was in the first degree, section 1, the books of the maccabees opened at the second chapter of the second book, and lying diagonally across it a naked sword ( the sword of appollonius ), with its hilt pointing towards the upper left hand corner of the altar, the same to be observed from the foot of the altar. actors and costumes commander as mattathias. white flowing gown, white wig and beard, sandals, lieutenant commander as judas. red turban, tunic, hose or leggings and sandals. past commander as john, son of mattathias. colored flowing gown, black turban, black beard and sandals. chaplain as eleazar, son of mattathias. white flowing gown, white turban and when the lieutenant commander is sure that everything is in readiness, he will so inform the commander and retire to the ante - room and introduce the candidate judas takes candidate by either arm and without saying anything to him, goes to inner door, giving any number of raps. sentinel, opens the door slightly and says : who comes? judas : judas of the house of mattathias, with a friend. sentinel : i will inform the venerable sire of thy presence. closes the door and striking the floor twice with his heel, says : venerable sire, without the inner gate stands thy son judas with a friend. matt. : let him enter with his friend. sentinel, opens the door wide : thy father bids thee enter with thy lieutenant commander enters with candidate and both stand at foot of judas : father, i have with me a friend who having witnessed the death of eleazar, and himself experienced some of the atrocities practiced upon our people, now desires to be more intimately and firmly bound unto us by a covenant matt. : my son, thy friend is welcome. his object is most worthy. but first let him listen to the further teachings of this degree, because the lessons we would have him learn from these thrilling experiences deal with the most sacred relations of life, and teach loyalty to country, home and friends. john : under the tents of our beloved order, men of every kind and shade of religious faith, political opinion, and philosophical doctrine, come together ; at our altars they make the same declarations and assume the same vows, \u2014 promising to give the influences of their lives a new and different direction ; here all differences become merged into one great purpose and lofty sentiment : here is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.459209651044142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.492095"} {"text": "together ; at our altars they make the same declarations and assume the same vows, \u2014 promising to give the influences of their lives a new and different direction ; here all differences become merged into one great purpose and lofty sentiment : here is the \" homing place \" of many kindred spirits. the philosophic truth that, things alike in all their parts are identical, finds its highest expression in a place like this where the best things of the moral world are the common aim of each and all. here, the noble of heart reveal themselves to each other in the many little kindnesses done in each others presence ; the tender hearted discover each other by the sympathy each expresses in the presence of the other ; brotherly natures find their affinities in those who never weary in the saying and doing of fraternal things ; friendly natures, sleeping in the lives of all men, rise in majesty to meet and salute each other. chaplain : but be not deceived ; a friend is more than a mere acquaintance and friendship is much more than external agreeableness. your friend is youl other self ; neither chance nor change can ever lessen his loyalty. a friend sticketh closer than a brother. so subtle, so transcendant a thing is friendship, that you can never by seeking find it out, \u2014 it must find you. and you will be most sure of possessing this pearl of inestimable price by showing yourself a friend to that which is good, and true, and just, and merciful in the sight of god and man. marvel not then, if in adversity you find yourself friendless, if you have been a counterfeit yourself. nothing is truer than that mercy begets mercy, justice begets justice, charity begets charity, and friendliness begets friendship. when he, who spake as never man spake, would promote his associates to the highest rank he could bestow on earth, he said to them, \" henceforth i call you not servants but i have called you friends. \" \" ye have not chosen me, but i have chosen you. \" and so, my friend, cast out of your mind and heart and life, all envy, hate, fraud and the secret fault that no man but yourself may perchance know, and fit yourself for the indwelling of the spirit of universal fellowship, \u2014 friendship! judas, my brother, you will now place our friend at the altar, where, after proper reflection, if he so desires", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5234682517525755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.493026"} {"text": "but yourself may perchance know, and fit yourself for the indwelling of the spirit of universal fellowship, \u2014 friendship! judas, my brother, you will now place our friend at the altar, where, after proper reflection, if he so desires, he may be bound with us in a life long covenant of friendship. judas conducts candidate to foot of altar and causes him to kneel on both knees and says : remembering your covenant of friendship with me, if you are now willing to make a similar covenant with all knights of the maccabees of the world, and i charge that you consider well what this may mean, you will, when you are ready, arise and say aloud \" i am. \" when candidate has arisen and said, \" i am, \" eleazar advances to head of altar, takes the naked sword, hilt in right hand, point resting in the palm of the open left hand. candidate is instructed to place his right hand on the naked blade and his open left hand over his heart, mattathias then gives three raps, and while the obligation is being given he will remove wig and beard. eleazar : repeat after me : i do now, sincerely and solemnly promise that i will never fail this order, my country, my friends, nor those of my own flesh and blood in time of danger, need, or sorrow. that i will comfort with my sympathy and assist with my substance all worthy members of the order, their families and dependents who may be in sorrow or that of them i will speak no evil, and should i see, hear, or know of anything that threatens harm them, i will give them timely notice or warning. to all this, i pledge my sacred honor as a maccabee. all members, in concert : thy pledge is recorded! commander now gives one rap. lieutenant commander conducts candidate to station of commander who will instruct him in the secret work of the degree. commander, rising : to gain admission into a tent open in the degree of friendship, give any ordinary alarm at the outer door, and to the picket answering it, the pass, in a whisper, which for the present term is \u2026 then give two loud raps on inner door. to the sentinel, who will open the wicket, you will give in a whisper your name and the token of this degree, which is amity. entering the room, proceed to the foot of the altar in the usual manner. on the altar should rest a copy of the books of the mac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4702842726942582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.493952"} {"text": ", you will give in a whisper your name and the token of this degree, which is amity. entering the room, proceed to the foot of the altar in the usual manner. on the altar should rest a copy of the books of the maccabees opened at the second chapter of the second book, and resting thereon should be a grecian sword with the hilt resting towards your left hand and the point diagonally downwards and towards your right. if the altar is so dressed, you will give the step and the salutation of the second degree, which is made by placing your open right hand on the naked blade of the sword before you, and your left hand, palm open, over your heart. the symbolic color of this degree is red. it symbolizes the zeal of judas maccabeus in his struggles for the liberation of his people, and in defense of country, home and friends taking candidate by the hand. on behalf of this tent, as well as personally, i extend to you the warm and generous hand of friendship, and bid you welcome to all the rights and privileges of our second degree, \u2014 the degree of friendship. again let me remind you, that if you would have friends in the hour of need, you must be friendly, you must be just and true. members may now come forward and congratulate the candidate on his advancement, the tent being at ease for a few minutes. if the candidate is not to receive the third i degree at this review, when the tent is called to order, the commander will explain to him that he should present himself as early as possible for the final degree \u2014 and then excuse him. knights of the maccabees of the world ritual of the third, or degree of loyalty in this section the scene is at modin and represents the temptation of mattathias and the revolt of his house. the curtains are to remain across the foot of the room ; they should have an opening in the middle. the tent shows none of the regular furnishings, and the official stations are not occupied. the room should represent a market or other public place, in a dilapidated old jewish the floor should be devoid of all furniture, except a rude altar, about eight or ten feet from curtain at foot of tent, around which are seated on mats, rugs, or low camp stools, five persons, representing mattathias and four sons. the lieutenant commander, who represents judas, is to be with the candidate. a light should be burning on, or in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5088890516864149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.494864"} {"text": "which are seated on mats, rugs, or low camp stools, five persons, representing mattathias and four sons. the lieutenant commander, who represents judas, is to be with the candidate. a light should be burning on, or in front of, the altar, all others in the room turned down not too low. a sir knight should be dressed as a peasant. the sir knight so costumed should remain behind the curtains, near foot of tent, with apelles and his soldiers, ready to come on the floor quickly with them. actors and properties apelles \u2014 dressed as antiochus in the first section, without cloak or beard and wig, with helmet instead of crown and with short sword hanging at side in belt. mattathias \u2014 dressed as was eleazar in the second degree, but wearing white wig and long flowing white beard without turban and with staff. his four sons \u2014 dressed as priests. judas \u2014 as in the second degree, third section. soldiers \u2014 as in the second degree. sir knight \u2014 as jewish peasant. candidate \u2014 as jewish peasant. sentinel \u2014 as a jewish peasant armed with spear. by the time the candidate is ready, the floor should have been arranged. curtain parted at foot of tent. commander, as mattathias : sir knight lt. commander, be pleased to retire and introduce the candidate. lt. commander, as judas, rises, salutes, retires to ante room and addresses candidate as follows : having served satisfactorily in the degrees of protection and friendship, you are now entitled to receive the final and highest degree of our beloved order, that of loyalty or knighthood. let us enter. judas takes the candidate by the arm, and, without any side conversation, jests, or suggestion of any kind, but in a sober and dignified manner, leads him to the inner door, and knocks several times. sentinel, opening the door slightly, says : who comes? judas : judas, of the house of mattathias, with a friend. sentinel : i will inform the venerable sire of thy presence. closes the door and, advancing to the opening in curtain at foot of the tent, strikes the floor twice with the end of his spear, saying : sentinel : venerable sire, without the gate stands thy son judas, with mattathias : if he be judas, my son, let him enter, and present his sentinel, returns and opens wide the door and says : judas, thy father bids thee enter, and present thy friend.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45239336896570526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.495880"} {"text": "gate stands thy son judas, with mattathias : if he be judas, my son, let him enter, and present his sentinel, returns and opens wide the door and says : judas, thy father bids thee enter, and present thy friend. they enter quietly, and stand before the opening in the curtain at foot of tent, and wait until mattathias has finished his lament. mattathias, in tones of deep distress, with head bowed on left hand : oh, jerusalem! the holy! thy sanctuary is laid waste ; thy feasts are turned into mourning ; thy sabbath into a reproach ; and thy honor into contempt. wherefore was i born to see this misery of my people, and the sad day when the holy city should be delivered into the hands of the enemy? to what end should we live any judas, as soon as all is quiet in a low voice says : father, i have with me a friend, who, having witnessed the death of eleazar and having experienced some of the atrocities practiced upon our people, bound himself firmly unto us by a life long covenant of friendship, and who now desires to actively engage with us in the cause of humanity. mattathias ( those at altar rise, the sons assisting mattathias who tremblingly leaning on his staff, in a feeble voice says ) : my son, thy friend is welcome ; but, before we accept him let him truthfully answer me. says : art thou true and loyal to thy home and friends? candidate answers. dost thou love thy country? art thou zealous of its laws? candidate answers. dost thou observe them thyself? further art thou willing to yield up thy life, shouldst thy country or its institutions require such a sacrifice? candidate answers. kinsman, adversity surrounds us, and the hand of calamity lies heavily upon us. who knows how soon thy assurances may be put to the test? perchance, this very night! if, therefore, thou wouldst recall or modify them, do so now before it is too late. at this moment a flourish of trumpets occurs, with commotion, cheering, etc. mattathias continuing says : the hour has apelles and his soldiers, also peasant, advance from the 2 corner near the foot of the enclosure toward the corner near the head of the enclosure. soldiers seize and set up mattathias \u2019 altar in front of apelles, and then take places. there should be a small urn with alcohol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45551452381601276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.496752"} {"text": "from the 2 corner near the foot of the enclosure toward the corner near the head of the enclosure. soldiers seize and set up mattathias \u2019 altar in front of apelles, and then take places. there should be a small urn with alcohol burning on this altar, also some red fire which the peasant will light when he offers sacrifice. then apelles says : apelles : hear ye! hear ye! men of judea! the king makes proclamation unto you. unfolds a scroll \" i antiochus, would have all my kingdom one people. now, therefore, unto you it is commanded, if that all your former laws and customs shall cease ; the maccabees contemptuously turn away that you shall forthwith set up altars to almighty jove ; and that you shall not henceforth discriminate against the flesh of swine. in token of your compliance, you are commanded to sacrifice before the reader these presents. i, antiochus, have spoken! \" folds the scroll. during the reading much dissatisfaction is expressed or manifested by the crowd. mattathias and his sons appear indignant and behave almost with daring. apelles looks about him and continues : by the authority in me vested by my illustrious sovereign, antiochus, i invite the men of judea to advance and he then places one of the red fires in the urn and burns it. none advance. then in a louder and more mandatory tone : in the name of the great king, i command that ye burn incense on this altar! none come forward. apelles now seems to discover the patriarchial form of mattathias in the crowd. behold the noble mattathias! come venerable sire, thou of the priestly line of joarib, set thou an example of obedience to thy hesitating kinsmen! mattathias in a calm but determined tone of voice : i cannot obey the order of your king. soldiers now pass into the crowd as if soliciting men to advance and sacrifice. apelles, extending his right hand quickly, as if in warning : mattathias! think first, and then make answer! hast thou not heard why and how the venerable eleazar perished? advance and sacrifice! mattathias : all judea hath heard of his fidelity to god and native land, and his dying groans will echo throughout the world while time lasts. god forbid that any of us who remain should deny what he died for. i and my house will remain steadfast! apelles,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40677221433993505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.497616"} {"text": "of his fidelity to god and native land, and his dying groans will echo throughout the world while time lasts. god forbid that any of us who remain should deny what he died for. i and my house will remain steadfast! apelles, argumentatively : the people of other countries have obeyed \u2014 yea even jason the high priest at jerusalem and many more of thine own people have obeyed. thou art a father in israel \u2014 thou art a man of influence and crowned with wisdom and honor. bow before this altar and thou and thy house will find favor with the king ; receive royal reward ; be counted among his friends ; never want for power or gold \u2014 between each sentence the officer must pause an instant as if studying the effect of the bribe on mattathias. the proffered bribes and fulsome flattery only serve to increase the resistance of the maccabees. at last, interrupting the speaker when he says \" gold. \" mattathias, with tremendous emphasis : i know how joshua became high priest and why the vile traitor calls himself jason! officer of the king, \u2014 though all the nations of the earth should obey antiochus, and all the children of israel abandon the faith of our fathers, i and my house will remain steadfast. during this response the apostate jew has been preparing himself to offer sacrifice, and now steps toward altar sand says : apostate : general, i crave the favor of your great king antiochus, and would burn incense on this altar. he now steps forward to the altar and as he lights the red fire and steps back a few feet and kneels, mattathias exclaims with tremendous emphasis : mattathias : traitor, thou must die! so saying he brings down his staff upon the offender. apelles leaps over the prostrate body of the apostate as if he would protect him and is felled by a blow intended for the apostate ; instantly the four sons engage with the soldiers who have taken up the attack. the lights are turned very low and the red fire is diligently kept burning. then the scene becomes stationary : the soldiers stand with raised spears as if to hurl them at mattathias, who throws back his body and holds aloft his staff as if to protect himself ; the four sons stand also in an attitude of defense with raised if cudgels ; standing thus in tableau for a few moments, the curtain is closed and judas addresses candidate as follows : judas : the scene", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4416298563416937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.498523"} {"text": "his staff as if to protect himself ; the four sons stand also in an attitude of defense with raised if cudgels ; standing thus in tableau for a few moments, the curtain is closed and judas addresses candidate as follows : judas : the scene you have just witnessed, represents the revolt at modin. the venerable mattathias, the father of the maccabees, was the first man to actively oppose the mandate of the pagan king. he not only scorned the bribes and flatteries of the king \u2019 s officer but in a moment of uncontrollable indignation he slew the apostate jew in the act of sacrificing to strange gods, and likewise the king \u2019 s officer when he attempted to protect the miserable traitor. do not mistake the significance of this scene. from the heights of sinai the thunderous command of jehovah still echoes through the known world. yes, \" thou shalt not kill, \" but the staff of mattathias was not the weapon of a murderer. its deadly blow was not struck with the fell purpose of the assassin. rather did it speak the sudden impulse of the patriot, driven to desperation by the wrongs inflicted upon his country and his people, maddened by the craven hypocrisy of an erstwhile friend and follower, and fired with an unselfish zeal to strike for the liberty of his countrymen, avenge their wrecked hopes and ruined homes, and hold aloft the sacred traditions of his fathers. learn from this terrific scene a lesson in genuine - patriotism, and see in it your duty to uphold and defend the rights of liberty and conscience when they are threatened by irresponsible power in any form, regardless of what the destroyer would promise or give in its stead. let us retire. judas retires to ante - room with candidate and returns to the room to prepare for the next section. this section represents a scene in the valley of jehosaphat not far from the brook of kedron. it is assumed that, an interval of three years has elapsed since the first journey towards jerusalem, dramatized in the second degree, section 2. the room must be very bare of furnishings, and, if possible, made to look like the natural scenery of a rocky valley. light quite low. actors and costumes selected sir knight as ghost. dressed, or wrapped, in a white mantle and wearing on his head an effigy of a grinning skull ; on hands, pair of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47087467684804934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 47, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.499538"} {"text": "like the natural scenery of a rocky valley. light quite low. actors and costumes selected sir knight as ghost. dressed, or wrapped, in a white mantle and wearing on his head an effigy of a grinning skull ; on hands, pair of white gloves. one of the qualifications for the part, is the possession of a deep voice that can be heard and understood in all parts of the room. lt. commander as judas maccabeus. dressed in the garb of a warrior returning from the conflicts and hardships of three years war. candidate \u2014 in garb of a jewish soldier of lesser rank than judas. the altar erected near middle of room and covered with a large square piece of black cloth, split at the head so as to easily inclose the \" ghost. \" when everything is in readiness, the lt. commander retires to where the candidate is in waiting and, conducting him into room without ceremony, says : judas : my friend : it is supposed that a period of three years has passed, and the solemn events of a bloody war concluded, since we last entered the valley of the brook kedron. during all of this response, the lt. commander and candidate will slowly pass around the circumference of the room. he must point out the various objects how dark the night is, and yet, how familiar the surroundings seem! can we ever forget the night we first traveled this way! the rough road we tried to follow ; the moss cushioned stone ; our capture by a band of bloodthirsty pagans ; the cruel tortures they inflicted ; the death of one of our number ; our miraculous escape! tonight we return by the same route, but in very different spirits. the war has ended, the tyrant has been overthrown, and the light of liberty is about to dawn upon our beloved land. at this time, it is proper to imitate the dawn by increasing the light in the we must be nearing the brook kedron. is not that dark object against the eastern sky, the wall of solomon. they halt and look towards the reddening sky. at time the chorus to \" the holy city \" could be sung with effect. after this they resume their walk and on co within a few steps of the draped altar, lt. commander says : ah! not all of the altars of our fathers have been overthrown! shall we not tarry a moment and offer up our devotions before this sacred shrine? they kneel upon both knees. at that instant the \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49086216620758266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 48, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.500442"} {"text": ". commander says : ah! not all of the altars of our fathers have been overthrown! shall we not tarry a moment and offer up our devotions before this sacred shrine? they kneel upon both knees. at that instant the \" ghost \" slowly rises and in slow, distinct whisper, if possible says : ghost : o my friends, i am glad of your return. i am he that was eleazar. ye saw me scourged to death. here now lie my bones. beneath many altars like this one, repose the bones of count - less widows and orphans, still the constant care of the maccabees! ye return from many a hard fought battle and about to take part in giving to judea her first independence and to the world the first republic. great shall be your well earned reward! go now and give what remains of life to the noble work of perfecting constitutional government and universal liberty. neglect not the cry of the widow, the plaint of the orphan, the silence of disabled warriors. go! go! judas asks candidate to repeat after him : venerable spirit of patriotism, piety and humanity! w shall heed thy counsel till the night of death closes over us! they rise and silently retire to ante - room. this section of the work can be made very impressive and beautiful. no effort should be spared in dressing and conferring it in keeping with its possibilities. nothing, except the financial strength of the tent, should limit the amount or the quality of the display. let these directions then be carefully studied, and the dramatic part thoroughly mastered. the tent should be cleared of everything used in the preceding sections and arranged as for general reviews. the banners should be on each side of the actors and properties commander \u2014 wearing the costume of antiochus ; but having, instead of the crown, a rich turban, and without beard and wig. past commander \u2014 in rich costume, as high priest. chaplain \u2014 as priest in first section, but without beard. lieut. commander, master at arms, sergeant, and candidate \u2014 as warriors, dressed as soldiers were in first section. record keeper, and physician, as priests in white robes, masters of the guards, and sentinel \u2014 as peasants. all in this procession must wear at least a gown and a turban. furniture \u2014 consists of number of imitation palm branches, spears, swords, cymbals, tambourines, reeds, trumpets, etc. when everything is in readiness, sir knights", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4569792066627153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.501369"} {"text": "procession must wear at least a gown and a turban. furniture \u2014 consists of number of imitation palm branches, spears, swords, cymbals, tambourines, reeds, trumpets, etc. when everything is in readiness, sir knights in costume should form in double file in order, leaving a space for the lieutenant commander and candidate to fall into the ranks behind m. of g. the musician takes his place at the instrument ; the sentinel and the picket remain at their stations. at a given signal, the inner door is thrown wide open. lieut. commander with candidate comes marching in and join the ranks. a triumphal march is played. the \" coronation march, \" from meyerbeer \u2019 s opera, \" the prophet, \" is appropriate ; or \" the conquering hero comes, \" will be found very easy to sing and very fitting. the procession then starts. they should be about two paces apart in the line and should march around the hail twice. in the second circuit, the officers, as they reach their respective stations, step out of the ranks and occupy them, past commander first. at the end of the circuit, all will have taken their places, except the lieut. commander and candidate, who, when they reach the sergeant \u2019 s station, wheel to the right and march straight up to the altar. in lieu of a \" march \" the following, from the oratorio of judas maccabeus, may be see the conquering hero comes, sound the trumpets, beat the drums ; sports prepare, the laurel bring, songs of triumph to him sing. sports prepare, the laurel bring, songs of triumph to him sing. or the following : hail, valiant captain! hail, valiant captain, hail lay down thy coat of mail, assume thy right. and now in many a fold the angry war clouds rolled, enter with joy untold, in honor \u2019 s might. chorus \u2014 lion of judah, hail! and let thy name prevail from age to age. and with the rolling years, claim for thy own the spheres, for great is judas, strong and brave \u2014 victor in this great war, we hail thy rising star of fame and renown. blow loud the trumpet, blow, wider yon portals throw, enter triumphant now, accept thy crown! if the above song is sung, the marching should be in perfect step with it and both so timed, or a verse of the chorus repeated, as to enable the procession to pass around the room twice. the second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39839822151409476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 50, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.502254"} {"text": "triumphant now, accept thy crown! if the above song is sung, the marching should be in perfect step with it and both so timed, or a verse of the chorus repeated, as to enable the procession to pass around the room twice. the second round having been completed the lieut. commander will proceed to the foot of the altar with his charge and face head of room. the ceremony continues as follows : commander, one rap : welcome, judas maccabeus, thrice welcome art thou! what tidings from the front? judas, saluting : sir knight commander, the power of antiochus has been broken! his cruel reign is over! the light of liberty has dawned and the night of bondage is past! judea is free! the musicians now start a verse or two of \" america, \" or any patriotic song, in which all present should join. my country, \u2018 tis of thee \u2014 sweet land of liberty \u2014 of thee i sing! land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim \u2019 s pride, from every mountain side, let freedom ring. my native country, thee, land of the noble, free, thy name i love ; i love thy rocks and rills, thy woods and templed hills, my heart with rapture thrills, like that above! our father \u2019 s god, to thee, author of liberty, to thee we sing ; long may our land be bright, with freedom \u2019 s holy light, protect us by thy might, great god, our king! commander, one rap : to the patriotism of thy father, mattathias, we owe the beginning of the great war, but unto thee, judas maccabeus, is due the honor of having achieved its victories. how can we best express our gratitude and the acclaim of generations yet unborn, for this blessed occasion? judas : let us not mar the glory of our miraculous triumph by indulging in any vain praise or empty ceremony. let us perpetuate the virtues which our fathers have worshipped for a thousand years and which destiny has now placed as a sacred trust in our keeping, \u2014 freedom of man \u2019 s body, mind, and soul and, the spirit of a universal brotherhood. let us strongly bind ourselves in a bond of fraternal love in order to better aid one another and protect the widows and orphans of our departed brothers. let us make a covenant with all mankind that as long as knights of the maccabees live in this world, the divine endowment of genuine fratern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.457576801487711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.503126"} {"text": "love in order to better aid one another and protect the widows and orphans of our departed brothers. let us make a covenant with all mankind that as long as knights of the maccabees live in this world, the divine endowment of genuine fraternalism shall not perish in the earth! and i crave the privilege, sir knight commander, to recommend for the honors of maccabean knighthood, this friend \u2014 tried and true \u2014 who has journeyed with me under the silent stars and stood by my side in the shock of many a bloody battle. commander : this last act of thine is greater than any victory thou didst ever win in battle. to defer to a friend is nobler than to wear a crown ; and he that ruleth his own spirit is greater than he that taketh a city! friend of judas maccabeus, if you would accept this generous offer, you must first be bound with us in a never ending covenant of loyalty to the principles for which maccabeeism stands. are you willing? each candidate answers, \" i am. \" lieut. commander causes candidate to stand with his left foot advanced, right hand resting on book and circle, left hand over heart. commander gives three raps. all sir knights rise, give \" token of sincerity, \" and stand with left foot chaplain advances to head of altar. at this moment the members and musicians will sing the following ode. after the ode, the obligation : hear our vow. father, hear this solemn vow ; grant thy presence near us now! on honor \u2019 s mountain heights display thy justice of the better day, the justice of this latter day! chaplain : you will now repeat after me. \" i voluntarily promise, in the presence of these sir knights, that i will be as true to my faith, my country, my people, and myself as was judas maccabeus to his religious, political, and personal duties, \u2014 and like him, to the best of my knowledge and ability, i will ever defend what is just, and right, and true. further : i will always uphold the dignity, good name, and influence, and will never impugn the motives of a member, here or elsewhere, nor permit it to be done by another person without protest. further : i will bear with modesty and administer with strict integrity each and every trust, official or other, committed to my care or confidence. should i intentionally ever violate this my solemn vow of knighthood, may the fingers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4901785969186761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 52, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.505710"} {"text": "another person without protest. further : i will bear with modesty and administer with strict integrity each and every trust, official or other, committed to my care or confidence. should i intentionally ever violate this my solemn vow of knighthood, may the fingers of my left hand be struck off at the knuckle joint, and i thus forever afterwards be unable to prove myself a knight of the maccabees of the world! the choir again sings, \" hear our vow, \" after which the commander seats the members. chaplain returns to his station. lieutenant commander seats candidate in front of commander \u2019 s station who immediately instructs him in the commander, arises : i will now instruct you in the secret work of this ( 1 ) to gain admission into a tent open in the degree of loyalty, give any number of raps at the outer door. the picket will open the door, or wicket, and to him you will give in a whisper, the pass \u2014 which for the present term is \u2026 this will admit you into the ante - room, where you must place on your left breast the regulation badge, then give three loud raps on the inner door. the sentinel will open the wicket and to him you will give in a whisper, your name, and the token of this degree, which is obedience. this will admit you into the tent. ( 2 ) if you are within the tent when the same is being opened in this degree, you will, at the proper time and when so requested, give both the pass and the token to the record keeper or guards as the case may be. having been admitted into the room, advance by way of the sergeant \u2019 s station ( turning square corners ) to the foot of the altar on which should rest a copy of the laws of the order, a copy of the books of the maccabees opened at the third chapter of the second hook and a circle resting on both books. if the altar is not so arranged, give no sign, but ask why the tent is not opened in regular form. if correctly arranged, give the step and salutation sign of this degree to the sir knight commander, at the same time saying : \" sir knight commander. \" he will recognize you by a nod of the head, or a wave of the hand or gavel. then you will be at liberty to take your seat. ( 3 ) the salutation sign of this degree is given by clasping the two middle fingers of the left hand with the thumb, extending the two outside", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5009505676220185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 53, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.506706"} {"text": "wave of the hand or gavel. then you will be at liberty to take your seat. ( 3 ) the salutation sign of this degree is given by clasping the two middle fingers of the left hand with the thumb, extending the two outside fingers and raising the hand to the level of the face, palm of hand to the front, the arm forming a right angle. this is also the voting sign. ( 4 ) the recognition sign is given by clasping the two middle fingers of the left hand in the palm with the thumb extending the index and little fingers and placing the hand in any position in which it can be plainly seen. the answer is made by clasping the index and little fingers in the palm and extending the two middle fingers, thus \u2014. ( 5 ) the ladies recognition sign, used by members of the ladies of the maccabees, and knights of the maccabees in common, is made by clasping the third or ring finger of the left hand with the thumb, extending the other three fingers as much as possible, and placing the hand in any position in which it can be plainly seen, thus. this challenge is used by the ladies only. the answer is given in the same manner. ( 6 ) the token of sincerity is made by placing the open left hand over the heart thus... it must always be given standing and when addressed by, or when you yourself are addressing any officer of the order within a regularly opened tent. ( 7 ) when you wish to make or second a motion, or address the tent, you must rise to your feet, give the token of sincerity and say : \" sir knight commander. \" you have no right to begin to speak until you have so addressed the presiding officer and been recognized by him. ( 8 ) the test word is seebaccam, which is maccabees spelled backwards ; and, in testing a stranger, he must commence the spelling. he gives the first letter, and you the next ; and so on, turn about, until spelled. then pronounce in syllables ; he, the first syllable, you the next, and so on. and, when finished, he pronounces the whole word. for your instruction i will test the sergeant. the commander and the sergeant should then go through with the test word. ( 9 ) grind honors, given to supreme or great officers, are made by giving the ordinary military salute with the right hand and at the same time giving the token of sincerity. ( 10 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4930861198465051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 54, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.507672"} {"text": "the sergeant should then go through with the test word. ( 9 ) grind honors, given to supreme or great officers, are made by giving the ordinary military salute with the right hand and at the same time giving the token of sincerity. ( 10 ) white is the particular color of the third degree and symbolizes the unsullied character of judas maccabeus, who conducted to a successful termination a most cruel and bloody war without having committed a single crime! ( 11 ) the emblems of our order are the circle and the globe. the circle is universally regarded as symbolic of eternity, \u2014 it has no ending. so let it be with the vows you have taken and noble duties you have assumed. keep inviolate every promise you have made to us and then, wherever you may find yourself on the face of the globe and find another who has taken the same vows, you will always find a brother. you will now listen to the counsel of our past commander. lieut. commander conducts candidate to past commander \u2019 s station and seats him. past commander, arises : my brother, in the first degree you were informed that the knights of the maccabees of the world is a great fraternal business co - partnership founded on honor. in that degree, your first step on the way to maccabean knighthood, we magnified the sentiment of honor and emphasized some of the more pertinent rules and laws of good business ; for without honor there can be no fraternalism that is worthy the name, and without the strict observance of certain regulations and principles there can be no safe business conduct. therefore we make honor the central thought of the degree of protection, because it is the foundation of the mystic temple we call our order. in the second degree, we sought to impress upon your heart and mind the importance and power of friendship. we make friendship the governing ideal of the second degree, because it is the mystic temple we build on, the enduring foundation of human honor. in this, the degree of loyalty, we teach, both by precept and example, the hard but glorious lesson of obedience. we inculcate and demand an obedient and hearty allegiance to every duty which you, as a rational being, owe to god and to humanity. we expect you to faithfully keep every vow taken at our altar. we expect you to respond like a man to every demand of righteousness, civil duty, human affection, and personal purity. he who is obedient", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5014720718099863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 55, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.508663"} {"text": "god and to humanity. we expect you to faithfully keep every vow taken at our altar. we expect you to respond like a man to every demand of righteousness, civil duty, human affection, and personal purity. he who is obedient to the behests of these duties, and honestly tries to discharge them, is truth \u2019 s knight militant and god \u2019 s ambassador to needy humanity. he who bravely tries to live like that, will walk with steady tread along the lofty pathway of self denial and universal service, first trod by the son of man. me who thus diligently strives, though he may not fully achieve, will yet be crowned of god and surely live in the affection of those who come after him. this is not the work of a sluggard or a coward, but of a genuine man. we make obedience the master key of the degree of loyalty, because it is the soul of our mystic temple built on the enduring foundation of human honor. would you become one of earth \u2019 s truly great ones? make honor your teacher. would you make joyous and straight the crooked paths of sorrow and hardship? be friendly, \u2014 be kind. would you be a leader in the republic of man? be the faithful, honest servant of everything that is good and just and true. let now this trinity abide with you ; honor, friendship, obedience \u2014 but the greatest of these is obedience. sir knight lieut. commander, conduct our kinsman to the commander \u2019 s station, there to receive knighthood. lieut. commander conducts candidate to commander \u2019 s station, causes him to kneel on his left knee, with his right knee raised in front of him and his right hand resting thereon, removes helmet, and says : lieut. commander : sir knight commander, our kinsman awaits your commander : in commemoration of the valor, touches candidate \u2019 s right shoulder with blade of sword friendship touches candidate \u2019 s left shoulder with blade of sword and obedience touches top of candidate \u2019 s head with blade of sword and allowing it to rest there until he orders him to arise, of judas maccabeus, one of the first fruits of genuine chivalry, and by the authority in me vested as commander of this tent, i now dub, create and proclaim you a knight of the maccabees of the world. arise, sir knight, and stand erect among your equals. returns to his station and declares a short recess. during which the sir knight should receive the congratulations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4699624256285754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 56, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.509674"} {"text": "many parents find that talking with their children about sexuality and reproduction can be overwhelming. there are many tools to help you, no matter if you \u2019 ve already begun talking with your children about sexuality and want help answering specific questions, or if you don \u2019 t know how to start the discussion. we hope reading about talking with your kids about sex and sexuality will be helpful. there are also many other resources that can help : books about talking with your children about sexuality how to talk with teens about love, relationships, and s - e - x by amy g. miron and charles d. miron sex & sensibility : the thinking parent ' s guide to talking sense about sex by deborah m. roffman sexuality : your sons and daughters with intellectual disabilities by karin melberg schwier and david hingsburger teaching children with down syndrome about their bodies, boundaries, and sexuality by terri couwenhoven books for children there are books written about sexuality for children of different ages. reading books about sexuality with your children is a great way for you to break the ice and start an ongoing discussion. and children will benefit from having books like these in your home to look at when they have questions about sexuality. it ' s not the stork! : a book about girls, boys, babies, bodies, families and friends by robie harris ( for ages 4 and up ) no es la ciguena un libro que habla sobre ninas, ninos, bebes, cuerpos, familias y amigos by robie harris ( for ages 4 and up ) it ' s perfectly normal : changing bodies, growing up, sex, and sexual health by robie harris ( for ages 10 and up ) sexo... que es? by robie harris ( for ages 10 and up ) it ' s so amazing! : a book about eggs, sperm, birth, babies, and families by robie harris ( for ages 7 and up ) \u00a1 esalucinante! by robie harris ( for ages 7 and up ) what ' s the big secret? : talking about sex with girls and boys by laurie krasny brown and marc brown ( for ages 4 - 8 ) the \u201c what ' s happening to my body? \u201d book for boys : a growing up guide for parents and sons by lynda madaras and martin anderson ( for ages 8 to 15 ) the \u201c what ' s happening to my body? \u201d book for girls : a growing up guide for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4321607426016698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.512495"} {"text": "diabetes and the foot definition : people with diabetes risk serious and disabling foot complications and even amputation. recent research has shown that the risk for these complications is greatly reduced with good blood sugar levels. podiatrist can give much help to feet in diabetes. diabetes may affect the feet in two ways. firstly, the nerves which enable you to feel pain, temperature extremes and give early warning of possible trauma, are damaged. secondly, the blood supply to the feet is diminished due to damage to the blood vessels. under these circumstances, even a minor foot problem of little significance to other people can be hazardous for people with diabetes. the importance of proper foot care in diabetes is widely recognised. it is recommended people with diabetes should be assessed by a podiatrist who will advise a common sense, daily care routine to reduce the risk of injuries and complications. treatment : foot health tips... * maintain blood sugar levels within the range advised for you. * encourage good blood circulation by regular walking, wearing good walking shoes. * choose footwear which is appropriate for your activity. * make sure to have your feet measured properly by a trained fitter. * check your shoes regularly for excess wear on the outside and for any rough spots on the inner lining. * wash your feet daily in warm ( not hot ) water, using a mild soap, and then dry thoroughly with a gentle blotting action. * use a moisturiser daily to stop heels cracking and to help keep the skin supple. * inspect feet daily for any sign of heat, redness, swelling or pain, using a mirror if necessary. seek immediate help from a podiatrist or doctor. * blisters, cuts and scratches should be cleansed at once with clean water or saline solution. cover with a sterile dressing and seek advice from a podiatrist or doctor as soon as possible. * \" corn cures \" and medicated pads are caustic - based and can cause catastrophic foot problems. see your podiatrist for treatment of corns. * avoid extremes of heat and cold such as hot water bottles, radiators, hot sand / pathways and hot bath water. how to seek professional advice it is important to discuss your mobility and footcare problems with your podiatrist. your podiatrist can advise which service or professional support is most appropriate to your needs. the podiatrist, after assessing your foot function may recommend orthoses or insoles to help relieve foot pain and discomfort", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44209236444133093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.515029"} {"text": "old christmas cards postmuseum has over 10, 000 different christmas cards in its large collections, many from their heyday around the turn of the last century. we have selected 78 christmas cards by unknown artists. they are good examples of beautiful and popular christmas cards sent in large quantities at that time. the first christmas card was sent in england in the 1840s. 1, 000 cards were printed and these were coloured in by hand. it was both a christmas and a new year card. at that time, printing techniques had not developed enough to make it possible to mass produce beautiful cards in colour. in sweden, the first christmas cards were sent in the 1880s. both the inspiration and the cards came to sweden from denmark and germany. other greetings such as \u201c a peaceful christmas \u201d, \u201c a joyful christmas \u201d and \u201c happy christmas \u201d competed with the now established greeting \u201c merry christmas \u201d. to begin with, everybody handed out their own christmas cards, but soon the post office took over the distribution. writing christmas cards was at first an upper class phenomenon that later spread down through society. after the 1897 world \u2019 s fair in stockholm, writing picture postcards became such a rage that it is said that the grand new main post office building in vasagatan in stockholm, completed in 1903, was paid for by the income from postage on picture postcards. christmas cards are said to have resulted both in father christmas taking the place of the christmas billy - goat and in christmas trees being introduced into swedish homes. at the turn of the century, father christmas was not always a tall man. instead there were more little christmas elves. they were often shown with a bowl of porridge, traditionally the elf \u2019 s annual reward. the peevish little old man would soon grow into the jovial tall man whom we know today as father christmas. the christmas tree on the cards from the turn of the century was often a small tree to have on a table. as often as the tree was just standing there decorated, it could also be carried by christmas elves, angels or children. the many children and pigs on the cards are hardly surprising. angels were decidedly more popular around the turn of the last century than today. however, what surprises us now are the flower motifs, sometimes even verdant meadows. the improved printing technique and the cheap postage made christmas cards attractive and available to all. it can also be added that industrialisation, which resulted in people moving around more, led to their making friends and acquaintances outside the parish and district. since the turn of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41585361515746544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.517878"} {"text": "before you go shopping for a freezer, decide whether a chest freezer or an upright freezer would better meet your needs. then choose a model based on size, capacity, and energy efficiency. placing your model if you plan to keep the freezer in a living area, consider how noisy it is. most manufacturers say that their freezers can operate in a room where the temperature is from 32 degree to 110 degrees fahrenheit, though they also indicate that spaces colder than 32 degrees f will not affect freezer operation. if you plan to house the freezer in an unheated area, such as a garage, adhere to the manufacturer ' s specified operating range. sizing your model freezers, whether chest or upright, come in four basic sizes : compact ( 5 cubic feet ), small ( 6 to 9 cubic feet ), medium ( 12 to 18 cubic feet ), and large ( more than 18 cubic feet ). your choice should depend on available space and family needs. weigh blackout performance most manufacturers say that their freezers can keep food adequately frozen for 24 hours with the power off, as long as the freezer remains unopened. but our tests simulating a prolonged power failure revealed significant differences. some uprights allowed a relatively large increase in temperature after only nine hours. keeping food from spoiling most of the chests and self - defrosting uprights we tested delivered impressive temperature performance, maintaining 0 degrees f quite evenly throughout their interior. but all of the manual - defrost upright models had trouble keeping their door shelves as cool as the rest of the interior. any frozen food that has reached temperatures above 40 degrees for more than two hours should be discarded. for guidelines on frozen - food safety, read the freezing and food safety guidelines from the department of agriculture and our advice on freezing foods. don ' t expect your new freezer to be quite as energy efficient as its yellow energyguide label implies. on average, our latest tested models used 17 percent more energy. that ' s because our tests are tougher - and, we believe, more like real - world conditions - than those specified by the u. s. department of energy. we fill the freezers to capacity, whereas they ' re only 75 percent full in the doe test. and we test for energy use with the center of the freezer actually at 0 degrees, the optimum temperature for storing frozen food, while manufacturers are allowed to extrapolate energy use at 0 degrees from test results above and below zero. except for energy star", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5137270271801141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.520750"} {"text": "make your child ' s shots less stressful ( newsusa ) - vaccines help protect babies and young children against 14 serious diseases. even though you are keeping her safe from diseases, it ' s hard to see your child cry when she gets her shots. but you can take some steps before, during and after a vaccine visit to ease the pain and stress of getting shots. read about the shots your child will get in advance. bring your child ' s vaccine record to show the doctor. pack a favorite toy, book, blanket or other comfort item. for older children, be honest - - shots can pinch or sting, but not for long. remind them that shots help keep them healthy. ask your child ' s doctor any questions you have about vaccines. you may even want to ask about cooling or numbing the area of your child ' s arm or leg before the shots. distract your child with a toy, a story, a song or something interesting in the room. make eye contact with your child and smile, talk softly or sing. hold your child tightly on your lap if you can. take deep breaths with an older child to help \" blow out \" the pain. after the shot, hug, cuddle and praise your child. for babies, swaddling, breastfeeding or a bottle may offer quick relief. comfort and reassure older children if they cry. \" read the vaccine information sheets from your doctor so you know what to expect after the shots, \" said dr. melinda wharton, deputy director, national center for immunization and respiratory diseases at the centers for disease control and prevention. \" some children have pain or swelling where a shot was given, a rash or a fever. these reactions are usually mild and resolve on their own without needing treatment. \" if you notice redness, soreness or swelling from the shot, place a clean, cool washcloth on the area. if your child runs a fever, try a cool sponge bath. you can also use a non - aspirin pain reliever if your doctor says it ' s ok. some children eat less, sleep more or act fussy for a day after they get shots. make sure your child gets plenty to drink. if you ' re worried about anything, call your doctor. \" shots can be stressful, \" said dr. wharton. \" but you can ease your child ' s discomfort. and keeping your child up to date on vaccines is the best way to protect against vaccine - preventable diseases. \" learn more about childhood vaccines at www", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4003020193341784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.523456"} {"text": "flame ionisation detectors the common standard method for measuring organic gas concentration, fid analysers have been used for over 50 years often alongside gas chromatographs. fid analysers work by the pyrolysis of the organic gases in a flame of hydrogen burning at > in air, producing positively charged ions which induce a current when they hit the negatively charged detector plate. the fid will produce a single measurement of total organic content ( toc ) based on the response from the burnt gas. often the single value result for organic content is of little use to industrial processes. the fid gives no indication of what species are being measured. for example, a plant operator may only be concerned with chlorinated organic gases passing through the processes, in the presence of other organic species. each organic molecule will respond differently to the pyrolysis action in the fid. some gases such as methane will response very well. molecules that contain oxidised carbon atoms ( c - o bonds ) such as alcohols or amines do not respond as well and the fid is not the best technique for speciating out and accurately measuring mixtures of these gases. protea can and has provided fid solutions to customers where it is all that is required. however, the availability and analytical power of ftir analysers has shown many benefits over fid in organic gas measurements. protea has run a number of studies comparing fid and ftir in measuring total voc which shows that for a complete measurement, ftir is the route to go. find out more : fid vs. ftir >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4824893125352676, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.525662"} {"text": "cast - computation and science for teachers introduces computational reasoning and computational tools into the high school math and science curriculum. psc and its partners are creating the cast professional development program, an integrated set of modules to train teachers on how to incorporate computational reasoning and tools such as modeling and simulation into their curriculum. the first set of modules present a complete program on how to use models and simulations in the classroom. a second set will focus on how to create models and simulations. all instructional materials will be available on the cast website. cast is a joint program of psc, along with the maryland virtual high school and the western pa math & science collaborative. cmist - computational modules in science teaching brings innovative science tutorials into secondary school classrooms, focusing on integrative computational biology, physiology, and biophysics. cmist modules include high quality, realistic 3 - d animations produced with cutting - edge simulation and visualization software. cmist subject material is chosen to highlight critical concepts that are difficult to convey with static textbook images and words ; for example, cellular transport of molecules by diffusion and osmosis, or the structure and function of enzymes in cells. specific modules are introduced in 2 - hour workshops throughout the school year. cmist materials and movies are available on the cmist website. cmist is a program of the national resource for biomedical supercomputing ( nrbsc ) at the pittsburgh supercomputing center. best - better educators of science for tomorrow exposes teachers to modern molecular biology concepts, by incorporating computational biology and bioinformatics into high school curriculum. best also prepares teachers to introduce their students to emerging and exciting biomedical careers. beginning as a pilot program in may 2007, best worked with local high school teachers to create a curriculum incorporating inquiry based bioinformatics and inquiry based teaching in southwestern pennsylvania. this curriculum is currently being piloted in 5 area schools. compex - computation exploration is a high performance computing teaching module designed to be incorporated into existing curricula in high school computer science classrooms. this program teaches high school students the basics of parallel programming and guides them through the development of their own parallel programs. ci jumpstart - introduces computational science and high performance computing to high school and undergraduate students. instructional materials and exercises are available on the ci jumpstart website. workshops can be held at the school, or at psc. for students, parents and educators safe - net - safety awareness for everyone on the net focuses on raising the awareness of students, parents, and educators about cyber threats, measures of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5458446941645393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.528456"} {"text": "writing and the writer by frank smith published august 1st 1994 by routledge \u2013 304 pages exploring the relationship between the writer and what he / she happens to be writing, this text by one of the foremost scholars in the field of literacy and cognition is a unique and original examination of writing - - as a craft and as a cognitive activity. the book is concerned with the physical activity of writing, the way the nervous system recruits the muscles to move the pen or manipulate the typewriter. it considers the necessary disciplines of writing, such as knowledge of the conventions of grammar, spelling, and punctuation. in particular, there is a concern with how the skills underlying all these aspects of writing are learned and orchestrated. this second edition includes many new insights from the author ' s significant experience and from recent research, providing a framework for thinking about the act of writing in both theoretical and practical ways. a completely new chapter on computers and writing is included, as well as more about the role of reading in learning to write, about learning to write at all ages, and about such controversial issues as whether and how genre theory should be taught. written in nontechnical language, this text will continue to be accessible and stimulating to a wide range of readers concerned with writing, literacy, thinking, and education. furthermore, it has an educational orientation, therefore proving relevant and useful to anyone who teaches about writing or endeavors to teach writing. \" in this lucid, reflective, and wholly accessible book, frank smith has spread out the writing process, his own included, so that we may take stock of all that it involves \u2026. best of all, he shows how teachers and children in collaboration can describe or rediscover the power of the writer as a producer of texts to be read - - until now the least emphasized aspect of universal literacy. \" praise for the first edition : \" it is unusual for educators to reveal how they know. frank smith is rare, for he explores and exposes the very act of learning through writing. \" \u2014 james s. davis ncte award presenter contents : preface to the second edition. preface to the first edition. introduction. why write? writing : collaboration and competition. the thought behind language. putting meaning into words. language : spoken and written. the writer - reader contract. the act of writing. starting and stopping. the tapestry of transcription. the tools of the trade. learning to be a writer. learning the technicalities. the writing teacher. retrospect and second thoughts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5121164540992483, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.532106"} {"text": "wed june 20, 2012 pakistan ' s ' burushaski ' language finds new relatives robert siegel, host : it ' s like discovering a distant cousin, a really distant cousin. it ' s like learning that someone you had barely heard of is actually part of the family. in this case, the family is the indo - european family of languages. and the umpteenth cousin is a language called burushaski. it ' s spoken by about 90, 000 people, the burusho people, and nearly all of them live in pakistan. a few hundred live in india. just to give a sense of what it sounds like, here ' s a joke in burushaski that we came across online. unidentified man : ( foreign language spoken ) unidentified man : ( foreign language spoken ) siegel : well, i guess you had to be there. look up burushaski and you ' ll see it ' s described as an isolate, a language unrelated to any other language in the world. but professor ilija casule, of macquarie university in australia, has rescued it from the linguistic orphanage. he says it has similarities to indo - european languages that are not just coincidence. and professor casule joins us right now. welcome to the program. ilija casule : i ' m happy to be on your program. siegel : can you tell us - what have you found about burushaski? what is it that makes it an indo - european language? casule : well, the crucial point is that the vocabulary that corresponds with indo - european is core vocabulary, names of body parts, basic verbs, basic adjectives and also grammatical endings. if you explain the grammar and connect it with another grammar, then you have show relationship. only words - and even worse - only stem do not show relationship. you could find that japanese is related to english if you look hard enough and systematically enough. so that ' s why it took me 20 years. and, you know, it still needs further elaboration. siegel : was there some aha moment? some word or pronoun or number that made you think, aha, that ' s not just a coincidence? casule : well, i ' ll tell you one and perhaps it ' s not the best example, you know, technically, but the word for to write in burushaski is ( foreign language spoken ). now, in ancient ( foreign language spoken ), which i claim is the closest still relative in time to burus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5172443471058389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.535851"} {"text": "the best example, you know, technically, but the word for to write in burushaski is ( foreign language spoken ). now, in ancient ( foreign language spoken ), which i claim is the closest still relative in time to burushaski, the form ( foreign language spoken ) means written and that ' s so similar, also celestial in ( foreign language spoken ) is ( foreign langue spoken ) and also in greek. in burushaski, it ' s ( foreign language spoken ). siegel : and when you found, for example, the similarities in the word for celestial, i guess it was still possible that somebody who looked at the heavens came from greece and wandered through the lands where the burusho people lived and they took a loan word. casule : that ' s exactly right, but 80 names of body parts - for example, the name for brow, as in english eyebrow, is ( foreign language spoken ) and ( foreign language spoken ) in burushaski. and it corresponds systematically. that ' s the most important part. every word you find has to have a systematic correspondence with all the rest of indo - european. siegel : well, if you ' re right, if in fact this is a european language that somehow made it to northern pakistan, how did it get there? who are these people that they are so far east? casule : well, the ancient ( foreign language spoken ) are the fame of king midas, who supposedly turned everything into gold, moved according to ( unintelligible ) from macedonia, from the northern part and central, and then to asia minor, where they became a large civilization. they overpowered the ( unintelligible ) civilization, but later were overpowered themselves, so they moved further. they actually reached india very early, so this is like finding a lost - as you said yourself - a lost relative who keeps the family fortune. siegel : have you heard any reactions from burushaski speakers to your conclusion that they are europeans far afield? casule : well, they themselves claim that they ' re descendents of alexander the great, but they ' re skeptical because people have come up to them with thousands of proposals and they like the idea and they do think that they are more civilized than everyone else around them. siegel : well, professor casule, thank you very much for talking with us. casule : thank you very much. siegel : that is linguist, ilija casule, of macquarie university in australia talking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5337536370817579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.537018"} {"text": "- the magazine - web exclusives the matesy gmbh, jena, germany, has explored a new magneto - optical sensor type ( mo - sensors ) for direct field visualization and measurement. instead of electromagnetic effects, matesy introduces magneto - optics for two - dimensional magnetic field analysis. the magneto - optical sensor has the technical advantage that the magnetic field and its distribution can be visually recognized over the entire magnetic surface. therefore, real - time analysis of the magnetic field distribution can be performed, instead of using a time intensive \u201c point to point \u201d scanning with hall probes, which need a precise positioning on the surface. the faraday - effectthe principle of magneto - optical sensors is the faraday - effect. it describes the rotation of the polarization plane of linearly polarized light passing the magneto - optical sensor, which is exposed by a magnetic field, which is parallel to the direction of propagation of the applied light wave. more specifically, linearly polarized light consists of superposed left - and right - circularly polarized waves with the same frequency and phase. as light passes a mo - medium in which a magnetic field parallel to the direction of the light wave is applied, it disperses into two oppositely rotating circularly polarized waves with different phase velocities. as a result of the phase shifts of these two partial waves - a rotation of the polarization plane of light and the unequal absorption of each component together - leads to an elliptically polarized wave, which is finally an analyzable phenomenon of magnetic field strength and allows having an insight into the magnetic properties of the sample. the sensor waferto achieve both accurate imaging characteristics as well as best possible resolution, the r & d - facility innovent e. v. from jena designed - based on a bismuth - substituted rare earth iron garnet compound - a monocrystalline ferrimagnetic layer, which is characterized by enhanced magneto - optical imaging properties. the manufacturing process of the sensor layers is realized by liquid phase epitaxy, which is ideal for applying functional coatings in micron range on monocrystalline garnet substrates. an additional mirror - and protective - layer is deposited on the raw sensor to ensure long - term functionality of the system. for different fields of applications, the sensors can be designed in customized shapes and sizes. visualization of magnetic fields visualization of magnetic fieldsin order to realize an optical visualization of the magnetic fields, the magneto -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6325785300873501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.547411"} {"text": "term functionality of the system. for different fields of applications, the sensors can be designed in customized shapes and sizes. visualization of magnetic fields visualization of magnetic fieldsin order to realize an optical visualization of the magnetic fields, the magneto - optical sensor is brought into direct contact with the magnetic sample material and is illuminated by a polarized light source. the light passes through the transparent sensors, is reflected by the mirror - layer and passes the sensor again. when double - passing through the nonreciprocal mo - medium, the described faraday - effect applies proportional to the double layer thickness. resulting from the different rotation angles - depending on the local magnetic fields strength - the analyzer - polarization module generates an intensity contrast pattern, which is proportional to the magnetic field distribution of the magnetic material. the result is a visual image that illustrates a two - dimensional intersection of the magnetic stray field. this image recording and analyzing of the normal component over the x - y plane of the magnetic field takes place in real time and simultaneously over the entire sensor surface, allowing detection and analysis of dynamic magnetic field changes. sensor range and resolutionsince the sensors - for technical reasons - can be saturated, depending on the strength of the applied magnetic field, different dynamic ranges are covered by different types of mo - sensors. current mo - sensors can detect magnetic field strengths from 50 a / m up to 500 ka / m in order to perfectly fit to each specific task. field strengths, which are out of specifications due to the slope of the hysteresis curve, cannot be differentiated. magneto - optical sensor systems can resolve lateral structures down to 1 micron. integration of sensors in cmos - magview and its applicationsthe matesy gmbh developed a new visualization and measurement system for magnetic field distribution at the surface of magnetic materials. the \u201c cmos - magview \u201d called measurement system is ideal for studying magnetic properties and for analysis of field distribution and magnetic structures. the cmos - magview can be used furthermore for quality control of magnetic materials such as ndfeb, smco, ainco and hard ferrites. thus magnetic fields of plastic bonded permanent magnets, encoders, alloys of steel, magnetic stripe cards, magnetic ink ( e. g. used on bills, safety tags, tickets, packaging ), thin sections of magnetic minerals and even of domain materials - as magnetic shape memory alloy - can be visualized with very high geometric resolutions and investigated by the comprehensive cmos - magview software. mo - sensors can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6285882468466707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.551230"} {"text": "safety tags, tickets, packaging ), thin sections of magnetic minerals and even of domain materials - as magnetic shape memory alloy - can be visualized with very high geometric resolutions and investigated by the comprehensive cmos - magview software. mo - sensors can be modified perfectly for each application so that optimal field visualization can be achieved for each material. the cmos - magview works with a 12 - bit cmos camera technology and can be easily connected to a computer via usb enabling real - time visualization, analysis and archiving of the magneto - optical recordings. analysis via cmos - magview softwarethe integrated cmos - magview software allows illustration and analysis of the geometric magnetic field distribution. the magneto - optical images of the measured magnetic material can be displayed in false colors as well as in a 3 - dimensional contour of the local magnetic field strengths. inhomogeneities of field distribution, geometry and field structures are easily visible. due to the highly detailed image analysis even hidden material properties - for example detection of welding seams - can be revealed and investigated. a significant advantage of magnetooptical sensors compared to magnetoresistive ( mr ) and hall sensors for these kind of applications is that mr and hall sensors only deliver a punctual information about the magnetic field strength. to detect the size and exact shape of material defects, it is necessary to determine the exact field distribution. for mr and hall sensors, this is only possible through a very time - consuming scanning of the magnetic surface, which results in achievable resolutions far behind those of the cmos - magview. mo - sensors are capable of visualizing magnetic fields over surface areas of up to three inches in diameter directly. the surface sensor can be enlarged almost without limits by \u201c gluing \u201d several sensor together. especially in the fields of forensic analysis of counterfeit documents, bank notes and steel testings it is necessary to investigate over larger areas at once. for the characterization of industrial permanent magnets a reliable quick - measurement of the entire strayfield is essential for quality management and its importance will increase in the coming years as the property requirements will continuously increase. magnetic domain investigationsmagneto - optical sensors also provide a variety of applications in research activities regarding to magnetic domain structures, their distribution, orientation and behavior under influence of external fields. magnetic domain structures are defined as areas of different magnetization directions - also known as weiss domains - in a single material. within a single domain the magnetic moments are aligned parallel to each other. this case corresponds to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6181169098755119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.556513"} {"text": "the case for collaboration the hunt for ten red balloons on october 29, 2009, the defense advanced research projects agency ( darpa ) announced its \" network challenge. \" at 10 : 00 a. m. on december 5, 2009, at ten locations throughout the united states, darpa would let fly an eight - foot - diameter red weather balloon tethered to the ground. each balloon would be readily visible from local roads and buildings - - points the average person could reach. a $ 40, 000 prize would go to the first team to accurately report the location of all ten weather balloons. the contest was meant to replicate the challenge of trying to gather information about an adversary in an open environment. darpa wanted to test whether ordinary folks using commonly available off - the - shelf technology and social media like twitter or facebook could work together - - collaborate - - to solve a problem that would be, in the words of one expert from the national geospatial - intelligence agency, \" impossible to solve by traditional intelligence gathering methods. \" a team from mit ' s media lab won. no surprise there. mit had a slew of faculty and top graduate students, the most sophisticated equipment, and great publicity. cnn profiled them and drew attention to their cause. a georgia tech team placed second, for similar reasons. both teams competed fiercely. they put out misinformation, reporting false sightings, sent others on wild - goose chases, and bought time for themselves. both teams wrote complex computer programs to defend themselves against such attacks. given their advantages, you would expect mit and georgia tech to come out ahead - - and they did, with a winning time under nine hours. but what is interesting is the guy who finished in a tie for third with eight balloons, and actually led the pack for the first four hours of the competition - - nineteen - year - old hacker george hotz. hotz heard about the contest only a couple of days before, and only an hour before it started he put up a website called dudeitsaballoon. com. how did he do it? his idea was based on a kind of mass collaboration. hotz had nearly fifty thousand followers on twitter. they, in turn, had hundreds of thousands of followers. his plan was to mobilize them all - - get thousands in the game and all those eyeballs searching for the prized red balloons. it almost worked. hotz was already famous in the hacker community for \" jailbreaking \" the sony playstation and the apple iphone. he '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5304145488253549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.572437"} {"text": "them all - - get thousands in the game and all those eyeballs searching for the prized red balloons. it almost worked. hotz was already famous in the hacker community for \" jailbreaking \" the sony playstation and the apple iphone. he ' d cracked their proprietary codes, and for the iphone wrote software that let iphone owners use it on any wireless network, not just at & t ' s - - much to at & t ' s and apple ' s chagrin and the hacker community ' s glee. these legendary hacks made hotz a star. he gained tens of thousands of twitter followers, all of whom wanted to be the first to know what george hotz might do next. on twitter, they would soon find out. on the day before the darpa contest, hotz - - who went by his twitter name, @ geohot - - tweeted his followers to stand by for a major announcement the next day. that started a buzz going in the twitterverse and on hacker bulletin boards. on saturday morning @ geohot tweeted his fifty thousand followers : 10am est today marks the start of a us wide scavenger hunt, for 10 red balloons http : / / bit. ly / 7chum5 # dudeitsaballoon he quickly followed up with another tweet : so i need your help to do two things, 1, find big red balloons, and 2, rt [ retweet ] and trend this!!!! http : / / bit. ly / 7chum5 # dudeitsaballoon he included a link to his website. the hashtagged # dudeitsaballoon guaranteed that if his message got retweeted, as requested, # dudeitsaballoon would rise to the top of the twitter trending terms. that would amplify its effect - - and call further attention to hotz ' s cause. visitors clicking through to hotz ' s website found the following message : right now you are all probably waking up to another normal saturday. but this saturday is not normal. in addition to planes, birds, owls, and everything else in the sky, there are 10 red balloons scattered around the united states. starting at 10am est, your us government is using tax dollars to send 10 big red weather balloons into the sky. i need to know the location of those balloons. so if you see a big red balloon in the sky, about 8ft round, numbered 1 to 10... report it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48514199075375225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.573496"} {"text": "using tax dollars to send 10 big red weather balloons into the sky. i need to know the location of those balloons. so if you see a big red balloon in the sky, about 8ft round, numbered 1 to 10... report it here asap so i can win the contest. hotz offered $ 1, 000 to anyone who gave him a confirmed sighting. and he offered something that would incite any die - hard hacker. \" seriously, \" hotz wrote. \" if you guys come through for me... i ' ll make you an untethered jailbreak. \" offering an untethered jailbreak to the hacker community was like dangling red meat in front of a lion. it was the gold standard of all hacks. unlike hotz ' s earlier iphone hack, which left the iphone tethered to software you had to run each time you started the phone, this time hotz was promising to hack the iphone again and create an untethered jailbreak. untethered, you could use your phone just like any cell phone, on any carrier. untethered, the iphone would be released from its earthly moorings. it would be hacker heaven. word raced around hacker online sites and bulletin boards that george hotz was offering to do an untethered jailbreak for spotting the red balloons. we have to win this, the hacker community buzzed. do it for @ geohot ; do it for us! by hour four, hotz had four verified sightings - - more than the mit team and the georgia tech team. he traded two of his four sightings with one of the other front - running teams. that made six. eventually, the mit and georgia tech teams surged ahead, but not before hotz found eight of the ten balloons. he had done better than dozens of teams competing. it was far more than what traditional intelligence gathering could accomplish. more than that, it showed darpa the raw power of the internet to foster collaboration. what george hotz lacked in funding, institutional support, and educational credentials he made up for with digital age assets : networks of followers who, on an otherwise ordinary saturday and with a promise of glory and gifts, he could get in the game fast. already arrayed on trusted platforms, hotz sent current through those networks, turned followers into partisans, and got them collaborating - - in minutes. together, they pulled off something extraordinary ( and nearly won the challenge ). restoring an empire state of mind bill bratton takes new york as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5362815636620323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.574451"} {"text": "only to see them rally to some other corner moments later. when the dust of the november elections settled, the voters had replaced dinkins with giuliani ; the new mayor soon replaced kelly with me as nypd commissioner. i had been the commissioner of the boston police department and before that, in 1991, chief of the new york city transit police department. giuliani had made a campaign promise to get rid of the squeegee guys, so i knew i needed to move quickly, continuing the work kelly had begun. counting heads, it turned out that the \" army \" of squeegee men had actually numbered about seventy - five. well before the internet, the blogosphere, or the twitterverse, new york ' s potent tabloids had turned seventy - five sponge - and - bucket guys into a national symbol of impotent government and a city on the brink. persistent police work paid off. many of the men had had prior problems with the law and couldn ' t afford to get arrested again. which is exactly what we promised, and did. we stayed around long enough to break up this thriving little extortion racket that was driving the city crazy. seemingly overnight the squeegee men were gone - - though we did have in our favor thirty - eight thousand cops versus seventy - five squeegee pests. the tactics i used to conquer that problem formed the strategy of what i hoped would be a much more ambitious effort, one aimed not just at cutting crime but at dramatically changing the quality of life in new york. the nypd had people bluffed, as i later wrote in my first book looking back at the time. they had the reputation as the greatest crime - fighting machine in the history of policing, but to me the big blue wall was a lot of blue smoke and a few mirrors. they were good at responding to crime, they just weren ' t very good at preventing it. they weren ' t even trying to prevent it. they were just cleaning up around it. the nypd, like many departments, was \" all response, all the time. \" the 911 dispatch system created in the 1970s had democratized policing : it was no longer \" who you knew downtown. \" now, any citizen could mobilize the department with a free call from a pay phone. and millions did. police were racing across the city from call to call. but the 911 system didn ' t dent crime much - - the onslaught of crack, disorder, and guns in the 1980s and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45024059019628326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.576576"} {"text": "department with a free call from a pay phone. and millions did. police were racing across the city from call to call. but the 911 system didn ' t dent crime much - - the onslaught of crack, disorder, and guns in the 1980s and ' 90s saw to that. a single citizen could make hundreds - - even thousands - - of calls complaining about nuisance gangs, drugs, and prostitutes on the same corner. officers responded every time, but nothing changed. it was like shoveling sand against the tide - - the tide kept coming back. remember the precinct house nicknames of the time - - \" fort apache, the bronx \" or \" little house on the prairie \"? that ' s what american policing had become : isolated outposts, controlling little outside its four walls - - or outside the cruiser. the 911 dispatch kept cops in cars, windows rolled up, ac blasting, racing to calls or on \" random \" patrol in between, intending to deter crime by their mere presence. as new york city ' s police commissioner, i quickly set out to establish a new form of policing, one that required collaboration not only between all areas of the department, but also with other agencies and the public. my goal was to transform the city and the american police profession. it all starts with a vision, i told the department : as good as we are, we can do better. but we can ' t do it alone. the path forward - - the new platform for policing new york - - came to be known as compstat. \" when have you guys ever addressed crime? \" jack maple, my right hand at the new york transit police department and now at the nypd, was digging in. john timoney, a twenty - five - year nypd veteran and now my chief of department, had called maple out for his comment to a reporter. \" those guys over there at the nypd have given up on crime fighting, \" maple had said. timoney pointed to this operation and that, and cited his stellar service as commander of new york ' s 5th precinct on the lower east side. maple would have none of it. \" your narcotics bureau works nine to five, monday through friday. the warrant squad is off weekends. auto crimes, off weekends. robbery squad, off weekends. the whole place takes weekends and nights - - just when the criminal element gets down to work. \" and that was the problem. to transform the city, i knew, my team and i would have to start with the nypd.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45540328407131353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.577532"} {"text": "off weekends. the whole place takes weekends and nights - - just when the criminal element gets down to work. \" and that was the problem. to transform the city, i knew, my team and i would have to start with the nypd. to succeed, i needed believers and doers. i screened the incoming command staff and promoted my own leaders over the heads of others - - timoney among them, and louis anemone, who would be chief of patrol. my inner staff was made up of longtime nypd partisans - - but commanders who were loyal to me, who understood and bought into my vision : the nypd could do better, and this was the way. maple had been through this before with me when years earlier i reorganized the new york transit police department. metropolitan transit authority president david gunn had told me at the time that fare beating was bleeding the mta dry ; disorder was shrinking ridership. there was brand - new capital waiting to be poured into rebuilding the subways - - but the subways were out of control. he needed them tamed. i concentrated patrols where the problem was highest, and ran high - visibility mass arrests. we were able to bring fare beating on the subways down from 170, 000 per day to the point where it fell so low that the mta stopped tracking it. malcolm gladwell wrote about this \" tipping point \" phenomenon in his book of the same name. but i also learned something that stuck with me : many fare beaters tend to have character flaws. one in seven was wanted on a warrant or probation and parole violation. one in twenty - one carried an illegal weapon. and that got the cops going : an arrest for fare beating wasn ' t just about writing a paper summons anymore. now it was about making felony collars. and when fare beating went away, crime fell, and so, too, did the sense of disorder. and when it did, ridership returned. the mta coffers began to fill again ; the capital plan could go forward. that was the idea. take care of the small stuff, shake the tree for information, and you head off the big stuff. take a fare beater or a low - level drug dealer off the street, and whatever criminal behavior he had in mind goes away with him. you can control behavior to such an extent that you can change it. that was the broken windows theory in practice. 1 1 the \" broken windows \" theory was articulated by george l. kelling and james q. wilson in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48847270414789146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.578476"} {"text": "what determines how much coverage a climate study gets? it probably goes without saying that it isn \u2019 t strongly related to the quality of the actual science, nor to the clarity of the writing. appearing in one of the top journals does help ( nature, science, pnas and occasionally grl ), though that in itself is no guarantee. instead, it most often depends on the \u2018 news \u2019 value of the bottom line. journalists and editors like stories that surprise, that give something \u2018 new \u2019 to the subject and are therefore likely to be interesting enough to readers to make them read past the headline. it particularly helps if a new study runs counter to some generally perceived notion ( whether that is rooted in fact or not ). in such cases, the \u2018 news peg \u2019 is clear. and so it was for the steig et al \u201c antarctic warming \u201d study that appeared last week. mainstream media coverage was widespread and generally did a good job of covering the essentials. the most prevalent peg was the fact that the study appeared to reverse the \u201c antarctic cooling \u201d meme that has been a staple of disinformation efforts for a while now. it \u2019 s worth remembering where that idea actually came from. back in 2001, peter doran and colleagues wrote a paper about the dry valleys long term ecosystem responses to climate change, in which they had a section discussing temperature trends over the previous couple of decades ( not the 50 years time scale being discussed this week ). the \u201c antarctic cooling \u201d was in their title and ( unsurprisingly ) dominated the media coverage of their paper as a counterpoint to \u201c global warming \u201d. ( by the way, this is a great example to indicate that the biggest bias in the media is towards news, not any particular side of a story ). subsequent work indicated that the polar ozone hole ( starting in the early 80s ) was having an effect on polar winds and temperature patterns ( thompson and solomon, 2002 ; shindell and schmidt, 2004 ), showing clearly that regional climate changes can sometimes be decoupled from the global picture. however, even then both the extent of any cooling and the longer term picture were more difficult to discern due to the sparse nature of the observations in the continental interior. in fact we discussed this way back in one of the first posts on realclimate back in 2004. this ambiguity was of course a gift to the propagandists. thus for years the doran et al study was trotted out whenever global warming was being questioned. it was of course a classic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45978945607415556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.590097"} {"text": "first posts on realclimate back in 2004. this ambiguity was of course a gift to the propagandists. thus for years the doran et al study was trotted out whenever global warming was being questioned. it was of course a classic \u2018 cherry pick \u2019 \u2013 find a region or time period when there is a cooling trend and imply that this contradicts warming trends on global scales over longer time periods. given a complex dynamic system, such periods and regions will always be found, and so as a tactic it can always be relied on. however, judging from the take - no - prisoners response to the steig et al paper from the contrarians, this important fact seems to have been forgotten ( hey guys, don \u2019 t worry you \u2019 ll come up with something new soon! ). actually, some of the pushback has been hilarious. it \u2019 s been a great example for showing how incoherent and opportunistic the \u2018 antis \u2019 really are. exhibit a is an email ( and blog post ) sent out by senator inhofe \u2019 s press staff ( i. e. marc morano ). within this single email there are misrepresentations, untruths, unashamedly contradictory claims and a couple of absolutely classic quotes. some highlights : dr. john christy of the university of alabama in huntsville slams new antarctic study for using [ the ] \u201c best estimate of the continent \u2019 s temperature \u201d perhaps he \u2019 d prefer it if they used the worst estimate? ; ) [ update : it should go without saying that this is simply morano making up stuff and doesn ' t reflect christy ' s actual quotes or thinking. no - one is safe from morano ' s misrepresentations! ] [ further update : they ' ve now clarified it. sigh.... ] morano has his ear to the ground of course, and in his blog piece dramatically highlights the words \u201c estimated \u201d and \u201c deduced \u201d as if that was some sign of nefarious purpose, rather than a fundamental component of scientific investigation. internal contradictions are par for the course. morano has previously been convinced that \u201c \u2026 the vast majority of antarctica has cooled over the past 50 years. \u201d, yet he now approvingly quotes kevin trenberth who says \u201c it is hard to make data where none exist. \u201d ( it is indeed, which is why you need to combine as much data as you can find in order to produce a synthesis like this study ). so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49870670645592297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.591127"} {"text": "kevin trenberth who says \u201c it is hard to make data where none exist. \u201d ( it is indeed, which is why you need to combine as much data as you can find in order to produce a synthesis like this study ). so which is it? if you think the data are clear enough to demonstrate strong cooling, you can \u2019 t also believe there is no data ( on this side of the looking glass anyway ). it \u2019 s even more humourous, since even the more limited analysis available before this paper showed pretty much the same amount of antarctic warming. compare the ipcc report, with the same values from the new analysis ( under various assumptions about the methodology ). ( the different versions are the full reconstruction, a version that uses detrended satellite data for the co - variance, a version that uses aws data instead of satelltes and one that use pca instead of regem. all show positive trends over the last 50 years ). further contradictions abound : morano, who clearly wants it to have been cooling, hedges his bets with a \u201c volcano, not global warming effects, may be melting an antarctic glacier \u201d hail mary pass. good luck with that! it always helps if you haven \u2019 t actually read the study in question. that way you can just make up conclusions : scientist adjusts data \u2014 presto, antarctic cooling disappears nope. it \u2019 s still there ( as anyone reading the paper will see ) \u2013 it \u2019 s just put into a larger scale and longer term context ( see figure 3b ). inappropriate personalisation is always good fodder. many contrarians seemed disappointed that mike was only the fourth author ( the study would have been much easier to demonise if he \u2019 d been the lead ). some pretended he was anyway, and just for good measure accused him of being a \u2018 modeller \u2019 as well ( heaven forbid! ). others also got in on the fun. a chap called ross hays posted a letter to eric on multiple websites and on many comment threads. on joe d \u2019 aleo \u2019 s site, this letter was accompanied with this little bit of snark : icecap note : ross shown here with antarctica \u2019 s mount erebus volcano in the background was a cnn forecast meteorologist ( a student of mine when i was a professor ) who has spent numerous years with boots on the ground working for nasa in antarctica, not sitting at a computer in an ivory tower in pennsylvania or washington state this is meant as a slur against academics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5048163074239602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.592217"} {"text": "( a student of mine when i was a professor ) who has spent numerous years with boots on the ground working for nasa in antarctica, not sitting at a computer in an ivory tower in pennsylvania or washington state this is meant as a slur against academics of course, but is particularly ironic, since the authors of the paper have collectively spent over 8 seasons on the ice in antarctica, 6 seasons in greenland and one on baffin island in support of multiple ice coring and climate measurement projects. hays \u2019 one or two summers there, his personal anecdotes and misreadings of the temperature record, don \u2019 t really cut it. neither do rather lame attempts to link these results with the evils of \u201c computer modelling \u201d. according to booker ( for it is he! ) because a data analysis uses a computer, it must be a computer model \u2013 and probably the same one that the \u201c hockey stick \u201d was based on. bad computer, bad! the proprietor of the recently named \u201c best science blog \u201d, also had a couple of choice comments : in my opinion, this press release and subsequent media interviews were done for media attention. this remarkable conclusion is followed by some conspiratorial gossip implying that a paper that was submitted over a year ago was deliberately timed to coincide with a speech in congress from al gore that was announced last week. gosh these scientists are good. all in all, the critical commentary about this paper has been remarkably weak. time will tell of course \u2013 confirming studies from ice cores and independent analyses are already published, with more rumoured to be on their way. in the meantime, floating ice shelves in the region continue to collapse ( the wilkins will be the tenth in the last decade or so ) \u2013 each of them with their own unique volcano no doubt \u2013 and gravity measurements continue to show net ice loss over the western part of the ice sheet. nonetheless, the loss of the antarctic cooling meme is clearly bothering the contrarians much more than the loss of 10, 000 year old ice. the poor level of their response is not surprising, but it does exemplify the tactics of the whole \u2018 bury ones head in the sand \u201d movement \u2013 they \u2019 d much rather make noise than actually work out what is happening. it would be nice if this demonstration of intellectual bankruptcy got some media attention itself. that \u2019 s unlikely though. it \u2019 s just not news.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5001541035798878, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.593182"} {"text": "theme : businesses are under increasing pressure from customers and governments to reduce their environmental impact. this ari examines the challenges and benefits of adopting an environmental plan. summary : the threat of climate change creates a responsibility on governments, organisations and citizens alike to play their part in reducing the impact of human activities on the environment. businesses that adopt an environmental plan can help their customers, increase their profitability, reduce the consumption of energy and materials ( and hence costs ), and enhance their reputations. in the wake of numerous political and policy initiatives on climate change, it is clear that businesses must increasingly respond by adopting environmental plans. this challenge can be seen as an opportunity or a burden. businesses that respond effectively and fully can expect to enhance their reputation with clients, employees, policy makers, opinion formers and the public. organisations that fail to respond to the growing expectations of society will fall behind those who recognise that all parties \u2013 government, business and consumers \u2013 are \u2018 in it together \u2019. they will simply have to try to catch up later. however, the experience of eurostar suggests that, to be successful, businesses must recognise that the development and implementation of an environment plan requires top - level leadership and commitment, time and resources, employee engagement and ( most likely ) new skills. experts in this new field of business activity are few and difficult to recruit ; they may have to be \u2018 homegrown \u2019. the media and public scepticism that surrounds the \u2018 green \u2019 plans of many businesses means that an absolute commitment to honesty, rigour and transparency in all corporate and marketing communications is also required. it should also be recognised that many businesses find it difficult to estimate the monetary value of an environmental plan before embarking upon one. there may be little or no data on possible savings. in a review of sustainability developments, the sam group found that \u2018 companies care about their brands and invest heavily into brand management, but few report that they are actually able to quantify the values of their brands and the returns on their brand investments \u2019 ( sam group, 2006 ). an environmental plan is thus a substantial commitment, but can be commercially difficult - to - quantify at the outset. in 2005 some of eurostar \u2019 s largest corporate clients began requesting data on the carbon dioxide ( co2 ) emissions generated as a result of business travel by eurostar ( brown, 2008 ). they were influenced by a growing range of political, legislative and other factors, broadly stemming from initiatives such as the us global reporting initiative and the uk \u2019 s carbon disclosure project, both", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4685460929632998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.625224"} {"text": "a result of business travel by eurostar ( brown, 2008 ). they were influenced by a growing range of political, legislative and other factors, broadly stemming from initiatives such as the us global reporting initiative and the uk \u2019 s carbon disclosure project, both launched in 2000. they wanted to collate and publish their emissions as part of corporate responsibility reporting, or had to do so if members of the ftse4good index series. eurostar already offered other commercial advantages over flying \u2013 shorter check - in times, faster journeys, better punctuality : > 90 % \u2018 on time \u2019 compared with < 70 % for the airlines ( eurostar, press release, 13 / i / 2009 ), more convenient city centre - to - city centre travel, and more productive on - board working environments. but it was unable to provide any emissions data. conscious that it would be foolish to ignore pressure from corporate clients, and aware that governments were struggling to produce environmental policies, it realised there was a void that business could fill. it commissioned a detailed study to verify the emissions generated per passenger journey on each of its end - to - end routes. map 1. eurostar \u2019 s core routes the study would use all available specific data on energy generation and consumption, and actual passenger load factors for both eurostar and the airlines. it would have to be as detailed, robust and transparent as possible, in order to withstand any challenges from competitors, the media, environmental groups and / or other potential sceptics. it would also be critical to maintain the confidence of corporate clients and leisure travellers that the findings were reliable, and were produced by an author whose credentials could not be challenged. desk research indicated a preferred supplier who met the requirements. the consortium of paul watkiss associates ( watkiss ) and aea technology environment ( aea ) had previously worked for the european commission and uk government, and would be able to provide an independent assessment of eurostar \u2019 s environmental performance. the study team assembled detailed data on : the electricity supplied to the rail infrastructure in each territory ; power station emissions and transmission and distribution losses ; actual load factors for eurostar and the airlines ; energy consumption by the trains ; and specific emissions for the various types of aircraft and aircraft engines being used on the competing routes. they then began the task of calculating co2 emissions per passenger journey for eurostar and its competitors. eurostar published the results of the study in october ( watkiss, 2006 ). the key message was that a flight between london and paris or london and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5065478690481697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.626347"} {"text": "began the task of calculating co2 emissions per passenger journey for eurostar and its competitors. eurostar published the results of the study in october ( watkiss, 2006 ). the key message was that a flight between london and paris or london and brussels generated 10 times more co2 emissions than an equivalent journey by eurostar. a passenger on a return flight between london heathrow and paris charles de gaulle would generate 122kg of co2, compared with just 11kg for the equivalent return journey by high - speed train. similarly, a round trip flight between london heathrow and brussels would generate 160kg of co2 per passenger, compared with 18kg of co2 for a return journey by eurostar ( eurostar, press release, 2 / x / 2006 ). updated research ( watkiss, 2009 ), using metered energy data from eurostar trains, showed return journey comparisons of 6. 6kg vs 107. 8kg for eurostar vs heathrow - paris by air ; and 8. 2kg vs 140. 6kg for eurostar vs heathrow \u2013 brussels by air ( eurostar, 2009 ). the study also pointed out that electrically - powered high - speed rail travel was \u2018 future proofed \u2019 in that it would generate even less co2 per passenger journey in future as a result of more efficient trains, and eu directives to increase the amount of lower carbon, renewable energy generation. the simplicity of eurostar \u2019 s communication \u2013 \u2018 ten times less co2 than flying \u2019 \u2013 ensured that the message quickly became established among and reported by transport, travel and specialist media. a powerful new communication and marketing storyline had been developed, adding \u2018 environment \u2019 to eurostar \u2019 s repertoire of messages and creating further advantage over its competitors. at the same time, it was recognised that customers wanted the promise of future action : eurostar would have to develop an environmental action plan to further reduce its environmental impacts. developing an environmental plan in eurostar \u2019 s case, the development of its environmental plan, known as tread lightly, was based on an internal assessment of what the business could achieve, with sufficient commitment, within five years ( ie, by 2012 ). rather than select an external template for the plan, which in any case were in short supply in early 2006, eurostar preferred to assess what was practical and relevant to its own organisation. the three principles underlying the plan were to : - reduce usage wherever possible. - source supplies responsibly. - re - use or recy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5301931975627487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.627423"} {"text": "supply in early 2006, eurostar preferred to assess what was practical and relevant to its own organisation. the three principles underlying the plan were to : - reduce usage wherever possible. - source supplies responsibly. - re - use or recycle what is used or produced. given that the large majority of eurostar \u2019 s environmental impact arises as a result of its train operations, it was decided that the first objective should be a reduction in co2 emissions per passenger journey. as well as being the most beneficial thing that could be done for the environment, it would also further increase eurostar \u2019 s communicable advantage over its competitors. this could primarily be achieved by a combination of ensuring increased passenger numbers per train, encouraging, training and providing the tools for eurostar drivers to adopt a more energy efficient driving style, and encouraging the rail infrastructure providers \u2013 network rail in the uk, rff in france, infrabel in belgium and eurotunnel \u2013 to seek lower carbon supplies of traction electricity wherever possible ( eurostar, like other train operators, does not have direct contracts with the suppliers of electricity on its routes ). after assessing eurostar \u2019 s degree of control over the various levers for change, it was decided that a 25 % reduction in co2 emissions per passenger journey by 2012, against a baseline of 2007, would be a tough but achievable target, based on changing driver behaviour, changing train components such as lighting and heating and in terms of the likely market conditions for passenger demand and electricity supply. it is worth noting, in terms of reducing emissions per passenger, that eurostar \u2019 s trains are of fixed length and cannot be reduced or extended depending on passenger loadings, unlike airlines which can deploy different sizes of aircraft depending on passenger demand. one of the most important, and arduous, tasks of launching an environmental plan is establishing the baselines from which progress can be measured. without this process, no plan can be considered credible. it was to take the team more than a year to visit eurostar \u2019 s sites, seeking electricity, gas and water meters, gathering data, establishing procurement patterns and measuring consumption. data is often hard to come by : shared offices rarely have individual meters for each tenant ; and in the case of eurostar \u2019 s new maintenance depot, big enough to contain eight 400m - long trains under one roof, there was no dedicated electricity meter from the neighbouring rail infrastructure. similarly, at the gare du nord in paris, which eurostar shares with sncf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5052364471110253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.628560"} {"text": "s new maintenance depot, big enough to contain eight 400m - long trains under one roof, there was no dedicated electricity meter from the neighbouring rail infrastructure. similarly, at the gare du nord in paris, which eurostar shares with sncf domestic services, there was no disaggregation of the station \u2019 s electricity consumption for eurostar specifically. alongside its co2 target, eurostar assembled a 10 - point plan ( eurostar, 2007 ) designed to tackle all its other major environmental impacts. these were to : - separate, sort and recycle all on - board waste, including food waste. - replace train air - conditioning refrigerants with the less environmentally damaging chemicals by 2008, seven years before the 2015 deadline set by eu regulation 2037 / 2000 on ozone depleting substances. - help travellers reduce co2 emissions when accessing eurostar services by providing journey planner information and ticket sales for public transport options, and developing new travel initiatives and partnerships. - sort and recycle waste from all eurostar buildings, with the goal of zero disposal to landfill, and with 80 % of waste recycled by 2009. - ensure that lighting, heating and mechanical plant at stations, depots and offices are as energy efficient as possible, develop a \u2018 switch - off \u2019 culture, and procure electricity from greener sources of energy. - re - use water from train - washing at eurostar \u2019 s train maintenance depot in the uk, and invest in rainwater collection to further reduce consumption ( eurostar does not control the sncf and sncb depots that it uses in france and belgium ). - reduce paper usage by switching to e - tickets and bar code ticketing downloaded to mobile phones, undertake direct marketing via email and web - based information, and where paper use is unavoidable, source from sustainable forests or recycled paper, and recycling all used paper. - ensure on - board disposable items ( eg, cups, plates, napkins ) are either biodegradable ( made from maize extract ) or fully recyclable. - refurbish or \u2018 de - brand \u2019 and recycle used staff uniforms. - source on - train food locally in the uk, france or belgium wherever possible, including organic suppliers, or fairtrade for overseas supplies. eurostar decided not to focus its efforts on a more formalised environmental management system ( ems ). it was felt that this could delay the important task of making actual progress in tackling environmental impacts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45888180595071704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.629545"} {"text": "organic suppliers, or fairtrade for overseas supplies. eurostar decided not to focus its efforts on a more formalised environmental management system ( ems ). it was felt that this could delay the important task of making actual progress in tackling environmental impacts and embedding change within the business. it could also have been a burdensome bureaucratic process for a medium - sized business, and it also felt that the rigorous and transparent approach that eurostar adopted would in itself be sufficient to reassure clients, journalists and other parties of the rigour of the plan. the development of an ems based on iso 14001 for the premises over which eurostar has full control \u2013 ie, its uk offices \u2013 was put in progress during 2009. by this time it was felt that a formal system would have a number of benefits, adding value to the efforts now underway, further clarifying accountabilities and measurements, responding to the growing enquiries from corporate clients and reducing the risk, from a reputational point of view, of being found to be non - compliant. eurostar is hoping to achieve certification by the end of 2010. some of eurostar \u2019 s airline competitors already offered travellers the opportunity to offset the carbon emissions from their journeys. the money is used to buy credits in carbon - reducing schemes, most often in the developing world, that would otherwise not have gone ahead without the additional funding. british airways was one of the first uk airlines to introduce such a facility in 2005, but failed to market it properly ( house of commons environmental audit committee, 2007 ). more widely, studies have shown that few airline passengers understand or take up airlines \u2019 offsetting options ( hooper et al., 2008 ). eurostar decided it should be the responsibility of the travel provider, not the traveller, to offset journey emissions. it would become the first train operator in the world to make all journeys carbon neutral, at no extra cost to passengers. eurostar believed that the relatively small additional expenditure involved in purchasing carbon offsets, would be far outweighed commercial gain from the communication of carbon neutral journeys. it was thus necessary to establish a rigorous carbon offsetting programme. emissions to be taken into account included : - electricity consumed along each route from station to station \u2013 based on readings from an on - board meter \u2013. - electricity consumed for auxiliary functions, ie, heating and lighting. - transmission and distribution losses of electricity supplied to the routes. - leakage of greenhouse gases from air - conditioning and refrigeration units on board. eurostar hoped initially that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4825540622568645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.630589"} {"text": ". - electricity consumed for auxiliary functions, ie, heating and lighting. - transmission and distribution losses of electricity supplied to the routes. - leakage of greenhouse gases from air - conditioning and refrigeration units on board. eurostar hoped initially that it might be possible to find offsetting projects in its core cities, but it quickly became apparent that the necessary additionality requirements could only be met through credible schemes in the developing world. given the controversy surrounding carbon offsetting ( wwf et al, 2006 ), it was also decided that eurostar \u2019 s approach should be as rigorous as possible, and assured by a credible third party. requests for information were sent to every carbon offset credit supplier in the uk, france and belgium \u2013 a total of 17 organisations \u2013. after due diligence, carbon clear \u2013 a uk - based company \u2013 was selected because of its robust and positive approach, and alignment with eurostar \u2019 s own aims. it was agreed that all projects should be accredited either through the clean development mechanism ( cdm ), voluntary carbon standard ( vcs ) or voluntary gold standard ( vgs ) criteria. eurostar aimed to target small - scale projects delivering energy that was either renewable or that used sustainable supplies of fuel combined with energy efficiency, and that had wider social and economic benefits. the credits would need proved additionality ( in other words, the projects would not have gone ahead without money from selling carbon - offset credits ), robust methodology and third - party verification. the credits used would also be for projects that were already delivered ; eurostar would not use future credits to offset past emissions. the credits are verified and issued by governing bodies, and eurostar \u2019 s were further audited by a third party, bureau veritas, to gain assurance on the carbon - neutral status that was then communicated via eurostar \u2019 s website and tread lightly annual report. this assurance work audited both the data and the processes that were adopted by eurostar to provide carbon - neutral journeys, thus providing maximum rigour and transparency and minimising the opportunity for sceptics to attack eurostar. indeed, companies needed to be vigilant for attacks. complaints to the uk \u2019 s advertising standards authority about green marketing more than quadrupled in 2007 compared with the previous year ( asa, 2007 ). in 2008, four complaints against eurostar disputed its claim to offer \u2018 carbon neutral journeys \u2019 ( asa, 2008 ). the rigour of eurostar \u2019 s approach led the asa, in a benchmark ruling, to dismiss the complaint", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5162946981176236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.631557"} {"text": "2007 ). in 2008, four complaints against eurostar disputed its claim to offer \u2018 carbon neutral journeys \u2019 ( asa, 2008 ). the rigour of eurostar \u2019 s approach led the asa, in a benchmark ruling, to dismiss the complaint, saying \u2018 eurostar had done all it could to offset the carbon emissions generated by its train journeys in a robust and verifiable manner \u2019 ( asa, 2008 ). other high - profile companies including british gas, shell, lexus and ryanair all faced adverse publicity as a result of complaints against them that were upheld. the final communications need was to seek the endorsement of independent third parties, to add credibility to the plan. eurostar approached the environmental campaign group friends of the earth ( foe ), which covers england and wales, and which was already supporting the use of train over plane for cross - channel journeys, to see if it would be interested in supporting eurostar \u2019 s plan. this would be an unusual move for foe, which had only entered one previous partnership with a commercial business, the co - operative, a long - established ethical bank. foe is in principle opposed to offsetting but it was sufficiently reassured by eurostar \u2019 s approach to the subject, as well as strongly supportive of the far less environmentally - damaging alternative to air travel that high - speed rail offered, that it agreed to support the plan. the partnership led to eurostar supporting foe \u2019 s \u2018 the big ask \u2019 campaign for an ambitious climate change act for the uk ( www. foe. co. uk ). the partnership meant foe could gain inside experience of a business seeking to implement an environmental plan, whilst eurostar subjected itself to the pressure of a \u2018 critical friend \u2019. in france and in belgium, it was decided not to seek endorsement from environmental non - governmental organisations ( ngos ). in these countries, ngos tend towards a politically - aligned stance which meant eurostar considered them less suitable as possible partners. in the uk, eurostar secured further public endorsement from marks & spencer, a leading retailer which had just launched its own well - received environmental \u2018 plan a \u2019 ( www. marksandspencer. com ). the support of two further uk environmental groups \u2013 forum for the future and transport 2000 \u2013 meant that when tread lightly was launched, eurostar would be flanked by a broad array of third parties. internal and external communication of the tread lightly plan for a consumer - facing business, a first principle of any communications campaign is a consistent and coordinated approach to both external and internal communications. it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46372039731234727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.632593"} {"text": "high - profile launch in april 2007 of \u2018 we \u2019 re in this together \u2019 ( www. planetark. org ) \u2013 a group of major uk consumer businesses backed by the prime minister, tony blair \u2013. as a relatively small consumer brand, eurostar was concerned that its messages would be buried under those of much bigger companies and it decided it was better off following its own communications strategy. although it was recognised that the launch of yet another corporate environment plan was likely to be of limited immediate interest to journalists, this was not of major concern. eurostar held the view that the development of a solid environmental reputation would and should take time and substantive progress, not just \u2018 green claims \u2019 ( or \u2018 greenwash \u2019 ). on 17 april 2007 eurostar unveiled tread lightly ( eurostar, 2007 ). it announced that carbon - neutral journeys would begin on 14 november 2007, the same day as the launch of services from its new london terminal at st pancras international, following an overnight relocation from waterloo. a special \u2018 green train \u2019 carrying invited 450 guests with strong economic credentials would be the first service to depart, adding further communications weight to eurostar \u2019 s biggest change since operations began in 1994. eurostar \u2019 s first tread lightly report was published in april 2009 ( eurostar, 2009 ). it revealed that eurostar had achieved a 31 % reduction in co2 emissions per passenger journey, beating its target of 25 %, thanks mainly to a switch by eurotunnel to lower - carbon electricity from france and higher passenger - load factors. the global recession led eurostar to warn that emissions per journey were likely to increase in 2009 ; nevertheless, the target was raised to a 35 % reduction per journey by 2012. eurostar also communicated progress against the targets of its 10 - point plan, seeking to be transparent about both what had gone well, and less well. for instance, eurostar claimed to have made good progress on enabling travellers to reduce their co2 emissions when making journeys that connect with eurostar services. but progress with recycling the waste from on board its trains had proved slower than expected. it is widely recognised that corporate environmental reports are unlikely in themselves to achieve major press coverage. whilst eurostar deliberately made its report just six pages long in order to appeal directly to customers and the media \u2013 in stark contrast to many lengthy corporate responsibility reports \u2013, the primary role of the report should be to act as a foundation for future media and stakeholder communications. communication via the internet is now a vital tool for reputation enhancement. eurostar \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4626166266287353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.634855"} {"text": "\u2013 in stark contrast to many lengthy corporate responsibility reports \u2013, the primary role of the report should be to act as a foundation for future media and stakeholder communications. communication via the internet is now a vital tool for reputation enhancement. eurostar \u2019 s report was also made available direct to travelling passengers in the days after publication. the website has a link from its front page to its environmental section, where there is detailed information on the tread lightly plan and what has been achieved ( www. eurostar. com ). the site also links to a third - party assurance statement from bureau veritas. many organisations make environmental claims on their websites ; what differentiates the best is the transparency and third - party verification that lies behind the reported progress. unfortunately, too many businesses say they are environmentally responsible but fail to provide any evidence that they are measuring the progress they claim to be making. benefits, challenges and future of the tread lightly initiative in implementing a corporate environmental plan, it is important to be clear about the purpose. the primary objective of tread lightly was reputational, given that the short - term commercial benefits were hard to quantify. three years later, the plan has enhanced brand reputation among consumers, the media, stakeholders and staff alike. it has created greater competitive advantage over the rival airlines, positioned eurostar as a world leader on environment in the rail sector, and strengthened high - speed rail travel as the \u2018 natural choice \u2019 for cross - channel journeys. and by becoming the first train operator in the world to make all journeys carbon neutral, it has a claim that no competitor can seize. from a level of very limited environmental activity before 2006, eurostar rose to become recognised as a leading company ( and transport - sector leader ) in all three countries of operations. in both may 2008 and may 2009 it was rated among the top 50 green companies in an independent study for the uk \u2019 s biggest selling quality newspaper ( the sunday times, 2008 & 2009 ). in addition, eurostar and / or high - speed rail travel have become frequently recommended in the british press as the environmentally - preferred alternative for short - haul travel between the uk and continental europe, both for business trips to paris and brussels, and for longer leisure journeys to destinations across belgium, france, germany, the netherlands and beyond ( millward, 2010 ). internally, there is now a high level of awareness of tread lightly among eurostar staff. in employee surveys conducted by the sunday times in 2008 and 2009, the score for \u2018 i receive regular communication on environmental issues from my employer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4582337755098323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.635930"} {"text": "has proved to be a successful way of building an environmental reputation at low cost and in a small number of years. it has created a foundation for eurostar \u2019 s future marketing and media communications that should further enhance the brand \u2019 s reputation. what is surprising is the number of organisations who are missing the opportunity to develop their own environmental reputation, and who continue to run a serious risk of losing out to competitors that will surely, sooner or later, recognise that taking environmental action represents a long - term competitive advantage. conclusions : this paper has set out how eurostar conceived, developed and has implemented its environmental plan tread lightly ( known as voyage vert in france and belgium ), and the challenges and benefits that it has brought to the business. the plan has involved a number of commitments, challenges and upfront costs including : - recruiting a new, dedicated team with appropriate expertise. - ensuring full commitment of the ceo and management group, and engagement and motivation of staff. - measuring ( or \u2018 benchmarking \u2019 ) energy and materials use in order to establish starting points for the subsequent measurement of progress. - dealing with the lack of direct control over some facilities used by eurostar ( stations, depots and offices in france and belgium, and electricity supplied to the infrastructure ). - identifying and purchasing high - quality credits in co2 offsetting projects in the developing world. however, the plan has been successful in a number of ways, including : - tackling and reducing environmental impacts, including co2 emissions, use of materials, waste, etc. - significantly enhancing the reputation of eurostar as a business that is a pioneer in the responding to climate change. - raising awareness of high - speed rail travel as a less environmentally damaging alternative to air travel for short - haul journeys within europe. - improving procurement, reducing costs and increasing sales, such that the plan has been more than justified by the return on investment ( roi ). - creating a new culture of environmental awareness and staff engagement within eurostar. it is clear that stakeholders, clients and customers alike now expect businesses to play their part in tackling climate change. it is hoped that other companies will benefit and draw confidence from eurostar \u2019 s experience in developing and implementing an environmental plan, and create their own in order both to demonstrate responsibility, and achieve reputational and commercial advantage. director of corporate communications, eurostar, 2006 - 2009 advertising standards authority ( 2008 ), \u2018 asa adjudication on eurostar group ltd \u2019, 4 / vi / 2008, www. asa. org. uk /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47644240972932367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.642777"} {"text": "reputational and commercial advantage. director of corporate communications, eurostar, 2006 - 2009 advertising standards authority ( 2008 ), \u2018 asa adjudication on eurostar group ltd \u2019, 4 / vi / 2008, www. asa. org. uk / complaints - and - asa - action / adjudications / 2008 / 6 / eurostar - group - ltd / tf _ adj _ 44493. aspx. advertising standards authority ( 2008 ), \u2018 asa annual report 2007 \u2019, www. asa. org. uk / media - centre / 2008 / asa - annual - report - 2007. aspx. advertising standards authority ( 2008 ), \u2018 environmental claims in advertising : is green a grey area? \u2019, 12 / vi / 2008, www. asa. org. uk. brown, r. ( 2008 ), \u2018 towards high speed 2 \u2019, the 96th thomas hawksley lecture, institution of mechanical engineers, 8 / xii / 2008, http : / / presidentschoice. imeche. org. uk / nr / rdonlyres / 1ff0bb2f - 7e01 - 4970 - bf22 - d667463cfbbd / 5787 / pcho _ hawk _ 2008 _ 096. pdf. business week ( 2010 ), \u2018 eurostar group ltd \u2019, http : / / investing. businessweek. com / research / stocks / private / snapshot. asp? privcapid = 5648133. czuczka, t. ( 2010 ), \u2018 deutsche bahn is interested in eurostar stake, ceo grube says \u2019, business week, 11 / i / 2010, www. businessweek. com / news / 2010 - 01 - 11 / deutsche - bahn - is - interested - in - eurostar - stake - ceo - grube - says. html. environmental audit committee ( 2007 ), \u2018 the voluntary carbon offset market, 43 - 44 \u2019, house of commons, 3 / vii / 2007, http : / / www. publications. parliament. uk / pa / cm200607 / cmselect / cmenvaud / 331 / 331. pdf. eurostar ( 2006 ), \u2018 london - paris and london - brussels flights generate ten times more carbon dioxide emissions than eurostar \u2019, press release, 2 / x / 2006, www. eurostar. com / uk / uk / leisure / about _ eurostar / press _ release / press _ archive _ 2006 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.438854199109749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.643771"} {"text": "flights generate ten times more carbon dioxide emissions than eurostar \u2019, press release, 2 / x / 2006, www. eurostar. com / uk / uk / leisure / about _ eurostar / press _ release / press _ archive _ 2006 / 02 _ 10 _ 06 _ environment. jsp. eurostar ( 2007, revised 2009 ), \u2018 10 commitments \u2019, www. eurostar. com / uk / uk / leisure / about _ eurostar / environment / commitments. jsp. eurostar ( 2007, revised 2009 ), \u2018 tread lightly \u2019, www. eurostar. com / uk / uk / leisure / about _ eurostar / environment / tread _ lightly. jsp. eurostar ( 2010 ), \u2018 eurostar releases annual figure for 2009 \u2019, press release, 20 / i / 2010, http : / / www. eurostar. com / uk / uk / leisure / about _ eurostar / press _ release / eurostar _ annual _ figures _ 2009. jsp. friends of the earth ( 2005 ), \u2018 the big ask \u2019, www. foe. co. uk / campaigns / climate / news / big _ ask _ history _ 15798. html. hooper, p., b. daley, h. preston & c. thomas ( 2008 ), \u2018 an assessment of the potential of carbon offset schemes to mitigate the climate change implications of future growth of uk aviation \u2019, manchester metropolitan university, www. omega. mmu. ac. uk / downloads / final - reports / 5 % 20final % 20report % 20potential % 20carbon % 20offsetting % 20to % 20mitigate % 20climate % 20change % 20 % 20implications. pdf. hughes, m. ( 2008 ), \u2018 an open passenger market beckons \u2019, railway gazette, 19 / ii / 2008, www. railwaygazette. com / news / single - view / view / 10 / an - open - passenger - market - beckons / browse / 5. html. marks & spencer ( 2007 ), \u2018 plan a \u2019, january, http : / / plana. marksandspencer. com / about. millward, d. ( 2010 ), \u2018 madrid, cologne, frankfurt and amsterdam set to be a train trip away \u2019, the daily telegraph, 21 / i / 2010, www. telegraph. co. uk / travel / travelnews / 7036907 / madrid - cologne - frankfurt - and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3985656020837788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.644741"} {"text": "cologne, frankfurt and amsterdam set to be a train trip away \u2019, the daily telegraph, 21 / i / 2010, www. telegraph. co. uk / travel / travelnews / 7036907 / madrid - cologne - frankfurt - and - amsterdam - set - to - be - a - train - trip - away. html. official journal of the european union ( 2007 ), \u2018 directive 2007 / 58 / ec of the european parliament and of the council \u2019. 23 / viii / 2007, http : / / eur - lex. europa. eu / lexuriserv / lexuriserv. do? uri = oj : l : 2007 : 315 : 0044 : 0050 : en : pdf. reuters ( 2007 ), \u2018 uk companies unite to help fight climate change \u2019, 24 / iv / 2007, www. planetark. org / dailynewsstory. cfm / newsid / 41536 / story. htm. sam group ( 2006 ), \u2018 results of the djsi review 2006 \u2019, press release, 6 / ix / 2006, http : / / www. sustainability - index. com / 07 _ htmle / news / pressreleases. html. the gold standard foundation ( no date ), \u2018 how we got started \u2019, www. cdmgoldstandard. org / about - gold - standard. 62. 0. html. the sunday times ( 2008 & 2009 ), \u2018 best green companies \u2019, www. business. timesonline. co. uk / tol / business / related _ reports / best _ green _ companies /. vcs association ( 2008 ), \u2018 about the vcs \u2019, www. v - c - s. org / about. html. watkiss, p. ( 2006 ), \u2018 a comparison of the co2 emissions from eurostar vs. short haul air \u2019, eurostar, unpublished, executive summary available from eurostar. emissions comparison table, www. eurostar. com / uk / uk / leisure / travel _ information / before _ you _ go / green _ eurostar. jsp. watkiss, p. ( 2009 ), \u2018 update of eurostar co2 emissions using energy logging train data \u2019, eurostar, february, www. eurostar. com / uk / uk / leisure / about _ eurostar / environment / greener _ than _ flying. jsp. wwf ( no date ), \u2018 gold standard \u2019, www. panda. org / what _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4451681487940564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.645613"} {"text": ", www. eurostar. com / uk / uk / leisure / about _ eurostar / environment / greener _ than _ flying. jsp. wwf ( no date ), \u2018 gold standard \u2019, www. panda. org / what _ we _ do / how _ we _ work / businesses / climate / offsetting / gold _ standard /. wwf - uk, friends of the earth, greenpeace ( 2006 ), \u2018 joint statement on offsetting carbon emissions, august, http : / / www. wwf. org. uk / filelibrary / pdf / august06. pdf. eurostar is the operator of high - speed rail passenger services between the city centres of london, paris and brussels via the channel tunnel ( www. eurostar. com ). in 2009 it carried some 9. 2 million passengers and now has a market share on both the london - paris and london - brussels routes of more than 80 % ( railway gazette, 30 october 2009 ). eurostar operates a fleet of 27 inter - capital class 373 high - speed trains, with a maximum running speed of 300 km / hour ( 186 miles / hour ). although related to the tgv family of trains, the class 373s are complex and have four different power systems and four different signalling systems so they can run on the different infrastructures of each of the three countries of operation \u2013 belgium, france and the united kingdom - and in the channel tunnel. the structure of the eurostar business is unusual. it is an unincorporated joint venture of sncf ( french railways ), eurostar uk ltd - owned by london & continental railways, in turn wholly owned by the uk \u2019 s department for transport - and sncb ( belgian railways ). legally each of the partners is responsible for running eurostar services on its own territory, although the strategic and commercial direction of the company is set and controlled by a single management team based in london. with the advent of open access for international rail passenger services in the european union from january 2010 ( railway gazette, 19 february 2008 ), ( directive 2007 / 58 / ec of the european parliament and of the council ), the business will become a single corporate entity in the course of 2010. this move is intended to put the business on a level playing field with future competitors, expected to include deutsche bahn ( german railways ) among others ( business week, jan 2010 ). british airway \u2019 s projects include a wind farm in mongolia and small - scale hydro - electric power plants in brazil and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45523790671039943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.648881"} {"text": "level playing field with future competitors, expected to include deutsche bahn ( german railways ) among others ( business week, jan 2010 ). british airway \u2019 s projects include a wind farm in mongolia and small - scale hydro - electric power plants in brazil and china. this commitment would cover all trains operating in passenger service, but exclude the small number of journeys involving empty rolling stock, and train movements to, from and in maintenance depots. carbon offsetting standards are vital as they provide assurance that the purchaser is buying a real emissions reduction. a number of standards exist, some of which were more suitable for small purchasers such as eurostar. the cdm gold standard was created to meet the requirements of the kyoto protocol for certified emissions reductions. it has a strong focus on sustainable development benefits and restrictions on technology types ( no forestry, large scale hydro or energy from waste projects ), ( www. cdmgoldstandard. org ).. the vcs was developed by the climate group, world economic forum and international emissions trading association for exclusive use on the voluntary offsetting market. it is based on the cdm framework ( www. v - c - s. org ). the vgs was launched by non - profit organisation wwf - uk in 2006 and is a simplified version of the cdm gold standard. it is only available in developing countries and focused on renewable energy and energy efficiency projects with strong sustainable development benefits ( www. panda. org ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5030275807401758, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.649696"} {"text": "john h. chafee national wildlife refuge, ri fish and wildlife service located within the picturesque narrow river on the southern coast of rhode island, this refuge is comparatively small in size, but big in protecting the unique features of this area. at 317 acres, the john h. chafee national wildlife refuge provides habitat for the largest black duck population in rhode island, and is recognized under international agreements as a critically important area for this species. the scenic vistas offered by the refuge and surrounding areas is well noted and attracts people from throughout the region. originally named the pettaquamscutt cove national wildlife refuge in 1988, it was renamed the john h. chafee national wildlife refuge in 1999, in honor of the late senator who was a leading conservationist in the nation, and a strong supporter of the refuges in rhode island. this unique national wildlife refuge is administered as part of the rhode island national wildlife refuge complex which manages all five of the national wildlife refuges in rhode island, headquartered in charlestown, rhode island. the new kettle pond visitor center and headquarters located in charlestown, ri, which opened in october 2005, celebrates the john h. chafee national wildlife refuge and all of the other refuges in rhode island. this facility contains interactive exhibits, displays, a sales area, classrooms for special events, and knowledgeable people where visitors can come and explore the refuges and learn about the wildlife resources and coastal environments of each refuge. the refuge contains expansive saltmarsh habitats and adjacent uplands which teem with a variety of wildlife including great egrets, herons, and several species of plovers and other shorebirds. directions : the refuge is located in the towns of narragansett and south kingstown, washington county, rhode island. virtually all refuge lands are not readily accessible by road. taking a canoe or kayak across pettaquamscutt cove and in the lower narrow river is the easiest way to experience the refuge. exceptional viewing of the refuge can be had from the sprague bridge in narragansett on boston neck road, or on middlebridge in narragansett.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3812071017893842, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.651992"} {"text": "the immediate threat of eruption at mt tongariro has passed but there remains a chance of another sudden eruption within the next two weeks, gns science says. twenty - four hours after the eruption from the mountain ' s te maari crater, gns science has cancelled its national advisory. however, it says there remains a ` ` significant probability of a sudden eruption within the next week ' '. should a further eruption occur, a new national advisory or warning would be issued, gns science said. signs of volcanic activity settled overnight but experts continue to monitor the mountain for changes. thick grey smoke, gas and ash spewed 4km into the sky from te maari vent on the western side of the mountain during the unexpected eruption just before 1. 30pm yesterday. it is the same place where tongariro erupted in august, for the first time in more than a century. yesterday ' s activity prompted an aviation red alert, which has since been dropped to orange. ash in the sky above the mountain also dissipated overnight. experts planned aerial observation to check how much gas was in the atmosphere and any other changes, said gns science duty volcanologist nico fournier. scientists have predicted that another eruption of similar size could be expected at any time during the next few weeks, though the activity was not expected to escalate. ` ` at the moment there are no such signs. it doesn ' t mean as we saw yesterday or in august that an eruption could not happen ; it ' s quite possible, ' ' said dr fournier. ` ` it ' s a sign of concern for any volcanoes when they don ' t provide us with any warning. ' ' the department of conservation has closed the tongariro track, which was not expected to be reopened for at least three days. dr fournier advised anyone planning to go to mountains in the area to first check with the department of conservation for any safety updates. groups of school children and trampers were on the mountain to walk the tongariro crossing when the volcano burst into activity, sending many into shock and awe. conditions on the mountain were today largely back to what they were before the eruption, with the volcano emitting some steam and gas at the same level it was before the august activity, said dr fournier. ` ` if the roads are open it ' s pretty much deemed safe and everybody ' s in touch with us. ' ' yesterday ' s activity has also affected flights to and from taupo, rotorua or gisborne airports. ten air new zealand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3639587944645103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.661302"} {"text": "queensland \u2019 s central highlands consist of a broad band of weathered sandstone plateaus, thickly wooded and spectacularly sculpted into sheer cliffs and pinnacles. it \u2019 s an extraordinarily primeval landscape, and one still visibly central to aboriginal culture, as poor pasture left the highlands relatively unscathed by european colonization. covering a huge slice of the region, the fragmented sections of carnarvon national park include carnarvon gorge and mount moffatt : carnarvon gorge has the highest concentration of aboriginal art and arguably the best scenery, while mount moffatt is harder to reach but wilder \u2013 you can \u2019 t drive directly between the two sections, though it \u2019 s possible to hike with the rangers \u2019 consent. carnarvon creek \u2019 s journey between the vertical faces of the gorge has created some magical scenery, where low cloud often blends with the cliffs, making them appear infinitely tall. before setting off between them, scale boolimba bluff from the takarakka campsite for a rare chance to see the gorge system from above ; the views from the \u201c roof of queensland \u201d make the tiring 3km track worth the effort. the superb day - walk ( 19km return from the ranger station ) into the gorge features several intriguing side - gorges. the best of these contain the moss garden, a vibrant green carpet of liverworts and ferns lapping up a spring as it seeps through the rockface, and alijon falls, which conceal the enchanting wards canyon, where a remnant group of angiopteris ferns hangs close to extinction in front of a second waterfall and gorge, complete with bats and blood - red river stones. carnarvon \u2019 s two major aboriginal art sites are the art gallery and cathedral cave, both on the gorge track, though if you keep your eyes open you \u2019 ll spot plenty more. these are queensland \u2019 s most documented aboriginal art sites, though the paintings themselves remain enigmatic. a rockface covered with engravings of vulvas lends a pornographic air to the art gallery, and other symbols include kangaroo, emu and human tracks. a long, wavy line here might represent the rainbow serpent, shaper of many aboriginal landscapes. overlaying the engravings are hundreds of coloured stencils, made by placing an object against the wall and spraying it with a mixture of ochre and water held in the mouth. in addition to adults \u2019 and children \u2019 s hands there are also artefacts, boomerangs and complex crosses formed by four arms, while goannas and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3909369325866259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.665188"} {"text": "against the wall and spraying it with a mixture of ochre and water held in the mouth. in addition to adults \u2019 and children \u2019 s hands there are also artefacts, boomerangs and complex crosses formed by four arms, while goannas and mysterious net patterns at the near end of the wall have been painted with a stick. cathedral cave is larger, with an even greater range of designs, including seashell pendant stencils \u2013 proof that trade networks reached from here to the sea \u2013 and engravings of animal tracks and emu eggs. read more curved throwing sticks were once found throughout the world. several were discovered in tutankhamun \u2019 s tomb, hopi indians once used them, and a 23, 000 - year - old example made from mammoth ivory was recently found in poland. since that time the invention of the bow and arrow superseded what aborigines call a boomerang or karli, but their innovation of a stick that returns has kept the boomerang alive, not least in people \u2019 s imaginations \u2013 they were originally used as children \u2019 s toys but were then modified into decoys for hunting wildfowl. the non - returning types depicted in carnarvon gorge show how sophisticated they became as hunting weapons. usually made from tough acacia wood, some are hooked like a pick, while others are designed to cartwheel along the ground to break the legs of game. thus immobilized, one animal would be killed while another could be easily tracked to meet the same fate. besides hunting, the boomerang was also used for digging, levering or cutting, as well as for musical or ceremonial accompaniment, when pairs would be banged together. at carnarvon gorge, the long, gently curved boomerangs stencilled on the walls in pairs are not repetitions but portraits of two weapons with identical flight paths ; if the first missed through a gust of wind, for instance, the user could immediately throw the second, correcting his aim for the conditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4308929737788741, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.665926"} {"text": "rabies in south carolina rabies ( lyssavirus ) is a deadly animal virus that attacks nerves in the spinal cord and brain. the virus can be passed to a healthy animal or a person if saliva from an animal with late - stage rabies gets into a wound or cut. in south carolina, rabies is most often found in : it is also common in coyotes. rabies is almost never seen in squirrels, opossums, mice, rabbits and chipmunks. each year, from 15, 000 to 39, 000 americans are vaccinated for rabies as a precaution after being bitten by animals \u2013 mostly unvaccinated dogs. u. s. death rate low thanks to vaccines very few americans die from rabies \u2013 on average, only 1 - 2 per year since 1990. in less developed parts of the world, it ' s different. about 50, 000 people \u2013 most of them children \u2013 die from rabies annually. the u. s. death rate from rabies is low thanks to pet vaccination campaigns and highly effective human rabies vaccinations for those who come in contact with rabies. some states have also started vaccinating wild animal populations through vaccine - laced food. by keeping your pet ' s rabies vaccination up to date, you help protect yourself, your family and your neighbors. report animal bites to dhec if you ' re bitten or scratched by a wild, stray or unvaccinated animal care for the wound properly and contact your healthcare provider. the healthcare provider is required to report the incident to dhec. if your child is bitten and you do not seek medical treatment for the wound, you are required to contact your local dhec public health department to report the bite by the end of the following business day. healthcare providers and veterinarians : healthcare providers, make sure to report all animal bites to dhec. for additional information, contact : ( 803 ) 896 - 0655 fax ( 803 ) 896 - 0645", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45221077859654624, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.668025"} {"text": "the northern lights : the true story of the man who unlocked the secrets of the aurora borealis by lucy jago. alfred a. knopf, $ 24, 297 pages. the chapel hill news april 28, 2002 honoring an overlooked scientist by phillip manning \" it ' s easy to recognize pioneers, \" a venture capitalist once told me, \" they have arrows in their backs. \" in fact, pioneers in high - tech businesses often don ' t get their due. followers routinely reap the rewards of the original inventor ' s sweat and imagination. in scientific research, though, i thought accomplishment might be rewarded more fairly. silly me ; the awarding of prizes for research is an intensely political process, and groundbreaking scientists sometimes fare no better than pioneers in business. in the \" the northern lights \" ( knopf, $ 24 ), lucy jago tells the sad story of kristian birkeland ( 1867 - 1917 ), the norwegian physicist who devoted his life to discovering the source of the northern lights. the lights, of course, are mysterious streamers of red and green fireworks that sometimes fill the polar skies. as a youth, birkeland learned that the earth was a magnet and that auroras are usually seen near the poles, where the lines of magnetic force are concentrated. he also learned that the lights appeared when that magnetic field was disturbed. birkeland wanted to know what disturbed it. he trained as a physicist, specializing in electricity and magnetism, and published his first scientific paper when he was 18. at age 31, he was a respected professor at the university in his hometown of oslo. a year after his appointment, birkeland was slogging up a mountain north of the arctic circle. accompanying him were four assistants and a sled full of scientific equipment pulled by reindeer. during that long, dark winter, punctuated only by spectacular auroras, birkeland worked like a frenzied man, often poring over data from his instruments for 36 hours without sleep. when spring arrived, birkeland had a good idea about the source of the northern lights. the norwegian government had financed the expedition, but birkeland was a inept accountant, losing receipts and generally making an administrative mess. as a consequence, norway was reluctant to fund further research. birkeland ( like most scientists ) hated chasing grants, so he decided to circumvent the need for them. he decided to get rich. at a dinner party, he met sam eyde, an engineer with political skills,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5063262560962616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.674045"} {"text": "research. birkeland ( like most scientists ) hated chasing grants, so he decided to circumvent the need for them. he decided to get rich. at a dinner party, he met sam eyde, an engineer with political skills, big ambitions, and a streak of vindictive deceitfulness that would torpedo birkeland ' s chances to be recognized for his achievements. eyde had bought several waterfalls in norway to furnish cheap power to make fertilizer. the concept was simple : build an electric - arc furnace that would combine the nitrogen and oxygen in air to produce nitrogen dioxide, which would then be dissolved in water and passed over limestone to make calcium nitrate, a common fertilizer. all eyde needed was a partner who could make the furnace, and because birkeland had that expertise, they joined forces. working night and day for almost six months, birkeland designed and built the furnace, using his knowledge of electromagnets to create a fiery, circular spark so powerful that would oxidize nitrogen. when the prototype furnace finally performed properly, the exhausted birkeland shouted to his assistant, \" good! now we are getting rich. \" he was right. the process for making fertilizer led to a large, profitable company. soon, birkeland and eyde were both rich. furthermore, the nobel committee wanted to nominate birkeland for the prize in chemistry. eyde, however, was jealous and used his political contacts to sabotage the nomination. the long hours and intense work had taken its toll on birkeland. he began taking veronal, a common but addictive sedative, for his insomnia and depression, which he washed down with rivers of whiskey. finally, though, he had the money to pursue his dream of finding the source of the northern lights. from his work in the arctic and with a lab now equipped with sophisticated equipment, birkeland was able to pinpoint the source of the magnetic disruptions that produced the polar fireworks. the northern lights, he concluded, were caused by charged particles emitted by the sun, usually associated with sunspots and solar flares. however, birkeland ' s papers on the subject were ignored ; most scientists believed that space was empty. the idea of a \" solar wind \" seemed farfetched. the lack of recognition further depressed birkeland. he increased his doses of veronal and whiskey, and his health continued to deteriorate. he became paranoid, took even more veronal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.533169894069812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.675056"} {"text": "one geoengineering proposal involves painting buildings white on a massive scale, to reflect sunlight [ london ] decisions on whether and how to use massive technical solutions known as ' geoengineering ' to mitigate or reverse climate change must involve developing countries, a session on geoengineering governance at the planet under pressure conference agreed yesterday ( 28 march ). geoengineering proposals have included reflecting sunlight away from the earth by spraying ocean water into clouds or loading the stratosphere with sulphate aerosols, bioengineering crops to be paler and more reflective of sunlight, managing solar radiation and removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. although geoengineering research groups are emerging in africa, china and india, the controversial discipline is dominated by a small number of organisations in north america and europe, the meeting heard. \" it ' s very important that people with knowledge and understanding of science and the climate change challenges faced by developing countries are involved in setting the agenda for research, \" jason blackstock, a visiting geoengineering expert at the institute for science, innovation and society at the university of oxford, united kingdom, told scidev. net. the issues faced by vulnerable populations \" should be front and centre in the conversation about the technologies and the governance structures that are going to evolve, \" he said. andy parker, a senior policy officer at the royal society of london, the uk ' s science academy, which issued a report on research governance for managing solar radiation in december, said the effects of deploying such technology \" will not be localised \" and that there are many unknowns. for example, he said, scientists do not know how geoengineering could impact rainfall patterns around the world. and while the royal society ' s report did not make specific governance recommendations \u2014 \" it is too early \" for these, parker said \u2014 it did highlight the need for open and inclusive dialogue. parker added that meetings held over the past year in china, india and pakistan had registered a \" general and healthy scepticism \" in geoengineering, and had not regarded geoengineering as a useful or quick technical fix. he said these meetings had also been characterised by a \" genuine desire to cooperate \" on research and governance and a wide appreciation of open discussions on geoengineering, rather than \" being told what to think \" by the developed world. the royal society is now funding a geoengineering meeting in africa, in association with the african academy of sciences and twas, the academy of sciences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46935806453354184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.678798"} {"text": "geoengineering, rather than \" being told what to think \" by the developed world. the royal society is now funding a geoengineering meeting in africa, in association with the african academy of sciences and twas, the academy of sciences for the developing world. it is expected to be held later this year in ethiopia. kathy jo wetter is a researcher at the action group on erosion, technology and concentration ( etc ), a non - governmental organisation based in canada which has held workshops on new technologies in ethiopia, south africa and uganda. she told scidev. net : \" the technology that people in our workshops were most interested in was geoengineering, because they say, ' we never hear about this... we don ' t want our first experience of this to be when it ' s there at our doorstep '. \" although there are mechanisms in place that govern how people use technologies, blackstock said, there are no international research frameworks in place to assess early stage technologies and the best way to develop them. he suggested that the international council for science ( icsu ) or the future earth alliance may be able to develop such a framework. gordon mcbean, a climatologist at the university of western ontario and president elect of icsu, agreed that the organisation could address this issue, and told scidev. net that he was involved in discussions at the conference to consider this. although governance of new technologies has not been included in the first draft of the outcome document for the un conference on sustainable development ( rio + 20 ), the latest negotiating draft for the june meeting does refer to technology assessment, said wetter. if that reference stays in the final draft, it may help fill the \" vacuum of technology assessment that exists within the un system right now \", she said. all scidev. net material is free to reproduce providing that the source and author are appropriately credited. for further details see creative commons.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4932607145320817, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.679603"} {"text": "now, scientists with the lawrence berkeley national laboratory have demonstrated the first technique that provides dynamic control in real - time of the curved trajectories of airy beams over metallic surfaces. this development paves the way for fast - as - light, ultra - compact communication systems and optoelectronic devices, and could also stimulate revolutions in chemistry, biology and medicine. the key to the success of this work was their ability to directly couple free - space airy beams \u2013 using a standard tool of optics called a \u201c grating coupler \u201d \u2013 to quasi - particles called surface plasmon polaritons ( spps ). directing a laser beam of light across the surface of a metal nanostructure generates electronic surface waves \u2013 called plasmons \u2013 that roll through the metal \u2019 s conduction electrons ( those loosely attached to molecules and atoms ). the resulting interaction between plasmons and photons creates spps. by directly coupling airy beams to spps, the researchers are able to manipulate light at an extremely small scale beyond the diffraction limit. the movie shows the computer - based dynamical control of the trajectory and peak intensity position of plasmonic airy beams achieved by berkeley lab \u2019 s xiang zhang. \u201c dynamic controllability of spps is extremely desirable for reconfigurable optical interconnections, \u201d says xiang zhang, the leader of this research. \u201c we have provided a novel approach of plasmonic airy beam to manipulate spps without the need of any waveguide structures over metallic surfaces, providing dynamic control of their ballistic trajectories despite any surface roughness and defects, or even getting around obstacles. this is promising not only for applications in reconfigurable optical interconnections but also for precisely manipulating particles on extremely small scales. \u201d examples of the dynamic control of the plasmonic airy beams shows switching the trajectories to different directions ( a, b ) and bypassing obstacles ( gray solid circle in c ). left panels are numerical simulations, right panels are experimental demonstrations ( courtesy of zhang group ) zhang, a principal investigator with berkeley lab \u2019 s materials sciences division and director of the university of california at berkeley \u2019 s nano - scale science and engineering center ( sinam ), is the corresponding author of a paper published in the journal optics letters. the paper is titled \u201c plasmonic airy beams with dynamically controlled trajectories. \u201d coauthoring the paper were peng zhang, sheng", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6076910980238447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.684450"} {"text": ". ( photo by roy kaltschmidt ) \u201c the direction and speed of the displacement between the incoming light and the cubic phase mask can be controlled with ease simply by displaying an animation of the shifting mask pattern as well as a shifting slit aperture in the spatial light modulator, \u201d peng zhang says. \u201c depending on the refresh rate of the spatial light modulator this can be done in real time. furthermore, our spatial light modulator not only sets the plasmonic airy beam into a general ballistic motion, it also enables us to control the airy beam \u2019 s peak intensity at different positions along its curved path. \u201d the ability of the spatial light modulator to dynamically control the ballistic motions of plasmonic airy beams without the need of any permanent guiding structures should open doors to a number of new technologies, according to xiang and peng zhang and their collaborators. for example, in nano - photonics, it enables researchers to design practical reconfigurable plasmonic sensors or perform nano - particle tweezing on microchips. in biology and chemistry, it allows researchers to dynamically manipulate molecules. says sheng wang, second lead author of the optics letters paper, \u201c the ultrafine nature of spps is extremely promising for applications of nanolithography or nanoimaging. having dynamic tunable plasmonic airy beams should also be useful for ultrahigh resolution bioimaging. for example, we can directly illuminate a target, for example a protein, bypassing any obstacles or reducing the background. \u201d adds third lead author yongmin liu, \u201c our findings may inspire researchers to explore other types of non - diffracting surface waves, such as electron spin waves, in other two - dimensional systems, including graphene and topological insulators. \u201d this work was supported by the u. s. army research office, the u. s. air force office of scientific research, and the national science foundation nanoscale science and engineering center.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5914495023681758, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.686394"} {"text": "scientists have long held theories about the importance of proteins called b - type lamins in the process of embryonic stem cells replicating and differentiating into different varieties of cells. new research from a team led by carnegie ' s yixian zheng indicates that, counter to expectations, these b - type lamins are not necessary for stem cells to renew and develop, but are necessary for proper organ development. their work is published 24 november by science express. nuclear lamina is the material that lines the inside of a cell ' s nucleus. its major structural component is a family of proteins called lamins, of which b - type lamins are prominent members and thought to be absolutely essential for a cell ' s survival. mutations in lamins have been linked to a number of human diseases. lamins are thought to suppress the expression of certain genes by binding directly to the dna within the cell ' s nucleus. the role of b - type lamins in the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into various types of cells, depending on where in a body they are located, was thought to be crucial. the lamins were thought to use their dna - binding suppression abilities to tell a cell which type of development pathway to follow. but the team - including carnegie ' s youngjo kim, katie mcdole, and chen - ming fan - took a hard look at the functions of b - type lamins in embryonic stem cells and in live mice. they found that, counter to expectations, lamin - bs were not essential for embryonic stem cells to survive, nor did their dna binding directly regulate the genes to which they were attached. however, mice deficient in b - type lamins were born with improperly developed organs - including defects in the lungs, diaphragms and brains - and were unable to breathe. ' our works seems to indicate that while b - type lamins are not part of the early developmental tissue - building process, while they are important in facilitating the integration of different cell types into the complex architectures of various developing organs, ' kim, the lead author, said. ' we have set the stage to dissect the ways that a cell ' s nuclear lamina promote tissue organisation process during development. '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5571192912735028, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.690088"} {"text": "keeping your baby fat turns out to be a good thing, as long as it is \" brown fat \" \u2014 the kind that burns calories, according to a study that found adults have much more of this type of fat than previously thought. the results, which suggest a new way to treat obesity, were presented at the endocrine society ' s 91st annual meeting in washington, d. c. brown fat burns off calories and generates heat in babies and small mammals. most of our body fat is white fat, which also provides insulation but stores calories. it becomes \" bad \" fat when you have too much. the \" good \" fat \u2014 brown fat \u2014 was considered essentially nonexistent in human adults. \" we now know that it is present and functional in adults, \" said the study ' s lead author, aaron cypess, md, phd, mmsc, of the joslin diabetes center in boston. \" three ounces of brown fat can burn several hundred calories a day. \" for the first time, the researchers were able to measure patches of brown adipose tissue \u2014 brown fat \u2014 in people, thanks to a high - tech imaging method that combines positron emission tomography and computed tomography, called pet / ct. by evaluating biopsy tissue of what appeared to be brown fat on pet / ct scans in some patients who had neck surgery, the authors confirmed that they were, indeed, looking at stores of brown fat. more than 1, 970 study participants had pet / ct scans, from mid - skull to mid - thigh. brown fat ( when it could be detected ) was located in an area extending from the front of the neck to the chest. of the subjects who had detectable brown fat, about 6 percent had 3 ounces or more of the fat. \" we believe that this percentage greatly underestimates the number of adults in the population who have a large amount of brown fat, \" said cypess, whose results were published in the april 9 issue of the new england journal of medicine, along with those of two other independent studies of brown fat in adults. that is because one of the other studies found that pet / ct can detect much more brown fat if people are in a room cooled to 61\u00b0f. likewise, cypess and his colleagues found that people who underwent pet / ct in the winter had more brown fat activity than those scanned in the summer. they also discovered that brown fat is most abundant in young women and least frequent in older,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4816590832217341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.694452"} {"text": "cold spring harbor, n. y. ( tues., june 1, 2010 ) - - gel electrophoresis is one of the most important and frequently used techniques in rna analysis. electrophoresis is used for rna detection, quantification, purification by size and quality assessment. gels are involved in a wide variety of methods including northern blotting, primer extension, footprinting and analyzing processing reactions. the two most common types of gels are polyacrylamide and agarose. polyacrylamide gels are used in most applications and are appropriate for rnas smaller than approximately 600 nucleotides ( agarose gels are preferred for larger rnas ). \" polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rna \" describes how to prepare, load and run polyacrylamide gels for rna analysis. the article is featured in the june issue of cold spring harbor protocols and is freely available on the journal ' s website. it is part of a suite of basic rna protocols included in this month ' s issue that provide an early preview of the forthcoming rna : a laboratory manual due later this year from cold spring harbor laboratory press. the rapid pace of technological progress in biological imaging has provided great insight into the processes of embryonic development. but for higher organisms with opaque eggs or internal development, optical access to the embryo is limited. while various embryonic culture methods are available, vertebrate development is best studied in an intact embryo model, one in which the natural environment has not been disrupted. in the june issue of cold spring harbor protocols, paul kulesa and colleagues from the stowers institute for medical research present \" in ovo live imaging of avian embryos, \" a detailed set of instructions for time - lapse imaging of fluorescently labeled cells within a living avian embryo. during the procedure, a hole is made in the shell, and a teflon membrane that is oxygen - permeable and liquid - impermeable is used to provide a window for visualization of the embryo via confocal or two - photon microscopy. imaging can take place for up to five days without dehydration or degradation of the normal developmental environment. as one of june ' s featured articles, the protocol is freely available on the journal ' s website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.54314050905608, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.696713"} {"text": "mar. 21, 2008 a new genetic analysis suggests that the parasitic worm schistosoma mekongi is more widespread than previously thought. according to the study, the human population at risk of infection could be up to 10 times greater than previously estimated. furthermore, it posits an increased possibility of the spread of the parasite across laos and vietnam. schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease which affects over 200 million people worldwide, is caused by several flatworm species of the genus schistosoma. in the mekong river basin in south - east asia, the disease is transmitted by the species schistosoma mekongi. a mass treatment program in the mid - 1990s greatly reduced the prevalence of the disease and encouraged optimism regarding the control of s. mekongi infection. however, based on the implications of this new study, the control of mekong schistosomiasis could be problematic. researchers stephen w. attwood of china ' s sichuan university, farrah a. fatih of london ' s natural history museum, and e. suchart upatham of thailand ' s mahidol university analyzed dna sequences of sample organisms collected from the mekong river and its tributaries in cambodia, laos and malaysia. they found, contrary to the previously held belief that s. mekongi is confined to a small section of the lower mekong river, that organisms collected in its tributaries across cambodia were also of the species s. mekongi. the range of the snail intermediate host and the ecological conditions for potential transmission were also shown to be much broader than once thought. prior to this study it was also assumed that s. mekongi originated in yunnan, china, migrated southwards across laos and into cambodia, and later became extinct in laos due to conditions unsuitable for transmission. however, attwood and colleagues ' analysis suggested a more recent, and ongoing, migration northwards from vietnam, towards cambodia and laos. according to the authors, further work is required into this problem, as, if we have no reason to assume that ecological conditions in laos are unsuitable for transmission, we may expect the future spread of this disease northwards into laos. journal reference : attwood sw, fatih fa, upatham es ( 2008 ) dna - sequence variation among schistosoma mekongi populations and related taxa ; phylogeography and the current distribution of asian schistosomiasis. plos negl trop dis 2 ( 3 ) : e200. doi : 10.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4881086923931392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.699566"} {"text": "july 5, 2008 in the first study of its kind, using sophisticated methods to measure body composition, the nationally known commercial weight loss program, weight watchers, was compared to gym membership programs to find out which method wins in the game of good health. a university of missouri researcher examined the real - life experiences of participants to determine which program helps people lose pounds, reduce body fat and gain health benefits. the answer is that both have pros and cons and that a combination of the two produces the best results. participants who attended weight watchers for 12 weeks lost an average of 5 percent of their body weight, or about nine pounds. however, steve ball, assistant professor of exercise physiology in the mu college of human environmental sciences, found that a large percentage of the lost weight was lean tissue and not fat. \u201c participants \u2019 body fat percentage did not improve at all because they lost a much higher percentage than expected of lean tissue, \u201d said ball, mu extension state fitness specialist. \u201c it is advantageous to keep lean tissue because it is correlated with higher metabolism. losing lean tissue often slows metabolism. what your body is made of is more important than what you weigh. \u201d the majority of other weight watcher studies had not considered body fat percentage change and only focused on body weight. \u201c this is one aspect of our study that makes it unique, \u201d ball said. \u201c we used a sophisticated measure of body composition \u2013 the bod pod \u2013 to look at what type of weight was lost : lean or fat. \u201d in addition, ball said the study was novel because computer tomography ( ct scans ) were used to investigate changes in abdominal fat, which is more predictive of cardiovascular disease. although the fitness center group lost very little weight, they probably improved their health because they lost a significant amount of intraabdominal fat ( fat around vital organs ). these results imply that exercise may have positive influence on the metabolic syndrome despite the number on the scale, ball concluded. ball also found that group support is very important. most of the weight watchers participants stuck with the program during the duration of the study, while many of the fitness center participants quit. \u201c these results imply that overweight, sedentary women joining a fitness center with the intent of weight loss or body fat change will likely fail without support and without altering their diets, \u201d ball said. \u201c nearly 50 percent of people who start an exercise program will quit within six months. \u201d \u201c this study attempted to discover what takes place in the real world when overweight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47884991550039246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.702614"} {"text": "june 25, 2009 we all know why starbucks puts boxes of breath mints close to the cash register. your morning latte can create a startling aroma in your mouth, strong enough to startle your co - workers too. but intriguing new research from tel aviv university by breath specialist prof. mel rosenberg of tau ' s sackler faculty of medicine finds that a coffee extract can inhibit the bacteria that lead to bad breath. new laboratory tests have shown that the extract prevents malodorous bacteria from making their presence felt \u2014 or smelt. \" everybody thinks that coffee causes bad breath, \" says prof. rosenberg, \" and it ' s often true, because coffee, which has a dehydrating effect in the mouth, becomes potent when mixed with milk, and can ferment into smelly substances. \" but not always. \" contrary to our expectations, we found some components in coffee that actually inhibit bad breath, \" explains prof. rosenberg. the findings were presented last month to members of the international society for breath odor research in germany by yael gov, a researcher in prof. rosenberg ' s laboratory. a \" taster ' s choice \" for stopping bad bacteria in the laboratory, the team monitored the bacterial odor production of coffee in saliva. in the study, three different brands of coffee were tested : the israeli brand elite coffee, landwer turkish coffee, and taster ' s choice. prof. rosenberg expected to demonstrate the malodor - causing effect of coffee in an in vitro saliva assay developed by dr. sarit levitan in his laboratory. to his surprise, the extracts had the opposite effect. \" the lesson we learned here is one of humility, \" says prof. rosenberg. \" we expected coffee would cause bad breath, but there is something inside this magic brew that has the opposite effect. \" prof. rosenberg would love to isolate the bacterial - inhibiting molecule in order to reap the biggest anti - bacterial benefits from coffee. \" it ' s not the raw extract we will use, he says, \" but an active material within it. \" his latest discovery could be the foundation for an entirely new class of mouthwash, breath mints and gum. purified coffee extract can be added to a breath mint to stop bacteria from forming, stopping bad breath at its source, instead of masking the smell with a mint flavor. prof. rosenberg is a successful scientist and inventor who has already developed a popular mouthwash sold widely in europe, a pocket - based breath test, and an anti - odor chewing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4889387648594534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.707680"} {"text": "dec. 5, 2012 engineers at the university of sheffield have developed a new technique for delivering stem cell therapy to the eye which they hope will help the natural repair of eyes damaged by accident or disease. this could help millions of people across the world retain - - or even regain - - their sight. in research published in the journal acta biomaterialia, the team describe a new method for producing membranes to help in the grafting of stem cells onto the eye, mimicking structural features of the eye itself. the technology has been designed to treat damage to the cornea, the transparent layer on the front of the eye, which is one of the major causes of blindness in the world. using a combination of techniques known as microstereolithography and electrospinning, the researchers are able to make a disc of biodegradable material which can be fixed over the cornea. the disc is loaded with stem cells which then multiply, allowing the body to heal the eye naturally. \" the disc has an outer ring containing pockets into which stem cells taken from the patient ' s healthy eye can be placed, \" explains epsrc fellow, dr ilida ortega asencio, from sheffield ' s faculty of engineering. \" the material across the centre of the disc is thinner than the ring, so it will biodegrade more quickly allowing the stem cells to proliferate across the surface of the eye to repair the cornea. \" a key feature of the disc is that it contains niches or pockets to house and protect the stem cells, mirroring niches found around the rim of a healthy cornea. standard treatments for corneal blindness are corneal transplants or grafting stem cells onto the eye using donor human amniotic membrane as a temporary carrier to deliver these cells to the eye. for some patients, the treatment can fail after a few years as the repaired eyes do not retain these stem cells, which are required to carry out on - going repair of the cornea. without this constant repair, thick white scar tissue forms across the cornea causing partial or complete sight loss. the researchers have designed the small pockets they have built into the membrane to help cells to group together and act as a useful reservoir of daughter cells so that a healthy population of stem cells can be retained in the eye. \" laboratory tests have shown that the membranes will support cell growth, so the next stage is to trial this in patients in india, working with our colleagues in the lv prasad eye institute in hyderabad, \" says", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5087216683779934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.712200"} {"text": "cells can be retained in the eye. \" laboratory tests have shown that the membranes will support cell growth, so the next stage is to trial this in patients in india, working with our colleagues in the lv prasad eye institute in hyderabad, \" says professor sheila macneil. \" one advantage of our design is that we have made the disc from materials already in use as biodegradable sutures in the eye so we know they won ' t cause a problem in the body. this means that, subject to the necessary safety studies and approval from indian regulatory authorities, we should be able to move to early stage clinical trials fairly quickly. \" treating corneal blindness is a particularly pressing problem in the developing world, where there are high instances of chemical or accidental damage to the eye but complex treatments such as transplants or amniotic membrane grafts are not available to a large part of the population. the technique has relevance in more developed countries such as the uk and us as well, according to dr frederick claeyssens. \" the current treatments for corneal blindness use donor tissue to deliver the cultured cells which means that you need a tissue bank. but not everyone has access to banked tissues and it is impossible to completely eliminate all risks of disease transmission with living human tissue, \" he says. \" by using a synthetic material, it will eliminate some of the risk to patients and be readily available for all surgeons. we also believe that the overall treatment using these discs will not only be better than current treatments, it will be cheaper as well. \" the research is supported by a wellcome trust affordable healthcare for india award to the university of sheffield and the lv prasad eye institute, where the work is led by associate director and head of clinical research, dr virender sangwan. the work has also been supported through a research fellowship for dr ortega from the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ). other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - ilida ortega, anthony j. ryan, pallavi deshpande, sheila macneil, frederik claeyssens. combined microfabrication and electrospinning to produce 3 - d architectures for corneal repair. acta biomaterialia, 2012 ; doi : 10. 1016 / j. actbio. 2012. 10. 039 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.479964433186067, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.713125"} {"text": "a routine construction dig has turned up a fossil skull that is giving scientists a better glimpse inside the head of our ancient predecessor homo erectus. according to a report published today in the journal science, the find suggests that the h. erectus population that occupied the island of java was isolated from other asian populations and probably made only minimal genetic contributions to the ancestry of modern humans. so far, more than 20 hominid skull fossils have been found at sites in java. the latest, dubbed sm 4 ( see image ), was recovered from the bed of the solo river in central java and is one of the largest yet discovered on the island. hisao baba of the university of tokyo and his colleagues analyzed the skull, comparing it to previously discovered specimens. they found that sm 4 shares certain characteristics, such as a flat top, with skulls dating to more than a million years ago. but sm 4 also exhibits similarities to much younger fossils from eastern java - - the shape of a nerve opening near the temple, for example. the researchers thus conclude that sm 4 is an intermediary between earlier and later javanese h. erectus. this indicates that the species lived on the island continuously for more than a million years, contrary to the hypothesis that distinct, consecutive migrations to the area occurred. sm 4 also presents the best look yet at a particular feature of h. erectus ' s head known as the cranial base, a bony shelf behind the eyes that helps to support the brain. using computer imaging to probe the skull ' s interior, the team found that the cranial base is surprisingly modern in being sharply angled, or flexed. this, the researchers note, suggests that the larger brains of modern humans evolved independent of changes to the support on which they rest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46462749520625535, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.715056"} {"text": "obviously, birds sing. but mice? [ mice song sound. ] that \u2019 s a mouse song. researchers have known about these high - pitched squeaky songs for years. but they only recently discovered that mice can learn the songs of other mice. such vocal learning is a rarity among animals. we know of only three kinds of birds \u2014 parrots, hummingbirds and songbirds \u2014 and some mammals \u2014 like humans, whales, dolphins, sea lions, bats and elephants \u2014 that have demonstrated the ability to learn the vocal patterns of other animals. that is, until now. scientists at duke university observed that when two male mice of different lineages were kept together, the animals gradually learned to match the pitch of their songs to one another. and when the researchers examined the mice, they found that the rodents can also form the correct brain - to - vocal - cord connections to control the sounds they make. the research is published in the journal plos one. [ gustavo arriaga, eric p. zhou and erich d. jarvis, of mice, birds, and men : the mouse ultrasonic song system has some features similar to humans and song - learning birds ] the mouse songs are admittedly primitive. but the findings left scientists on a high note. \u2014 gretchen cuda kroen [ the above text is a transcript of this podcast. ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4550494655362812, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.716410"} {"text": "- a spinal cord injury can happen to anyone at any time. - there are 600 new spinal cord injuries every year in ontario ( more than one a day ) and current estimates indicate that there are approximately 33, 140 ontarians living with spinal cord injury. ( urban futures institute report, 2010 ) - in canada there are more than 1, 500 new spinal cord injuries per year. there is an estimated 86, 000 people living in the country with spinal cord injuries. ( # s based on research by the urban futures institute, 2010 ) - spinal cord injury is one of the most traumatic events to occur in an individual \u2019 s life. - spinal cord injury affects family, friends, employers, community and the health care system. - people can, and do, make a positive adjustment to life with a spinal cord injury given the right supports at the right time. - on average, it takes 2 to 3 years to attain sufficient independence following a spinal cord injury. - intensive psycho - social support is a critical component to rehabilitation from the onset of injury, through acute hospitalization, rehabilitation and transition to community living. - it is estimated that the annual economic burden of traumatic sci in canada is approximately $ 3. 6 billion, of which $ 1. 8 billion is associated with direct health care costs. ( urban futures institute report, 2010 ) - the top causes for traumatic spinal cord injuries in ontario are : - unintentional falls \u2013 43. 2 % - motor vehicle accidents \u2013 42. 8 - in ontario, males represent 68. 4 % of traumatic spinal cord injuries. women represent 31. 6 %. - in ontario, the highest incidence of traumatic injury is to individuals in the age range of 20 - 29 and to also, those over 70 years of age. - problems related to pain, mobility and agility affected the largest number of adults. nearly 3 million adults aged 15 and over, or 11 % of this age group, reported one of these limitations. ( pals 2006 ) - disabilities related to mobility were present in less than 2 % of people between the ages of 15 and 24, but affected about 44 % of individuals aged 75 and over. ( pals 2006 ) - ontario reported a disability rate ( 15. 5 % ) slightly higher than the national rate. ( pals 2006 ) - it is estimated that 90 % of what we know about spinal cord injury has been discovered in the last 20 years. ( rick hansen institute ) - sci info - regional offices - get involved - looking forward to seeing members and other key stakeholders at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4098640959464583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.719263"} {"text": "have you been worrying over how much the rich have to pay in taxes? did you experience a warm glow of relief on learning that the french actor gerard depardieu has escaped his tax liabilities as a french citizen by acquiring a shiny new russian passport? no, i thought not. yet the debate about how much the rich should pay has dominated the proceedings of american policymakers in recent weeks and looms large in the political agenda of a number of countries. in britain there is uproar over how big multinational corporations, notably starbucks and amazon, managed to avoid paying british corporation taxes due to the structure of their billing and licensing agreements. this row flared again when sir martin sorrell, the chief executive of the global advertising conglomerate wpp, said the amount multinational companies need to pay in taxes was \" a question of judgment \". although statements of this kind are provocative, few issues excite the kind of passion aroused by taxation. on one side are those who see taxation as a means of redistributing wealth and the social responsibility of the better off to contribute more to society. in contrast are those who say taxes lead to big government and an erosion of personal freedom. moreover, a high tax regime provides a disincentive to enterprise. while this debate is under way it is hard to find uncontested evidence for the view that the rich pay proportionately less of their income in taxes than ordinary citizens. this is particularly the case in america which has a fiendishly complicated tax regime, compounded by the imposition of both federal and local taxes. the advocates of less tax for the rich have come up with some impressive charts showing how in terms of absolute income ( that is minus such things as charity donations and other ways of reducing the top - line income figure ) the rich pay a higher percentage of tax than anyone else. critics dismiss this data, pointing out that actual income is what counts and that the \" defend the rich \" camp tend to focus on federal taxation, whereas the real source of inequality is derived from including both state and federal taxes, producing a picture that shows the highest tax burden falling on the so called squeezed middle class. moreover, rich people get most of their money from dividends and capital gains, usually taxed at a lower rate than payroll income. in hong kong, of course, there is no capital gains or dividends tax at all, which is why those who own companies take most of their remuneration from dividend payments. thus local rich people pay a far smaller proportion of their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40999647951120183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.723941"} {"text": ". in hong kong, of course, there is no capital gains or dividends tax at all, which is why those who own companies take most of their remuneration from dividend payments. thus local rich people pay a far smaller proportion of their income to the government than the middle class. the simplicity and modesty of the local taxation system makes it more transparent. the highest level of income tax is just 17 per cent, which is very low by global standards but even this amount seems too demanding for practically every well off person in hong kong. at this point the defend - the - rich camp will point out that, while dividends are not taxable, corporate taxes are a percentage point higher than income tax rates. yet the scope for minimising corporate tax liability is considerably greater than that for personal tax liability even though dividends are \" above the line \" for corporate tax liability. at the end of the day the system ensures that the rich pay a far smaller proportion of their real income in taxes than middle class people, who have no company to pay them dividends. ironically, this means that the highest taxpayers tend to be people like the civil servants who administer the tax regime. no one likes to pay taxes but there is such a thing as obligation to society. in the heat of the tax debate this basic concept seems to get lost. the incentive to fulfil this obligation is more acceptable in places where citizens have better control over their governments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3982168817844885, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.724617"} {"text": "the river otters are found throughout alaska, canada and the northern united states, and are hence named the north american river otter. they are slightly larger than our native european otter and are probably the most numerous otter species in the wild. they live in a variety of habitats, but spend most of their time in or near streams, rivers, lakes and coastal marshes. their diet is similar to european otters, eating mainly fish, amphibians and crustaceans. | north american river otters can be found alone or in pairs, but often socialise in larger groups. litters of up to 5 cubs can be born each spring and are reared by the mother. the young otters will stay with their mother for at least a year before they are finally ready to look for their own territory. | lewis and isla, the otters, are excellent ambassadors to help sea life promote otter conservation as they are more active during the day than our native european otter. hopefully, with a better understanding of otters and the dangers facing them, we can all do our bit to help the plight of our own native otters and their relatives around the world. | spotted!!! - there has been many spottings of a wild otter over the years by the members of staff, while having a daily morning meeting there has been a sighting of an otter twice in three days! the sanctuary assume that it is the same otter as it is frequenting the same area and hopefully it will keep returning for both staff and visitors to enjoy. | | if you would like more information, or would like to adopt the otters, lewis and isla, | \u00a6 otters news archives \u00a6 meet the otters \u00a6 lewis and isla photos \u00a6 how can you help? \u00a6 | \u00a6 introduction \u00a6 seal hospital \u00a6 aquarium \u00a6 resident seals \u00a6 seal rescue \u00a6 animal adoption \u00a6 \u00a6 photo & video gallery \u00a6 press releases \u00a6 news updates \u00a6 visitor ' s information \u00a6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.369160542868781, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.727811"} {"text": "( sen ) - china will launch an unmanned lunar rover in the second half of 2013, according to the state administration for science, technology and industry for national defence, reported the xinhua news agency this week. chang ' e - 3 will be china ' s third moon orbiter and has the aim of landing a robotic rover on the lunar surface. the lunar program ' s chief scientist said chang \u2019 e - 3 will land on the moon and explore its surface. it is expected to lift off from the xichang satellite launch center in southwest china. china ' s first two lunar probes, chang ' e - 1 and chang ' e -, 2 launched in 2007 and 2010 respectively and successfully entered the moon ' s orbit. chang ' e - 1 gathered a complete map of the moon whilst chang ' e 2 captured a higher resolution map, with images released in february this year. the chang ' e probes, named after the chinese goddess of the moon, are part of a three phase plan - orbit, land, return. phase 1 was achieved with the first two chang ' e probes. next year ' s mission is part of the landing phase. the third phase of china ' s chang ' e mission is to return lunar samples to earth. progress towards the third stage of china ' s lunar exploration - returning moon samples to earth - was also given a boost this week with the news that its powerful new rocket engine tested successfully. the new liquid oxygen and kerosene engine will generate 120 tons of thrust and will be used to power its next generation of rockets. the current engine powering its long march rockets have a 75 ton thrust. the new engine will be fitted to the long march 5 rocket which is expected to have its maiden flight in 2014. the long march 5 launch vehicle is being designed to lift 25 tons of payload to near earth orbit and 14 tons to geostationary orbit. in addition to its robotic exploration of the moon, china are also planning to send humans to the moon, a fact revealed by their official paper released in december 2011 which set out its long term plans for space exploration. the section entitled human spaceflight stated that \u201c china will conduct studies on the preliminary plan for a human lunar landing \u201d. china recently demonstrated its space technology when its shenzhou spacecraft docked with tiangong - 1, its orbiting space lab.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4453786339099194, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.730421"} {"text": "information about set - bc services for families of children with disabilities families of children with disabilities what is assistive technology ( at )? assistive technologies are tools ( devices, software or hardware ) that can help students with special needs to achieve their educational goals. these tools may be as simple as a wireless mouse or as complex as a refreshable braille display. how do bc schools provide at for students with special needs? bc school districts provide a wide range of educational programs and supports for students with special needs. most students who require at as part of their individual educational plans receive this support within their own districts. districts may request additional at services for some students through special education technology \u2013 british columbia ( set - bc ). what is set - bc? set - bc is a ministry of education program that works in partnership with all bc school districts, including group 1 and 2 independent schools. set - bc lends assistive technologies to districts for students \u2019 use and provides consultation, training, resources, and support for the educational use of these technologies. which students are eligible to receive services from set - bc? set - bc helps districts to provide at services for students whose access to the curriculum is restricted primarily due to the following disabilities : - physical disabilities - autism spectrum disorders - moderate to profound intellectual disabilities - dependent handicaps - visual impairments each year, setbc provides new technology solutions for approximately 800 students across the province. while services are equitably distributed to districts, their requests for set - bc support are limited by available funding. districts have screening processes to determine which students will be put forward to set - bc, and which students will be supported within - district. who do i ask about set - bc services for my child? you can contact your child \u2019 s school team to discuss his or her educational program and need for assistive technology. you can also contact the set - bc district partner for your district, who coordinates set - bc services and helps identify students who require at services. what happens when my child is selected for set - bc service? set - bc asks school teams to complete request for service forms for students who are selected for service. the teams, including students and parents, meet with set - bc consultants to develop collaborative action plans, which identify strategies and technologies that best meet students \u2019 educational goals. following these meetings, set - bc consultants arrange for the provision of technology, as well as any training or classroom resources that are needed. what if my child has a technology assessment by a health / community agency? these assessments or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4995850787102324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.736135"} {"text": "students \u2019 educational goals. following these meetings, set - bc consultants arrange for the provision of technology, as well as any training or classroom resources that are needed. what if my child has a technology assessment by a health / community agency? these assessments or reports on students \u2019 strengths and needs can be helpful when identifying technology solutions. they should be discussed during the collaborative action plan meeting to ensure that the recommendations support students \u2019 educational goals. what types of technology does set - bc provide? set - bc provides desktop and laptop computers, with specialized software for reading, writing and communication. set - bc also provides speech generating devices, braille and low - vision devices and alternate access peripherals. school districts supply appropriate educational, productivity and virus protection software, and also arrange access to printers, school networks and the internet as required. how will my child learn to use technology? school teams can take part in a wide range of set - bc workshops and presentations. team members learn technology skills and strategies and acquire resources that will help them support student use of technology in the classroom. students learn to use their at as part of their ongoing educational program, with instruction and support from school team members. set - bc also provides online access to training and resources at www. setbc. org. our website contains useful audio presentations, software demonstrations, student videos, and tutorials, as well as collections of adapted curriculum resources. can set - bc technology be used at home? set - bc loans technology to bc school districts for individual students, therefore district policies on appropriate technology use apply to set - bc loans. district and school administrators make decisions about the use of technology at home or in the community. if students take their technology home, parents are asked to sign loan forms acknowledging responsibility for the equipment. who provides technical support for set - bc technologies? school teams, students and families who need technical support or repair for equipment on loan from set - bc can contact the set - bc support desk. phone 1 - 866 - 738 - 3375 or 604 - 269 - 2222 in the vancouver area, or send email to email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5065949207201708, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.738124"} {"text": "the long walk home the black worker & the great migration from cape breton at the turn of the century, a mass migration occurred to cape breton island of hundreds of free, skilled black workers from alabama, lured by what they called ' the promise. ' their emigration back to the us is scarcely known today. in 1911, hundreds of men from the west indies were again lured by ' the promise '. their descendents form the heart of the historic whitney pier community. our correspondent, paul macdougall, files reports from bangor, maine, and sydney. by paul macdougall * shunpiking magazine no. 38 bangor, january 13 / 1903 - about 250 black people showed up here today at the police station looking for shelter from the fierce winter cold. they were a penniless, destitute bunch, clad mainly in rags, complaining about being hungry, and shivering from the cold. their spokesmen seemed to be a person by the name of griggins or griffin, i couldn ' t make him out, walter was his first name so let ' s stick with that. his wife was with him and she seemed awfully upset at their predicament. walter said they needed a place for the night and planned to head on up to bucksport the next day or so by train, then catch the steamer penobscot to take them to boston. from there the group planned to head down to the southern states, many back to alabama, where they originally came from. i thought that some of these people looked familiar when i saw them mingling around town earlier in the day, and walter confirmed for me they were in bangor about two years earlier during their trek north. they had all been guaranteed work in the new steel mill that was being constructed in sydney, nova scotia. the mill was the brainchild of new englander, henry melville whitney, the same fellow who had organized the dominion coal company in cape breton around 1893. in 1899, nova scotia steel, a steel - producing operation out of new glasgow, ns turned down whitney ' s offer of a merger of their two companies. whitney knew he could get easy access to coal ( he already owned it ) and iron ore from bell island off newfoundland, so he gathered some financiers from toronto and montreal and formed his own company, the dominion iron and steel company or disco as they called it. they started building a steel plant almost immediately. by 1902 it was in operation. walter claimed that he and his companions were recruited to work at disco through agents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40739710811853547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.749662"} {"text": "and formed his own company, the dominion iron and steel company or disco as they called it. they started building a steel plant almost immediately. by 1902 it was in operation. walter claimed that he and his companions were recruited to work at disco through agents at steel mills they worked in throughout the country. hundreds of skilled black furnace men were enticed to come and help build and work in the blast furnaces at the steel plant in sydney. the blast furnace combines coke made from coal, iron ore and limestone to produce liquid iron, which eventually becomes steel. it ' s hot and hellish work and disco officials insisted on hiring only \" first class men in every way, \" men that they could \" rely on at all times. \" numerous men mentioned j. h. means, the superintendent of furnaces, as instrumental in recruiting them to cape breton. they thought means was from alabama, and he was well connected with alabama and pennsylvanian steelmen. he recruited men from these contacts as well as from people he knew in new york and maryland. by early 1902 many black american steel workers had taken up residence in sydney and were working at the steel plant. housing was a problem right from the beginning, i was told. they were no fine homes with gardens, the families were housed in shacks that were nothing more than bunkhouses normally only used for single men. skilled white employees lived in the ashby area of sydney or \" overtown \", while the skilled blacks and any other unskilled labourers lived in whitney pier, many almost adjacent to the plant or its coke ovens. they called this area cokovia or cokeville ( see 1902 map this page ). most of these living quarters lacked sewer or water hookup, were filthy and had poor ventilation. the men claimed that even though they had important jobs at the steel plant they were at the bottom rung of the social scale. they had to open their own school in 1902 with the aid of the african methodist episcopal church which was formed earlier that same year. mixing between blacks and whites rarely happened socially and the black person ' s lot in life was not moving forward. the $ 2 : 00 a day wage was really only $ 1 : 25 and they didn ' t see any of this until they had worked over sixty days. enough was enough. i left walter, his wife and the rest of the black families at the police station and roamed back down the street. a few blacks were hanging about the restaurant at the corner, and i knew they weren ' t local ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4537354997092743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.750674"} {"text": "enough was enough. i left walter, his wife and the rest of the black families at the police station and roamed back down the street. a few blacks were hanging about the restaurant at the corner, and i knew they weren ' t local ; more displaced cape breton workers i thought. it was only a couple of years ago that these people were streaming through here at a fast and furious pace. it was as if they couldn ' t wait to leave the states and settle in canada. they had some of the happiest looks on their faces that i ' d seen on just about anybody. my how things changed. i couldn ' t help wonder if they ' d been hoodwinked by someone in heading all the way to cape breton to work. filed by your correspondent for the bangor daily news after they left a couple of days later i fired off a letter to a newspaperman i knew in sydney. he worked for the sydney record and got back to me some time later. he said that a steel company official told him alabama blacks \" were all doing well, \" earning twice as much as they did before, and they were happy and contented. \" sydney, nova scotia, february 2001 - from 1901 to 1904 hundreds of black men and their families tramped back and forth from the steel cities of the united states to a fledgling steel plant city in cape breton that had been described in 1902 by the canadian manufacturing association as, \" the outstanding feature of our industrial development of the past few years. \" the steel plant ' s founder henry whitney said, \" i cannot control my enthusiasm when i think of the future. \" sadly, this future was short and bleak for the skilled migrant black men who were sold on the dream of a new country to live and raise their families in. faced with the obvious sterotypism of the day, poor despicable living conditions, and a molten stream of broken promises, almost every one of these families returned home. many died along the way. j. h. means left the plant in early 1903 and it may have been his leaving that influenced many blacks to leave. he had recruited many of them and his absence may have removed any faint hope of social advancement they may have hoped for. by the end of 1904 this african - american community was all but dead. the school died, the church died, the institutions they so quickly built in sydney all but disappeared. by 1911 the plant was expanding at an incredible rate. new workers were needed and the company began to actively recruit blacks from the british west", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4434861119668443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.751668"} {"text": "but dead. the school died, the church died, the institutions they so quickly built in sydney all but disappeared. by 1911 the plant was expanding at an incredible rate. new workers were needed and the company began to actively recruit blacks from the british west indies and especially the island of barbados. between 1911 and 1914 hundreds of these immigrants settled in sydney and worked as mainly unskilled labourers at the steel plant. some also worked in the mines and settled in glace bay and new waterford. these people are the ancestors of the small african - canadian community that resides in cape breton today. communities will always be an evolving place. the whitney pier region of sydney was probably one of the most cosmopolitan areas on the planet during the early years of the last century. if you search back enough you can probably trace back dozens of different ethnic groups to a period of time when their ancestors came to work at the steel plant. but there is always an exception to every rule. the american blacks played a crucial role in the very beginning of the sydney steel plant, but never stayed around to reap any benefits. it may be fair to surmise that the development of sydney over the past 100 years is owed to a few hundred black men who got the first blast furnace operational. their expertise cannot be underestimated. at a time when sydney steel is on its deathbed, after 100 years of operation, the contribution of the people who built it, worked there, and raised families around it, must be recognized. the majority of these people stayed, the american blacks left, but the legacy of steel making in sydney needs to be remembered in a true light, not as a bargain basement sale or an environmental war zone. the men, women and children that walked from sydney to maine and beyond in the dead of winter in 1903 and 1904 for the hopes of a better life, need to be remembered for more than this. i encourage anyone to read elizabeth beaton ' s paper \" an african - american community in cape breton, 1901 - 1904 \" published in acadiensis, xxiv, 2 spring 1995. elizabeth teaches history at uccb and most of the material for this article comes from her research and she should be commended for it. i invented the correspondent from maine, but stories of the plight of the returning black workers were reported in the sydney record and the bangor daily news. working in steel, the early years in canada, 1883 - 1935 by craig heron is an interesting book and the quotes by the cma and henry whitney regarding the future success of disco were taken", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4678980264830839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.752607"} {"text": "were reported in the sydney record and the bangor daily news. working in steel, the early years in canada, 1883 - 1935 by craig heron is an interesting book and the quotes by the cma and henry whitney regarding the future success of disco were taken from it. community meeting, melnick labour hall, whitney pier in sydney, cape breton, mid - 1950s. courtesy the coward family a rare though blurred 1901 photograph inside the sydney steel works of black furnace workers on the disco cast house floor. beaton institute, photographer unknown. black steel workers marshalling blast furnace ' miniature ' in coronation parade. beaton institute, photographer unknown. lillian coward ( centre ) was the first wife of arthur coward, who emigrated from barbados in 1911 ( and great - grandfather of justin coward, see centrefold ). mae crawford ( on right ), also from the west indies, was a well - known community entrepreneur ( west indian dishes ). throughout nova scotia, the black community always met on a regular basis in similar halls whenever the occasion arose. lucus toussaint emigrated to the pier in 1911 from grenada. he is the maternal grandfather of curtis coward and great - grandfather of justin coward ( see centrefold ). albert almon plan of sydney, 1902. whitney pier ( ward v ), indicating \" cokeville \". courtesy of the whitney pier historical society and the beaton institute. * paul macdougall, a freelance writer and microbiology technologist, teaches in the environmental health program at uccb. comments to : email @ example. com copyright new media services inc. \u00a9 2004. the views expressed herein are the writers ' own and do not necessarily reflect those of shunpiking magazine or new media publications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4384307439202673, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.753313"} {"text": "okay, suppose you have a 5. 5 gallon aquarium ( 16 \" x9 \" x8 \" ), and suppose all six faces ( including top and bottom ) of the aquarium could be allowed to contact air and radiate freely ( maybe give it legs, like a table ). that ' s 688 sq inches = 0. 444 sq meters of surface area. based on conductive and radiative heat loss models i ' ve dug up on the web ( see previous posts ), here ' s the the heat loss rate in a room that ' s maintained at 22 c ( 71. 6 f ) : tank ( c ) rad ( w ) cond ( w ) total ( watts ) 50 48. 4 50. 3 98. 8 55 58. 5 59. 3 117. 8 60 69. 0 68. 3 137. 4 65 80. 1 77. 3 157. 4 70 91. 7 86. 3 178. 0 75 103. 7 95. 3 199. 0 80 116. 3 104. 3 220. 6 85 129. 5 113. 2 242. 7 so, this tells me that if i have some big honking system that sinks 250 watts into this tank, it is going to settle at a temperature of over 85c, which seems pretty hot. a smaller system that generates only 150 w of heat will settle just below 65c. as i alluded to last post, i don ' t know what temperatures are safe for the various devices ( gpu, cpu, vid rams, dimms, nb, etc ). one thing i have not addressed is the rate at which the system approaches the final temperature. that would be dependent on the thermal mass of the oil - filled aquarium, which relates how much temperature rise results from absorbing a given amount of energy. mineral oil has a heat capacity of 1. 67 j / gk, and specific gravity of. 87 g / cc. 5 gallons of it would be 18927 cc, which is 16. 466 kg, which is a thermal mass of 27. 5 kj / k. so, a 250 watt system running for 1 hour ( 3600 seconds ) produces 250 * 3600 = 900000 joules of energy, which would change the temperature of that thermal mass by only 32 c. and that assumes the tank loses zero heat during that hour! in reality, as soon as the tank gets above ambient temperature, it starts losing some of its heat. to model the temperature rise as a function of time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5712706534355068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.757487"} {"text": "the gannet is ireland ' s largest seabird, with a wingspan of two metres. the little skellig is home to nearly 70, 000 of them, making it the second largest gannet colony in the world. gannets catch fish by plunging into the shoals from a great height. gannets can dive from a height of 30 m, achieving speeds of 100 km / h as they strike the water, enabling them to catch fish much deeper than most airborne birds. an unmistakable bird with its black back and white underparts, and distinctive black head with large pale cheeks and a tall, flattened, brightly - coloured bill. its comical appearance is heightened by its red and black eye - markings and bright orange legs. they breed in large colonies on coastal cliffs or offshore islands, nesting in crevices among rocks or in burrows in the soil and feed primarily by diving. the puffin shed the colourful outer parts of their bills after the breeding season, leaving a smaller and duller beak. their short wings are adapted for swimming with a flying technique under water. in the air, they beat their wings rapidly ( up to 100 times per minute ) in swift flight, often flying low over the ocean ' s surface. used as a symbol for books and other items, this clown among seabirds is one of the world ' s favourite birds. the arctic tern the arctic tern is medium - sized bird approximately 33 \u2013 36 cm ( 13 \u2013 15 in ) from the tip of its beak to the tip of its tail. the wingspan is 76 \u2013 85 cm. the weight is 86 \u2013 127 g ( 3. 0 \u2013 4. 5 oz ). the beak is dark red, as are the short legs and webbed feet. like most terns, the arctic tern has high aspect ratio wings and a tail with a deep fork. the adult plumage is grey above, with a black nape and crown and white cheeks. the upperwings are pale grey, with the area near the wingtip being translucent. the tail is white, and the underparts pale grey. both sexes are similar in appearance. the winter plumage is similar, but the crown is whiter and the bills are darker juveniles differ from adults in their black bill and legs, \" scaly \" appearing wings, and mantle with dark feather tips, dark carpal wing bar, and short tail streamers. during their first summer, juveniles also have a whiter forecrown. the black guillemot the black guillemot is medium - sized at 32 - 38", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45065751544701904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.763941"} {"text": "with dark feather tips, dark carpal wing bar, and short tail streamers. during their first summer, juveniles also have a whiter forecrown. the black guillemot the black guillemot is medium - sized at 32 - 38 cm in length, and with a 49 - 58 cm wingspan. adult birds have black bodies with a white wing patch, a thin dark bill and red legs and feet. they show white wing linings in flight. in winter, the upperparts are pale grey and the underparts are white. the wings remain black with the large white patch on the inner wing. the herring gull is white with a pale grey back and wings. their wings are black tipped while they possess a powerful yellow with red spots bill, yellow eyes and can be seen to have pink feet. in winter, the birds head has brownish streaks. juvenile herring gulls are speckled brown, with black terminal tail - band, gradually attaining adult plumage in the fourth year. they have a very vocal call with a repeated ' kyow '. their alarm call on their breeding ground resembles a ' ga - ga - ga ' sound. the razorbill, alca torda, is a large auk, 38 - 43 cm in length, with a 60 - 69 cm wingspan. it is the only living member of the genus alca. adult birds are black on their upperparts and white on the breast and belly. the thick black bill has a blunt end. the tail is pointed and longer than that of a murre. in winter, the black face becomes white. gull - like but stockier with thicker head and neck. fulmars have greyish upper parts and a white head and body, their ' tuber nose ' bill and the straightness of the wings in flight make identification easy. common around all coasts with nesting ledges. in winter the fulmars disperse over the sea often following fishing boats fro discarded fish scraps. intruders to the nest are attacked with a vile - smelling oil which the fulmers spit at them. the birds may also spend hours gliding past a possible nesting ledge trying to land on it, only to be repelled by other birds. the manx shearwater this bird is 30 - 38 cm long, with a 76 - 89 cm wingspan. it has the typically \" shearing \" flight of the genus, dipping from side to side on stiff wings with few wingbeats, the wingtips almost touching the water. this bird looks like a flying cross,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.401017732002829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.764897"} {"text": "76 - 89 cm wingspan. it has the typically \" shearing \" flight of the genus, dipping from side to side on stiff wings with few wingbeats, the wingtips almost touching the water. this bird looks like a flying cross, with its wing held at right angles to the body, and it changes from black to white as the black upperparts and white undersides are alternately exposed as it travels low over the sea. this is a gregarious species, which can been seen in large numbers from boats or headlands, especially on passage in autumn. it is silent at sea, but at night the breeding colonies are alive with raucous cackling calls. the manx shearwater feeds on small fish ( particularly herring, sprat and sardines ), crustaceans, cephalopods and surface offal. the bird forages individually or in small flocks, and it makes use of feeding marine mammals and schools of predatory fish, which push prey species up to the surface. it does not follow boats. cormorants and shags are medium - to - large seabirds. they range in size from the pygmy cormorant ( phalacrocorax pygmaeus ), at as little as 45 cm ( 18 in ) and 340 g ( 12 oz ), to the flightless cormorant ( phalacrocorax harrisi ), at a maximum size 100 cm ( 40 in ) and 5 kg ( 11 lb ). the recently - extinct spectacled cormorant ( phalacrocorax perspicillatus ) was rather larger, at an average size of 6. 3 kg ( 14 lb ). the majority, including nearly all northern hemisphere species, have mainly dark plumage, but some southern hemisphere species are black and white, and a few ( e. g. the spotted shag of new zealand ) are quite colourful. many species have areas of coloured skin on the face ( the lores and the gular skin ) which can be bright blue, orange, red or yellow, typically becoming more brightly coloured in the breeding season. the bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. their feet have webbing between all four toes, as in their relatives. guillemot is the common name for several species of seabird in the auk family, comprising two genera : uria and cepphus. it is a black and white sea bird with a narrow pointed bill. often has white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41936178796176826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.765833"} {"text": "their relatives. guillemot is the common name for several species of seabird in the auk family, comprising two genera : uria and cepphus. it is a black and white sea bird with a narrow pointed bill. often has white eye - ring and narrow stripe behind its eye. in winter, checks, chin and neck are white and has a dark line behind its eye. guillemots breeding on inaccessible cliffs on rocket coasts and islands with some colonies containing thousands of birds. in winter, most of them go far out to sea, occasionally inshore in bad weather. guillemots dive for fish from the surface, they also swim well under water using their wings. they often sit upright on the nesting ledges. the boat departs daily from portmagee pier at approximately 10 : 00am, weather permitting. the boat trip to the skelligs takes 45 minutes and you have between 2 hours and 2 hours 30 minutes on the rock. the boat stops for a while at the little skelligs to allow you to view the bird colony and seals. the return boat trip lasts a further 45 minutes and you are back in portmagee at around 3 o ' clock. it is advisable to book at least 2 days in advance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4244633232455229, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.766580"} {"text": "slow cookers & crock pots information slow cookers ( also known as crock - pot ) are mostly used for simmering, which means using low - heat for extended periods of time. the benefit of slow - cooking is that food becomes tenderer, then if it is cooked on stove, as all of its tissues break down. flavor also can infuse over time. slow cookers or crock - pots are electronically heated ceramic bowl with glass lid. they usually have only a few settings, such as ' low ', ' medium ', and ' high '. the benefit of slow - cooking is mainly convenience. generally crock - pots are safe enough to turn on before work and return to before dinner to a fully cooked meal. we recommend that you look into our big selection of slow cookers and crock - pots by hamilton beach, presto, cuisinart, oster and nesco. what you plan to use your crock pot for? generally, larger size slow cookers are designed to hold larger foods, such as cuts of meats or even a whole chicken ; while smaller ones designed to handle foods like soups or stews. insert type : in most slow cookers you can remove stoneware inserts, which are sturdy, very practical and also dishwasher safe. some models have nonstick coating, and it is recommended to hand wash them in warm water with soap. the size of a family : larger families may consider looking for a 6 - quart slow cooker, while smaller families or single people may do better with a 4 - quart model.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47889983591829, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.768086"} {"text": "veil lifts on titan ' s great secrets when the cassini spacecraft reached saturn? s largest moon titan and deployed its huygens probe to study the surface, it lifted a shroud that had hung over a world possibly containing conditions for life? s building blocks. now a planetary scientist and an astronomy writer have laid out cassini? s findings and titan? s enduring mysteries in a new book,? titan unveiled? ( princeton university press, 2008 ). as cassini entered saturn ' s orbit in 2004 and began snapping images during flybys of titan later that year, scientists realized that titan has sand dunes not unlike those in the sahara desert. they had assumed little sand would exist at the moon because of a lack of erosion processes, and that titan? s winds lacked the strength to create dune patterns. \" both hypotheses were wrong for interesting reasons, \" said ralph lorenz, co - author and planetary scientist on the cassini - huygens mission at johns hopkins university applied physics lab in maryland. the sand had originated not from erosion pounding rocks into small grains, but instead from chemicals that drizzled down from titan? s clouds. cassini also found powerful near - surface winds at titan due to the gravitational influence of saturn on the atmosphere. another surprise arose from? just how glaring the influence of rainfall and rivers was in the huygens landing,? lorenz told space. com. titan? s surface and atmosphere contain methane, which acts like liquid water under the frigid temperatures of roughly - 290 degrees f ( - 179 degrees c ) on the surface. falling and flowing methane may only form a temporary feature on titan? s surface, but cassini also detected larger bodies of liquid such as lakes, using optical cameras and radar. however, the south polar region of titan appears to have fewer lakes? just one of the differences between the north and south poles that has become an? emerging mystery,? lorenz said. an added bombshell came from the discovery that titan? s icy surface slides around like cheese on pizza sauce. that suggests the moon harbors a hidden ocean that may consist of water and ammonia. yet one of titan? s most noticeable features remains a mystery. an orange shroud of methane has long hidden the moon? s surface from astronomers ' eyes, but remains despite getting steadily destroyed by the sun? s harsh ultraviolet rays and making up just 5 percent of the mainly nitrogen atmosphere. scientists suspect the methane may get replenished by underground lakes or volcanic vents. strangeness aside", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.486096057492141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.773114"} {"text": "signs point to interstellar space for voyager 1 probe by stephen clark posted : september 16, 2012 more than 35 years after launching from earth and now at the frontier of the solar system, nasa ' s voyager 1 probe may be tasting interstellar space for the first time, according to scientists analyzing fresh data from the distant explorer. it takes 17 hours for a radio signal to travel between earth and voyager 1. its twin explorer - voyager 2 - is lagging slightly behind at a distance of 9. 2 billion miles from earth. the nuclear - powered probe ' s computers have about 68 kilobytes of memory. an 8 - gigabyte ipod nano holds more than 100, 000 times as much data. but particle - sniffing sensors aboard voyager 1 are returning intriguing measurements showing the spacecraft is on the precipice of leaving the solar system. researchers may be seeing the first signs that voyager 1 is nearing - or may have already crossed - the heliopause, an enigmatic boundary between the sun ' s sphere of influence and the void beyond. the sun ' s million - mile - per - hour solar wind blows a teardrop - shaped bubble around the solar system, pushing against a stream of galactic particles coming from ancient stellar explosions. the heliosphere is compressed by the galactic wind in one direction, while it stretches behind the solar system like a comet ' s tail. the heliosphere blocks most dangerous cosmic radiation from reaching earth. \" inside the heliopause, the wind is from the sun, and outside the wind is from the explosion of supernovae, \" said ed stone, project scientist for the voyager program at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory. \" it ' s a distinctly different part of the universe, and these two spacecraft will be the first to enter interstellar space. \" voyager 1 crossed into the heliosheath in 2004, entering a region where the pressure from galactic particles begin to slow the speed of the solar wind. since then, scientists have played a waiting game. no one knows for sure what environment voyager 1 will encounter when it makes its grand exit. \" we could be actually in interstellar space right now, as far as we know, \" said alan cummings, a senior scientist at the california institute of technology, in remarks last month. but it will take time before scientists can confidently conclude voyager 1 has crossed into the interstellar medium, a domain more dominated by particles from elsewhere in the milky way galaxy than from the sun. at the very least, recent data show voyager 1 has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48376884540531717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.778248"} {"text": ". but it will take time before scientists can confidently conclude voyager 1 has crossed into the interstellar medium, a domain more dominated by particles from elsewhere in the milky way galaxy than from the sun. at the very least, recent data show voyager 1 has entered a new region, according to stone. in may, voyager 1 ' s particle counter began scooping up more high - energy cosmic rays coming from outside the solar system. \" suddenly, in one month, they increased as much as they had in a year, \" stone said. \" obviously, something had changed. \" another, even sharper, rise in high - energy cosmic rays was measured in late august, just as voyager 1 ' s telescopes recorded a dramatic drop in low - energy particles coming from inside the heliosphere. the other indicator is a change in the direction of the magnetic field around voyager 1, and that is the most difficult to ascertain, according to stone, who has been with the project since its launch. according to stone, confirming the change in magnetic field could take weeks or months of observations. \" there is some kind of connection between where voyager is and the outside, which lets particles that are inside out and lets the particles that are outside in, \" stone said. \" the question is how much further is it to the heliopause? we don ' t know whether these are special filaments connecting to the outside or whether we ' re dancing along a new region which is connected to the outside. \" researchers believe the heliopause boundary is extraordinarily turbulent, and its location can fluctuate in location and time. charged particles travel along magnetic field lines, which can undergo dynamic bursts known as reconnection, much like the process responsible for auroras on earth. \" this is very new data, and we haven ' t really digested it all yet, \" cummings said. \" it could be that the magnetic field line that voyager is on is making intermittent connections with the heliopause, or this boundary we ' re trying to get to. \" off - and - on magnetic connections with the heliopause could allow particles from inside the heliosphere to escape and draw in cosmic ways from interstellar space. \" if there ' s one thing we ' ve learned from voyager, it ' s no matter how clever we think we are about the signatures, there ' s almost surely to be something we haven ' t figured out when we get there, and that ' s going to be the most interesting thing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48261741395839364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.779159"} {"text": "the enlightenment and kant hilde skips school to read sophie ' s story, and she gets through the chapter on berkeley. she finds herself agreeing with alberto that her father has gone too far and then wonders whom she really agrees with, since her father wrote what alberto said. hilde thinks that she sees her reflection wink with both eyes. she finds out that her mom found her gold crucifix, and mentioned that fact to her father. however, when she asks for it, her mother cannot find it. then she reads on in sophie ' s world. sophie wakes up on the morning of her birthday and convinces her mother that she is all right. then she receives a call from alberto, who has a plan. he thinks that they may somehow be able to influence what happens to them, because hilde ' s father may not know what he is going to write until the moment that he writes it. he wants to figure out a way to somehow escape, but they cannot get away until sophie has finished her course in philosophy. hilde thinks that alberto may have a point, because she knows her father will be writing quickly and that he might write something without realizing it. after school, on her way to meet alberto at the major ' s cabin, sophie gets a postcard from hilde ' s father wishing her happy birthday. she also receives a postcard for hilde that describes what alberto will talk about in his next lecture and tells hilde not to stay up too late reading. alberto describes the # # enlightenment # sophie and hilde learn that the french enlightenment was characterized by much \" opposition to authority \", politically as well as philosophically. the french thinkers had tremendous faith in reason. they wanted the masses to learn \u2014 to be enlightened \u2014 and they believed that this would result in great strides for humanity. they felt that we must return to a better, more natural way of living. they also wanted a natural religion, one that would be the same for all people. finally, they felt that people had fundamental natural rights and they fought to see those rights upheld. then a sea serpent appears in the lake and they go inside the cabin. sophie finds a note for her and hilde where the major points out that the un is founded on principles from the enlightenment. hilde stops reading and goes downstairs to eat with her mother. hilde ' s father calls late that night to wish her a happy birthday, and she tells him she is very happy with his gift and that she thinks that sophie and alberto are real", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5369365644044037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.785290"} {"text": "hilde stops reading and goes downstairs to eat with her mother. hilde ' s father calls late that night to wish her a happy birthday, and she tells him she is very happy with his gift and that she thinks that sophie and alberto are real. then she starts to read again. alberto talks about kant, who worked from the views of the empiricists and the rationalists. he believed that certain factors in our mind influence our experience of the world. we perceive everything as occurring in time and space, and these are innate characteristics of the human mind. kant divides the world into things as they are in themselves and as we perceive them. we cannot know things as they are in themselves, but we can know how we perceive them. he felt that the law of causality was also a part of the human mind. kant felt that we cannot know the answers to certain questions because they lie beyond human reason. he believed that these questions are answerable only through faith. alberto is interrupted when little red ridinghood knocks at the door and delivers another note from hilde ' s father. kant also believed that everyone has innate moral reason, and that moral actions are ones we perform out of a sense of duty. when we do so, we are free, because we are following our reason, which is a part of the world as it is in itself. alberto also says that that albert knag cannot contradict reason, and that is their only weapon against him. then sophie leaves and meets winnie - the - pooh in the woods, who gives her a letter to hilde that describes kant ' s import for the un. when hilde begins agreeing with alberto that her father has gone too far, we are presented with a true paradox. clearly, alberto is a character in a book that hilde ' s father has written. so agreeing with alberto means agreeing with her father. but at the same time, hilde ' s father is himself a character in that book, and his actions in the book are sometimes disagreeable to hilde. even hilde cannot figure out what is really going on. however, she does know that more is happening than even her father understands. the gold crucifix and the scarf that sophie found seem to have disappeared from hilde ' s world, and this suggests that maybe albert knag has created more than he bargained for. he has really orchestrated the lessons that alberto has given to sophie and they are intended in his mind for hilde, but the same lessons must be applied to his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5743097903120559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.786253"} {"text": ", and this suggests that maybe albert knag has created more than he bargained for. he has really orchestrated the lessons that alberto has given to sophie and they are intended in his mind for hilde, but the same lessons must be applied to his life as well. he created sophie and alberto ' s universe in his mind. but if it is true that sophie cannot always trust herself or her mind, and that she is not always the same person from day to day, then it is also true of albert knag. perhaps the point that gaarder is making is that complete control is out of our reach. we cannot completely understand the world and, since our own minds are a part of that world, we therefore cannot entirely know our own mind. so hilde ' s father, although he is the one writing about alberto and sophie, may not know exactly what he has done with them. furthermore, the possibility, which hilde is certain of, that sophie and alberto actually exist outside of the book, is one that cannot be ruled out. we cannot rule out the possibility that sophie and alberto exist outside the book because we cannot know for sure that the characters do not exist somewhere else. after going through approximately 2000 years of philosophy, we have returned to one of its earliest truths \u2014 the only thing we can really know is that we know nothing. socrates supposedly first stated this and descartes said a similar thing centuries later. now gaarder may be using this statement to point out just how little we really do know. all of our lives may be inside a book that someone has written. the external world that we think we see may not actually have any physical substance. perhaps there are other realities existing besides our own that we have no knowledge of. all we can really know is what both descartes and socrates knew \u2014 that we can question. gaarder shows us that not only is it good for us to be philosophers, in a certain sense it is all we can ever hope to be. for certain knowledge can only be had, as kant demonstrated, of what we perceive. and our perceptions need not tell us anything about the way things are in themselves. so, in a sense, flawed and prefigured as it is, our reason really is all that we have. by pala909, august 08, 2012 for my whole life, i have questioned where god came from. i ' ve always believed in a god and that he created us, but i could never wrap myself around the idea of where he himself came", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5686147896715928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.788254"} {"text": "an information flow represents information items or classifiers flowing between two elements in any diagram. the connector is available from the common page of the toolbox and from every quick link menu. you can have more than one information flow connector between the same two elements, identifying which items flow between the two under differing conditions. example of use - open a diagram and add two elements ( for example, nodes on a deployment diagram ). - click on the information flow connector in the common page of the toolbox and drag between the two elements. the information items conveyed dialog displays. - add the classifier or information item element ( s ) to the information flow. the diagram now resembles the following. - add another connector between the same two elements ( for example, a communication path connector ). - right - click the connector and select the advanced | information flows realized context menu option. the information flows realized dialog displays. - tick the checkbox against the required classifier element and click on the ok button. the combined connector now resembles the following : omg uml specification the omg uml specification ( uml superstructure specification, v2. 1. 1, p. 606 ) states : an informationflow specifies that one or more information items circulates from its sources to its targets. the omg uml specification ( uml superstructure specification, v2. 1. 1, p. 607 ) also states : an information flow is an abstraction of the communication of an information item from its sources to its targets. it is used to abstract the communication of information between entities of a system. sources or targets of an information flow designate sets of objects that can send or receive the conveyed information item.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.564638562813446, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.790648"} {"text": "working with encrypted data in sql server encryption plays an important role in protecting data and preventing intrusion. in this session we will look at the various places and methods of encryption that exist inside sql server. first, we will look at the types of encryption available in sql server. these include encryption by pass phrase, by symmetric key, by asymmetric key, by certificate, by one - way - hash and signing. during this we will be looking at the strength of the encryption and possible attacks such as whole - value substitution, brute force and rainbow table attack. lastly, we will look at how sql encryption differs from. net ( or other programming environments ) and the pros and cons of each. following on from that will be a look at how the encryption hierarchy works to provide an impressive level of key protection. we will be answering questions like what is a master key, how it is different to the service master key, and what does the service master key do. we will be looking at system level encryption for system features such as tds and credentials storage and services such as ssrs, ssis, and dqs. how and why do these services use encryption? these features and services use sql encryption inherently to protect the most sensitive of configuration finally, we will look at ways of preparing for disaster recovery with encrypted data. encrypted data is nothing more than random binary data with the keys and algorithms to decrypt it. thus, there is a critical need for effective key management and understanding of what is necessary to recover encrypted data in the event of a disaster. sorry, there are no downloads available for this session. i \u2019 m a talented multi - skilled it professional with advanced skills in sql server 2005 / 08 and 2012. i have many years experience in sql design, administration, server consolidation and migration in large scale organisations. i have completed mcitp in database administration and development. my belief is that data is the critical element of an organisation and that a database must be effective, efficient and secure. i am an expert in information system holding a bsc ( hons ) in computing and informatics. i currently work for an international organisation as their head dba. my next aim is completion of mcsm and to discuss a topic at sqlbits. the video is not available to view online. - session files explorer the network name cannot be found.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6258004241663142, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.793973"} {"text": "page 2 of 2 previous since their historic victories in the 2010 midterm elections, republicans across the country have passed an array of voting laws - to require photo identification, to make it more difficult to register, to reduce periods of early voting or to purge voter rolls - and they are considering others. the justice department, the national association for the advancement of colored people, the mexican american legal defense and educational fund, the american civil liberties union and other groups have challenged many of these laws in court. a federal court recently rejected texas ' voter id law, and similar cases from pennsylvania, south carolina and wisconsin await final judicial action. sound - bite analogies between these new laws and the fully mature jim crow system have been properly condemned as simplistic and misleading. but more careful study of the experience of a century ago may offer a cautionary lesson about today ' s changes in election laws. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, southern democrats used statutory and state constitutional restrictions - as well as violence, intimidation and ballot - box stuffing - to discourage and, ultimately, to disfranchise many poor whites and the vast majority of african - americans. several popular misunderstandings about that \" first disfranchisement \" cloud the public ' s view of recent legislation. one is that many people believe it was violence, not laws, that disfranchised african - americans, and that few southern blacks continued to vote after the compromise of 1877, which resulted in the withdrawal of u. s. troops and the collapse of the last reconstruction republican state governments. but, in fact, large proportions of african - americans somehow managed to vote in the next election in two - thirds of the counties where the most horrific reconstruction violence took place. black turnout in the south in the 1880s was actually higher than it often is today, and many african - americans continued to win elections for local and state offices and congress through the 1890s. disfranchisement was accomplished by law, not by force. many people assume, again incorrectly, that the restrictive devices of the earlier period were aimed exclusively at african - americans. but literacy and property qualifications applied to whites as well as blacks, at least in law. poll taxes discouraged many poor whites from voting, especially women after ratification of the 19th amendment in 1920. white as well as african - american turnout dropped dramatically after the passage of major disfranchisement statutes and state constitutional amendments. many scholars for a long time ignored the partisan aspects of disfranchisement. in every", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47468506284310663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.799525"} {"text": "in 1920. white as well as african - american turnout dropped dramatically after the passage of major disfranchisement statutes and state constitutional amendments. many scholars for a long time ignored the partisan aspects of disfranchisement. in every southern state, democrats, then the party of white and upper - class supremacy, pushed through disfranchisement measures in legislatures and by referendums, often using violence and ballot - box stuffing to secure the results. most populists and republicans opposed these laws to protect both their white and black fellow party members. if blacks had been democrats, there would have been no need for democratic leaders to disfranchise them. the partisan and racial motives of the first disfranchisement cannot be neatly disentangled. some scholars also have failed to notice that disfranchisement was an incremental process, taking place over many years and involving many types of actions. first, violence and intimidation, most intense during the 1860s and 1870s, killed or ran off many republican leaders and gave democrats control of election boards. then democratic election officials perpetrated the largest election frauds in u. s. history, which reduced the number of their political opponents but did not eliminate them. with majorities in state legislatures, democrats passed changes in statutes that included gerrymandering election districts, substituting at - large for district elections in majority - white areas to deny opponents any offices at all, making it much more difficult to register to vote, or mandating secret ballots to disfranchise the illiterate. finally, by the 1890s and early 1900s, with the electorate and the number of partisan opposition officials reduced, with the ability to falsify election returns and with the option to use violence if needed, democrats were able to move on to state constitutional disfranchisement with literacy tests and especially poll taxes. in sum, the first disfranchisement was accomplished and perpetuated by law ; it was aimed primarily but not exclusively at african - americans ; it was partisan as well as racial ; and it took place step by step. it is difficult to assess the effects of the current spate of laws immediately, because of other factors. for example, minorities surged to the polls in 2008 to back the first nonwhite major - party nominee for the presidency. that offset the potential negative effect on turnout from strengthened voter id laws. some leaders of the 19th century republican party - the activist liberal party of the day - thought", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44319348656587404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.800538"} {"text": "cluster headache is a type of severe, recurring pain that is located on one side of the head. it received its name from the clustering, or pattern, of frequent headaches that usually occur. there are two main types of cluster headaches : - episodic cluster headaches \u2014 these occur one or more times daily for multiple weeks. the headaches then enter a period of remission and come back months or years later. - chronic cluster headaches \u2014 these occur almost daily with headache - free periods lasting less than one month. either type of headache may convert to the other type. the cause of cluster headaches is not known. it is thought that there is abnormal activation of the area of the brain that is responsible for regulating temperature, blood pressure, hormone release, and sleep. the pain is thought to be caused by a combination of widening of the blood vessels and inflammation of the nerves of the face. possible causes include : - alcohol use - changes in barometric pressure - changes in sleep pattern - tobacco use drugs, such as factors that increase your chance of getting cluster headaches include : - sex : males - age : 20 - 50 years old - prior head surgery or head injury - positive family history of cluster headaches symptoms of cluster headache include : stabbing, penetrating, burning, or explosive head pain that : - begins suddenly - is on one side of the head, but not both - often starts around the eye and spreads to the same side of the head - causes facial flushing - can occur daily or almost every day for multiple weeks - can occur 1 - 8 times per day - lasts 15 minutes to 3 hours - often occurs at about the same time each day - increases in intensity over time - may start within two hours of going to sleep - can awaken you from sleep aura \u2014 this can include visual disturbance, visual spots, or the inability to move one side of the body. this more often occurs with migraine. auras can also happen with cluster headaches in a minority of cases. - restlessness and agitation during the headache, other symptoms may occur on the affected side, including : - stuffy or runny nose - redness or watering of the eye on one side - droopy eyelid - constriction of the pupil of the eye - facial swelling and flushing, sweating - sensitivity to light and noise symptoms of a cluster headache copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical and neurological exam will be done. a neurological exam may include examining", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49761150494547646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.811482"} {"text": "swelling and flushing, sweating - sensitivity to light and noise symptoms of a cluster headache copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical and neurological exam will be done. a neurological exam may include examining : - mental status - cranial nerve functioning - motor and sensory functioning the doctor will ask about the frequency and pattern of your headaches. to help provide answers, you may consider keeping a diary of : - when your headaches started and ended - what you were doing at the time - what you tried to relieve the pain pictures may be taken of your brain to rule out other disorders. this can be done with : treatment aims to reduce the frequency of headaches and help relieve pain. - maintain the same sleep routine. avoid afternoon naps or sleeping in, which may bring on more headaches. - do not drink alcoholic beverages. even a small amount of alcohol can trigger a headache during a cluster period. techniques. stress can bring on a headache. - do not smoke. tobacco may interfere with medicines. - find out what your triggers are and take steps to avoid them. drugs used to treat migraines often relieve sudden attacks of cluster headaches. these drugs must be taken at the first sign of a headache. drugs used to treat cluster headaches include : triptans given as a pill, injection, or nasal spray - octreotide given as an injection corticosteroids, such as prednisone - lidocaine nose drops or spray - pain relievers with caffeine - glycerol given as an injection into the nerve \u2014 used when other treatments do not help in some cases, the headache does not last long enough for drugs to be helpful. sometimes, the drugs just delay an attack, rather than stop an attack. pain killers, especially narcotic drugs, should not be used during an acute attack. other medicines may be given to prevent or reduce the frequency of headaches. examples of these drugs include : - intranasal civamide and capsaicin cream - steroids \u2014 oral or via injections or a triptan - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ) breathing 100 % oxygen for 10 - 15 minutes often relieves cluster headache pain. this is often viewed as the front - line therapy for cluster headache. the oxygen appears to decrease blood flow to the affected area of the brain. people under age 50 who have episodic cluster headaches seem to benefit most from oxygen therapy. oxygen therapy can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4577374105075108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.812486"} {"text": "viewed as the front - line therapy for cluster headache. the oxygen appears to decrease blood flow to the affected area of the brain. people under age 50 who have episodic cluster headaches seem to benefit most from oxygen therapy. oxygen therapy can be expensive, and there are risks with this therapy. as a last resort, some doctors may recommend cutting or destroying a facial nerve to eliminate pain. to prevent cluster headaches from getting worse, preventive medicine may be given. in addition : beck e, sieber wj, trejo r. management of cluster headache. am fam physician. 2005 ; 71 : 717 - 24. cecil textbook of medicine. 21st ed. wb saunders company ; 2000. cittadini e, may a, straube a, et al. effectiveness of intranasal zolmitriptan in acute cluster headache. arch neurol. 2006 ; 63 : 1537 - 1542. conn ' s current therapy 2001. 53rd ed. wb saunders company ; 2001. emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice. 4th ed. mosby - year book inc ; 1998. finocchi c, del sette m, angeli s, rizzi d, gandolfo c. cluster headache and right - to - left shunt on contrast transcranial doppler : a case - control study. francis gj, becker wj, pringsheim tm. acute and preventive pharmacologic treatment of cluster headache. griffith ' s 5 - minute clinical consult. lippincott williams & wilkins ; 2001. the international classification of headache disorders. leone m, bussone g. pathophysiology of autonomic trigeminal neuralgias. lancet neurol. 2009 ; 8 ( 8 ) : 755 - 764. leroux e, valade d, taifas i, et al. suboccipital steroid injections for transitional treatment of patients with more than two cluster headache attacks per day : a randomised, double - blind, placebo - controlled trial. may a, et al. efns guidlines on the treatment of cluster headache and other trigeminal - autonomic cephalgias. eur j neurol. 2006 ; 13 ( 10 ) : 1066 - 77. primary care medicine. 4th ed. lippincott williams & wilkins ; 2000. russell mb, anderson pg, thomsen ll. familial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47882532903154684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.813333"} {"text": ". eur j neurol. 2006 ; 13 ( 10 ) : 1066 - 77. primary care medicine. 4th ed. lippincott williams & wilkins ; 2000. russell mb, anderson pg, thomsen ll. familial occurrence of cluster headache. j neurol neurosurg psychiatry. 1995 ; 58 : 341 - 343. textbook of clinical neurology. wb saunders company ; 1999. van vliet ja, bahra a, martin v, et al. intranasal sumatriptan in cluster headache : randomized placebo - controlled double - blind study. 10 / 25 / 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php : francis gj, becker wj, pringsheim tm. acute and preventive pharmacologic treatment of cluster headache. neurology. 2010 ; 75 ( 5 ) : 463 - 473. last reviewed february 2013 by rimas lukas, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright \u00a9 ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4806813469246612, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.813917"} {"text": "overviewnote : on both sides of the border, the language is ( a dialect of ) german. many objects on the border or on the italian side have been given an italian name, but often these names are not used by the local population. where i give two names, the german one is the first. the south - eastern part of the otztal alps is home to the three seelenkogels. extending roughly from north - west to south - east these are the vorderer, mittlerer and hinterer seelenkogel, meaning front, middle and back, respectively. the first two lie in austria, the hinterer lies on the border with italy. the origin of the name there are a few small tarns below the glaciers on the western slopes of the seelenkogel. in the local otztalerischer dialect, see ' len means small lakes - the corresponding german word is seelein. kogel means summit or peak, and so, translated literally, the name means peak of the small lakes. sometimes it is written as see ' lenkogel. the hinterer seelenkogel the peak towers over the small italian village of pfelders / plan in the pfelderer valley stretching south and east of the mountain and can be climbed in one long day. on a straight line, the summit lies 3. 5 km from the village - but at the same time it ' s 1850m higher! north - east and north lies the small planferner ( ferner = glacier ). to the west lies the larger seelenferner, which extends north to the vorderer seelenkogel. three ridges lead to the summit. the main ridge of the alps follows the north - west and south - west ridges, changing direction on the summit. the normal route ascends over the east ridge, which lies completely in italy. 1 - the north - west ridgefrom the hinterer seelenkogel, the austrian - italian border follows the north - west ridge to a small unnamed peak ( 3424m ) about half way to the mittlerer seelenkogel. from there, it turns sharply east to the rotmooskogel ( 3338m ) ( 46. 808, 11. 049 ), rotmoosjoch ( 3055m ), scheiberkogel ( 3135m ) ( 46. 808, 11. 057 ) and beyond. eventually, the ridge ( and the border", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.442007827419977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.819854"} {"text": ", 11. 049 ), rotmoosjoch ( 3055m ), scheiberkogel ( 3135m ) ( 46. 808, 11. 057 ) and beyond. eventually, the ridge ( and the border ) drops down to the timmelsjoch ( 2478m ), a high mountain pass with a surfaced road. 2 - the south - west ridgein the other direction, the border follows the main ridge of the alps to the south - west to the rotegg ( 3341m ) ( 46. 794, 11. 038 ). the next higher peak on the main ridge is the sudliche hochwilde ( 3482m ), with its fine exposed ridge to its northern twin summmit, the nordliche hochwilde ( 3461m ), both just over 4 km away. the lowest point between rotegg and hochwilde is the langtaler joch ( 3035m ), giving the hinterer seelenkogel a prominence of 437m. 3 - the east ridgea steep rocky ridge extends directly east of the summit. less than 1 km east, the ridge flattens out and that is the location of the zwickauerhutte / rifugio plan ( 2980m ) ( 46. 802, 11. 054 ). from the north about 50km west of innsbruck lies the small village of otz, the gateway to the otztal valley. obergurgl lies at the end of the gurgler valley, which in turn is at the southernmost end of the otztal valley. just before obergurgl, the main road turns sharply left and ascends over a series of turns to the timmelsjoch, a high mountain pass to italy. the nearest major city over the border in italy is meran / merano. from the south coming from italy, go from over the timmelsjoch and take a left to obergurgl at the next junction, where the main road turns sharply to the right. when the pass is closed, the much longer alternative is to take the brenner highway to innsbruck, and come from the north. pfelders / plan from the south pfelders / plan lies in the pfelderer valley. this is a side valley of the larger passeier valley. from italy, head for the timmelsjoch, which lies at the end of the pass", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37549586748401453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.820793"} {"text": "from the south pfelders / plan lies in the pfelderer valley. this is a side valley of the larger passeier valley. from italy, head for the timmelsjoch, which lies at the end of the passeier valley, but before crossing the pass, go left to pfelders / plan in the village of moos in passeier. from the northcoming from the north, there are two options. either enter italy on the brenner highway and then at sterzing, just over the border, go west to the timmelsjoch. alternatively, take the scenic route down the otztal and over the timmelsjoch and, after crossing the pass, go right to pfelders / plan in the village of moos in passeier. the normal route the east ridge the reason for the popularity of this peak is that the normal route does not cross any glaciers. from the zwickauerhutte ( 2980m ) ( 46. 802, 11. 055 ), the route ascends the east ridge for about 1. 5 - 2 hours of hiking and scrambling ( uiaa i ). there are cairns, painted markers and, for a short stretch, a steel cable. in good conditions and visibility, you don ' t really need any of that. | roped up | | on steel | | scrambling | | last pitch | the approach to the zwickauerhutte hiking from pfelds to the zwickauerhutte takes about 4 hours on a good trail ( i haven ' t done this myself ). a much quieter alternative is to start in obergurgl, austria. take the cable car ( or hike ) to the hohe mut ( 2630m ). from there, follow a marked trail along the broad ridge to the se, leading to the rotmoosferner ( ferner means glacier ). day hikers regularly walk up to the glacier, but not on it, and usually there is no trail anymore. once on the glacier, aim south for the rotmoosjoch ( 3055m ) ( 46. 808, 11. 055 ). watch out for crevasses! in bad weather, good route finding skills ( or a gps ) are important, or you might find yourself at a different pass altogether. from hohe mut to the zwickauerhutte takes about 3 hours. | the rotmoosjoch, on the |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39989772245795996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.822882"} {"text": "route finding skills ( or a gps ) are important, or you might find yourself at a different pass altogether. from hohe mut to the zwickauerhutte takes about 3 hours. | the rotmoosjoch, on the | east ridge of the in winter, obergurgl is a popular ski resort, pfelders a smaller one. as a result, there are lots of accomodation options and as there are much fewer people in summer, it ' s easy to find a place to stay. wild camping is not allowed. gearcoming from italy : sturdy hiking shoes, suitable for a bit of scrambling. if you want to rope up for the scramble : rope and harness. coming from austria : full glacier gear. mapscoming from austria, by far the best map is the 1 : 25. 000 alpenvereinskarte otztaler alpen gurgl. hiking from italy, the 1 : 50. 000 map freytag & berndt wk s8 passeiertal * timmelsjoch * jaufenpass / val passiria * passo del rombo * passo del giovo is quite sufficient. personal thoughts on the italian name until 1918, this region of italy was part of austria. at the end of the first world war, it became part of italy, but, naturally, the people living there didn ' t suddenly start speaking italian. for a long time however, the german language wasn ' t officially recognized by the italian authorities. my hypothesis is that during this period, an italian in charge of translating german names, but not really familiar with the area, came up with cima delle anime. perhaps someone in rome? maybe a historian can look into this...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4228992215600897, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.823525"} {"text": "when the national wild turkey federation ( nwtf ) was first founded in 1973 there were only 1. 5 million wild turkeys across the u. s., canada and mexico. today, it is estimated there are more than 5. 6 million wild turkeys. in utah, wild turkey restoration efforts continue to be the most aggressive in the nation. over 2, 800 wild turkeys have been relocated to suitable habitat areas in utah since the winter of 1999. as a result, wild turkey permits have increased 20 percent for the spring 2002 season. however, this program will not be complete until over 200, 000 wild turkeys roam the cottonwood river bottoms, pinyon / juniper, and ponderosa pine forests of the state. whether you pursue wild turkeys as a hunter, or simply enjoy watching these magnificent birds in their natural surroundings, the time to view wild turkeys in utah has never been better. at the forefront of this dramatic return in utah, has been the federation ' s volunteers, working side - by - side with the utah division of wildlife resources. now, with most restoration efforts completed in the east, all eyes have shifted to the west, where the wild turkey continues to redefine it ' s own idea of suitable habitat. while the release of a wild turkey into western habitat remains one of the federation ' s most enduring symbols, it is just one brick in a foundation of good works that are impacting people ' s lives and the environment in many positive ways. since 1977, the nwtf has spent over 144 million dollars on over 16, 000 projects nationwide. the federation helps fund transplants, research projects, habitat acquisition, education, and the equipment needed to successfully accomplish these tasks. through the federation ' s regional habitat programs, volunteers have helped improve hundreds of thousands of acres by planting trees, crops, winter food sources and grasses that provide food and shelter for not only the wild turkey, but many others species of wildlife as well. also improved in many areas, particularly in the west, has been water quality. projects occurring right here in southeastern utah include a san rafael desert guzzler, knolls ranch habitat improvement, and numerous other projects on the la sal mountains, blue mountains and book cliffs areas. this month the price river chapter of the nwtf will be hosting it ' s annual wild turkey banquet on january 26. for more information, please call ( 435 ) 259 - 9453.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41176824280291735, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.825979"} {"text": "assessing the right amount of bromelain to take is complicated. most bromelain research was conducted years ago, when amounts used were listed in units of activity that no longer exist. these old units do not precisely convert to new ones. today, bromelain is measured in mcus ( milk clotting units ) or gdus ( gelatin dissolving units ). one gdu equals approximately 1. 5 mcu. strong products contain at least 2, 000 mcu ( 1, 200 \u2013 1, 333 gdu ) per gram ( 1, 000 mg ). a supplement containing 500 mg labeled \u201c 2, 000 mcu per gram \u201d would have 1, 000 mcu of activity. some doctors recommend as much as 3, 000 mcu taken three times per day for several days, followed by 2, 000 mcu three times per day. 40 much of the research uses smaller amounts, more like the equivalent of approximately 500 mcu taken four times per day. however, most of the bromelain used in the studies was enteric - coated in order to prevent it from being destroyed by gastric juice. it is likely, therefore, that currently available bromelain preparations ( which typically are not enteric - coated ) are of lower potency than the bromelain used in most studies. where to find it bromelain is found mostly in the stems of pineapples and is available as a dietary supplement. since bromelain is not essential, deficiencies of this plant - based enzyme do not exist. copyright \u00a9 2013 aisle7. all rights reserved. aisle7. com the information presented in aisle7 is for informational purposes only. it is based on scientific studies ( human, animal, or in vitro ), clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article. the results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. self - treatment is not recommended for life - threatening conditions that require medical treatment under a doctor ' s care. for many of the conditions discussed, treatment with prescription or over the counter medication is also available. consult your doctor, practitioner, and / or pharmacist for any health problem and before using any supplements or before making any changes in prescribed medications. information expires june 2014.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44942438020011, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.828261"} {"text": "to understand electrity, it is easiest to use a water current as an analogy for an electrical current, since most people are familiar with the characteristics of water. the analogies and definitions used in this section are simplified for the sake of explanation and are not 100 % accurate, but they are accurate enough for building a pragmatically useful understanding of electricity. an electrical current is the flow of electrons through a wire. much like water flow, an electrical current has similar measureable characteristics, such as pressure, flow rate, and power. it can also perform useful work like a water current. the electrical pressure differential between the positive and negative terminals of a battery or other electrical device is the voltage. this is similar to water pressure in a tank or pipe. water pressure is measured in pounds per square inch ( psi ), and electrical pressure ( voltage ) is measured in volts. when electrons flow through a wire, the rate at which the electrons flow through can be measured, and this rate is measured in amperes. a milliampere ( abbreviated milliamp or ma ) is 1 / 1000th of an ampere, so 1000 ma = 1 amp. the equivalent term for water would be gallons per minute of water flow. when an electrical current flows through a wire, there is some friction on the current which reduces the amount of electricity flowing through the wire. this friction is called resistance, and is measured in ohms. in hydrodynamic terms, this measurement is similar to the diameter of a pipe. a small straw has a narrow diameter, and requires a lot of suction to pull a certain amount of liquid flow through it. a larger straw has a larger diameter, and requires less suction to pull the same amount of liquid flow through it. ohm ' s law specifies the relationship between volts, amps and resistance. ohm ' s law is : e = i * r e = voltage ( volts ) i = current ( amps ) r = resistance ( ohms ) what this means is actually fairly simple. if you have an electrical current flowing through a wire, and you double the electrical pressure, then you will double the current flow through the wire, assuming you keep the same wire. the equivalent hydrodynamic analogy is : if you double the water pressure at one end of the pipe, it will double the water flow through the pipe, if you keep the same pipe. the equation can be rearranged to derive other interesting relationships such as : e / r = i so,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6122101309314849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.832326"} {"text": "double the water pressure at one end of the pipe, it will double the water flow through the pipe, if you keep the same pipe. the equation can be rearranged to derive other interesting relationships such as : e / r = i so, if you double the resistance of a wire, and you keep the electrical pressure the same, then only half the current will flow through the wire. the equivalent hdyrodynamic analogy is : if you use a smaller pipe, then less water flows through the pipe, if you keep the same water pressure. electrical power is the amount of useful work which can be done by an electrical flow. this is measured in watts, which is the volts multipled by the amps. volts and amps independently by themselves do not measure power. for example, consider a water current of 1 gallon per minute. this water current can either be dribbling out of a six foot drainage pipe at very low pressure, or it can be squirting out of a very small hole at high pressure in the first case, it doesn ' t have much power, and in the second case, it has a lot of power. similarly, consider water pressure of 1 pound per square inch. in a small garden hose, this can water your yard and perform some useful work. however, consider a large river like the amazon where you may have about 1 pound per square inch of water pressure, but the amount of water flow is enormous - this can perform far more power than 1 pound per square inch in a garden hose. the current capacity of a battery is measured an ampere - hours, often abbreviated ah. 1 / 1000th of an ampere - hour is a milliampere - hour, or mah. one ampere - hour is the ability to supply one ampere for one hour. two ampere - hours is the ability to supply one ampere for two hours, or two amperes for one hour. the efficiency of a battery usually decreases at higher current draws. for example, a 4000 mah battery may be able to supply 400 ma for ten hours, but may only supply 4000 ma for half an hour. therefore, the capacity of a battery is usually specified at a specific current dependent on the manufacturer. the total power capacity of a battery is the voltage multiplied by the ampere - hour capacity of the battery. since voltage times amperes equals watts, therefore voltage times ampere - hours equals watt - hours. manufacturers of lithium - ion batteries usually specify the maximum discharge rate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5486513368837047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.833433"} {"text": "fifth disease spreads easily from person to person through the fluids in the mouth, nose, and throat of an infected person. it occurs everywhere in the world, usually in late winter or early spring. most people have no symptoms, but those who do often mistake them for a mild cold or flu, with a low - grade fever and a runny and stuffy nose. fifth disease begins so much like a mild cold, in fact, that there is no way to clearly identify it during the early stages when it is contagious, and the only prevention is good hygiene, such as constant hand washing and avoiding the sharing of glasses and utensils. there is no vaccine against parvovirus b19, and no treatment apart from the alleviation of symptoms. fifth disease is sometimes called slapped cheek syndrome because of its telltale red rash, which usually occurs in children ten and under. the rash begins on the face and spreads across the cheeks in a way that gives the child the appearance of having been slapped. although it can be alarming for parents, by the time the rash appears the previous symptoms have subsided and the child usually feels much better. the virus is no longer contagious at this point, and the rash gives no other discomfort apart from a mild itch that does not occur in all cases. the rash generally spreads over the next few days in a lacelike pattern from the face down the trunk, arms, legs, and buttocks. it can last three weeks or even longer in some cases, and can reappear long after it has gone with exposure to heat, sun, exercise, or stress. fifth disease is usually diagnosed by an examination of the rash, but in its absence a blood test can be performed on a child who is ill to confirm or rule out the virus. other symptoms can occur, such as swollen glands, red eyes, a sore throat, diarrhea, and joint swelling or pain. the joint pain is usually experienced by older children or teenagers, and occurs in the hands, wrists, knees or ankles, lasting anywhere from a few days, to a few weeks, to several years. though considered a mild illness, serious complications can occur if the virus is contracted by children with cancer, hiv, or sickle - cell anemia. fifth disease temporarily slows down or stops the production of red blood cells. in a healthy child this poses little risk, but in a child with a compromised immune system it can cause severe anemia that may lead to the need for a blood transfusion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48218199599546324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.836038"} {"text": "the layout page is primarily designed to be the top - level page of the web ui. the idea is to set up a layout page as the navigation url for the browser, so the layout page fills the browser window. you then arrange your functional windows within the layout page - a command window, a status line window, etc. this arrangement is similar to banner window in html tads, but iframes are considerably more flexible ; for example, they don ' t have to tile the main window, and you can size them in the full range of units css provides. layout windows aren ' t limited to the top level, though. since you can put any html page within an iframe, you can put another layout window within an iframe, to further subdivide the space inside the iframe. weblayoutwindow : webwindow if the window already exists, this updates the window with the new layout settings. ' win ' is a webwindow object that will be displayed within the iframe. this method automatically loads the html resource from the webwindow into the new iframe. ' name ' is the name of the window. each window within a layout must have a distinct name. this allows you to refer to the dimensions of other windows in ' pos ' parameters. the name should be alphanumeric. 123 - a number, representing a number of pixels on the display 5em - 5 ' em ' units, relative to the main body font in the window 5en - 5 ' en ' units in the main body font 5ex - 5 ' ex ' units in the main body font window. width - the width in pixels of the enclosing window window. height - the height in pixels of the enclosing window 50 % - percentage of the width or height of the enclosing window content. width - the width in pixels of the contents of the frame content. height - the height in pixels of the contents of the frame x. left - horizontal coordinate of leftmost edge of window ' x ' x. right - horizontal coordinate of rightmost edge of window ' x ' x. top - vertical coordinate of top edge of window ' x ' x. bottom - vertical coordinate of bottom edge of window ' x ' x. width - width in pixels of window ' x ' x. height - height in pixels of window ' x ' the \" window \" dimensions refer to the * enclosing * window. if this layout window is the main page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4799851219902284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.840267"} {"text": "what can you do to create a healthier personal environment? assess your nest. working with a home inspector, public health professional, contractor, or other construction expert as a guide, ask yourself some questions to evaluate your current house or apartment ' s environmental health : - are you free of the \" big three? \" radon, mold, and lead are all common home toxins. radon testing is widely available, and best practices exist in new construction to minimize radon entry into the property. check for moisture problems that act as hotbeds for mold growth, and look into mold testing if necessary. finally, lead is present in many older homes ' paint and pipes. call your local public health department for information on testing for and eliminating lead in your home. - how well - ventilated is your home? while solid construction decreases your home ' s energy loss, a home that is too airtight can seal in indoor air pollutants. proper ventilation also helps control moisture and reduce risk of mold and other environmental health concerns. simple fixes to increase ventilation include installing ceiling fans and operable skylights and windows. - does your landscaping contribute to your environmental health? large lawns traditionally require greater pesticide use, and increase air and noise pollution generated from mowing. consider planting perennial groundcovers, native foliage, or other low - maintenance landscaping. even better, landscape with edible plants and devote a portion of your yard to organic vegetable gardening. before you rent or begin new construction, consider these additional questions : - will your new space support recycling / reuse with storage space for cans, bottles, paper, and other items? - what is your potential home ' s proximity to major noisemakers like airports, railroad tracks, or highways? - what will keep you warm? although most mainstream commercial insulations are considered safe, check out some healthy alternative insulation, including those made with recycled denim and other cloth, wool, icynene and nanogel. - how big is your planned home? small is good. a well - planned home with less square footage uses fewer building and maintenance resources. clear the air. consider these steps toward improving indoor air quality : - in your home, radon and mold tend to be the most serious barriers to indoor air quality. relatively inexpensive tests exist to assess your home ' s mold and radon levels. - the united states occupational safety and health administration ( osha ) offers guidelines about common workplace air quality complaints, which usually focus on temperature, humidity, lack of outside air ventilation or smoking.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4806390128234157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.848407"} {"text": "to assess your home ' s mold and radon levels. - the united states occupational safety and health administration ( osha ) offers guidelines about common workplace air quality complaints, which usually focus on temperature, humidity, lack of outside air ventilation or smoking. find out more. - for employees in farming and industrial fields, on - the - job outdoor air quality is also a concern. each state has a department of environmental health within its main health department that can advise workers and employers on outdoor air quality regulations. to find your state ' s health department, visit the centers for disease control site. - if you smoke, stop. if you live with someone who smokes, insist on a strict outdoor smoking policy. approximately 3, 000 american adults die of lung cancer each year due to secondhand smoke exposure. in young children, secondhand smoke increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome ( sids ) and asthma. know your h20. increase your water quality with these tips : - the longer water has been sitting in pipes, the more lead it may contain. run or \" flush \" your tap for up to two minutes, depending upon how long it ' s been between uses. - since hot water is more likely to contain lead, only drink, cook and make baby formula with cold water. - the only way to be totally certain about your home ' s water quality is to have it tested. this is especially important for people in high - rise buildings, where \" flushing \" the pipes may not be as effective. your local water supplier, health department or university can offer information about credible testing resources. - water filters have been shown to increase purity. filters can range from simple pitcher - based systems to more elaborate reverse - osmosis home units. - remember that bottled water is not necessarily of higher quality than regular tap water. and according to the natural resources defense council, 60 million plastic bottles a day are manufactured, transported and then disposed of in u. s. landfills, compromising your community ' s environmental health. green your cleaning. are your cleaning products messing up your health? while we ' re far from knowing the health impact of all chemicals used in cleaning agents, you can easily ( and very inexpensively ) create your own house - healthy cleaners. some tips : - mix either vinegar or baking soda with warm water in a spray bottle, and you ' ve got an effective, all - purpose cleansing agent. - bypass commercial air deodorizers, many of which contain formaldehyde. instead, add cinnamon, essential", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47576434380746274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.849392"} {"text": "either vinegar or baking soda with warm water in a spray bottle, and you ' ve got an effective, all - purpose cleansing agent. - bypass commercial air deodorizers, many of which contain formaldehyde. instead, add cinnamon, essential oils, cloves, or any herbs you like to a pan of boiling water, and let the sweet steam deodorize. - on laundry day, reach for borax ( sodium borate ). this natural mineral acts as a stain - remover, bleach alternative and detergent booster. baking soda can remove stains and deodorizes, and cornstarch absorbs greasy stains and starches your clothing. lemon juice can also double for bleach. - salt ( sodium chloride ) is a mild abrasive for cleaning bathrooms and kitchens. - consider hiring a \" green \" cleaning service, or ask your traditional housekeeper to use the methods and products you find healthiest. increase your chemical awareness. while it ' s impractical to try to have no contact with chemicals, you can reduce your chemical exposure in relatively simple ways : - some beauty products contain chemicals that are anything but pretty. for example, nail polish, body lotions, and perfumes often contain phthalates, a controversial substance linked to birth defects in animals and possibly humans. shampoos that attack dandruff might also play havoc on your health ; the active ingredient selenium sulfide is a neurotoxin and possible carcinogen. hair dyes often have coal tar, another chemical linked to cancer. so read labels, and choose a product that will be as lovely for your health as it is for your appearance. - don ' t create toxic trash. if you ' re tossing old medications, resist flushing them down the toilet, where they can invade water supplies. also consider calling your local recycler, many of which accept old cleaning products, paint, oil and other chemicals that create even more treacherous landfills. - be sure to air out your garments after a trip to the drycleaners. dry cleaning employs a chemical called perchloroethylene, which is actually toxic to humans. some environmentally conscious cleaners use methods that do not contain \" perc ; \" seek them out. better yet, when possible choose clothing that only requires a trip to your laundry room, not a professional cleaner. - be mindful of plastic use. some plastics contain bisphenol a ( bpa ), an estrogen - like chemical potentially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4490535732510915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.850400"} {"text": "better yet, when possible choose clothing that only requires a trip to your laundry room, not a professional cleaner. - be mindful of plastic use. some plastics contain bisphenol a ( bpa ), an estrogen - like chemical potentially linked to cancer. experts also advise against microwaving food in plastic containers ; although research is inconclusive, the heating process is thought to release chemicals from the plastic into your food. reusing plastic bottles is another source of controversy. some experts think reuse is safe if you carefully wash and dry the bottles between each use, while others feel that wear and tear on the plastic causes toxic chemical leakage. an always - safe alternative is glass. finally, you can reduce the amount of plastic produced by recycling. look at the bottom of your plastic container for a number from 1 - 7. items labeled 1 or 2 ( usually soft drink, jjuice, water, milk, and detergent containers ) are eligible for curbside recycling. numbers higher than 2 are either unrecyclable or require special drop - off at a recycling center. reduce the roar. decrease sound pollution at home and work with these simple suggestions : - employ low - tech solutions like earplugs and heavy curtains to block street noise. - white noise machines and noise - cancelling headphones also create quiet. - double - paned windows reduce outdoor noise, including jet traffic. - before you begin new construction projects, communicate with your architect and / or contractor about noise reduction options. some building materials and methods offer greater sound absorption or masking than others. - when you are engaged in construction projects, or if you work in construction or another noisy trade, always wear hearing protection on the job. - be mindful about your personal noise production. for example, are you really watching your television, or is it simply on as \" background noise? \" could you use a push mower instead of a power model, a shovel rather than a snow blower? could you bike instead of drive? select \" vibrate \" rather than the latest ringtone? even small actions increase the peace. raise your emf awareness. it is important to note that research on emf exposure is ongoing. but these easy actions just might improve your wellbeing : - when possible, use a land line rather than your cell phone. - use a hands free device or speaker phone function if using a cell phone. - do not stand directly in front of your microwave oven while it ' s in use, or simply use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.507963257755686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.851612"} {"text": "when possible, use a land line rather than your cell phone. - use a hands free device or speaker phone function if using a cell phone. - do not stand directly in front of your microwave oven while it ' s in use, or simply use your conventional oven. - limit your computer time. - use manual versions of personal care tools : an old - fashioned toothbrush rather than an electric model, or a razor instead of an electric shaver. - don ' t sleep under an electric blanket. - sit several feet from your television screen. enjoy local and organic foods. the foods you choose not only impact your health from a nutritional standpoint, but from an environmental angle as well. think about these fast facts : - eating locally grown produce means less transportation is required to get that apple from the tree to your table. this translates to reduced air and noise pollution in your community. - organic farming doesn ' t employ the pesticides often used in non - organic methods. that means that eating organic produce may reduce your ingestion of chemicals, and that pesticides will not leach into local water supplies. joining a community supported agriculture ( csa ) food plan might \" cleanse \" your diet and help your water supply. - research indicates that raising livestock increases greenhouse gas emissions, pollutes water supplies, and contributes to land degradation and deforestation. food for thought next time you ' re choosing between a steak and a salad.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4825666923999966, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.852221"} {"text": "there is new software available, for free ( right now ) that allows you to create stunning multimedia presentations. prezi is a web - based software that builds upon the ideas introduced years ago by microsoft powerpoint. prezi does not limit users to \u201c slides \u201d ; rather, it gives users a 3 - dimensional canvas in which to create an organic flow of ideas. prezi is hard to explain in words, so please click here to view a prezi presentation or two. basically prezi allows you to zoom in and out of your screen, revealing different concepts, images and themes. you can start with the word \u201c ohio \u201d, then hide information about the ohio state university inside the \u201c o \u201d. then you can zoom into the \u201c o \u201d and read what \u2019 s there ; then zoom out and over to the \u201c h \u201d for an explanation of ohio politics. prezi also allows you to store your presentations online, so no forgotten reports, lost flash drive, or any other excuses when student work comes due. i created a free account ( free for students and teaches ), and have begun to play with this extensive software. it is proving difficult for me to un - program my powerpoint ways and become a little more creative. garth and i have discussed using prezi for our next presentation. the majority of my students have started using prezi in their technology classes. it is very impressive and the kids are much more engaged than if they were creating presentations using powerpoint. prezi is much more free - flowing and students have created some beautiful presentations. i am going to have some of my students create prezi presentations over the course of the next two weeks as we look at the enduring impacts of the ancient world. i will post in the comment section of this blog with some links when students finish their work. - mike", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5132538659187504, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.854904"} {"text": "tightly wound : a cross - section of a new cable design shows superconducting ribbons wound around a core of copper wires. source : \u201c home alone : co - residency detection in the cloud via side - channel analysis \u201d yinqian zhang et al. proceedings of the ieee symposium on security and privacy, may 2011 results : a prototype system allows companies that use cloud computing services to confirm that their data is safe from others using the same service provider. it can detect with 80 percent accuracy the presence of unauthorized processing on the same server ; the rate of false positives is 1 percent. the system will notice both attackers and inappropriate data sharing. why it matters : cloud computing makes it possible to access generic processing and storage resources over the internet. but security concerns have made many companies and organizations hesitant to use these services. data could be stored on hardware shared with competitors, they fear, or it could even be vulnerable to malicious software actively trying to steal information. some customers, such as nasa, have demanded that cloud providers physically isolate their data from that of other users. the problem is that until now, it \u2019 s been almost impossible to verify that this is being done. methods : in the past, researchers have found that attackers can steal data about a virtual machine \u2019 s activities \u2014 even sensitive information such as passwords \u2014 by watching subtle clues such as how it uses shared system resources, including the server \u2019 s temporary storage system. the researchers coopted this principle to make it work for defense. they trained a legitimate virtual machine to watch a server \u2019 s cache for telltale signs of hostile virtual machines on the same server. the technique requires no modification to existing cloud technologies and no action from the cloud provider. next steps : the researchers are expanding the prototype to create a complete system that can run on a commercial cloud service, such as amazon web services. low - literacy web search a form of the web for people who can \u2019 t read aims to help poor countries source : \u201c spoken web : creation, navigation and searching of voicesites \u201d sheetal agarwal et al. 2011 international conference on intelligent user interfaces ( iui ), february 13 - 16, 2011, palo alto, california results : a search engine developed by ibm researchers makes it possible to find and access information on a spoken version of the world wide web. a test of the interface by 40 farmers in the indian state of gujarat showed that it was easy to use. why it matters : more than one billion people worldwide are illiterate, most of them in poor nations. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6128543243335552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.859966"} {"text": "the world wide web. a test of the interface by 40 farmers in the indian state of gujarat showed that it was easy to use. why it matters : more than one billion people worldwide are illiterate, most of them in poor nations. this poses a more fundamental barrier to web use than the cost of computers and network access. for four years, a team at ibm research india has operated a system called the spoken web that uses telephone numbers in place of web addresses so that users can dial in to \u201c upload \u201d or listen to spoken information. several thousand people worldwide use the service to share information such as local crop prices. however, until now there hasn \u2019 t been an efficient way to search and sort through that information. methods : ibm \u2019 s search engine relies on speech recognition to understand the word a person is searching for \u2014 a pesticide name, for example \u2014 and to find mentions of that word on the spoken web. like a conventional search engine, it can rapidly generate a list of many results, but a user cannot skim the list to choose the best result, as is possible on the text web. instead, the system tells the user how many results it found and suggests ways to filter that list \u2014 for example, by the name of the person who recorded a particular piece of information. this step is repeated until there are five or fewer results. that short list is read out to the user, who chooses which result to \u201c browse \u201d to. next steps : the researchers plan to roll out the system to all users of the spoken web. they are also working to improve the quality of the speech recognition software involved. most access to the spoken web is in indian languages that makers of such software have not focused on before.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5247665171272271, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.860671"} {"text": "central statue of the leonidas monument at thermopylaea monument to leonidas was erected at thermopylae by king paul of greece in 1955. it features a bronze statue of leonidas. a sign, under the statue, reads simply : \" \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \" ( \" come and get them! \" ) which the spartans said when the persians asked them to put down their weapons at the start of the battle of thermopylae. another statue, also with the inscription \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5, was erected at sparta was the name of an epic poem written by richard glover, which originally appeared in 1737. it went on to appear in four other editions, being expanded from 9 books to 12. frank miller ' s 1998 comic book 300, presents a fictionalized version of leonidas and the battle of thermopylae, as does the 2007 feature film adapted from it helena p. schrader has produced a three - part biographical novel on leonidas. leonidas of sparta : a boy of the agoge, wheatmark, tucson, 2010 isbn 978 - 1 - 60494 - 474 - 7 leonidas of sparta : a peerless peer, wheatmark, tucson, 2011, isbn 978 - 1 - 60494 - 602 - 4 and \" leonidas of sparta : a heroic king \" ( scheduled for publication 2012 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3811683126983041, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.865190"} {"text": "abortion - surgicaldefinition : a surgical abortion is a procedure that ends a pregnancy by removing the fetus and placenta from the mother ' s womb ( uterus ). there are different types of surgical abortion. sometimes the woman needs the procedure for a health reason. this is called a therapeutic abortion. other times, she chooses ( elects ) to end the pregnancy. this is called an elective abortion. suction curettage ; surgical abortion ; elective abortion - surgical ; therapeutic abortion - surgical a surgical abortion uses a vacuum to remove the fetus and related material from a woman ' s uterus ( womb ). the procedure is usually done after 6 weeks of the woman ' s last menstrual period you may receive medicine ( sedative ) to help you relax and feel sleepy. the doctor may numb the cervix so you feel little pain during the procedure. if the surgical abortion is done after 12 weeks of pregnancy, the doctor must first open ( dilate ) the cervical canal. small sticks called laminaria are placed into the cervix to help it open. sometimes, this is done a day or two before the actual abortion procedure. next, the doctor inserts a hollow tube into the womb before using the vacuum to remove the pregnancy - related tissues from the womb. medicines may be given to help the uterine muscles contract. this reduces bleeding. why the procedure is performed : there are several reasons a surgical abortion might be considered : - the developing baby has a birth defect or genetic problem - the pregnancy is harmful to the woman ' s health ( therapeutic abortion ) - the pregnancy resulted after a traumatic event such as rape or incest - the woman may not wish to be pregnant ( elective abortion ) the decision to end a pregnancy is very personal. most health care providers recommend careful counseling before making such a decision. abortion is a controversial issue. a woman who chooses to end a pregnancy may feel she cannot share her decision with others. therefore, it is important for her to identify those who may help her through what may be a difficult time. women who are trying to make this difficult decision should find a safe place in which they can obtain counseling regarding all options for pregnancy resolution. if a woman chooses to have an abortion, she should find a safe place to have the procedure performed and obtain the proper support and follow - up care afterwards. risks of surgical abortion include : - damage to the womb or cervix - emotional or psychological distress - excessive bleeding - infection of the uterus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48811474126738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.872049"} {"text": "a safe place to have the procedure performed and obtain the proper support and follow - up care afterwards. risks of surgical abortion include : - damage to the womb or cervix - emotional or psychological distress - excessive bleeding - infection of the uterus or fallopian tubes the risks of surgical abortion increase as a woman gets further along in her pregnancy. that ' s why it ' s important to make a decision about abortion as early as possible, when the procedure is safest. the risks for any anesthesia are : - reactions to medications - problems breathing the risks for any surgery are : call your health care provider if you have had a surgical abortion and you have : - excessive vaginal bleeding ( may lead to shock ) - continued pain or pregnancy symptoms ( possible sign of ectopic pregnancy ) - signs of infection, including persistent fever, vaginal drainage with a foul odor, vaginal drainage that looks like pus, or abdominal pain or tenderness after the procedure : complications rarely occur. most women who have a surgical abortion in an appropriate medical center recover without any physical complications. some women may need psychological and emotional support at the time of their procedure. it ' s important to seek counseling before making this very difficult decision. physical recovery usually occurs within a few days, depending on the stage of the pregnancy. a small amount of vaginal bleeding and mild uterine cramping should be expected for a few days. a hot bath or use of a heating pad or hot water bottle on the abdomen may help relieve discomfort. strenuous activity should be avoided for a few days following an abortion. tampons may be used after 3 days. sexual intercourse should be avoided for 2 to 3 weeks. a normal menstrual period should occur 4 to 6 weeks after the operation. it ' s important to begin using birth control immediately after the abortion procedure. it is possible to get pregnant again even before having a normal menstrual period. improved methods of contraception can help prevent many unplanned pregnancies. however, unplanned pregnancies occur even when couples use birth control. see also : emergency contraception mischell dr. family planning : contraception, sterilization, and pregnancy termination. in : katz vl, lentz gm, lobo ra, gershenson dm, eds. comprehensive gynecology. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2007 : chap 14. simpson jl, jauniaux erm. pregnancy loss. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4125607634822924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.873221"} {"text": "lobo ra, gershenson dm, eds. comprehensive gynecology. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2007 : chap 14. simpson jl, jauniaux erm. pregnancy loss. in : gabbe sg, niebyl jr, simpson jl, eds. obstetrics : normal and problem pregnancies. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : elsevier churchill livingstone ; 2007 : chap 24. annas gj, elias s. legal and ethical issues in obstetric practice. in : gabbe sg, niebyl jr, simpson jl, eds. obstetrics : normal and problem pregnancies. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : elsevier churchill livingstone ; 2007 : chap 51. | review date : 2 / 19 / 2009 | reviewed by : linda vorvick, md, family physician, seattle site coordinator, lecturer, pathophysiology, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, university of washington school of medicine ; and susan storck, md, facog, chief, eastside department of obstetrics and gynecology, group health cooperative of puget sound, redmond, washington ; clinical teaching faculty, department of obstetrics and gynecology, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4809566493615618, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.874035"} {"text": "at the bottom of the thames river last week, navy divers dug up the sensors and cables that measure magnetic signatures of military ships and submarines. even though the navy is replacing the 20 - year - old underwater range with a new one, most people don ' t know the range exists. and even those who have heard about it sometimes don ' t understand what it really does. a steel - hulled ship is surrounded by a magnetic field. as the ship moves through the water and traverses the earth ' s natural magnetic fields between the north and south poles, the ship ' s magnetic field changes. the navy checks its vessels to make sure the magnetism present in the hulls will not trigger magnetic mines or make the ships easier to detect. the only magnetic silencing facility in the northeast is operated by the naval submarine base in groton. when military ships pass over the sensors and cables at the center of the channel, the information is converted into a computer file and preston e. tone - pah - hote jr., who oversees the range operations, interprets the results. the information is relayed to navy officials, who determine whether the magnetization needs to be reduced. the range is also used by coast guard vessels and nato ships. removing or neutralizing a magnetic field is a process known as degaussing, and the local range is often called a \" degaussing range. \" it is even described as such on a chart in tone - pah - hote ' s office. but, tone - pah - hote said, it technically is not. he does not have the ability to help a ship calibrate the degaussing equipment it has on board. coils are wound in specific locations within the hull and the electric current that flows through them can be adjusted to reduce the ship ' s effect on the earth ' s magnetic field. the range is a \" check range \" since it checks ships ' magnetic characteristics. because those measurements fall under the umbrella of degaussing, the name \" degaussing range \" seems to have stuck. surface ships in the atlantic normally go through a similar range in norfolk, va., or one in mayport, fla. the uss bainbridge ( ddg 96 ) and other ships used the local range when the one in norfolk was repaired from 2010 to earlier this year. a magnetic treatment facility in kings bay, ga., can minimize the level of permanent magnetism. tone - pah - hote, who served 24 years in the submarine force", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5619114332689068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.879291"} {"text": "june 26, 2003 rovanco piping systems inc. designs and fabricates piping systems for applications such as water ( hot and cold ), steam, and jet fuel. it sells fabricated pipe \u2014 typically with straight or miter end cuts \u2014 up to 36 inches in diameter. it provides preinsulated, high - temperature, low - temperature, and containment systems. since its inception in 1969, the company had used traditional, manual processes. pipes were moved into and out of the work area by forklift, and pipe cutting was done with either a hand - powered mechanized torch or a hand - held torch. for straight end cuts, an operator attached a hand - powered cutting machine to the pipe. the operator then turned a hand crank that rotated an oxyacetylene torch around the pipe. for miter cuts, an equipment operator used a hand - held torch. the company was interested in upgrading its cutting process to increase productivity. two areas for potential improvement were how the material was handled and how it was cut. for both handling and cutting, the company needed equipment that could accommodate the pipe it cuts most frequently : carbon steel, 4 to 24 inches od, 10 - gauge through 0. 750 - in. wall thickness, in lengths up to 40 feet. \" we used to bring pipes into the shop and set them on stands, \" explained richard stonitsch, vice president of manufacturing for rovanco. a forklift moved each pipe, one by one, into the work area. making straight cuts and machining the ends were relatively straightforward operations, but the manual cutting torch was cumbersome. attaching and removing the torch and moving it from workpiece to workpiece were time - consuming processes. miter cuts on larger pipes required even more time because the operator had to make a template for each cut and trace the cutting path before cutting the pipe. after the operators prepped and beveled the pipe ends, the forklift moved each pipe out of the work area. the company mechanized its pipe cutting by purchasing a w - 132 - lpsm pipe cutting machine from watts specialties inc. that makes straight and miter cuts on pipe up to 32 in. in diameter. it complemented the cutting machine with a combination of roller conveyors and driven rollers that rovanco designed and built to move the pipe from the cutting machine to the prep and beveling area. in the present process a forklift picks up a pipe from storage and sets it onto a conveyor that takes the pipe to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49103683646759994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.884998"} {"text": "arm lengths. during the cutting process, the machine rotates the pipe and moves the guiding system simultaneously. as the pipe rotates, the torch moves right or left, producing the desired cut. \" the new mechanized system saves time two ways. first, for miter cuts, the operator doesn ' t have to make a template and trace the cutting path. the equipment operator can make changes to the guiding system in a minute or so, \" stonitsch said. \" the second way is much more significant. the new system allows us to move pipe through the work area more efficiently. \" \" we had been looking for an automated pipe cutting system for 10 or 15 years, \" said larry stonitsch, president of the company. \" we saw this machine at fabtech\u00ae international in 2000, and we felt that the machine would increase productivity and enhance quality. \" according to stonitsch, the machine has reduced the company ' s cutting and beveling costs by 45 percent. rovanco piping systems inc., 20535 s. e. frontage road, joliet, il 60431, 815 - 741 - 6700, fax 815 - 741 - 4229, firstname. lastname @ example. org, www. rovanco. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.445806195359204, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.886847"} {"text": "iran - the nuclear challenge - tehran to avert showdown ; washington to stabilise iraq. atomic reactors in iran have been proposed to produce depleted uranium depleted uranium ( du ) is uranium remaining after removal of the isotope uranium - 235. it is primarily composed of the isotope uranium - 238. in the past it was called by the names q - metal, depletalloy, and d - 38, but these have fallen into disuse. which, in turn, can be used to create weapons - grade plutonium. recent revelations have increased doubts at the un ' s international atomic energy agency international atomic energy agency : see atomic energy agency, international. international atomic energy agency ( iaea ) international organization officially founded in 1957 to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy. ( iaea iaea international atomic energy agency. ) about tehran ' s pledge in october 2003 to make a full disclosure of its nuclear programme. there are doubts over iran ' s transparency. an announcement on april 6 by the head of iran ' s atomic energy atomic energy : see nuclear energy. agency, gholamreza aghazadeh, that the country would cease all centrifuge centrifuge ( sen ` tr\u0259fyj ), device using centrifugal force to separate two or more substances of different density, e. g., two liquids or a liquid and a solid. construction activities seemed to contradict an earlier assertion that the programme had been suspended already. accusations have been made that iran had moved equipment and material to new sites in order to hide continued violations of its commitments. but iran has denied the allegations and iaea ' s head, dr. mohammed elbaradei, said after a visit to tehran in april : \" we haven ' t seen any indication, nor have we got any information, that they ( iran ) have been moving enrichment activities \". his talks in tehran had focused on two subjects : traces of undeclared enriched uranium enriched uranium is a sample of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium - 235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. natural uranium is 99. 284 % 238u isotope, with 235u only constituting about 0. 711 % of its weight. discovered in iran earlier this year, and the status of research on p - 2 centrifuges ( that can enrich uranium to a degree far higher than the one needed to power nuclear electricity ), which had also been left out of the october declaration. iran said the uranium had been acquired on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5916229871229014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.893366"} {"text": "research on p - 2 centrifuges ( that can enrich uranium to a degree far higher than the one needed to power nuclear electricity ), which had also been left out of the october declaration. iran said the uranium had been acquired on the black market from pakistan, an assertion that the iaea has been investigating. iaea ' s 35 - nation board of governors is due to meet in vienna from june 14 and, among other things, is to hear a report on the level of iran ' s co - operation. already the indications are that the iaea report will not be as favourable to iran as tehran wishes. the us wants to see iran reported to the un security council for what it says is a failure to uphold tehran ' s commitments to transparency under the nuclear non - proliferation treaty nuclear non - proliferation treaty ( npt ) officially treaty on the non - proliferation of nuclear weapons international agreement intended to prevent the spread of nuclear technology. it was signed by the u. s. ( npt npt national pipe taper ( pipe thread specification ) npt non - proliferation treaty npt nonprofit times npt newport ( rhode island ) npt nuclear nonproliferation treaty npt neath port talbot ) - to which iran is a signatory and has signed a protocol allowing un - scheduled and un - fettered inspections of its sites by the iaea. for its part, tehran is hoping that, while the bush administration will be pre - occupied with an increasingly violent situation in iraq ( see recorder ) and with the nov. 2 us presidential elections, its government will try to avert a showdown by concentrating on a new diplomacy to shore up support from france, germany and the uk for an iaea governing board noun 1. governing board - a board that manages the affairs of an institution board - a committee having supervisory powers ; \" the board has seven members \" resolution that should give iran more time to co - operate \" fully \" with the un agency. while this will only buy iran more time, the iraq angle offers tehran a potentially strong bargaining chip bar \u00b7 gain \u00b7 ing chip something, especially an inducement or concession, used as leverage in negotiations : \" a bargaining chip is ultimately worthless if you ' re not willing to bargain it away \" relating to relating to relate prep \u2192 concernant relating to relate prep \u2192 bezuglich + gen, mit bezug auf + acc american efforts to develop a shiite commonwealth in the middle east favourable to the us. the shiite world, now totalling about 140 million and thus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5794808850739106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.895383"} {"text": "##ant relating to relate prep \u2192 bezuglich + gen, mit bezug auf + acc american efforts to develop a shiite commonwealth in the middle east favourable to the us. the shiite world, now totalling about 140 million and thus accounting for a little more than 10 % of the whole muslim world, never had a better opportunity to develop its socio - economic potentials through an alliance with the us. iran is already playing a positive role in efforts by iraq ' s mainstream shiites to stabilise the situation in the neighbouring country, while in saudi arabia americans are being targeted for attack by sunni militants belonging to the most radical faction of the wahhabi religious establishment. leaders of the mainstream shiites in both iran and iraq are trying to convince the young rebel theologian of kuwa, muqtada al - sadr, to turn his armed forces into a political party and thus join a new democratic regime in baghdad which the us is helping to establish in the coming months ( see the forthcoming rim survey of iran ). in this particular respect, tehran gains from a washington realisation that most people in iran favour the us, while most saudis are against the americans and support the view of osama bin laden osama bin laden : see bin laden, osama.. formally, however, the keeps accusing tehran - one of the three members in the bush administration ' s \" axis of evil \" - of bullying european diplomats in order to relieve international pressure on iran to co - operate more with un nuclear weapons inspectors. while iran has long maintained that its nuclear facilities are purely to create energy and insists in denying that it is developing atomic weapons, the us says tehran is trying to change the direction of iaea ' s governing board through public and private intimidation which, according to washington, suggests that iran has something to hide.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5225819936832574, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.896201"} {"text": "bridging the gap the iloilo culmination of the declaration of philippine independence as already known, emilio aguinaldo declared philippine independence from spain on june 12, 1898. this came about as a result of the renewal of the revolution against spain after aguinaldo ended his voluntary exile in hongkong. as may be recalled, the pact of biyak - na - bato was agreed upon between the filipinos under aguinaldo and the spaniards in december 1897 that led to the cessation of hostilities and the exile of the leading filipino leaders. however, the americans, vent on pursuing their imperialistic goal, persuaded aguinaldo to go back to the philippines to initiate the second phase of the philippine revolution. this, aguinaldo did in the middle part of may 1898. now, what part did iloilo play in the events related to the declaration of philippine independence? as early as march 1898, some members of the ilonggo elite organized the comite conspirador in molo under whose orders and plans the revolutionary movement in western visayas was initiated, especially in iloilo. in may of the same year, the comite was replaced by the comite de visayas that immediately sent out agents to secure funds for the purchase of arms and ammunitions. it also sent secret emissaries to the other provinces of panay and the rest of the visayas, and tried to establish contact with the malolos government under aguinaldo. it must be pointed out though that long before these local revolutionary committees were formed, the babaylanes in iloilo and the whole island of panay were already harassing spanish forces in the towns beginning 1896. their cries of \" viva rizal! viva filipinas libre y mueran los espanoles! \" show that from being a band that had settled in the mountains to escape spanish control, they had become a political group actively fighting spanish rule. on august 13, 1898, a mock battle ensued between the spanish and american forces in the walled city of manila. as previously agreed upon by both parties, the spanish troops eventually surrendered to the americans. it must, however, be pointed out that there was no corresponding official surrender of the spanish colonial government to the newcomer. after the surrender of manila, gen. fermin jaudenes, acting commander of the spanish army in the philippines, was summoned to spain by the madrid government. gen. diego de los rios, commanding general for visayas and mindanao, being the most senior officer in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4062653548791977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.900241"} {"text": "manila, gen. fermin jaudenes, acting commander of the spanish army in the philippines, was summoned to spain by the madrid government. gen. diego de los rios, commanding general for visayas and mindanao, being the most senior officer in the philippines, was empowered to take over the provisional government in the archipelago and serve as governor - general. he then made iloilo as the new capital of the spanish colonial government. desiring to save the visayas and mindanao from the fate that had befallen luzon, general de los rios asked spain to grant some reforms demanded by representative citizens of iloilo. he issued in iloilo a proclamation to the people of the visayas calling on them to establish a \" council of reforms \" to be made up of 24 leading citizens, 12 of whom would be selected by popular vote, another 12 to be appointed by the general himself. general de los rios was obviously sincere in bringing about the reforms people asked for. the granted reforms, however, satisfied only a few ilustrado leaders. the reforms were doomed to fail from the very beginning. the flame of rebellion was too far spread for them to have any effect. as agreed upon by the ilonggo leaders, the general uprising against the spanish authorities in panay, particularly in iloilo, took place on october 28, 1898. on this day onward, the interior towns of the province were liberated from spanish control. by the first week of november, only jaro, molo and iloilo city remained in the hands of the spaniards. on november 21, jaro was delivered by the spanish government to the ilonggos. with the spanish army being besieged by the revolutionary troops in the positions which they held in iloilo city and molo, and being threatened by a decisive attack, the spanish government under governor general de los rios eventually opened up negotiations with the ilonggos. the outcome of the negotiations was the evacuation of molo and iloilo city by the spanish troops and their subsequent surrender to the native forces under the command of gen. martin delgado at plaza alfonso xii ( now plaza libertad ) on december 25, 1898. in effect, therefore, it was the ilonggos who were instrumental in putting to an official end the spanish rule in the philippines. the fruition of the declaration of the country ' s independence by aguinaldo on june 12, 1898 from spain became a concrete reality on december 25 in iloilo city. this, the ilonggos can be mighty proud", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38625602876046206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.901318"} {"text": "dickinson state university ( dsu ), located on the edge of the north dakota badlands, strives to be a premier university in the upper great plains. dsu is also the physical home of the theodore roosevelt center. to celebrate the centennial year of theodore roosevelt ' s birth in 1958, a theodore roosevelt centennial commission was created by the united states house of representatives. the commission worked with the theodore roosevelt association to coordinate activities to commemorate the anniversary of roosevelt \u2019 s life. in observation of the centennial, dickinson state university, then dickinson state teacher ' s college, organized a symposium to honor roosevelt ' s memory and to give recognition to the role north dakota played in his life. the symposium theme was responsible citizenship, and the keynote speakers included senator john f. kennedy, howard k. beale, hermann h. hagedorn, secretary of the interior fred a. seaton, and theodore roosevelt mckeldin. the 1958 theodore roosevelt centennial symposium collection housed at dsu was digitized and cataloged by tr center staff and an intern working on - site. the collection includes manuscripts, letters, pictures, newspaper articles, magazine clippings, comics, mementos, speeches and books about the image, life and legacy of theodore roosevelt. highlights in the collection are a copy of a handwritten autobiography and other manuscripts authored by theodore roosevelt. some of the latter are titled \u201c the home ranch, \u201d \u201c frontier types, \u201d \u201c sheriff \u2019 s work on a ranch, \u201d and \u201c the ranchman \u2019 s rifle on the crag and prairie. \u201d the collection includes extensive documentation on the theodore roosevelt centennial symposium hosted by dickinson state teacher \u2019 s college along with photographs and articles about roosevelt and his life. for full details on the 1958 theodore roosevelt centennial symposium collection, please see the finding aid.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43455982473268673, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.903246"} {"text": "using the 5 senses to discover signs of spring with children ( bpt ) - from the moment a groundhog looks for his shadow in february, until the new baby bunnies, chicks and birds appear, the arrival of spring is marked with celebrations and excitement across the country. spring fever usually sets in well before the warmer temperatures and green grasses return, making this the perfect time to start looking for signs of the coming spring season with kids. these signs return every year, so teach children to experience mother nature using the five senses : touch, taste, sight, smell and sounds. for colder regions, winter must leave before spring can arrive. melting snow is one of the very first signs warmer weather is around the corner. rising temperatures is a big change everyone can feel. the earth slowly warms, bringing plants to life anew. for a \" hands - on \" experience, gather spring garden elements. soil, water, seeds and light all work together to help plants grow - the basics of photosynthesis. even if it is still too cold for an outdoor garden, get kids gardening indoors by planting a small tabletop garden. miracle - gro kids has developed a series of small gardening kits for kids that make this process rewarding. simply plant the garden, place it in a sunny area, water and watch for sprouts. spring greens are some of the first tastes from the garden. pot a \" grown - up \" table - top container garden or visit the first local farmers market selling home - grown ingredients for salads this spring. maple syrup is another great taste of spring. the first maple tree sap flows right before the leaves appear, sometime between late february and early april. this is when maple sugar and maple syrup production is at its best. celebrate by learning how to tap a tree or visit a sugar house. kids will love seeing how much work goes into making the syrup they put on their pancakes, and might even get to sample maple candy or maple sugar for a delicious treat. in spring, flowers bloom, leaves bud, birds build nests and the backyard fills with life. one of the most obvious signs of spring ' s arrival is the appearance of flowers. even before the snow has melted, tiny crocuses can often be seen peeking out, making the statement that spring is, indeed, approaching. make a scrapbook or photographic diary of which flowers are spotted first in your area. flowers and blossoms are only part of the colorful sights. many animals are returning from migration. most people are not aware that earthworms migrate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4697018173770252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.909036"} {"text": ", indeed, approaching. make a scrapbook or photographic diary of which flowers are spotted first in your area. flowers and blossoms are only part of the colorful sights. many animals are returning from migration. most people are not aware that earthworms migrate, so be on the lookout. earthworms make one of the shortest annual migrations, coming above ground only when the earth begins to thaw and the soil is ready for new root growth. their appearance above ground is a gardener ' s reminder that the ground is almost warm enough for planting. animals and birds will then return to gobble up these tasty morsels as quick forms of protein. to further explore the underground world of gardening, try the miracle - gro kids root viewer to let kids experience what goes on underground in spring before plants appear above ground. children can watch as seeds germinate and roots grow right before their eyes. spring brings soothing scents like lilacs, apple blossoms, hyacinth and daffodils. sweet aromas turn a stroll through the garden into a delicacy for the nose. the smell of fresh, cool air wafting into an open window or the scent of laundry that ' s been hung out to dry in the sun are some of the greatest moments of spring. and, of course, the pleasant smell of freshly cut grass after that first mowing of the year is a reminder of all the summer fun just around the corner. in the spring, birds returning from long migrations are busy building nests, looking for food and laying eggs. their singing and twittering are a welcomed signal that spring has truly arrived. set up a bird feeder in the backyard or patio and take turns documenting which feathered friends visit most frequently. in addition to the birds, frogs are also making their spring appearance in many parts of the country, filling the night air with song. listen for their high - pitched calls in the evenings, especially around wet areas like lakes and ponds. the signs of spring are popping up all around. using your five senses to discover them will lead to hours of fun for the whole family. with a little luck, it may actually help make the time go a little faster and spring come a little sooner.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4650611177663596, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.910155"} {"text": "what religion can learn from the social sciences secular groups have much to teach believers about human rights and social justice. nearly three decades ago, i participated as an undergraduate in a formal hart house debate at the university of toronto. the resolution that night was \u201c be it resolved : that human rights constitute the prime concern of the church. \u201d i was assigned to speak for the opposition and felt encouraged by the fact that the invited speaker was his eminence g. emmett cardinal carter ( 1912 - 2003 ), then serving as archbishop of toronto. carter was not known as a social justice firebrand, and i surmised his remarks would give ecclesial heft to my side \u2019 s arguments. i was wrong. surprisingly, carter spoke in favour of the resolution, claiming that human rights, rather than human salvation, formed the centrepiece of christian ministry. ( despite the cardinal \u2019 s stance, our team still won. we had happily stacked the house with friends. ) last month at st. james anglican cathedral in toronto, one of the most dynamic and powerful contemporary christian voices for human rights, sister helen prejean, blended wit, humour and compassion as she spoke cogently of those who have been consigned to death row. her celebrated 1994 book, dead man walking, rendered into a 1996 film starring susan sarandon, tells of prejean \u2019 s transformation from a well - bred nun hailing from an upper middle class background to a forceful crusader for human dignity, especially the poor. for both carter and prejean, their teachers in the underpinnings of human rights were not simply their theological forebears, but social scientists looking at unjust social structures, as well as secular groups such as amnesty international, which have been at the forefront of global advocacy for persons tortured and imprisoned for speaking their minds. as prejean remarked to her toronto audience, \u201c i didn \u2019 t learn about human rights from the church ; i learned about human rights from amnesty international. \u201d she had been invited by amnesty for the cities for life campaign on nov. 27, which united toronto with nearly 1, 300 urban centres in more than 80 countries to push for an end to the death penalty. the evening formed part of a spate of recent amnesty events leading up to today \u2019 s celebration of international human rights day, a day on which an empty chair will sit starkly in oslo in honour of this year \u2019 s nobel peace prize winner, liu xiaobo, a government critic who has called for human rights protections, political accountability and democratization in china", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43225002721427386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.915017"} {"text": "rights day, a day on which an empty chair will sit starkly in oslo in honour of this year \u2019 s nobel peace prize winner, liu xiaobo, a government critic who has called for human rights protections, political accountability and democratization in china. liu xiabo will not sit in the nobel chair, but instead will sit in his jail cell, serving an 11 - year sentence on charges of \u201c inciting subversion of state power \u201d in china. prejean, as a sheltered nun living in a convent in new orleans, was oblivious not only to the fearsome death penalty rate in china ( which executes more people annually than the rest of the world combined ) but also to the race - based horrors of poverty a few blocks away in a low - income housing project, and the disproportionate ratio of young black men languishing on death row in the united states. shielded by \u201c class and culture, \u201d she explains, she was \u201c asleep \u201d and had to be \u201c awakened \u201d to the realities of racism and deep poverty within her own city. one of the voices who roused prejean was fellow roman catholic sister, sociologist marie augusta neal ( 1921 - 2004 ). neal taught prejean that the christian vocation was not simply to show charity toward the poor, but to strive for justice for the poor. it was a personal game changer, one that pulled prejean out of her well - ordered convent down the street to the st. thomas housing project, where she lived among the impoverished black residents. it was there that she was asked to write a letter to a death - row inmate, leading to her remarkable emergence as a premier paladin for those condemned to state - sponsored executions. religious voices who have turned to the social sciences, such as neal, gregory baum of mcgill, and the \u201c liberation theologians \u201d of latin america, such as gustavo gutierrez of peru, are engaged in a crucial and long - standing theological tradition \u2014 whereby religious thinkers wander outside their own intellectual gates to learn from and be enriched by other, sometimes secular, intellectual communities. thus, beginning in the 1960s when latin american theologians turned to the social sciences, including marxist analysis, to understand the roots of historic, institutionalized poverty and oppression, their critics were powerful and plentiful, including cardinal ratzinger, then head of the congregation for the doctrine of the faith, now pope benedict xvi, and u. s. president ronald reagan. these liberation theologians were accused of \u201c reducing \u201d the gospel to a political message.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44582990612294726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.916019"} {"text": "##iful, including cardinal ratzinger, then head of the congregation for the doctrine of the faith, now pope benedict xvi, and u. s. president ronald reagan. these liberation theologians were accused of \u201c reducing \u201d the gospel to a political message. such censure was nothing new, however. when st. thomas aquinas ( 1225? - 1274 ), the towering intellectual mind of the middle ages, turned to aristotle, a pagan philosopher, to help unpack the christian mystery for a medieval world, the effort was condemned by the archbishop of paris. no religion is an island. all are in need of dialogue with other cultural, spiritual and intellectual traditions to help them \u201c awaken \u201d to the \u201c signs of the times, \u201d including human rights abuses. and when religious voices are added to the growing chorus of human rights advocates, the results, in the words of prejean, are \u201c downright refreshing. \u201d stephen bede scharper is associate professor with the centre for the study of religion, university of toronto. stephen. firstname. lastname @ example. org. - saudi women jailed for trying to help a canadian woman - updated kathleen wynn concerned by strained relationship with rob ford - tories stumble and bumble without nigel wright - canada helped spy on g20, documents suggest - jays : arencibia catches fire as team continues to roll : griffin - updated trees come down on bloor, and condos will go up : fiorito - rob ford \u2019 s alleged attacker will have her day in court : lawyer - autistic son waits until father \u2019 s day to say \u2018 dad \u2019 for first time in his life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4554879730760666, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.916699"} {"text": "over 8, 000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a thinkquest competition. compete | faq | contact us the world in our hands : conflict resolution up close the objectives of \" the world in our hands : conflict resolution up close \" is to teach students ( and adults ) that conflict ( s ) is often healthy and there are ways of resolving conflict ( s ) peacefully. the p. s. 261 campus is one place where such conflict resolution takes place on a daily basis. another objective is to teach the steps involved in conflict resolution. resolving conflict entails very specific skills which are taught at p. s. 261. we are hopeful that we may teach others these very same skills which have proven so valuable to us on our campus. finally, we want other schools to know that not only are children involved in conflict resolution but teachers, parents, and administrators as well are trained to be \" peacemakers \" and in turn train others. we would like others to \" meet \" these \" peacemakers \" and learn a little about their backgrounds. the 261 campus also has approximately 40 trained mediators who deal with problems at lunchtime. we would like others to get a glimpse at a typical mediation. it is our sincere hope that other school will learn from ours and perhaps initiate conflict resolution programs of their own. 19 & under social sciences & culture > conflict resolution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4908594742094946, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.918874"} {"text": "thl toolbox > thl technologies & open standards > desktop software to produce digital scholarship on the tibetan and himalayan region, it is necessary to have tools designed specifically for the entry and manipulation of the unique types of data found in this field. fundamentally, not only are the necessary asian - language fonts required, but a scholar also needs means for easily entering data in the indigenous languages of tibet, china, nepal, and india. the thl staff has put a great deal of effort in creating tools for entering tibetan script as well as for converting extended wylie transliteration into tibetan script. thl has also developed or collaborated in the development of unique tools for creating language instruction materials, such as quilldriver which assists in the creation of video transcripts. the presently available software and relevant links are listed below. we have developed two tools that facilitate input of tibetan using the tibetan machine web family of fonts : jskad ( pronounced j - k ), a java text editor enabling input and display of tibetan script over the web using four of the major tibetan keyboards in use around the world ; and wylie word, a visual basic macro for typing tibetan within microsoft word. downloads and descriptions of these items are available from the tibetan input systems page. we have also created software to facilitate the entry of diacritics necessary for representing asian languages in roman script. two tools are available : one is a microsoft word macro, and another is a system level keyboard for windows 2000. see our page on diacritic input. the translator tool takes tibetan language passages - which can be cut and pasted in, typed in wylie transliteration, or typed in tibetan script - and divides the passages up into their component phrases and words, and displays corresponding dictionary definitions. the translator tool is written in java. you may use the tool on - line here, while its source code is available from our source code page. quilldriver is software for creating and using interactive, rich transcripts of audio - video recordings. it enables for the creation of transcriptions written in various scripts, including tibetan, the insertion of time codes marking the beginning and end of \" sentences \" or their equivalents, and the insertion of translations. this tool thus produces a rich transcript which can then be played back with the audio - video recording. as one watches the video or listens to the audio, a colored highlight automatically shifts to show the user the corresponding line in the transcript ; one can also click on a line in the transcript and play back just that segment of that video", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5154536096994394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.925148"} {"text": "turning dirty water into gold a small french start - up company is selling a technology with a hint of alchemy : turning water into gold. it does so by extracting from industrial waste water the last traces of any rare - and increasingly valuable - metal. \" we leave only a microgramme per litre, \" said steve van zutphen, a dutchman who founded magpie polymers last year with frenchman etienne almoric. \" it ' s the equivalent of a sugar lump in an olympic swimming pool, \" almoric said. magpie polymers operates from slightly shabby premises at a factory at saint - pierre - les - nemours, 80km southeast of paris. but it is at the leading edge of technology with a procedure developed at the prestigious ecole polytechnique in 2007. the process is based on the use of tiny pellets of plastic resin through which waste water is pumped. gold, platinum, palladium and rhodium little by little stick to the pellets and are thus separated from the waste water. a single litre of this patented resin can treat 5m3 to 10m3 of waste water and recover 50g to 100g of precious metal, \" equivalent to $ 3900 to $ 6500, \" almoric said. cellphones, catalytic converters and countless other everyday products contain these precious metals. but once they are scrapped the problem lies in retrieving the precious metals. \" what is complicated is that the amounts are infinitesimal, and so hard to recover, \" said van zutphen. once they have been separated and crushed, some industrial waste products have to be dissolved with acid in water. then the metals have to be recovered irrespective of whether they are valuable. magpie will not name its chief clients but is active in \" france, england, belgium and switzerland \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4904038607239414, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.926954"} {"text": "few weapons have been so closely associated with the martial arts than the nunchaku, westernized as nun - chucks, or simply chucks. they were first popularized in the west by bruce lee in his widely popular 1973 movie, enter the dragon. nunchaku originated in okinawa. some believe it was used by to harvest rice. a farmer would be in his boat and swing the nunchaku in a long arcing motion to gather as much rice as possible. grabbing the nunchaku on its return, the farmer would pull into the boat all the crop that was encircled by the nunchaku. a second theory says that the nunchaku was derived from the chinese three sectional staff. this weapon proved too large for easy concealment by the okinawans so they modified it, downsized it, and eliminated one section of the staff. another theory has it being used as a horse bit ( the original cord was made from woven horsehair ). some versions have two rods of equal length, some had one rod longer than the other where the long rod was held with both hands so the small rod could be strike powerfully against a shield. the long rod prevented the short rod from bouncing back against the user. the chinese had similar weapons, the shuang - chin - kun, which had two rods connected with metal fitting, and the san - chin - kun, the three - sectioned staff. another variation of this nunchaku has one normal stick, and the other side composed of two shorter sticks to makes it harder for the opponent to block an attack and easier to loop another weapon or attack. another variation is made of four sticks ( long piece - short piece - rope / chain - short piece - long piece ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45099839073764936, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.928516"} {"text": "chemical soup spreads through north west communities and encourages parents to take 7 steps out arsenic, toilet cleaner and nail varnish remover aren \u2019 t the usual ingredients you would give your children this autumn \u2013 but parents who smoke in the north west are being reminded that this could be the case unless they take \u2018 7 steps \u2019 out of the house when smoking. the advice follows a series of sessions which took place in the north west over the last year as part of the \u2018 chemical soup \u2019 initiative which educated parents, volunteers and health workers about the dangers of second hand cigarette smoke. developed by tobacco free futures and children \u2019 s charity barnardo \u2019 s working in partnership with manchester stop smoking service, the \u2018 chemical soup kit \u2019 complete with cooking pot and fake hazardous liquids, was presented to attendees in a fun and visual way and highlighted some of the harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke. of more than 4, 000 chemicals in cigarette smoke, 60 are known to cause cancer as well as avoidable childhood illnesses. a new survey of more than 1000 participants who completed the training revealed that almost three quarters ( 71 % ) who indicated their homes were not smoke free before the session pledged to make their homes smoke free following it. elaine samson a carer from blackburn with darwen said : \u201c i used to be a smoker for thirty years and i never realised that there are more than 4, 000 chemicals in a cigarette. \u201c my husband and daughter are smokers and i \u2019 m going to share what i \u2019 ve learnt with them both so that they know how to protect others from the harms of secondhand smoke. \u201d this community activity was the next stage of the successful take 7 steps out campaign \u2013 which encourages smokers to smoke outside of their home, especially when children are in the house \u2013 and delivered jointly by tobacco free futures and barnardo \u2019 s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44609358752917383, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.930550"} {"text": "the health cost of smoking has manifold angles. it takes in the cost to society as a whole and to the individual smoker and their family on the basic level. of course, some smokers would argue that nonsmokers also add to health care costs since they live longer. the individual costs there are many additional costs that smoking adds to an individual \u2019 s expenses. the first of course is the cost to purchase the cigarettes. each pack of cigarette is money that could have been saved or used for something else. smokers generally have to pay more for health insurance. they are considered high risk by insurers since smoking is known to cause some forms of cancers. often their premiums far exceed what non - smokers pay for coverage. the cost to society because smokers tend to have poorer health than nonsmokers, they place greater burden on the health system. many of them develop cancers, heart disease and respiratory diseases. these lead to extended hospitalization and surgeries, and more often than not, they have to be on medication for life. the cost is mind - boggling considering the number of smokers as well as nonsmokers affected by passive smoke. in 2009, figures reportedly from the centers for disease control and prevention revealed that the cost of smoking for direct health care was $ 96 billion annually. added to this was the projected loss in productivity of $ 97 billion per year. it is easy to see that this can have a negative impact on any economy. in addition to the financial costs, there are also the emotional costs resulting from smoking. many families have been destroyed after losing loved ones to smoking related illnesses. children have had to see parents suffer from various illnesses that are directly related to cigarette smoking such as emphysema.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3922090286862295, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.932519"} {"text": "\u2018 don \u2019 t be rash, be aware of meningitis signs \u2019 up to 34 million people in the uk are risking death with the mistaken belief that the main symptom of meningitis is a rash. as the country finds itself in the peak season for this devastating disease, national charity the meningitis trust, is campaigning to stop this deadly misconception. over 70 per cent of people immediately think of a rash when identifying meningitis. believing the rash is the only symptom will cost lives the charity says ; as the rash that does not fade under pressure ( a sign of blood poisoning ) will not always appear. if it does it can be one of the last symptoms to be displayed, often too late. trust chief executive sue davie said : \u201c by thinking meningitis is just a rash people are risking their own and their loved ones lives. you don \u2019 t get a second chance with meningitis so identifying it correctly is vital. \u201c it is important to know and recognise the other signs and symptoms and get medical help immediately. symptoms can appear quickly and rapid deterioration is a sign of a medical emergency. \u201d meningitis can start with \u2018 flu like \u2019 symptoms. those to look out for are a fever, headache, vomiting and muscle pain. other symptoms can include drowsiness, confusion, pale blotchy skin, stiff neck, dislike of bright lights and seizures. in babies, symptoms can include being floppy and unresponsive, dislike of being handled, rapid breathing, a moaning cry and a bulging fontanelle ( soft spot on the top of the head ). the trust is urging everyone to make themselves aware of all the symptoms. you can download one of its free smart phone apps at www. meningitisapp. co. uk, visit www. meningitis - trust. org for information or call its freephone 24 - hour nurse - led helpline on 0808 80 10 388 to request a free signs and symptoms card. search for a job search for a car search for a house weather for tring wednesday 19 june 2013 temperature : 13 c to 24 c wind speed : 12 mph wind direction : north temperature : 12 c to 18 c wind speed : 12 mph wind direction : north east", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46257835643454487, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.936009"} {"text": "recent defeats of dutch, greek and french governing parties show rising opposition to their austerity policies. across europe and north america, similar oppositions mount. bailing out large financial and other corporations with borrowed money has been the almost universal government plan for coping with global capitalist crisis. the result - rising government deficits and debts - was followed by \" austerity policies \" to reduce those deficits and debts. after suffering a crisis and then bailouts that bypassed them to favor major corporations, people now face austerity cutbacks of government jobs and services to offset the bailouts ' costs. as opposition mounts, will it seek keynesian \" growth \" or go beyond capitalism to economic democracy? keynesianism ( expansionary state economic intervention ) never was capitalists ' preferred policy for capitalism ' s recurring recessions and depressions. their plan a was government borrowing to bail out major financial and other corporations followed by \" austerity policies. \" austerity repays the costs of bailouts by siphoning money away from ( cutting ) government jobs and services. only when anti - capitalist movements threaten from below, as in the 1930s, do anxious capitalists abandon plan a and shift to plan b - eventually formalized as keynesianism. via government spending, keynesian policies claim credit for jobs and income \" growth \" and aim to keep political control away from anti - capitalist forces. keynesianism ' s dependence on radicals ' pressure from below explains its strength in the 1930s versus its weakness today. capitalists prefer austerity for many reasons. because universal suffrage allows politics to undo capitalism ' s consequences such as unequal wealth, income and power distributions, capitalists worry about how far universal suffrage will go. majorities may, during crises, reject bailouts and austerity. the greek and french just did. they may then demand keynesian \" growth \" via government jobs and income and wealth redistribution. or they may demand transition beyond capitalism to democratize their economies by socializing means of production, planning the economy and transforming enterprises into self - directed worker collectives. no wonder that conservative mainstream economics ( so - called \" neoclassical economics \" ) celebrates capitalism as a self - healing system requiring no government intervention. keynesianism also frustrates crisis mechanisms that discipline workers to capitalists ' advantage. rising unemployment makes worried jobholders accept reduced wages, benefits and job security : good news for employers. as falling wages reduce costs for surviving capitalists, they anticipate rising profit opportunities. they will then invest, renewing growth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5333318650767659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.944900"} {"text": "##play anti - capitalism. many abandoned \" socialism \" as a goal ; some redefined it to be what fdr proposed. fdr ' s deal built an alliance that won four consecutive presidential elections. keynesianism - the formalized theory and policies drawn from john maynard keynes ' work in 1930s britain - developed after fdr ' s deal. it prompted a revised understanding of the great depression. attention shifted away from how anti - capitalist and working - class pressure from below reoriented fdr ' s policies. instead, smart economists and astute politicians were depicted using keynes ' \" brilliant new economics \" to moderate, manage and exit capitalist crises. after 1945, corporations and the rich still supported keynesian government spending ( they feared depression ' s return ), but they got reduced taxes for themselves. they also got some shift in government expenditures from social services to more capitalist - friendly defense and infrastructural improvements. keynesians also mostly joined neoclassical economists in dismissing marx ' s anti - capitalist economics. capitalism ' s crises, they insisted, were well understood and managed ( by keynesianism ). they were mere temporary blips punctuating capitalism ' s prosperous growth. anti - capitalism was theoretically outmoded and politically suspect in cold war times. keynesian economics was, for enthusiasts, superior to the mainstream orthodoxy that had always endorsed austerity policies for crises. keynesianism became the new orthodoxy from the 1930s to the 1970s. then, a capitalist boom returned dominance to neoclassical economics ( renamed neoliberalism ). even after the 2007 crisis hit, keynesians ( e. g., paul krugman ) have so far failed to regain policy - making dominance the \" great \" debate between neoclassical and keynesian economists is neither great nor much of a debate. both sides endorse, celebrate and defend capitalism. their \" debate \" - between plans b and a, more or less government intervention to sustain capitalism - periodically revives as a substitute for seriously engaging with critical economic theories, anti - capitalist social movements and their demands for economic democracy. the debate between austerity and growth policies is a sideshow for the main event : capitalism ' s weakening battles with its own contradictions and with looming demands for transition beyond capitalism to economic democracy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.555503527391514, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.947233"} {"text": "rwanda, africa \u2019 s most densely populated country ( over 11 million people living in an area slightly smaller than the state of maryland ), is continuing a long journey to healing the scars left by one of the worst genocides in modern history. rwanda faces many challenges. it is a poor rural country with about 90 % of the population engaged in mainly subsistence agriculture as well as some mineral and agro - processing. the population is very youngwith over 42 % of its citizens under the age of 14. the life expectancy is low, currently at 58 years old. but one thing rwanda does not lack is hope. the country has no shortage of friends around the world working to improve the country \u2019 s status. two organizations, half a world away in seattle, washington, illustrate how the world community is supporting rwanda in its quest to lay the foundation for a better future. addressing gender equality rwanda girls initiative was created by two seattle women, suzanne sinegal mcgill and shalisan foster. it is focused on providing secondary education to girls and was designed by mcgill and foster to eventually become self - sustaining within the community it serves. their first project is the gashora girls academy, located in a rural farming community ( gashora ) about 40 minutes south of kigali. in january 2012, another 90 girls joined the first group of 90 at the academy. the new school in gashora will eventually house 270 girls. the gashora girls academy is situated on 25 acres, half of which serve as school grounds and the other half crop land. the academy terraced the land to protect against soil erosion and collect water which has allowed it to plant papaya and mango trees, along with peppers, sunflowers, cabbages and tomatoes. it also harvested 17 tons of seeds that were sold in local markets and is now growing zucchini. rwanda partners is a non - profit organization committed to fighting poverty and restoring hope to the poor through economic and educational opportunities. founded in 2004 by tracy stone, rwanda partners seeks to address widespread poverty and food insecurity in the country by creating sustainable income - generating programs for rwanda \u2019 s most vulnerable poor \u2013 widows, orphans, street youth, former prostitutes, rape survivors and rural farmers. to date, enterprises established by rawanda partners include : - the rwanda basket co. - the urunana pineapple plantation - the ambassadors cassava plantation - gashora orphans cassava plantation - the gashora orphans sewing program - the wirira widows chicken / egg / corn farm - vocational sewing program but the scars of conflict", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46444346333174397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.952063"} {"text": "the ppd skin test is a method used to diagnose tuberculosis ( tb ). ppd stands for purified protein derivative. purified protein derivative standard ; tb skin test ; tuberculin skin test ; mantoux test the test site ( usually the forearm ) is cleansed with rubbing alcohol. the ppd extract is then injected under the top layer of skin, causing a welt to form on the skin. this welt usually goes away in a few hours. the reaction will take 48 - 72 hours to develop. you must return to your health care provider within that time to have the area checked. this test will determine whether you have had a significant reaction to the ppd test. the reaction is measured in millimeters of firm swelling ( induration ), not redness, at the site. there is no special preparation for this test. tell your health care provider if you have ever had a positive ppd skin test. if so, you should not have a repeat ppd test, except under unusual circumstances. tell your doctor if you have a medical condition or if you take certain drugs, such as steroids, that can affect your immune system. these situations may lead to inaccurate test results. you will feel a brief sting as a needle is inserted just below the skin surface. the ppd test is done to find out if you have been infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tb. a negative reaction ( no induration ) or a size of hard swelling that falls below the cutoff for each risk group may mean that you have not been infected with the bacteria that cause tb. there are different cutoffs for children, people with hiv, and other risk groups. unfortunately, this is not a perfect test. up to 20 % of people infected with the bacteria that cause tb may not have a reaction on the ppd skin test. in addition, certain conditions that affect the immune system ( cancer, recent chemotherapy, late - stage aids ) may cause a false - negative test result. the results of the test depend on the size of the skin reaction and on the person being tested. a small reaction ( 5 mm of firm swelling at the site ) is considered to be positive in people : larger reactions ( greater than or equal to 10 mm ) are considered positive in : in people with no known risks for tb, a positive reaction means there is 15 mm or more of firm swelling at the site. there is a very small risk of severe redness and swelling of the arm in people who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49815625848935574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.968467"} {"text": ") are considered positive in : in people with no known risks for tb, a positive reaction means there is 15 mm or more of firm swelling at the site. there is a very small risk of severe redness and swelling of the arm in people who have had a previous positive ppd test and who have the test again. there also have been a few cases of this reaction in people who have not been tested before. a positive skin test does not necessarily mean that a person has active tuberculosis. more tests must be done to check whether there is active disease. many people who were born outside the united states may have had a vaccine called \" bcg, \" which can lead to a false - positive test result. however, many experts believe that a past bcg vaccination should not change the interpretation of the ppd result when the test is done 15 years or more after the bcg vaccination. iseman md. tuberculosis. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 345. review date : 12 / 1 / 2009 the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. copyright \u00a92010 a. d. a. m., inc., as modified by university of california san francisco. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. information developed by a. d. a. m., inc. regarding tests and test results may not directly correspond with information provided by ucsf medical center. please discuss with your doctor any questions or concerns you may have.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4850246122292372, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.973953"} {"text": "remarks on the exhibit on the grandmothers of the plaza de mayo un headquarters, new york, 23 september 2008 there are few events in the collective history of latin america that are as dark as those that inspired this exhibit. during the 70 \u2019 s and 80 \u2019 s our region was held captive under a vast network of military dictatorships. regional cooperation was limited to those operations coordinated by intelligence operatives. death squads methodically terrorized, kidnapped and murdered thousands of our brothers and sisters : union organizers, farmers, workers, politicians, artists, teachers and professors. a generation was exiled. and it is taking another generation to restore the losses to the continent. their creativity, solidarity and vision may well have placed latin america on the road to economic and social justice. we are still struggling to overcome the shameful legacy of betrayal and loss. but even in the darkest moments, when most were immobilized by fear, the mothers and grandmothers who gathered in the plaza de mayo in buenos aires held up a light, sometimes nothing more than a flickering candle, in protest of the killings, the disappearances and the terror. these brave women challenged the savage machinery that consumed their children and grandchildren. through their persistence, the entire world slowly became aware of the crimes that were being committed in the clandestine prisons of towns and cities across argentina and latin america. their example inspired others throughout the region to give witness. today, we embrace these women as the heroines they are. by using the names and by remembering their identities through photos, letters and memoirs, they move us to remember and document the crimes that were committed against their loved ones. today, the research begun decades ago continues with a the creation of genetic identity banks, working with groups in peru and guatemala, which aim to prove human rights violations and make it possible to further identify the victims. they remind us so clearly that their daughters and sons are also our brothers and sisters. by acknowledging this fundamental truth, we can muster the confidence and courage to do like las abuelas, the grandmothers, to defend what is right and to protect those who are vulnerable.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4984158852763606, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:15.987917"} {"text": "december 21, 2009 what might our landscape look like in the near future? more specifically, where has urban growth occurred in the last thirty years, and where is it likely to occur over the next twenty years? researchers at unc asheville and unc charlotte, as part of an ongoing renaissance computing institute ( renci ) project, are conducting analyses that answer these types of questions, and also developing tools to help policy makers and planners understand and manage rapid urban growth.. using historical satellite imagery, development trends, population data and population projections, they \u2019 ve been able to design an urban growth model that can generate visual representations of what our landscape may look like in the future. building upon a similar study of the greater charlotte region, released in 2007, researchers are in the process of analyzing land conversion patterns for all of western north carolina. the initial results of their collaborative research highlight the effect of development on four western north carolina counties : madison, buncombe, henderson and transylvania. those results indicate that between 1976 and 2006, development in the four - county region increased nearly 500 percent, or at an average rate of six acres of green space per day \u2013 outpacing population growth by nearly 10 - to - one. researchers have identified several important predictors of development patterns, including an area \u2019 s proximity to nearest road or interstate interchange and proximity to nearest urban center, or major employment center. topographical slope and \u201c development pressure, \u201d or proximity to previously developed areas, are also key indicators of where urbanization and future development are likely to occur. development forecasts extend to 2030, utilizing all available county - level population projections for the region. the urban growth model indicates an additional 47, 489 acres of forests and farm lands will be developed in the four - county region by 2030, which is the equivalent of losing almost 75 square miles \u2013 or more than six properties the size of the biltmore estate \u2013 worth of green space. that \u2019 s significant for an area that draws visitors from around the globe for its natural and scenic attractions. the urban growth model results include statistics on the amount and rate of development as well as maps of future development patterns. these are important tools for policy makers, planners and conservationist as they provide valuable information on not only when and how much development is expected, but also where it is likely to occur. james fox, the director of renci at unc asheville and the school \u2019 s national environment modeling and analysis center ( nemac ), has already witnessed local lawmakers ' interest in the growth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5346544565384667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.014565"} {"text": ", but also where it is likely to occur. james fox, the director of renci at unc asheville and the school \u2019 s national environment modeling and analysis center ( nemac ), has already witnessed local lawmakers ' interest in the growth model results. \u201c it \u2019 s going to be used by several different groups of decision makers, \u201d he said, adding the study is an important tool that will make it easier for local governments to collaborate with each other when making policy and planning decisions. \u201c this is another important tool we can incorporate into our work, \" said richard broadwell, a land protection specialist for the conservation trust of north carolina, which is working to preserve the scenic viewsheds along the blue ridge parkway. his organization plans to use the data to help them determine which lands to protect and \" how to spend our limited funds. \" most of the anticipated growth is expected to occur in buncombe and henderson counties. these two counties are forecast to contribute 22, 101 and 18, 381 acres of developed land, respectively, between 2010 and 2030. henderson county is predicted to experience the greatest change in total developed land relative to county area, with total number of developed acres comprising 13. 5 % of county area in 2010 and 21. 3 % of county area by 2030. \u201c for every acre of land that is converted from a natural state through development, there is a really big impact on the mountains ' plants and animals, \u201d said carl silverstein, executive director for the southern appalachian highlands conservancy. silverstein is also concerned about development pressure on local farmers, decreased interest from tourists, and the impact urban sprawl could have on the headwaters of rivers, which provide drinking water for millions of north carolina citizens. further, the findings demonstrate that humans require more land per person than they once did. in 1976, developed land equated to 0. 06 acres per person in the four - county area. by 2030, researchers forecast per - capita land requirements will increase to over a quarter - acre in the region. madison county \u2019 s \" human footprint \" is projected to increase more than the other three counties, by 0. 18 acres per person ( a 67 percent increase ) between 2006 and 2030. in comparison, per - capita land consumption in buncombe, henderson and transylvania counties is forecast to increase by 28 percent, 13 percent and 18 percent, respectively, in the same period. created in 2004, renci includes a statewide network of academic institutions working to solve complex problems affecting quality of life and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5036544172953727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.025265"} {"text": "angkor wat, built during the early years of the 12th century by suryavaram ii, honors the hindu god vishnu and is a symbolic representation of hindu cosmology. consisting of an enormous temple symbolizing the mythic mt. meru, its five inter - nested rectangular walls and moats represent chains of mountains and the cosmic ocean. the short dimensions of the vast compound are precisely aligned along a north - south axis, while the east - west axis has been deliberately diverted 0. 75 degrees south of east and north of west, seemingly in order to give observers a three day anticipation of the spring equinox. unlike other temples at angkor, ta prohm has been left as it was found, preserved as an example of what a tropical forest will do to an architectural monument when the protective hands of humans are withdrawn. ta prohm ' s walls, roofs, chambers and courtyards have been sufficiently repaired to stop further deterioration, and the inner sanctuary has been cleared of bushes and thick undergrowth, but the temple has been left in the stranglehold of trees. having planted themselves centuries ago, the tree ' s serpentine roots pry apart the ancient stones and their immense trunks straddle the once bustling buddhist temple. built in the later part of the 12th century by jayavarman vii, ta prohm is the terrestrial counterpart of the star eta draconis the draco constellation. during half - millennia of khmer occupation, the city of angkor became a pilgrimage destination of importance throughout southeastern asia. sacked by the thais in 1431 and abandoned in 1432, angkor was forgotten for a few centuries. wandering buddhist monks, passing through the dense jungles, occasionally came upon the awesome ruins. recognizing the sacred nature of the temples but ignorant of their origins, they invented fables about the mysterious sanctuaries, saying they had been built by the gods in a far ancient time. centuries passed, these fables became legends, and pilgrims from the distant reaches of asia sought out the mystic city of the gods. a few adventurous european travelers knew of the ruins and stories circulated in antiquarian circles of a strange city lost in the jungles. most people believed the stories to be nothing more than legend however, until the french explorer henri mouhot brought angkor to the world ' s attention in 1860. the french people were enchanted with the ancient city and beginning in 1908 funded and superbly managed an extensive restoration project. the restoration has continued to the present day, excepting periods in the 70 '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44059114477379946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.068152"} {"text": "facemasks or respirators if you must have close contact with the sick person ( for example, hold a sick infant ), spend the least amount of time possible in close contact and try to wear a facemask ( for example, surgical mask ) or n95 disposable respirator. an n95 respirator that fits snugly on your face can filter out small particles that can be inhaled around the edges of a facemask. compared with a facemask however, it is harder to breathe through an n95 mask for long periods of time. wear an n95 respirator or surgical mask if you help a sick person with respiratory treatments using a nebulizer or inhaler, as directed by their doctor. respiratory treatments should be performed in a separate room away from common areas of the house when at all possible. used facemasks and n95 respirators should be taken off and placed immediately in the regular trash so they don \u2019 t touch anything else. avoid re - using disposable facemasks and n95 respirators if possible. if a reusable fabric facemask is used, it should be laundered with normal laundry detergent and tumble - dried in a hot dryer. after you take off a facemask or n95 respirator, clean your hands with soap and water or an alcohol - based hand sanitizer. facemasks and respirators may be purchased at a pharmacy, building supply or hardware store. crisis preparedness and response centre got the flu?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44676019725095456, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.073934"} {"text": "because endemic species - native species not found outside the state - make up nearly half of all california ' s native plants, a changing climate will have a major impact on the state ' s unparalleled plant diversity, the researchers warn. photo \u00a9 2001 tony morosco ( scott loarie and david ackerly / uc berkeley ) the researchers caution that their study can ' t reliably predict the fate of specific species. however, the trend is clear : the researchers project that, in response to rising temperatures and altered rainfall, many plants could move northward and toward the coast, following the shifts in their preferred climate, while others, primarily in the southern part of the state and in baja california, may move up mountains into cool but highly vulnerable refugia coast redwoods may range farther north, for example, while california oaks could disappear from central california in favor of cooler weather in the klamath mountains along the california - oregon border. many plants may no longer be able to survive in the northern sierra nevada or in the los angeles basin, while plants of northern baja california will migrate north into the san diego mountains. the central valley will become preferred habitat for plants of the sonoran desert. \" across the flora, there will be winners and losers, \" said first author scott loarie, a ph. d. candidate at duke university ' s nicholas school for the environment who has worked with ackerly on the analysis for the past four years. \" in nearly every scenario we explored, biodiversity suffers - especially if the flora can ' t disperse fast enough to keep pace with climate change. \" the authors identified several \" climate - change refugia \" scattered around the state. these are places where large numbers of the plants hit the hardest by climate change are projected to relocate and hang on. many of these refugia are in the foothills of coastal mountains such as the santa lucia mountains along california ' s central coast, the transverse ranges separating the central valley from los angeles and the san gabriel mountains east of los angeles. many of these areas are already under increasing pressure from encroaching suburban development. \" there ' s a real potential for sheltering a large portion of the flora in these refugia if they are kept wild and if plants can reach them in time, \" loarie said. the authors argue that it ' s not too early to prepare for this eventuality by protecting corridors through which plants can move to such refugia, and maybe even assisting plants in reestablishing themselves in new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39572887357383807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.090484"} {"text": ", \" loarie said. the authors argue that it ' s not too early to prepare for this eventuality by protecting corridors through which plants can move to such refugia, and maybe even assisting plants in reestablishing themselves in new regions. \" part of me can ' t believe that california ' s flora will collapse over a period of 100 years, \" ackerly said. \" it ' s hard to comprehend the potential impacts of climate change. we haven ' t seen such drastic changes in the last 200 years of human history, since we have been cataloguing species. \" ackerly, loarie and colleagues at uc berkeley, duke university in durham, n. c., california polytechnic state university ( cal poly ) in san luis obispo and texas tech university in lubbock report their findings in the open - access journal plos one, which appears online june 25. photo \u00a9 michael charters ( scott loarie and david ackerly / uc berkeley ) in collaboration with climate modeler katharine hayhoe of texas tech, loarie and ackerly then employed two different climate models - one based at the u. s. national center for atmospheric research and the other at the united kingdom meteorological office - that predict changes in temperature and precipitation through the year 2100 for lower and higher greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. they then projected for each model and scenario where california ' s endemic species would have to move in order to find the microclimate they need to survive. one set of projections assumed that plants can easily relocate, while another assumed that they cannot migrate at all by 2100, so their ranges will only shrink as climate changes. loarie emphasized that there are many uncertainties in the analysis - for example, in the known range of individual plants ; in knowledge of the microclimate each plant prefers ; in how much warming can be expected based on best - and worst - case greenhouse gas scenarios ; in the direction and magnitude of changes in california rainfall ; and in whether or not plants can migrate sufficiently in 100 years to discover congenial habitat. despite these unknowns, the researchers said they are confident in their approach, which has been used previously to predict global warming ' s effects on isolated species or plant families in places such as south africa, europe, the eastern u. s. and southern california. \" we can have confidence in the trends, if not in what happens to specific species, \" loarie said. \" there is a clear trend despite the uncertainty. \" in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40431426318522246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.091812"} {"text": ", europe, the eastern u. s. and southern california. \" we can have confidence in the trends, if not in what happens to specific species, \" loarie said. \" there is a clear trend despite the uncertainty. \" in the most optimistic scenario, in which global emissions of carbon dioxide return to near - 1990 levels by the end of the century and plants are able to move into new habitats within a century, diversity of species in parts of california might actually increase, especially along the northwest and central coast. nevertheless, diversity in the northern sierra and in southern california would decrease. however, such an optimistic outcome is far less likely than more dire ones, ackerly said. in the higher scenario - the greatest warming, and plants unable to move in the 90 - to - 100 - year time frame of global warming - plant diversity will decrease everywhere by as much as 25 percent, even if no species actually become extinct. similarly, 66 percent of all endemic species will experience more than an 80 percent reduction in range. if plants are able to disperse in time to find more suitable habitat, the researchers found that ranges will shift by an average of 150 kilometers ( 95 miles ) under higher climate change, often with no overlap between the old and new ranges. paradoxically, this may separate species that now live together : substantial numbers of floral communities may be split up as some species move south and uphill while others move north and towards the coast. though the study did not look at the response of invasive or non - native plants to climate change, ackerly said that they likely will expand their ranges at the expense of natives and endemics. and shifting and shrinking ranges of endemic species likely will affect animal diversity as well. ackerly noted that range change may separate an animal from its major food source, or a pollinator from its preferred plant. with the shifting ranges of endemic species, species conservation becomes a moving target, the researchers noted. brent mishler, director of the university and jepson herberia and a professor of integrative biology, anticipates a big need for information on possible plant movement among those people protecting, managing or restoring natural areas around the state. \" they could really benefit by knowing what plants are in danger of being eliminated from their area, and maybe even more importantly, what plants to keep in mind that will be ' refugees ' from other sites that will need to move into their area to avoid extinction, \" he said. \" planning for refugees will become a new but important concept for natural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4528579949149867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.093287"} {"text": "walter cruttenden of the binary research institute has amassed provocative evidence that the sun may actually be part of a double star system. here, he explains the significance of this idea which, if correct, affects life on earth and, in fact, everything that happens in our solar system, very profoundly. does it also explain legends such as nibru, and the periodic cycles of chaos that geologic history suggest influence life on earth? for example, did the upheaval that ended egypt ' s old kingdom have anything to do with this? listen as cruttenden explains his fascinating theories, and shows how they may explain the erratic pattern of earth ' s development. and, if our sun is part of a double - star system, then where is the other star and, above all, when and how will it affect us again? read walter cruttenden ' s lost star of myth and time. graham hancock says of the book that it is \" is a wonderful, stimulating, thought - provoking new \u2013 or very old \u2013 approach to the greatest enigmas of human history. if walter cruttenden is right, as i very much suspect he is, then he has found the key to the mystery of the ages. \u201d attend walter cruttenden ' s cpak 2011 in sedona september 30 to october 2nd. graham hancock, walter schoch, walter cruttenden and many others will be speaking at this exciting event. to learn more, click here are you a subscriber? login now to download the mp3 files and any other subscriber - only material for this show.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5513018984146458, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.095247"} {"text": "?? at first i thought huh?? lamp?? why does tes need a lamp? it ' s a spectrometer! but after much searching i found this page which says \" the interferometer includes a visible interferometer that is used to generate fringes which are used to control the linear drive servo and to determine position in the interferogram. this system uses two redundant neon lamps that produce an emission line at 703. 2 nm for fringe generation and a continuum that is used for a quasi - white - light source for determination of zero path difference. the off - axis position of the six detectors results in self - apodization and a spectral shift that is a function of both distance from the axis and optical frequency. \" ohhhh now i see. after more searching i found this : photo of the lamp they used. it ' s just a little neon indicator lamp! they ' ve been using the backup lamp since the original lamp failed way back in 1998! these things fail all the time in those little red switches in power strips and, well practically everywhere i see them used they inevitalbly start blinking and flickering after being used for any length of time. i bet they didn ' t use a dc to ac inverter to power it because of space and power issues and just used the dc power of mgs to light it instead. using dc power on those things reduces thier life greatly for some reason.... oh well, it had a good run!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5637841495404532, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.096970"} {"text": "hyperbaric oxygen therapy hyperbaric oxygen therapy uses a special chamber, sometimes called a pressure chamber, to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood. some, but not very many, hospitals have a hyperbaric chamber. smaller units may be available in outpatient center. the air pressure inside a hyperbaric oxygen chamber is about two and a half times greater than the normal pressure in the atmosphere. this helps your blood carry more oxygen to organs and tissues in your body. hyperbaric therapy can help wounds, especially infected wounds, heal more quickly. the therapy may be used to treat : - air or gas embolism - bone infections ( osteomyelitis ) that have not improved with other treatments - carbon monoxide poisoning - certain types of brain or sinus infections - decompression sickness ( for example, a diving injury ) - gas gangrene - necrotizing soft tissue infections - provide enough oxygen to the lung during a procedure called whole lung lavage, which is used to clean an entire lung in patients with certain medical conditions - radiation injury ( for example, damage from radiation therapy - skin grafts - wounds that have not healed with other treatments ( for example, it may be used to treat a foot ulcer in someone with diabetes or very bad circulation ) treatments for chronic conditions may be repeated over days or weeks. a treatment session for more acute conditions such as decompression sickness may be longer but not necessarily repeated. you might feel pressure in your ears while you are in the hyperbaric chamber. your ears may pop when you get out of the chamber. christiani dc. physical and chemical injuries of the lung. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 94. rabinowitz rp, caplan es. hyperbaric oxygen. in : mandell gl, bennett je, dolin r, eds. principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. philadelphia, pa : elsevier churchill livingstone ; 2009 : chap 43. david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. denis hadjiliadis, md, assistant professor of medicine, division of pulmonary, allergy and critical care, university of pennsylvania, philadelphia, pa. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4667312298351578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.099645"} {"text": "the united states commission on civil rights the united states commission on civil rights, first created by the civil rights act of 1957, and reestablished by the united states commission on civil rights act of 1983, is an independent, bipartisan agency of the federal government. by the terms of the 1983 act, as amended by the civil rights commission amendments act of 1994, the commission is charged with the following duties pertaining to discrimination or denials of the equal protection of the laws based on race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin, or in the administration of justice : investigation of individual discriminatory denials of the right to vote ; study and collection of information relating to discrimination or denials of the equal protection of the law ; appraisal of the laws and policies of the united states with respect to discrimination or denials of equal protection of the law ; maintenance of a national clearinghouse for information respecting discrimination or denials of equal protection of the law ; investigation of patterns or practices of fraud or discrimination in the conduct of federal elections ; and preparation and issuance of public service announcements and advertising campaigns to discourage discrimination or denials of equal protection of the law. the commission is also required to submit reports to the president and the congress at such times as the commission, the congress, or the president shall deem desirable. the state advisory committees an advisory committee to the united states commission on civil rights has been established in each of the 50 states and the district of columbia pursuant to section 105 ( c ) of the civil rights act of 1957 and section 3 ( d ) of the civil rights commission amendments act of 1994. the advisory committees are made up of responsible persons who serve without compensation. their functions under their mandate from the commission are to : advise the commission of all relevant information concerning their respective states on matters within the jurisdiction of the commission ; advise the commission on matters of mutual concern in the preparation of reports of the commission to the president and the congress ; receive reports, suggestions, and recommendations from individuals, public and private organizations, and public officials upon matters pertinent to inquiries conducted by the state advisory committee ; initiate and forward advice and recommendations to the commission upon matters in which the commission shall request the assistance of the state advisory committee ; and attend, as observers, any open hearing or conference that the commission may hold within the state.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44993311193877655, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.102783"} {"text": "baghdad \u2019 s underground shelters help iraqi women escape violence and abuse baghdad \u2019 s underground railroad image by mimi chakarova / www. mclight. com on a bullet - scarred side street in baghdad \u2019 s downtown, where u. s. marines famously helped tear down the statue of saddam hussein in april of 2003, an inconspicuous entryway tucked between a steel - shuttered shop and a rickety candy stall leads to a flight of steep concrete stairs. rusted water pipes run precariously over and across the poorly lit top step, tripping first - time visitors. the second - floor landing bottlenecks into a dark, empty hallway. women in black abayas hurry across the buckled floor tiles in silence and quickly disappear through an unmarked plywood door on the right. the decrepit two - bedroom apartment behind this unassuming portal is an essential junction of what activists in iraq and their u. s. supporters call the underground railroad. this railroad is a small, clandestine network of several shelters, located mostly in baghdad, for the countless but commonly overlooked victims of the war in iraq : women who have been raped, battered, or forced into prostitution, and women who, accused of bringing dishonor to their families by having been abused, have been rejected or even threatened with death by their relatives. these shelters serve women who have nowhere else to turn for help. operated despite recurring death threats and lack of government support by a team of 35 iraqi activists who call themselves the organization of women \u2019 s freedom in iraq ( owfi ), the shelters offer a glint of hope for civil society. the underground railroad was founded in 2004 by baghdad - born architect - turned - feminist - organizer yanar mohammed, head of owfi, along with madre, an international women \u2019 s rights group based in new york. it provides the only sanctuaries for victims of sexual abuse and domestic violence outside the quasi - autonomous kurdistan region in northern iraq, where the local government and nongovernment organizations operate several shelters. in addition to providing temporary asylum, it helps women resettle in places where their abusers cannot find them easily. since its inception, says madre policy and communications director yifat susskind, the railroad has helped thousands of women. several have been transferred to turkey and at least two now live in the united states, but most of the rescued women have remained in iraq. saddam hussein \u2019 s regime persecuted political dissidents but allowed women personal rights and freedoms ; assaults on women were rare. but when violence engulfed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38001137452136713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.107633"} {"text": "new orleans \u2014 new orleans ( ap ) - the explosion of the deepwater horizon oil rig illustrates the energy industry ' s push to drill ever deeper in search of huge oil deposits, despite the mammoth risks and unique challenges associated with exploration in such a hostile environment. the lure of the deep is driven by technological advances that make previously inaccessible oil now reachable, and dwindling supplies at shallower depths due to years of exploration. high energy prices and lucrative government incentives have also made it more financially feasible. \" that ' s where the oil is, \" said eric smith, associate director of tulane university ' s energy institute. \" you can ' t find any oil any cheaper anywhere else. \" but the work is highly technical. in mile - deep seas, where bp plc ' s deepwater horizon rig was plumbing for oil in an ocean canyon, the work is done in total darkness and near - freezing temperatures. water pressure is enough to crush a submarine, and the explosive methane gas that likely ignited on the deepwater horizon can be much more damaging if not properly controlled. \" the deep water is way too risky, \" said kieran suckling, executive director of the center for biological diversity, a legal advocacy group that opposes such drilling. gulf of mexico oil is a crucial part of the u. s. energy supply. while land - based production has steadily declined, output from the gulf has doubled over the past two decades, surpassing that of any state including texas and alaska. more companies are developing projects in mile - deep seas, and most of the oil produced in the gulf now comes from sites more than 1, 000 feet below the water ' s surface. drilling applications approved by the federal government last year went to wells at an average depth of 2, 114 feet - triple what was seen just a decade ago, according to an associated press analysis of data from the federal minerals management service. this expansion of drilling ever deeper was fueled by the 1995 deep water royalty relief act, which exempts companies from paying a percentage of royalties to the government on oil and gas found. \" prior to that, the gulf was becoming a dead sea in terms of exploration activities, \" said david dismukes, director of policy analysis at louisiana state university ' s center for energy studies. \" the relief act stimulated a lot of activity... and concerns about environmental safety in the gulf. \" politically, u. s. - produced oil from the gulf of mexico is an easier sell than continued reliance on foreign sources or tapping pristine alaskan wilderness. \" in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3965962999607222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.120019"} {"text": "a lot of activity... and concerns about environmental safety in the gulf. \" politically, u. s. - produced oil from the gulf of mexico is an easier sell than continued reliance on foreign sources or tapping pristine alaskan wilderness. \" in terms of oil that ' s available to us, it ' s either imported from places where it ' s bountiful, \" smith said, \" or we find deep water deposits off the coast of africa, brazil and the gulf of mexico. \" that is widely expected to continue despite the deepwater horizon disaster, which killed 11 workers and has already fouled the gulf with 4 million gallons of crude. \" this country ' s pretty well committed to oil and gas, and nobody ' s really happy when the price goes through the roof, \" said philip johnson, a petroleum engineering professor at the university of alabama. \" my suspicion is that we ' re going to proceed with production out of the gulf of mexico - and that means we ' re going to keep trying to get farther and farther offshore. \" but the conditions down there have challenged oil companies to come up with technological solutions. beyond about 1, 500 feet, sunlight is unable to penetrate. the temperature at 5, 000 feet in the gulf is about 40 degrees. the water pressure is about 2, 300 pounds per square inch, conditions that can damage hydraulic systems or cause leaks. a remotely operated underwater vehicle designed for 5, 000 feet of water is \" a whole world of different engineering \" than one used at 500 feet, said louisiana state university oceanographer robert s. carney. yet companies must rely on those vehicles to detect or repair leaks and other problems. blowouts like the one that hit the deepwater horizon are also more powerful at extreme depths. they can thrust gas, oil, water and debris toward the surface with incredible force. in the intense pressure and cold of the deep, methane hydrates exist in a slushy, crystalline form. but as methane rockets upward in a blowout, passing into lower - pressure zones, it converts to a gaseous state and gains tremendous force. the use of heat in cementing, or sealing a well, which was under way prior to the blast, can destabilize methane hydrates at extreme depths. halliburton co., which was doing the cementing of the deepwater horizon well, acknowledged as much in an industry presentation last year, calling the risks \" a challenge to the safety and economics. \" ultra deepwater rigs like horizon are also required to have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4615408268110279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.125338"} {"text": "., which was doing the cementing of the deepwater horizon well, acknowledged as much in an industry presentation last year, calling the risks \" a challenge to the safety and economics. \" ultra deepwater rigs like horizon are also required to have more robust blowout preventers that can withstand the intense pressure. the rig ' s preventer was designed to withstand 15, 000 pounds of pressure per square inch, a standard for drilling at these depths. at an oil industry conference in houston last week, there was an advanced 20, 000 - pound model on display. investigators trying to pinpoint a cause of the explosion are looking at both the blowout preventer and halliburton ' s cementing. interviews with rig workers conducted as part of bp ' s internal investigation indicate a bubble of methane escaped from the well and rocketed up the drill column, expanding as it approached the surface. transocean ltd., which owned the rig and leased it to bp, is the major player in deepwater drilling, which 40 rigs worldwide working 5, 000 feet down or greater. it said in a statement that the company ' s first commitment is safety. \" the company continues to strive and apply its core safety tools consistently across all its operations around the world, \" transocean said. the ongoing struggle to cap the leak also underscores the challenges when things go wrong far below the surface. bp ' s initial attempt to cap the underwater gusher with a 100 - ton house - sized box designed to funnel the oil to a tanker ship was scrapped due to the formation of an icy slush that clogged it. company officials are now focused on positioning a smaller containment vessel, known as a top hat, or plugging a portion of the leak with junk. those methods are long shots, however, never tried at such depths, and it could be up to three months before a relief well shuts off the leak entirely. \" think of this same thing happening at less water depth : we could have easily sealed that well, \" said satish nagarajaiah, a rice university engineering professor who focuses on offshore structures. \" now the challenges are bigger. \" as oil companies continue to push the boundaries into new frontiers, they encounter unknowns : different sands, different hydrocarbons, different gas pressures. there ' s less of a history that can be used to assess problems that drilling may encounter. \" there ' s a real change when you go from conventional deepwater to much greater depths, \" said tyler priest, a university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4264395549591867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.126809"} {"text": "alberto giacometti ( 1901 - 1966 ) swiss sculptor, painter, draftsman and printmaker, alberto giacometti is one of the most popular twentieth century sculptors. he trained initially in italy, then in paris where he was influenced by constantin brancusi and joined the surrealism movement. his late - 1920s and 1930s sculpture has been dubbed \" still - life \" or \" magic objects \", of which the most famous is the palace at 4am ( 1932 - 3, museum of modern art, new york ). in later years he returned to more realistic single - figure sculptures, notably his impossibly delicate, elongated figures, dating mostly from the post - war years, which he built up by working directly in plaster on a wire foundation. examples of his unique style of sculpture include man pointing ( 1947, tate london ), man striding i ( 1960, foundation maeght, saint - paul ) and tall woman ii ( 1960, museum of modern art, new york ). giacometti also painted a number of meticulous portraits, notably a five - year study of isabel lambert and portrait of jean genet ( 1955 ). in february 2010, giacometti ' s walking man i, a life - size bronze sculpture cast in 1961, sold at sotheby ' s in london for \u00a365, 001, 250 ( $ 104, 327, 006 ) - the highest - ever price paid at auction for a work of plastic art. types of sculpting modern plastic artists development of sculpture giacometti was born in borgonovo, now switzerland on the border with italy in 1901. his father, giovanni giacometti ( 1868 - 1933 ) was also a painter, his uncle augusto giacometti ( 1877 - 1947 ) was a decorative artist, while his brother diego became a furniture maker and sculptor. giacometti attended the fine arts school in geneva, studying figurative drawing, etching and painting. in 1920 he travelled with his father to the venice biennale to see the work of alexander archipenko ( 1887 - 1964 ), one of the great abstract sculptors from the ukraine. in 1922 giacometti moved to paris to study with the french expressionist sculptor antoine bourdelle ( 1826 - 1929 ) at the academie de la grande - chaumiere. bourdelle was a former pupil of the master - sculptor, auguste rodin ( 1840 - 1917 ). while in paris, giacometti experimented with new modern art movements like cubism, and mixed with artists like picasso, max", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4133412847852717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.142513"} {"text": "man striding ( 1960, foundation maeght, saint - paul ) were created in this studio. in 1934 giacometti had his first solo exhibition in new york. a few later he also met the famous philosopher jean - paul sartre, who became a good friend and wrote two essays about the artistic impact of giacometti ' s art. during the war years, giacometti lived in zurich, only returning to his studio in paris again in 1945. in 1948 giacometti held another exhibition in new york, where he presented his new elongated figures. conceptually, his sculptures were regarded as representing the fragile, essentially lonely nature of human existence. sartre associated it with existentialism ' s pessimistic view of the world, but it was perhaps barnett newman ' s comment that was more accurate : these sculptures look ' as if they were made out of spit - new things with no form, no texture, but somehow filled '. the figure of a man striding was giacomettis most common motif, and those figures show his fascination with the surfaces of his work. he used his fingers and the modelling knife to shape his figurative sculptures. ( for an example of an irish sculptor influenced by giacometti ' s work, see edward delaney, 1930 - 2009. ) though the figures are often pared down to their basic form, they retain an extraordinary presence. around the 1950s, giacometti modelled groups of figures : the square ( 1949 ) and the glade ( 1950 ). in 1955 the artist had two retrospectives, one in london and one in new york. in 1956 he exhibited at the venice biennale. although he is best known for his sculpture, giacometti was also adept at etching, graphic design and painting. in fact, he received the guggenheim international award for painting in 1964. by now acclaimed as one of the giants of modern art, giacometti worked prolifically until this death in 1966. commissions for public sculpture however tended to come to nothing, but in 1961 he made a tree for the stage of samuel beckett ' s waiting for godot. in 1961 he was awarded the grand prize for sculpture at the venice biennale, which bought him worldwide fame. despite the fame, giacometti was rarely satisfied with his work - he still reworked models, often destroying them or setting them aside to be returned to years later. sartre was to remark of his friend ' he will never be finished with it ; this is simply because a man is always beyond what he has done '. despite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4301975736813643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.146286"} {"text": "reworked models, often destroying them or setting them aside to be returned to years later. sartre was to remark of his friend ' he will never be finished with it ; this is simply because a man is always beyond what he has done '. despite declining health, the sculptor travelled to new york in 1965 to attend an opening of his work at the museum of modern art ( moma ). he died a few months later in switzerland. world record price for a work of art in february 2010 a record - setting art auction at sotheby ' s london resulted in a \u00a365, 001, 250 ( $ 104, 327, 006 ) sale for giacometti ' s sculpture walking man i ( l ' homme qui marche ). the 6 - feet tall bronze depicts a man in mid - stride. the sale broke the previous $ 104, 168, 000 auction record, set in 2004 for pablo picasso ' s portrait boy with a pipe. more than five times higher than its pre - sale estimate of \u00a312m - 18m, competitive bidding and scarcity of works by giacometti were key factors in achieving the record price. the alberto giacometti foundation the kunsthaus zurich contains the collection of the alberto giacometti foundation. collated shortly after the death of the artist, the collection contains 150 sculptures, 20 paintings and many paper drawings. the works range from his early years, showing influences of cubism and primitive art, his surrealistic phase, and his most significant sculptures from the years 1947 to 1951. works include : - femme couchee qui reve ( 1929, cubist influence ) works by giacometti can also be found in the following museums : among many others.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4193537161634715, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.147759"} {"text": "vitamin a promotes healthy surface linings of the eyes and the respiratory, urinary, and intestinal tracts. when those linings break down, it becomes easier for bacteria to enter the body and cause infection. vitamin a also helps maintain the integrity of skin and mucous membranes, which also function as a barrier to bacteria and viruses. retinol is one of the most active, or usable, forms of vitamin a, and is found in animal foods such as liver and whole milk and in some fortified food products. retinol is also called preformed vitamin a. it can be converted to retinal and retinoic acid, other active forms of the vitamin a family. provitamin a carotenoids are darkly colored pigments found in plant foods that can be converted to vitamin a. in the united states, approximately 26 % and 34 % of vitamin a consumed by men and women, respectively, is provided by provitamin a carotenoids. common carotenoids found in foods are beta - carotene, alpha - carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene, and cryptoxanthin. of the 563 identified carotenoids, fewer than 10 % are precursors for vitamin a. among these, beta - carotene is most efficiently converted to retinol. alpha - carotene and beta - cryptoxanthin are also converted to vitamin a, but only half as efficiently as beta - carotene. lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin are carotenoids that do not have vitamin a activity but have other health promoting properties. the institute of medicine ( iom ) encourages consumption of carotenoid - rich fruits and vegetables for their health - promoting benefits. some carotenoids, in addition to serving as sources of vitamin a, have been shown to function as antioxidants in laboratory tests. however, this role has not been consistently demonstrated in humans. antioxidants protect cells from free radicals, which are potentially damaging by - products of oxygen metabolism that may contribute to the development of some chronic diseases. i have decided to start an active promotion of this website, so that we get more visitors soon. and it would be a waste of time if we didn ' t allow for discussion and sharing of informations. in light of that, discussion forum will be officially launched on june 21st. i hope it will serve a positive function in opening alternative horizons in the area of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5258088044651401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.153902"} {"text": "william davis is a famous for the simplicity, clarity and sincerity of his poems. \u2018 leisure \u2019 is a simple but forceful poem in which he advises us not to fall a prey to hurry and haste. he feels sorry at the miserable plight of the modern man. the poet says that modern man has become the slave of time. he remains busy in gathering wealth and making progress from morning till late at night. he has no time to rest. he can not enjoy himself of the beauties of nature. the tragedy of modern man does not end here. he has a lot many things to worry about. he lives under constant stress and strain. we have become machines by reaming in the company of machines. we are unable to spare some moments of leisure to refresh our minds by standing among the hills and trees. in the poet \u2019 s opinion, our slavery to time is the greatest curse of the modern age. he also advises us how to make use of our leisure. ( 172 words ) want to donwload in pdf or word format? click the following links : for more notes & study material related to ba paper a & b, click the following links : modern english essays the old man & the sea one act plays anthology of english poetry learn english in urdu learn \u2013 urdu tutorials", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4392323678343415, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.161644"} {"text": "by angela godwin, chief editor stormwater runoff has been called the single most common cause of pollution in our nation ' s waterways, carrying a variety of pollutants, such as sediment, bacteria, organic nutrients, and hydrocarbons to our watersheds and degrading water quality. but controlling and managing a non - point source of pollution isn ' t easy \u2014 flows can be unpredictable, pollutants are variable, and regulatory requirements can be confusing. couple that with very limited funding and you ' ve got a perfect storm indeed. this year at weftec, stormwater will be covered like never before. \" compared to previous years, there ' s been an overall increase in the topic [ of stormwater ] and the program reflects that, \" said wef ' s stormwater program and policy manager seth brown. nearly 40 papers across seven sessions will delve specifically into stormwater and green infrastructure topics, exploring such themes as establishing stormwater utilities ; sustainable stormwater infrastructure design ; managing urban stormwater with trees ; and using computer modeling to help manage the impact of rain events on watersheds. this is the second year weftec has planned a dedicated stormwater track, something brown said is a reflection of the maturation of weftec ' s programming. \" in the past, stormwater topics focused primarily on wet weather issues like csos, \" he said. \" while that ' s still part of what we do, we are starting to diversify and talk about things like rainwater harvesting, sediment and erosion control, and financing options for stormwater. \" in addition to the traditional technical sessions, weftec will offer for the first time this year a number of featured sessions, which follow a somewhat different format \u2014 including a lively panel discussion \u2014 and are put together and led by leading industry experts. one of those featured session is titled \" epa ' s stormwater effluent limitation guidelines : a moving and disappearing target. \" three speakers from the international erosion control association will deliver presentations, question each other, and then take questions from the audience. they ' ll cover some elg history, treatment technologies, epa activities and research on the subject, and finally offer their predictions on where things are headed. \" it ' s focusing on erosion and sediment control guidelines for constructions sites, \" said brown. \" that ' s a new area for wef and one that i ' m excited about. \" it ' s not easy being green... or is it? communities across the country are doing some amazing things", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4600704467918658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.207038"} {"text": "constructions sites, \" said brown. \" that ' s a new area for wef and one that i ' m excited about. \" it ' s not easy being green... or is it? communities across the country are doing some amazing things when it comes to managing stormwater with green infrastructure. weftec ' s \u2018 big cities turn stormwater green ' session will highlight a few of these : orlando, philadelphia, and new york city, to name a few. one presentation will also discuss how alternative green infrastructure can help cities save big dollars. as water quality regulations grow more stringent, it ' s becoming clear that traditional gray infrastructure isn ' t enough. in the \u2018 gray, green, and integrated stormwater design ' session, six presentations will outline how municipalities were able to successfully combine planning, outreach, engineering and management to create innovative designs that utilized the best of gray and green infrastructure to manage runoff. trees can bring some tremendous benefits to an urban environment : they ' re not just aesthetically pleasing but also help conserve water, minimize erosion, support wildlife, reduce air pollution, and mitigate greenhouse gas effect. but urban forests are not without their challenges. industry experts in weftec ' s \" urban trees for stormwater management \" session will discuss these issues and strategies for reducing the impact of trees on urban infrastructure and improving the success rate and overall health of urban trees. \" cities are facing long term control plans and consent decrees and they ' re seeing that green infrastructure can be a cost - effective way to deal with these issues, \" said brown. at the same time, epa is opening the door to green solutions through their new integrated planning approach. \" there ' s more interest, even outside the regulatory environment, to use a technology or an approach that can be \u2014 and has often been shown to be \u2014 more cost - effective that just gray solutions, \" said brown. there are also a number of side benefits to green infrastructure : public health improvement, aesthetic value, and economic revitalization of blighted urban areas. weftec attendees are sure to notice the volume and diversity of stormwater content at this year ' s event. \" we recognize the value and interest in stormwater across the water sector, \" said brown. \" these integrated water management issues aren ' t just rhetoric, they are real issues. we hear you, we ' re addressing it, and we ' re here to meet the rising challenge of stormwater. look for big things from us. \" the lines between stormwater, drinking water,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4581252137034972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.234707"} {"text": "public speech and religion in the public square : creating citizens who can breach the wall one of the problems with treating schools like a market and treating students and parents like customers is that what students might want from schools is not necessarily what they deserve. preparation for democratic life \u2014 learning to give as well as to take in public discourse, learning to hold others as dearly as myself \u2014 may not at all be what children want, but it is what they deserve. further, democracy is both messy and contentious. religion is one, but hardly the only, fundamental commitment that divides us, and fundamental commitments by their nature are not easily compromised. and when not religion, it is often something else. we sometimes talk as though relations between secular and sectarian communities have never been as bad as they are today, which is not the case. the struggle to balance private conscience and public policy has always been part of u. s. public life. in 1934, john dewey wrote : never before in history has mankind been so much of two minds, so divided into two camps, as it is today. religions have traditionally been allied with ideas of the supernatural, and often have been based upon explicit beliefs about it \u2026. the opposed group consists if those who think the advance of culture and science has completely discredited the supernatural and with it all religions that were allied with beliefs in it. ( p. 2 ) in 1844, the philadelphia bible riots pitted catholics and protestants against each other over which version of the bible should be read in schools. thomas jefferson was vilified as an atheist because of his unconventional religious beliefs ( and his presence has been greatly reduced in the u. s. history curriculum in the state of texas for the same reason ) ( tanenhaus, 2010 ). our current political divisions based in religious differences raise the same educational questions that they have in the past : how can we prepare children to become members of a public in which they can contribute to civil discussion across differences over \u201c things that matter \u201d ( kunzman, 2006 )? people \u2019 s views on religion, morality, and the shape and content of a good life well - lived cannot be separated from a wide variety of political and social issues, and so we must, if we are to live democratically, find ways to communicate \u2014 to speak and to listen \u2014 across these differences in order to find social arrangements that will allow maximum freedom and respect for all. though this ability to listen is neither natural nor automatic, neither is it impossible. it can be taught : as barber ( 1998 ) reminds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5010457606929635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.452330"} {"text": "and to listen \u2014 across these differences in order to find social arrangements that will allow maximum freedom and respect for all. though this ability to listen is neither natural nor automatic, neither is it impossible. it can be taught : as barber ( 1998 ) reminds us, \u201c we may be natural consumers and born narcissists, but citizens have to be made \u2026 public schools are how a public \u2014 a citizenry \u2014 is forged and how young, selfish individuals turn into conscientious, community - minded individuals \u201d ( p. 220 ). our children deserve, but do not currently have, public schools that assist them in this transformation. prior to 1947, public debate over which religious traditions would shape public life was the exception, not the rule. the default answer was mainstream protestantism, a sort of generic christianity ( excluding roman catholics and evangelicals ). since the 1947 landmark case of everson v. board of education of ewing township, the role of religion in public life has been a matter of intensifying controversy. certain segments of the fundamentalist evangelical religious community have become increasingly active in trying to preserve christianity \u2019 s privileged position in the body politic, while fundamentalist secularists have demanded ever more exclusion of any religious perspective from political discussion, policy, or decision - making \u2014 the so - called wall of separation. justice hugo black \u2019 s opinion for the majority in everson elevated the idea that the first amendment required a \u201c wall of separation between church and state \u201d from the profane domain of politics, where it had been coined by jefferson in his response to the baptist ministers of danbury, ct, to the sacred realm of constitutional law. in an apparent paradox, jefferson \u2019 s call for a wall of separation was quoted in a 5 - 4 decision permitting the indirect government support of religious education : public funds were being used to transport children to private religious schools. the decision of the court, rhetoric notwithstanding, was that the aid in question was permissible, since it was ostensibly given to the families, not to the school. as justice robert h. jackson observed in his dissent : \u201c \u2026 the undertones of the opinion, advocating complete and uncompromising separation of church from state, seem utterly discordant with its conclusion, yielding support to their commingling in educational matters. \u201d in the long run, that \u201c undertone \u201d has become the dominant chord among fundamental secularists. the first time that the that the wall metaphor was invoked to actually end a long - established practice was in engle v. vitale, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5299233515060929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.455390"} {"text": "\u201d in the long run, that \u201c undertone \u201d has become the dominant chord among fundamental secularists. the first time that the that the wall metaphor was invoked to actually end a long - established practice was in engle v. vitale, the 1962 decision that even a non - sectarian school prayer violates the first amendment. justice black, again writing for the majority ( 6 - 1, two justices not participating ), references the same jefferson quotation, this time referring to \u201c \u2026 the constitutional wall of separation between church and state \u201d ( emphasis added ). as noted above, the concept of a \u201c wall of separation \u201d is not a constitutional construct, though justice black had successfully made it function as one. in response, evangelical fundamentalists began the effort to restore religion to what they see as its rightful place in public life. also in response, secular fundamentalists have worked to strengthen the wall of separation, an image that has gone from an obscure historical footnote to a metaphor for the deep divisions in american public life. as we will shortly see, there have been several major efforts to clearly articulate the proper relationship between religion and politics, between private and public conscience. we will look briefly at three quite different answers to this dilemma of american politics : john kennedy \u2019 s address to the houston ministerial association ( 1960 ), mario cuomo \u2019 s address at notre dame ( 1984 ), and mitt romney \u2019 s address at the bush presidential library ( 2007 ). these three speeches by politicians negotiating the tension between their religious beliefs and the responsibilities of their public offices present three clearly different versions of the relationship between private faith and civic membership. these different positions play out in the world of politics in significant ways. in the united states today, we face unique issues of the place of religion in public life and the role of individual conscience in the formation of public policy. examples of this truth are at the heart of some of our most divisive political questions : abortion ; civil rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and queer / questioning ( lgbtq ) people ; and prayer in schools, to name just a few of the most obvious and persistent. many of the most fraught battles are fought over these issues in the context of schooling, as both sides of the debate understand that education of the young shapes the future, and both evangelicals and secularists want to shape the society their children grow up in. part of the point of this essay is that political speech, both in and constitutive of a public, is one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5159758940421222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.459265"} {"text": "of the young shapes the future, and both evangelicals and secularists want to shape the society their children grow up in. part of the point of this essay is that political speech, both in and constitutive of a public, is one of the many institutions and practices that exercise what martin ( 2002 ) calls \u201c multiple educational agency \u201d ( ch. 2 ). it is the function of public education to help form a public, and it is within and in response to the needs and demands of the public that these agencies \u2014 schools, politics, and media included \u2014 function. the job of schools can be conceived as preparing children to enter full citizenship in the public, where they engage in self - education while contributing also to the education of their fellows. a different part of the thesis is that there is no easy answer to the policy dilemmas we face. talk about neutrality is just that : talk. while it may make sense to talk of neutrality in the civic square as not only desirable, but actually possible, it is certainly not the latter, and may not be the former. controversies need to be decided by laws, actions, and / or policies. either lesbians and gays are allowed to get married, or they are not ; either abortion is legal, or it is not ; either public money will fund religious schools, or it will not ; either the school day will begin with a prayer, or it will not ; either creationism will be taught in schools, or it will not. adherents of both positions on these ( and many other issues ) will argue that their solution is neutral and respects other points of view, but that is an easy and comforting belief to hold when policies align with one \u2019 s beliefs. to pretend that resolutions of any of these issues are neutral with respect to religious belief ( of at least some citizens ) is to conduct public discourse dishonestly. to conduct education on the presumption that schools ( or any other institution ) can be neutral is to ill - prepare the young to take their place as responsible citizens capable of honest civil debate. the reality is that, while all views might be listened to in the discussion leading up to policy - making ( even if they often are not ), the policy itself will reflect a point of view, and will not be anything like neutral. in public discourse, a serious problem is created when the holders of the majority point of view take the position that their point of view is a neutral one, and therefore one that any reasonable person should endorse, and only the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5203276355343747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.460729"} {"text": "anything like neutral. in public discourse, a serious problem is created when the holders of the majority point of view take the position that their point of view is a neutral one, and therefore one that any reasonable person should endorse, and only the stupid or wicked would disagree. to recognize this as false does not mean the majority cannot make legitimate policy decisions on these issues. biblical stories will not be taught in science classes as science, for example, nor will the doctrinal particulars of one or several religious sects be used to make public policy on marriage, sexuality, or reproductive choice. however, it does mean that there are serious constraints on the majority. first of all, the majority must make sure that the restrictions placed on religious practice or the public policies that violate private conscience must be necessary to fulfill serious public needs and carried out with minimum intrusion. second, the majority must truly listen to the objections of the minority and seek to accommodate them. as we will see in looking at the hawkins county textbook controversy, this is not always done. lastly, honesty requires that the secular ( or, for that matter, the evangelical ) majority admit that the decision is not neutral, but embodies a specific point of view rooted in specific beliefs about how we ought to live together. secular does not mean neutral : it is underpinned by some beliefs, and holding it requires excluding other ideas as candidates for belief. one disservice we do to apprentice citizens is to emphasize the consensus function of democracy. often enough, perhaps too often, consensus is not possible ; the best we can hope for in many disputes is that the disagreement, however fundamental, be civil ; that the majority act carefully with respect to both the arguments and the feelings of the minority ; and that the minority act civilly and honestly in any efforts to change public opinion. these are reciprocally interrelated : if the majority does not act respectfully toward those who hold minority opinions, the minority has some license to act less civilly ( as was the case for the civil rights movement, for example ). similarly, if the minority does not act civilly, they become less worthy of respect ( think, for example, of the westwood baptist church and its behavior at military funerals ). the problem is, as we will see in looking at the textbook controversy in hawkins county, tennessee, is that once civil discourse becomes unraveled, it becomes very difficult to get public discussion back on track. this makes it all the more imperative that the discussion begins and continues in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5445712879556935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.463054"} {"text": "will see in looking at the textbook controversy in hawkins county, tennessee, is that once civil discourse becomes unraveled, it becomes very difficult to get public discussion back on track. this makes it all the more imperative that the discussion begins and continues in a civil manner. and this, in turn, makes schools all the more important as the laboratories where this skill is developed : children must be taught to engage in civil discourse despite the contrary examples constantly on view in congress, on cable tv, and on talk citizenship and religious belief the democratic experiment in the united states is complicated by the demands and prohibitions of the first amendment. on the one hand, democracy both allows freedom of religion and expects citizens to reflect their conscience in advocacy of civil policies. on the other hand, there is the constitutional requirement that public policies in no way establish religion and that religion and politics be kept separate. this is a paradox, and it is one with which we have struggled in many ways on many issues. among the ways in which political leaders have sought to frame the issue, three stand out as either quite influential or exceptionally thoughtful reflections on the proper role of religious belief in the arena of public policy - making : john f. kennedy \u2019 s speech to the houston ministerial association ( 1960 ), mario cuomo \u2019 s address at notre dame ( 1984 ), and mitt romney \u2019 s address at the bush presidential library ( 2007 ). these three addresses are quite different in tone and audience. kennedy, a roman catholic, was talking to leaders of other christian denominations, defending the idea that, if elected president, he could live his faith while fulfilling his responsibility to the constitution. in this speech, kennedy argued that his religious beliefs would be irrelevant to the conduct of his duties were he to be elected. he tells his audience that his speech would be about \u201c \u2026 not what kind of church i believe in, for that should be important only to me \u2014 but what kind of america i believe in \u2026. i believe in an america where the separation of church and state is absolute \u2026 i believe in an america that is officially neither catholic, protestant, nor jewish \u2026. i am not the catholic candidate for president. i am the democratic party \u2019 s candidate for president who happens also to be catholic. \u201d in taking this position, he seems perilously close to saying that his religion does not matter, that it is something like stamp collecting, peripheral to his identity. while this was the politically expedient, perhaps even necessary, thing to do, it does not do justice to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49884647530694676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.677523"} {"text": "perilously close to saying that his religion does not matter, that it is something like stamp collecting, peripheral to his identity. while this was the politically expedient, perhaps even necessary, thing to do, it does not do justice to the centrality of religious belief and commitment to the identity of at least some adherents within any religious tradition. if one just happens to be catholic ( or a member of any other faith ), it is arguable that one is not catholic at all, and to the extent that one \u2019 s religious beliefs and commitments do not shape the sort of president ( wife, husband, supervisor, worker, teacher, person ) one will be, it can perhaps be inferred that one does not truly hold those beliefs or share those commitments at all. this is the conundrum at the heart of a secular civic space inhabited by people of different faiths and different moral schemes : how does one find a space for these different belief systems, including the religious ones, while also honoring the secular nature of the civic space? cuomo, also a roman catholic, was speaking to coreligionists defending the idea that, as governor, he could fulfill the duties of his office and still be faithful to his religious obligations. his analysis of the problem and of its solution was far more nuanced than kennedy \u2019 s. his argument was not that there could be no conflict between religious commitments and the responsibilities of a public - office holder, but that in such a conflict there were both moral and prudential reasons to bracket one \u2019 s faith. recall that kennedy assures his audience that he is not the catholic candidate for the presidency, but the democratic party \u2019 s candidate for president who happens also to be catholic. \u201d that \u201c also happens \u201d as discussed above, is a significant formulation, and points up the significance of the subtitle of cuomo \u2019 s address : \u201c a catholic governor \u2019 s perspective. \u201d cuomo does not happen to be catholic ; it is part of how he identifies himself. certainly the different audiences partly account for the difference in message, but that cannot be the whole explanation, since both men were very much aware that they were addressing a national audience through the media, not just the individuals in the room. cuomo sees the issue as one of loyalty : \u2026 must politics and religion divide our loyalties? does the \u201c separation between church and state \u201d imply separation between religion and politics? between morality and government? and are these different propositions? even more specifically, what is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4969739339742963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.721481"} {"text": "as one of loyalty : \u2026 must politics and religion divide our loyalties? does the \u201c separation between church and state \u201d imply separation between religion and politics? between morality and government? and are these different propositions? even more specifically, what is the relationship of my catholicism to my politics? where does the one end and the other begin? or are they divided at all? and if they \u2019 re not, should they be? to this question, cuomo gives two different answers, one principled, and one prudential. both answers are rooted in the fact of american diversity and the presumption of civil equality for all. the principled answer was that no matter how devout the catholic ( or, by extension, any other religious person ) office holder might be, that person does not represent just catholics ( or any other faith group ), but also \u201c jews and muslims, atheists and protestants. \u201d he reminds us that it is the office holder \u2019 s job \u2014 sworn responsibility \u2014 to \u201c create conditions under which all can live with a maximum of dignity and with a reasonable degree of freedom \u2026 where the laws protect people \u2019 s rights to divorce, to use birth control, and even to choose abortion. \u201d the prudential reason he gives is related : if one religious group is one day in a position to impose its conscience on others, it may find itself on the receiving end on some future day. however, he also recognizes that we cannot completely separate private and public morality, that public policy is inherently a matter of moral decision - making about how we should live together. even in a \u201c radically secular world, \u201d lawmakers face questions of \u201c \u2026 when life begins, under what circumstances it can be ended, when it must be protected, by what authority ; it must decide what protection to extend to the helpless and the dying, to the aged and the unborn, to life in all its phases. \u201d these are moral issues that concern all citizens. romney ( 2007 ) sees a very different way that these moral issues are implicated in policy making. a mormon running for president, romney was also inevitably addressing an audience wider than those physically in attendance. he was speaking to a secular audience at the george h. w. bush presidential library, but was widely regarded as addressing evangelical christians \u2014 a key voting bloc in republican primaries \u2014 assuring them that he considered religious ( by implication, christian ) belief to be central to public life and essential for democratic life, specifically assuring them that jesus christ is his lord and savior. he thus stood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43297000581095946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.723874"} {"text": "a key voting bloc in republican primaries \u2014 assuring them that he considered religious ( by implication, christian ) belief to be central to public life and essential for democratic life, specifically assuring them that jesus christ is his lord and savior. he thus stood kennedy \u2019 s position on its head : the principles that govern his religious life are the proper principles for the public sphere as well. specifically, romney argues that \u201c freedom requires religion just as religion requires freedom \u2026 freedom and religion endure together, or perish alone. \u201d now, the question of faith is a broad one, and romney does try to construe it broadly. he does not want to discuss his church \u2019 s ( or any other official \u2019 s church \u2019 s ) \u201c distinctive doctrines, \u201d but his reason for that claim is itself interesting : if he becomes president, he says, \u201c he will need the prayers of all the people of all faiths. \u201d unlike both kennedy and cuomo, atheists are not included in the scope of who is included within romney \u2019 s areas of concern. further, his claim that freedom requires religion is then followed up with the statement that \u201c \u2026 any person who has knelt in prayer to the almighty, has a friend and ally in me. and so it is for hundreds of millions of our countrymen : we do not insist on a single strain of religion \u2014 rather, we welcome our nation \u2019 s symphony of faith. \u201d the three men were all using the public institution of politics to respond to teachable moments \u2014 that is to shape or reshape or modify the public \u2019 s ideas about the proper relationship between a public official \u2019 s personal beliefs and conscience on the one hand and the discharge of his or her public duties on the other. public schools are not the only institutions of public education in this ( or any other ) country. one of the educational problems we face as a society is how to teach our young to hear each other as fellow citizens, as members of a public constituted by public speech. and how do we learn to do this ourselves? public speech is part of the education of the public, just as it is also part of the formation and creation of the public ( green, 1994 ). the problem we face as a culture is how to have a conversation among a citizenry in which all three of the views about religion and public life are strongly held. between those who believe that ( 1 ) there is no place for religious belief in public discourse, ( 2 ) that the public space should be secular only in the weaker sense", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5385167027976905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.726087"} {"text": "in which all three of the views about religion and public life are strongly held. between those who believe that ( 1 ) there is no place for religious belief in public discourse, ( 2 ) that the public space should be secular only in the weaker sense that it will accommodate all ( or, more minimally, several ) religious points of view equally, and ( 3 ) that the proper form of civil life is what we might call a soft theocracy contend for a victory in the culture war. this war created by the gap between these views is a real threat to democratic life because it calls into doubt the existence of the sort of public that makes democratic life possible. we can see how badly civil discourse can go wrong in the school book controversy that was decided by u. s. court of appeals for the sixth circuit in mozert v. hawkins city board of education ( bates, 1993 ). in rural hawkins county, tennessee, a group of parents organized by vicki frost found the holt, rinehart and winston impressions reading series ( 1978 ), adopted by the school board in 1983, to offend their religious beliefs. their general objection was that the series overall was an expression of secular humanism and, therefore, an offense against their christian beliefs. in addition, frost and her supporters felt the readings in the selected for the series favorably depicted satanism and witchcraft, which they also found objectionable. specific objections included stories showing children being rewarded for lying, telepathy and other occult practices ; religions other than christianity being portrayed positively ; woman \u2019 s liberation ; the legitimacy of non - biblical sources of truth ; and other examples of what the evangelical citizens of hawkins county considerer impious and disrespectful of their religious beliefs. more significantly, they felt that such teachings put the souls of their children at risk and undermined their parental authority. for this reason, frost and others addressed their concerns to the school board, at a meeting of which they were treated with real disrespect. through they did have an opportunity to present their concerns, the teachers, administrators, and school board members did not appear to listen to them very seriously. as the controversy in hawkins county developed and festered, eventually ending in the courts, we can see two distinct questions that are always involved in these sorts of controversies : what is the proper decision? and, do the advocates on various sides of the debate treat each other as interlocutors or as adversaries? especially when fundamental beliefs are involved, as they are in many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5221944108015548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.728286"} {"text": "involved in these sorts of controversies : what is the proper decision? and, do the advocates on various sides of the debate treat each other as interlocutors or as adversaries? especially when fundamental beliefs are involved, as they are in many of the controversies of our time, respect is difficult to come by : the view one rejects often seems so obviously incorrect and unsupportable that those holding it must be deficient either in intelligence or character. this lack of respect appears to have happened in hawkins county : the educators in the community looked down on those who found the reading material offensive and contrary to their literal reading of the bible as the only path to truth, while the fundamentalist evangelicals came to see the school board and the educators of the community as doing the devil \u2019 s work, whether inadvertently or otherwise. what is important to note for our purposes is that there is no such thing as neutrality : whether the reading series was anti - christian or an expression of secular humanism only appears to be a factual dispute. in reality, it depends on what one means by secular humanism, and by how one interprets the significance of the bible. as battle lines were drawn, the two contending sides hardened their positions against the unreasonable other. these kinds of controversies are often portrayed as being between faith and reason. however, this way of seeing things is, i would contend, an example of the problem : it presumes that frost and others motivated by faith were therefore not being reasonable, and why should we engage in reasonable conversation with people who are unreasonable? it is an arrogant and democratically unproductive way to frame the issue. the problem with construing the issue this way, of course, is that the textbook opponents, though certainly motivated by faith, did not feel they were being unreasonable, though their standards of reasonable and their reasons differed from those taken to be relevant by the supporters of the holt series. the resolution, if we can call it that, could only come about in a court action that settled the question in favor of the school board, but divided the town. it seems likely to me that this was the right decision, but the wrong outcome of the dispute. it further seems to me that this is all - too - common today, where many public issues touch those morally significant areas of american political life referenced by cuomo : \u201c when life begins, under what circumstances it can be ended, when it must be protected, by what authority ; it must decide what protection to extend to the helpless and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5173005187751466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.730519"} {"text": "public issues touch those morally significant areas of american political life referenced by cuomo : \u201c when life begins, under what circumstances it can be ended, when it must be protected, by what authority ; it must decide what protection to extend to the helpless and the dying, to the aged and the unborn, to life in all its phases. \u201d we commonly say that we cannot legislate morality ; cuomo suggests, i think rightly, that we legislate little else. to the obvious ones cuomo mentioned, we might add tax policies, social safety net policies, issues of war and peace, and many others that are at root moral issues, though we rarely talk about them in that way. i think there is something terribly important about dewey \u2019 s descriptions of democracy, but we must recognize that it is very optimistic about human nature and civic life. for democracy to work as dewey envisions it requires a great deal from its citizens. we are dreadfully divided over issues of morality and religion, but this has always been true. before the culture wars that started in the 1980 \u2019 s and which are discussed above, there was the civil rights movement and the anti - war movement during the vietnam war ; both of these, though not typically discussed as religious issues were clearly moral ones. before that were the battles over communism and the new deal. before that was the battle over the inequitable distribution of wealth that marked the gilded age, the civil war and reconstruction. before that, the divisions between slave holders and abolitionists. since the time of cuomo \u2019 s speech, the civil rights of members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered community have been added. and that does not mention class - based divisions, like dealing with immigrants, religious minorities, and the labor movement. and so on. in each of these periods there were deep and fundamental divisions in american society ; there is nothing new about the american people waging \u201c culture wars \u201d among themselves. the evidence is that the divisions that operate in democratic politics are often, if not always, fundamental, not trivial, and therefore not easily amenable to compromise. although we teach our history in schools so that we focus on consensus and mention conflict in a sanitized way, if at all, the reality is that democratic life is often a struggle between contending groups who want to see their way of life as instantiated in and protected by law. it is time to consider the role of public schools in creating citizens who can bridge the gap. schools and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43799447866213237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.732050"} {"text": "that democratic life is often a struggle between contending groups who want to see their way of life as instantiated in and protected by law. it is time to consider the role of public schools in creating citizens who can bridge the gap. schools and the public in her defense of public education and discussion of how it can do its public work, deborah meier ( 1995 ) argues that one function of public education in a democratic society is to bring together people with different views of how we should live together ( and, therefore, how we should educate children in preparation for that shared life ). against those who advocate education reform through privatization and narrowly focused charter schools because they will allow like - minded parents to come together to educate their children in the manner and in the content they see fit, meier argues for a renewed commitment to public education on the ground that it brings people together who have different views about how we should educate children, and then requires that they work together to find common ground : in schools that are public, citizens are joined by right, not by privilege \u2026. in schools kids sit down next to their classmates, whoever they are \u2026. if democracy survives \u2026 hostility [ among people with different views ] it \u2019 s because we assume we are members of a common club, stuck with each other. public schools can train us for \u2026 political conversation across divisions of race, class, religion, and ideology. ( p. 7 ) if children are to learn to live democratically they need good role models, first, to learn that such life is possible and, second, to learn how it is done. on the other hand, if the older generation teaches the younger that differences are best handled through separation, with each group pursuing its own version of the proper education for an individually desired social existence ( as argued for by, for example, chubb and moe ), we make it less likely that democratic citizens will be able to negotiate their differences and preserve democratic governance. both children and democracy, in short, deserve schools that teach children, regardless of whatever else is part of the curriculum, to take into account the needs, interests, and concerns of their fellow citizens. disagreement among members of the community, if handled properly, is exactly the sort of democratic education our children need. it is this, if anything, that will inoculate them against the toxicity of talk radio and shout tv. while many schools and educators act as though democratic education must be neutral between competing visions of the good, there are many examples of others, who take the job of public education", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.503304100366688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.775497"} {"text": "that will inoculate them against the toxicity of talk radio and shout tv. while many schools and educators act as though democratic education must be neutral between competing visions of the good, there are many examples of others, who take the job of public education to be the education of the public \u2014 the instrument of its very creation and sustenance ( some examples include paley, 1992 ; meier 1995 ; purpel and mclaurin, 2004 ; and kunzman 2006 ). education for democratic life cannot be neutral : it is committed to developing those virtues necessary for democratic citizenship. in the school and society, dewey ( 1907 / 1980 ) states the challenge of democratic life : \" what the best and wisest parent wants for his own child, that must the community want for all its children. any other ideal for our schools is narrow and unlovely ; acted upon, it destroys our democracy \" ( p. 5 ). we must understand that this is a normative claim about the moral nature of democracy, not a descriptive one of how democracy functions. people will surely continue to give preference to the needs of their own children. dewey \u2019 s point, however, is real : that preference must not be pursued to the point where it disadvantages others \u2019 children. that line is not always clear, which does not mean it is not real. how, then, can we educate children so that they are more likely to become the sort of citizens prepared to meet dewey \u2019 s challenge? to see an example of how schools can so prepare students, consider this story told by deborah meier : i recently had a conversation that gave me a good deal to think about. two students had gotten into one of those stupid quarrels. the origins were silly. but what became clear was that one of the kids was a \u201c victim \u201d \u2014 over and over he was the subject of teasing and other minor cruelties on the part of his classmates. everyone knows about it, including we adults. we worry, feel bad, get angry and end up doing very little good. i asked the student about it and he agreed that the other student was indeed the target of a lot of peer cruelty, and also that the reasons were silly, petty, and unkind. \u201c which side are you on? \u201d i asked. \u201c his side or his tormentors? \u201d we were both startled by my question. he said he wasn \u2019 t really on any side. i didn \u2019 t stop, because i was busy thinking about it myself. so i pushed. if someone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47824235197492837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.779443"} {"text": ". \u201c his side or his tormentors? \u201d we were both startled by my question. he said he wasn \u2019 t really on any side. i didn \u2019 t stop, because i was busy thinking about it myself. so i pushed. if someone is being cruel to someone else, if someone is the victimizer and someone the victim... abused and abuser \u2014 can you really be neutral? \u201d he paused. \u201c no, \u201d he said, \u201c i \u2019 m never with the abusers. \u201d what we realized was that there were two questions here and they were getting mixed up together. ( 1 ) whose side am i on? and ( 2 ) what am i prepared to do about it. ( pp. 85 - 86 ) we can assume that central park east has a rule against bullying, but meier was not discussing any such rule. her focus is on getting the student to ask himself what sort of person he is, and, by implication, what sort of person he thinks he ought to be, and how these compare. meier believes that, in order to be effective in its democratic mission, a school must be small \u2014 no larger than 350 students in an elementary school and no larger than 500 for a secondary school. her argument is that this is not a matter of student - teacher ratio, but of scale. to be a morally formative community, every student and every teacher must know personally every other student and teacher. this is the essence of a community, and it is within community that one is morally formed. the counter to this sort of education is the sort of behavioral control that is all too common in schools, where students are rewarded for desired behaviors and punished for undesired ones. the manipulation of behavior is the opposite of what we mean when we speak of moral formation ( covaleskie, 1992 ). the problem with this approach to shaping children \u2019 s behavior is not that it does not work \u2014 it certainly can shape behavior under certain circumstances. the problem is that it is not morally serious, and it threatens to produce adults who do not take morality seriously ( kohn, 1999 ). further, if dewey is correct about democracy being a system that requires moral citizens, that would be bad news for democratic life. in another example of pedagogy for democratic citizenship, vivian paley ( 1993 ) decided one year that she needed to intervene in a common experience of childhood : exclusion from play. she saw intervention as a way to help form citizens more responsive to the welfare and the concerns of others.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4869363090356822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.782682"} {"text": "for democratic citizenship, vivian paley ( 1993 ) decided one year that she needed to intervene in a common experience of childhood : exclusion from play. she saw intervention as a way to help form citizens more responsive to the welfare and the concerns of others. in response to this concern, she made a new rule in her class that year : \u201c you can \u2019 t say, you can \u2019 t play. \u201d having made this rule, she did not enforce it with a system of rewards and punishments. rather, when it seemed the rule was being broken, she discussed with the class the situation and the feelings of the children involved. the rule was the catalyst for these conversations and was often part of the discussion, but the core of the discussion was to get the students to take, and to take seriously, the perspective of the other members of their classroom community. thus were these children prepared to meet dewey \u2019 s challenge. frequently schools will avoid discussing \u201c things that matter \u201d ( kunzman, 2006 ) because of a mistaken notion that the only way the schools can be neutral on matters of religion and / or morality is by being silent. this misunderstanding is what leads us to what purpel and mclaurin ( 2004 ) call the \u201c moral and spiritual crisis \u201d in education. it is also a failure of democratic education. it is true that schools must be neutral on matters of religion, but that is not at all the same as being silent about matters of religion, and even less the same as being neutral about morality. meier and paley, as well as many other teachers, understand that public school teachers and administrators can discuss things that matter while still respecting the \u201c liberty of conscience \u201d ( nussbaum, 2008 ) of their students. if children do not learn this skill, they are unlikely to have it as adults. and schools must be part of the process. we are all formed and then sustained in moral communities. schools must help the young to understand that social issues are moral at root, and that moral questions must be taken seriously. perhaps more difficult, schools must help children learn to speak to and, more importantly, listen to people with whom they have serious differences of opinion on important and difficult questions about the required forms of decent social life. on the one hand, such civic conversations require being willing and able to find common ground where possible. on the other hand, children must learn because citizens must know how to manage respectful disagreement when common ground cannot be found or does not exist. the sort of moral teaching by conversation that meier and pale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5184718171506627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.785283"} {"text": "willing and able to find common ground where possible. on the other hand, children must learn because citizens must know how to manage respectful disagreement when common ground cannot be found or does not exist. the sort of moral teaching by conversation that meier and paley model shows us how this might be done. schools are especially vital in the formation of citizens today, when much public discourse in the media assumes and argues that those who differ with us are our enemies and must be destroyed. we should not compromise with evil, and yet democratic life is complicated and demanding precisely because it requires not only that we have principles but also that we compromise for the common good. further, democratic life requires that we see our fellow citizens, even those with whom we seriously disagree, as fellow citizens. the current political culture makes it more difficult than it needs to be to accomplish all this, which makes it all the more necessary for schools to do the work of shaping the private conscience of children so they will become citizens of a democratic public. our children and our democracy demand it and deserve no less. bates, s. ( 1993 ). battleground : one mother \u2019 s crusade, the religious right, and the struggle for control of our classrooms. new york, ny : poseidon press. barber, b. r. ( 1998 ). passion for democracy. princeton, nj : princeton university press. callan, e. ( 1989 ). godless moral education and liberal tolerance. journal of philosophy of education, 23 ( 2 ), 267 - 281. chubb, j. and moe, t. ( 1990 ). politics, markets, and america \u2019 s schools. washington, dc : brookings institution press. cuomo, m. ( sep 13, 1984 ). religious belief and public morality : a catholic governor \u2019 s perspective : remarks delivered at the university of notre dame, http : / / pewforum. org / docs / index. php? docid = 14. covaleskie, j. f. ( 1992 ). discipline and morality : beyond rules and consequences. the educational forum, 56 ( 2 ), 173 - 183. dawkins, r. ( 2006 ). the god delusion. new york, ny : houghton mifflin. dewey, j. ( 1934 ). a common faith. new haven, ct : yale university press. dewey, j. ( 1907 / 1980 ). the school and society. carbondale, il : southern illinois university press. everson v. board of education of ewing township.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4851602587643752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.788442"} {"text": ". a common faith. new haven, ct : yale university press. dewey, j. ( 1907 / 1980 ). the school and society. carbondale, il : southern illinois university press. everson v. board of education of ewing township. 330 u. s. 1 ( 1947 ). green, t. f. ( 1994 ). public speech, teachers college press, 95 ( 3 ), 369 - 388. holt, rinehart and winston ( 1978 ). impressions reading series. new york, ny : holt, rinehart and winston / harcourt. kennedy, j. f. ( sep 12, 1960 ). address to the greater houston ministerial association : http : / / www. beliefnet. com / story / 40 / story _ 4080. html. kohn, a. ( 1999 ). punished by rewards : the trouble with gold stars, incentive plans, a \u2019 s, praise, and other bribes. new york, ny : houghton - mifflin. kunzman, r. ( 2006 ). grappling with the good : talking about religion and morality in public schools. albany, ny : state university of new york press. martin, j. r. ( 2002 ). cultural miseducation : in search of a democratic solution. new york, ny : teachers college press. meier, d. ( 1995 ). the power of their ideas : lessons for america from a small school in harlem. boston, ma : beacon press. nussbaum, m. ( 2008 ). liberty of conscience : in defense of america \u2019 s tradition of religious equality. new york, ny : basic books. mozert v. hawkins city board of education. 827 f. 2d 1058 ( 1987 ). paley, v. g. ( 1993 ). you can \u2019 t say, you can \u2019 t play. cambridge, ma : harvard university press. powell, l. ( aug. 23, 1971 ). attack of the american free enterprise system : confidential memo : http : / / www. reclaimdemocracy. org / corporate _ accountability / powell _ memo _ lewis. html. romney, m. ( dec. 6, 2007 ). faith in america : remarks delivered at the george h. w. bush presidential library : http : / / www. thebostonchannel. compolitics / 14789305 / details. html. purpel, d. e & mclaurin, w. m. ( 2004", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5087663743480608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.791057"} {"text": "w. bush presidential library : http : / / www. thebostonchannel. compolitics / 14789305 / details. html. purpel, d. e & mclaurin, w. m. ( 2004 ). reflections on the moral and spiritual crisis in education. new york, ny : peter lang. reynolds v. united states. 98 u. s. 145 ( 1898 ). tanenhaus, s. ( mar 20, 2010 ). in curriculum fight, identity politics leans right. the new york times online : the word \u201c public \u201d in \u201c public education \u201d has a multiplicity of meanings, all at the same time : education by the public, funded by the public, in pursuit of public purposes, and with the goal of mentoring the young into public membership, to name but the most obvious. though there were others in prior times, as mentioned above. there are many who might object to the equivalence suggested by use of fundamentalist to describe secularism, but my point is exactly that fundamentalisms involve certainty and implacability. that sort of certainty makes compromise seem like either treachery or stupidity. this is a tendency to which secularists are no less susceptible to this mindset than anyone else. see, for example, dawkins ( 2006 ) or any edition of bill maher \u2019 s politically incorrect. ironically, the baptist ministers of that time wanted the separation. the jefferson letter had been used in one previous supreme court decision, reynolds v. united states, but in that case it was used in a way that did not create a new line of constitutional reasoning : the court ruled that religious beliefs could not be used to avoid compliance with laws prohibiting bigamy. unique because of the first amendment. other civil societies have to also figure out the proper relation between religion and politics, church and state, but their argument is about what would constitute the best civil solution. because our debate is framed and constrained by the first amendment, we tend to parse that text to divine what is required and what is forbidden rather than what is better or worse. we thus argue legalisms and fine points of constitutional law, not the best way to live together with our differences. eamonn callan ( 1989, p. 273 ) points out that religion, taken seriously, shapes a world view and partly constitutes an identity ; it is not something added to one \u2019 s life \u201c like a new interest in stamp collecting. \u201d note that dignity is to be maximized, but freedom is to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5351274164349635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.792477"} {"text": "firstly, what is whiplash? whiplash occurs in some sort of accident, usually a road traffic accident, that forces the neck into a violent flexion movement and then into a violent extension movement. the force of this motion is too quick for the body to react. this means that the muscles, ligaments, and joints stretch further than their normal range of motion causing injury. this typically occurs when a car is rear ended. does it occur with everybody? whiplash doesn \u2019 t occur in all cases. when people do suffer with whiplash associated disorders it occurs in differing degrees : grade 0 : no neck pain, stiffness, or any physical signs are noticed. grade 1 : neck complaints of pain, stiffness or tenderness only but no physical signs are noted by the examining physician. grade 2 : neck complaints and the examining physician finds decreased range of motion and point tenderness in the neck. grade 3 : neck complaints plus neurological signs such as decreased deep tendon reflexes, weakness and sensory deficits. grade 4 : neck complaints and fracture or dislocation, or injury to the spinal cord. as you can see, whiplash can be a very nasty injury. it is very rare to see grade 3 and 4 whiplash injuries but they do happen. why are there so many claims for whiplash? most people that are in a car accident suffer with grade 1 whiplash associated disorder. although it is still considered whiplash it usually resolves within 7 days. the issue lies with the diagnosis of whiplash itself. it is important to identify what grade of whiplash the person is suffering with in order to determine how it has affected their quality of life. the issue is that at present a neck problem after a car accident is simply diagnosed as \u2018 whiplash \u2019, which means large pay outs to people with lesser problems and smaller pay outs to those with bigger problems. the claim itself should be determined on how much damage is done ( what grade ). rather than the government saying that people should stop claiming for whiplash, they should try to push for a more accurate diagnosis from the practitioner whether they are a gp, chiropractor, osteopath or physiotherapist. also, re - examinations may be necessary to see how long the whiplash has taken to clear up and how long that person has had to take off work. if people then follow the classification and assess the loss of quality of life, the insurance companies can make a more informed decision on how to deal with the claim.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45004170153537826, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.799038"} {"text": "innovations inspire high school girls to become next generation of female innovators, change the world through stem ( bpt ) - when the high school class of 2014 graduates from college in five years, more than 8 million jobs will be available in the fields of science, technology, engineering and math ( stem ). for students today, stem is their future. innovations driven by stem are shaping today \u2019 s economy. though stem accounts for a majority of job growth in the u. s., the number of students enrolling in relevant degree programs in college to fill these positions continues to decline, leaving a gap of skilled professionals. women, in particular, are underrepresented in stem. while women account for nearly half of all filled jobs nationwide, only a quarter of stem - related positions are held by women. even with the known gap, many women are pioneering the industry, showing young girls they too can be successful in stem. they are leading the charge in bettering the world by developing innovations and technologies such as global, online crowd - sourcing platforms that allow supporters to give funds from mobile devices. others are advancing alternative energy products that deliver electricity, water and other basic resources in developing countries. to help bridge the gap and ready the next generation of women innovators, many organizations support initiatives to introduce students, specifically young girls, to the importance of stem. devry university, for instance, has its annual herworld program. \u201c herworld was created 16 years ago to educate high school girls about stem and careers in stem, \u201d says donna loraine, provost / vice president of academic affairs at devry university. \u201c our goal is to show girls how they can make a difference in the world through these fields. \u201d a recent study by the girl scout research institute found that more than 80 percent of high school girls surveyed expressed interest in considering a career in a stem field, including engineering, information technology and software development. this is a positive outlook, as positions in stem are becoming available more rapidly than opportunities in any other field. herworld empowers young women to succeed alongside their male counterparts by participating in confidence - building activities and hands - on workshops. they also hear inspirational stories from real, female role models working in stem fields. this year, nearly 7, 000 girls from high schools across the country will attend local events during national herworld month in march. emmy - award nominated actress mayim bialik, renowned for her roles on television series blossom and the big bang theory, is partnering with devry university to further the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5339412453918599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.807322"} {"text": "question : \" at the grocery store my toddler pointed at someone and said \" she ' s fat! \" loud enough for that person to hear. is there any way to teach my child not to be rude and say such embarrassing things in public? \" what ' s the best way to handle your tactless toddler? until you teach him tact, he has no idea what \u2019 s appropriate conversation and what \u2019 s not. so don \u2019 t ignore the incident or cover up for your toddler ( for example, by exclaiming loudly, \u201c no, silly, that lady doesn ' t have a cat \u201d ). and don ' t scold your child for his honesty, call him rude, or discourage him from speaking his mind, either. instead, take advantage of this teachable moment as you stroll down the next aisle. first, explain to your toddler that, yes, people come in different sizes and shapes, but it \u2019 s not nice to point out their differences. then explain that words are powerful : they can communicate information ( \u201c i ' m hungry \u201d ) and can make people happy ( \u201c you \u2019 re the best little guy in the whole universe! \u201d ), but they can also hurt people \u2019 s feelings or make them sad. tell your child that using kind and respectful words is a way of showing good manners that ' s just as important as saying \u201c please \u201d and \u201c thank you. \u201d ( remember that kids learn by example, so try to use the same respectful tone of voice and words you ' d like to see him use ). and be patient ; your toddler won ' t transform into a diminutive diplomat overnight, but with time and gentle guidance, he \u2019 ll learn how to think before he speaks ( at least most of the time ). here \u2019 s to less - embarrassing shopping trips in the future!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42119660239744683, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.812394"} {"text": "the tricuspid valve separates the right ventricle ( lower heart chamber ) from the right atrium ( upper heart chamber. the two common types of tricuspid valve diseases are tricuspid insufficiency / tricuspid regurgitation and tricuspid stenosis. tricuspid insufficiency / tricuspid regurgitation is a disorder involving backward flow of blood across the tricuspid valve, which separates the right ventricle ( lower heart chamber ) from the right atrium ( upper heart chamber ). this occurs during contraction of the right ventricle and is caused by damage to the tricuspid heart valve or enlargement of the right ventricle. the most common cause of tricuspid regurgitation is not damage to the valve itself, but enlargement of the right ventricle, which may be a complication of any disorder that causes failure of the right ventricle. rheumatic fever, diet medications such as \" phen - fen \" ( phentermine and fenfluramine ) or dexfenfluramine, and a congenital heart disease ( ebstein anomaly ) are also risk factors for tricuspid regurgitation. rarely, tricuspid regurgitation is caused by an unusual tumor called carcinoid which secretes a hormone which damages the valve. other infrequent causes of tricuspid regurgitation include endocarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, radiation therapy, marfan syndrome, and injury. in the absence of high blood pressure in the lungs ( pulmonary hypertension ), tricuspid regurgitation is usually asymptomatic. if pulmonary hypertension and moderate - to - severe tricuspid regurgitation coexist, symptoms may include : steps to prevent or to reduce the risk of tricuspid regurgitation include :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4766363973134985, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.815139"} {"text": "early child development - early childhood is the most important phase for overall development throughout the lifespan. - brain and biological development during the first years of life is highly influenced by an infant \u2019 s environment. - early experiences determine health, education and economic participation for the rest of life. - every year, more than 200 million children under five years old fail to reach their full cognitive and social potential. - there are simple and effective ways for families and caregivers to ensure optimal child development. during early childhood ( from the prenatal period to eight years of age ), children undergo rapid growth that is highly influenced by their environment. many challenges faced by adults, such as mental health issues, obesity, heart disease, criminality, and poor literacy and numeracy, can be traced back to early childhood. every year, more than 200 million children under five years old fail to reach their full cognitive and social potential. most of these children live in south asia and sub - saharan africa. as a result of poor development, many children are likely to under - achieve in school and subsequently to have low incomes as adults. as adults, they are also likely to have children at a very early age, and provide poor health care, nutrition and stimulation to their children, thus contributing to the intergenerational transmission of poverty and poor development. despite the overwhelming evidence, the health sector has been slow to promote early child development and to support families with appropriate information and skills. early brain development early childhood is the most intensive period of brain development during the lifespan. adequate stimulation and nutrition are essential for development during the first three years of life. it is during these years that a child ' s brain is most sensitive to the influences of the external environment. rapid brain development affects cognitive, social and emotional growth. such development helps to ensure that each child reaches his or her potential and is a productive part of a rapidly changing, global society. the more stimulating the early environment, the more a child develops and learns. language and cognitive development are especially important during the first six months to three years of life. when children spend their early years in a less stimulating, or less emotionally and physically supportive environment, brain development is affected and leads to cognitive, social and behavioural delays. later in life, these children will have difficulty dealing with complex situations and environments. high levels of adversity and stress during early childhood can increase the risk of stress - related disease and learning problems well into the adult years. many factors can disrupt early child development. four risk factors affect at least", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4977919314423195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.820084"} {"text": "dealing with complex situations and environments. high levels of adversity and stress during early childhood can increase the risk of stress - related disease and learning problems well into the adult years. many factors can disrupt early child development. four risk factors affect at least 20 \u2013 25 % of infants and young children in developing countries : - malnutrition that is chronic and severe enough to cause growth stunting - inadequate stimulation or learning opportunities - iodine deficiency - iron deficiency anaemia. other important risk factors are malaria, intrauterine growth restriction, maternal depression, exposure to violence, and exposure to heavy metals. developing an early emotional connection to a caregiver is also critical for an infant \u2019 s well - being. absence of attachment to a consistent caregiver \u2013 such as occurs in a poorly run orphanage \u2013 can have significant negative effects on brain development and cognitive functioning. to reach their potential, young children need to spend time in a caring, responsive environment that protects them from neglect and inappropriate disapproval and punishment. parents and families are the key to early child development, but need support to provide the right environment. children benefit when national governments adopt \u201c family friendly \u201d social protection policies that guarantee adequate family income, maternity benefits, financial support, and allow for parents and caregivers to devote time and attention to young children. globally, societies that invest in children and families in the early years \u2013 whether rich or poor \u2013 have the most literate and numerate populations. these are also the societies that have the best health status and lowest levels of health inequality in the world. early child development ( ecd ) interventions provide direct learning experiences to children and families. they are : - targeted to young and disadvantaged children - high quality and long lasting - integrated with family support, health, nutrition, or education systems and services. the health care system and health providers have pivotal roles to play, as they are often the points of early contact with a child and can serve as gateways to other early childhood services. health care providers are trusted sources of information for families and can give critical guidance about : - how to communicate with infants and children - ways to stimulate children for better growth - how to handle such common developmental problems as sleep, feeding and discipline - ways to reduce common childhood injuries. investing in young children is an essential component for the development of a national economy. early opportunities for learning in combination with improved nutrition, increases the likelihood that a child will attend school and become an adult with higher income, better health, lower crime rates, and lower levels of welfare dependence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4801860350122065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.821122"} {"text": "location : prince william sound, alaska material spilled : north slope crude oil amount spilled : 10. 8 million gallons spill extent : 1, 300 miles of coastline many factors complicated the cleanup efforts following the spill. the size of the spill and its remote location, accessible only by helicopter and boat, made government and industry efforts difficult and tested existing plans for dealing with such an event. officials employed a variety of countermeasures to control the slick, including burns and dispersants, as well as high - pressure washing on areas of oiled shoreline. today, most signs of the spill are gone from sight, but research into the long - term biological impacts of the oil has shown that many organisms in prince william sound continue to show effects. publicationsjewett, sc and jj stegeman, et al., \u201c exposure to hydrocarbons 10 years after the exxon valdez oil spill : evidence from cytochrome p4501a expression and biliary facs in nearshore demersal fishes, \u201d marine environmental research 54 ( 2002 ) : 21 - 48 trust, ka and stegeman, et al., \u201c cytochrome p450 1a induction in sea ducks inhabiting nearshore areas of prince william sound, alaska, \u201d marine pollution bulletin 40 ( 2000 ) : 397 - 403. marty, gd and jj stegeman, et al., \u201c ascites, premature emergence, increased gonadal cell apoptosis, and cytochrome p4501a induction in pink salmon larvae continuously exposed to oil - contaminated gravel during development, \u201d canadian journal of zoology - revue canadienne de zoologie 75 ( 1997 ) : 989 - 1007. woodin, br ; rm smolowitz, and jj stegeman, \u201c induction of cytochrome p4501a in the intertidal fish anoplarchus purpurescens by prudhoe bay crude oil and environmental induction in fish from prince william sound, \u201d environmental science & technology 31 ( 1997 ) : 1198 - 1205. opinionlet ' s not forget exxon valdez march 24, 2009 editorial by whoi researcher christopher reddy \u00bb visit website testimonies & briefings oversight hearing on \u201c ocean science and data limits in a time of crisis : do noaa and the fish and wildlife service ( fws ) have the resources to respond? \" christopher m. reddy, ph. d., associate scientist, marine chemistry & geochemistry, woods hole oceanographic institution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42914293994453656, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.824494"} {"text": "fossil range : early paleocene - recent | ammospermophilus leucurus | forty percent of mammal species are rodents, and they are found in vast numbers on all continents other than antarctica. common rodents include mice, rats, squirrels, chipmunks, gophers, porcupines, beavers, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, chinchillas and degus. rodents have sharp incisors that they use to gnaw wood, break into food, and bite predators. most eat seeds or plants, though some have more varied diets. some species have historically been pests, eating human seed stores and spreading disease. size and range of order in terms of number of species \u2014 although not necessarily in terms of number of organisms ( population ) or biomass \u2014 rodents make up the largest order of mammals. there are about 2, 277 species of rodents ( wilson and reeder, 2005 ), with over 40 percent of mammalian species belonging to the order. their success is probably due to their small size, short breeding cycle, and ability to gnaw and eat a wide variety of foods. ( lambert, 2000 ) rodents are found in vast numbers on all continents except antarctica, most islands, and in all habitats except oceans. they are the only placental order, other than bats ( chiroptera ) and pinnipeds, to reach australia without human introduction. many rodents are small ; the tiny african pygmy mouse is only 6 cm in length and 7 grams in weight. on the other hand, the capybara can weigh up to 65 ( expression error : missing operand for * ), and the largest known rodent, the extinct josephoartigasia monesi, is estimated to weigh about 1, 000 ( expression error : missing operand for * ), and possibly up to 1, 534 ( expression error : missing operand for * ) or 2, 586 ( expression error : missing operand for * ). rodents have two incisors in the upper as well as in the lower jaw which grow continuously and must be kept worn down by gnawing ; this is the origin of the name, from the latin rodere, to gnaw, and dens, dentis, tooth. these teeth are used for cutting wood, biting through the skin of fruit, or for defense. the teeth have enamel on the outside and exposed dentine on the inside, so they self - sharpen during gnawing. rodents lack canine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43527378556761875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.844529"} {"text": "tooth. these teeth are used for cutting wood, biting through the skin of fruit, or for defense. the teeth have enamel on the outside and exposed dentine on the inside, so they self - sharpen during gnawing. rodents lack canines, and have a space between their incisors and premolars. nearly all rodents feed on plants, seeds in particular, but there are a few exceptions which eat insects or fish. some squirrels are known to eat passerine birds like cardinals and blue jays. rodents are important in many ecosystems because they reproduce rapidly, and can function as food sources for predators, mechanisms for seed dispersal, and as disease vectors. humans use rodents as a source of fur, as pets, as model organisms in animal testing, for food, and even in detecting landmines. members of non - rodent orders such as chiroptera ( bats ), scandentia ( treeshrews ), insectivora ( moles, shrews and hedgehogs ), lagomorpha ( hares, rabbits and pikas ) and mustelid carnivores such as weasels and mink are sometimes confused with rodents. the fossil record of rodent - like mammals begins shortly after the extinction of the non - avian dinosaurs 65 million years ago, as early as the paleocene. some molecular clock data, however, suggests that modern rodents ( members of the order rodentia ) already appeared in the late cretaceous, although other molecular divergence estimations are in agreement with the fossil record. by the end of the eocene epoch, relatives of beavers, dormouse, squirrels, and other groups appeared in the fossil record. they originated in laurasia, the formerly joined continents of north america, europe, and asia. some species colonized africa, giving rise to the earliest hystricognaths. there is, however, a minority belief in the scientific community that evidence from mitochondrial dna indicates that the hystricognathi may belong to a different evolutionary offshoot and therefore a different order. from there hystricognaths rafted to south america, an isolated continent during the oligocene and miocene epochs. by the miocene, africa collided with asia, allowing rodents such as the porcupine to spread into eurasia. during the pliocene, rodent fossils appeared in australia. even though marsupials are the prominent mammals in australia, rodents make up almost 25 % of the mammals on the continent. meanwhile, the americas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4599672911799905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.846764"} {"text": "abrocomidae : chinchilla rats - family capromyidae : hutias - family caviidae : cavies, including guinea pigs and the capybara - family chinchillidae : chinchillas and viscachas - family ctenomyidae : tuco - tucos - family dasyproctidae : agoutis - family dinomyidae : pacaranas - family echimyidae : spiny rats - family erethizontidae : new world porcupines - family myocastoridae : nutria - family octodontidae : octodonts - suborder myomorpha - superfamily dipodoidea - family dipodidae : jerboas and jumping mice - superfamily muroidea - family calomyscidae : mouse - like hamsters - family cricetidae : hamsters, new world rats and mice, voles - family muridae : true mice and rats, gerbils, spiny mice, crested rat - family nesomyidae : climbing mice, rock mice, white - tailed rat, malagasy rats and mice - family platacanthomyidae : spiny dormice - family spalacidae : mole rats, bamboo rats, and zokors - superfamily dipodoidea - suborder sciuromorpha the above taxonomy uses the shape of the lower jaw ( sciurognath or hystricognath ) as the primary character. this is the most commonly used approach for dividing the order into suborders. many older references emphasize the zygomasseteric system ( suborders protrogomorpha, sciuromorpha, hystricomorpha, and myomorpha ). several molecular phylogenetic studies have used gene sequences to determine the relationships among rodents, but these studies are yet to produce a single consistent and well - supported taxonomy. some clades have been consistently produced such as : - ctenohystrica contains : monophyly or polyphyly? in 1991, a paper submitted to nature proposed that caviomorphs should be reclassified as a separate order ( similar to lagomorpha ), based on an analysis of the amino acid sequences of guinea pigs. this hypothesis was refined in a 1992 paper, which asserted the possibility that caviomorphs may have diverged from myomorphs prior to later divergences of myomorpha ; this would mean caviomorphs, or possibly h", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4657778929071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.848932"} {"text": "was refined in a 1992 paper, which asserted the possibility that caviomorphs may have diverged from myomorphs prior to later divergences of myomorpha ; this would mean caviomorphs, or possibly hystricomorphs, would be moved out of the rodent classification into a separate order. a minority scientific opinion briefly emerged arguing that guinea pigs, degus, and other caviomorphs are not rodents, while several papers were put forward in support of rodent monophyly. subsequent studies published since 2002, using wider taxon and gene samples, have restored consensus among mammalian biologists that the order rodentia is monophyletic. - adkins, r. m. e. l. gelke, d. rowe, and r. l. honeycutt. 2001. molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups : evidence from multiple genes. molecular biology and evolution, 18 : 777 - 791. - carleton, m. d. and g. g. musser. 2005. order rodentia. pp 745 - 752 in mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference. johns hopkins university press, baltimore. - david lambert and the diagram group. the field guide to prehistoric life. new york : facts on file publications, 1985. isbn 0 - 8160 - 1125 - 7 - jahn, g. c. 1998. \u201c when birds sing at midnight \u201d war against rats newsletter 6 : 10 - 11. - leung lkp, peter g. cox, gary c. jahn and robert nugent. 2002. evaluating rodent management with cambodian rice farmers. cambodian journal of agriculture vol. 5, pp. 21 - 26. - mckenna, malcolm c., and bell, susan k. 1997. classification of mammals above the species level. columbia university press, new york, 631 pp. isbn 0 - 231 - 11013 - 8 - nowak, r. m. 1999. walker ' s mammals of the world, vol. 2. johns hopkins university press, london. - steppan, s. j., r. a. adkins, and j. anderson. 2004. phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. systematic biology, 53 : 533 - 553. - university of california museum of paleontology ( ucmp ). 2007 \" rodentia \". -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5034681917276721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.850145"} {"text": ". s., k. lefkimmiatis, a. reyes, c. gissi, c. saccone, and g. pesole ( 2007 ). \" phylogenetic analyses of complete mitochondrial genome sequences suggest a basal divergence of the enigmatic rodent anomalurus \". bmc evolutionary biology 7 : 16. doi : 10. 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 7 - 16. - \u2191 graur, d., hide, w. and li, w. ( 1991 ) ' is the guinea - pig a rodent? ' nature, 351 : 649 - 652. - \u2191 li, w., hide, w., zharkikh, a., ma, d. and graur, d. ( 1992 ) ' the molecular taxonomy and evolution of the guinea pig. ' journal of heredity, 83 ( 3 ) : 174 - 81. - \u2191 d ' erchia, a., gissi, c., pesole, g., saccone, c. and arnason, u. ( 1996 ) ' the guinea - pig is not a rodent. ' nature, 381 ( 6583 ) : 597 - 600. - \u2191 reyes, a., pesole, g. and saccone, c. ( 2000 ) ' long - branch attraction phenomenon and the impact of among - site rate variation on rodent phylogeny. ' gene, 259 ( 1 - 2 ) : 177 - 87. - \u2191 cao, y., adachi, j., yano, t. and hasegawa, m. ( 1994 ) ' phylogenetic place of guinea pigs : no support of the rodent - polyphyly hypothesis from maximum - likelihood analyses of multiple protein sequences. ' molecular biology and evolution, 11 : 593 - 604. - \u2191 kuma, k. and miyata, t. ( 1994 ) ' mammalian phylogeny inferred from multiple protein data. ' japanese journal of genetics, 69 ( 5 ) : 555 - 66. - \u2191 robinson - rechavi, m., ponger, l. and mouchiroud, d. ( 2000 ) ' nuclear gene lcat supports rodent monophyly. ' molecular biology and evolution, 17 : 1410 - 1412. - \u2191 lin, y - h, et al. \" four new mitochondrial genomes and the increased stability of evolutionary trees of mammals from improved taxon sampling. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5020958365172427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.857122"} {"text": "monophyly. ' molecular biology and evolution, 17 : 1410 - 1412. - \u2191 lin, y - h, et al. \" four new mitochondrial genomes and the increased stability of evolutionary trees of mammals from improved taxon sampling. \" molecular biology and evolution 19 ( 2002 ) : 2060 - 2070. - \u2191 carleton, michael d., and musser, guy g. \" order rodentia \". mammal species of the world, 3rd edition, 2005, vol. 2, p. 745. ( concise overview of the literature ) extant mammal orders by infraclass eutheria : afrosoricida \u00b7 macroscelidea \u00b7 tubulidentata \u00b7 hyracoidea \u00b7 proboscidea \u00b7 sirenia \u00b7 cingulata \u00b7 pilosa \u00b7 scandentia \u00b7 dermoptera \u00b7 primates \u00b7 rodentia \u00b7 lagomorpha \u00b7 erinaceomorpha \u00b7 soricomorpha \u00b7 chiroptera \u00b7 pholidota \u00b7 carnivora \u00b7 perissodactyla \u00b7 artiodactyla \u00b7 cetacea < span id = \" interwiki - de - fa \" / > ar : \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0636 bar : fieslfiecha bg : \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0447\u0438 ca : rosegador cs : hlodavci da : gnavere de : nagetiere el : \u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1eo : ronguloj eu : karraskari fa : \u062c\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 fo : gnagdyrgl : roedor ko : \u1109\u1165\u11af\u110e\u1175\u1105\u1172 hi : \u0917\u093f\u0932\u0939\u0930\u0940 hsb : hrymzaki hr : glodavci io : rodero id : hewan pengerat is : nagdyr it : rodentia he : \u05de\u05db\u05e8\u05e1\u05de\u05d9\u05dd ka : la : rodentia lv : grauzeji lb : knabberdeieren lt : grauzikai lij : rodentia li : knaagdiere hu : ragcsalok mk : \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438 nl : knaagdierenno : gnagere nn : gnagarar nrm : grugeux nov : rodentia oc : rodentia nds : gnaagdeerterqu : khankiqsimple : rodent sk : hlodavce sl : glodavci sr :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4892183974003242, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.858428"} {"text": "a recent study finds that spanish women who drink wine or other alcoholic beverages in moderation experience depression in much smaller numbers than women who don ' t drink alcohol. men who drank and women who drank more than one or two beverages a day did not enjoy a noticeable benefit. the study, conducted mainly by researchers at the university of navarra ' s department of preventive medicine and public health and published in bmc public health, followed up with 13, 619 university graduates, both men and women, typically 38 years old, who had been originally recruited for a larger study conducted from 1999 to 2008. when the study began, all the participants were free of depression. for women, moderate alcohol intake, equal to one or two glasses of wine per day, was associated with a 38 percent lower risk of depression. but the positive results were only recorded for women. the type of alcoholic beverage consumed did not appear to make a difference. the university of leicester, in england, recently hosted an entire medical conference devoted to research on the chemical compound resveratrol, which is found in grape skins and red wine. scientists presented 65 lectures about the compound and related research. some highlights : researchers claim resveratrol could potentially halve the rate of bowel cancer, and may also help prevent heart disease and diabetes. \" at the university of leicester, we want to see how resveratrol might work to prevent cancer in humans, \" said conference organizer karen brown, ph. d. \" having shown in our lab experiments that it can reduce tumor development, we are now concentrating on identifying the mechanisms of how resveratrol works in human cells. \" one recent study not presented at the leicester conference has found that resveratrol may improve the ability of radiation to kill prostate cancer cells. when the researchers exposed cancer cells to the red wine chemical prior to radiation treatment, the radiation was far more effective in killing off the cells. according to the study, published recently in the journal cancer science, the authors began the study because they feel medicine lacks safe and effective non - surgical prostate cancer treatments. \" in theory, either resveratrol can be given with a full dose of radiation to enhance tumor killing or with a lower dose of radiation to limit radiation side effects, \" said co - author michael nicholl, m. d., a university of missouri assistant professor and a practicing oncologist at ellis fischel cancer center. while the research is encouraging, the results may not be exclusive to red wine chemicals. \" other natural compounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4695169736830556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.864853"} {"text": "learn something new every day more info... by email thermal epoxy is any adhesive epoxy that has one or more substances added to it to enhance thermal, or heat, transfer. these epoxies can be electrically conductive or not conductive, depending on the thermal additive used. silver and other metal - based thermal additives are usually electrically conductive, and thermal epoxies that contain these additives must be applied very carefully so as not to cause electrical shorts. ceramic - based additives are not electrically conductive but are also not as efficient at thermal conduction. manufacturers make thermal epoxies that are designed to work as high - performance engineering adhesives and structural adhesives in a wide range of applications and environments. these include aircraft, boats, marine equipment, cars, surfboards, snowboards, and bicycles, among others. there are thermal formulations for almost every application imaginable, including those that cure while under water, those that remain very flexible or get quite rigid when cured, those resistant to fire or high heat, and even those certified by the u. s. national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa ) for low outgassing. heat can damage or destroy electrical components, and today \u2019 s high - speed computer components produce a large amount of heat that must be removed. devices called heat sinks are used to pull heat away from an object and dissipate the heat to the air, sometimes with the help of a cooling fan. heat sinks are made from metal alloys designed to have excellent thermal conduction properties, and they have specially designed fins to help conduct and remove the heat. they are almost always mounted to a surface using a special adhesive thermal epoxy. when used in computer applications, a thermal epoxy can help fill microscopic voids that occur in the surfaces of heat sinks and other devices. these voids occur in the manufacturing process. when two objects are mounted together, for instance a chip and a heat sink, the voids fill with air. air is a very poor thermal conductor, so a substance is introduced to fill the voids and help conduct the heat to the heat sink for removal. the substance used can be thermal grease, thermal tape, thermal pads or, if the device needs to be secured to the mounting surface, thermal epoxy. when applying thermal epoxy it is very important to use the least possible amount required to fill any voids and make the bond. if a too - thick coat of epoxy is applied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.545431753455462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.869950"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - a country of central and northwest north america with coastlines on the atlantic and pacific oceans. it includes the noncontiguous states of alaska and hawaii and various island territories in the caribbean sea and pacific ocean. the area now occupied by the contiguous 48 states was originally inhabited by numerous native american peoples and was colonized beginning in the 16th century by spain, france, the netherlands, and england. great britain eventually controlled most of the atlantic coast and, after the french and indian wars ( 1754 - 1763 ), the northwest territory and canada. the original thirteen colonies declared their independence from great britain in 1776 and formed a government under the articles of confederation in 1781, adopting ( 1787 ) a new constitution that went into effect after 1789. the nation soon began to expand westward. growing tensions over the issue of black slavery divided the country along geographic lines, sparking the secession of the south and the civil war ( 1861 - 1865 ). the remainder of the 19th century was marked by increased westward expansion, industrialization, and the influx of millions of immigrants. the united states entered world war ii after the japanese attack ( 1941 ) on pearl harbor and emerged after the war as a world power. washington, d. c., is the capital and new york the largest city. population : 302, 000, 000. - n. singular shortened form of united states of america - n. plural the collection of individual states of the united states of america. - n. military includes the land area, internal waters, territorial sea, and airspace of the united states, including the following : - n. federal nation consisting of several states, actual, historical or hypothetical. - n. the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the united states - n. north american republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in north america plus alaska in northwest north america and the hawaiian islands in the pacific ocean ; achieved independence in 1776 \u201c the most serious of these, the family of polio enteroviruses, have been eradicated in the united states as a result of aggressive vaccine campaigns. \u201d \u201c lobbied for an appointment in the united states land office. \u201d \u201c elsewhere in the united states and around the world : kilburn kh, warshow rh. \u201d \u201c when viewed in september 2004 on the atsdr website, the public health statement on pbdes stated : recent studies have shown that levels of lower brominated pbdes in the general population of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5369049504115838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.877745"} {"text": "##h, warshow rh. \u201d \u201c when viewed in september 2004 on the atsdr website, the public health statement on pbdes stated : recent studies have shown that levels of lower brominated pbdes in the general population of the united states continue to rise. \u201d \u201c in anniston, alabama, investigators funded by the agency for toxic substances and disease registry are conducting studies to determine whether high rates of autoimmune disease in the area are linked to an industrial manufacturing site where most of the pcbs in the united states were once manufactured and dumped. \u201d \u201c as of the writing of this book, the case was pending appeal on the docket of the united states supreme court. 7 \u201d \u201c cooper is also coeditor of a collection of original stories entitled a fictional history of the united states with huge chunks missing. \u201d \u201c even worse, some people were talking about matloubi, who had come to the united states with a reputation for being a fearless player with a superaggressive style, as the new stuey ungar. \u201d \u201c it is simply not true that research supports the pentagon ' s claim that middle eastern dust is similar to that in the united states or that it poses no health risks, says hopke, a clarkson university scientist who conducted the national research council study. \u201d \u201c she was impatient to meet with sam watson, who had begged her to come back to the united states two days early. \u201d \u2018 united states \u2019 hasn ' t been added to any lists yet. looking for tweets for united states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4748563290163319, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.878337"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. one given to or skilled at conversation. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. a talker ; especially, an agreeable and interesting talker ; a converser ; one who excels in conversation. - n. a person who participates in a conversation. - n. a person skilled in conversation, especially one who is not expert on the topic of conversation. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. a conversationist. - n. someone skilled at conversation \u201c what you want in a conversationalist is as much character as authority. \u201d \u201c and we saw shaftesbury earlier argue that my function as conversationalist is affected by the quality of recognition my efforts receive. \u201d \u201c but it is enthusiasm itself that she identifies as a conversationalist ' s greatest asset - - and not just zeal for the sound of your own voice. \u201d \u201c he ' s also probably a great conversationalist, which is the only reason i chose him over neil young, who would probably stand there looking furiously at his shoes for 25 minutes. \u201d \u201c i do not remember of a more fluent \" conversationalist \" in my life. \u201d \u201c sure, mannequins aren ' t all that talkative, but isn ' t that the best kind of conversationalist, somebody - - or something - - who ' ll just listen? \u201d \u201c in fact, his flexibility, as a key \" conversationalist \" for hhs, reflects the very point i tried to underscore in the story. \u201d \u201c brilliant scientist and witty conversationalist, bestselling author and architect of the great surveys that mapped the west after the civil war, king was named by john hay the best and brightest of his generation. \u201d \u201c friend to secretary of state john hay and eminent historian henry adams, king was a brilliant conversationalist and spellbinding storyteller, a visionary geologist who did more than anyone to map the american west, and a man who seemed to embody the american ideals of powerful intelligence wedded to manly vigor and adventurous spirit. \u201d \u201c an amazing conversationalist, he made us all comfortable in minutes. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 conversationalist \u2019. a list of words that are odd or words that i have looked up. compartmentalisation, compartmentalization, counterrevolution..., counterrevolutionary, electroencephalogram, electroencephalog...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5174989201097676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.881827"} {"text": "laos climate & weather laos climate and weather laos has a tropical climate with year - round high temperatures and two distinct seasons : the wet season from may to october, and the dry season from november to april. during the wet season, the topography of ( mountainous ) laos means there is the risk of landslides. the temperatures are lower during the wet season, averaging 73\u00b0f ( 23\u00b0c ), with august being the wettest month. the dry season has two distinct sub - sections : the cool dry period from november to february and the hot dry season from march to april. dry season temperatures average at 82\u00b0f ( 28\u00b0c ), and the hottest month is april. between march and may laos experiences a very hot season, with day - time temperatures often reaching 104\u00b0f ( 40\u00b0c ). the best time to visit laos is between november and march, when it is dry and temperatures are pleasant, although this is high tourist season and so accommodation prices may be higher than they are at other times of the year. if you are travelling on a budget it may actually be better to brave the wet season. having said that, laos is still an off - the - beaten track travel destination and you are unlikely to struggle with crowds even during the peak season. become our laos travel expert we are looking for contributors for our laos travel guide. if you are a local, a regular traveller to laos or a travel professional with time to contribute and answer occasional forum questions, please contact us. discover mekong, an indochina - based tour operator, provides private or small group tours, hotel reservations and daily excursions to laos. your perfect holiday starts here. intrepid travel, one of the world ' s leading suppliers of small group adventures focused on getting off the beaten track, interacting with the locals and having real life experiences throughout laos. explore waterfalls and rainforests of the boloven plateau. trek the namtha mountain trail. build your own laos adventure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4024519510666622, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.883769"} {"text": "how a nuclear reactor makes electricity a nuclear reactor produces and controls the release of energy from splitting the atoms of uranium. uranium - fuelled nuclear power is a clean and efficient way of boiling water to make steam which drives turbine generators. except for the reactor itself, a nuclear power station works like most coal or gas - fired power stations. the reactor core several hundred fuel assemblies containing thousands of small pellets of ceramic uranium oxide fuel make up the core of a reactor. for a reactor with an output of 1000 megawatts ( mwe ), the core would contain about 75 tonnes of enriched in the reactor core the u - 235 isotope fissions or splits, producing a lot of heat in a continuous process called a chain reaction. the process depends on the presence of a moderator such as water or graphite, and is fully controlled. the moderator slows down the neutrons produced by fission of the uranium nuclei so that they go on to produce more fissions. some of the u - 238 in the reactor core is turned into plutonium and about half of this is also fissioned similarly, providing about one third of the reactor ' s energy output. the fission products remain in the ceramic fuel and undergo radioactive decay, releasing a bit more heat. they are the main wastes from the process. the reactor core sits inside a steel pressure vessel, so that water around it remains liquid even at the operating temperature of over 320\u00b0c. steam is formed either above the reactor core or in separate pressure vessels, and this drives the turbine to produce electricity. the steam is then condensed and the pwrs and bwrs the main design is the pressurised water reactor ( pwr ) which has water in its primary cooling / heat transfer circuit, and generates steam in a secondary circuit. the less popular boiling water reactor ( bwr ) makes steam in the primary circuit above the reactor core, though it is still under considerable pressure. both types use water as both coolant and moderator, to slow to maintain efficient reactor performance, about one - third or half of the used fuel is removed every year or two, to be replaced with fresh fuel. the pressure vessel and any steam generators are housed in a massive containment structure with reinforced concrete about 1. 2 metres thick. this is to protect neighbours if there is a major problem inside the reactor, and to protect the reactor from because some heat is generated from radioactive decay even after the reactor is shut down, cooling systems are provided to remove this heat as well as the main operational heat output. natural prehistoric", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5882409547756224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.888288"} {"text": "this podcast describes an investigation into how h1n1 was spreading within households during the initial days of the pandemic in texas. cdc ' s dr. oliver morgan discusses what investigators learned about the role that children played in introducing the virus into households and spreading flu. created : 3 / 29 / 2010 by emerging infectious diseases. date released : 3 / 29 / 2010. series name : emerging infectious diseases. [ announcer ] this podcast is presented by the centers for disease control and prevention. cdc \u2014 safer, healthier people. [ karen hunter ] hello, i ' m karen hunter. with me today is dr. oliver morgan, an epidemiologist at the centers for disease control and prevention. we ' re talking about a paper in the april 2010 issue of cdc ' s journal, emerging infectious diseases. the article looks at the spread of the pandemic influenza strain h1n1 in the spring of 2009 in texas, specifically whether the flu was spreading between family members in households and, if so, how. welcome, dr. morgan. [ oliver morgan ] thank you. [ karen hunter ] this new flu was first identified in april 2009 and, by june, had spread across the globe. cdc and the texas department of health set out to investigate whether flu was spreading within households. dr. morgan, why is it so important to look at household transmission? [ oliver morgan ] household transmission is a good indicator of infectiousness of influenza. and when we did this investigation at the very beginning of the pandemic in the u. s., the findings from this investigation along with others were used to immediately inform the public health response. [ karen hunter ] what did you find in texas? [ oliver morgan ] we included 349 individuals from 77 households. we found that nine percent of household members who were exposed to another ill household member with h1n1 flu also developed flu. however, children were more affected than adults. eighteen percent of children under five years of age and 11 percent of 5 to 18 year olds got the flu, much higher than numbers we saw among the adults in the households. we also found that children were more likely to be the person to introduce the flu into the household than adults. [ karen hunter ] what are some of the reasons that children may have been more at risk or more likely to spread the disease? [ oliver morgan ] children tend not to cover their mouths when they cough or wash their hands when they sneeze. and this may mean that they ' re more likely to spread the flu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4866593635002864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.894991"} {"text": "been more at risk or more likely to spread the disease? [ oliver morgan ] children tend not to cover their mouths when they cough or wash their hands when they sneeze. and this may mean that they ' re more likely to spread the flu virus. children also tend to have close physical contact with their brothers and sisters, as well as parents or caregivers, which may increase the risk of infection. another possibility is that adults may have greater immunity to the flu virus from previous flu virus infections during their lifetime. [ karen hunter ] what does this investigation tell us about future pandemics? [ oliver morgan ] well, this investigation cannot tell us what will happen during future pandemics because a new flu virus may behave very differently. however, it does confirm that children play an important role in the transmission of influenza viruses and that reducing infection among children and their caregivers, such as giving them h1n1 vaccine, may help reduce the spread of the disease. [ karen hunter ] thanks dr. morgan. i ' ve been talking with cdc ' s dr. oliver morgan about a paper that appears in the april 2010 issue of cdc ' s journal, emerging infectious diseases. you can see the entire article online at www. cdc. gov / eid. if you ' d like to comment on this podcast, send an email to firstname. lastname @ example. org. that ' s eideditor \u2013 one word - at cdc. gov. i ' m karen hunter, for emerging infectious diseases. [ announcer ] for the most accurate health information, visit www. cdc. gov or call 1 - 800 - cdc - info, 24 / 7.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4362900837695819, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.895585"} {"text": "stepping up the numbers who walk to school thursday, 18 october 2012 hampshire county council is working with the national charity, living streets, to encourage more school pupils to walk part, or all of the way, to and from school. working with primary and secondary schools over three years based on the countrywide ' walk to school ' campaigns, two specialists from the charity will be working, over three years, with primary and secondary schools in hampshire to encourage them to revisit and update their school travel plans, and to take up living streets ' initiatives aimed at motivating more parents and pupils to walk to school. the package of measures they can offer include their successful ' wow ' ( walk once a week ) campaign for primary schools, and ' free your feet ' or ' campaign in a box ' interventions for secondary schools. a number of schools will also benefit from intensive support to identify and tackle barriers to walking, as well as to promote walking to school and its benefits. schools with greatest potential to increase walking selected on behalf of the county council, the living streets officers will work with 122 primary schools and 26 secondary schools over the next three years. these schools have been selected because they have been identified as having the greatest potential to increase walking : these are schools where a high proportion of pupils are driven to school despite even though many of them live within walking distance. the hampshire hands up school survey ( 2010 ) indicated that more than 60, 000 cars in hampshire either drive a longer route or travel during peak periods to take children to school, which increases congestion. walking, scooting or even cycling to school can go a long way towards reducing the number of cars on the road, as well as achieving the department of health ' s recommended target of 60 minutes of exercise a day for children. more active ways of getting to school can also help to build confidence and contribute to the development of children ' s independence. an added bonus is that parents can save on increasing fuel costs. councillor mel kendal, deputy leader and executive member for environment and transport, commented : \" in the uk, over half of primary school children do not walk to school regularly. although this is unavoidable in some cases, being driven to school every day can mean that children miss out on learning valuable lessons about road safety and how to keep themselves safe. \" this project is part of the ' my journey ' campaign, to encourage people to consider their travel options for everyday journeys and to try alternative ways of travelling instead of in their car. leaving the car at home can save", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4303285599122165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.899914"} {"text": "how to keep themselves safe. \" this project is part of the ' my journey ' campaign, to encourage people to consider their travel options for everyday journeys and to try alternative ways of travelling instead of in their car. leaving the car at home can save people money, increase their level of physical activity and help to reduce congestion and carbon emissions, particularly on roads in the vicinity of our schools. \" it also complements the county council ' s existing, long term road safety work with young people in primary and secondary schools such as : the streets ahead pedestrian training for children age six and seven years, bikeability cycle training for young people and the recently launched streetsense campaign focused on secondary school age pupils. \" living streets ' chief executive, tony armstrong, said : \" we help 1. 9 million children a year walk to school by tackling the barriers to walking and we ' re delighted to be working with the county council to help deliver the benefits in hampshire. parents tell us that the journey to school is less stressful, their petrol bill goes down, their children perform better at school and that they, and their children, feel healthier and fitter. reducing gridlock on roads near the school gates not only improves road safety for pupils and local residents, but has benefits for everyone in the local community. \" a partnership of eleven local authorities across the country made a successful bid for \u00a34. 8 million from the department for transport ' s local sustainable transport fund and it is this that will fund the three year project. the objectives of the government ' s fund are to reduce congestion at peak times, and to reduce carbon and greenhouse gas emissions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4491247707167738, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.900611"} {"text": "taimi pitkanen last saw her brother aate ( ah - tay ) in a leningrad railway station in 1931. taimi was returning to canada from moscow ; aate was headed for soviet karelia, on the border with finland, where his skills in electricity and languages - both english and finnish - were badly needed. aate never came back. even when the dream went sour, aate held on, writing home until, in 1941, hitler attacked the ussr. after that, no one in canada heard anything more of aate pitkanen. sixty years later, the discovery of his last letters - written but never mailed from a finnish prisoner - of - war camp - reveals his fate and brings together taimi and alfred, the son aate never met. visiting taimi in canada, alfred pitkanen learns the dramatic story of his father ' s canadian family and of \" karelia fever, \" the enthusiasm that gripped so many finnish canadians in the 1930s. almost forgotten now, it lured thousands to a tragic fate in the soviet union. alfred follows his father ' s journey from thunder bay, ontario, to karelia, from young communist pioneer to ski champion of the ussr to soviet spy. with him we learn aate ' s fate and the story of one of the great dreams of the twentieth century. more info on this film in nfb catalogue \u00bb \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.463172597912392, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.901918"} {"text": "volume 7, number 6 \u2014 december 2001 the changing epidemiology of malaria in minnesota malaria cases reported to the minnesota department of health increased from 5 in 1988 to 76 in 1998, paralleling the number of immigrants to minnesota. in 20 % of cases, the plasmodium species was not identified ; 44 % of cases were hospitalized. the public health community needs to reevaluate current recommendations for refugee screening, provider and patient education, and laboratory capacity. malaria infects 300 to 500 million people worldwide and accounts for over 1 million deaths annually ( 1 ). of all infectious diseases, it is second only to tuberculosis in the number of people killed ( 1 ). as a result of political unrest and economic hardship, many refugees and immigrants from malaria - endemic areas are moving to nonendemic countries. this provides unique challenges to health - care providers, who may be confronted with diseases not previously observed during their training or clinical practice. this study examined the changing epidemiology of imported malaria, i. e., malaria that is acquired abroad but diagnosed in the united states. our goal was to add to previous knowledge of imported malaria by summarizing surveillance data from 1988 through 1998 and by discussing the implications for refugee screening, provider and patient education, and laboratory capacity. malaria is a reportable disease to the minnesota department of health ( mdh ) and the centers for disease control and prevention. all cases of malaria reported from january 1988 to december 1998 were included in this study. a confirmed case was one diagnosed by microscope in a minnesota resident with plasmodium species. when a case was reported, a standardized malaria case surveillance form was completed by telephone in consultation with medical providers, laboratory staff, and the patient. data collected include demographic information, clinical history, travel and immigration history, history of prior malarial infections, and species of plasmodium. cases of malaria were categorized as follows : cases in travelers or immigrants, u. s. born or foreign born persons, and u. s. citizen or non - u. s. citizen. a traveler was defined as a person whose travel originated and ended in minnesota ; an immigrant was defined as a person whose travel originated in a foreign country. citizenship was based on the reported status at the time of diagnosis. from january 1, 1988, to december 31, 1998, 265 cases of malaria were reported to the mdh. the number of cases per year ranged from a low of 5 cases in 1988 to 76 cases in 1998 ( figure ). demographic characteristics of cases are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4896209772561668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.912261"} {"text": "1, 1988, to december 31, 1998, 265 cases of malaria were reported to the mdh. the number of cases per year ranged from a low of 5 cases in 1988 to 76 cases in 1998 ( figure ). demographic characteristics of cases are presented in the table. of the 212 cases with reported travel status, 138 ( 65 % ) were considered travelers from minnesota, and 74 ( 35 % ) cases were immigrants to minnesota. from 1988 through 1994, the percentage of cases in travelers was as high as 94 %. in 1995 the ratio of travelers to immigrants began to change. by 1998 there were 38 ( 54 % ) immigrants and 32 ( 46 % ) travelers in the 70 cases with a known status ( chi square for linear trend = 15. 0 ; p < 0. 005 ). among those with known citizenship status ( n = 164 ), u. s. citizens accounted for up to 78 % of the cases per year in the period from 1988 through 1994. by 1998, 18 ( 28 % ) of 65 malaria cases ( 11 cases had an unknown status ) had u. s. citizenship, while 47 ( 72 % ) were non - u. s. citizens ( chi square test for linear trend = 13. 5 ; p < 0. 005 ). in 1998, excluding 10 cases for which we could not ascertain birthplace, 13 ( 20 % ) cases were born in the united states and 53 ( 80 % ) abroad. of those born abroad with a known country of birth, 33 ( 87 % ) were born in africa, 20 ( 53 % ) of these in liberia ( west africa ). among the patients who were born abroad, sites of malarial infection were africa and asia. most patients typically traveled to or originated as immigrants from west - central africa or the greater horn of africa. liberia ( n = 29, 55 % ), the ivory coast ( n = 9, 17 % ), kenya ( n = 6, 11 % ), ethiopia ( n = 4, 8 % ), and nigeria ( n = 4, 8 % ) were the most common countries where exposure to malaria likely occurred. for the 13 patients in 1998 who were born in the united states, infection occurred in africa ( n = 6, 46 % ), asia ( n = 3, 23 % ), central america ( n = 1, 8 % ), and south america ( n = 1, 8 % ). two patients ( 15 % ) were potentially exposed in more than one continent. most cases since 1988 were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5034201645340052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.913291"} {"text": "= 3, 23 % ), central america ( n = 1, 8 % ), and south america ( n = 1, 8 % ). two patients ( 15 % ) were potentially exposed in more than one continent. most cases since 1988 were diagnosed with plasmodium falciparum ( n = 111 ; 42 % ), followed by p. vivax ( n = 76 ; 29 % ), p. malariae ( n = 14 ; 5 % ), and p. ovale ( n = 4 ; 2 % ). laboratory studies of eight cases ( 3 % ) showed a mixed infection. plasmodium was identified but no species was determined for 52 ( 20 % ) cases. in 1998, there was only 1 u. s. - born case ( 11 % ) of p. falciparum compared with 25 foreign - born cases ( 64 % ). the proportion of u. s. - born cases with p. vivax in 1998 was greater than foreign - born cases ( odds ratio [ or ] = undefined ; fisher ' s exact 2 - tailed test, p < 0. 005 ). there were two cases of p. malariae in 1998 ; both were in immigrants born in liberia. eleven foreign - born cases from 1998 were asymptomatic and were screened as part of one hospital ' s refugee assessment. in the period from 1988 through 1998, 109 ( 44 % ) of 245 cases were hospitalized for 1 to 30 days ( median = 3 days ). data from 1998 showed no significant difference in rates of hospitalization between those born in the united states and those born abroad. complications were reported for 19 ( 11 % ) of 170 cases from 1988 through 1998. data were not available on 95 cases. two patients were diagnosed with cerebral malaria, 18 with hemolysis or anemia, and 1 with liver failure. no deaths were reported during the 11 - year period. no cases of locally acquired or blood transfusion - associated malaria were reported to mdh in 1988 through 1998. ninety - nine ( 52 % ) of 189 patients indicated that they had a previous history of malaria. in 1998, 37 ( 59 % ) of 63 cases had been previously diagnosed with malaria. patients born outside the united states accounted for 30 ( 97 % ) of these malaria cases with a known country of birth. we reviewed 265 malaria cases from 1988 through 1998 reported to the mdh. we found that cases, especially among refugees and immigrants, had increased ; 20 % of cases did not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4747796195016748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.914144"} {"text": "( 97 % ) of these malaria cases with a known country of birth. we reviewed 265 malaria cases from 1988 through 1998 reported to the mdh. we found that cases, especially among refugees and immigrants, had increased ; 20 % of cases did not have malarial species identification from blood smears ; and 44 % were hospitalized. these findings have an impact on current recommendations for refugee screening, provider and patient education, and appropriate laboratory capacity to determine malarial species. before the twentieth century, much of the midwest was endemic for malaria ( 2 ). in minnesota, the last reported cases of locally acquired malaria most likely occurred in the 1930s ( 3 ). since then, there have been major peaks of reported malaria diagnosed in minnesota that have coincided with the return of soldiers from wars or immigration. the dramatic climb in cases diagnosed and reported to the mdh in 1997 and 1998 and the increasing proportion of cases among immigrants correspond with increases in primary refugees from liberia. the number of primary refugees from liberia climbed from 18 in 1996 to 122 in 1997 and then to 205 in 1998 ( mdh, unpub. data ). minnesota was second only to new york in the number of liberian refugees resettling in the state in fiscal year 1998 ( 4 ). clinical laboratory training and availability of tests to identify plasmodium at the species level are needed. species had not been determined for 20 % of cases reported to mdh. this has an impact on treatment recommendations because drug resistance and treatment are dependent not only on the country of acquisition but also the species of plasmodium. diagnosis of malaria is most frequently done by parasite identification on peripheral blood smears. many laboratory diagnosticians may be uncomfortable diagnosing to the species level ( 5 ). available polymerase chain reaction methods can diagnose malaria at the species level but are limited to reference laboratories ( 6 ). in this study, more than one of every three cases was hospitalized for 1 to 30 days. this may have an impact financially and culturally on immigrants and refugees who have recently arrived in the united states. many new arrivals may be uninsured or underinsured and have limited or no prior exposure to western medicine. in 1998, we noted that 11 ( 14 % ) of 76 cases were asymptomatic ; all were foreign - born immigrants, and 10 ( 91 % ) were primary refugees to minnesota. in minnesota, initial health screening for infectious diseases in primary refugees includes tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis b, intestinal parasites, and malaria if the person is sy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4862808201922943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.915075"} {"text": "foreign - born immigrants, and 10 ( 91 % ) were primary refugees to minnesota. in minnesota, initial health screening for infectious diseases in primary refugees includes tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis b, intestinal parasites, and malaria if the person is symptomatic ( 7 ). we propose that all primary refugees from malaria - endemic areas be screened for malaria whether or not the person is symptomatic. this would likely prevent future health problems in refugee populations and reduce the risk of autochthonous malaria transmission. national efforts are needed to support refugee and immigrant health programs that improve access to health care for these populations. education for health - care providers is needed so that they screen immigrants and refugees appropriately and provide relevant pre - travel advice to those planning return visits to their country of origin. also needed are culturally sensitive materials for refugees and immigrants that are written in their primary language. this presents unique challenges considering that the diversity of populations resettling in the united states will continue to change, depending on the location of current political and social unrest. the public health community needs to consider these important issues and recommendations as we continue to monitor the influence of immigration on the changing epidemiology of malaria. mr. seys is currently the infectious disease epidemiologist and chief of the epidemiology section at the wyoming department of health. at the time of this research, he worked in the acute disease epidemiology section at the minnesota department of health. his research interests include the epidemiology of foodborne and vectorborne diseases as well as immigrant and refugee health. dr. bender is an assistant professor at the university of minnesota, college of veterinary medicine, division of veterinary public health, and was the former state public health veterinarian at the minnesota department of health. his research interests include food safety, zoonoses, and emerging diseases. we thank kristin anderson and deann lazovich for their guidance on the early version of this manuscript ; kaying hang, ann o ' fallon, and dzung thai for their helpful information and support ; and richard danila, alan lifson, dave neitzel, and kirk smith for helping to review this manuscript and for sharing their knowledge and expertise. - world health organization. malaria. http : / / www. who. int / inf - fs / en / fact094. html october 1998 ( accessed september 1999 ). - ackerknecht eh. malaria in the upper mississippi valley : 1760 - 1900. baltimore : johns hopkins press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47649715516356744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.916087"} {"text": "who. int / inf - fs / en / fact094. html october 1998 ( accessed september 1999 ). - ackerknecht eh. malaria in the upper mississippi valley : 1760 - 1900. baltimore : johns hopkins press ; 1945. - daggy rh, muegge oj, riley wa. a preliminary survey of the anopheline mosquito fauna of southeastern minnesota and adjacent wisconsin areas. in : melton lj. malaria in minnesota : past, present, and future. minn med. 1998 ; 81 : 41 \u2013 4. - department of state. department of justice, and department of health and human services : u. s. refugee admissions for fiscal year 2000. http : / / www. usinfo. state. gov / topical / global / refugees / fy2000. pdf october 1999 ( accessed september 2000 ). - kain kc, harrington ma, tennyson s, keystone js. imported malaria : prospective analysis of problems in diagnosis and management. clin infect dis. 1998 ; 27 : 142 \u2013 9. - snounou g, viriyakosol s, zhu xp, jarra w, pinheiro l, do rosario ve, high sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. mol biochem parasitol. 1993 ; 61 : 315 \u2013 20. - minnesota department of health. refugee health screening in minnesota : current status and recommendations. disease control newsletter. 1997 ; 25 : 37 \u2013 41. suggested citation : seys sa, bender jb. the changing epidemiology of malaria in minnesota. emerg infect dis [ serial on the internet ]. 2001, dec [ date cited ]. available from http : / / wwwnc. cdc. gov / eid / article / 7 / 6 / 01 - 0612. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.471292408004587, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.916723"} {"text": "most active stories - growing sagebrush and other native seed : crackpot idea or lucrative business venture? - wyoming missed out on last uranium boom, but planning for the future - south africans strive to limit damage to landscape as elephant populations grow - wolf trapping raises concerns about trapping the wrong animals - study finds blm \u2019 s wild horse management practices are flawed on air staff and wpm interns tue march 29, 2005 new education website panned laramie, wy \u2013 the wyoming department of education says a new website can be helpful, but they say it should not be the gospel when it comes to how well students are doing in the state. the website called school matters - dot - com is a product of standard and poor ' s. it is intended to help citizens see how education locally and statewide compares. citizens may also make a similar comparison across the country. but that makes state school officials concerned because of the way some of the numbers are compiled. vince meyer of the wyoming department of education says state officials have tried for years to separate out specific subject areas, so that parents and others can see how students are doing. meyer says this website takes a different approach. ( in wyoming ) we have a reading section, a writing section and a math section. they ( standard and poor ' s ) have collapsed all of that down into a single score, not only across subjects but also across grades. meyer says that makes it difficult to accurate comparisons and comparisons in context. however, meyer still thinks there is enough information on the site that people can get some use from it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.441261273487206, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.918380"} {"text": "their life work ended their lives their work was for the benefit of the world, but they died as a direct or indirect result of their inventions. marie curie won the nobel prize in 1903 for her work science and chemistry. she discovered two new elements including radium and polonium and the theory of radioactivity. she carried test tubes of radioactive materials in her pocket and kept them in her desk drawer. she often wrote about the pretty blue light it gave off. she died of aplastic anaemia \u2013 a direct result of her work. william bullock invented the rotary printing press. it completely changed the printing industry. it increased the speed and accuracy of printing especially for newspapers. but one of his machines crushed his foot when he was trying to repair it when he tried to kick a pulley in place. after his foot became infected, he died during an operation to amputate it. otto lilienthal was known as the glider king. he studied birds and built gliders with big wings that almost made him look like a bird and he was able to glide like one. he made repeated flights until august of 1896 when he fell six stories and broke his back. he died the next day. astrodome capsule stunt karel soucek was a canadian stuntman who built what he called a cushioned capsule to make a successful plunge over niagara falls. he was arrested and prosecuted, but he made a name for himself and in 1985 convinced a promoter to put on a stunt at the houston astrodome. he was hoisted 180 feet to the top of the dome and the idea was to ride a cascade of water to a pool on the astrodome floor. it didn \u2019 t go as planned. his capsule hit the side of the pool and was destroyed. he was badly hurt and died the next day. be careful what you invent. source : listverse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4324835421266484, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.921234"} {"text": "may 24, 2012 \u2014 ( bronx, ny ) \u2014 \u201c it \u2019 s in their genes \u201d is a common refrain from scientists when asked about factors that allow centenarians to reach age 100 and beyond. up until now, research has focused on genetic variations that offer a physiological advantage such as high levels of hdl ( \u201c good \u201d ) cholesterol. but researchers at albert einstein college of medicine and ferkauf graduate school of psychology of yeshiva university have found that personality traits like being outgoing, optimistic, easygoing, and enjoying laughter as well as staying engaged in activities may also be part of the longevity genes mix. previous studies have indicated that personality arises from underlying genetic mechanisms that may directly affect health. the present study of 243 of the centenarians ( average age 97. 6 years, 75 percent women ) was aimed at detecting genetically - based personality characteristics by developing a brief measure ( the personality outlook profile scale, or pops ) of personality in centenarians. \u201c our findings suggest that centenarians share particular personality traits and that genetically - based aspects of personality may play an important role in achieving both good health and exceptional longevity. \u201d - - nir barzilai, m. d. \u201c when i started working with centenarians, i thought we \u2019 d find that they survived so long in part because they were mean and ornery, \u201d said nir barzilai, m. d., the ingeborg and ira leon rennert chair of aging research, director of einstein \u2019 s institute for aging research and co - corresponding author of the study. \u201c but when we assessed the personalities of these 243 centenarians, we found qualities that clearly reflect a positive attitude towards life. most were outgoing, optimistic and easygoing. they considered laughter an important part of life and had a large social network. they expressed emotions openly rather than bottling them up. \u201d in addition, the centenarians had lower scores for displaying neurotic personality and higher scores for being conscientious compared with a representative sample of the u. s. population. \u201c some evidence indicates that personality can change between the ages of 70 and 100, so we don \u2019 t know whether our centenarians have maintained their personality traits across their entire lifespans, \u201d continued dr. barzilai. \u201c nevertheless, our findings suggest that centenarians share particular personality traits and that genetically - based aspects of personality may play an important role in achieving both good health and exceptional longevity. \u201d the study is titled \u201c positive attitude towards life and emotional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49374470703621853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.925321"} {"text": "a bacterium that causes appendicitis and gum disease has been detected in colon tumors, according to new research that suggests it may set the stage for colorectal cancer, the second - deadliest malignancy. only lung cancer kills more people each year. if the finding can be validated by larger studies, fusobacterium might one day be used to prevent and screen for colorectal cancer, currently detectable through colonoscopy or tests for the presence of blood in the stool. fuscobacterium also might play a role in determining the prognosis of colorectal cancers and shaping their treatment, according to two research teams independently reporting a relationship between the rod - shaped microbe and cancers of the lower digestive system. fuscobacterium is a known player in disorders characterized by inflammation, such as gum disease and appendicitis. scientists have tied some strains to two inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis and crohn ' s disease, both of which elevate the risk of colon cancer. in addition to promoting inflammation, fuscobacterium has other qualities that make it a formidable foe : it invades tissues and it ' s sticky, which helps explain its presence in the dental plaque that clings to tooth enamel. a canadian research team found significantly more fuscobacterium rna ( a type of genetic material ) in colon tumors than in healthy tissues from the same people. that surprised the investigators because fuscobacterium is a rare inhabitant of healthy guts and \" has not been previously associated with cancer, \" said robert holt, a senior scientist with the british columbia cancer agency genome sciences center and associate professor at simon fraser university in vancouver. a u. s. group compared tissues lining cancerous and healthy regions of patients ' colons, looking in each for stretches of the microbes ' dna ( another type of genetic material ). they theorized that if bacteria and viruses were involved in the development of colorectal cancer, the quantity of the microbes in tumor tissue would differ from the quantity in adjacent healthy tissue. indeed, looking first at tissues of nine people, and then 95 more, they found a spike in fuscobacterium species, especially fuscobacterium nucleatum, fuscobacterium mortiferum and fuscobacterium necrophorum in diseased tissue. \" tumors and their surroundings contain complex mixtures of cancer cells, normal cells, and a variety of microorganisms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4552689453867478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.928742"} {"text": "##atum, fuscobacterium mortiferum and fuscobacterium necrophorum in diseased tissue. \" tumors and their surroundings contain complex mixtures of cancer cells, normal cells, and a variety of microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses, \" said dr. matthew meyerson, co - director of the center for cancer genome discovery at the dana - farber cancer center in boston and senior author of the second study. \" over the past decade, there has been an increasing focus on the relationship between cancer cells and their ' microenvironment, ' specifically on the cell - to - cell interactions that may promote cancer formation and growth. \" both studies will be published online tuesday in the international journal genomic research. holt and meyerson said their findings couldn ' t discern whether fuscobacterium infection causes colon cancer, or fuscobacterium infection and inflammation develop because of colon cancer. meyerson said additional studies comparing bacteria in the tissues of cancer patients and healthy people could demonstrate whether there are more fuscobacterium species in the intestines of colon cancer patients than in the intestines of the general population. earlier this year, british researchers published in the international journal of case reports and images the case of a 72 - year - old man with rectal cancer whose abscessed liver contained fuscobacterium nucleatum. they called their findings \" the first incidence in literature of colonic cancer in association with fuscobacterium nucleatum. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48997451523799884, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.929326"} {"text": "buckeye and empire days by karl kendig a centennial history of akron 1825 - 1925 summit county historical society, akron, ohio 1925, p 246 - 255 an industrial picture of akron, transposed to a graphic chart, would show that from 1864 to 1905 the agricultural machinery and allied lines dominated. this field of manufacturing created the same nation - wide reputation for akron during that period as does the rubber industry of today. wherever soil was tilled and harvests reaped, mowers, binders, rakes, cultivators and cutting parts \" made in akron \" circulated the trade names of \" buckeye, \" \" empire, \" \" excelsior, \" and \" w & b, \" in this and foreign capitalization of these industries in hundreds of thousands of dollars, created as much amazement or wonder financially, as do organizations of today with their millions of capital. from two to eight hundred was the average number employed, and they were known as \" buckeye men, \" \" empire men, \" \" whitman & barnes men, \" and so on. in 1886 the agricultural implement business was at its peak ; the thrifty period when the plants were working night and day and labor fully employed. there was no chamber of commerce to exploit the advantages of industrial akron, and various citizens and companies combined their efforts to broadcast the advantages of akron through periodical c. a. collins, carriage factory, j. f. seiberling, president, \" empire \" works, d. l. king, president, the king varnish co., louis miller, \" buckeye \" works, c. f. lamb, whitman & barnes mfg. co., 0. c. barber, diamond match co., j. p. alexander, fire brick works, and l. d. watters, mayor of akron, were a committee that collaborated with publishers who issued a book in 1886 entitled \" the industries of akron, ohio ; commercial and manufacturing advantages ; descriptive and biographical facts and figures. \" they had this to say regarding the agricultural implement industry : \" there are seven establishments in akron engaged in this line of industry, two of which are known throughout every section of the united states. the rapid growth of the industry of this city, however, is not surprising when we consider the superb advantages found here for such manufactures. there is no lack of raw material. the iron is abundant and close at hand. the woods used are at our doors in immense quantities. steam power is exceedingly cheap \u2014 and skilled labor is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3738482597148351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.945943"} {"text": "we consider the superb advantages found here for such manufactures. there is no lack of raw material. the iron is abundant and close at hand. the woods used are at our doors in immense quantities. steam power is exceedingly cheap \u2014 and skilled labor is also plentiful. it is in consequence of this rare combination of all the prime facilities, that akron has become the chief manufacturing city of farming implements and farm labor - saving machinery in this section. nor does the industry here thrive by simply making articles which ` tom, dick and harry ' have a perfect right to make, or the articles for which the privilege of manufacturing is purchased from parties abroad. its success conies very largely from the inventive genius that is interested directly in the akron manufactures. the inventions in this line, upon which patents have been granted to akron makers, are innumerable, and deservedly rank among the most valuable now made subservient to the wants of the agriculturists in this country or any section of the world. and that they are appreciated is fully demonstrated by the fact that the highest awards of merit have been bestowed upon them. \" the first reference to the manufacturing of an agricultural implement was in 1825 when dr. eliakin crosby purchased a defunct furnace operated on the site now occupied by the general office of the goodyear tire & rubber co. in a crude way he manufactured plows, hoes and other agricultural implements for a period of two years, when the business being found unprofitable, he sold the property. a lapse of thirty - five years followed before the inception and creation of those agricultural implement works which were to become the foundation of akron ' s industrial reputation. two prominent companies were organized and started operations within a year of each the buckeye reaper & mower works. \u2014 this was an outgrowth of the c. aultman & co., of canton, ohio, and was established in akron in 1864, but under the separate and distinct corporation title of aultman, miller & co., with hon. george w. crouse as president, hon. lewis miller, general superintendent, ira miller, secretary, and r. h. wright, treasurer. mr. ira miller is today the only surviving member of that official group. among other men, in their day, prominently identified with the upbuilding and progress of this company, were : j. asa palmer, josiah hartzell, neri newcomb, w. a. means, s. s. miller, maurice snyder, asa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41463440879944535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.946939"} {"text": "men, in their day, prominently identified with the upbuilding and progress of this company, were : j. asa palmer, josiah hartzell, neri newcomb, w. a. means, s. s. miller, maurice snyder, asa hanscom, j. d. palmer, john grad, e. r. harper, 0. l. sadler, ralph p. burnett, w. k. means, j. p. frisby, h. h. crowther, r. b. walker, john shafer, n. n. lerhner, s. p. wallace, c. 0. baughman, tom marshall, al. young, wallace carlton, a. d. power, dan cameron. the buckeye factory, now the akron branch of the international harvester co., was located east of the old c. a. & c. railroad, in the block between center st. and buchtel ay. an average of 800 men were employed during its existence and the products \u2014 selfbinders, harvesters, self rakes, droppers and mowing machines \u2014 were marketed in this and foreign countries. it continued to do a prosperous business until 1902 when the international harvester co. was organized. competition in the agricultural implement line became very keen to the advantage of the larger organization. in 1905 a receiver was appointed for the \" buckeye \" company and its entire assets were sold to the international harvetser co., which now manufactures international motor trucks in akron. empire reaper & mower works. \u2014 in 1865 j. f. seiberling organized the j. f. seiberling co., and built his factory opposite the old union depot, west of the c. a. & c. railroad, and north of center st., and the \" buckeye \" works. the office building faced mill st. on the site now occupied by the fred albrecht mr. seiberling was an inventive genius. the \" empire \" mower and reaper with dropper attachment, was invented by him in 1858 and first manufactured at doylestown in 1861, under the name of \" excelsior. \" in 1864 he began their manufacture in massillon, but in 1865 brought the industry to akron. associated with him in the successful conduct of this business were his two sons, f. a. seiberling, secretary and treasurer, and chas. w. seiberling, superintendent. father and sons conducted the business until 1900 when the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4107731593231995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.947790"} {"text": ". associated with him in the successful conduct of this business were his two sons, f. a. seiberling, secretary and treasurer, and chas. w. seiberling, superintendent. father and sons conducted the business until 1900 when the general depression of the implement business brought reverses. an assignee was appointed and the business liquidated just four years prior to the similar fate of the \" buckeye \" identified with the progressive activities of this company, is brought to mind the name of w. h. carter, who was with the old excelsior mower and reaper works in 1868 to 1874, afterward with j. f. seiberling & co., until 1895. e. r. harper was with j. f. seiberling & co., 1883 - 4 ; afterward he became mayor of akron, and later, lieutenant governor of colorado. j. s. benner, w. g. wise and horace houser were three men well known in this organization. prominent among the factory personnel were john rawlings, john heffelman, jacob carpenter, h. k. austin, jonas nice, and wm. eardley. l. k. miles, originally connected with the whitman & miles mfg. co., was general sales agent. howard sears, a young attorney, was in charge of collections, and later became a city commissioner. he was succeeded by j. a. bradley, afterward a member of the law firm of rogers, rowley & bradley. prominent here, also, was wm. carter, who became identified with the j. f. seiberling co. about 1880, and was with the company during its entire life as an expert accountant. wm. eardley is another surviving member of the original akron knife works. \u2014 in 1848 the founders of the present corporation, the whitman & barnes mfg. co., commenced in a very small way to make knives and sickles for mowing and reaping machines at fitchburg, mass. the manufacture of mowers and reapers was at that time in its infancy and the knives and sickles then used were crude and imperfect. in co - operation with the original mccormicks, satisfactory knives were produced for the first mccormick in 1854 a company was established by these founders of the original machine shop, under the name of the whitman & miles mfg. co. gradually improvements were made in both branches of manufacture and the small knife works grew and their cutting products to all the manufacturers then in existence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40215462050079953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.948801"} {"text": "established by these founders of the original machine shop, under the name of the whitman & miles mfg. co. gradually improvements were made in both branches of manufacture and the small knife works grew and their cutting products to all the manufacturers then in existence in the implement line. as the production of mowers, binders and agricultural implements became a leading industry, the inducements were sufficiently attractive to establish a plant in akron to supply knives, sickles, guard plates, sections, spring keys, etc., to the \" buckeye \" and \" empire \" works and the deering and mccormick interests in chicago. the shops were constructed east of the c. a. & c. railroad, on the site occupying the block between buchtel av. and carroll sts., south of the present international harvester co., under the corporate name of the whitman & miles in september, 1877, the present whitman & barnes mfg. co. was incorporated and purchased the property and business of the whitman & miles mfg. co., at akron, ohio, and fitchburg, mass., and that of george barnes & co., of syracuse, new york. the fitchburg plant was closed and the business conducted at akron, ohio, and syracuse, new augustus whitman was president of the company from the incorporation in 1877 to 1879 ; george barnes, 1879 - 1885 ; col. a. l. conger, 1885 - 1897 ; i. c. alden, 1897 - 1899 ; geo. e. dana, 1899 - 1902 ; c. e. sheldon, 1902 - 1915. these presidents presided over the affairs of the whitman & barnes mfg. co., during the period when the implement business was at in may, 1880, the company purchased the properties of collinson, burch & co., of st. catharines, canada, and established the canadian branch of the whitman & barnes mfg. co., at that point, where cutting parts were manufactured for the as the demand for cutting and kindred parts declined with the passing of the \" buckeye \" and \" empire \" works, and the market passed to the westward, the company established other lines. in 1891 the diamond drill & tool co., a small concern operating at 226 s. howard st., was purchased and the manufacture of twist drills and reamers was transferred to a section of the akron plant. in may, 1893, the company began the building of a plant at chicago, west pullman, illinois", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4036775217378072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.949769"} {"text": "226 s. howard st., was purchased and the manufacture of twist drills and reamers was transferred to a section of the akron plant. in may, 1893, the company began the building of a plant at chicago, west pullman, illinois, for the purpose of manufacturing cutting parts for deering, mccormick and other western implement manufacturers. this line manufactured at akron, was transferred to west pullman, and the akron plant was given over exclusively to the manufacture of twist drills and gradually the western implement manufacturers began to produce their own cutting parts and the line was supplanted at the west pullman factory by the manufacture of drop forgings, wrenches, spring cotters, lawn mowers and haying tools. during the year 1902 the company sold its properties in canada and west pullman to j. h. williams & co., of new york, retaining the akron, ohio, plant, where twist drills and reamers are manufactured. the whitman & barnes mfg. co. is the only surviving corporation of the group that was originally identified with the agricultural implement business at akron, with its present production of twist drills and reamers, radically different from the original output of seventy - one years ago. the akron rolling mill. \u2014 during the first flourishing years of the agricultural implement business, the \" buckeye \" officials looked to the establishment of a rolling mill to furnish their steel requirements, and formed this company in 1866. the mills were built west of the erie railroad tracks on the site now occupied by the akron selle co., and the erie yards. the president was hon. lewis miller, jeremiah a. long, secretary and treasurer, captain aaron p. baldwin, general superintendent, and edward b. superintendent. it was re - organized in 1900 under the title of the akron iron & steel co. stress of competition and the declining demand for its products, due to the falling off of the business, forced a liquidation and the winding up of the in the active days of this corporation, a number of akron men held prominent positions, among them : a. b. rinehart, w. a. pardee, j. g. raymond, e. w. hull, harry holloway, frank dodge, fred dodge and will mccarthy. the akron twine & cordage co. \u2014 in 1885 this company was organized and located at 110116 hill st., in close proximity to the \" buckeye. \" the line manufactured included all kinds of manila and sisal twine and rope", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3783170797298621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.950789"} {"text": "akron twine & cordage co. \u2014 in 1885 this company was organized and located at 110116 hill st., in close proximity to the \" buckeye. \" the line manufactured included all kinds of manila and sisal twine and rope. the leading specialty was binder twine to supply the binders manufactured by the \" buckeye \" and \" empire \" companies. the officers were : president, hon. geo. w. crouse, vice president, f. a. seiberling, secretary and treasurer, dr. a. m. cole. the company, closely allied with the \" buckeye \" was involved in its financial difficulties and passed to the international harvester company, who dismantled the plant. the akron cultivator co. \u2014 this corporation was originally formed under the name of the akron tool co., sept. 21, 1899, and located its factory at 238 n. union st. hiram kendal was president, geo. w. crouse, vice president, horace m. houser, secretary, and chas. a. bowen, treasurer and superintendent. in 1920 the business was sold to the empire plow co., cleveland, ohio, and in this transaction the last of the agricultural implement manufacturing corporations connected with akron ' s past history, ceased to exist, by removal to cleveland. reference is made to the akron iron co., the akron twine & cordage co., and the akron cultivator co., as organizations closely allied to the agricultural business. they were links in the chain, some of them supplying materials and accessories to round out the completed the heart of akron ' s industrial life was grouped in these industries in the territory adjoining the railroad between mill and iron sts. it was the artery of the industrial life, and the products receiving world - wide recognition for their merits, were the first mediums for spreading akron ' s fame. these industries were neighbors and competitors, operating side by side, guided by a group of men of keen judgment and broad vision. not only did they conduct their industrial affairs successfully, but they found time to participate in the municipal life of the community. they fostered and invested in infant industries, rubber and other lines, which have survived as monuments to them. these pioneers have passed, likewise the evidences of their industrial building, but their descendants remain to carry on. the sons of the families, particularly the seiberlings, f. a. and c. w., inheritors of their father ' s business acumen, conceived", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38611212336047307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.951775"} {"text": "evidences of their industrial building, but their descendants remain to carry on. the sons of the families, particularly the seiberlings, f. a. and c. w., inheritors of their father ' s business acumen, conceived and builded the goodyear tire & rubber and the seiberling rubber companies. other industries had their inception and were organized by the descendants of these pioneers, so that in giving credit for the present day industrial akron, the impetus can be traced to the energy of those early agricultural implement days. but the decline! it was caused by business evolution with its changing conditions, the transfer of the bulk of the consuming trade for implements, to the growing agricultural west where the corporations of mccormick and deering, operating from chicago, were able to serve and manufacture at lower costs. it was no discredit to those early founders that they could not survive all those uncontrollable conditions. today there is not in existence a single independent agricultural implement manufacturing company of large proportions, east of chicago where is located the head offices and factories of the international harvester company. in it is combined the best of all the old time companies. financing the farmer on the installment payment plan was, no doubt, one of the main contributing factors leading to the financial reverses of these akron implement manufacturers. a scientific financial set - up for handling partial payments of the rural buyers of implements, did not exist in their days. had current methods of partial payment collections, as exampled in the sale of automobiles and other lines, been in existence in their time, the manufacturers would, no doubt, have survived. there was no federal reserve system with its support and control to stabilize the avenues of finance. the banks operating as separate units, unsupported, were subject to varying conditions of finance, both local and national. their clients, like themselves, were victims of unstabilized conditions which made the financing of long time paper of the agricultural character, or farmers ' notes, most precarious. when panicky years developed, loans were called. the agricultural implement manufacturer with his long time farmers ' notes as collateral, ( his chief quick assets ), was caught in a financial disaster from which there was no relief under those existing conditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43551118824099955, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.952683"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia debian, created by the debian project, is a widely used distribution of free software developed through the collaboration of volunteers from around the world. since its inception, the released system, debian gnu / linux, has been based on the linux kernel with many basic tools of the operating system from the gnu project. debian is known for its adherence to the unix and free software philosophies. it is also known for its abundance of options : the current release contains over eight and a half thousand software packages for eleven computer architectures, ranging from the arm architecture commonly found in embedded systems and the ibm s390 mainframe architecture to the more common x86 and powerpc architectures found in modern personal computers. the project describes itself as creating \" the universal operating system \" and develops ports to other kernels, including that of gnu hurd, netbsd, and freebsd. those ports have yet to be officially released so, currently, debian is exclusively a gnu / linux distribution. ( this effort is also controversial among developers of the latter pair of systems, who do not consider their kernel to be a separable component from the userland. ) debian is also known for its package management system and apt, the advanced packaging tool in particular, its strict policies regarding the quality of its packages and releases, and its open development and testing process. these practices afford easy upgrades between releases without rebooting and easy installation and removal of packages. debian was founded in 1993 by ian murdock, then a student at purdue university, who wrote the debian manifesto which called for the creation of a linux distribution to be maintained in an open manner, in the spirit of linux and gnu. he chose the name by combining the first name of his then - girlfriend ( now wife ) debra with his own first name \" ian \", forming the portmanteau \" debian \", pronounced as the corresponding syllables of these names are in american english :. the debian project grew slowly at first and released its first 0. 9x versions in 1994 and 1995. the first ports to other architectures started being made in 1995, and the first 1. x version of debian was released in 1996. in 1996, bruce perens replaced ian murdock as the project leader. at the suggestion of fellow developer ean schuessler, he guided the editing process of the debian social contract and the debian free software guidelines. he also initiated the creation of the legal umbrella organization software in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5284094611868401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.966651"} {"text": "and broken release labelled \" 1. 0 \", the project skipped a \" 1. 0 \" release in order to avoid confusion. the release after 3. 0 is codenamed sarge. its version number will be 3. 1. it is currently in a state called testing, which is a staging area for the next release. day - to - day development takes place in the unstable branch which is permanently codenamed sid, after the boy next door who broke toys. note that software in the \" unstable \" branch is not necessarily unstable, only that the packaging and other debian - specific modifications may be new and untested. software which is itself unstable is generally placed in \" experimental \". the debian project is a volunteer organization with three foundational documents : - the debian social contract defines a set of basic principles by which the project and its developers conduct affairs. - the debian free software guidelines define the criteria for \" free software \" and so what software is permissible in the distribution, as referenced in the social contract. these guidelines have also been adopted as the basis of the open source definition. - the debian constitution describes the organizational structure for formal decision - making within the project, and enumerates the powers and responsibilities of the debian project leader, the debian project secretary, and the debian developers generally. currently, the project includes more than a thousand developers. each of them sustains some niche in the project, be it package maintenance, software documentation, maintaining the project infrastructure, quality assurance, or release coordination. package maintainers have jurisdiction over their own packages, although packages are increasingly co - maintained. other tasks are usually the domain of smaller, more collaborative groups of developers. the project maintains official mailing lists and conferences for communication and coordination between developers. for issues with single packages or domains, a public bug tracking system is used by developers and end - users both. informally, internet relay chat channels ( primarily on the oftc and freenode networks ) are used for communication among developers and users as well. together, the developers may make binding general decisions by way of a general resolution or election. all voting is conducted by cloneproof schwartz sequential dropping, a condorcet method of voting. a project leader is elected once per year by a vote of the developers. the debian project leader has several special powers, but this power is far from absolute and is rarely utilized. under a general resolution, the developers may, among other things, recall the leader, reverse a decision by him or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5547309227964639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.968786"} {"text": "vote of the developers. the debian project leader has several special powers, but this power is far from absolute and is rarely utilized. under a general resolution, the developers may, among other things, recall the leader, reverse a decision by him or his delegates, and amend the constitution and other foundational documents. the leader sometimes delegates authority to other developers in order for them to perform specialized tasks. generally this means that a leader delegates someone to start a new group for a new task, and gradually a team gets formed that carries on doing the work and regularly expands or reduces their ranks as they think is best and as the circumstances allow. perhaps a more important person to debian than the leader is the release manager, who sets goals for the next \" stable \" release, supervises the process, and makes the final decision as to when to release. a list of many important positions in the debian project is available at the debian organization web page. developer recruitment, motivation, and resignation the debian project has a steady influx of applicants wishing to become developers. these applicants must undergo an elaborate vetting process which establishes their identity, motivation, understanding of the project ' s goals ( embodied in the social contract ), and technical competence. more information on the \" new maintainer \" process is available at the debian new maintainer page. debian developers join the project for any number of reasons ; some that have been cited in the past include : - a desire to contribute back to the free software community ( practically all applicants are users of free software ) ; - a desire to see some specific software task accomplished ( some view the debian user community as a valuable testing or proving ground for new software ) ; - a desire to make, or keep, free software competitive with proprietary alternatives ; - a desire to work closely with people that share some of their aptitudes, interests, and goals ( there is a very strong sense of community within the debian project which some applicants do not experience in their paid jobs ) ; - a simple enjoyment of the iterative process of software development and maintenance ( some developers have a nearly obsessive level of dedication to refinement and enhancement of software ). debian developers may resign their positions at any time by orphaning the packages they were responsible for and sending a notice to the developers and the keyring maintainer ( so that their upload authorization can be revoked ). debian package life cycle each debian package has a maintainer who keeps track of releases by the \" upstream \" authors of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5110574203919949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.969835"} {"text": "and sending a notice to the developers and the keyring maintainer ( so that their upload authorization can be revoked ). debian package life cycle each debian package has a maintainer who keeps track of releases by the \" upstream \" authors of the software and ensures that the package is compliant with debian policy, coheres with the rest of the distribution, and meets the standards of quality of debian. in relations with users and other developers, the maintainer uses the bug tracking system to follow up on bug reports and fix bugs. typically, there is only one maintainer for a single package, but increasingly small teams of developers \" co - maintain \" larger and more complex packages and groups of packages. periodically, a package maintainer makes a release of a package by uploading it to the \" incoming \" directory of the debian package archive ( or an \" upload queue \" which periodically batch - transmits packages to the incoming directory ). package uploads are automatically processed to ensure that the upload is well - formed ( all the requisite files are in place ) and that the package bears the digital signature - - produced with openpgp - compatible software - - of a debian developer. all debian developers have public keys. packages are signed to be able to reject uploads from hostile outsiders to the project, and to permit accountability in the event that a package contains a serious bug, a violation of policy, or malicious code. if the package in incoming is found to be validly signed and well - formed, it is installed into the archive into an area called the \" pool \" and distributed every day to hundreds of mirrors worldwide. initially, all package uploads accepted into the archive are only available in the \" unstable \" suite of packages, which contains the most up - to - date version of each package. however, new code is also untried code, and those packages are only distributed with clear disclaimers. for packages to become candidates for the next \" stable \" release of the debian distribution, they first need to be included in the \" testing \" suite. the requirements for a package to be included in \" testing \" is that it : - must have been in unstable for the appropriate length of time ( the exact duration depends on the \" urgency \" of the upload ) ; - must not have a greater number of \" release - critical \" bugs filed against it than the current version in testing. release - critical bugs are those bugs which are considered serious enough that they make the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5030417467695862, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.971845"} {"text": "the \" urgency \" of the upload ) ; - must not have a greater number of \" release - critical \" bugs filed against it than the current version in testing. release - critical bugs are those bugs which are considered serious enough that they make the package unsuitable for release. - must be compiled for all architectures slated to release ; - must be a package for an architecture that is slated to release ( in other words, packages for architectures that aren ' t scheduled to release with all the rest are never considered for \" testing \" ) - must not depend on versions of any packages which do not meet the above conditions thus, a release - critical bug in a package on which many packages depend, such as a shared library, may prevent many packages from entering the \" testing \" area, because that library is considered deficient. periodically, the release manager publishes guidelines to the developers in order to ready the release, and in accordance with them eventually decides to make a release. this occurs when all important software is reasonably up - to - date in the release - candidate suite for all architectures for which a release is planned, and when any other goals set by the release manager have been met. at that time, all packages in the release - candidate suite ( \" testing \" ) become part of the released suite ( \" stable \" ). it is possible for a package - - particularly an old, stable, and seldom - updated one - - to belong to more than one suite at the same time. the suites are simply collections of pointers into the package \" pool \" mentioned above. the main technical criticism of debian is that the released, stable branch is too old to be useful for some purposes. this criticism is countered to some degree by the existence of : - repositories of backported packages ( updated package versions compiled in stable environment ), like those on backports. org and apt - get. org - the testing branch of debian, which contains updated software that is more stable than its name indicates, but does not have official security or other support from the debian project. there is also a \" hardened debian, \" a project that aims to add high security & hardening features, hardened kernels, packages and enhanced toolchain, the dhkp kernel patches and other cryptography & security related enhancements. another major criticism of debian is social and political. the \" attitude \" of hard - line debian users can be oppressive and daunting to users. examples include : - newcomers who may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5143442524925123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.973881"} {"text": "patches and other cryptography & security related enhancements. another major criticism of debian is social and political. the \" attitude \" of hard - line debian users can be oppressive and daunting to users. examples include : - newcomers who may have questions may expect to be flamed or \" bashed \" on certain debian support forums if they ask what may seem to be a \" newbie \" question - the chat server irc. debian. org, which is semi - famous for its hostile stance towards users who fail to first rtfm footnotessome refer to sid as an acronym for still in development, but this is an unofficial backronym that is not often used. official project resources - official project website - installation manual for the current stable release - debian reference manual - a brief history of debian - debian policy manual - the1 shells free shell access to a debian system - debian planet news and discussion site - planet debian developer weblogs - debian user forums - debian user forums ( german language ) - debian user forums ( danish language ) - debian collaboration wiki - debianpt ( portuguese language ) guides and additional documentation - distrowatch review - overview of debian installers - debian jr. project to ensure suitability for children - map of the debian organization - ubuntu debian - based distro which is gaining rapid support. - debian vs gentoo the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5438225119961004, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.974511"} {"text": "puglia is immersed in ancient history and is a pot - pourri of many different cultures having been continuously invaded and conquered, absorbing something from every event. even now the locals speak more \" dialetto \" than italian, every town apparently having its own dialect. as many as 4000 dinosaur footprints, believed to have been from five dinosaur species, have been discovered in the de lucia quarry, near altamura. altamura also boasts the remains of early man, the man of altamura, believed to be 150, 000 years old and found in the cave of lamalunga. altamura is, in fact, an important archaeological area. the national archaeological museum of altamura hosts a wealth of findings dating from the early bronze age to the late hellenistic age. around 7000bc, puglia was inhabited by the messapians, people from the balkans, settled in the salento area and around foggia. in the olive groves, close to torchiarolo, the archaeological remains of valesio, a messapian inhabited area can be found with evidence of habitation from as early as the iron age through to the late middle ages. the greeks too had their hand in forming puglia and southern italy, with 18 cities established before 600 bc and making up magna graecia. griko ( or grico ) is a local dialect based on the greek language and spoken in an area of salento comprising nine small towns in the grecia salentina region. greco is a common surname in the salento area. brindisi ( brundisium ) is a fine example of the different settlements and cultures that, throughout the ages, developed the area. an ancient greek settlement before it was conquered by the romans, in 267 bc, who built via appia and via appia traiana resulting in the journey between rome and brindisi being possible in fourteen days. one of the roman columns marking the end of the appian way can be seen in brindisi ; the second column crumbled away, and the ruins were given to lecce to hold the statue of sant ' oranzo in piazza oranzo. brindisi was conquered by the goths and then re - conquered by the byzantine empire in 6th century. in 674, it was destroyed by the lombards but rebuilt by the saracens in the early 9th century who also conquered taranto and bari and eventually rome. the saracens were followed by the normans ( 1070 ), then the austrians ( 1707 - 1734 ) followed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.435312152399275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.977133"} {"text": "the following five principles comprise what is commonly referred to as the arch way, or the arch philosophy, best summarized by the acronym kiss for keep it simple, stupid. simplicity is absolutely the principal objective behind arch development. many gnu / linux distributions define themselves as \u201c simple \u201d. however, simplicity itself has many definitions. arch linux defines simplicity as a lightweight base structure without unnecessary additions, modifications, or complications, that allows an individual user to shape the system according to their own needs. in short ; an elegant, minimalist approach. a lightweight base structure built with high programming standards will tend to have lower system resource demands. the base system is devoid of all clutter that may obscure important parts of the system, or make access to them difficult or convoluted. it has a streamlined set of well documented configuration files that are arranged for quick access and editing, with no cumbersome graphical configuration tools to hide possibilities from the user. an arch linux system is therefore readily configurable to the very last detail. on the other hand, arch linux keeps the inherent complexities of a gnu / linux system intact, while keeping them well organized and transparent. arch linux developers and users believe that trying to hide the complexities of a system actually results in an even more complex system, and is therefore to be avoided. code - correctness over convenience the arch linux system places precedence upon elegance of design as well as clean, simple code, rather than unnecessary patching, automation, eye candy or \u201c newbie - friendliness \u201d. software patches are therefore kept to an absolute minimum - ideally, never. simplicity, code - elegance, and minimalism shall always remain the reigning priorities of arch development. concepts, designs and features are generated and implemented by using the arch way principles as a guide, rather than bowing to external influences. the development team are resolute in their commitment and dedication to the arch way philosophy. if you share their vision, you are welcomed and encouraged to use arch. openness goes hand in hand with simplicity, and is also one of the guiding principles of arch linux development. arch linux uses simple tools, that are selected or built with openness of the sources and their output in mind. openness removes all boundaries and abstraction between the user and the system, providing more control, while simultaneously simplifying system maintenance. the open nature of arch linux also implies a fairly steep learning curve, but experienced arch linux users tend to find other more closed systems much more inconvenient to control. the openness principle extends to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5624880391368897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.983921"} {"text": ", while simultaneously simplifying system maintenance. the open nature of arch linux also implies a fairly steep learning curve, but experienced arch linux users tend to find other more closed systems much more inconvenient to control. the openness principle extends to its community members as well. arch linux users are known to be very open with help and advice, as well as with package contributions to the community maintained arch user repository. whereas many gnu / linux distributions attempt to be more \u2018 user - friendly \u2019, arch linux has always been, and will always remain \u2018 user - centric \u2019. arch linux targets and accommodates competent gnu / linux users by giving them complete control and responsibility over the system. arch linux users fully manage the system on their own. the system itself will offer little assistance, except for a simple set of maintenance tools that are designed to perfectly relay the user \u2019 s commands to the system. this user - centric design necessarily implies a certain \u201c do - it - yourself \u201d approach to using the arch distribution. rather than pursuing assistance or requesting a new feature to be implemented by developers, arch linux users have a tendency to solve problems themselves and share the results with the community and development team \u2014 a \u201c do first, then ask \u201d philosophy. this is especially true for user - contributed packages found in the arch user repository \u2014 the official arch linux repository for community - maintained packages. another guiding principle of arch linux development is freedom. the users are not only permitted to make all decisions concerning system configuration, but also get to choose what their system will * be *. by keeping the system simple, arch linux provides the freedom to make any choice about the system. a freshly installed arch linux system contains only basic core components with no automatic configuration performed. users are able to configure the system as they wish, from the shell. from the start of the installation procedure, every component of the system is 100 % transparent and accessible for instant access, removal, or replacement by alternative components. the large number of packages and build scripts in the various arch linux repositories also support freedom of choice, offering free and open source software for those who prefer it, as well as proprietary software packages, for those who embrace \u2018 functionality over ideology \u2019. it is the user who chooses. as judd vinet, the founder of the arch linux project said : \u201c [ arch linux ] is what you make it. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4631430822532524, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.985834"} {"text": "by brig samson s sharaf in the study and commentary of arthashastra written by vinshnugupta kautilya chanakya, i learned that the sub continent had a formative influence on the arab world of antiquity in arts, governance and sciences. later, through trade and warfare, this knowledge fused with the persian and chinese schools of thought transferred to europe in the times of hazrat omar bin abdul aziz, muslim rule of spain and the abbasside khilafat. the asian civilisation episodes and their effect on renaissance by the discovery channel have refocused this obscure development. imran khan \u2019 s referral to omar \u2019 s law is an indirect reference to this transitional fact. from antiquity to middle ages, the arabian peninsula remained the commercial and educational hub of the world. caravans used the traditional silk routes to debouch from as far afar as eastern europe, central asia, the sub continent and china transferring goods and with it politics and knowledge. arab sailors dominated all sea fares in the indian ocean and the mediterranean till the arrival of the portuguese. philosophy with its diverse schools ultimately became the common language. though the world assumes that it were the greek philosophers like aristotle and plato who provided the framework for modern philosophy, it ignores history. there were two landmark developments prior and during the arab influence and muslim rule of europe. first, the arab monks of christian denominations began the translation of greek scripts into arabic and hebrew. when abbasides established the house of wisdom in baghdad, they ordered all philosophies to be translated into arabic. while europe fought wars and plummeted into darkness, the arabs, persians and nestorian christians were busy in preserving and documenting these great works with accuracy. writing in his well - known book \u201c the making of humanity \u201d robert briffault admits : ` the incorruptible treasures and delights of intellectual culture were accounted by the princes of baghdad, shiraz and cordova, the truest and proudest pomp of their courts \u2026. caravans laden with manuscripts and botanical specimens plied from bukhara to tigris, from egypt to andulusia ; embassies were sent to constantinople and to india for the purpose of obtaining books and teachers ; a collection of greek authors or a distinguished mathematician was as eagerly demanded as the ransom of an empire. \u2019 later, when the search for origins and authenticity of greek scripts began, the baghdad translations assumed cardinal importance. thus began a discourse between the islamic and european worlds that included al - kindi ( alkind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4964692031272032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.993959"} {"text": "eagerly demanded as the ransom of an empire. \u2019 later, when the search for origins and authenticity of greek scripts began, the baghdad translations assumed cardinal importance. thus began a discourse between the islamic and european worlds that included al - kindi ( alkindus ), al - farabi ( abunaser ), ibn sina ( avicenna ), ibn bajjah ( avempace ), ibn rushd ( averroes ), and ibn khaldun. their works and commentaries influenced middle age european and catholic scholars and helped them retranslate the treatises into european languages. modern western philosophy considers ibn rushd as the greatest commentator and exponent of aristotelian philosophy, surpassing ibn sina by correcting his misconceptions on rational philosophy. he and ghazali represented two diverse schools in which he prevailed. many of his invaluable works were lost when the christian conquerors set fire to the intellectual treasures of the moors ( spanish muslims ). his treatises had a permanent impact on christian europe and he still continues to be the most popular muslim philosopher in the west. he was also an astronomer and wrote a treatise dealing with the motion of the sphere and credited with the discovery of sunspots. he also summarized the \u201c almagest \u201d of ptolemy which was translated into hebrew by jacob anatoli in 1231. according to george sarton, \u2018 he ( ibn rushd ) deeply influenced jewish philosophy \u2019 and \u2018 jewish averroism reached its zenith under levi ben gershon in the fourteenth century, and continued to prosper until the end of the fifteenth century \u2019. alfred gillaume in his article legacy of islam writes : ` ibn rushd belongs to europe and european thought rather than to the east \u2026 averroism continued to be a living factor in european thought until the birth of modern experimental science \u2019. he goes on to write, ` we may be sure that those who accuse the muslim scholars of lack of originality and of intellectual decadence have never read averroes or looked into algazel but have adopted second hand judgements. the presence of doctrines of islamic origin in the very citadel of western christianity, the ` summa \u2019 of aquinas, is a sufficient refutation of the charge of lack of originality and sterility. \u2019 according to phillip k. hitti, ` the last of the great arabic writing philosophers, ibn rushd belonged more to christian europe than to muslim asia or africa \u2019. in a painting placed in vatican", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4764031996856241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.994911"} {"text": "lack of originality and sterility. \u2019 according to phillip k. hitti, ` the last of the great arabic writing philosophers, ibn rushd belonged more to christian europe than to muslim asia or africa \u2019. in a painting placed in vatican ( circled in red ) ibn rushd appears the only muslim scholar in the historic school of athens. in statecraft ibn rushd himself of maliki tradition considered the pious caliphate as the model republic in which the dreams of plato \u2019 s republic were realized. the later revival of the caliphate tradition under hazrat omar bin abdul aziz ( also acclaimed as the fifth pious caliph ) and the relentless pursuit with which the concept of a welfare state took shape also influenced his writings. so what was this realisation of plato \u2019 s republic? the caliphate of hazrat omar farooq was the consolidation of a model republic with a philosopher head. the state was built around virtues such as honesty, truthfulness, integrity, fairness, equality, compliance and observance. he assisted the holy prophet in stamping the treaty of st. catherine giving equal rights to christians and refused to pray in churches and synagogues lest someone may make it a precedence to convert them to mosques. the caliph lived a simple life as a servant of the people. he established the diwan with a central treasury called baitul mal whose main responsibility was distribution rather than accumulation of wealth, insurance and pensions. he abolished landed aristocracies. he declared that every man including him were equal before law. his regimentation of the army into different arms and services made it the most agile, hard hitting and logistically self contained fighting machine. these monumental developments were eclipsed and abused during the umayyad rule. his great grandson omar bin abdul aziz ( al - khalifat - us - saleh ) emerged as the first revivalist in islamic history. this philosopher and scholar caliph sacrificed his lavish life style as governor of madina for an ascetic and humble life of abstinence and poverty. he reformed the entire political, social and cultural landscape to hazrat omar \u2019 s model state. in his historic address to the people he said, \u201c brothers! i have been burdened with the responsibilities of the caliphate against my will. you are at liberty to elect anyone whom you like. \u201d he allowed them to break their allegiance to him, if he wavered from the path of god. islam \u2019 s democratic spirit was the outstanding feature of his rule. as a welfare state, he abolished slavery, undertook extensive public reforms and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48756960853679965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.996037"} {"text": "like. \u201d he allowed them to break their allegiance to him, if he wavered from the path of god. islam \u2019 s democratic spirit was the outstanding feature of his rule. as a welfare state, he abolished slavery, undertook extensive public reforms and works in persia, khorasan and north africa removing the distinctions of arab and non arab muslims. dignity and honour were restored to minorities. he was the first caliph to commission a translation of the holy qur \u2019 an from arabic into the ancient sindhi language and order the compilation of hadith. he was the caliph who began a serious reconciliation of political and religious differences amongst muslims i. e. bani hashim, shi \u2019 as and kharijites. to sustain prolonged peace for development, he recalled his armies from the borders of france, india and the outskirts of constantinople. these reforms were not taken well by the umayyad who got him murdered ; the dynasty crumbled. abbasides and the rulers of spain continued the traditions of the model republic with greater focus on development and education. the rise of muslim philosophers, scientists and inventors were their link with europe. if dignity, respect for life, tolerance, good governance, justice and austerity are a measure of a welfare state led by a philosopher, the states established by hazrat omar farooq and persevered by omar bin abdul aziz, fit the definition of plato \u2019 s philosopher kings and that of a modern welfare state, ibn rusd establishes an intrinsic link between the two that precipitated into the european welfare states post industrial revolution. powered by facebook comments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48927429599482614, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.996743"} {"text": "ticks have been bad in north central arkansas ever since the spring of 2011, even throughout the \" winter \" months in unusual numbers. in particular, there are a lot of seed ticks, say park officials. coming into contact with ticks in this part of the country is normal and those who live here generally know the common - sense steps to take to minimize tick contacts and tick bites. avoiding tick habitat, including grassy, brushy, and wooded areas, doesn ' t leave much else but gravel bars, parking lots, and lake surfaces. however, just knowing that you may be entering such areas will help with the next level of preventive measures : - use 20 % - 30 % deet insect repellant on exposed skin and clothing ( yes, there are risks associated with using deet, too ). premethrin is a chemical which will kill ticks on contact but should not be applied to the skin. - wear long pants, long sleeves, long socks ; tuck pant legs into sock tops or wear gaiters to help keep ticks away from the skin. - check clothes for ticks, preferably before going indoors, and check all skin surfaces to eliminate ticks before they begin the process of biting you. this goes for your pets, too. they often bring these hitch - hikers indoors with them where they end up in surprising places. and don ' t turn your back on tried and true techniques, such as keeping a roll of duct tape handy to wrap around the palm of your hand, sticky side out, to remove seed ticks. whatever works! click here for more information on ticks and their health risks to humans from the centers for disease control website. image courtesy : cdc website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4048473386473881, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:16.998907"} {"text": "forum \u2014 conservation grazing uses livestock as ecosystem engineers livestock are proven ecosystem engineers in the great plains and in other rangelands around the world. the trick is to manage them accordingly. historically, the prairies of the western great plains east of the rocky mountains had a diverse mix of vegetation both in plant species and plant heights, ranging from barely an inch to 2\u00bd feet. for this rain - deprived area, that \u2019 s about as diverse as you \u2019 re going to get. buffalo, prairie dogs, and wildfires helped maintain this mosaic. but humans changed it by converting rangelands to croplands in the early 20th century and, more recently, by converting rangelands to residential ranchettes. rangeland management practices implemented over the past 50 years \u2014 such as evenly distributing livestock and water sources and using moderate stocking rates \u2014 mainly focused on livestock production. these practices, while very successful in terms of sustainable livestock production, have led to more homogeneous landscapes. this is opposite of the historical heterogeneity that resulted from the disturbances caused by grazing, fire, and prairie dogs. the result has been declines in the numbers of wildlife species, from grassland birds to black - tailed ferrets, the only ferret native to north america. the \u201c management to the middle \u201d practices leave few areas on the landscape that are either intensively disturbed \u2014 having very short vegetation and a lot of bare soil \u2014 or relatively undisturbed, from a rest in grazing. unfortunately, the vast majority of \u201c species of concern \u201d in these rangeland ecosystems are those with habitats that are associated with either highly disturbed or minimally disturbed areas. this issue creates conflicts between ranchers and environmentalists. as a result, there is an emerging need to manage these rangelands for a variety of ecosystem goods and services \u2014 including carbon storage, aesthetic beauty, biodiversity, recreation, wildlife habitat, and water \u2014 through an understanding of the tradeoffs involved. realistically, livestock are the primary practical tools for altering vegetation on rangelands because of environmental concerns about herbicides and the high costs of treating vast acreages of rangeland. this management style, called \u201c conservation grazing, \u201d balances the tradeoffs between livestock production and other ecosystem services. conservation grazing allows this by recreating and maintaining the historical mosaic of vegetation through various techniques, including varying levels of grazing. conservation grazing is a recent development and has resulted in a marked shift in the once negative views of cattle grazing held by many environmentalists and conservationists. as described in the article \" can livestock, prairie dogs, and fire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4413474680052279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.004636"} {"text": "including varying levels of grazing. conservation grazing is a recent development and has resulted in a marked shift in the once negative views of cattle grazing held by many environmentalists and conservationists. as described in the article \" can livestock, prairie dogs, and fire coexist? \" in this issue, one way that conservation grazing can be accomplished is with controlled late - fall burns. burning patches of pastures creates habitats that have large areas of bare ground and vegetation less than 2 inches high. these conditions are favorable for prairie dogs and mountain plovers, and the burned areas provide green, nutritious forage for livestock and antelope and other wildlife the following spring. the ars rangeland resources research unit ( rrru ) did its fourth controlled burn in early october 2010 at one of its long - term field sites in colorado. the fire and conservation grazing research is a joint effort of the rrru and other agricultural research service labs in miles city, montana, and woodward, oklahoma. other conservation grazing techniques include varying the seasons and the areas in which cattle graze, adding sheep and goats to the livestock mix, and varying livestock numbers and animal densities. cattle can be encouraged to graze certain parts of a pasture by placement of water troughs, supplemental feed locations, and herding. livestock will tend to congregate in areas around water and supplemental feed, and the trampling of their hooves creates patches of bare ground. the management practice of leaving a pasture ungrazed for a season to create a temporary \u201c grass bank \u201d fits in well with conservation grazing and also provides management flexibility to deal with drought. the growing number of ranching coalitions offers more opportunities for regional planning. the rrru works with one of the oldest groups, the crow valley livestock cooperative, which has worked with the u. s. department of agriculture since 1937. the list of authors of a conservation grazing paper published in 2010 illustrates the rrru \u2019 s breadth of cooperation : besides two ars researchers from the lab, there are representatives from the environmental defense fund and the rocky mountain bird observatory and a prairie ecologist with the wyoming game and fish department. we rangeland scientists cannot work by ourselves anymore. we share the natural resources arena with a diverse group of interests. but we all have the same goal : providing a sustainable flow of ecosystem goods and services from rangelands that meet the needs of society. it is also time to fully acknowledge the role of livestock as engineers of entire ecosystems, with positive implications for a wide variety of wildlife, from insects to grassland birds, hawks,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46724001507202517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.006332"} {"text": "q. i ' m starting to have trouble reading. but i ' ve heard that wearing glasses to help me read will make my eyesight worse. is that true? a. this is a common question. many people believe that glasses can make eyesight worse, but that ' s more myth than reality. many of us start to have trouble reading in our mid - 40s. the condition is called presbyopia ( pronounced prez - bee - oh - pee - ah ), and it is the natural loss of the focusing ability of the lens of the eye. the lens is about the size of a shirt button. because it can change shape, we are able to see objects that are close or far away. the closer the object, the more the lens has to \" flex \" to bring the object into focus. with age, though, the lens slowly grows larger and thicker. as it grows, the many tiny ligaments that connect the lens to the ciliary, or \" focusing, \" muscle in the eye become slack. when that happens, those ligaments ( called zonules ) cannot exert enough force on the lens to bend it into the position necessary to see things clearly up close. the lens also hardens and becomes less flexible, compounding the problem. exercising the ciliary muscles so they could pull harder on the lens would seem logical, but these muscles don ' t get appreciably weaker with age. even if eye exercises could strengthen the ciliary muscles, they wouldn ' t have much effect. there are two reasons people wrongly blame glasses for worsening presbyopic vision. first, the underlying condition worsens during the period when they start wearing reading glasses, so they associate the glasses with declining vision. second, they get used to seeing near objects well when wearing reading glasses, so when they take them off, their vision seems to have gotten worse. they blame the reading glasses, when they ' re really just experiencing the contrast between corrected and uncorrected vision. people do learn to cope with bad eyesight. the brain learns how to interpret blurry images and make educated guesses. if glasses make it easier for you to see well, your brain may get out of practice doing the tricks it learned to do to cope with poor eyesight. but that ' s not the same thing as glasses making your eyesight worse. whether glasses worsen presbyopia is a settled issue. they don ' t. but it ' s not as clear - cut when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4742536959635147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.011950"} {"text": "cope with poor eyesight. but that ' s not the same thing as glasses making your eyesight worse. whether glasses worsen presbyopia is a settled issue. they don ' t. but it ' s not as clear - cut when it comes to childhood myopia, or nearsightedness ( a term that causes confusion : it means your sight is good for near things and bad for things in the distance ). the national eye institute has reported that the prevalence of myopia has increased by 66 percent since 1980, and this increase has prompted many studies aimed at understanding the cause of myopia. myopia causes distant objects to be blurry because the eye grows too long, so the focal point of the lens ends up in front of the retina instead of directly on it. the condition usually develops in childhood and gradually worsens until eye growth slows down in early adulthood. myopia is largely genetic, but the progression of the condition may be influenced by environmental factors, such as the stress of focusing on near objects when reading. for some children, this stress on the focusing system may cause their eyes to grow, and hence their myopia increases at a much faster rate. bifocals could reduce that stress, and a study published in archives of ophthalmology in january 2010 showed that children wearing them had a 58 percent slower rate of progression of myopia, compared with children who wore traditional glasses with regular lenses that corrected for nearsightedness. this study confirmed findings from an earlier one that showed a similar but more modest benefit from wearing bifocals. meanwhile, some other studies have suggested that specially designed gas - permeable contact lenses may also slow myopic progression. there isn ' t enough evidence yet to recommend that children with myopia wear bifocals or special contact lenses. myopia is a very complex condition, and as the results of more well - designed studies get reported, we may be able to figure out a way to alter the course of this increasingly common form of visual impairment. \u2014 stephen taylor, o. d., ophthalmic consultants of boston ( c ) 2011. president and fellows of harvard college. all rights reserved. distributed by tribune media services, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5213891833465897, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.012933"} {"text": "by now, just about any city with a progressive outlook has conducted an open data apps contest \u2013 inviting hackers to create applications that make life better there. but dublin, ireland, is putting other places to shame. next year, its hack the city exhibition and festival will present a slew of events, workshops, installations, and mass - participation experiments aimed at exploring ways to make cities work better. \u201c we want to leave an imprint that inspires people to think differently about how we could an should live in cities, \u201d says teresa dillon, curator for the festival at science gallery, an initiative of trinity college dublin. the galley has been gathering applications from software hackers, artists, community activists, engineers and urban planners who want to participate by producing installations, performances, workshops, apps, etc. the call for proposals closes january 20, but dillon says it \u2019 s not too late to get started on a proposal and urges people with innovative ideas to bring them forward. find out more here. the plan is to use the entire city of dublin as a living laboratory for events and experiments. but the scope of the thinking is global. the exhibit will tie in with the dublin city of science conference which will bring hundreds of scientists from around the world next july to showcase the latest advances in science, encourage cross - discipline and cross - border collaboration and promote the role of science in society. the hack the city organizers also hope to take elements of the exhibition on the road in the future to cities around the world, including san jose, california. ibm is one of the sponsors of hack the city and will take the lead in one of the projects \u2013 an effort to use technology to develop practical solutions to urban problems. \u201c the idea is to come up with solutions that we can then publish out to the world, \u201d says martin kelly, a partner in ibm \u2019 s venture capital group. science gallery is an enlightened organization. it \u2019 s about promoting science, but it does that by mixing science, technology and art. approaches like this help create well - rounded individuals and transcendent societies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4871888981906157, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.017505"} {"text": "if you have an account on hotmail, yahoo!, or excite, it ' s vulnerable to hackers. [ and yet, a few years later, winkler says you have absolutely nothing to worry about from hackers. ] free email services are a common feature on portal sites, but some of them have serious security vulnerabilities - - specifically, yahoo! mail, excite mail, and hotmail first, these three services allow an unlimited number of log - on attempts. this means that malicious internet users can perform password guessing and \" brute force \" password attacks against accounts on those systems. ( after three failed log - in attempts, yahoo! does ask the supposed user if they require help. however, additional log - in attempts are not prevented. ) second, the user is not notified when a number of failed log - in attempts have occurred. if a password attack had been attempted against a user account, the user has no way of knowing. these vulnerabilities affect a lot of internet surfers. free email services are extremely popular as a web - based alternative to regular internet service provider accounts. the ability to access mail from any web browser and a certain level of internet anonymity are great advantages that these accounts offer. security, however, is a distinct disadvantage. the problems probably are not limited to yahoo!, excite, and hotmail. to test whether a particulare site is vulnerable to a brute - force attack, simply try entering incorrect passwords. if the system allows more than ten invalid password entries without locking out the account, then it probably allows an unlimited number of password - cracking attempts. [ probably? in his vast years of pen - testing, he hasn ' t run into a single case of an application or service being vulnerable to brute forcing weaknesses? ] password crackers attempt to obtain an account ' s password by exhaustively guessing word and number combinations. for example, an attacker may use a dictionary as the source of words. more sophisticated password crackers will use word - and - number combinations, such as star99. the most time - consuming technique is to try every possible combination of letters, numbers, and special characters. such attacks can easily be automated. password cracking is an extremely common hacker technique. [ password cracking is not the same as remotely brute force attacking an application like yahoo or hotmail. very few hackers rely on brute forcing as it takes an incredibly long time to complete, regardless of resources. password cracking relies on having a hashed value of the password and then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.527388792779099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.026467"} {"text": "same as remotely brute force attacking an application like yahoo or hotmail. very few hackers rely on brute forcing as it takes an incredibly long time to complete, regardless of resources. password cracking relies on having a hashed value of the password and then exhausting all possible combinations. ] to prevent brute - force attacks, a security function should lock an account after an excessive number of failed log - in attempts, typically three to five. once an account is locked, the user should be emailed about the failed log - in attempts and told to contact the system administrators, who will verify the user ' s identity. while this would cause a temporary interruption of service, it would prevent the account from being compromised. this is a basic security practice that is built into most computer operating systems. admittedly, these vulnerabilities are extremely basic. i was not expecting them to exist on all the systems i examined. i take their presence as an indication that security was not a crucial step in designing these systems. while the sites all state that users should choose their passwords well, they do not account for attacks that can compromise even the best passwords. this leaves users, who number in the thousands or even hundreds of thousands ( industry numbers measure accounts, not the number of users ), vulnerable to someone with even trivial programming and hacking skills. while no attacks have been reported, it is likely that they were attempted. it is also a given that they will be attempted and successful unless action is taken. i contacted yahoo! and excite press liaisons about this issue and received no official reply. hotmail could not be reached by telephone, and email messages to its technical support groups were not returned. what you can do users can ' t currently do much to prevent their accounts from being compromised. however, until the services redesign their log - in process, surfers should be aware that an attacker may be able to access email messages and other information stored on the system. attackers may also be able to assume your identity online. accordingly, you should delete all sensitive messages and not use the accounts to receive sensitive messages. the best thing you can do is contact your service, let it know how important security is to you, and tell it that you expect it to correct this problem. you can also recommend that it implement the secure socket layer ( ssl ) protocol for log ins and accessing your information. ssl encrypts the data that you send and receive from a website and has no discernible effect on your system. this protects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5072799143833338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.027739"} {"text": "that it implement the secure socket layer ( ssl ) protocol for log ins and accessing your information. ssl encrypts the data that you send and receive from a website and has no discernible effect on your system. this protects your information from being read by people using sniffers to read information on the internet as it is being sent. [ user ' s can do one thing that is immensely helpful actually ; pick a strong password that is not likely to be brute forced. you know, like you recommend shortly after saying user ' s can ' t do much. further, ssl does not prevent the attacks described in this article. ] picking a good password although no one is exempt from a brute - force attack, taking a few precautions can make it significantly harder for others to guess your password. many people pick passwords that they can easily remember. unfortunately, that can translate into being easily guessed if someone has minimal knowledge about you. when you choose a password, make sure that it is unusual and not based on personal information or the website itself. for example, i ' d imagine that hundreds of people have some variation of the word yahoo for logging into yahoo! mail. one scary aspect of free email accounts is the measures put in place to help users remember their passwords. most web portals realize that their visitors subscribe to many portals or visit the site infrequently, and they have a feature to help people who have forgotten their passwords. basically, the service allows you to create clues that will remind you of your password. users can even use biographical information for a password. for example, the system will ask you what city you were born in. if you answer the question correctly, the service allows you to change your password. how hard is it to figure out where someone was born, or the name of their dog? in many cases, people might give this information out online in the course of casual exchanges of information. in response to my recent article on you ' ve got mail, a woman described her experience being stalked by a former acquaintance. she said he was a brilliant hacker because he broke into her email account. when i asked her if her stalker could have gained enough information to guess her password or access question, she indicated that it would have been easy for him to know the answer to the question. my recommendation is that you think of an unusual and memorable answer for a typical question. let ' s say you chose the question \" what city were you born in? \" answer with the state as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5321811589494356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.028993"} {"text": "the american cancer society is encouraging smokers to kick the habit on nov. 15 as part of the organization \u2019 s great american smokeout. now in its 37th year, the smokeout is an opportunity for smokers to quit on that day or to make a plan to quit. an estimated 1 billion people worldwide will die during the 21st century because of tobacco use, according to the tobacco atlas, published by the american cancer society and world lung foundation. \u201c tobacco use remains the single largest preventable cause of disease and premature death in the united states, \u201d cheryl tucker, vice president of health initiatives for the american cancer society, said in a press release. \u201c quitting smoking is the most important thing you can do for your health and the great american smokeout is a great way to start. \u201d tobacco use accounts for at least 30 percent of all cancer deaths and 80 percent of lung cancer deaths. in the u. s., tobacco use is responsible for nearly one in five deaths, or about 443, 000 premature deaths each year. smokers who quit, regardless of age, live longer than people who continue to smoke. in just 20 minutes after quitting smoking, heart rate and blood pressure drop. in about one to nine months after quitting, coughing and shortness of breath decrease. the american cancer society held its first great american smokeout in 1976. scarborough fitness center hosts run to benefit food pantry scarborough, maine \u2014 zone 3 fitness in scarborough celebrated world run day on monday by collecting donations for the scarborough food pantry. members of zone 3 fitness, a fitness and personal training center, gathered for a run around back cove in portland and set up boxes for nonperishable food items and donations, according to a press release. world run day was founded to celebrate and promote the health benefits of running while also encouraging runners to donate to their favorite charity. \u201c we thought world run day was a great opportunity to bring together runners of all levels, including new runners, for a fun morning run and to do something meaningful for our community, \u201d said nicole avery, owner of zone 3 fitness.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4312181010165679, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.031739"} {"text": "charleston, maine \u2014 the fifth century philosopher and mathematician pythagoras may be best known for his theorem, but he is also credited with being the world \u2019 s first - known vegetarian. he led a group that was well known in ancient times for not eating meat, fish or fowl. his followers, known as \u201c pythagoreans, \u201d didn \u2019 t consume animal meat for ethical reasons and religious objections. the pythagoreans believed in the idea of metempsychosis, which is the transmigration of a person \u2019 s soul into the bodies of other animals. those who abstained from eating meat were considered to have adopted the \u201c pythagorean diet \u201d in ancient times. the term \u201c vegetarian \u201d was later adopted in the 19th century for those who didn \u2019 t consume meat for ethical or health reasons. among those who promoted the vegetarian practice in more modern times were doctors who discovered the healthy aspect of a diet consisting mostly of beans and grains. dr. john harvey kellogg, of battle creek, mich., was among the earliest in the medical field in the 1880s to promote vegetarianism. his family later formed a whole grain cereal company in 1906 that culminated with kellogg \u2019 s corn flakes becoming a breakfast staple. today, doctors and nutritionists continue to promote a vegetarian diet in order to reduce heart disease and other health ailments. vegetarians in the u. s. account for 9 million people, or 4 percent of the population, according to the vegetarian resource group. in 2011, 3 percent of americans were counted as being vegetarians. dr. robert lodato of charleston is an internal medicine physician who adheres to the vegan - vegetarian lifestyle. he began his vegan diet \u2014 which is absent of any animal products \u2014 in 1998. those who eat vegan won \u2019 t consume beef, chicken or fish or any food containing animal products, such as milk or cheese. lodato cites the latest position paper of the american dietetic association, from 2009, which states that a well - planned vegetarian or vegan diet is healthy for individuals during all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood and adolescence. the ada paper concluded that a vegetarian diet resulted in significantly fewer deaths from heart disease, as well as lower rates of obesity, hypertension, cancer and diabetes, than a nonvegetarian diet. lodato notes that this is a strong support for those advocating a more plant - based diet for better health.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5044973851093348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.035383"} {"text": "from heart disease, as well as lower rates of obesity, hypertension, cancer and diabetes, than a nonvegetarian diet. lodato notes that this is a strong support for those advocating a more plant - based diet for better health. lodato became interested in vegetarianism in his 20s, after reading \u201c diet for a small planet \u201d by frances moore lappe. the book promoted a combination of beans and grains to provide a person with all the necessary daily protein. it introduced him to the vegan diet, but he didn \u2019 t fully embrace it until after he attended a weeklong conference in johnstown, pa., in 1998. \u201c i tried that for a while, but it wasn \u2019 t until i attended the vegetarian summerfest conference that it became permanent, \u201d lodato said. \u201c summerfest is a full week of lectures, social activities, and gourmet vegan meals. it is a great way to introduce yourself into a new way of eating. \u201d lodato recently conducted a forum at mayo regional hospital in dover - foxcroft about the healthy benefits a vegetarian and vegan lifestyle can produce. nearly 40 people attended the one - hour presentation about the pros and cons of a healthier diet and stayed for another hour of discussion afterwards. \u201c we had a good turnout and may do more in the future, \u201d lodato said. \u201c there seems to be a great deal of interest locally. a group of us are planning to teach an adult class beginning in march about vegan cooking. \u201d when lodato decided to become a vegan, he discovered various recipes through cookbooks and friends. the doctor recommends \u201c the vegan deli \u201d by joanne stepaniak and the website vrg. org as two excellent sources for vegan recipes. \u201c i think the \u2018 vegan deli \u2019 is one of the best. deli dishes tend to be tasty and easy to make, \u201d he said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43140666732279975, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.036269"} {"text": "diabetes is estimated to effect 18 million people just here in the united states. this is just over 6 % of the total population. to say this disease is epidemic is an understatement. because this is a chronic disease that can last over years and decades, it is vital for sufferers to learn how to minimize its effect over their lives. simply learning how to live with diabetes is a major challenge. a major element in managing diabetes is the patient \u2019 s diet. finding ways to \u201c live \u201d with diabetes and to eat healthy is vital for long term successful management of this insidious disease. the internet offers diabetics a wonderful array of recipes and food choices that can be incorporated into their health regimen. recently, paula deen was in the news headlines because she is now diabetic. she has developed a great source of the recipes and food choices highlighted in the following website : www. diabetesinanewlight. com. these inspired recipes are diabetic \u2013 friendly and quite varied. www. diabeticlifestyle. com is also a great website that offers not only recipes designed for the diabetic, but aids and hints in daily living with diabetes. the information suggested on exercise regimens and the basics of diabetes are especially helpful to the newly diagnosed patient. the american diabetes association has offered for years a simple, basic cookbook that should be on the shelves of any conscientious diabetic. this is the \u201c betty crocker \u201d cookbook for all with this disease. however, this website is easy to use and a great source for additional information. one of the most popular and timely sites for feeding the diabetic is ; recipes. lovetoknow. com / wiki / recipes _ for _ diabetics this site is user friendly and gives detailed instructions and recipes that are focused on every day meals. it is loaded with helpful tips and hints on ways to reduce risks for patients watching their starch and sugar intake. the meals are also pictured and appealing. learning to live with diabetes is no doubt a big challenge. with the aid of great web sites and internet convenience, this disease is easier to control and living with it is much more viable than in the past.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41781302222812744, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.041150"} {"text": "in greece, dishes combining beans and grains have been served since ancient times. originally they were offerings to pagan gods. today, they \u2019 re made to honor greek orthodox saints and the virgin mary. greek names for beans and grains roll off the tongue : polysporia, polykoukia, bourbourelia, fotokoliva, koliva, fotopapouda, papoudia, panspermia, sperna, palikaria. all are essentially the same : mixed legumes and grains made into soup or salad. polysporia, in english \u201c many seeds, \u201d is the most common name. polysporia is traditionally made on november 21, the day orthodox christians believe mary was consecrated to god in jerusalem \u2019 s temple. after her consecration, legend says mary \u2019 s family gave out beans and grains to the crowd waiting outside. some claim polysporia represents the beans and grains mary \u2019 s family distributed. others look to a more ancient origin. in feasting & fasting in crete : delicious mediterranean recipes ( kedros publications, athens, 2001 ), diana farr louis says the origins of polysporia go \u201c back thousands of years and may even have been made by the minoans. psilakis [ a popular greek cookbook writer ] compares it to the panspermia ( all seeds ) offered by both the minoans and ancient greeks to their gods in thanks for a successful harvest. \u201d historians link polysporia to demeter, goddess of the harvest, who reigned over grains, vegetation, and all fruits of the earth. from demeter, ancient greeks learned to plant, grow, harvest, and prepare grain. in return, they gave demeter offerings of grain dishes similar to today \u2019 s polysporia. most believe it \u2019 s no coincidence that modern greeks celebrate feasts on days, and in ways, similar to pagan holidays, and that pagan offerings to demeter morphed into christian feast day foods. polysporia \u201c is child of the incorporation of ancient strong traditions in [ to ] the christian religion \u2026 since farming economy depends a lot on nature, [ seed - sowing time ] continue [ s ] to be associated and sprinkled with magic, \u201d according to greek food historian, mariana kavroulaki. recently bob \u2019 s red mill, a purveyor of beans, grains, and baking products, invited me to write an article for its website. bob \u2019 s sent me a collection of products to use for developing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47258855415665924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.051290"} {"text": "kavroulaki. recently bob \u2019 s red mill, a purveyor of beans, grains, and baking products, invited me to write an article for its website. bob \u2019 s sent me a collection of products to use for developing recipes, including whole grains and beans soup mix. the minute i saw its ingredient list, remarkably similar to polysporia \u2019 s, i immediately wanted to make a tasty, modern dish of greek beans and grains. after testing several versions, i settled on soup seasoned with lemon and fresh dill, a classic greek pairing. it \u2019 s so delicious, everyone who tried it wanted more. i served it with bobota, rustic greek cornbread with feta popular in northern greece ( also made with bob \u2019 s red mill products ). bobota makes a wonderful partner for soup of any kind. in addition to giving me products to use in developing recipes, bob \u2019 s red mill donated our bob \u2019 s red mill giveaway prize. rest assured, i \u2019 d never recommend a product i don \u2019 t personally use and love. in this case, i \u2019 ve been a bob \u2019 s red mill devotee since the 1970s. its products are invariably fresh and designed with the home cook in mind. in alaska, bob \u2019 s red mill is often the only locally available source for essential baking and cooking ingredients. besides its religious significance, ancient and modern, polysporia tastes really good. i discovered bob \u2019 s red mill sells a whole grains and beans soup mix, with ingredients remarkably similar to polysporia. wanting to know if there was a link, i asked cassidy stockton of bob \u2019 s red mill how they developed the mix. she said, \u201c we formulated this mix using our grande whole grains blend because we wanted a soup mix that contained a good variety of whole grains, as well as beans. there \u2019 s no fancy story, we all just really loved the chewy texture of the grains in contrast with the beans. \u201d when bob \u2019 s red mill invited me to submit a guest post, they gave me products to use for developing recipes. the minute i saw the \u201c whole grains and beans \u201d ingredient list, i knew immediately i wanted to make a tasty, modern version of polysporia. after several tries, i settled on a recipe seasoned with lemon and fresh dill, a classic greek pairing. it \u2019 s so delicious, everyone who tried it wanted more. i served it with bobota, a rustic greek cornbread with feta that is popular in northern greece", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41384775947370067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.052867"} {"text": "on a recipe seasoned with lemon and fresh dill, a classic greek pairing. it \u2019 s so delicious, everyone who tried it wanted more. i served it with bobota, a rustic greek cornbread with feta that is popular in northern greece ( also made with bob \u2019 s red mill products ). greek beans and grains soup ( polysporia ) greek beans and grains soup is tart, chewy, creamy, herby, and all - around delicious. paired with rustic greek cornbread and a light green salad, it is great for lunch or dinner. if you \u2019 re like me, you \u2019 ll also eat it for breakfast. to make the soup vegan / vegetarian be sure to use vegetable stock or water ( it \u2019 s richer if made with stock ). - 3 cups diced yellow onion, 1 / 4 \u201d dice - 2 tbsp olive oil - freshly ground black pepper - 2 tbsp minced garlic - 2 cups bob \u2019 s red mill whole grains and beans soup mix, rinsed under cold water - 8 cups vegetable or chicken stock, or water - 1 tsp kosher or coarse salt - 2 cups thinly sliced green onions, green and white parts both - 2 tbsp minced fresh dill or 2 tsp dried dill - 1 / 3 cup fresh lemon juice - 1 - 1 / 2 tsp finely grated lemon peel - extra dill for garnish in large pot, saute onions, lightly seasoned with salt and freshly ground black pepper, in olive oil. add garlic and cook for 1 minute. stir in beans and grains, stock, and 1 tsp. salt. bring to a boil, cover, turn down heat to low, and simmer for 1 1 / 2 hours, or until beans are tender. when beans are done, stir in green onion, dill, lemon juice, and lemon peel. cook for 5 minutes. taste and add salt, freshly ground black pepper, dill, or lemon juice, as needed. garnish with dill and serve immediately. note : you can turn this recipe into a salad. to do so, use 6 cups stock, don \u2019 t cover pot while it simmers, and cook liquid down until it \u2019 s almost gone, stirring regularly to prevent burning. when beans are done, stir in onions, dill, lemon juice, and lemon peel. serve hot or at room temperature. rustic greek cornbread with feta ( bobota me feta ) makes 9 \u201d x 9 \u201d cornbread ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39663156079213324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.055846"} {"text": ". when beans are done, stir in onions, dill, lemon juice, and lemon peel. serve hot or at room temperature. rustic greek cornbread with feta ( bobota me feta ) makes 9 \u201d x 9 \u201d cornbread ; double recipe for 9 \u201d x 13 \u201d cornbread rustic greek cornbread is lightly sweetened to balance the salty feta. the rustic texture of this bread combines well with hearty soups and stews. for a more refined version, substitute all - purpose flour for corn flour. - 1 / 2 cup butter - 1 / 3 cup granulated sugar - 2 large eggs - 1 cup water - 1 cup bob \u2019 s red mill medium cornmeal - 1 cup bob \u2019 s red mill corn flour - 3 tbsp bob \u2019 s red mill sweet cream buttermilk powder - 1 / 2 tsp baking soda - 1 / 2 tsp kosher or coarse salt - 1 - 1 / 4 cup crumbled or diced feta cheese preheat oven to 375\u00b0f. liberally butter sides of 9 \u201d x 9 \u201d pan. melt butter in medium pan. whisk in granulated sugar, eggs, and water. put cornmeal, corn flour, buttermilk powder, baking soda, and salt in large bowl. whisk ingredients together, making sure the mix has no lumps. fold in wet ingredients, just until all ingredients are combined. put batter into prepared pan. bake for 25 - 30 minutes or just until center is set ; don \u2019 t overcook or the cornbread will be dry. remove from oven and let rest 10 - 15 minutes before cutting and serving. at www. laurieconstantino. com, laurie constantino creates and writes about authentic mediterranean fare using ingredients readily available in north america. her recipes are inspired by her travels, her homes in limnos, greece and anchorage, alaska, and her vast cookbook collection. she also writes extensively about foraging and cooking with wild edible plants and mushrooms. laurie \u2019 s book, tastes like home : mediterranean cooking in alaska, was published in 2007 ; a revised edition with new recipes came out in 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36018839077992704, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.056741"} {"text": "whether they \u2019 re toys that shine in the night, black lights, glow sticks or fireflies, things that produce an eerie glow are fascinating. give a kid a glow - in - the - dark toy or paper her ceiling in dimly shining plastic stars, and she will be occupied forever. she \u2019 ll find ever brighter lights to charge them up, ever darker places to view them for maximum glow effect, and generally love exploring how it all works. you know this ; you were that kid. so what \u2019 s the deal with the glow? learn how to make this amazing looking glow - in - the - dark cocktail over at neatorama it \u2019 s 10 p. m. do you know where your electrons are? while there are several \u201c flavors \u201d of things that glow, they all have something in common : things glow because photons are emitted when \u201c excited \u201d ( at a higher energy state ) electrons drop back to a lower, more stable state. aside from promising them a pony or a tour of cern, there are several ways to get your electrons excited. in chemical glow sticks, a chemical reaction excites the electrons. this process is called chemiluminescence. glow sticks are an excellent way to experiment with reaction rates and temperature. if you want the reaction to last longer, follow a kid \u2019 s advice and put the glow stick in the freezer or in ice water so the reaction slows down ; it \u2019 ll take longer to use up the chemicals in the glow stick. the trade - off is that because the production of photons is also slower, a cold glow stick is dimmer than a warm one. fluorescence is like light recycling. fluorescent rocks, laundry detergent additives, paint, and even some animals can re - emit light after something shines on them. usually we \u2019 re talking about things getting hit with ultraviolet or \u2018 black \u2019 light and re - emitting within the visible spectrum. this makes sense because as you progress along the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, visible light is a bit lower in energy than ultraviolet light \u2014 you can \u2019 t expose something to lower energy red light and get it to fluoresce in uv, for example. fluorescent things certainly fluoresce in daylight, but not enough to outshine the ambient light, so they \u2019 re most noticeable under a black light in an otherwise dark space. phosphorescence is a lot like fluorescence but stretched out over time \u2014 a slow glow. so you can shine light ( visible or uv ) on a glow -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5617126090725063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.063508"} {"text": "so they \u2019 re most noticeable under a black light in an otherwise dark space. phosphorescence is a lot like fluorescence but stretched out over time \u2014 a slow glow. so you can shine light ( visible or uv ) on a glow - in - the - dark star and it re - emits light, too, but over a lot more time, so the glow continues for minutes or hours before it completely dies out. if you have a glow - in - the - dark toy or t - shirt, try \u201c charging it up \u201d with lights of different colors or intensities and checking out the glow that results. fireflies produce and use their own chemicals, luciferin and luciferase, to dazzle and attract potential mates \u2014 and sometimes to lure prey. a surprising number of marine critters are bioluminescent, too, like dinoflagellates ( plankton ) that glow when disturbed, the angler fish, and some squid ( perhaps they are blending in with starlight from above ). headlines occasionally announce a new genetically engineered \u201c glowing \u201d kitten, rabbit, plant, sheep, etc., but they are almost always talking about fluorescence instead of bioluminescence, so the light is only seen when the animal is placed under ultraviolet light. ( one useful application of this is the ability to track a protein related to a certain disease by getting the introduced gene for green fluorescent protein ( gfp ) to link to the gene for the protein of interest ). some animals like scorpions and jellyfish ( the original source of gfp ) fluoresce naturally. sugar and adhesives can exhibit triboluminescence, in which friction or fracturing produces the light. this one is great to try out at home ; you just need wint - o - green lifesavers\u00ae, transparent tape and a very dark room ( a buddy or a room with a mirror is helpful for the lifesavers portion ). dr. sweeting ( that \u2019 s her real name ) has more detailed instructions and explanation, but the big idea is that a tiny, but visible, amount of light is emitted when you peel tape off the roll and when you bite into the candy, crushing sugar crystals against each other. the wintergreen oil even improves the effect by fluorescing! are there any other kinds of luminescence? yes! incandescence, piezoluminescence, radioluminescence, etc. but that \u2019 s enough fun for one post. go try", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5499344820327717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.065034"} {"text": "after everything i have learned throughout psychology, the one concept that will stick with me most is the concept of sleep. the idea of sleep may seem simple and self - explanitory but people ( including myself ) underestimate the importance of sleep. sleeping is one of the most important aspects of life, after a good night ' s sleep you feel better, your thoughts are clearer, and your emotions are less fragile. without adequate sleep, judgment, mood, and ability to learn and retain information are weakened. i have learned this already in college and have seen the effects of sleep reflect in my grades. i wonder if scientists will discover the exact scientific reasoning behind why sleep is so important in our lives. i will always remember how important sleep is and make sure to get the suggested amount of sleep so i can receive the healthy amount of rem sleep i need in order to be healthy. another thing i wonder is if all people have the same sleeping cycles at night. overall, it is important for everyone to get the suggested amount of sleep each night and be consistent. for more information on why sleep is important click here. sleep is everything trackback url : http : / / blog. lib. umn. edu / cgi - bin / mt - tb. cgi / 187626", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.583038284761056, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.067000"} {"text": "a fairly recent study put on by researchers at columbia, harvard and the university of wisconsin sought to test the effects of internet / computer use to see if it is changing the way people remember information. for one part of the experiment, participants were asked type 40 different bits of trivia into a computer. one example of such trivia was \" an ostrich ' s eye is bigger than its brain. \" half of these participants were told the computer would save what they typed in, while the other half were told their items would be erased. the study found that the participants who were told their items would not be saved were better able to recall what they typed as opposed to the participants who thought their items would be saved. in essence, the people who thought they could simply check the computer later did not make as much as an effort to remember what they typed. the experiment toys with the notion of transactive memory and our growing reliance on computers and internet. the idea behind transactive memory is that we rely on other people and materials in our lives to help recall information. the advent of computers and internet has increased our reliance on accessing information transactively. in this day and age we don ' t need to remember everything anymore. google has become a household term, with the click of a mouse we can pretty much find anything we want. the validity of this experiment seems legitimate, except we aren ' t told how these participants were selected - some people may be better at remembering information. if you tell people something won ' t be saved, of course they are going to pay closer attention to the details. while people argue that the \" google effect \" is making us dumber, i have to disagree. aren ' t we taking advantage of our resources? isn ' t it making us more productive? why spend three hours looking for a formula in a dusty book when i could find it instantly on google? i argue that with the \" google effect \" we have more time to work rather than waste valuable time recalling information. there is in fact successful replicability of this experiment. all in all, there is still a lot to explore, but is this phenomenon good or bad? memories or megabytes? trackback url : http : / / blog. lib. umn. edu / cgi - bin / mt - tb. cgi / 159371", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5363660243905534, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.070609"} {"text": "on june 23, 1948, the soviet union blockaded ground access to west berlin, at that time occupied by the united states, great britain, and france. all road, rail, and barge traffic was shut down. president harry s. truman and gen. lucius d. clay, the american military governor of germany, resolved to keep the city supplied by air. the resulting \u201c operation vittles \u201d \u2013 also known as the berlin airlift \u2013 was a massive combined effort of all the u. s. armed services and the western powers. american, french, and british cargo planes delivered over 2. 3 million tons of food, coal, and other supplies to the citizens of berlin from june 1948 to september 1949, even though the blockade was lifted in may. one airlift pilot, u. s. air force lt. gail s. halvorsen, equipped chocolate bars with tiny parachutes made from handkerchiefs and threw them from his cockpit as he landed. halvorsen earned many affectionate nicknames for his endeavor, including the candy bomber, the chocolate pilot, and uncle wiggly wings. he still receives letters and christmas cards from grateful berliners. germany has initiated a celebration of the 60th anniversary of the berlin airlift to pay tribute to u. s. / german friendship. dubbed \u201c friends forever, \u201d the celebration includes a traveling exhibit, \u201c the berlin airlift \u2013 a legacy of friendship, \u201d which will be on display at the national air and space museum \u2019 s steven f. udvar - hazy center in chantilly, virginia, until july 23. german ambassador klaus scharioth will join museum director gen. john r. dailey in cutting the ribbon of the exhibition during an opening ceremony at 10 : 30 a. m. on june 20. the ceremony is part of the 5th annual become a pilot family day and aviation display at the udvar - hazy center. visitors will have a chance to meet airlift pilot gail halvorsen, and see the c - 54 spirit of freedom, an american aircraft deployed during the airlift which now serves as a \u201c flying museum \u201d run by the berlin airlift historical foundation. more than 80 other aircraft will be on hand for the event, in addition to a host of activities inside the center. kathleen hanser is a writer - editor in the office of communications at the national air and space museum.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4320719880431294, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.075049"} {"text": "study prompts calls for immediate action on asian carp from wildlife promise two u. s. senators are calling for immediate action to halt the spread of asian carp in light of a new study that found the invasive fish could thrive in three of ohio \u2019 s largest rivers. asian carp were imported to arkansas fish farms in the 1960s ; the fish have since spread throughout the mississippi river basin. the menacing invaders, which hog fish food and leap out of the water when disturbed by the sound of boat motors, are on the verge of invading lake erie and lake michigan. a new study by the u. s. geological survey found that asian carp could thrive in ohio \u2019 s maumee, sandusky, and grand rivers, which could allow the fish to establish reproducing populations in western lake erie. such a development would be devastating for the most bountiful of all the great lakes fisheries. \u201c asian carp represent a critical threat to our boating, fishing and tourism industries, and ultimately our michigan way of life, \u201d stabenow said in a press release. \u201c this report further shows how devastating the carp \u2019 s entry into the great lakes would be. we need action now to protect our natural resources. \u201d the u. s. army corps of engineers is currently studying how best to keep asian carp and other invasive species in the mississippi river basin from invading the great lakes. the problem is that the study won \u2019 t be completed until late 2015, at the earliest. stabenow recently introduced the stop asian carp act of 2011 in an attempt to speed up the corps of engineers study. her bill, which is stalled in a congressional committee, would require the corps to complete its great lakes and mississippi river interbasin study within 18 months. national wildlife federation is leading efforts to keep asian carp from colonizing the great lakes. go here to learn more about what we are doing to combat the invasive fish. the disturbing results of the usgs study were the most recent reason for the corps of engineers to hasten its study of how best to separate the great lakes and mississippi river basins. a corps of engineers study released in december found that the volume of cargo hauled on the chicago waterway system decreased by nearly 50 percent between 1994 and 2009. that study destroyed claims that separating the lake michigan from the chicago waterway system \u2014 to keep asian carp in the manmade canals from invading the great lakes \u2014 would devastate chicago \u2019 s economy. go here for more study details. later this month, the great lakes commission will release a much - anticipated study of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37494015287432514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.079105"} {"text": "in english news wire text, on average one word out of twenty is non - standard, i. e. not simply made up of letters from the english alphabet. examples are abbreviations, numbers, dates, times, and other measures. on top of these non - standard words comes an endless list of ( foreign ) names of people, places, products or companies, whose pronunciation is unknown and potentially irregular. when confronted with unknown words, modern text - to - speech engines try to guess the correct pronunciation based on the written form of the word, sometimes with weird results. in this post we show two - admittedly contrived - example sentences, each with two pronunciations. the first pronunciation is out - of - the - box, whereas the second one benefits from a manually edited pronunciation dictionary. here \u2019 s the first sentence : out of the box, it is pronounced like this : sentence1 _ orig with the abbreviations \u2018 maj. \u2019 and \u2018 nytimes \u2019 expanded and phonetic transcriptions for \u2018 netanyahu \u2019, \u2018 paypal \u2019 and \u2018 gmail \u2019, the sentence becomes much more comprehensible. judge for yourself : sentence1 _ enhanced here \u2019 s a second sentence : the out - of - the - box pronunciation goes like this : sentence2 _ orig by expanding the abbreviation \u2018 jlem \u2019 ( = \u2018 jerusalem \u2019 ) and pronouncing \u2018 odiogo \u2019 as a word rather than as an abbreviation, the overall quality is greatly enhanced : sentence2 _ enhanced note that we decided not to expand the abbreviations \u2018 llc. \u2019 and \u2018 us \u2019. with this post we wanted to show you a few very simple examples of how odiogo enhances the out - of - the - box quality of its speech synthesis engine. if you want to learn about more advanced ways of improving text - to - speech quality, fetch the white paper \u201c turning news & blog articles into high - fidelity computer - generated audio \u201d from our download page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5070138283090971, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.081863"} {"text": "students will use basic addition and subtraction facts everyday for the rest of their lives, so it is extremely important they have a good foundation of knowledge on which to use and further build upon. included below are books, online games, and other websites and resources available to enrich the learning experience of this crucial topic. the virginia standards of learning covered include : 2. 5 the student will recall addition facts with sums to 20 or less and the corresponding subtraction facts ; 2. 8 the student will create and solve one - and two - step addition and subtraction problems, using data from simple tables, picture graphs, and bar graphs, and 2. 9 the student will recognize and describe the related facts that represent and describe the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction. - red riding hood ' s math adventure - written by lalie harcourt and ricki wortzman - illustrated by capucine mazille in this interactive math tale, the reader plays a role in choosing how many cookies little red riding hood gives to the fairy tale characters she meets on her way to grandma ' s house. on each page there is a wheel that the reader can turn to change the dialogue and number of cookies to be shared. readers are encouraged to use copies of the dozen cookies little red riding hood starts out with to help keep track of the subtracted cookies so some will remain for grandma! - 12 ways to get to 11 - written by eve merriam - illustrated by bernie karlin this story starts out by counting to twelve, with the number eleven missing from the list. throughout the rest of the book, twelve different ways to add to eleven are showcased. examples of the objects used in the number sentences include the pinecones and acorns on the forest floor, items found on a sailboat, babies, and a mother hen and her hatching chicks. readers are exposed to a variety of number combinations that all add up to the missing number eleven. - panda math : learning about subtraction from hua mei and mei sheng - written by ann whitehead nagda in collaboration with the san diego zoo real photographs of the panda cubs hua mei and mei sheng grace the pages of this informative non - fiction book. readers have the option to read only the story of the baby panda cubs or they can learn more about pandas, and subtraction, as they explore the real life math issues on the left - side pages of the book. some of the interesting math problems include how much less time pandas in the zoo spend eating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49788992694405443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.089441"} {"text": "or they can learn more about pandas, and subtraction, as they explore the real life math issues on the left - side pages of the book. some of the interesting math problems include how much less time pandas in the zoo spend eating bamboo compared with those in the wild or how much weight hua mei gained in three months. the adorable pictures and engaging facts will surely keep readers interested in both the life of the baby pandas and the math that goes along with it! - lights out! - written by recht penner - illustrated by jerry smath the narrator of this story is a little girl who not only has to go to bed before everyone in her family, but as she notices by the lights on in all of their windows, before everyone in the apartment building across the street. one night she convinces her parents to let her stay up until all of the thirty - two lights across the street have gone out. throughout the night the narrator describes both some of the fun things she sees, a pillow fight and a parrot for example, as well as the steps she takes in subtracting the lights that go off, until one stubborn light remains. - math fables too - written by greg tang - illustrated by taia morley this beautifully and colorfully illustrated book provides readers with fun science facts as they read about different animals. the animals, ranging from one sea horse to ten seagulls, are described through playful rhymes that portray the animals ' behaviors done in smaller groups. by breaking down the larger number of each animal, readers are exposed to a variety of different addition facts that add up to the sums one through ten, as they also learn fun facts about a variety of creatures! - a day at the beach subtraction \u2013 in this activity, an ocean scene is the background for the demonstration of subtraction using colored balls. a group of the balls are crossed out and separated from the original group and students must choose which of the two number sentences provided matches the balls. after selecting it students are then prompted to answer the fact before moving on to the next sentence. after about five of these, one beach - themed word problem is given, and at the end students can color in a fun beach scene. - alien addition \u2013 this game can be modified for ability levels by entering in the highest sum the facts provided will go to. in the game, students are instructed to use the cursor to move the laser beam that has the desired sum written on it below the ufo with the corresponding number sentence. they have one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5248039891192517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.090606"} {"text": "entering in the highest sum the facts provided will go to. in the game, students are instructed to use the cursor to move the laser beam that has the desired sum written on it below the ufo with the corresponding number sentence. they have one minute to get as many of the correct ufos as possible before moving on to the next stage where the game continues to get harder. - addition chart surprise \u2013 students are directed to drag the given number to a spot on the chart where the row and column add up to the sum. when they drop the number in the correct spot, the entire diagonal of facts that add up to that sum is uncovered and pieces of a larger picture are shown, which can help students visualize addition patterns. - number jump \u2013 for this activity students use the calculator buttons, either to add or subtract, the number of spaces the green ball should jump to be able to smash the flies that are resting on a number. students need to switch back and forth between the operations in order to get from one level of numbers to the next as they try to smash all of the flies in the least number of moves possible. - ten frame \u2013 available from the national council of teachers of mathematics, this online ten frame allows students to choose whether they want to use the manipulative to answer how many?, build, fill, or add and a variety of fun counters are available for the students to choose from. the ten frame lets students work in terms of fives and tens, two very important numbers in our number system, which can help them develop stronger addition and subtraction understanding and skills. additional teacher resources - grapher \u2013 this online grapher can be used within the classroom to create bar graphs which students can then analyze. it is a great way to get students involved and connected with the subtraction facts they are working on! - it ' s a fact! \u2013 this website provides teachers with a variety of different types of activities to teach students addition patterns including counting on, doubles, doubles plus one, fact families, and combining ten. it has lists of the materials needed for each activity, including the pdf files for any forms or necessary worksheets, and step - by - step directions for each activity. there is also a list of books that go along with the topics being covered. - numbers away \u2013 very similar to the addition site above, this website provides many ideas on how to teach subtraction throughout the year. it gives activity ideas for lessons that teach subtraction using a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5232547610534797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.091688"} {"text": "part of my role as collection manager at te papa herbarium is contributing to the further development of our dried plant collection. at the herbarium we are interested in collecting indigenous and naturalised new zealand plant species for future scientific investigation and as an historical record. one of our recent collection development projects focused on collecting as many species as possible in a specific coastal plant community, hue te taka in wellington. one of the species growing here is the naturalised succulent, cotyledon orbiculata. this species is a relatively common coastal plant, at certain localities, along the east coast of new zealand. to preserve their specific characteristics properly, succulents take a bit more thought and time to prepare as a herbarium specimen than typical flowering plant specimens. however, this is probably one of the easiest succulent species to prepare. while still fresh, i was able to longitudinally section the flower stem and scoop out the flesh. i then cut the leaves in half and, using a razor blade, skinned them so very little flesh remained. the specimen was then dried out completely in our cabinet drier. other internet resources talk about preparing specimens in this way. cross - sectioning some species ( of cacti, for example ) may provide further detail or identification characteristics and using alcohol or boiling water to kill the cells, before pressing, enable it to dry completely and prevent it from growing in storage. older specimens of cotyledon orbiculata at te papa have been dried conventionally, without any special preparation, with varying success. i think the leaves in particular can be preserved in a truer form if prepared in this \u2018 skinned \u2019 way. i doubt that this species would be able to grow in storage. the end result was a good herbarium specimen that was able to be easily mounted. things to improve on : a few nicks can be seen in the leaves from getting too close to the leaf surface when skinning and the placement of lower right leaf should be lifted above the label. spreading out one of the flowers enables a clear display of the flower parts. similarly, flowers may be cut in half and the two halves pressed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42046977799228213, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.094145"} {"text": "get the today \u2019 s document app tag : civil war the war department issued general order 143 on may 22, 1863, creating the united states colored troops. by the end of the civil war, roughly 179, 000 black men ( 10 percent of the union army ) served as soldiers in the u. s. army, and another 19, 000 served in the navy. john wilkes booth, wanted for the assassination of president abraham lincoln, was found hiding in a barn near bowling green, virginia, by a platoon of new york cavalry and shot on april 26, 1865. posted by darren cole on april 26, 2011, under april, documents. the first engagement of the civil war took place at fort sumter on april 12 and 13, 1861. after 34 hours of fighting, the union surrendered the fort to the confederates. major robert anderson informed secretary of war simon cameron of the surrender in this telegram, dated april 18. on april 9, 1865, generals ulysses s. grant and robert e. lee met in the parlor of a house in appomattox court house, va, to discuss the surrender of the army of northern virginia. \u201c recruiting in the new york city hall park \u201d \u201c the double pike \u201d by owen g. warren, march 16, 1865 on march 10, 1864 ulysses s. grant was officially promoted to the highest rank in the united states army \u2014 lieutenant general. highest rated documents find documentsfor may 20 subscribe to email updates you can also subscribe to the rss feed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36803460085659573, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.097081"} {"text": "in the rainforest along the border between brazil and peru, an indigenous tribe is ignoring the 21st century and living life the old - fashioned way. experts believe this \u201c uncontacted tribe \u201d has had no direct contact with mainstream society, but the brazilian government has known about the tribe for 20 years and routinely flies above the settlement to check on the inhabitants \u2019 well - being. now, the bbc has released the first ever video footage of this tribe, which had previously only been seen in photographs : the footage was filmed in cooperation with the brazilian government, and was featured on the bbc \u2019 s human planet series. it was shot in the summer of 2010 along the peru - brazil border using a zoom lens that allowed the crew to film from more than a half - mile away. the brazilian government flies over the settlements once a year to check on the tribe. as jose carlos meirelles, the indian - affairs specialist who led the video expedition, explains to national geographic : \u201c they always get scared when they see an aircraft, but this tribe is used to seeing commercial flights \u2014 boeings and local jets \u2014 flying over the region \u2026. i prefer to get them scared once a year \u2014 and make sure they are healthy, growing in number, and protected from loggers and miners \u2014 rather than leave them without any supervision. \u201d tribes like these face many threats from companies that want to exploit the region \u2019 s timber, oil and gas, and minerals. advocates for the tribe hope that this video footage will lead to more protections. as meirelles says in the video : \u201c this footage is the only way to convince the rest of the world that they are here. if illegal loggers or miners contact these people, they won \u2019 t shoot images \u2026 they \u2019 ll shoot guns. \u201d illegal loggers have reportedly been setting up operations on the peru side of the border, forcing the indians into brazil. making matters worse, peru \u2019 s government has been reluctant to crack down on the loggers, and has previously suggested that this uncontacted tribe might not exist. but peru has recently announced its intention to stop the loggers, and advocacy groups like survival international are keeping the pressure on. the group has a website where you can learn more about this tribe and the world \u2019 s other uncontacted tribes, and can petition the peruvian government to protect this tribe. loggers aside, let \u2019 s also hope that reality television doesn \u2019 t decide to approach this tribe \u2013 the effects of a indigenous brazilian reality show might just be worse than the destruction of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3967485640794718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.100027"} {"text": "the editors of scientific american regularly encounter perspectives on science and technology that we believe our readers would find thought - provoking, fascinating, debatable and challenging. the guest blog is a forum for such opinions. the views expressed belong to the author and are not necessarily shared by scientific american. shannon palus is a physics student at mcgill university, and an editor of the mcgill science undergraduate research journal. when she is not busy with those things, she writes about everything from outer space, to feminism. follow on twitter @ shanpalus. in 1966, five guys with a bunch of regular office supply store paper created hundreds of thousands of dollars in counterfeit $ 10 australian bills. this, just weeks after australia had introduced a new series of banknotes \u2014 what they had touted as their most advanced, most secure yet. the royal bank of australia, stumped, made the decision to turn to scientists. meetings were held. the globe and mail reported that a crucial moment during one, attended by a young chemist named david solomon, went like this : why don \u2019 t we use polymer? \u201d mr. solomon said, using what he calls \u201c a fancy word for plastic. \u201d the room fell silent, mr. solomon, now 81, recalls. some people laughed. plastic money? the plastic substrate could be embossed, could support optically variable devices ( images that change when viewed at different angles ), and importantly, was not available at staples. after twenty years of collaboration between the reserve bank of australia and the commonwealth scientific and industrial research organization, the first polymer bank note was issued in 1968, appropriately, in the denomination of $ 10. by 1996, all australian banknotes were made of plastic. thirty - some countries now use polymer banknotes. if you \u2019 ve headed north recently, you might have noticed that canada is among the most recent. reportedly sparked by a spike in counterfeiting at the beginning of the millennium, the bank of canada spent $ 20 million in r & d ( and about fifteen times that in total production costs ), and produced 15 million test notes to create their new polymer series which are printed on the same biaxial - oriented polypropylene substrate that was produced by australia for their 1998 banknote. bills in denominations of $ 20, $ 50, and $ 100 were introduced in 2012, with $ 5 bills and $ 10 planned for release by the end of 2013. the bills, which the bank of canada claims are the most secure in the world, feature raised ink, a large transparent window", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5221844202936767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.115703"} {"text": ", and $ 100 were introduced in 2012, with $ 5 bills and $ 10 planned for release by the end of 2013. the bills, which the bank of canada claims are the most secure in the world, feature raised ink, a large transparent window, and a frosted maple leaf that contains hidden numbers visible when the note is held up to the light. they also are the first to feature holographic foil \u2014 the shiny stuff that is printed on part of the clear window. they were subjected to a battery of physical tests as well, subjected to fake sweat, extreme temperatures, and crumpling. ( in the video below you can also see a scientist spreading jam on a bank note and wiping it off. ) the plastic substrate not only allows the bill to last 2. 5 times longer than traditional paper bills, but when it is done serving its time as a banknote it can be recycled. bank of canada senior analyst julie girard suggested \u201c a lawn chair some day whose parts are made of currency, \u201d to the bbc. not everyone is convinced that plastic banknotes are as durable as science says they are. one man claimed to the toronto star that a wad of $ 100s crumpled in his wallet when he placed it on top of a toaster oven ; other rumors say that the notes melt into very expensive puddles ). but the plastic can withstand temperatures between - 103 and 284 degrees farenheit \u2014 so theoretically you yourself would toast before the money did. ( they are not, of course, totally indestructible : snopes. com claims that a man in syndney stashed $ 15, 000 in the oven \u201c only to have his wife ( who \u2018 never used it \u2019 ) turned it on to heat up fishsticks for the kids. \u201d ) the us \u2019 s money is currently made of cotton and linen \u2014 albeit somewhat tricked out cotton and linen, with color - shifting ink, water - marks, and uv threads. though not likely to change anytime soon \u2014 a polymer banknote collector mused to the mit technology review that the us wants to be \u201c convinced beyond a doubt that \u201d that there is no problem with plastic money first \u2014 flashier security elements are being included : a $ 100 bill that includes a strip of polymer micro - lenses is currently in production. it looks like it just might be our most secure currency yet. about the author : shannon palus is a physics student at mcgill university, and an editor of the mcgill science undergraduate research journal. when she is not busy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5036016599225195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.117837"} {"text": "seabirds and other seafood lovers by carl safina i got a letter from the united states federal bird banding laboratory. ( yes there is such a thing. ) i was pretty surprised. in the 1980s i studied seabirds and hawks, and i banded many thousands of birds. but that was a long while back. i no longer have a banding license \u2014 though i miss those days \u2014 and i haven \u2019 t put a band on a bird \u2019 s leg in 20 years. so i wasn \u2019 t expecting bird - banding mail. i opened it and became informed that a common tern i \u2019 d banded 25 years ago as a chick was breeding this past summer, on an island about 80 miles northeast of where it hatched. wow. a few years ago, this would have been the species \u2019 longevity record, which, i learned, now stands at 27 years. when i was studying seabirds in grad school, there came a flurry of published studies on the relationship of birds to fisheries. there are 4 general dynamics : 1 ) birds catch fish, thereby competing with fisheries ; 2 ) fisheries compete with seabirds, catching fish that seabirds need, thus lowering their ability to survive or raise chicks ; 3 ) birds directly benefit from fisheries because they eat fishery discards in such volume that they survive at higher - than - natural densities, expanding to larger - than - natural ranges ; 4 ) fishing gear drowns seabirds at high enough rates to drive population declines in some species, notably albatrosses. seemingly conflicting conclusions \u2014 fishing both helps and hurt seabirds \u2014 occur because different kinds of birds do different things. gulls, which by nature are scavengers and opportunists, can benefit from discards. gannets and terns eat almost exclusively live fish that they catch by plunging ; depleting schools of fishes like herring or sand - lance can crucially diminish their food supply. now we have a new paper. philipe m. cury and a baker \u2019 s dozen of colleagues have published, global seabird response to forage fish depletion \u2014 one - third for the birds ( science, december 23, 2011 ). under examination : how much food to seabirds need? ( their definition of forage fish includes fishes, squids, and the shrimp - like crustaceans called krill that swarm in cold waters where they feed everything from seabirds to whales. ) the ocean is no untrammeled wilderness. as the authors note, many large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.455533907366165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.136553"} {"text": "includes fishes, squids, and the shrimp - like crustaceans called krill that swarm in cold waters where they feed everything from seabirds to whales. ) the ocean is no untrammeled wilderness. as the authors note, many large fishes and marine mammals have been severely diminished by fishing and other human activities. meanwhile, there \u2019 s an intensifying collision between the decline of larger fishes and the increase of human appetites, now seven billion people and still climbing. fishing for smaller species such as sardines and anchovies \u2014 the food for big fish, many mammals, and birds \u2014 is increasing. the scientists looked at 14 seabird species across 7 ecosystems. they set out \u201c to test the hypothesis that the form of the numerical response between seabird breeding success and forage fish abundance is consistent across species and ecosystems. \u201d bear in mind that the world contains hundreds of seabird species, and for most of them there is no data on the relationship between the birds and their food. so, this paper \u2019 s generalization may not hold across all species or in all situations. for example, in deep open - ocean waters, some tropical boobies rely heavily on actively feeding tunas to make forage fish accessible by driving them to the surface. what happens to birds when fishing depletes tunas, even if prey such as flying fish are not targeted by fisheries, and remain abundant? the scientists found that seabird breeding success was fairly high and stable when prey densities were average or above. that \u2019 s not surprising ; it means seabirds are best adapted to average conditions. below average prey densities, though, there \u2019 s trouble. the authors refer to just - below - average prey densities as \u201c the threshold at which breeding success began to decline. \u201d the \u201c threshold \u201d also happens to be prey densities that are about one - third of the maximum prey abundance observed in the most prey - dense years. and another thing happens at the threshold ; seabird breeding success becomes not just lower but more variable, a wider range of good and bad. one more thing : although seabird breeding success declines strongly when food abundance goes below average, at above - average food densities breeding success reaches a plateau, and does not change, even as food abundance further increases. this appears to be a global pattern. this implies that chronic food scarcity will compromise long - term seabird breeding success. it also implies that it would be difficult to undo harm done to bird populations after depressing their food abundance. protecting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46019812901023244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.140788"} {"text": "increases. this appears to be a global pattern. this implies that chronic food scarcity will compromise long - term seabird breeding success. it also implies that it would be difficult to undo harm done to bird populations after depressing their food abundance. protecting prey so that they bounced back from depletion ( which would be a management feat in itself ) would not allow seabirds to simply bounce back and compensate for population declines caused by food scarcity. apparently, they can \u2019 t. even if there \u2019 s plenty of food, seabirds whose numbers are depressed by drowning in gill - nets or on longlines, can \u2019 t simply bounce back after people stop doing what \u2019 s killing them. ( albatrosses and their relatives, for instance, can only lay one egg per breeding season, no matter how much they \u2019 re eating. ) long life spans and slow breeding rates are typical in seabirds. evolution has forged a palette of sturdy, steady birds built to reflect the sea \u2019 s ups and downs and to survive and thrive through bouts of meager times. their longevity is their bridge across troubled waters. but like any bridge, it only goes so far, and there \u2019 s a limit to how much it can bear. the authors think their study \u2019 s main conclusion is, leave \u201c one - third for the birds. \u201d that \u2019 s catchy, but suggesting that we try to manage for one - third of the maximum is unrealistically complicated. i think their main finding is : seabirds need prey to remain around average levels of abundance. either way, our assumption is that it \u2019 s important to have seabirds, to conserve their populations, to help ensure that they can breed successfully \u2014 in short, that it \u2019 s important to share the world with seabirds. i \u2019 d like to think that every bird on the ocean has a shot at living its full life - span, like that 25 - year - old common tern i met as a chick in its nest in the beach - sand so many summers ago. and not just seabirds, but, as the authors say, \u201c other predators in marine ecosystems, \u201d such as big ocean super - fishes like tunas and billfishes, and marine mammals. of course, many assume that rebuilding or maintaining populations of predatory mammals, sharks, and birds is an important goal of fisheries and ocean management. but we have to face a fact that trumps this study \u2019 s findings, the on - paper goals of management regimes, and my own desires : it \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45872333858893266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.143853"} {"text": "this section is from the book \" the human body : an elementary text - book of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene \", by h. newell martin. also available from amazon : the human body. the brain ( fig. 82 ) is far larger than the spinal cord and more complex in structure. it weighs on the average about 50 ounces in the adult. the brain consists of three main masses, each with subsidiary parts, following one another in series from before back, and respectively known as the fore - brain, mid - brain, and hind - brain. in man the fore - brain, a, weighing about 44 ounces, is much larger than all the rest put together and laps over them. fig. 82 diagram illustrating the general relationships of the parte of the brain. a, fore - brain ; b, mid - brain ; b, cerebellum ; c, pons varolii ; d, medulla oblongata ; b, c, and d together constitute the hind - brain. what becomes of the common trunk formed by the mixture of the roots? point out characters in which the brain differs from the spinal cord. what is its weight? of what main divisions is the brain composed? which is the largest division? its weight? it is chiefly formed of two large convoluted masses, separated from one another by a deep fissure, and known as the cerebral hemispheres. the great size of these is very characteristic of the human brain. beneath each cerebral hemisphere is an olfactory lobe ( i, fig. 84 ), inconspicuous in man but often larger than the cerebral hemispheres, as in most fishes. the mid brain, b, forms a connecting isthmus between the two other divisions. the hind - brain consists of three main parts : on its dorsal side is the cerebellum, b, fig. 82 ; on the under side is the pons varolii, c, fig. 82 ; and behind is the medulla oblongata, d, fig. 82, which joins the spinal cord. in nature the main divisions of the brain are not separated so much as has been represented in the diagram for the sake of clearness, but lie close together as represented in fig. 83 ; and the mid - brain is entirely covered in on its dorsal side. nearly everywhere the surface of the brain is folded, the folds, known as the convolutions, being deeper and more numerous in the brain of man than in that of the animals nearest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5127085117155112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.149164"} {"text": "mid - brain is entirely covered in on its dorsal side. nearly everywhere the surface of the brain is folded, the folds, known as the convolutions, being deeper and more numerous in the brain of man than in that of the animals nearest allied to him zoologically. fig. 83. the brain from the left side. cb, the cerebral hemispheres forming the main bulk of the fore - brain ; cbl, the cerebellum ; mo, the medulla oblongata ; p, the pons varolii ; *, the fissure of sylvius. by what is the fore - brain chiefly formed? what lies below the cerebral hemispheres? are the olfactory lobes ever larger than the cerebral hemispheres? what does the mid - brain form? name the main divisions of the hind - brain? state their relative positions. what part of the brain joins the spinal cord? the brain, like the spinal cord, consists of gray and white nervous matter, but somewhat differently arranged ; for while the brain, like the cord, contains gray nerve - matter in its interior, a great part of its surface is also covered with it. by the external convolutions of the cerebellum and of the cerebral hemispheres the surface over which this gray substance is spread is very much increased.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49471262250193154, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.149758"} {"text": "below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 52 the role of science in managing yucatan \u2019 s groundwater luis e. marin, universidad nacional autonoma de mexico in this report, three issues are addressed, first, the importance of groundwater for mexico ; second, the hydrogeology of the yucatan is described, and finally, the role of science for the yucatan is discussed within the framework of the regional hydrogeology. importance of groundwater for mexico brief overviews of the hydrogeology of mexico have been reported elsewhere ( marin, 2002 ; marin, in press ; and arreguin - cortes and lopez - perez, this volume ). thus, the aim here is only to highlight the importance of groundwater for mexico. according to the comision nacional del agua ( cna ; national water commission ), there are 653 aquifers in mexico. of the total, only 200 have been studied to one degree or another. marin ( in press ) reports that in 1975 there were 35 aquifers that were over - exploited. in the year 2000, the national water commission reported over 100 aquifers that were being over - exploited ( cna, 2001 ). to study and manage the groundwater resources of mexico, with an area of approximately two million square kilometers and a population in excess of one hundred million, as of 2002 there were only 24 people with phd \u2019 s in hydrogeology in the country. prior to 1990, there were no hydrogeologists with doctoral degrees. in 1990, mexico had its first ph. d. in hydrogeology. in 1992, the number grew 100 %, to two hydrogeologists. today, in addition to the 24 phd \u2019 s, there are 40 people with an m. s. in hydrogeology. the universidad nacional autonoma de mexico has graduated 15 m. s. in hydrogeology, and six phd \u2019 s in the period 1990 - 2002 ( figure 1 ). in addition, some mexican nationals have received", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5008203580437147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.203779"} {"text": ". in hydrogeology. the universidad nacional autonoma de mexico has graduated 15 m. s. in hydrogeology, and six phd \u2019 s in the period 1990 - 2002 ( figure 1 ). in addition, some mexican nationals have received hydrogeology degrees in other countries, including the united states. although the numbers of people trained in hydrogeology in mexico are growing, the country still urgently needs to train more hydrogeologists. as a comparison, there are more than 10, 000 hydrogeologists in the united states. 50 40 unam 30 2002 20 1992 10 0 ms phd figure 1 trained hydrogeologists in mexico. a question closely related to the lack of trained hydrogeologists in mexico, is the availability and quality of information. until june, 2003, it was practically impossible to 52 ocr for page 53 have access to any technical reports that were contracted out by the cna. however, the present administration led by president fox, recently passed a freedom of information act, and now, the public has a federal right that calls for public access to this information. stronger communication among the academic community, government agencies, and the private sector could help facilitate even more effective water resource management. mexico has been divided into basins for the purpose of water resource management. figure 2 shows a figure that was part of the document that was circulated to the interested parties when the comision nacional del agua started to organize the basin council of the peninsula of yucatan. although m. villasuso ( oral com. ) reports that the groundwater flow lines are the result of a numerical model, it is clear that a very simplistic model for the hydrogeology of the yucatan was assumed. information that would facilitate the development of more sophisticated models is available in the peer reviewed literature ( perry et al., 1989, 1990 ; marin et al., 2003 ; steinich and marin, 1997 ). with greater collaboration between the authors of the peer reviewed literature and the comision nacional del agua, even better models could be developed for the basis of future decision - making. figure 2 groundwater flow lines for the peninsula of yucatan ( prado roque, 2000 ). hydrogeology of the yucatan peninsula the hydrogeology of the peninsula of yucatan can be divided artificially into three areas ( in terms of the attention each region has received ) : the northwest, the northeast, and the central portion. thus, a brief overview of the regional hydrogeology of yucatan is presented here, followed by short descriptions of the northwest, northeast, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49869085217145237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.207845"} {"text": "in terms of the attention each region has received ) : the northwest, the northeast, and the central portion. thus, a brief overview of the regional hydrogeology of yucatan is presented here, followed by short descriptions of the northwest, northeast, and central areas. figure 3 below offers a satellite image of the yucatan peninsula. 53 ocr for page 54 figure 3 the basins of the yucatan peninsula ( taken from nasa ). the upper hundreds of meters of the rocks of the yucatan consist of limestone and evaporites. as a result of the dissolution of the calcium carbonate, a mature karstic system exists throughout the peninsula. due to the absence of terrigenous material, there is a thin to non - existent soil cover. the aquifer is a thin, fresh water lens that floats on top of saline water. underneath the city of merida, which is the largest city in the peninsula with a population of approximately 800, 000 inhabitants, the thickness of the freshwater lens measures only 45 meters ( marin, 1990 ). steinich and marin ( 1996 ) have mapped the presence of the salt water more than 110 kilometers from the coast. perry and others ( 1995 ) have shown that the origin of the salt water is two - fold : salt water intrusion near the coast, and dissolution of evaporites. the aquifer is used both for disposal of domestic and industrial liquid waste and as a major source of drinking water. northwest yucatan northwest yucatan has received the most attention in the last decade, primarily as a result of the discovery of the chicxulub impact structure ( penfield and camargo, 1981 ; sharpton et al., 1992 ). the chicxulub impact crater, with a potential diameter on the order of 300 km ( sharpton et al., 1993 ), has been shown to have an age of 65 million years ( sharpton et al., 1992 ; marin et al., 2001 ). other authors ( pope et al., 1991 ; perry et al., 1995 ; connors et al., 1996 ; pope et al., 1996 ), however, have suggested that the size of the crater is on the order of 180 - 200 km in diameter. regardless of its size, it has been proposed that chicxulub caused the fifth mass extinction that occurred in our planet 65 million years ago including the demise of the dinosaurs. as part of the exploration of the chicxulub impact crater, marin led a shallow drilling program between 1994 - 1996 that recovered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4839336942216465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.209825"} {"text": "bristol ( u. k. ) and now from the universidad nacional autonoma de mexico. perhaps of greater impact is the attention to this area, which has the largest collection of subaquatic cave systems in the world, by cave divers. the caves are being systematically mapped by members of the quintana roo speleological survey. central yucatan this area is the least understood, and is one that merits more attention. for example, the regional groundwater divide between the northwest and northeast is found in this area. however, as of today, it has not been mapped. this information is very important in terms of trying to quantify how much water drains towards the eastern and western portions of the peninsula, contributing substantially to our understanding of the hydrogeologic regime of the area and our understanding of contaminant transport. role of science in managing yucatan \u2019 s groundwater resources the geology of yucatan has given rise to an extensive karstic system. currently, more than 500 km of subaquatic cave systems have been mapped in the area, and the mapping efforts continue to this day. this mapping has shown that the conduits are very large, indicating that contaminant transport may be unusually fast and efficient. any contaminant that may reach the water table can quickly reach the sea. for example, at ox bel ha ( south of tulum ), which is the largest subaquatic cave system of the world with more than 140 kilometers of mapped passageway, it is possible for a diver to enter a cenote nine kilometers from the coast, and come out at sea without ever seeing daylight ( meacham, oral communication ). 1 1 there is no official tracking system for cave lengths. however, one often - cited source is bob gulden of odenten, maryland, who maintains the website \u201c worlds longest caves \u201d http : / / www. caverbob / wlong. htm. as of september 19, 2006, this website listed the ox bel ha system as the 9th longest cave system in the world and the longest underwater cave system with a recorded length of 88. 765 miles ( 142854 meters ) and maximum depth of 110 feet ( 33. 5 meters ). 56 ocr for page 57 perhaps the biggest threat that this area faces, is the explosive growth of the tourist industry. although the government is trying to regulate the growth, the reality is that little planning is taking place. there are several issues that need to be addressed in this area in order to achieve sustainable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4741193630834022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.212459"} {"text": "this area faces, is the explosive growth of the tourist industry. although the government is trying to regulate the growth, the reality is that little planning is taking place. there are several issues that need to be addressed in this area in order to achieve sustainable development. they are : 1. estimating the groundwater resources of the peninsula 2. mapping of the extensive subaerial and subaquatic cave systems 3. lack of collection and treatment of waste waters 4. a master plan for the collection, and treatment of solid residues three water balances that have been proposed for the peninsula of yucatan have been discussed in beddows ( 2003 ). there are important differences in the volumes that are reported by the three different authors, and beddows ( 2003 ) suggests that the water balances have taken an overly simplistic view ( for example, they assume that the aquifer behaves a porous media, and the karstic nature is not taken into account ), and thus, they are probably flawed. although the peninsula of yucatan is considered as a single aquifer system for administrative purposes, the aquifer system should be divided into sub - basins. to cite two examples, one has the merida basin, which is the area found within the ring of cenotes. the groundwater flow regime is different within this basin than outside ( marin, 1990 ; perry et al., 1995 ). the paper in this volume by s. meacham describes a complex system of subaquatic caves. to date, more than 500 km of underground cave systems have been mapped. additionally there are also important subaereal cave systems. the subaquatic cave systems provide important pathways for groundwater circulation. these conduits may also allow contaminants to travel through them. thus, it is important to map them and to use this information for land - use zoning. throughout this area, there are few systems for the collection and treatment of waste waters. typically in the yucatan peninsula, sewage is disposed of through cesspools. the hotels and tourist resorts, have to have waste water collection and treatment facilities. however, these services are not available to the local population. as a result, untreated waste waters are disposed of directly into the aquifer system. each municipality has its own landfill. due to large amounts of waste that are being generated, on the order of 200 tons of waste per day are generated daily at municipio de solidaridad ( meacham, this volume ) we proposed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47945342303270405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.213687"} {"text": "each municipality has its own landfill. due to large amounts of waste that are being generated, on the order of 200 tons of waste per day are generated daily at municipio de solidaridad ( meacham, this volume ) we proposed that a regional plan should be implemented, and that geologic and hydrogeologic studies ( including the mapping of subaerial and subaquatic cave systems ) be carried out before new landfills are built. currently, there are approximately 25, 000 hotel rooms in the riviera maya. estimates vary between 10 - 18 as to the number of persons needed as support personnel per hotel room. this number includes the hotel support staff, as well as the indirect support staff ( mechanics, staff at the supermarket, etc. ). what is lacking is the carrying capacity estimate in terms of the number of the \u201c hotel \u201d rooms that the area can accommodate in a sustainable fashion. although this area is developing fast, basic information with regards to groundwater is missing. fundamental questions such as what is the thickness of the freshwater lens, what is the nature of the interface, and what are the groundwater flow 57 ocr for page 58 directions and velocities, are lacking. information on the spatial distribution of water quality is also lacking. the hotels and tourist resorts have advanced state - of - the - art water purification and water treatment facilities. however, the support settlements that typically grow up in support of these facilities lack basic services, such as piped potable water, or sewage collection and treatment systems. as a result, what is typically done, is that the inhabitants drill a shallow well ( water table is less than five or six meters deep ), and dispose of their domestic waste by dumping it into cenotes ( sinkholes ) if available, or excavating another shallow well. thus, although no study is available on a regional basis, there is reason to suspect that groundwater quality, especially in the larger cities, has a significant bacteriological water quality issue. finally, solid waste collection and final disposal is another major issue that negatively impacts the water quality. current practice calls for using abandoned quarries as \u201c sanitary landfills \u201d. obviously, this practice is not a healthy one. what is needed is a master plan for the peninsula of yucatan that considers at least three issues : providing clean water to the inhabitants of the area, a waste collection and treatment system, and a solid waste collection and disposal program. 58 ocr for page 59 references back, w. and b. hanshaw, 1970", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47072597182599707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.214858"} {"text": "considers at least three issues : providing clean water to the inhabitants of the area, a waste collection and treatment system, and a solid waste collection and disposal program. 58 ocr for page 59 references back, w. and b. hanshaw, 1970, comparison of chemical hydrogeology of the carbonate peninsulas of florida and yucatan, journal of hydrology, vol. 10, p. 330 - 368. beddows, p. a. 1999 conduit hydrogeology of a tropical coastal carbonate aquifer : caribbean coast of the yucatan peninsula, mexico. msc thesis. school of geography and geology, mcmaster university, 162 pp. cna, 2001, plan nacional hidraulico 2000 - 2006, ( national water plan, in spanish ), comision nacional del agua, mexico city, mexico ( www. cna. gob. mx / espaniol / directorio / default. aspx ) connors, m., a. r. hildebrand, m. pilkington, c. ortiz - aleman, r. e. chavez, j. urrutia - fucugauchi, e. graniel - castro, a. camara - zi, j. vasquez and j. f. halpenny ( 1996 ) yucatan karst features and the size of chicxulub crater, geophs. j. int. 127 : f11 - f14 marin, l. e., 1990, field investigations and numerical simulation of groundwater flow in the karstic aquifer of northwestern yucatan, mexico, ph. d. thesis, northern illinois university, dekalb, illinois, usa. marin, l. e., 2002, perspectives on mexican groundwater resources, groundwater, vol 40, no. 6, p. 570 - 571. marin, l. e., 2004, el agua en mexico : retos y oportunidades ( water in mexico : challenges and opportunities, in spanish ), real academia de ciencias ( royal spanish academy of sciences ), revista de la real academia de ciencias, exactas, fisicas, y naturales de espana, v. 98 ( 2 ), 287 - 294. marin, l. e., e. c. perry, h. i. essadid, b. steinich, 2003, numerical simulation of the karstic aquifer of northwest yucatan, mexico, coastal aquifer management \u2014 monitoring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46574543372042243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.215870"} {"text": "l. e., e. c. perry, h. i. essadid, b. steinich, 2003, numerical simulation of the karstic aquifer of northwest yucatan, mexico, coastal aquifer management \u2014 monitoring, modeling, and case studies, crc press, editors : alexander h. - d. cheng and driss ouazar, 257 - 278p. marin, l. e., and e. c. perry, 1994, the hydrogeology and contamination potential of northwestern yucatan, mexico, geofisica internacional, v. 33, 619 - 623. marin, l. e., b. steinich, j. pacheco, o. a. escolero, 2001, hydrogeology of a contaminated sole - source karst aquifer : the case of merida, yucatan, mexico, geofisica internacional, ( 39 ) # 4, p. 359 - 365. marin, l. e., v. l. sharpton, j. urrutia fucugauchi, m. rebolledo vieyra, 2001, stratigraphy at ground zero : a contemporary evaluation of well data within the chicxulub impact basin, international geologic review, v. 43, n. 12, 1145 - 1149. 59 ocr for page 60 pacheco a., j., a. cabrera s., l. e. marin, 2000, bacteriological contamination assessment in the karstic aquifer of yucatan, mexico, geofisica internacional, ( 39 ) # 3, 285 - 291. pacheco, j., a. cabrera, l. e. marin, 2001, nitrate temporal and spatial patterns in twelve water supply wells, yucatan, mexico, environmental geology, 40 ( 6 ) 708 - 715. penfield, g. t. and a. camargo ( 1981 ). definition of a major igneous zone in the central yucatan platform with aeromagnetics and gravity. society of exploration geophysics, annual meeting, houston, texas. perry, e. c., a. reeve, r. sanborn, l. e. marin, m. villasuso, 1990, response to comment, \u201c geological and environmental, aspects of surface cementation, north coast, yucatan, mexico \u201d geology, v. 18 ( 8 ), p. 803 - 804. perry, e. c.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4992041543557141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.216649"} {"text": "villasuso, 1990, response to comment, \u201c geological and environmental, aspects of surface cementation, north coast, yucatan, mexico \u201d geology, v. 18 ( 8 ), p. 803 - 804. perry, e. c., j. swift, a. reeve, r. sanborn, l. e. marin, m. villasuso, 1989, geological and environmental aspects of surface cementation, north coast, yucatan, mexico, geology, v. 17, p. 818 - 821. perry, e. c., l. e. marin, j. mcclain, g. velazquez oliman, 1995, the ring of cenotes ( sinkholes ) northwest yucatan, mexico : its hydrogeologic characteristics and possible association with the chicxulub impact crater, geology, v. 23, p. 17 - 20. perry, e. c., g. velazquez, l. e. marin, 2002, the hydrogeochemistry of the karst aquifer system of northern yucatan peninsula, mexico, international geology review. pope, k. o., c. ocampo, and c. e. duller ( 1991 ) mexican site for k / t impact crater?, nature, v. 351 : 105 pope, k. o., a. c. ocampo, g. l. kinsland, r. smith ( 1996 ) surface expresion of the chicxulub crater. geology, v. 24, p. 527 - 530. prado roque, s., 2000, estrategia preliminar para la aplicacion de la politica de la gestion del agua por cuenca en la region xii, peninsula de yucatan. sharpton, v. l., g. b. dalrymple, l. e. marin, g. ryder, b. c. schuraytz, j. urrutia fucugauchi, 1992, new links between the chicxulub impact structure and the cretaceous - tertiary boundary, nature, v. 359, p. 819 - 821. sharpton, v. l., k. burke, a. camargo, s. a. hall, l. e. marin, g. suarez, j. m. quezada, p. d. spudis, j. urrutia fucugauchi, 1993, the gravity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48650398485585883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.218789"} {"text": "camargo, s. a. hall, l. e. marin, g. suarez, j. m. quezada, p. d. spudis, j. urrutia fucugauchi, 1993, the gravity expression of the chicxulub multiring impact basin : size, morphology, and basement characteristics, science, v. 261, 1564 - 1567. steinich, b., l. e. marin, 1996, hydrogeological investigations in northwestern yucatan, mexico, using resistivity surveys, groundwater, v. 34, no. 4, p. 640 - 646. 60 ocr for page 61 steinich, b., l. e. marin, 1997, determination of flow characteristics in the aquifer in northwest yucatan, mexico, journal of hydrology, v. 191 p. 315 - 331. steinich, b., g. velazquez oliman, l. e. marin, e. c. perry, 1996, determination of the groundwater divide in the karst aquifer of yucatan, mexico, combining geochemical and hydrogeological data, geofisica internacional, v. 35, p. 153 - 159. villasuso, m., 2003, oral communication. ward, w. c., a. e. weidie, w. back, 1985, geology and hydrogeology and quaternary geology of northeastern yucatan peninsula, new orleans geological society, louisiana, usa, 160 p. 61 representative terms from entire chapter :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.513456741038808, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.219420"} {"text": "spore study provides new guidelines for tamoxifen use approximately half a million women in the united states alone currently take the drug tamoxifen, either as an adjuvant therapy for preinvasive or invasive breast cancer, or as a chemopreventive agent for those at high risk of the disease. now, a new study led by dr. matthew goetz, an investigator for the breast cancer specialized program of research excellence ( spore ) at the mayo clinic, has shown that up to 10 percent of women taking the drug may not receive the intended benefit due to genetic differences in the way tamoxifen is metabolized. additionally, a larger percentage of women may be at increased risk of treatment failure because of drug interactions. both genetic polymorphisms and many commonly administered drugs - such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - can affect the activity of an enzyme called cytochrome ( cyp ) 2d6. dr. david flockhart ' s group, which is funded by the national institute of general medical science ' s pharmacogenetics research network, has performed extensive basic science work and early clinical studies demonstrating that cyp2d6 activates tamoxifen, producing a molecule called endoxifen, which is thought to be the metabolite primarily responsible for tamoxifen ' s therapeutic effect. \" basic science has told us for the past 30 years that this enzyme is genetically polymorphic, and we expected people with the polymorphisms to make about five times less of the active metabolite, \" explained dr. flockhart, chief of the division of clinical pharmacology at indiana university and a collaborator on the spore project. the spore data used to test this hypothesis came from a prospective randomized trial conducted by the north central cancer treatment group, in which postmenopausal women were administered 5 years of tamoxifen therapy for estrogen - receptor - positive breast cancer. both cyp2d6 genotype and medications that interfere with cyp2d6 were known for 180 women randomly assigned to the tamoxifen - only control arm of the trial. researchers classified 65 of these women as having decreased metabolism of tamoxifen based on expected genetic or drug - induced inhibition of cyp2d6. the spore investigators then compared time to breast cancer recurrence, disease - free survival, and overall survival between those with decreased cyp2d6 metabolism and the 115 patients expected to metabolize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.526078107297507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.319386"} {"text": "induced inhibition of cyp2d6. the spore investigators then compared time to breast cancer recurrence, disease - free survival, and overall survival between those with decreased cyp2d6 metabolism and the 115 patients expected to metabolize tamoxifen normally. the clinical benefit of tamoxifen was greatly decreased for women with factors that negatively affected cyp2d6 metabolism. these women had significantly shorter time to disease recurrence and significantly worse disease - free survival compared with women able to metabolize the drug normally. women with the largest decrease in cyp2d6 metabolism ( cyp2d6 poor metabolizers or those taking a potent cyp2d6 inhibitor ) had a threefold higher risk of breast cancer recurrence while taking tamoxifen. the final results from this study, which was also funded by a k - 12 training grant to dr. goetz, were published online november 18 in breast cancer research and treatment. on october 18, a presentation of this study and related historical data by dr. goetz to the food and drug administration led to an advisory committee unanimously recommending a label change for tamoxifen. this change would include information about the increased risk both from genetic factors and drug interactions affecting cyp2d6. the majority of the committee also recommended that the label mention cyp2d6 genotype testing as an option for women before they are prescribed tamoxifen. \" the promise of pharmacogenetics is the ability to individualize therapy for our patients, \" said dr. goetz. \" in the case of tamoxifen, cyp2d6 may be a marker which identifies patients who can be successfully treated with sequential tamoxifen followed by an aromatase inhibitor or who should be treated up front with an aromatase inhibitor. \" however, he explained, prospective clinical trials are needed to identify whether selecting breast cancer patients for tamoxifen therapy based on genetic variability in cyp2d6 will lead to superior clinical outcomes. by sharon reynolds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4844820117451961, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.321064"} {"text": "cream of the crop \u2013 artisanal cheese artisanal cheese bears a timeless appeal that is a tribute to the communities producing it. the story of the rigotte condrieu and the aoc appellation illustrates the lengths producers and certifiers of artisanal cheese will go to protect their common heritage. on the slopes of the massif du pilat, south - west of the city of lyon, in the rhone - alpes of france, 105 farmers perform a ritual that has been carried out by their forefathers since the 19th century. they collect raw milk from some 10, 000 head of alpine and saanen goats bred within massif central. each one is reared according to the strictest regulations, detailing everything from the composition of their feed and the space of their living quarters to the maximum quantity of milk collected each year. each goat has the luxury of a minimum mulching area of 1. 5 square meters, at least three square meters of outdoor space for exercise, and not more than 180 days out to the pastures to forage for their own food. even when they do forage by themselves, they feed off agricultural land that is fertilized organically. and every year, a maximum of 7, 000 liters per hectare of forage area and grain operations is collected so as to not stress the animals. using only the first two draughts from each collection, the farmers proceed to the filtration process. to remove any impurities present, the milk is sometimes heated macroscopically at temperatures between 18 and 25 \u00b0c for rennet \u2014 but there will be no other physical or chemical treatment to the milk at this stage. the farmers then mature the raw milk for no more than 24 hours, following which they leave it to ripen for 10 days, letting the rennet, milk enzymes, salt and yeast work the magic, turning raw milk into creamy curd. the curd is molded and cast, ladle by ladle. each scoop is gently executed to preserve the structure of the curd. it takes another day to drain the cheese before it is released from the mould. when the 3 cm high by 6 cm wide block of cheese \u2014 just about 30 grams in weight, is removed from the mould \u2014 the farmers salt each cake on both sides, just once or twice to dry the cheese further at a mild, agreeable temperature between 15 and 20 \u00b0c. it is left to cure and mature at 10 \u00b0 c and 16 \u00b0 c ( respectively ) at humidity levels above 80 percent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4510087211810991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.360095"} {"text": "on both sides, just once or twice to dry the cheese further at a mild, agreeable temperature between 15 and 20 \u00b0c. it is left to cure and mature at 10 \u00b0 c and 16 \u00b0 c ( respectively ) at humidity levels above 80 percent for at least another eight days. generally, cheese is sensitive to temperature and humidity during the affinage process. even after the drainage process, the raw material is still relatively wet and thus drying out is called for. additionally, cheese must be allowed to breathe during the process and high humidity is as beneficial as high temperatures are baneful. \u201c every wheel of traditionally produced cheese holds not merely the blood, sweat and tears of the rarefied cheese makers but also the shepherds and farmers of the region \u201d however, different cheeses need to mature at different speeds, hence the precise attention to humidity and temperature. as we shall see, what makes this cheese in particular special in this regard is that the farmers only use traditional methods to control these factors. but the work is not done \u2014 a period of three weeks is still needed for the cheese to go through the final step of affinage : the aging of the cheese, or the refining process, as the french would say. only then, like a debutant who has completed a rigorous regimen at finishing school, is the cheese ready to let the world bask in its glory. where tradition trumps science while nothing is left to chance, everything is left to nature ; modified atmosphere storage of the fresh cheeses is strictly prohibited. in fact contemporary science is anathema in this decidedly anachronistic curriculum. farmers must rely on accumulated knowledge and traditions from centuries past to determine the precise timing, temperature and humidity levels required at every step of the process to ensure the production of a cheese of certified quality \u2014 the rigotte condrieu. on 13 january 2009, this soft goat cheese became the 45th french cheese to be awarded the appellation d \u2019 origine controlee ( aoc ) classification by the institut national de l \u2019 origine et de la qualite. the aoc is a term often associated with french wines but the first - ever product to be bestowed the status was, in fact, a cheese. since roquefort was awarded aoc classification in 1925 by the french parliament, only 45 other cheeses have been awarded the same. while the aoc label helps to sell french wines, it does not necessarily have the same effect for french cheeses. to wine connoisseurs and novices alike, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4665121580556021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.361268"} {"text": "french parliament, only 45 other cheeses have been awarded the same. while the aoc label helps to sell french wines, it does not necessarily have the same effect for french cheeses. to wine connoisseurs and novices alike, the seal printed on the label is a testament to the wine \u2019 s heritage and quality. yet with only a small fraction of france \u2019 s 500 - odd cheeses bearing the seal, the association is clearly not about marketing and sales. for the 105 farmers painstakingly making rigotte condrieu, the classification represents far more than increased profits, as we shall see later. while the classification comes with a long list of guarantees of quality for the consumers, it comes with an even longer list of regulations for the producers : the product will be produced consistently in the traditional manner ; production follows strict regulation by a control commission following aoc - defined standards ; ingredients will be from a designated geographical area ; made and at least partially aged in this area ; and that the characteristics of the product will be consistent and in line with clearly defined standards \u2014 and that is only a summary. the decree no. 2009 - 49 of 13 january 2009 concerning the designation of origin \u201c rigotte condrieu \u201d is an article almost 7, 000 words long. nevertheless, the community of farmers in pilat mastiff put themselves to the grueling test and submitted themselves to the indignity of certification when they sent in the request for an aoc classification in the summer of 2005. it took them almost four years to obtain the classification but they are far from being alone in going through these motions in recent times. almost a quarter of the new aoc entries for cheeses were added to the list in the past decade, despite it having been a good 75 years since roquefort \u2019 s ascent to the revered aoc ranks. then again, the passage of time follows different rules for the farmers of pilat mastiff and their peers. pride and pragmatism artisanal cheese defies the vagaries of time and the forces of contemporary efficiency alike. these cheeses are made in limited quantities in farms and barnyards over days, aged for weeks \u2014 sometimes months \u2014 and produced by people who follow recipes perfected by trial and error. the cheeses are sometimes dressed in wax or soft strips of wood from trees indigenous to the region, or are simply cloaked in a natural rind \u2014 you will never find them suffocated in plastic. every wheel of traditionally produced cheese holds not merely the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4141970199902128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.362800"} {"text": "are sometimes dressed in wax or soft strips of wood from trees indigenous to the region, or are simply cloaked in a natural rind \u2014 you will never find them suffocated in plastic. every wheel of traditionally produced cheese holds not merely the blood, sweat and tears of the rarefied cheese makers but also the shepherds and farmers of the region. virtually everyone plays a role in the intensely community oriented process. pride in the product is pride in the community. in his paper activites fromageres dans la france preindustrielle, du xvie siecle au milieu du xixe siecle ( cheese - related activities in pre - industrial france, 16th to 19th centuries ) published in 2006, jean - claude parot dissects the significance of cheese production \u2014 with surprising results. he states plainly that there is nothing romantic about the origins of cheese. it was a product of necessity. \u201c aoc classification probably came about as an effort to protect the region \u2019 s ownership of the roquefort. it was a copyright stamp on a product made through a unique process that also served as a guarantee \u201d the raw ingredients for production were readily accessible and it was a practical if ingenious solution to the difficult challenge of preserving excess milk. as a food product, cheese lends flavor to \u201c the monotonous rations of bread \u201d, and conveniently helps the consumer overcome deficiencies in calcium and animal protein. it was seen as the poor man \u2019 s meat in days when one \u2019 s social status was measured by richness of diet. it was even perceived as the \u201c cookie of the drunkard, \u201d because its salt content encouraged the consumption of fluids. as a commodity, cheese was also portable and had a relatively long storage life, making them sales items of considerable longevity. \u201c even if the surpluses are never very large, the families could easily sell the cheese to supplement the household income \u201d wrote parot. \u201c small change perhaps, but still very popular because, for most farmers, such opportunities are rare. \u201d yet as methods evolved, cheese became a diversified product. everything hinges on the type of milk used ; coagulation process ; conditions of drainage, duration and intensity of the operation ; treatment of curd ; and drying process. in fact even the unique characteristics of each specific area \u2019 s natural environment impacts upon the end product : creamy, soft - ripened brie de meaux ; roqueforts, marbled with streaks of blue ; solid wheels of washed - rind saint", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5060288366163821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.364904"} {"text": "even the unique characteristics of each specific area \u2019 s natural environment impacts upon the end product : creamy, soft - ripened brie de meaux ; roqueforts, marbled with streaks of blue ; solid wheels of washed - rind saint nectaire. thus cheeses from different countries, different regions within the same country, and even different families within the same region, came to posses unique characteristics. by the 18th century, cheeses from france were sought after not just by the french but by people of means across europe. the encyclopedia of diderot and d \u2019 alembert notes : \u201c several districts of the kingdom provide excellent [ cheese ]. cheese rocquefort is unquestionably the first cheese of europe : that of brie, one of sassenage the marolles, not inferior in any way to the best cheeses from foreign countries ; the mountains of lorraine, franche - comte and neighboring regions, mimics that of gruyere ; auvergne cheese is as good as the best cheese of holland. \u201d the aoc classification probably came about as an effort to protect the region \u2019 s ownership of the roquefort. it was, in a way, a copyright stamp on a product made through a unique process that also served as a guarantee to those who lusted after the cheese. helpfully, it was also a vain proclamation of its own virtues ; an advertisement that this was an exquisite food favored by the noble and influential. indeed, roquefort had a fan in charlemagne, as did saint nectaire in napoleon i and brie in talleyrand. at production levels of close to 2, 000 tones a year, france is one of the top - three cheese producers of the world. figures also show that they are in the lead in terms of cheese consumption as a nation. cheese is also a major export for the country. the famous french ardour for cheese comes not for what it has done for the nation economically but culturally. like wine, cheese is an expression of the land and the country \u2019 s heritage. throughout the ages, the people of france have come to see their finest cheese as a product of cultural pride. more than a business strategy, the aoc classification is france \u2019 s attempt at preserving a part of its gastronomical heritage. they want people who step into a fromagerie to speak of localities and farms \u2014 never mind that of the producer. he is unimportant, for he is simply a vessel delivering what the land", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4893050358298892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.366386"} {"text": "part of its gastronomical heritage. they want people who step into a fromagerie to speak of localities and farms \u2014 never mind that of the producer. he is unimportant, for he is simply a vessel delivering what the land meant the people to produce. the institut national de l \u2019 origine et de la qualite among france \u2019 s more than 1, 000 cheeses, only 46 have been awarded aoc status by the institut national de l \u2019 origine et de la qualite. of the 46, 11 were honored with the classification in this decade. - morbier : a mild and aromatic cow \u2019 s milk cheese from franche - comte - pelardon des cevennes : a fruity, well - balanced goat \u2019 s cheese from languedoc - roussillon - tome des bauges : delicate and mild cheese made from skimmed cow \u2019 s milk, in savoie - chevrotin : hard goat \u2019 s milk cheese that is floral in aroma, also made in savoie - banon : made from unpasteurized whole goat \u2019 s milk, and matured in brown chestnut \u2019 s leaves, this is an easily recognizable cheese with a distinct flavor. from provence - alpes - cote d \u2019 azur - epoisses de bourgogne : subtle cow \u2019 s milk cheese from bourgogne - maconnais : soft goat \u2019 s milk cheese from bourgogne - mont d \u2019 or ( vacherin du haut - doubs ) : runny cow \u2019 s milk cheese from franche - comte, easily recognized by a belt of pine bark - gruyere : the swiss cheese named after the swiss municipality was awarded the transnational aoc in march of 2007 - rigotte de condrieu : a fi ne textured goat \u2019 s milk cheese with ivory, white or even blue surface flora 2010 - charolais : a firm and smooth goat \u2019 s milk cheese of complex flavor profile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4460259386748641, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.367140"} {"text": "providing a benthic habitat classification manual, a benthic habitat map for the nearshore waters of american samoa, guam, and the commonwealth of the northern mariana islands, and supplemental geospatial data. the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) national ocean service ( nos ) initiated a coral reef research program in 1999 to map, assess, inventory, and monitor u. s. coral reef ecosystems ( monaco et al. 2001 ). these activities were implemented in response to requirements outlined in the mapping implementation plan developed by the mapping and information synthesis working group ( miswg ) of the coral reef task force ( crtf ) ( miswg 1999 ). as part of the miswg of the crtf, nos ' biogeography branch has been charged with the development and implementation of a plan to produce comprehensive digital coral - reef ecosystem maps for all u. s. states, territories, and commonwealths within five to seven years. joint activities between federal agencies are particularly important to map, research, monitor, manage, and restore coral reef ecosystems. in response to the executive order 13089 and the coral reef conservation act of 2000, nos is conducting research to digitally map biotic resources and coordinate a long - term monitoring program that can detect and predict change in u. s. coral reefs, and their associated habitats and biological communities. most u. s. coral reef resources have not been digitally mapped at a scale or resolution sufficient for assessment, monitoring, and / or research to support resource management. thus, a large portion of nos ' coral reef research activities has focused on mapping of u. s. coral reef ecosystems. the map products will provide the fundamental spatial organizing framework to implement and integrate research programs and provide the capability to effectively communicate information and results to coral reef ecosystem managers. although the nos coral program is relatively young, it has had tremendous success in advancing towards the goal to protect, conserve, and enhance the health of u. s. coral reef ecosystems. one objective of the program was to create benthic habitat maps to support coral reef research to enable development of products that support management needs and questions. therefore this product was developed in collaboration with many u. s. pacific territory partners. an initial step in producing benthic habitat maps was the development of a habitat classification scheme. the purpose of this document is to outline the benthic habitat classification scheme and protocols used to map american samoa, guam and the commonwealth of the northern mariana islands. thirty - two distinct benthic habitat types ( i. e., four major and 14 detailed geo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4747019230682905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.373914"} {"text": "of this document is to outline the benthic habitat classification scheme and protocols used to map american samoa, guam and the commonwealth of the northern mariana islands. thirty - two distinct benthic habitat types ( i. e., four major and 14 detailed geomorphological structure classes ; eight major and 18 detailed biological cover types ) within eleven zones were mapped directly into a geographic information system ( gis ) using visual interpretation of orthorectified ikonos satellite imagery. benthic features were mapped that covered an area of 263 km2. in all, 281 km2 of unconsolidated sediment, 122 km2 of submerged vegetation, and 82. 3 km2 of coral reef and colonized hardbottom were mapped. this cd - rom will provide the user a suite of information including access to the primary and derived data sets, detailed information on how the mapping was conducted and data was collected, custom tools used to create the product, and reports summarizing the results : - access to primary data sources ( i. e., ikonos imagery, accuracy assessment field data, ground validation field data, spatial accuracy field data ) - access to derived data sources ( i. e., benthic habitat gis files, final reports, shoreline gis files ) - directions for using the \" habitat digitizer \" extension in arcview - a description of the specific methods used to create the habitat maps - an assessment of the thematic accuracy of the maps to see or download more information about noaa ' s coral reef mapping program, visit noaa ' s biogeography program citation for this document : noaa national centers for coastal ocean science ( nccos ). 2005. shallow - water benthic habitats of american samoa, guam, and the commonwealth of the northern mariana islands ( cd - rom ). noaa technical memorandum nos nccos 8, biogeography branch. silver spring, md. the primary funding source for the development of this product was the noaa coral reef conservation program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4582183036929347, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.376062"} {"text": "autism language program two - way observational learning many children with autism have difficulty learning in a general classroom, due to the distractions, face - to - face interactions, and standard pacing. two - way observational learning introduces an innovative way to use video to teach children with autism essential concepts and ideas. observational learning typically involves student with autism viewing a prerecorded video where a model teaches specific behaviors and concepts. in the alp at boston children ' s hospital, we have pioneered the use of a two - way observational environment where there is a \" live \" connection between the learner, who appears on a tv monitor in one room, and an instructor, who appears on a separate tv monitor in another room. this controlled setting : - focuses a child ' s attention to what is happening on the tv screen - provides the familiar television environment that children with autism enjoy - provides real - time face - to - face interaction through the tv screen - takes advantage of video techniques such as highlighting and zooming - reduces the pressure of face - to - face interactions in the same room - allows familiar people to interact during the two - way experience learners watch the instructor on the monitor while the instructor delivers well - planned instructional activities. the instructor can also monitor the child ' s performance and give real - time guidance, feedback and reinforcement to ensure that the task is learned correctly. it is important to note that this setting requires cameras, appropriate recording equipment and flat screen television panels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5487491946949374, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.379997"} {"text": "cochlear implant program the cochlear implant program at children \u2019 s national medical center provides expert advice and care for patients and their families throughout the process of cochlear implantation, from initial screening to post - operative support. the cochlear implant program is part of children \u2019 s division of otolaryngology and works in close collaboration with children \u2019 s division of hearing and speech. patients who benefit from a cochlear implant a cochlear implant is a surgically implanted device that helps transmit electrical stimulation to the inner ear to aid hearing. a cochlear implant is an alternative for children with bilateral ( in both ears ) severe - to - profound sensorineural hearing loss ( hearing loss caused by damage to the sensory cells and / or nerve fibers of the inner ear ) who do not benefit from conventional hearing aids. our team evaluates patients for a cochlear implant based on several criteria, including audiological, medical, developmental, and psychosocial factors. a thorough evaluation to determine if a child is a candidate for cochlear implantation generally requires multiple visits : we perform between 20 and 25 cochlear implants each year. at any time, the program serves many patients who are at different stages of the cochlear implantation process. - assessment by a pediatric otolaryngologist ( ear, nose, and throat physician ) - follow - up and treatment by an audiologist, including hearing aid trials - assessment by a speech therapist - evaluation by social services of psychological and social support available after the implant of a cochlear device, the program team continues to support a child and family to help the patient progress successfully in hearing and language development. post - operative services include : - auditory habilitation / rehabilitation - language intervention - coordination between parents, schools, and the implant center children \u2019 s cochlear implant program team members are fluent in spanish and interpreters are available for every session with our specialists. all of the audiologists in the program are skilled in american sign language ( asl ). the program also has speech language pathologists with auditory - verbal training in addition to more traditional therapies. - departments & programs - children ' s national medical center about 1 out of 22 babies are born each year in the united states with a hearing impairment. most often, the parents are the first to detect hearing loss in their children. without screening or testing by a specialist, however, hearing loss may not be noticed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47894653352426175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.385609"} {"text": "1 out of 22 babies are born each year in the united states with a hearing impairment. most often, the parents are the first to detect hearing loss in their children. without screening or testing by a specialist, however, hearing loss may not be noticed until the baby is more than 1 year old. if hearing loss is not detected until later years, there is no stimulation of the brain ' s hearing centers. this can affect the development of hearing, and can delay speech and language, affect the child \u2019 s performance in school, social and emotional development. because of these risks, many health organizations including the national institutes of health and the american academy of pediatrics, recommend universal infant hearing screening. this means all newborn babies should be screened for hearing loss. the program specialists recommend that children be screened and if hearing loss is diagnosed, treated according to the following timetable : | by 1 month | | all infants \u2019 hearing should be screened | by 3 months | | if infant failed the 1 - month hearing test, he or she should have a diagnostic hearing test by 3 months | by 6 months | | if needed, begin treatment of hearing loss. treatment may include : - the fitting of hearing aids - enrollment in early intervention rehabilitation services - a medical work - up | by 12 to 18 months | | cochlear implantation for those children diagnosed with bilateral severe - to - profound sensorineural hearing loss and determined an appropriate candidate for the procedure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4632297077582093, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.386692"} {"text": "conditions of use module 1 writeup dear mom and dad, in module 1 for math class we learned about probability, experimental and theoretical. we also have been learning about exponents meaning 10 t the 2nd power would be 100. i have learned a lot from miss harte, including a lot of fancy ways to do things. we used the texas instruments calculators and she teaches us easy tricks to figure out problems. we learned a lot about graphing data and putting that information into a frequency table. then from that we made bar and line graphs. we did a really fun project for probability. we picked an object and picked it out of a hat or bag 100 times and then recorded the results. my friend ksky and i did ours on different colored hairbands. it was a lot of fun and i hope we do more projects like that throughout the year. another topic we learned about was exponents. we worked a lot on these and it helps you to find answers on other types of problems. it can be tricky but if you get it it can help a lot, like instead of writing 5x5x5x5x5 1 million times you can just right 5 to the millionth power. see how much time you saved. the last topic i ' m going to talk about is graphing data and making frequency tables. this can help you with probability too. i like making graphs because you can graph just about anything. thanks for letting me teach you about module 1. love, brbr : ) < 3 article posted november 4, 2011 at 01 : 12 pm \u2022 comment \u2022 reads 118 see all articles latest 10 comments :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5578271673946096, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.391578"} {"text": "expanding the ark - advancing invertebrate conservation 24 may 2004 | news story gland, switzerland, 24 may 2004 ( iucn ) - the world conservation union. ' expanding the ark ' neatly summarises the aims of the invertebrate specialists who gathered at the american museum of natural history in new york for a symposium recently. they plan to raise awareness of invertebrate conservation requirements so that these are included in conservation planning, management and policy decisions. currently, invertebrate species are often overlooked in conservation strategies, despite representing the vast majority of our planet ' s biodiversity : a staggering 95 % of all known animal species. to address this, the global invertebrate conservation community, including ssc, has united under a new initiative : the ' expanding the ark coalition ' ( etac ). this will provide an ideal forum for deciding the best ways to advance invertebrate conservation and help mobilise the necessary resources. considering the sheer number of invertebrates on our planet - 1, 190, 200 species have been described and nearly 10, 000 new ones are discovered each year - it is not surprising to learn that they play an indispensable ecological and economic role. invertebrates occupy key roles in most food chains through nutrient recycling, pollination, pest control and water filtration, as well as performing many other vital functions. conserving invertebrate biodiversity is therefore essential for the maintenance of ecosystem health. from squids to dragonflies, and spiders to termites, invertebrates are also fascinating animals in their own right, many displaying incredible life histories. however, it is the sheer abundance and diversity of invertebrates that makes assessing their conservation status on limited resources one of the biggest challenges to conservationists. recent studies suggest that many invertebrates face imminent extinction, so the importance of this challenge cannot be understated. to date, the threatened status of only 3, 400 invertebrates has been assessed ( 0. 2 % of known species ) and 1, 959 species are included in the iucn red list of threatened species. initial steps were taken by the iucn ' s species survival commission ( ssc ) to improve invertebrate conservation by organising a workshop in november 2001. this brought together representatives of all the ssc invertebrate specialist groups and other experts to develop a plan of action for the commission ' s invertebrate conservation work. as a result, the geographical coverage of invertebrate specialist groups has increased, with the creation of new european and south asian specialist groups and a declining poll", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.457961012598199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.395121"} {"text": "entomology collections search the u. s. national entomological collection is the world ' s largest accessible collection, with over 35 million specimens. the electronic records available here focus on type specimens as well as the general odonata collections. data for several taxonomic groups are indicated, at the end of detailed records, as reveiwed by staff of the smithsonian or affiliates usda systematic entomology laboratory and walter reed biosystematics unit. legacy data for several taxonomic groups are kept available while under review and will be udpdated upon completion. data and images for all specimens should be considered provisional. we will be updating and adding records and images regularly. search the collection keyword searches on summary fields can be run from the keyword search tab above. searches can be run against specific fields from the search by field tab. a custom presentation of entomology illustration archive records is also available. if you do not know what to search for, try one of the three sample searches in the quick browse list below. search results are sorted by taxonomic group and limited to 5000 records. if you need to retrieve a larger record set, please contact the department of entomology. see the help tab to learn more about searching and then exploring your returned results ( sorting, exporting, etc. ). quick browse searches | selected imaged bee type specimens | | 9100322 9100358 9100367 9100370 9100371 9168462 9168746 9169407 9170469 9170730 9171576 9171905 9172004 9172130 9172134 9172229 9172266 9172771 9172798 9172922 9172992 9173924 9174025 9174117 9174177 9174449 9174508 9175324 9175349 9175861 9175862 9175865 9175900 9175906 9176131 9176995 9178114 9178634 9178622 9205142 9208004 9170469 9312640 | | imaged odonata type specimens | | 9198878 9208064 9198879 9100437 9206185 9198864 9198865", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4767127340050058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.400629"} {"text": "9312640 | | imaged odonata type specimens | | 9198878 9208064 9198879 9100437 9206185 9198864 9198865 9198867 9198868 9198869 9198841 9205855 9205856 9205858 9209159 9208434 9205730 9198920 9100308 9205956 9100310 9100311 9205221 9205222 9200146 9198910 9100115 9198911 9198912 9198913 9198914 9198915 9199043 9198916 9198917 9198918 9198919 9205854 9312631 9198886 9198844 9205860 9205861 9198831 9198873 9208063 9208065 9198874 9198871 9198875 9198908 9198909 9100429 9210979 9210980 9198866 9210978 | | selected illustration archive records | | 9312875 9312879 9312904 9313080 9313135 9313347 9313851 9314014 9314128 9314707 9314752 9314801 9314850 9314863 9316136 9315132 9315117 9315111 9313007 9314963 9314928 | enter your keywords separated by spaces and click search. records that match your search terms will be returned. note that searching for common ( vernacular ) names may not yield the expected results. associating common names with specimen records is a work in progress. keyword search example : cicindela ( \" new mexico \" or chihuahua ) type use the by field search to find specimen data that match values in specific database fields. enter a value or choose one from the dropdown lists. the results of your searches can be displayed in grid ( a sortable, customizable table ) or gallery view ( best for reviewing images ). use the switch button to cycle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4777254235196078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.401367"} {"text": "fields. enter a value or choose one from the dropdown lists. the results of your searches can be displayed in grid ( a sortable, customizable table ) or gallery view ( best for reviewing images ). use the switch button to cycle between these views. in grid view : in gallery view : see exporting results for information on downloading results to, for example, excel or google earth. open the full collection record by clicking the expansion button ( ) in grid view, or anywhere within the image frame in gallery view. inverse expansion buttons ( ) indicate records with multimedia ( typically, images ). sort results in grid view by clicking the column header ( or by choosing sort from the column ' s dropdown menu ). export all or selected results by clicking the export results as csv button in the bottom toolbar in grid, or gallery view. you can also export all or selected results to a kml file for viewing with google earth or other kml viewers, by clicking the export as kml button. this button is grayed when all or selected results lack latitude / longitude values. to create a link to specific records at nmnh provide the appropriate unit and querystring to : where unit is : and querystring is ( use a plus - sign to separate words ) : there are ways to speed up your queries ( or slow them down! ) and to find specific information. please use the feedback page to report back any problems you find with the data, or with using these search pages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4749873536930995, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.402102"} {"text": "elijah j. mccoyborn may 2, 1843? at colchester, ontario ; died october 10, 1929 elijah mccoy was born to george mccoy and mildred goins, both runaway slaves from kentucky who came via the underground railway to colchester, ontario. the mccoy family returned to the united states while elijah was very young and settled in ypsilanti, michigan. at age 15 years, elijah was sent to edinburgh, scotland to study mechanical engineering. he returned to the united states after his studies. the only job he could get was as a fire man or coal man on a michigan train line, despite his educational qualifications. during this job, mccoy invented and patented his improvements on lubricators for steam engines in 1872 in the united states. in 1874 improvements on lubricators for steam engines was patented in canada. the expression \" the real mccoy, \" which refers to an original or real item versus an inferior imitation, supposedly originated with elijah mccoy. ties to canada : elijah ' s father, george mccoy, reputedly returned to canada and enlisted in the militia to put down the red river rebellion of 1870. it is also suggested that george received land in canada for serving in the militia. sample of inventions patented in canada by mccoy | patent number | | filing date | | title | | 3499 | | 1874 | | improvements on lubricators for steam engines | | 14270 | | 1882 | | improvements on lubricators |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.408239755285153, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.404452"} {"text": "| date of discovery | | may 15, 2005 | | name of discoverer | | hubble space telescope pluto companion search team | | name origin | | mythical 9 - headed monster ; second initial of \" new horizons \" mission | | order from primary | | 3 | | semi - major axis | | 64, 780 km | | sidereal month | | 38. 206 da | | inclination | | 0. 22\u00b0 to pluto ' s equator | | equatorial radius | | 37 km | | mean temperature | | 44 k | the hubble space telescope pluto companion search team examined pluto and its already - known moon charon using the hubble space telescope ' s advanced camera for surveys. the stated discovery date of may 15, 2005 is the date that the discovery images were taken ; the discovery was announced only after confirmatory comparison with previous images of the plutonian system. in greek mythology, the hydra was a nine - headed monster who was eventually destroyed by hercules. the names given to hydra and the middle moon nix are also the initials of the nasa mission new horizons, launched in 2006. nix and hydra, like charon, revolve around pluto in the direction of pluto ' s own rotation about its axis. hydra ' s orbit is significantly eccentric, and its period is nearly, but not quite, six times that of charon. this last finding has led to speculation that hydra and charon resonate in their orbits. the hubble space telescope ' s instruments have not been able to resolve hydra sufficiently to measure its diameter. the diameter has a calculated range of between 61 km and 167 km, depending on the albedo \u2014 and current instruments cannot adequately resolve the albedo, either. nor has any instrument been able to resolve its sidereal day. hydra is somewhat brighter than its companion moon nix, and so might be the larger of the two, but this is not proved. the new horizons space probe, launched in 2006, will visit hydra and its companions in february of 2015. this will represent the earliest opportunity to study hydra in detail. the very existence of such a complex system as the plutonian system is difficult to explain, primarily on account of pluto ' s small size. this has led one member of the discovery team to speculate that a giant impact ( similar to that which most astronomers now favor for the origin of the moon of earth ) on pluto formed charon, and that nix and hydra are two pieces of debris from that same impact. while the lead investigator doubts that nix and hydra are captured objects, pluto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4978439664239137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.416994"} {"text": "that which most astronomers now favor for the origin of the moon of earth ) on pluto formed charon, and that nix and hydra are two pieces of debris from that same impact. while the lead investigator doubts that nix and hydra are captured objects, pluto is no longer considered a planet precisely on account of its failure to \" clear its neighborhood \" of other objects. nix and hydra could, therefore, be two of many trans - neptunian objects ( tnos ) that, instead of crashing into pluto, fell into orbit around it as pluto passed. - \u2191 \" gazetteer of planetary nomenclature : planetary body names and discoverers. \" us geological survey, jennifer blue, ed. march 31, 2008. accessed april 17, 2008. - \u2191 \" pluto : moons : nix. \" solar system exploration, nasa, september 15, 2006. accessed april 17, 2008. - \u2191 \" iau circular no. 8723 : satellites of pluto. \" international astronomical union, june 21, 2006. accessed april 17, 2008. - \u2191 than, ker. \" pluto ' s newest moons named hydra and nix. \" space. com, june 21, 2006. accessed april 17, 2008. - \u2191 5. 0 5. 1 5. 2 buie, m. w., grundy, w. m., young, e. f., et al. \" orbits and photometry of pluto ' s satellites : charon, s / 2005 p1, and s / 2005 p2. \" astronomical journal 132 : 290, submitted december 19, 2005. - \u2191 6. 0 6. 1 6. 2 stern, s. a., mutchler, m. j., weaver, h. a., and steffl, a. j. \" the positions, colors, and photometric variability of pluto ' s small satellites from hst observations 2005 - 2006. \" astronomical journal, submitted april 29, 2006. accessed april 17, 2008. - \u2191 an assumed value - \u2191 arnett, bill. \" pluto. \" < http : / / www. nineplanets. org / > accessed january 22, 2008. - \u2191 \" iau circular no. 8625. \" international astronomical union, october 31, 2005. accessed april 17, 2008. - \u2191 10. 0 10. 1 10. 2 \" nasa ' s hubble reveals possible new moons around pluto. \" news release stscl - 2005 - 19, hubble site, october 31, 2005. accessed april 17, 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4781449097298371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.419270"} {"text": "november 7, 2011 the non - robotic robot in popular parlance, the term \u201c robotic \u201d verges on the insulting. it implies uninspired, unthinking and repetitive. yet at the same time, robots themselves are cool \u2014 striding through popular culture in science fiction and reality shows, alongside ( or in place of ) military troops, serving as science ambassadors in classrooms or pluckily plodding though nuclear disasters in japan. at uc santa barbara, the fluidity and diversity of real life inspires the approach to this new - old technology, bridging the divide between \u201c clone \u201d and \u201c cool. \u201d many robotics projects seem to draw more from the menagerie than the hardware store, with rats and mice, dogs and dragonflies, even maple seeds and bacteria, influencing the design of hardware and software, and how robotics is taught in academia. while specifics vary, robots are generally defined as having some mobility, whether as an arm attached to a post or an unmanned aerial vehicle ( uav ) soaring overhead. they have the ability to make some decisions on their own, even if that only goes as far as how hard to screw in a bolt, and they can do this more or less autonomously. in short, a robot can move, it can think and it can make itself useful. ignoring fiction, explained professor katie byl, the first age of robots dawned in the 1980s when stationary robots doing repetitive tasks with high positional accuracy defined the term ( and conjured the pejorative aspects of \u201c robotic \u201d ). \u201c it \u2019 s a robot that is designed for something like machining a part where the tool has to be pressed with high force and high accuracy against an end effector \u2014 not the kind of dynamics for a robot to interface with your grandmother, \u201d explained byl, whose working group at ucsb is named the robotics lab. while these industrial robots remain and grow in importance, the state of the art moved toward robots that could move around on their own, initially over artificially smooth terrain and now over increasingly genuine \u2014 i. e. uneven and unknown \u2014 ground, sea or sky. once they can ramble successfully, they should be able to exploit their environment and work without much \u2014 or any \u2014 real - time human guidance. the progress ranges from the very theoretical to the very practical. professor joao hespanha, for example, has just demonstrated aerial robots the u. s. army would like to use to track down insurgents firing mortar shells in afghanistan. \u201c in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4999906797107956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.492409"} {"text": "the progress ranges from the very theoretical to the very practical. professor joao hespanha, for example, has just demonstrated aerial robots the u. s. army would like to use to track down insurgents firing mortar shells in afghanistan. \u201c in the future, \u201d said professor francesco bullo, whose own work centers on robotic coordination, \u201c people envision robots everywhere. you can imagine small, almost like \u2018 smart dust, \u2019 agents in a very, very small space that move, sense, transit, maybe perform an action as well. but the reality is that a robot needs a battery. one can imagine everything, but the reality is that we \u2019 re nowhere near having anything on the microscale, even less at the nanoscale. \u201d so while the sky is the limit, there are still some very basic hurdles to step over, like bipedal walking. turning to fiction, from the homicidal ns - 5s of the film \u201c i, robot \u201d to the droids of \u201c star wars \u201d to marvin the paranoid android of \u201c hitchhikers guide to the galaxy, \u201d they all shared the ability to walk. having been raised on a diet of hollywood robots that are as agile as ballerinas, \u201c a lot of my grad students were surprised that that wasn \u2019 t a solved project yet because everyone saw it in movies, \u201d byl reflected. \u201c they make it look like we already have walking robots. \u201d adding to this perception are the odd japanese humanoid robots that exhibit a large range of life - like motions \u2014 albeit \u201c on the same stage, the same set of stairs, three times a day doing the same choreographed motions, \u201d as she noted. \u201c the real challenge is to get a robot to perform as well as my two year old son, pieter, who can kind of crawl up and down stairs with his own technique and can make a stack of blocks 20 - high. those are the kind of problems that are extremely challenging right now, akin to playing grand master chess for a computer, because there \u2019 s so much uncertainty about what you \u2019 re going to encounter. \u201d this challenge, more broadly addressed as locomotion ( and its cousin manipulation ), is an area of special interest for byl. before coming to ucsb last year, byl was at harvard university, where she worked with private industry robot maker boston dynamics on little dog. this four - legged motorized beast ( and its brother big dog ) remains a trend - setting investigator of \u201c the fundamental relationships among motor learning, dynamic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4830379739582077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.494308"} {"text": "byl was at harvard university, where she worked with private industry robot maker boston dynamics on little dog. this four - legged motorized beast ( and its brother big dog ) remains a trend - setting investigator of \u201c the fundamental relationships among motor learning, dynamic control, perception of the environment, and rough - terrain locomotion, \u201d the company explains. \u201c the real challenge is to get a robot to perform as well as my two year old son, pieter, who can kind of crawl up and down stairs with his own technique and can make a stack of blocks 20 - high. those are the kind of problems that are extremely challenging right now, akin to playing grand master chess for a computer, because there \u2019 s so much uncertainty about what you \u2019 re going to encounter. \u201d katie byl, ucsb at ucsb, byl and her lab have extended that work on traversing so - called rough terrain, on two legs as well as four, and have also creating small, flapping - wing robots that can not only move but can sense terrain and make their own paths. in her office at harold frank hall she demonstrates a variety of small robots, from solar - powered \u201c micro - aerial vehicles \u201d to a purely mechanical device that, using passive dynamics, could almost walk downhill forever. these \u201c fun, dynamic motion problems \u201d in engineering are often bio - inspired, she continued \u2014 drawn from nature without exactly mimicking nature. byl dislikes the term biomimicry, saying it suggests \u201c taking something that works and trying to reverse engineer what the structure is, as opposed to looking at a particular principle that has been successfully used in nature and trying to boil it down to a small set of principles you can use as building blocks. you can fall into a trap of trying to copy something that works without understanding why it works. \u201d wright brothers as a pair of engineers who, realizing birds had conquered yaw, pitch and roll, set about figuring out those challenges rather creating a flapping, feathered flying machine \u201d katie byl, ucsb byl \u2019 s group is currently working on semi - autonomous control of the littledog robot for rough terrain locomotion. littledog is a small quadruped manufactured by boston dynamics. shown above are doctoral student brian satzinger ( at left ) and katie byl. picking up a miniature fly developed at harvard, she noted that its flapping wings recall those of a real fly, but use a piezo - electric movement rather than trying to replicate the musculature of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5043127743095837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.495757"} {"text": "at left ) and katie byl. picking up a miniature fly developed at harvard, she noted that its flapping wings recall those of a real fly, but use a piezo - electric movement rather than trying to replicate the musculature of a fly. she points to the wright brothers as a pair of engineers who, realizing birds had conquered yaw, pitch and roll, set about figuring out those challenges rather creating a flapping, feathered flying machine. at a different extreme, she fears the legacy of \u201c stiff \u201d industrial robots might lead some to take the long way around a robotics problem, with researchers trying to emulate the tradition of high positional accuracy and aiming to ratchet up the degrees of freedom rather than addressing the \u201c basic impedance problems \u201d of locomotion. like many of the researchers studying robotics and its cousins at ucsb, hespanha was drawn here by the strength of the work going on in control engineering. \u201c controlling systems is so general you find it in many departments \u2014 electrical engineering, mechanical, chemical engineering, civil engineering \u2014 but in most universities this group is spread across many departments, \u201d he explained. \u201c even though ucsb is a small school compared to others, \u201d he continued, giving some examples of larger midwestern universities, \u201c at ucsb all these things are working together, so we can offer more courses than many of the big schools. \u201d the hotbed of this multidisciplinary effort is the center for control, dynamical systems and computation, which professor petar v. kokotovic founded two decades ago ; hespanha is its director, and bullo is the associate director. few schools have a dedicated department of robotics or its brother discipline of mechatronics, and even at the center its eclectic focuses offer only a few \u201c or pure - play \u201d robotics options. byl \u2019 s robotics lab is the rare entity at ucsb where \u201c robot \u201d actually appears in the name ; the lab is part of both the center and the department of electrical and computer engineering. the institute for collaborative biotechnologies at ucsb also studies some robotics issues \u2014 like hespanha \u2019 s mortar - seeking drones \u2014 that have defense applications, and develops bio - inspired roots. and other departments have their eyes on robotic applications : in computer science, for example, researchers like matt turk and tobias hollerer, who are working on the human and computer interface, see immediate robotic implications. this all suggests the birthing of a robot requires many parents,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49778172113111974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.497145"} {"text": "eyes on robotic applications : in computer science, for example, researchers like matt turk and tobias hollerer, who are working on the human and computer interface, see immediate robotic implications. this all suggests the birthing of a robot requires many parents, many of whom \u2014 such as those working on wireless communications \u2014 may not have realized how entrenched they were in the robot family. as bullo explained, a plethora of technological breakthroughs in computers, cameras, gyroscopes, gps, sensors, batteries, and more computing that, combined with substantial theoretical developments, have broken robots out of their structured environments into the workaday world. his own area of expertise lies in crafting models and theories of how robots would perform the useful tasks these breakthroughs allow. \u201c the applications you \u2019 re seeing now, \u201d bullo said, \u201c are the ones that bring together the best of breed from all of these practical technologies but also theoretical algorithms. \u201c the robots that i work with are really airplanes, but what makes them robots as opposed to traditional airplanes is they are intelligent systems, they make decisions by themselves. they are fully autonomous and they work together. \u201d \u201c the unicorn uav is basically a foam wing powered by an electric motor. it has an onboard auto - pilot fed by a gps unit, three - axis rate gyros and accelerometers, differential and absolute air pressure sensors, and a magnetometer. the autopilot communicates with a ground station through a radio link. we use unicorns to test our cooperative control algorithms at camp roberts, a california national guard facility near paso robles. the toyon research corporation in santa barbara has been a ucsb long - term research partner in this area. \u201d - joao hespanha, ucsb \u201c once you have the perception of the environment, you have to ask yourself, \u2018 how are my robots going to act among themselves, how are they going to interact with the environment, how are they going to interact with their human operators and with humans moving in the environment? \u2019 \u201d his algorithms in the burgeoning field of network science tend to blur neat distinctions between robotics and the natural world, since the underlying principles that might govern a robotic network would might also find a home in activities as far afield as running a power grid or divining the intricacies of human society. \u2019 the connection becomes more intuitive as bullo points out that \u201c your brain is composed of a massive network of interacting neurons, \u201d and that in biology,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5328599328210676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.499047"} {"text": "afield as running a power grid or divining the intricacies of human society. \u2019 the connection becomes more intuitive as bullo points out that \u201c your brain is composed of a massive network of interacting neurons, \u201d and that in biology, the models, methodology and tools for understanding multi - agent systems are common and broadly applicable. so as robots learn to live in the environment, their masters learn to draw from it. one u. s. army - funded project in which hespanha has been deeply involved is creating uavs that can spot exactly where a small explosion \u2014 such as that from a mortar \u2014 has taken place. using microphones placed on the ground, these prototypes identify the location of the firing, then vector in a second uav to snap a picture. because in places like afghanistan these very mobile weapons can be fired and moved quickly, often from amid urban areas crowded with innocents, nailing down where these weapons are would be a boon for the military and the civilians. unlike byl \u2019 s flapping - winged robots, hespanha \u2019 s drones look like fixed - wing aircraft. \u201c the robots that i work with are really airplanes, \u201d he explained, \u201c but what makes them robots as opposed to traditional airplanes is they are intelligent systems, they make decisions by themselves. they are fully autonomous and they work together. \u201d in another project, he \u2019 s working on tiny aircraft shaped like maple - tree seeds, but with antenna and tiny propellers, that a gi can pull from his pocket and throw in the air and that will follow him \u201c like a dog, \u201d reporting the soldier \u2019 s status and action back to headquarters. while these projects have easily understood military applications \u2014 as do many of the robot projects, which are often funded by the army or the pentagon \u2019 s defense advanced research projects agency \u2014 they also have considerable potential to be useful in civilian life. \u201c the robots are collecting information, sharing it and adapting in real time to things that are happening in the real world. \u201d - francesco bullo, ucsb some of bullo \u2019 s algorithms are also inspired by nature. the strategy that drives the search algorithm has been inspired by the movements of bacteria. other efforts have been inspired by fish. bullo \u2019 s work on gossiping robots has been inspired by animal herd communication. rather than sharing choice tidbits about who \u2019 s oiling who, groups of these gossiping robots communicate small bits of immediately applicable information, doing it with the lowest possible communication requirements to nearby robots, essentially whispering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5398840540885519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.500846"} {"text": "been inspired by animal herd communication. rather than sharing choice tidbits about who \u2019 s oiling who, groups of these gossiping robots communicate small bits of immediately applicable information, doing it with the lowest possible communication requirements to nearby robots, essentially whispering in each other \u2019 s ears. look no further than lions, ant and bird flocks for examples, he added. the robots \u2014 or ducks \u2014 could be shouting this information, but that effort uses lots more energy and creates interference for others. like those japanese humanoid robots, bullo said, \u201c it is relatively easy to coordinate groups of robots if every robot knows every bit of useful information. rather it \u2019 s much more realistic \u2014 and much more challenging \u2014 if you \u2019 re not so sure where is a safe place for a robot to travel, where there is an obstacle, where there is a phenomenon of interest to measure, and so forth. basically the robots are collecting information, sharing it and adapting in real time to things that are happening in the real world. \u201d the multidisciplinary and hands - on nature of robotics make it a hit among students \u2014 and a valuable tool for teachers. at ucsb, undergraduate and graduate robotics courses are routinely oversubscribed, and courses taught by brad paden and katie byl must turn away some of the eager. part of the attraction is likely its fun quotient ; legos and microsoft kinect, after all, are legitimate teaching tools. professor brad paden \u2019 s introductory robotics control class, for example, is described as an \u201c overview of robot control technology from open - loop manipulators and sensing systems, to single - joint servovalves and servomotors, to integrated adaptive force and position control using feedback form machine vision and touch sensing systems. design emphasis on accurate tracking accomplished with minimal algorithm complexity. \u201d that boils down to splitting into teams to make \u201c roborats, \u201d which compete against each other at the end of the course \u2014 vying for the honor of collecting the most \u201c cheese. \u201d those aren \u2019 t the only robotic rodents roaming around campus. the ucsb student branch of the institute of electrical and electronics engineers ( ieee ) recently completed its \u201c micromouse \u201d which, in the best traditions of the lab, had to negotiate a maze of which it had no prior knowledge. to address this challenge, the students created three sub - teams to tackle the software, mechanics and electronics of the beast. ( the organization \u2019 s mouse joined 13 others in a first - ever california", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4927042618316128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.502815"} {"text": "negotiate a maze of which it had no prior knowledge. to address this challenge, the students created three sub - teams to tackle the software, mechanics and electronics of the beast. ( the organization \u2019 s mouse joined 13 others in a first - ever california micromouse competition at uc san diego this may. ) in another project, the students created an \u201c autonomous package delivery robot \u201d built around an electric wheelchair. the project involved upgrading the chair \u2019 s electronics, fitting it with the appropriate sensors to help it navigate and writing the software to help it navigate, move and operate on its own. that kind of hands - on learning will be a larger part of the undergraduate curriculum thanks to instructional improvement grants byl and bullo received. the resulting curriculum, bullo said, \u201c really redesigned the undergraduate course from scratch. \u201d while robotics is very graphical, he said, the classic texts really focused on factory - floor type robots, which, while valuable, don \u2019 t reflect future need to understand the kinematics and dynamics of life outside the shop. because robotics draws from so many disciplines, it \u2019 s an excellent vehicle to teach them. that \u2019 s what drives amir abo - shaeer, a ucsb mechanical engineering graduate who founded the dos pueblos ( high school ) engineering academy at his goleta alma mater in 2002. his success in engaging students in science, technology, engineering and math garnered abo - shaeer a \u201c genius grant \u201d from the john d. and catherine t. macarthur foundation last year \u2014 the first given to a public school teacher. his program is also the focus of a new book \u2014 \u201c the new cool : a visionary teacher, his first robotics team, and the ultimate battle of smarts \u201d \u2014 by best - selling author neil bascomb. the capping event for the dos pueblos academy \u2019 s seniors, much as it is for the ucsb undergrads and the ieee students, is entering their robots in an international competition. in this case the contest is dean kamen \u2019 s for inspiration and recognition of science and technology ( first ) robotics competition. the academy has twice taken the best quality award at the championships. \u201c the thing about robotics that \u2019 s nice at the high school level is that the stuff the kids have learned in high school is what they actually use to design and build the robot, \u201d abo - shaeer said. \u201c there are other things that would be harder to teach from an engineering standpoint \u2014 it would be hard to teach chemical engineering in a high school setting, for example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4830532782670186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.509880"} {"text": "myth : the us was forced to declare war on japan after a totally unexpected japanese attack on the american naval base in hawaii on december 7, 1941. on account of japan \u2019 s alliance with nazi germany, this aggression automatically brought the us into the war against germany. reality : the roosevelt administration had been eager for some time to wage war against japan and sought to unleash such a war by means of the institution of an oil embargo and other provocations. having deciphered japanese codes, washington knew a japanese fleet was on its way to pearl harbor, but welcomed the attack since a japanese aggression would make it possible to \u201c sell \u201d the war to the overwhelmingly anti - war american public. an attack by japan, as opposed to an american attack on japan, was also supposed to avoid a declaration of war by japan \u2019 s ally, germany, which was treaty - bound to help only if japan was attacked. however, for reasons which have nothing to do with japan or the us but everything with the failure of germany \u2019 s \u201c lightning war \u201d against the soviet union, hitler himself declared war on the us a few days after pearl harbor, on december 11, 1941. fall 1941. the us, then as now, was ruled by a \u201c power elite \u201d of industrialists, owners and managers of the country \u2019 s leading corporations and banks, constituting only a tiny fraction of its population. then as now, these industrialists and financiers \u2013 \u201c corporate america \u201d \u2013 had close connections with the highest ranks of the army, \u201c the warlords, \u201d as columbia university sociologist c. wright mills, who coined the term \u201c power elite, \u201d has called them, and for whom a few years later a big hq, known as the pentagon, would be erected on the banks of the potomac river. indeed, the \u201c military - industrial complex \u201d had already existed for many decades when, at the end of his career as president, and having served it most assiduously, eisenhower gave it that name. talking about presidents : in the 1930s and 1940s, again then as now, the power elite kindly allowed the american people every four years to choose between two of the elite \u2019 s own members \u2013 one labelled \u201c republican, \u201d the other \u201c democrat, \u201d but few people know the difference \u2013 to reside in the white house in order to formulate and administer national and international policies. these policies invariably served \u2013 and still serve \u2013 the power elite \u2019 s interests, in other words, they consistently aimed to promote \u201c business \u201d \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4606303866902577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.539326"} {"text": "the difference \u2013 to reside in the white house in order to formulate and administer national and international policies. these policies invariably served \u2013 and still serve \u2013 the power elite \u2019 s interests, in other words, they consistently aimed to promote \u201c business \u201d \u2013 a code word for the maximization of profits by the big corporations and banks that are members of the power elite. as president calvin coolidge candidly put it on one occasion during the 1920s, \u201c the business of america [ meaning of the american government ] is business. \u201d in 1941, then, the tenant of the white house was a bona fide member of the power elite, a scion of a rich, privileged, and powerful family : franklin d. roosevelt, often referred to as \u201c fdr \u201d. ( incidentally, the roosevelt family \u2019 s wealth had been built at least partly in the opium trade with china ; as balzac once wrote, \u201c behind every great fortune there lurks a crime. \u201d ) roosevelt appears to have served the power elite rather well, for he already managed to be nominated ( difficult! ) and elected ( relatively easy! ) in 1932, 1936, and again in 1940. that was a remarkable achievement, since the \u201c dirty thirties \u201d were hard times, marked by the \u201c great depression \u201d as well as great international tensions, leading to the eruption of war in europe in 1939. roosevelt \u2019 s job \u2013 serving the interests of the power elite \u2013 was far from easy, because within the ranks of that elite opinions differed about how corporate interests could best be served by the president. with respect to the economic crisis, some industrialists and bankers were pretty happy with the president \u2019 s keynesian approach, known as the \u201c new deal \u201d and involving much state intervention in the economy, while others were vehemently opposed to it and loudly demanded a return to laissez - faire orthodoxy. the power elite was also divided with respect to the handling of foreign affairs. the owners and top managers of many american corporations \u2013 including ford, general motors, ibm, itt, and rockefeller \u2019 s standard oil of new jersey, now known as exxon \u2013 liked hitler a lot ; one of them \u2013 william knudsen of general motors \u2013 even glorified the german fuhrer as \u201c the miracle of the 20th century. \u201d the reason : in preparation for war, the fuhrer had been arming germany to the teeth, and the numerous german branch plants of us corporations had profited handsomely from that country \u2019 s \u201c armament boom \u201d by producing trucks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46231127386574855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.540352"} {"text": "20th century. \u201d the reason : in preparation for war, the fuhrer had been arming germany to the teeth, and the numerous german branch plants of us corporations had profited handsomely from that country \u2019 s \u201c armament boom \u201d by producing trucks, tanks and planes in sites such as gm \u2019 s opel factory in russelsheim and ford \u2019 s big plant in cologne, the ford - werke ; and the likes of exxon and texaco had been making plenty of money by supplying the fuel hitler \u2019 s panzers would need to roll all the way to warsaw in 1939, to paris in 1940, and ( almost ) to moscow in 1941. no wonder the managers and owners of these corporations helped to celebrate germany \u2019 s victories against poland and france at a big party in the waldorf - astoria hotel in new york on june 26, 1940! american \u201c captains of industry \u201d like henry ford also liked the way hitler had shut down the german unions, outlawed all labour parties, and thrown the communists and many socialists into concentration camps ; they wished roosevelt would mete out the same kind of treatment to america \u2019 s own pesky union leaders and \u201c reds, \u201d the latter still numerous in the 1930s and early 1940s. the last thing those men wanted, was for roosevelt to involve the us in the war on the side of germany \u2019 s enemies, they were \u201c isolationists \u201d ( or \u201c non - interventionists \u201d ) and so, in the summer of 1940, was the majority of the american public : a gallup poll, taken in september 1940, showed that 88 percent of americans wanted to stay out of the war that was raging in europe. not surprisingly, then, there was no sign whatsoever that roosevelt might want to restrict trade with germany, let alone embark on an anti - hitler crusade. in fact, during the presidential election campaign in the fall 1940, he solemnly promised that \u201c [ our ] boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars. \u201d that hitler has crushed france and other democratic countries, was of no concern to the us corporate types who did business with hitler, in fact, they felt that europe \u2019 s future belonged to fascism, especially germany \u2019 s variety of fascism, nazism, rather than to democracy. ( typically, the chairman of general motors, alfred p. sloan, declared at that time that it was a good thing that in europe the democracies were giving way \u201c to an alternative [ i. e. fascist ] system with strong, intelligent, and aggressive leaders who made the people work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4174462617164109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.541316"} {"text": "alfred p. sloan, declared at that time that it was a good thing that in europe the democracies were giving way \u201c to an alternative [ i. e. fascist ] system with strong, intelligent, and aggressive leaders who made the people work longer and harder and who had the instinct of gangsters \u2013 all of them good qualities \u201d! ) and, since they certainly did not want europe \u2019 s future to belong to socialism in its evolutionary, let alone revolutionary ( i. e. communist ) variety, the us industrialists would be particularly happy when, about one year later, hitler would finally do what they have long hoped he would do, namely, to attack the soviet union in order to destroy the homeland of communism and source of inspiration and support of \u201c reds \u201d all over the world, also in the us. while many big corporations were engaged in profitable business with nazi germany, others now happened to be making plenty of money by doing business with great britain. that country \u2013 in addition to canada and other member countries of the british empire, of course \u2013 was germany \u2019 s only remaining enemy from the fall of 1940 until june 1941, when hitler \u2019 s attack on the soviet union caused britain and the soviet union to become allies. britain was desperately in need of all sorts of equipment to continue its struggle against nazi germany, wanted to purchase much of it in the us, but was unable to make the cash payments required by america \u2019 s existing \u201c cash - and - carry \u201d legislation. however, roosevelt made it possible for us corporations to take advantage of this enormous \u201c window of opportunity \u201d when, on march 11, 1941, he introduced his famous lend - lease program, providing britain with virtually unlimited credit to purchase trucks, planes, and other martial hardware in the us. the lend - lease exports to britain were to generate windfall profits, not only on account of the huge volume of business involved but also because these exports featured inflated prices and fraudulent practices such as double billing. a segment of corporate america thus began to sympathize with great britain, a less \u201c natural \u201d phenomenon than we would now tend to believe. ( indeed, after american independence the ex - motherland had long remained uncle sam \u2019 s archenemy ; and as late the 1930s, the us military still had plans for war against britain and an invasion of the canadian dominion, the latter including plans for the bombing of cities and the use of poison gas. ) some mouthpieces of this corporate constituency, though not very many, even started to favour a us entry into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4550197124829835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.542376"} {"text": "war against britain and an invasion of the canadian dominion, the latter including plans for the bombing of cities and the use of poison gas. ) some mouthpieces of this corporate constituency, though not very many, even started to favour a us entry into the war on the side of the british ; they became known as the \u201c interventionists. \u201d of course, many if not most big american corporations made money through business with both nazi germany and britain and, as the roosevelt administration itself was henceforth preparing for possible war, multiplying military expenditures and ordering all sorts of equipment, they also started to make more and more money by supplying america \u2019 s own armed forces with all sorts of martial material. if there was one thing that all the leaders of corporate america could agree on, regardless of their individual sympathies towards either hitler or churchill, it was this : the war in europe in 1939 was good, even wonderful, for business. they also agreed that the longer this war lasted, the better it would be for all of them. with the exception of the most fervent pro - british interventionists, they further agreed that there was no pressing need for the us to become actively involved in this war, and certainly not to go to war against germany. most advantageous to corporate america was a scenario whereby the war in europe dragged on as long as possible, so that the big corporations could continue to profit from supplying equipment to the germans, the british, to their respective allies, and to america herself. henry ford thus \u201c expressed the hope that neither the allies nor the axis would win [ the war ], \u201d and suggested that the united states should supply both sides with \u201c the tools to keep on fighting until they both collapse. \u201d ford practised what he preached, and arranged for his factories in the us, in britain, in germany, and in occupied france to crank out equipment for all belligerents. the war may have been hell for most people, but for american \u201c captains of industry \u201d such as ford it was heaven. roosevelt himself is generally believed to have been an interventionist, but in congress the isolationists certainly prevailed, and it did not look as if the us would soon, if ever, enter the war. however, on account of lend - lease exports to britain, relations between washington and berlin were definitely deteriorating, and in the fall of 1941 a series of incidents between german submarines and us navy destroyers escorting freighters bound for britain lead to a crisis that has become known as the \u201c undeclared naval war.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4325571790154431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.543375"} {"text": "relations between washington and berlin were definitely deteriorating, and in the fall of 1941 a series of incidents between german submarines and us navy destroyers escorting freighters bound for britain lead to a crisis that has become known as the \u201c undeclared naval war. \u201d but even that episode did not lead to active american involvement in the war in europe. corporate america was profiting handsomely from the status quo, and was simply not interested in a crusade against nazi germany. conversely, nazi germany was deeply involved in the great project of hitler \u2019 s life, his mission to destroy the soviet union. in this war, things had not been going according to plan. the blitzkrieg in the east, launched on june 1941, was supposed to have \u201c crushed the soviet union like an egg \u201d within 4 to 6 weeks, or so it was believed by the military experts not only in berlin but also in washington. however, in early december hitler was still waiting for the soviets to wave the white flag. to the contrary, on december 5, the red army suddenly launched a counter - offensive in front of moscow, and suddenly the germans found themselves deeply in trouble. the last thing hitler needed at this point was a war against the us. in the 1930s, the us military had no plans, and did not prepare plans, to fight a war against nazi germany. on the other hand, they did have plans war against great britain, canada, mexico \u2013 and japan. why against japan? in the 1930s, the us was one of the world \u2019 s leading industrial powers and, like all industrial powers, was constantly looking out for sources of inexpensive raw materials such as rubber and oil, as well as for markets for its finished products. already at the end of the nineteenth century, america had consistently pursued its interests in this respect by extending its economic and sometimes even direct political influence across oceans and continents. this aggressive, \u201c imperialist \u201d policy \u2013 pursued ruthlessly by presidents such as theodore roosevelt, a cousin of fdr \u2013 had led to american control over former spanish colonies such as puerto rico, cuba, and the philippines, and also over the hitherto independent island nation of hawaii. america had thus also developed into a major power in the pacific ocean and even in the far east. the lands on the far shores of the pacific ocean played an increasingly important role as markets for american export products and as sources of cheap raw materials. but in the depression - ridden 1930s, when the competition for markets and resources was heating up, the us faced the competition there of an aggressive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4255782075695227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.544310"} {"text": "the pacific ocean played an increasingly important role as markets for american export products and as sources of cheap raw materials. but in the depression - ridden 1930s, when the competition for markets and resources was heating up, the us faced the competition there of an aggressive rival industrial power, one that was even more needy for oil and similar raw materials, and also for markets for its finished products. that competitor was japan, the land of the rising sun. japan sought to realize its own imperialist ambitions in china and in resource - rich southeast asia and, like the us, did not hesitate to use violence in the process, for example waging ruthless war on china and carving a client state out of the northern part of that great but weak country. what bothered the united states was not that the japanese treated their chinese and korean neighbours as untermenschen, but that they turned that part of the world into what they called the greater east asia co - prosperity sphere, i. e., an economic bailiwick of their very own, a \u201c closed economy \u201d in with there was no room for the american competition. in doing so, the japanese actually followed the example of the us, which had earlier transformed latin america and much of the caribbean into uncle sam \u2019 s exclusive economic playground. corporate america was extremely frustrated at being squeezed out of the lucrative far eastern market by the \u201c japs, \u201d a \u201c yellow race \u201d americans in general had already started to despise during the 19th century. japan was viewed as an arrogant but essentially weak upstart country, that mighty america could easily \u201c wipe off the map in three months, \u201d as navy secretary frank knox put it on one occasion. and so it happened that, during the 1930s and early 1940s, the us power elite, while mostly opposed to war against germany, was virtually unanimously in favour of a war against japan \u2013 unless, of course, japan was prepared to make major concessions, such as \u201c sharing \u201d china with the us. president roosevelt \u2013 like woodrow wilson not at all the pacifist he has been made out to be by all too many historians \u2013 was keen to provide such a \u201c splendid little war. \u201d ( this expression had been coined by us secretary of state john hay in reference to the spanish - american war of 1898 ; it was \u201c splendid \u201d in that it allowed the us to pocket the philippines, puerto rico, etc. ) by the summer of 1941, after tokyo had further increased its zone of influence in the far east, e. g. by occupying the rubber - rich", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42984666695168605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.545235"} {"text": "\u201c splendid \u201d in that it allowed the us to pocket the philippines, puerto rico, etc. ) by the summer of 1941, after tokyo had further increased its zone of influence in the far east, e. g. by occupying the rubber - rich french colony of indochina and, desperate above all for oil, had obviously started to lust after the oil - rich dutch colony of indonesia, fdr appears to have decided that the time was ripe for war against japan, but he faced two problems. first, public opinion was strongly against american involvement in any foreign war. second, the isolationist majority in congress might not consent to such a war, fearing that it would automatically bring the us into war against germany. roosevelt \u2019 s solution to this twin problem, according to the author of a detailed and extremely well documented recent study, robert b. stinnett, was to \u201c provoke japan into an overt act of war against the united states. \u201d indeed, in case of a japanese attack the american public would have no choice but to rally behind the flag. ( the public had similarly been made to rally behind the stars and stripes before, namely at the start of the spanish - american war, when the visiting us battleship maine had mysteriously sunk in havana harbour, an act that was immediately blamed on the spanish ; after world war ii, americans would again be conditioned to approve of wars, wanted and planned by their government, by means of contrived provocations such as the 1964 gulf of tonkin incident. ) furthermore, under the terms of the tripartite treaty concluded by japan, germany, and italy in berlin on september 27, 1940, the three countries undertook to assist each other when one of the three contracting powers was attacked by another country, but not when one of them attacked another country. consequently, in case of a japanese attack on the us, the isolationists, who were non - interventionists with respect to germany but not with respect to japan, did not have to fear that a conflict with japan would also mean war against germany. and so, president roosevelt, having decided that \u201c japan must be seen to make the first overt move, \u201d made \u201c provoking japan into an overt act of war the principal policy that guided [ his ] actions toward japan throughout 1941, \u201d as stinnett has written. the stratagems used included the deployment of warships close to, and even into, japanese territorial waters, apparently in the hope of sparking a gulf of tonkin - style incident that could be construed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44063200133092933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.546183"} {"text": "as stinnett has written. the stratagems used included the deployment of warships close to, and even into, japanese territorial waters, apparently in the hope of sparking a gulf of tonkin - style incident that could be construed to be a casus belli. more effective, however, was the relentless economic pressure that was brought to bear on japan, a country desperately in need of raw materials such as oil and rubber and therefore likely to consider such methods to be singularly provocative. in the summer of 1941, the roosevelt administration froze all japanese assets in the united states and embarked on a \u201c strategy for frustrating japanese acquisition of petroleum products. \u201d in collaboration with the british and the dutch, anti - japanese for reasons of their own, the us imposed severe economic sanctions on japan, including an embargo on vital oil products. the situation deteriorated further in the fall of 1941. on november 7, tokyo, hoping to avoid war with the mighty us, offered to apply in china the principle of non - discriminatory trade relations on the condition that the americans did the same in their own sphere of influence in latin america. however, washington wanted reciprocity only in the sphere of influence of other imperialist powers, and not in its own backyard ; the japanese offer was rejected. the continuing us provocations of japan were intended to cause japan to go to war, and were indeed increasingly likely to do so. \u201c this continuing putting pins in rattlesnakes, \u201d fdr was to confide to friends later, \u201c finally got this country bit. \u201d on november 26, when washington a demanded japan \u2019 s withdrawal from china, the \u201c rattlesnakes \u201d in tokyo decided they had enough and prepared to \u201c bite. \u201d a japanese fleet was ordered to set sail for hawaii in order to attack the us warships that fdr had decided to station there, rather provocatively as well as invitingly as far as the japanese were concerned, in 1940. having deciphered the japanese codes, the american government and top army brass knew exactly what the japanese armada was up to, but did not warn the commanders in hawaii, thus allowing the \u201c surprise attack \u201d on pearl harbor to happen on sunday, december 7, 1941. the following day fdr found it easy to convince congress to declare war on japan, and the american people, shocked by a seemingly cowardly attack that they could not know to have been provoked, and expected, by their own government, predictably rallied behind the flag. the us was ready to wage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4717971220677559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.547390"} {"text": "congress to declare war on japan, and the american people, shocked by a seemingly cowardly attack that they could not know to have been provoked, and expected, by their own government, predictably rallied behind the flag. the us was ready to wage war against japan, and the prospects for a relatively easy victory were hardly diminished by the losses suffered at pearl harbour which, while ostensibly grievous, were far from catastrophic. the ships that had been sunk were older, \u201c mostly 27 - year old relics of world war i, \u201d and far from indispensible for warfare against japan. the modern warships, on the other hand, including the aircraft carriers, whose role in the war would turn out to be crucial, were unscathed, as per chance (? ) they had been sent elsewhere by orders from washington and were safely out at sea during the attack. however, things did not quite work out as expected, because a few days later, on december 11, nazi germany unexpectedly declared war, thus forcing the us to confront two enemies and to fight a much bigger war than expected, a war on two fronts, a world war. in the white house, the news of the japanese attack on pearl harbor had not arrived as a surprise, but the german declaration of war exploded there as a bombshell. germany had nothing to do with the attack in hawaii and had not even been aware of the japanese plans, so fdr did not consider asking congress to declare war on nazi germany at the same time as japan. admittedly, us relations with germany had been deteriorating for some time because of america \u2019 s active support for great britain, escalating to the undeclared naval war of the fall of 1941. however, as we have already seen, the us power elite did not feel the need to intervene in the war in europe. it was hitler himself who declared war on the united states on december 11, 1941, much to the surprise of roosevelt. why? only a few days earlier, on december 5, 1941, the red army had launched a counteroffensive in front of moscow, and this entailed the failure of the blitzkrieg in the soviet union. on that same day, hitler and his generals realized that they could no longer win the war. but when, only a few days later, the german dictator learned of the japanese attack on pearl harbor, he appears to have speculated that a german declaration of war on the american enemy of his japanese friends, though not required under the terms of the trip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4276724264838899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.548381"} {"text": "but when, only a few days later, the german dictator learned of the japanese attack on pearl harbor, he appears to have speculated that a german declaration of war on the american enemy of his japanese friends, though not required under the terms of the tripartite treaty, would induce tokyo to reciprocate with a declaration of war on the soviet enemy of germany. with the bulk of the japanese army stationed in northern china and therefore able to immediately attack the soviet union in the vladivostok area, a conflict with japan would have forced the soviets into the extremely perilous predicament of a two - front war, opening up the possibility that germany might yet win its anti - soviet \u201c crusade. \u201d hitler, then, believed that he could exorcize the spectre of defeat by summoning a sort of japanese deus ex machina to the soviet union \u2019 s vulnerable siberian frontier. but japan did not take hitler \u2019 s bait. tokyo, too, despised the soviet state but, already at war against the us, could not afford the luxury of a two - front war and preferred to put all of its money on a \u201c southern \u201d strategy, hoping to win the big prize of resource - rich southeast asia, rather than embark on a venture in the inhospitable reaches of siberia. only at the very end of the war, after the surrender of nazi germany, would it come to hostilities between the soviet union and japan. in any event, because of hitler \u2019 s needless declaration of war, the united states was henceforth also an active participant in the war in europe, with great britain and the soviet union as allies. in recent years, uncle sam has been going to war rather frequently, but we are invariably asked to believe that this is done for purely humanitarian reasons, i. e. to prevent holocausts, to stop terrorists from committing all sorts of evil, to get rid of nasty dictators, to promote democracy, etc. never, it seems, are economic interests of the us or, more accurately, of america \u2019 s big corporations, involved. quite often, these wars are compared to america \u2019 s archetypal \u201c good war, \u201d world war ii, in which uncle sam supposedly went to war for no other reason than to defend freedom and democracy and to fight dictatorship and injustice. ( in an attempt to justify his \u201c war against terrorism, \u201d for example, and \u201c sell \u201d it to the american public, george w. bush was quick to compare the 9 / 11 attacks to pearl harbor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47357221809083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.549330"} {"text": "democracy and to fight dictatorship and injustice. ( in an attempt to justify his \u201c war against terrorism, \u201d for example, and \u201c sell \u201d it to the american public, george w. bush was quick to compare the 9 / 11 attacks to pearl harbor. ) this short examination of the circumstances of the us entry into the war in december 1941, however, reveals a very different picture. the american power elite wanted war against japan, plans for such a war had been ready for some time, and in 1941 roosevelt obligingly arranged for such a war, not because of tokyo \u2019 s unprovoked aggression and horrible war crimes in china, but because american corporations wanted a share of the luscious big \u201c pie \u201d of far eastern resources and markets. on the other hand, because the major us corporations were doing wonderful business in and with nazi germany, profiting handsomely from the war hitler had unleashed and, incidentally, providing him with the equipment and fuel required for his blitzkrieg, war against nazi germany was definitely not wanted by the us power elite, even though there were plenty of compelling humanitarian reasons for crusading against the truly evil \u201c third reich. \u201d prior to 1941, no plans for a war against germany had been developed, and in december 1941 the us did not voluntarily go to war against germany, but \u201c backed into \u201d that war because of hitler \u2019 s own fault. humanitarian considerations played no role whatsoever in the calculus that led to america \u2019 s participation in world war ii, the country \u2019 s original \u201c good war. \u201d and there is no reason to believe that they did so in the calculus that, more recently, led to america \u2019 s marching off to fight allegedly \u201c good wars \u201d in unhappy lands such as iraq, afghanistan, and libya \u2013 or will do so in the looming war against iran. a war against iran is very much wanted by corporate america, since it holds the promise of a large market and of plentiful raw materials, especially oil. as in the case of the war against japan, plans for such a war are ready, and the present tenant in the white house seems just as eager as fdr was to make it happen. furthermore, again as in the case of the war against japan, provocations are being orchestrated, this time in the form of sabotage and intrusions by drones, as well as by the old - fashioned deployment of warships just outside iranian territorial waters. washington is again \u201c putting pins in rattlesnakes, \u201d apparently hoping that the iranian \u201c rattlesna", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4594047824070399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.550275"} {"text": "in the form of sabotage and intrusions by drones, as well as by the old - fashioned deployment of warships just outside iranian territorial waters. washington is again \u201c putting pins in rattlesnakes, \u201d apparently hoping that the iranian \u201c rattlesnake \u201d will bite back, thus justifying a \u201c splendid little war. \u201d however, as in the case of pearl harbor, the resulting war may well again turn out to be much bigger, longer, and nastier than expected. jacques r. pauwels is the author of the myth of the good war : america in the second world war, james lorimer, toronto, 2002 c. wright mills, the power elite, new york, 1956. cited in charles higham, trading with the enemy : an expose of the nazi - american money plot 1933 - 1949, new york, 1983, p. 163. robert b. stinnett, day of deceit : the truth about fdr and pearl harbor, new york, 2001, p. 17. cited in sean dennis cashman, america, roosevelt, and world war ii, new york and london, 1989, p. 56 ;. edwin black, nazi nexus : america \u2019 s corporate connections to hitler \u2019 s holocaust, washington / dc, 2009, p. 115. floyd rudmin, \u201c secret war plans and the malady of american militarism, \u201d counterpunch, 13 : 1, february 17 - 19, 2006. pp. 4 - 6, http : / / www. counterpunch. org / 2006 / 02 / 17 / secret - war - plans - and - the - malady - of - american - militarism jacques r. pauwels, the myth of the good war : america in the second world war, toronto, 2002, pp. 50 - 56. the fraudulent practices of lend - lease are described in kim gold, \u201c the mother of all frauds : how the united states swindled britain as it faced nazi invasion, \u201d morning star, april 10, 2003. cited in david lanier lewis, the public image of henry ford : an american folk hero and his company, detroit, 1976, pp. 222, 270. jacques r. pauwels, \u201c 70 years ago, december 1941 : turning point of world war ii, \u201d global research, december 6, 2011, http : / / globalresearch. ca / index. php? context = va & aid = 28059. rudmin, op. cit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46137064246249226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.551174"} {"text": ": turning point of world war ii, \u201d global research, december 6, 2011, http : / / globalresearch. ca / index. php? context = va & aid = 28059. rudmin, op. cit. see e. g. howard zinn, a people \u2019 s history of the united states, s. l., 1980, p. 305 ff. patrick j. hearden, roosevelt confronts hitler : america \u2019 s entry into world war ii, dekalb / il, 1987, p. 105. \u201c anti - japanese sentiment, \u201d http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / anti - japanese _ sentiment patrick j. buchanan, \u201c did fdr provoke pearl harbor?, \u201d global research, december 7, 2011, http : / / www. globalresearch. ca / index. php? context = va & aid = 28088. buchanan refers to a new book by george h. nash, freedom betrayed : herbert hoover \u2019 s secret history of the second world war and its aftermath, stanford / ca, 2011. stinnett, op. cit., p. 6. stinnett, op. cit., pp. 5, 9 - 10, 17 - 19, 39 - 43 ; buchanan, op. cit. ; pauwels, the myth \u2026, pp. 67 - 68. on american intercepts of coded japanese messages, see stinnett, op. cit., pp. 60 - 82. \u201c rattlesnakes \u201d - quotation from buchanan, op. cit. stinnett, op. cit., pp. 152 - 154. pauwels, \u201c 70 years ago \u2026 \u201d see jean bricmont, humanitarian imperialism : using human rights to sell war, new york, 2006.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47092257462198917, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.551736"} {"text": "the creation wiki is now operating on a new and improved server. from creationwiki, the encyclopedia of creation science peleg ( hebrew : \u05e4\u05dc\u05d2, peleg ; greek : \u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3, phaleg ; \" division \" ) ( tammuz 1757 amjuly 2246 bc av 1514 he tammuz 1757 am - tammuz 1996 amjuly 2007 bc av 1753 he tammuz 1996 am ) is the first named son of eber. he had at least one known brother, joktan. when he was 30 years old, he had a son named reu. he lived for another 209 years and had other sons and daughters. his total life span was thus 239 years2, 956. 017 mon 87, 292. 934 da, slightly more than half that of his father and the shortest life span to date in his line. the name peleg means \" division, \" and genesis 10 : 25 states that \" in his time the earth was divided. \" georgius syncellus, as quoted by ussher, states that the tower of babel was built and then abandoned when peleg was five years old. some also speculate that in peleg ' s time the earth was mapped, or even that some sort of tectonic activity had occured in that period. peleg ' s descendants lived in paliga, or phaliga, on the euphrates, just about the mouth of the khabur river. he is also known as phalga which was also the name of a city located next to the euphrates. some writers, such as perry edward powell and arthur c. custance associate the pelasgi or pelasgians with peleg ; these were indo - europeans who claimed pelasgus as their first king. greek orthodox tradition also affirms this connection. strabo says in his geography, \"... the pelasgi were by the attic people called ' pelargi, ' the compilers add, because they were wanderers and, like birds, resorted to those places wither chance led them. \" gamkrelidze and ivanov claim that the pelasgians settled the peloponnesian peninsula \" even before the arrival of the greeks [ hellenes ] proper. \" elsewhere strabo cites greek writers who claimed that the pelasgians came from thessaly, and there a people whom strabo calls pelagonians are found,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4927013959992025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.558008"} {"text": "before the arrival of the greeks [ hellenes ] proper. \" elsewhere strabo cites greek writers who claimed that the pelasgians came from thessaly, and there a people whom strabo calls pelagonians are found, so there may be some merit to this assertion. the pelasgians are said to have \" spread throughout the whole of greece \" in ancient times, and when the danaans came from egypt, they were also called by that name. the apparently peaceful reception of the danaans in greece may well be explained, if those inhabitants of greece before the arrival of dan were also hebrews. the pelasgians were a sea - faring people who sailed the mediterranean and were well known as traders. john denison baldwin suggests that acknowledgment of the pelasgians was recorded in sanskrit which mentions the palangshu of asia minor ( placia and mysia ). they also occupied a territory north of greece between two rivers, one of which was called the hebrus river, bearing a name reminiscent of and most likely named after their ancestor, eber ( genesis 10 : 25 ). eventually they were pushed further south by the thracians and they merged with the mycenaean greeks. they seem to be the only people ascribed to him. - \u2191 also \u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba, phalek, \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3, paleg, or \u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3, peleg - \u2191 genesis 11 : 18 - 19 - \u2191 ussher, james. the annals of the world, larry pierce, ed. green forest, ar : master books, 2003, pghh. 48 - 49 - \u2191 gayre, r ( 1973 ). the syro - mesopotamian ethnology as revealed in genesis x. the armorial, edinburgh, scotland : p. 26 - \u2191 powell, p. e. ( 1949 ). father abraham ' s children, christopher publishing house. - \u2191 custance, ac. ( 1975 ). noah ' s three sons : human history in three dimensions, volume 1 : the doorway papers, \" a study of the names in genesis 10, \" chap. 4, p. 3 - 5. zondervan. - \u2191 lempriere, j ( 1788 ). classical dictionary. routledge & kegan paul, london : p. 453 - \u2191 bryant ( 1775 ) : p. 397 - \u2191 strabo, geography 5. 2. 4 - \u2191 gam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4351210844118804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.560485"} {"text": "october 25, 2012 new seafloor bacteria discovered, built like undersea electric cables by colleen lynch an undersea mystery has finally been solved, but the answer is almost a mystery in itself. researchers from aarhus university in denmark have discovered that areas of the seafloor which were strangely able to conduct electric currents are actually fueled by undiscovered multicellular bacteria. electricity underwater seems impossible, but nature has proven time and again that humanity \u2019 s assumptions are generally laughable - - this bacteria finding marks the case and point. the electrically charged species of bacteria lives in the mud of the seafloor, acting in a sense as living electrical cables, despite being surrounded by water, which is obviously not the greatest conductor. aarhus university researchers became aware of the conundrum three years ago, and have spent their time in a search of the source of the seemingly impossible current. initially they began the search by looking for a way to shut the current down, which led the researchers to lay non - conducting wire in the charged mud. the wire successfully stopped the current, which suggested that the current was traveling through a physical medium - - just like an actual electric wire would. but there was no wire there. the researchers were baffled, but sifting through the mud they eventually discovered the culprit : an entirely new species of bacteria, about a centimeter long and 100 times thinner than a human hair. the bacterium remains unnamed as of yet, but the species apparently consists of a mind - bending biology : the bacteria is essentially made of long, electrically conducting filaments packed inside an insulated membrane. it is a living electric cable, stretched incredibly thin and built from condensed living cells. numerous samples of the bacteria are now being studied by the aarhus team, with an eye to what the researchers can find out about the bacteria \u2019 s past, its role in the development of ocean life, and what prospects the bacterial wires could hold for the future. biotechnology and engineering are two areas which could benefit greatly from such an astounding natural phenomenon. edited by brooke neuman more dark fiber community stories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5270266733553521, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.564652"} {"text": "weather, temperature, carbon, water, soil and all other kinds of climate related open data. including ( but not limited to ) data about : - the atmosphere - the weather - air quality - the ocean - water levels - water quality - carbon emissions - soil erosion existing lists of climate datasets to migrate here conjunts de dades 7 conjunts de dades trobats. about full details can be found in : renfrew, i. a. and p. s. anderson, 2002 : the surface climatology of an ordinary katabatic wind regime in coats land, antarctica, tellus, 54a,... about website says : this page gives information about ozone at halley, rothera and vernadsky / faraday stations. openness not open. permission required to reproduce data : most of our... about variety of public datasets from bas, including : historical meteorological data radiosonde data southern oscillation index - soi openness presumably... about sodar echogrammes from 1991 - 2007. background information at : http : / / www. antarctica. ac. uk / met / psa / sodar / sodar _ intro. htm about from website : monthly mean surface temperature data and derived statistics for some antarctic stations this website will eventually encompass all antarctic stations with surface... about from laboratory profile : ncar ' s earth observing laboratory develops and deploys nsf lower atmospheric observing facilities ( laof ) and provides field project support and data... about the national snow and ice data center ( nsidc ) is part of the cooperative institute for research in environmental sciences at the university of colorado at boulder. nsidc supports...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4908213320850255, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.568491"} {"text": "meaning stories deal with our beliefs about the nature of reality, our human nature, our relationship to creation, and the purpose of our existence. they are embedded in the creation stories that are the foundation of most human belief systems. patriarch, chance, or integral spirit? duane e. sherwood some say the universe is fundamentally good, the glorious handiwork of an unseen mystery. some say the material world is inherently corrupt, and the nature of flesh is sin. some say the universe holds yin and yang in perfect balance, good and bad, in equal measure, orbiting forever. some say it is all just rocks, meaningless and indifferent. all i know is, when i smile at the universe, the universe smiles back. since the birth of the scientific revolution in the 1500s, western society has been shaped by two sharply conflicting creation stories : the patriarchal creationism story of judeo - christian religion and the material evolutionism story of science fundamentalism. these are the creation stories most familiar to the public mind. different though they are in their most foundational assumption, both in their way support the dominator values of empire. far less well known, there is a third creation story derived from the teachings of religious mystics and the findings of quantum physics, evolutionary science, and the new biology that affirms the partnership values of earth community. the three creation stories are distinguished by sharply contrasting assumptions about the existence and nature of conscious intelligence. - the conventional religion story explain physical creation as the handiwork of an all knowing and all powerful patriarch who resides in a far place apart from the physical cosmos. - the conventional science story denies the existence of consciousness, intelligence, intention, or purpose in any form and seeks to explain all of creation as an accidental outcome of material mechanism and chance. - the lesser known story, which has ancient origins, explains the whole of creation as an unfolding manifestation of a unifying cosmic intelligence integral to all being. each of these three stories has many variations. for present purposes, i outline below some of the contrasting elements of each of the three stories and their practical implications. origin of the cosmos empire story : ( imperial religion version ) : a distant and jealous patriarch brought forth heaven and earth whole and complete in six days as an act of divine will and gave his children dominion over the earthly realm and a promise of salvation in the heavenly realm in return for faithful obedience. ( imperial science version ) : the cosmos came into being in a great burst of energy governed by the laws of chance and material mechanism. intelligence, consciousness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6149210005684519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.575134"} {"text": "dominion over the earthly realm and a promise of salvation in the heavenly realm in return for faithful obedience. ( imperial science version ) : the cosmos came into being in a great burst of energy governed by the laws of chance and material mechanism. intelligence, consciousness, and free well are illusions. life is merely an accidental outcome of material complexity. earth community story : creation is the manifestation of an integral spiritual intelligence from which all being manifests in an unending journey of discovery in search of yet unrealized possibility. this ongoing journey is the ultimate cooperative enterprise, separation is an illusion. empire story : ( imperial religion version ) : sinful by nature and surrounded and polluted by evil, humans are incapable of goodness except by divine grace. violence and crime are the natural human condition in the absence of strong authorities with the ability to impose order. ( imperial science version ) : products of a brutal competitive struggle for survival, humans are by nature individualistic, violent, materialistic, and competitive. brutal competition, war, and material excess are the natural human condition. order depends on strong rulers and / or the discipline of the unfettered competitive market..... see also \" the meta - story. \" earth community story : empirical evidence shows that human beings are a choice - making species and that emotionally and morally mature humans are naturally cooperative, compassionate, and peace loving. it is our nature to create and live in caring, cooperative community. those who seek meaning and identity in a brutal competition for wealth, dominator power, and ostentatious displays of material excess reveal the disabilities of an immature human consciousness. empire story : ( imperial religion ) : our human purpose is to honor and obey god the father and those upon whom he bestows great wealth and power and thus reveals to be his righteous favored. he forgives the faithful their sins, cleanses them of evil, and grants them perfect bliss in the afterlife. the faithless will be die in a violent apocalypse and be condemned to eternal damnation. ( imperial science ) : human existence has no meaning other than to pursue hedonistic pleasures while competing for survival, dominance, and breeding rights. earth community story : we humans are a cosmic experiment in the potential of a living organism with a capacity for reflective consciousness to contribute to creation ' s continuing journey of self - discovery. the dominator structures of empire suppress this potential. earth community nurtures and liberates it. to fulfill our distinctive role as co - creators in creation \u2019 s epic creative adventure we must liberate our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5893499144905749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.576321"} {"text": "the book of ruth : a story of love and redemption a daily - bible - reading study the book of ruth deborah h. bateman christian daily resources about the book the book of ruth is a daily bible reading devotional. the book of ruth a story of love and redemption is a love story from the bible. the characters in \u201c the book of ruth \u201d deal with loss, lack, and romance. through their many trials they learn to lean on god and his sovereign will for their lives. even though ruth is a moabite she decides to follow her mother - in - law, naomi back to her homeland of judah, the promised land. the two ladies travel back with nothing and are not sure how they will survive, but they trust god to make a way for them. as you read \u201c the book of ruth \u201d, you will see the story unfold and see god \u2019 s provision for these two ladies. reading \u201c the book of ruth \u201d will help you recognize god \u2019 s sovereignty and provision in your own life. the book of ruth a story of love and redemption - you will be studying the book of ruth from the bible. - you will enjoy a beautiful love story. - you will be reminded of god \u2019 s provision in our lives. - you will see god \u2019 s ultimate plan of salvation come into being. - you will see how god leads, guides and directs in our lives. - you will be encouraged in your walk with god. - you will see god \u2019 s grace at work. - your faith will increase from reading this book. - you will see god \u2019 s hand of provision throughout this story. - you will get a clearer picture of god \u2019 s sovereignty. - you will see how god brings different people into our lives. - you will learn about what a kinsman - redeemer is. - you will see god \u2019 s blessings in ruth \u2019 s life. - you will be encouraged by reading the book of ruth. - you will learn how god provided for the salvation of humankind through the genealogy of ruth. what people are saying about the book of ruth : a story of love and redemption the story of ruth as highlighted in this book opens a new revelation of god \u2019 s hand at work. his grace is active in the life of those who choose to obey in humility and commitment. the prayer at the end of each lesson brings a challenge for all and ushers relevance to us today. \u2013 janet perez eckles, author, simply salsa : dancing without fear at god \u2019 s fiesta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4206859293017403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.584115"} {"text": "choose to obey in humility and commitment. the prayer at the end of each lesson brings a challenge for all and ushers relevance to us today. \u2013 janet perez eckles, author, simply salsa : dancing without fear at god \u2019 s fiesta deborah sheds light on the truths in this inspiring book in the bible. i love that she showed the connection between ruth and boaz and christ and the church. even though i \u2019 ve studied ruth before, deborah pointed out several details that i hadn \u2019 t known. it \u2019 s amazing how god speaks through his children. deborah has a loving, humble heart for the lord. you can see her heart throughout the book. i am so happy for her first release. i look forward to more books from deborah in the future. \u2013 amanda beth, author, you can have a happy family i appreciated the attention to detail, the explanation of the hebrew customs, and making the story relevant to my life so i could relate to naomi and ruth. each chapter ends with a rendering of the passage in the king james translation with a short, heart - felt prayer and study questions for further reflection. i also appreciated that the book is biblical sound and concise and written in a style that is easy to understand. the book of ruth \u2013 a story of love and redemption, would serve as a helpful study guide for women of all ages. \u2013 lorilyn roberts, author, children of dreams, the donkey and the king, how to launch a christian best - seller book, and founder of the john 3 : 16 marketing network author deborah bateman does a great job of explaining the role of the kinsman - redeemer in reclaiming the family of one who has died. she also explains the relationships that are key in the story : 1 ) ruth who loves her mother - in - law so much that she leaves her own family and homeland to care for naomi in bethlehem ; 2 ) boaz who marries ruth as the kinsman - redeemer ; 3 ) god who honors the lineage of boaz & ruth by becoming the ancestors of king david and eventually the lord jesus christ. the book of ruth by bateman is a tender and valuable study for a week of looking into your own family relationships as well as your relationship with god. \u2013 diane tatum, author, gold earrings the author of this handy, easy - to - read volume, deborah bateman, has captured the essence of this love in her first publication, the book of ruth - a story of love and redemption. bateman begins each chapter with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.435176331796192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.586443"} {"text": "gold earrings the author of this handy, easy - to - read volume, deborah bateman, has captured the essence of this love in her first publication, the book of ruth - a story of love and redemption. bateman begins each chapter with a simple expository, followed by the scripture verses to which it refers. writing it thus makes it easy for the reader to remain in the book and not have to move from book to bible. this format also makes it easy to follow the biblical record and use it as a daily bible reading. the prayer and thought for the day, which concludes the chapter, enabled me to reinforce what i had just read. \u2013 yvonne pat wright, author, from spice to eternity the book of ruth - a story of love and redemption by deborah bateman is a daily bible reading study of the book of ruth. it is broken up into eight chapters beginning with the loss of naomi \u2019 s husband and sons. deborah relates the story of ruth in modern language and the reader is invited to travel with naomi and ruth on their journey to bethlehem. \u2013 theresa franklin, author, triumph through trial, don \u2019 t forget daddy, journey to fulfillment, from stumbling blocks to stepping stones, and a sunny tomorrow this bible study of the book of ruth is more of a reading guide, breaking the book into bite - size pieces for adults \u201c on the fly \u201d who have time to read a bit but not do an in - depth study. it is simply written, easy to read and follow. \u2013 carol brown, author, the mystery of spiritual sensitivity get your copy now! the book of ruth - a story of love and redemption the book is available as a kindle ebook on amazon now available in paperback at create space we were not able to use the same cover as the kindle version, so it looks a little different but still has the daily - bible - reading logo and the same great - even updated content. we have added lines after each question so you can use the book as a sort of workbook while doing your bible study. i hope that people will do small group bible studies with them as well as personal bible study. celebrate with me, my first book in print. i hope to be getting more of them in print this year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41707471861734013, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.591482"} {"text": "| informal ( us ), ( canadian ) short for mathematics brit equivalent : maths | | an arrangement of five objects, as trees, in a square or rectangle, one at each corner and one in the middle. | | a fool or simpleton ; ninny. | in hinduism, any monastic establishment of world renouncers or sannyasis. the first mathas were founded by the great teacher shankara in the 8th century ce. shankara was said to have established four mathas at strategic points in india as bulwarks for hindu missionary activity and as centres for the 10 religious orders of his group : the govardhana matha in puri on the east coast for the aranya and vana orders ; the jyotih matha, near badrinath in the himalayas, for the giri, parvata, and sagara orders ; the sarada matha in dvaraka on the west coast for the tirtha and asrama orders ; and the srngeri matha in south india for the bharati, puri, and sarasvati orders. a fifth matha, the saradapitha in kancipuram near madras, arose later. learn more about matha with a free trial on britannica. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6023873423994264, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.592996"} {"text": "the presumed shallow time depth of the human y - chromosome phylogeny is one of the main arguments of the recent out - of - africa theory. one of the major things i found while working on my y - str series is that point estimates from y - str variation are associated with huge confidence intervals, because of uncertainty about factors such as generation length, population history, mutation rates, even if the mutation model behaves \" perfectly \" in symmetrical stepwise fashion. trouble is, the deeper we go in time, the more uncertain we are about the behavior of our models. that is why i have generally avoided providing any age estimates for events prior to the neolithic. nonetheless, it is interesting to see the state of the art in this area, because claims about the shallow time depth of the human y - chromosome phylogeny are always flying around, but, if you follow the citation labyrinth, you will soon realize that the whole edifice is erected on sand. fortunately, i was recently reminded of a thoughtful post by tim janzen on the genealogy - dna - l from 2009 which is probably the \" best thing \" when it comes to y - chromosome age estimation for deep clades of the phylogeny. the most basal clade in the phylogeny is haplogroup a which is found in africa. by comparing a chromosomes with those of the bt clade ( everyone else ), we can arrive at an estimate of y - chromosome adam. and, since bt clade contains much structure itself, we can compare a chromosomes with different subclades within bt, e. g., e or j or t. this is essentially what tim did : he compared a group of haplogroup a chromosomes with all the major clades of the bt group. different age estimates produced by this method are not independent, because different haplogroups share more recent common ancestors : for example a vs i and a vs j both contain a common line of patrilineal descent ( from the bt founder to the ij founder ). in any case, the different age estimates should all give approximately the same figure, as they are estimating the same quantity : if they do not, this is evidence about the inability of y - strs to provide good age estimates. tim went a step further, and he did his comparisons on different sets of markers : slow - evolving ones to fast - evolving ones. again, age estimates with fast vs. slow - evolving markers should give similar age estimates. if they do not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4974031561886814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.601911"} {"text": ". tim went a step further, and he did his comparisons on different sets of markers : slow - evolving ones to fast - evolving ones. again, age estimates with fast vs. slow - evolving markers should give similar age estimates. if they do not, then this means that an age estimate is a product not only of the true age of a lineage, but also of the particular mix of fast - and slow - evolving markers that one uses. in short : age estimates by comparing haplogroup a with several other haplogroups and by using different sets of markers should be roughly similar. but, that is hardly what happened. below is tim ' s table of age estimates in years. i have added an extra row and extra column : this contains the standard deviation of each column / row divided by the average ( in % ), and is useful to quantify how varied the age estimates are across different bt haplogroups and across different marker sets. the standard deviation of the age estimates across haplogroups is reasonably small, but large enough to render any archaeological correlations useless. the real trouble is in the standard deviation of the age estimates across marker sets : they are higher than 100 %! what this means is that age estimates are largely a function of whether one uses slow - or fast - mutating markers. age estimates vary overall between 6, 530 years and 535, 755! it is obvious that fast / medium mutating markers provide unbelievably small age estimates ( most of them are less than 20 thousand years ). however, if we limit the analysis to slow mutating markers, most age estimates are in excess of 300, 000 years! in short, you can arrive at any age estimate you want, by choosing a particular mix of slow and fast mutating markers. it could be argued that using all markers ( 50 markers column ) would provide a better estimate, and, indeed, that estimate is in the order of 40 - 80ky, which is close to what is usually reported for human y - chromosomes. but that is equivalent to having a number of different clocks, some of which tell you that 3 seconds have transpired, and some which tell you that it ' s been a whole minute. the rational thing to do is not to take an average, but to throw the clocks in the garbage, or figure out what ' s wrong with them. at present i am aware of no research that quantifies the depth of the human y - chromosome ph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45910662223240495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.606806"} {"text": "thing to do is not to take an average, but to throw the clocks in the garbage, or figure out what ' s wrong with them. at present i am aware of no research that quantifies the depth of the human y - chromosome phylogeny with anything bearing a semblance of accuracy. the 1000 genomes project has the potential to do this using using relatively well - behaved point mutations rather than y - strs, but, in the initial publication no actual age estimates were given, and the samples used to produce supplementary figure 7 lacked the most basal part of the tree ( both clade a and the next most basal clade b ). update ( jan 2, 2011 ) : in a post in genealogy - dna - l, i show that by using slow - vs. fast - evolving markers using the ballantyne et al. mutation rates and the tested haplogroup a and haplogroup c 67 - marker haplotypes from the respective ftdna projects, you can arrive at age estimates between 10 - 219ky. this has confirmed to my mind that tim janzen ' s numbers about the dependence of age estimates on marker mutation rates are basically correct, and that age estimates about y - chromosome adam using y - strs are basically useless. let ' s hope that the 1000 genomes project will produce the data in the coming year that will allow us to make a better estimate, in terms of number of snps between a and non - a chromosomes presented as e. g., ( i ) a fraction of number of snps between human and chimpanzee, or ( ii ) by dividing with father - son y - snp mutation rates ; the latter is already estimated but should become better fixed by looking at the father - son pairs included in 1000 genomes project", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48718682803362645, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.608125"} {"text": "the fact that genomic diversity in native americans can be recovered from their admixed descendants presents new hope for prehistoric studies, as in many places of the world ( e. g., north africa or central asia ), admixture events took place that are not as well understood since they did not happen to be well - recorded by historians. it also showcases the idiocy of statements such as that from the american indian program at cornell... \u201c in marked contrast to the goals of the cornell ancestry event, which seeks to define \u2018 diversity \u2019 biologically in terms of universal genetic codes \u2026 indigenous peoples customarily define themselves not biologically, but socio - culturally and politically in terms of varying ideas of nationhood, \u201d the statement says.... which thus objected to the genographic project ' s sampling of native americans. if researchers can identify native american dna in admixed individuals, then there must be something more concrete to being a \" native american \" than socio - cultural / political self - definitions. moreover, it shows how futile the quest to limit access to native american dna for research purposes actually is, because this dna can be recovered anyway from admixed individuals ( such as many latinos ) who don ' t mind. mol biol evol ( 2011 ) doi : 10. 1093 / molbev / msr049 genetic variation in native americans, inferred from latino snp and resequencing data jeffrey d. wall et al. analyses of genetic polymorphism data have the potential to be highly informative about the demographic history of native american populations, but due to a combination of historical and political factors, there are essentially no autosomal sequence polymorphism data from any native american group. however, there are many resequencing studies involving latinos, whose genomes contain segments inherited from their native american ancestors. in this study, we introduce a new method for estimating local ancestry across the genomes of admixed individuals and show how this method, along with dense genotyping and targeted resequencing, can be used to assay genetic variation in ancestral native american groups. we analyze roughly 6 mb of resequencing data from 22 mexican - americans to provide the first large - scale view of sequence - level variation in native americans. we observe low levels of diversity and high levels of linkage disequilibrium in the native american - derived sequences, consistent with a recent, severe population bottleneck associated with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5365335310887382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.611888"} {"text": "date of award doctor of philosophy ( phd ) dr. k. m. d. dunbabin the ' la ghorfa ' stelae from roman africa offer a unique opportunity to study the social and cultural identity of an unusual cult, one that combined aspects of the punic, roman, and indigenous cultures. the context and origins of the votive stelae were not recorded upon excavation, but stylistic and iconographic parallels suggest that they come from a part of central africa proconsularis known as the pagus thuscae ( chapter iv ), and that they date between the second half of the first century and the first part of the second century a. c. ( chapter v ). the pagus thuscae was a geographic contact point for various cultures in antiquity, and the ' la ghorfa ' stelae demonstrate that these cultures each contributed to the language, artistry, and religion of the region ' s inhabitants. punic, roman, and indigenous elements appear in the sculptural and epigraphic zones of the stelae, including in the depictions and names of the dedicants ( chapters ii and iii ). unlike their punic and roman predecessors, the dedicants of these ex - votos did not place much significance upon inscriptions ; only about one - quarter of the stelae are inscribed, as preserved. some dedicants portray themselves in the guise of a togate roman, although only in one instance does the nomenclature in the inscriptions clearly belong to a roman citizen. in addition, the inscriptions do not name the god or gods to whom these stelae were dedicated, although the sculptural reliefs show a complex combination of gods. the dedicants and their cult come from a stratum of society not normally attested in the archaeological or written record. moore, jennifer p., \" cultural identity in roman africa : the ' la ghorfa ' stelae \" ( 2000 ). open access dissertations and theses. paper 1674.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43523104731309176, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.617070"} {"text": "sharing books and learning language : what do latina mothers and their young children do? early education and development taylor and francis this study examined low - income, spanish - speaking, immigrant latina mothers ' book sharing behaviors in relation to their children ' s vocabulary. participants were 47 3 - year - old children and their mothers. we addressed two research questions : ( a ) what interactive behaviors are evident when low - income immigrant latina mothers and their 3 - year - old children look at books together? ( b ) for these children and their mothers, which book - sharing behaviors are related to children ' s expressive language? overall, our results indicated that mothers were involved in several kinds of interactions with the books. they enhanced their children ' s attention to the printed text, promoted interaction or conversation with their children about what was in the books, and somewhat less often, used more complex literacy strategies. mothers who did these things most had children with the largest vocabularies even when mothers ' vocabulary was taken into account. implications for designing interventions for similar families are discussed. boyce, l. k., cook, g. a., roggman, l. a., innocenti, m. s., jump, v. k., & akers, j. f. ( 2004 ). looking at books and learning language : what do hispanic mothers and children do? early education and development, 15, 371 - 385.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5088131670907712, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.627958"} {"text": "some 3. 5 billion years ago, a single - celled organism now named luca ( for the last universal common ancestor of all life on earth ) developed the ability to pull oxygen out of its environment. although luca is long gone, university of hawaii microbiologist maqsudul alam has taken a step toward understanding the secret behind this world - changing feat of chemical engineering. luca evolved in an oxygen - free, or anaerobic, environment. but as oxygen levels rose in the ocean and atmosphere, the cell had to develop a way to neutralize what was, in essence, a poison. alam hit on that defense while studying archaea \u2014 another type of primitive, single - celled creature. alam studied two species of archaea, one aerobic and the other anaerobic. he isolated a crucial compound called protoglobin that protects anaerobic species of archaea from the toxic effects of oxygen. \u201c protoglobin is the nose and the hand of the archaea, \u201d he says. \u201c it senses oxygen, binds it, and removes it from the cell before it can do any harm. \u201d protoglobin, or something much like it, apparently provided a similar defense for luca. but that is only half of the story. when alam purified the protoglobin to study its structure, he saw that the molecule looks surprisingly like diluted blood. in fact, protoglobin binds and releases oxygen the same way that hemoglobin does as it transports oxygen through blood. alam believes that while luca initially evolved protoglobin for protection from oxygen, the organism \u2019 s descendants developed a variant of the molecule \u2014 hemoglobin \u2014 that transformed oxygen from a poison into a nutrient. that innovation enabled life to expand into new environments and set the stage for all oxygen - breathing organisms, alam says. the next step is to create a computer model that will explain how protoglobin works. alam hopes such a model will allow him to unravel the genetic changes that transformed protoglobin and answer what he calls the $ 64 million question : how did protoglobin evolve to transport oxygen through the bodies of multicellular organisms?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5811900381934, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.635222"} {"text": "by tammy handsheik the incidence of people with bowel troubles is on the rise in the western world. though the afflictions bear several names, it is my belief that all of them are fungus based. various species of candida, most notably candida albicans, are at the root of these problems. how do they enter into your system? well, for the most part they \u2019 re already there. like all natural fungi they serve a useful purpose and candida are therefore a natural part of your intestinal flora. problems arise when these yeast fungi lead to overgrowth as a result of three different triggers : sugary foods, drugs and stress. compare that to the western lifestyle and you can see why so many people have bowel problems today. it \u2019 s a wonder some people don \u2019 t have yeast overgrowth! yeast bacteria can also enter your system by eating molded bread or being exposed to molds at home or elsewhere. as soon as the environment is favorable to these bacteria they will immediately increase their numbers and colonize their living environment, starting with the intestines and then moving on to other parts of the body by developing spores and traveling through the bloodstream. antibiotics and other \u2018 medicines \u2019 are the worst culprits. \u2018 antibiotic \u2019 means \u2018 anti - life \u2019. antibiotics are designed to kill any bacteria in their path and that includes friendly probiotic gut bacteria who, contrary to candida, are not resistant. other promoters of yeast overgrowth include cortisone based hormonal drugs ( including skin applications ) and painkillers. stress and sugary foods are also detrimental to probiotic gut bacteria. this clears the path for yeast colonization. they seem to favor mucus membranes particularly and will damage them wherever they decide to settle. they can damage the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract by making it porous. as a result, food particles can enter the bloodstream undigested and cause toxic and allergic reactions. this is known as a \u201c leaky gut \u201d. candida fungi can also slip through these pores and enter the bloodstream. by dwelling in various other parts of the body they can then cause allergic symptoms in the weirdest places. hence fungal toenails, thrush, sinusitis, etc. they are very clever and adaptable and the more they spread and grow in number, the more they will inhibit the immune system ; causing anything from chronic nose - colds, flus and hay fever to psoriasis, hyp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4269542786691263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.667809"} {"text": ", etc. they are very clever and adaptable and the more they spread and grow in number, the more they will inhibit the immune system ; causing anything from chronic nose - colds, flus and hay fever to psoriasis, hypoglycemia, arthritis, diabetes and chronic fatigue syndrome, even depression. candida thrive on sugary foods and by eating and drinking them people will actually feed the candida. people developing various allergic symptoms will rarely trace back these symptoms to their foods and lifestyle, however. fatal and vital foods for dealing with candida bad foods can either cause a fungal problem or help exacerbate it, or both. good foods, on the other hand, can help cure fungal overgrowth. so what \u2019 s good and what \u2019 s bad? candida love a sweet environment. thus all sugars are bad. dietitians will often say only fast sugars are bad and slow sugars are good. thus they will advise against white sugar and white flour and will advocate the use of raw cane sugar and whole - grain products. sorry if you \u2019 re a sweet tooth and \u201c carboholic \u201d, but all sugars are out if you really want to starve candida. this means you will have to wean yourself off : - sugar, refined or unrefined ; - natural sweeteners, other than stevia - grains, refined or unrefined ; - pasteurized milk products ; you will be amazed at how many products contain sugar and / or grains. in fact, you will find that many so - called \u201c health products \u201d are also loaded with sugars and grains. life will become a little bit more difficult when shopping for food items and you will have to learn to read the list of ingredients instead of the nutritional information. forget calories and, whatever you do, don \u2019 t fall into the trap of buying anything that is labeled \u201c diet \u201d or \u201c light \u201d, particularly if these products contain artificial sweeteners such as the very dangerous neurotoxin and carcinogen aspartame and other related additives such as sucralose ( splenda ), which are all made in a lab instead of a kitchen. these include flavor enhancers such as msg ( mono sodium glutamate ) and other neurotoxins. the supermarket is not the best place to get food items, so this is a good reason to buy organic and to do it from local farms, if you care about avoiding food", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43372140751399113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.673229"} {"text": "mono sodium glutamate ) and other neurotoxins. the supermarket is not the best place to get food items, so this is a good reason to buy organic and to do it from local farms, if you care about avoiding food additives, pesticides and growth hormones. although honey and maple and agave syrup can and have been proven very beneficial to people \u2019 s health they are a definite no - no if you have candida. the same is true for pineapple, bananas, papaya and other sweet fruits \u2013 even caffeine and alcohol in small amounts. the point is not to feed the candida any sugars, period. the only exception is stevia, which is a plant that is 300 times sweeter than sugar, yet it is perfectly healthy for you. you can buy it as a tincture with alcohol ( not recommended ), diluted in water, or in its pure form as a powder. i recommend getting the latter but be very careful when using it as it is extremely sweet. you can get stevia on the web, just google for it. starchy foods are not necessarily bad for you either. jacket potatoes are better than peeled ones. that is because you are refining the potato by removing the fiber ( peel ), leaving only the sugar ( starch ). sweet potatoes and yams are very good foods indeed, but not if you have candida. once again, the idea is to starve candida by not giving them sugars. unpasteurized, raw milk products can be very beneficial to your guts and liver. it naturally contains all the probiotic bacteria present in yogurt. why raw milk is banned and yogurt isn \u2019 t is beyond me. think about it, dairy farmers are obliged to use pasteurized milk as a basis for yoghurt and then reintroduce the same bacteria they killed when they heated the milk to make the yogurt! although commercially available yoghurt, including organic yoghurt, is all made from pasteurized milk it is still a product i highly recommend. the reintroduction of probiotic bacteria largely undoes the damage caused by pasteurization. as you can see, the truth is sometimes somewhere in the middle. simple sugars are bad, complex sugars are not. milk lactose is one such complex sugar. the sugars in, for example, cabbage and green leafy vegetables are all complex sugars, or polysaccharides. they are complex because chemically they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41465073307659495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.680008"} {"text": ", complex sugars are not. milk lactose is one such complex sugar. the sugars in, for example, cabbage and green leafy vegetables are all complex sugars, or polysaccharides. they are complex because chemically they consist of a longer chain than simple sugars. basically, the shorter the chain the faster the sugar and the worse they are for your health. some natural foods contain very long - chain sugars. these foods, interestingly enough, taste bitter! a good example of this is mushrooms such as reishi, shiitake and maitake, all of which are non - destructive and healing fungi. which brings me to the next subject. just like there are good sugars, there are also good fungi. eating ordinary mushrooms is not a good idea if you have candida because you \u2019 re feeding it its own kind. there are, however, medicinal mushrooms which are actually a great idea to consume, either raw or as a tea or stock or even as a supplement. asian cuisine, most notably japanese cuisine, has a long history of eating and preparing medicinal mushrooms. examples of these are shiitake, maitake and reishi. bear in mind that the longer you cook these mushrooms the more you are converting the complex sugars into simple sugars ( carbohydrates ), just the way pasteurization changes the chemical structure of milk and other foods. eating blue cheeses is also not a good idea if you have candida. these fungi are introduced into the cheese and, though they are tasty, are harmful to your health if you have a fungal problem. in the same vein, brie and camembert are also out. another aspect of the anti - candida diet is avoiding products containing yeast and yeast extract. this means you will once again have to learn to read the labels. once more, you will be amazed to see how many products contain yeast extract. in fact, yeast extract is very often a hidden source of msg! not all fermented products are bad for you. naturally fermented products are in fact good for you because they contain wild yeast which makes its way into the product from the air and consists of natural probiotic bacteria which are also present in your guts. for that reason, even whole - grain yeast bread is bad for you because it contains baker \u2019 s yeast, but sourdough bread is good for you because it is naturally fermented bread and the yeast bacteria use the sugar from the starch as food. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44573285911933347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.681362"} {"text": "even whole - grain yeast bread is bad for you because it contains baker \u2019 s yeast, but sourdough bread is good for you because it is naturally fermented bread and the yeast bacteria use the sugar from the starch as food. for the same reason, bio live yoghurt is good. in fact, any naturally fermented product, as long as it doesn \u2019 t contain alcohol, is permitted because these are natural probiotics. sauerkraut is fine, for example. try the above no - sugar - no - grains - no - yeast - no - fungi diet for four weeks. you will find yourself going through a detoxification period which can last the whole four weeks or end after one or two weeks, depending on how much detoxing you have to do. the first week is the worst. you will feel absolutely miserable, have cravings for sweets and junk foods, experience moodiness, near - depression, everything is possible. this is because the candida are demanding their nutrition. you must be strong at this stage and not give in. you will also experience windiness of a very smelly kind, a sign of detoxification of the intestines. you may have a \u2018 brick - in - your - stomach \u2019 feeling for some time, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness \u2013 even vomiting is possible. do not despair, as there will be a turning point where you will increasingly start to feel better. after the first four weeks, you can then slowly reintroduce healthy foods which were forbidden before such as honey, maple syrup, dark, unfiltered agave syrup ( the lighter variety will still give you a sugar hit ), corn, ( sweet ) potatoes, yams, and various sweet fruits back into your diet. because of the detoxing you have done you will now get a pure, unbiased and more or less immediate reaction from your body. if the food feels good, continue eating it but don \u2019 t overdo it. if it feels bad, stop eating it straight away. it \u2019 s that simple. these food choices are very easy on the liver and guts, which means they not only help battle candida, but they are also powerful immune boosters. they will help you lose weight as well as help maintain your natural weight, ward off diabetes, arthritis, viruses, parasitic and bacterial infections, and promote overall good health of skin, bones, tissue, cartilage, etc. the great news is you don", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.432256269940063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.682844"} {"text": "memory - mapped file objects behave like both bytearray and like file objects. you can use mmap objects in most places where bytearray are expected ; for example, you can use the re module to search through a memory - mapped file. you can also change a single byte by doing obj [ index ] = 97, or change a subsequence by assigning to a slice : obj [ i1 : i2 ] = b '... '. you can also read and write data starting at the current file position, and seek ( ) through the file to different positions. a memory - mapped file is created by the mmap constructor, which is different on unix and on windows. in either case you must provide a file descriptor for a file opened for update. if you wish to map an existing python file object, use its fileno ( ) method to obtain the correct value for the fileno parameter. otherwise, you can open the file using the os. open ( ) function, which returns a file descriptor directly ( the file still needs to be closed when done ). if you want to create a memory - mapping for a writable, buffered file, you should flush ( ) the file first. this is necessary to ensure that local modifications to the buffers are actually available to the mapping. for both the unix and windows versions of the constructor, access may be specified as an optional keyword parameter. access accepts one of three values : access _ read, access _ write, or access _ copy to specify read - only, write - through or copy - on - write memory respectively. access can be used on both unix and windows. if access is not specified, windows mmap returns a write - through mapping. the initial memory values for all three access types are taken from the specified file. assignment to an access _ read memory map raises a typeerror exception. assignment to an access _ write memory map affects both memory and the underlying file. assignment to an access _ copy memory map affects memory but does not update the underlying file. to map anonymous memory, - 1 should be passed as the fileno along with the length. ( windows version ) maps length bytes from the file specified by the file handle fileno, and creates a mmap object. if length is larger than the current size of the file, the file is extended to contain length bytes. if length is 0, the maximum length of the map is the current size of the file, except that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46715215502781576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.701353"} {"text": ", and creates a mmap object. if length is larger than the current size of the file, the file is extended to contain length bytes. if length is 0, the maximum length of the map is the current size of the file, except that if the file is empty windows raises an exception ( you cannot create an empty mapping on windows ). tagname, if specified and not none, is a string giving a tag name for the mapping. windows allows you to have many different mappings against the same file. if you specify the name of an existing tag, that tag is opened, otherwise a new tag of this name is created. if this parameter is omitted or none, the mapping is created without a name. avoiding the use of the tag parameter will assist in keeping your code portable between unix and windows. offset may be specified as a non - negative integer offset. mmap references will be relative to the offset from the beginning of the file. offset defaults to 0. offset must be a multiple of the allocationgranularity. ( unix version ) maps length bytes from the file specified by the file descriptor fileno, and returns a mmap object. if length is 0, the maximum length of the map will be the current size of the file when mmap is called. flags specifies the nature of the mapping. map _ private creates a private copy - on - write mapping, so changes to the contents of the mmap object will be private to this process, and map _ shared creates a mapping that \u2019 s shared with all other processes mapping the same areas of the file. the default value is map _ shared. prot, if specified, gives the desired memory protection ; the two most useful values are prot _ read and prot _ write, to specify that the pages may be read or written. prot defaults to prot _ read | prot _ write. access may be specified in lieu of flags and prot as an optional keyword parameter. it is an error to specify both flags, prot and access. see the description of access above for information on how to use this parameter. offset may be specified as a non - negative integer offset. mmap references will be relative to the offset from the beginning of the file. offset defaults to 0. offset must be a multiple of the pagesize or allocationgranularity. to ensure validity of the created memory mapping the file specified by the descriptor fileno is internally automatically synchronized with physical backing store on mac os", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5130722557177746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.703290"} {"text": "defaults to 0. offset must be a multiple of the pagesize or allocationgranularity. to ensure validity of the created memory mapping the file specified by the descriptor fileno is internally automatically synchronized with physical backing store on mac os x and openvms. this example shows a simple way of using mmap : import mmap # write a simple example file with open ( \" hello. txt \", \" wb \" ) as f : f. write ( b \" hello python! \\ n \" ) with open ( \" hello. txt \", \" r + b \" ) as f : # memory - map the file, size 0 means whole file mm = mmap. mmap ( f. fileno ( ), 0 ) # read content via standard file methods print ( mm. readline ( ) ) # prints b \" hello python! \\ n \" # read content via slice notation print ( mm [ : 5 ] ) # prints b \" hello \" # update content using slice notation ; # note that new content must have same size mm [ 6 : ] = b \" world! \\ n \" #... and read again using standard file methods mm. seek ( 0 ) print ( mm. readline ( ) ) # prints b \" hello world! \\ n \" # close the map mm. close ( ) import mmap with mmap. mmap ( - 1, 13 ) as mm : mm. write ( \" hello world! \" ) new in version 3. 2 : context manager support. the next example demonstrates how to create an anonymous map and exchange data between the parent and child processes : import mmap import os mm = mmap. mmap ( - 1, 13 ) mm. write ( b \" hello world! \" ) pid = os. fork ( ) if pid = = 0 : # in a child process mm. seek ( 0 ) print ( mm. readline ( ) ) mm. close ( ) memory - mapped file objects support the following methods : close the file. subsequent calls to other methods of the object will result in an exception being raised. true if the file is closed. new in version 3. 2. returns the lowest index in the object where the subsequence sub is found, such that sub is contained in the range [ start, end ]. optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. returns - 1 on failure. flushes changes made to the in - memory copy of a file back to disk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5164970635223105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.705962"} {"text": ", such that sub is contained in the range [ start, end ]. optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. returns - 1 on failure. flushes changes made to the in - memory copy of a file back to disk. without use of this call there is no guarantee that changes are written back before the object is destroyed. if offset and size are specified, only changes to the given range of bytes will be flushed to disk ; otherwise, the whole extent of the mapping is flushed. ( windows version ) a nonzero value returned indicates success ; zero indicates failure. ( unix version ) a zero value is returned to indicate success. an exception is raised when the call failed. copy the count bytes starting at offset src to the destination index dest. if the mmap was created with access _ read, then calls to move will raise a typeerror exception. return a bytes containing up to n bytes starting from the current file position. if the argument is omitted, none or negative, return all bytes from the current file position to the end of the mapping. the file position is updated to point after the bytes that were returned. changed in version 3. 3 : argument can be omitted or none. returns a byte at the current file position as an integer, and advances the file position by 1. returns a single line, starting at the current file position and up to the next newline. resizes the map and the underlying file, if any. if the mmap was created with access _ read or access _ copy, resizing the map will raise a typeerror exception. returns the highest index in the object where the subsequence sub is found, such that sub is contained in the range [ start, end ]. optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. returns - 1 on failure. set the file \u2019 s current position. whence argument is optional and defaults to os. seek _ set or 0 ( absolute file positioning ) ; other values are os. seek _ cur or 1 ( seek relative to the current position ) and os. seek _ end or 2 ( seek relative to the file \u2019 s end ). return the length of the file, which can be larger than the size of the memory - mapped area. returns the current position of the file pointer. write the bytes in bytes into memory at the current position of the file pointer ; the file position is updated to point after the bytes that were written. if the mmap was created with access _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49816298234452777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.708761"} {"text": "you are here on august 2nd and 3rd 1944, several thousand roma and sinti were massacred at the zigeunerlager in auschwtiz - birkenau concentration camp. an estimated 600. 000 to 1, 5 million roma were exterminated during the holocaust. as a percentage, that makes roma the ethnic group most affected by the nazi killings. over 90 percent of the roma population of austria, germany and estonia was exterminated by the fascist regimes. below, mrs. miranda vuolasranta, vice - president of the european roma and travellers forum speech, pronounced in strasbourg, on 25 april 2006, for the commemoration of the day of shoah. > \" dear yom ha shoah and samudaripe commemoration day participants, i \u2019 m deeply touched and honored as a roma for the opportunity to take part in this yom ha shoah or as we say in romanes samudaripe commemoration organised here in strasbourg by the liberal jewish movement of france. this day, we commemorate the deportation of jews, roma - manouches and other groups during world war ii. this commemoration of jews, roma - manouches, armenians and all other groups deported to the death camp, is important signal still today. taking account the rampant racism in europe today, these messages is more topical than ever. we have to unify our forces to fight against the growing racism in europe. history have a tendency to repeat it self \u2026 this is visible and the signs of this intolerance can be seen in the air, although the international institutions such as council of europe, european human rights court and the european union are constantly fighting for equal human rights and rights to social services for everybody. the tune of this statement is rather strong, but at the same time it is appealing to each listener here today, the jews, roma, manouches, alsatian and foreigners, to listen the first echos, after the world war ii, of the most forgotten part of the nazi - era \u2026. namely the roma / sinti genocide. this appeal asks you to recognize the pain and continuation of similar suffering of roma - sinti population in today \u2019 s europe, after nine centuries of common european history and 60 years after the horrors of holocaust. on august 2nd and 3rd 1944, several thousand roma and sinti were massacred at the zigeunerlager in auschwtiz - birkenau concentration camp. historians differ on the exact number killed on that night. in order to make room for incoming", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3986601587439397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.752408"} {"text": "3rd 1944, several thousand roma and sinti were massacred at the zigeunerlager in auschwtiz - birkenau concentration camp. historians differ on the exact number killed on that night. in order to make room for incoming jews from hungary, a decision was taken to liquidate all \u201c gypsies \u201d. men were sent to work, so that the german guard would have an easier task in rounding up women, children and elderly for the gas chambers. germans who took part in the slaughter later described it as the most difficult moment in the war for them, as romani women struggled to hang on to their children. the crematorium burned all night. we are reminded that while politics and even borders in europe may change, the threat which extreme nationalism poses to roma and jews is a constant. we are reminded of the need to work together, to demand to be seen and respected as europeans equal to others. \u201c in the case of the jews there are not merely a few criminals, but all jews rose from criminal roots, and in their very nature are criminal. the jews are no people like other people but a pseudo - people welded together by hereditary criminality \u2026 the annihilation of jews is no loss to humanity but just as useful as capital punishment or protective custody against other criminals. \u201d, this was stated by gobbles, 1944. a researcher into the roma holocaust suggests that gobbles \u2019 discourse, with the small change made above replacing the word \u201c jews \u201d with \u201c gypsies, \u201d would be as popular today as it was 60 years ago, in a europe characterized by strong, but still largely ignored, anti - gypsyism. an estimated 600. 000 to 1, 5 million roma were exterminated during the holocaust. as a percentage, that makes roma the ethnic group most affected by the nazi killings. over 90 percent of the roma population of austria, germany and estonia was exterminated by the fascist regimes. the nazi holocaust against jews was not forgotten and rightly so. continuously excluded before and after the second war world, the roma have remained in often - abysmal poverty at the very margins of european societies, and have been unable to replicate the well - deserved attention given to the jewish holocaust. the roma holocaust is nowhere to be found in european educational materials. the genocide against roma is carefully kept at the very margins of academic research, as well as the horrendous colonial abuses against people sometimes considered to be worth less than cattle. the 8 to 12 million roma in europe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4472090006833177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.761076"} {"text": "found in european educational materials. the genocide against roma is carefully kept at the very margins of academic research, as well as the horrendous colonial abuses against people sometimes considered to be worth less than cattle. the 8 to 12 million roma in europe remain europe \u2019 s most vulnerable group, according to various studies and reports of european institutions. roma continue to face strong rejection from the ethnic majorities. the roma holocaust is either denied by national governments, or unknown to the majority population. according to polls in malta and uxembourg, even in these countries with no roma, strong negative prejudices make \u201c gypsies \u201d the most despised ethnic group. the fact that anti - gypsyism remains an acceptable form of racism in europe is due largely to ignorance. abominable acts against roma during their more than nine centuries in europe are well documented, but like the roma holocaust, shielded from public knowledge. \u201c take your hands off our children \u201d posters, featuring a picture of a roma person, spread all around lombardia with a striking resemblance to pre - holocaust propaganda against jews. the fact that anti - gypsyism remains an acceptable form of racism in europe is due largely to ignorance. abominable acts against roma during their more than nine centuries in europe are well documented, but like the roma holocaust, shielded from public knowledge. stealing children is a baseless prejudice used against roma and repeated to saturation in the mass media. the fact that in january 1940, over 200 romani children were murdered in buchenwald, germany, as test subjects for the crystals later used in the gas chambers, has still to make it to a mainstream media article or reportage. research on anti - gypsyism is generally taken with skepticism, if the roma are not themselves blamed as mainly responsible for the racism against them. an adequate reaction addressing the roots of discrimination against roma in europe has so far not been attempted. in the best case, anti - gypsyism is simply ignored and left outside mass media and political attention. in january 2005 the european parliament passed a resolution on the holocaust and anti - semitism, but refused to include a specific reference to the roma holocaust or the rampant anti - gypsyism in europe. the israeli and polish presidents present at the commemoration in auschwitz provided a remarkable exception, as they both mentioned the roma victims of holocaust. ironically, the best - known statement made about roma by the european commission is the one which ambassador to slovakia, mr. eric van der linden, made where he proposed to remove roma children from their parents and put them into boarding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4168895043779389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.763200"} {"text": "roma victims of holocaust. ironically, the best - known statement made about roma by the european commission is the one which ambassador to slovakia, mr. eric van der linden, made where he proposed to remove roma children from their parents and put them into boarding schools. \u201c it may sound simplistic, \u201d the head of the eu delegation said in may 2004, \u201c but it is, i think in the root of the cause that we need to strengthen education and organise the educational system in a way that we may have to start to, i \u2019 ll say it in quotation marks, force romani children to stay in a kind of boarding schools from monday morning until friday afternoon, where they will continuously be subjected to a system of values which is dominant in our society. \u201d on february 11, 2005, the french public television tv 5 broadcasted \u201c delinquency : the route of the roma \u201d. sensitive to anti - semitism and arguably trying to curb islamophobia, a good part of the french mass media seems to have found a good scapegoat for racist speech - roma. reportage which would have severely damaged diplomatic relations with usa or israel, if directed against afro - americans or jews, and would have been regarded as incitement to racial hatred, was received as normal. the program, \u201c c dans l \u2019 air, \u201d suggested the need for specialized police forces as an obvious solution to tackle roma characterized by the members of the discussion panel as criminals, prostitutes, child kidnappers and mafioso. typically, the show did not include a single roma or roma expert. during the nazi regime, such a \u201c special \u201d body was created under the name of zigeunerzentrale, \u201c professionally \u201d preparing the way towards the death camps for the roma and sinti. awareness of basic human rights issues and discrimination remains very low in general. the roma holocaust is largely ignored or unknown, and public opinion remains strongly against roma. mindful of their electorate, the political class takes few risks, and bends to a shameful low. a good part of the mass media just follows the lead. this year, some things are unchanged since the 1940s. many people in europe believe in the superiority of their own nation and culture. roma are too often seen as foreigners in lands we have called home for centuries. many roma live in poverty. however, much is also very different since the 1940s. many governments, in their discussions at the council of europe, have recognized the need to go from making policies about the roma,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3882219789651871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.765139"} {"text": "stories encourage dreams - reading helps kids make their dreams come true. that singular idea - that we can help kids realize their dream - is the foundation of share a story - shape a future. share a story - shape a future is a blog event for literacy. throughout the week, blogging librarians, teachers, parents, authors, illustrators ( me! ) and people passionate about literacy will offer ideas on ways to promote reading and books. you won ' t find statistics, academic analysis, or judgments that tell you why you should read. instead, we are using the power of the worldwide web to share ideas about ways to engage kids as readers. each day, bloggers will talk about different aspects of literacy and reading. themes include raising readers, selecting suitable material, tips for reading aloud, using audiobooks, and how to use the library as an ally. the organizers have several giveaways planned, and will offer free, downloadable content. share a story - shape a future is an opportunity to share ideas, encourage each other, and spread the word about children ' s literacy. share a story - shape a future aims to build a community of readers. please join us and share your story. the 2009 share a story event will take place march 9 to 13, 2009. day 1 : raising readers hosted by terry doherty at scrub - a - dub - tub day 2 : selecting reading material hosted by sarah mulhern at the reading zone day 3 : reading aloud - it ' s fun, it ' s easy hosted by susan stephenson at the book chook day 4 : a visit to the library hosted by eva mitnick at eva ' s book addiction day 5 : technology and reading - what the future holds hosted by elizabeth o. dulemba at dulemba. com ( here! on march 13th! ) share a story - shape a future aims to build a community of readers. please join us and share your story. visit share a story - shape a future to learn more and see the full schedule of contributors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5038896826275712, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.767981"} {"text": "denver \u2013 put on your poodle skirts and tune in elvis on the transistor radio, because it \u2019 s starting to look a lot like the 1950s. unfortunately, this won \u2019 t be the nostalgic \u2019 50s of big cars and pop music. the 1950s that could be on the way to colorado is the decade of drought. so says brian bledsoe, a colorado springs meteorologist who studies the history of ocean currents and uses what he learns to make long - term weather forecasts. \u201c i think we \u2019 re reliving the \u2019 50s, bottom line, \u201d bledsoe said friday morning at the annual meeting of the colorado water congress. bledsoe studies the famous el nino and la nina ocean currents. but he also looks at other, less well - known cycles, including long - term temperature cycles in the oceans. in the 1950s, water in the pacific ocean was colder than normal, but it was warmer than usual in the atlantic. that combination caused a drought in colorado that was just as bad as the dust bowl of the 1930s. the ocean currents slipped back into their 1950s pattern in the last five years, bledsoe said. the cycles can last a decade or more, meaning bad news for farmers, ranchers, skiers and forest residents. \u201c drought feeds on drought. the longer it goes, the harder it is to break, \u201d bledsoe said. the outlook is worst for eastern colorado, where bledsoe grew up and his parents still own a ranch. they recently had to sell half their herd when their pasture couldn \u2019 t provide enough feed. \u201c they \u2019 ve spent the last 15 years grooming that herd for organic beef stock, \u201d he said. bledsoe looks for monsoon rains to return to the four corners and western slope in july. but there \u2019 s still a danger in the mountains in the summer. \u201c initially, dry lightning could be a concern, so obviously, the fire season is looking not so great right now, \u201d he said. weather data showed the last year \u2019 s conditions were extreme. nolan doesken, colorado \u2019 s state climatologist, said the summer of 2012 was the hottest on record in colorado. and it was the fifth - driest winter since record - keeping began more than 100 years ago. despite recent storms in the san juan mountains, this winter hasn \u2019 t been much better. \u201c we \u2019 ve had a wimpy winter so far, \u201d doesken said. \u201c the past week has been a good week for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37890757542130493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.771798"} {"text": "on this day in 1973, a week after her appointment, 18 - year - old felda looper took up her duties as the first woman to serve as a house page. speaker carl albert ( d - okla. ) chose her after looper mounted a successful campaign that sought to admit girls to the page program. \u201c the practice of having only male pages in the house is a form of discrimination that should be ended, \u201d albert said. \u201d it was the first time in my life i ever felt discriminated against as a woman and it made me furious, \u201d looper said after she learned of the unspoken rule barring girls from serving as pages. \u201c somebody was going to be first. it was going to happen, and i was psyched it was me, \u201d looper later recalled. \u201c it was a really exciting time, and the letters i got from people were indicative of the fact that people were paying attention to that. \u201d when looper \u2019 s parents took her on a family vacation trip to washington in 1966, she questioned albert, then the democratic whip, about the policy of hiring only young men as congressional pages. albert told her he would look into it. albert \u2019 s response triggered her letter - writing campaign as a student at heavener high school in heavener, okla., which ultimately paid off. in the summer of 1973, as looper ran errands for members of congress, she also observed at close hand the watergate hearings before the house judiciary committee that played a key role in the subsequent resignation of president richard nixon. after serving as a page, looper went to the university of oklahoma, graduating in 1977 with a degree in political science. two years later, she earned an m. a. in industrial psychology from the george washington university. looper currently lives in washington, d. c., where she works as an independent consultant. source : office of history and preservation, clerk of the u. s. house", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3950042259047784, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.778996"} {"text": "solar energy is a growing market. solar today, the american solar energy society \u2019 s magazine, indicates that solar energy has already begun to challange conventional non - renewable energy sources. according to the numeric date the society has given, the residential solar panel installations have almost doubled in 2009 reaching up to 170. 000 houses. do you know why those people cut themselves from the grid and turned to solar energy? recurring trends show that it is not a fad but the most viable energy option. if you are still not sure about producing your own electricty from pv panels, it could be a good idea to check the five reasons below. reason # 1. installing solar panels for home use is a green take on residential energy consumption. the thing that burns never returns. renewable energy solutions, on the other hand, are sustainable. in other words, investing in renewable energy sources, you don \u2019 t only care for today, but also consider the future for your children. utilizing solar panels for heat and electricity produce very little pollution. photovoltaic panels don \u2019 t emit harmful carbon gasses to the atmosphere. installing solar panels for your home also cleans your carbon footprint. reason # 2. solar power is a cheap enery solution for your home. i can imagine you saying that the green / ecofriendly / organic version of everything is also a more expensive version. that \u2019 s why most people shy away from the installation costs. your judgement can be true for those hand - made itching garments and grown - in - pot organic tomatos. but when it comes to pv panels, the costs have dramatically decreased in the past few years and they gained a competitive advantage vis a vis fossil fuels. in the first years the costs per watt were around 9 dollars, today the price level is 4 - 5 dolars per watt. if you are living in a state where the electricity rates are high, you can be sure to cover your investment costs in 7 years the most. afterwards, it is pure savings. how much you will save depends on the local electricity rate for sure, as well as the climate and the size of the pv system you installed. reason # 3. residential pv panels are very low on maintenance. the solar energy systems are easy to maintain. once you invest in solar energy and install your pvs, you will not need to pay much on maintanence because most systems have no moving parts and they don \u2019 t require much upkeep. reason # 4. residential solar panels provides your with the convenience of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44287945167780113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.784834"} {"text": "water conservation ; environmental economics & policies ; governance indicators ; poverty assessment ; health economics & finance ; community development and empowerment ; decentralization ; agricultural knowledge and information systems summary : states can do much to tap community - level energies, and resources for development, if they seek to interact more synergistically with local communities. the broader spin - off is creating a developmental society, and polity. using case studies from asia and latin america, the authors show how : 1 ) state efforts to bring about land reform, tenancy reform, and expanding non - crop sources of income, can broaden the distribution of power in rural communities, laying the basis for more effective community - driven collective action ; and 2 ) higher levels of government can form alliances with communities, putting pressure on local authorities from above, and below to improve development outcomes at the local level. these alliances can also be very effective in catalyzing collective action at community level, and reducing : local capture \" by vested interests. there are several encouraging points that emerge from these case studies. first, these powerful institutional changes do not necessarily take long to generate. second, they can be achieved in a diversity of settings : tightly knit or loose - knit communities ; war - ravaged, or relatively stable ; democratic, or authoritarian ; with land reform, or ( if carefully managed ) even without. third, there are strong political payoffs in terms of legitimacy, and popular support for those who support such developmental action. official, scanned versions of documents ( may include signatures, etc. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5150371817851065, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.787548"} {"text": "armistice day, as november 11 became known, officially became a holiday in the united states in 1926, and a national holiday 12 years later. on june 1, 1954, the name was changed to veterans day to honor all u. s. veterans. in 1968, new legislation changed the national commemoration of veterans day to the fourth monday in october. it soon became apparent, however, that november 11 was a date of historic significance to many americans. therefore, in 1978 congress returned the observance to its traditional date. official, national ceremonies for veterans day center around the tomb of the unknowns. to honor these men, symbolic of all americans who gave their lives in all wars, an army honor guard, the 3d u. s. infantry ( the old guard ), keeps day and night vigil. at 11 a. m. on november 11, a combined color guard representing all military services executes \u201c present arms \u201d at the tomb. the nation \u2019 s tribute to its war dead is symbolized by the laying of a presidential wreath and the playing of \u201c taps. \u201d congress voted armistice day a federal holiday in 1938, 20 years after the war ended. but americans realized that the previous war would not be the last one. world war ii began the following year and nations great and small again participated in a bloody struggle. after the second world war, armistice day continued to be observed on november 11. in 1953 townspeople in emporia, kansas called the holiday veterans \u2019 day in gratitude to the veterans in their town. soon after, congress passed a bill introduced by a kansas congressman renaming the federal holiday to veterans \u2019 day. 1971 president nixon declared it a federal holiday on the second monday in november.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3948682754336794, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.790275"} {"text": "minesweeper ( video game ) | | this article may require cleanup to meet wikipedia ' s quality standards. the specific problem is : does not meet project guidelines. ( june 2008 ) | the player is initially presented with a grid of undifferentiated squares. some randomly selected squares, unknown to the player, are designated to contain mines. typically, the size of the grid and the number of mines are set in advance by the user, either by entering the numbers or selecting from defined skill levels depending on the implementation. the grid size is often user - selectable, as a way to adjust the difficulty level. the game is played by revealing squares of the grid, typically by clicking them with a mouse. if a square containing a mine is revealed, the player loses the game. otherwise, a digit is revealed in the square, indicating the number of adjacent squares ( typically, out of the possible eight ) that contain mines. in typical implementations, if this number is zero then the square appears blank, and the surrounding squares are automatically also revealed. by using logic, the player can in many instances use this information to deduce that certain other squares are mine - free, in which case they may be safely revealed, or mine - filled, in which they can be marked as such ( which, in typical implementations, is effected by right - clicking the square and indicated by a flag graphic ). in some implementations, a question mark may be placed in an unrevealed square as a marker. this has no meaning in the rules of the game, but can serve as an aid to logical deduction. another convenience feature present in some implementations is an interface to quickly clear around a revealed square once the correct number of mines have been flagged around it. the game is won when all mine - free squares are revealed, meaning that all mines have been located. some implementations of minesweeper will set up the board by never placing a mine on the first square revealed, or by arranging the board so that the solution does not require guessing. minesweeper for versions of windows through vista protected the first square revealed. minesweeper with windows 7 also protects the first square unless the user chooses to replay a specific board. minesweeper can be modeled as algebra of binary variables that does not always possess a unique solution. in such cases, the player has to guess about the location of a mine. see below for an example of a case in which the player has to guess. minesweeper has its origins in the earliest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5793178272698702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.798780"} {"text": "that does not always possess a unique solution. in such cases, the player has to guess about the location of a mine. see below for an example of a case in which the player has to guess. minesweeper has its origins in the earliest mainframe games of the 1960s and 1970s. the earliest ancestor of minesweeper was jerimac ratliff ' s cube. the basic gameplay style became a popular segment of the puzzle game genre during the 1980s, with such titles as mined - out ( quicksilva, 1983 ), yomp ( virgin interactive, 1983 ), and cube. cube was succeeded by relentless logic ( or rlogic for short ), by conway, hong, and smith, available for ms - dos as early as 1985 ; the player took the role of a private in the united states marine corps, delivering an important message to the u. s. command center. rlogic had greater similarity to minesweeper than to cube in concept, but a number of differences exist : - in rlogic, the player must navigate through the minefield, from the top left right angled corner to the bottom right right angled corner ( the command center ). - it is not necessary to clear all non - mine squares. also, there is no mechanism for marking mines or counting the number of mines found. - the number of steps taken is counted. although no high score functionality is included, players could attempt to beat their personal best score for a given number of mines. - unlike minesweeper, the size of the minefield is fixed. however, the player may still specify the number of mines. - because the player must navigate through the minefield, it is sometimes impossible to win \u2014 namely, when the mines block all possible paths. the gameplay mechanics of minesweeper are included in a variety of other software titles, including : - the mini - game vinesweeper implemented into the mmorpg runescape ; in this iteration ( written by jagex developer danny j ), the minesweeper gameplay is given a large multiplayer aspect and the \" game board \" adopts a continually resetting timer. this allows for a never - ending game of minesweeper where the skill is awarded assessed in points rather than \" game completion \". - the pc game mole control ( developed by remode ) ; in this game, the minesweeper mechanic is integrated into a puzzle adventure game based in a village called molar creek, which has been overrun with exploding moles. you play the local inventor ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5369539432910126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.799728"} {"text": "control ( developed by remode ) ; in this game, the minesweeper mechanic is integrated into a puzzle adventure game based in a village called molar creek, which has been overrun with exploding moles. you play the local inventor ' s assistant, who is tasked with clearing the village of exploding moles, and you can also take part in the molar creek annual mole control competition in a time attack mode. distribution and variants versions of minesweeper are frequently bundled with operating systems and guis, including minesweeper in windows, kmines in kde ( unix - like oses ), gnomine in gnome and minehunt in palm os. apart from the bundled versions, a huge number of clones of all shapes and sizes can be found on the internet. variants of the basic game generally have differently shaped mine fields in two and three dimensions, or various two - dimensional layouts, such as triangular or hexagonal grids, or possibly more than one mine per cell. for example, x11 - based xbomb adds triangular and hexagonal grids, and professional minesweeper for windows includes these and others. the voltorb flip game in the non - japanese releases of pokemon heartgold and soulsilver is a variation of minesweeper and picross. another derivative of minesweeper is tentaizu, which could be described as a minesweeper with some squares initially revealed, where the player doesn ' t reveal any squares, only mark them, and whose objective is to mark all mines correctly. tentaizu puzzles usually have a unique solution. in 2000, richard kaye published a proof that it is np - complete to determine whether a given grid of uncovered, correctly flagged, and unknown squares, the labels of the foremost also given, has an arrangement of mines for which it is possible within the rules of the game. the argument is constructive, a method to quickly convert any boolean circuit into such a grid that is possible if and only if the circuit is satisfiable ; membership in np is established by using the arrangement of mines as a certificate. this proof has been disputed ; see scott, stege, & van rooij. measuring board difficulty the difficulty of a given minesweeper board is often measured using the 3bv measure ( stands for bechtel ' s board benchmark value ). the 3bv of a board is the total count of : - openings of the board, i. e. regions of orthogonally or diagonally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5619549044853926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.800612"} {"text": "using the 3bv measure ( stands for bechtel ' s board benchmark value ). the 3bv of a board is the total count of : - openings of the board, i. e. regions of orthogonally or diagonally contiguous squares having no neighbouring mines, together with the immediately surrounding numbered squares - numbered squares that are not part of any openings. for example, in the illustrated example, there is one opening ( shown by white borders ) and there are seven further numbered squares ( green dots ), giving a 3bv rating of 8. equivalently, it is the minimum number of single clicks required in typical implementations to reveal all of the mine - free squares. 3bv / s stands for 3bv per second. because the time that is needed to finish a minesweeper board depends highly on the difficulty of the board, it may not be the best way to compare records. 3bv / s on the other hand does consider the difficulty of the minesweeper board as well as the time needed to finish it. among the best minesweeper players, 3bv / s records are not nearly as important as time records, but they give a picture of how fast someone can play with regard to mouse - handling. if flags are marked, it is possible to require fewer clicks than the 3bv of the respective board. using only left clicks is called non - flagging ( nf ) whereas marking mines with right - clicks is called flagging - style. in 2001, the italian \" international campaign to ban winmine \" voiced strong concern over the game, contending that it is an \" offense against the victims of the mines \" and those who risk their lives to clear them. they created their own \" winflower \" game, and lobbied microsoft to use it in place of minesweeper in windows 98. as a reaction to this criticism, the version of minesweeper included in windows vista and windows 7 offers a mode in which the mines are replaced with flowers. - kaye ( 2000 ) - allan scott, ulrike stege, iris van rooij, minesweeper may not be np - complete but is hard nonetheless, the mathematical intelligencer 33 : 4 ( 2011 ), pp. 5 - 17. - blincoe ( 2001 ) - microsoft shell blog - the ui design minefield - er... flower field? at the wayback machine ( archived january 19, 2008 ) - adamatzky, andrew ( 1997 ). \" how cellular automat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5207627850084631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.801472"} {"text": "| state of ohio | | nickname ( s ) : the buckeye state ; the mother of presidents ; birthplace of aviation ; the heart of it all | motto ( s ) : with god, all things are possible | | official language ( s ) | | none. ( english, de facto ) | | spoken language ( s ) | | english 93. 3 % | demonym | | ohioan ; buckeye ( colloq. ) | ( and largest city ) | largest metro area | | greater cleveland or | area | | ranked 34th in the u. s. | | - total | | 44, 825 sq mi | - width | | 220 miles ( 355 km ) | | - length | | 220 miles ( 355 km ) | | - % water | | 8. 7 | | - latitude | | 38\u00b0 24 \u2032 n to 41\u00b0 59 \u2032 n | | - longitude | | 80\u00b0 31 \u2032 w to 84\u00b0 49 \u2032 w | | population | | ranked 7th in the u. s. | | - total | | 11, 544, 225 ( 2012 est ) | | - density | | 282 / sq mi ( 109 / km2 ) ranked 10th in the u. s. | - highest point | | campbell hill 1, 549 ft ( 472 m ) | - mean | | 850 ft ( 260 m ) | | - lowest point | | ohio river at indiana border 455 ft ( 139 m ) | admission to union | | march 1, 1803 ( 17th, declared retroactively on august 7, 1953 ) | governor | | john kasich ( r ) | | lieutenant governor | | mary taylor ( r ) | | - upper house | | senate | | - lower house | | house of representatives | | u. s. senators | | sherrod brown ( d ) rob portman ( r ) | u. s. house delegation | | 12 republicans, 4 democrats ( list ) | | time zone | | eastern : utc - 5 / - 4 | ohio ( i / / ) is a state in the midwestern united states. ohio is the 34th most extensive, the 7th most populous, and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 united states. the state ' s capital and largest city is columbus. the name \" ohio \" originated from iroquois word ohi - yo \u2019, meaning \" great river \" or \" large creek \". the state, originally partitioned from the northwest territory, was admitted to the union as the 17th state (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4676834897657561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.847860"} {"text": "is columbus. the name \" ohio \" originated from iroquois word ohi - yo \u2019, meaning \" great river \" or \" large creek \". the state, originally partitioned from the northwest territory, was admitted to the union as the 17th state ( and the first under the northwest ordinance ) on march 1, 1803. although there are conflicting narratives regarding the origin of the nickname, ohio is historically known as the \" buckeye state \" ( relating to the ohio buckeye tree ) and ohioans are also known as \" buckeyes \". the government of ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the governor ; the legislative branch, which comprises the ohio general assembly ; and the judicial branch, which is led by the supreme court. currently, ohio occupies 16 seats in the united states house of representatives. ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. ohio ' s geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. because ohio links the northeast to the midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well - developed highways. ohio has the nation ' s 10th largest highway network, and is within a one - day drive of 50 % of north america ' s population and 70 % of north america ' s manufacturing capacity. to the north, lake erie gives ohio 312 miles ( 502 km ) of coastline, which allows for numerous cargo ports. ohio ' s southern border is defined by the ohio river ( with the border being at the 1793 low - water mark on the north side of the river ), and much of the northern border is defined by lake erie. ohio ' s neighbors are pennsylvania to the east, michigan to the northwest, ontario canada, to the north, indiana to the west, kentucky on the south, and west virginia on the southeast. ohio ' s borders were defined by metes and bounds in the enabling act of 1802 as follows : bounded on the east by the pennsylvania line, on the south by the ohio river, to the mouth of the great miami river, on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the great miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of lake michigan, running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the great miami until it shall intersect lake erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through lake erie to the pennsylvania line aforesaid. ohio is bounded by the ohio river,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44959016767446214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.848962"} {"text": "the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the great miami until it shall intersect lake erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through lake erie to the pennsylvania line aforesaid. ohio is bounded by the ohio river, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to kentucky and west virginia. in 1980, the u. s. supreme court held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by virginia ( which at that time included what is now kentucky and west virginia ), the boundary between ohio and kentucky ( and, by implication, west virginia ) is the northern low - water mark of the river as it existed in 1792. ohio has only that portion of the river between the river ' s 1792 low - water mark and the present high - water mark. the border with michigan has also changed, as a result of the toledo war, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the maumee river. much of ohio features glaciated plains, with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the great black swamp. this glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the glaciated allegheny plateau, and then by another belt known as the unglaciated allegheny plateau. most of ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated allegheny plateau features rugged hills and forests. the rugged southeastern quadrant of ohio, stretching in an outward bow - like arc along the ohio river from the west virginia panhandle to the outskirts of cincinnati, forms a distinct socio - economic unit. geologically similar to parts of west virginia and southwestern pennsylvania, this area ' s coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. in 1965 the united states congress passed the appalachian regional development act, at attempt to \" address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the appalachian region. \" this act defines 29 ohio counties as part of appalachia. while 1 / 3 of ohio ' s land mass is part of the federally defined appalachian region, only 12. 8 % of ohioans live there ( 1. 476 million people. ) significant rivers within the state include the cuyahoga river, great miami river, maumee river, muskingum river, and scioto river. the rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern atlantic ocean via lake erie and the st.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4427903438535795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.849978"} {"text": "the state include the cuyahoga river, great miami river, maumee river, muskingum river, and scioto river. the rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern atlantic ocean via lake erie and the st. lawrence river, and the rivers in the southern part of the state drain into the gulf of mexico via the ohio river and then the mississippi. the worst weather disaster in ohio history occurred along the great miami river in 1913. known as the great dayton flood, the entire miami river watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of dayton. as a result, the miami conservancy district was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in ohio and the united states. grand lake st. marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the canal - building era of 1820 \u2013 1850. for many years this body of water, over 20 square miles ( 52 km2 ), was the largest artificial lake in the world. it should be noted that ohio ' s canal - building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. some cities, such as dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state. the climate of ohio is a humid continental climate ( koppen climate classification dfa ) throughout most of the state except in the extreme southern counties of ohio ' s bluegrass region section which are located on the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate and upland south region of the united states. summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold. precipitation in ohio is moderate year - round. severe weather is not uncommon in the state, although there are typically fewer tornado reports in ohio than in states located in what is known as the tornado alley. severe lake effect snowstorms are also not uncommon on the southeast shore of lake erie, which is located in an area designated as the snowbelt. although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer - climate flora and fauna does reach well into ohio. for instance, a number of trees with more southern ranges, such as the blackjack oak, quercus marilandica, are found at their northernmost in ohio just north of the ohio river. also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate, several plants such as the southern magnolia ( magnolia grandiflora ), albizia julibrissin ( mimosa ), crap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3897216281779068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.851098"} {"text": "north of the ohio river. also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate, several plants such as the southern magnolia ( magnolia grandiflora ), albizia julibrissin ( mimosa ), crape myrtle, and even the occasional needle palm are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the bluegrass region of ohio ; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the state. this interesting change may be observed while traveling through ohio on interstate 75 from cincinnati to toledo ; the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of cincinnati ' s common wall lizard, one of the few examples of permanent \" subtropical \" fauna in ohio. although few have registered as noticeable to the average resident, more than 30 earthquakes occurred in ohio between 2002 and 2007, and more than 200 quakes with a magnitude of 2. 0 or higher have occurred since 1776. the most substantial known earthquake in ohio history was the anna ( shelby county ) earthquake, which occurred on march 9, 1937. it was centered in western ohio, and had a magnitude of 5. 4, and was of intensity viii. other significant earthquakes in ohio include : one of magnitude 4. 8 near lima on september 19, 1884 ; one of magnitude 4. 2 near portsmouth on may 17, 1901 ; and one of 5. 0 in leroy township in lake county on january 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0. 5 to 2. 4 for two months. the most recent earthquake in ohio of any appreciable magnitude occurred on december 31, 2011, at 3 : 05pm est. it had a magnitude of 4. 0, and its epicenter was located approximately 4 kilometres northwest of youngstown ( ), near the trumbull / mahoning county border. the ohio seismic network ( ohioseis ), a group of seismograph stations at several colleges, universities, and other institutions, and coordinated by the division of geological survey of the ohio department of natural resources, maintains an extensive catalog of ohio earthquakes from 1776 to the present day, as well as earthquakes located in other states whose effects were felt in ohio. | rank | | city | | 2010 population | | 2010 metro population | other ohio cities functioning as centers of united states metropolitan areas include : - akron ( home of university of akron and goodyear tire and rubber company ) - canton ( home of pro football hall of fame, malone university, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4320880106393273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.852223"} {"text": "| | 2010 metro population | other ohio cities functioning as centers of united states metropolitan areas include : - akron ( home of university of akron and goodyear tire and rubber company ) - canton ( home of pro football hall of fame, malone university, and the timken company ) - cincinnati ( home of university of cincinnati, xavier university, cincinnati museum center, cincinnati symphony orchestra, procter & gamble, kroger, macy ' s inc., and fifth third bank ) - cleveland ( home of cleveland state university, playhouse square center, the cleveland museum of art, the cleveland orchestra, case western reserve university, the cleveland clinic, rock and roll hall of fame, forest city enterprises, and university hospitals ) - dayton ( home of university of dayton, dayton ballet, wright state university, premier health partners, and national museum of the united states air force ) - lima ( home of university of northwestern ohio ) - mansfield ( home of north central state college and mansfield motorsports park ) - sandusky ( home of cedar point, and kalahari resort and convention center ) - springfield ( home of wittenberg university ) - steubenville ( home of franciscan university of steubenville ) - toledo ( home of the university of toledo, the toledo museum of art, owens corning, and owens - illinois ) - youngstown ( home of youngstown state university and butler institute of american art ). note : the cincinnati metropolitan area extends into kentucky and indiana, the steubenville metropolitan area extends into west virginia, and the youngstown metropolitan area extends into pennsylvania. ohio cities that function as centers of united states micropolitan areas include : - ashland ( home of ashland university ) - athens ( home of ohio university ) - chillicothe ( home of ohio university - chillicothe ) - defiance ( home of defiance college ) - east liverpool - salem - findlay ( home of the university of findlay ) - marion ( home of marion popcorn festival ) - mount vernon ( home of mount vernon nazarene university ) - new philadelphia - dover - norwalk ( home of the nhra venue summit motorsports park, headquarters of the international hot rod association, and pioneer automobile company fisher body ) - oxford ( home of miami university ) - portsmouth ( home of shawnee state university ) - tiffin ( home of heidelberg college and tiffin university ) - urbana ( home of urbana university ) - van wert - wapakoneta ( birthplace of apollo 11 astronaut neil armstrong ) - washington court house - wilmington ( home of wilmington college ) -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3654548172807185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.853370"} {"text": "\" american indians in the ohio valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the iroquois confederation, based in central and western new york. after the so - called beaver wars in the mid - 17th century, the iroquois claimed much of the ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver - trapping ground. after the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid - 17th century, which largely emptied the ohio country of indigenous people by the mid - to - late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly algonquian - speaking descendants of its ancient inhabitants, that is, descendants of the adena, hopewell, and mississippian cultures. many of these ohio - country nations were multi - ethnic ( sometimes multi - linguistic ) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease, war, and subsequent social instability. they subsisted on agriculture ( corn, sunflowers, beans, etc. ) supplemented by seasonal hunts. by the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by european entry into the fur trade. the indigenous nations to inhabit ohio in the historical period included the miamis ( a large confederation ) ; wyandots ( made up of refugees, especially from the fractured huron confederacy ) ; delawares ( pushed west from their historic homeland in new jersey ) ; shawnees ( also pushed west, although they may have been descended from the fort ancient people of ohio ) ; ottawas ( more commonly associated with the upper great lakes region ) ; mingos ( like the wyandot, a group recently formed of refugees from iroquois ) ; and eries ( gradually absorbed into the new, multi - ethnic \" republics, \" namely the wyandot ). ohio country was also the site of indian massacres, such as the yellow creek massacre, gnadenhutten and pontiac ' s rebellion school massacre. colonial and revolutionary eras during the 18th century, the french set up a system of trading posts to control the fur trade in the region. in 1754, france and great britain fought a war that was known in north america as the french and indian war and in europe as the seven years war. as a result of the treaty of paris, the french ceded control of ohio and the remainder of the old northwest to great britain. pontiac ' s rebellion in the 1760s, however, posed a challenge to british military control. this came to an end with the colonists ' victory in the american revolution. in the treaty of paris in 1783, britain ceded all claims to ohio country to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3958471944192443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.856943"} {"text": "pontiac ' s rebellion in the 1760s, however, posed a challenge to british military control. this came to an end with the colonists ' victory in the american revolution. in the treaty of paris in 1783, britain ceded all claims to ohio country to the united states. northwest territory : 1787 \u2013 1803 the united states created the northwest territory under the northwest ordinance of 1787. slavery was not permitted in the new territory. settlement began with the founding of marietta by the ohio company of associates, which had been formed by a group of american revolutionary war veterans. following the ohio company, the miami company ( also referred to as the \" symmes purchase \" ) claimed the southwestern section, and the connecticut land company surveyed and settled the connecticut western reserve in present - day northeast ohio. the old northwest territory originally included areas previously known as ohio country and illinois country. as ohio prepared for statehood, the indiana territory was created, reducing the northwest territory to approximately the size of present - day ohio plus the eastern half of the lower peninsula of michigan and the eastern tip of the upper peninsula. under the northwest ordinance, areas of the territory could be defined and admitted as states once their population reached 60, 000. although ohio ' s population numbered only 45, 000 in december 1801, congress determined that the population was growing rapidly and ohio could begin the path to statehood. the assumption was that it would exceed 60, 000 residents by the time it was admitted as a state. furthermore, in regards to the leni lenape native americans living in the region, congress decided that 10, 000 acres on the muskingum river in the present state of ohio would \" be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the moravian brethren... or a society of the said brethren for civilizing the indians and promoting christianity. \" on february 19, 1803, us president thomas jefferson signed an act of congress that approved ohio ' s boundaries and constitution. however, congress had never passed a resolution formally admitting ohio as the 17th state. the current custom of congress declaring an official date of statehood did not begin until 1812, with louisiana ' s admission as the 18th state. although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, ohio congressman george h. bender introduced a bill in congress to admit ohio to the union retroactive to march 1, 1803, the date on which the ohio general assembly first convened. at a special session at the old state capital in chillicothe, the ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood that was delivered to washington", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39749051332485485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.858050"} {"text": "the union retroactive to march 1, 1803, the date on which the ohio general assembly first convened. at a special session at the old state capital in chillicothe, the ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood that was delivered to washington, d. c. on horseback. on august 7, 1953 ( the year of ohio ' s 150th anniversary ), president eisenhower signed a congressional joint resolution that officially declared march 1, 1803 the date of ohio ' s admittance into the union. although many native americans had migrated west to evade american encroachment, others remained settled in the state, sometimes assimilating in part. in 1830 under president andrew jackson, the us government forced indian removal of most tribes to the indian territory west of the mississippi river. in 1835, ohio fought with michigan in the toledo war, a mostly bloodless boundary war over the toledo strip. congress intervened, making michigan ' s admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. in exchange for giving up its claim to the toledo strip, michigan was given the western two - thirds of the upper peninsula, in addition to the eastern third that was already considered part of the state. ohio ' s central position and its population gave it an important place during the civil war. the ohio river was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were ohio ' s railroads. ohio contributed more soldiers per - capita than any other state in the union. in 1862, the state ' s morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the battle of shiloh, a costly victory in which ohio forces suffered 2, 000 casualties. later that year, when confederate troops under the leadership of stonewall jackson threatened washington, d. c., ohio governor david tod still could recruit 5, 000 volunteers to provide three months of service. ohio historian andrew r. l. cayton writes that almost 35, 000 ohioans died in the conflict, \" and some thirty thousand carried battle scars with them for the rest of their lives. \" by the end of the civil war, the union ' s top three generals \u2013 ulysses s. grant, william tecumseh sherman, and philip sheridan \u2013 were all from ohio. in 1912 a constitutional convention was held with charles b. galbreath as secretary. the result reflected the concerns of the progressive era. it introduced the initiative and the referendum. in addition, it allowed the general assembly to put questions on the ballot for the people to ratify laws and constitutional amendments originating in the legislature. under the jeffersonian principle that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38508183972626864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.859186"} {"text": "the concerns of the progressive era. it introduced the initiative and the referendum. in addition, it allowed the general assembly to put questions on the ballot for the people to ratify laws and constitutional amendments originating in the legislature. under the jeffersonian principle that laws should be reviewed once a generation, the constitution provided for a recurring question to appear on ohio ' s general election ballots every 20 years. the question asks whether a new convention is required. although the question has appeared in 1932, 1952, 1972, and 1992, it has never been approved. instead constitutional amendments have been proposed by petition to the legislature hundreds of times and adopted in a majority of cases. eight us presidents hailed from ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname \" mother of presidents \", a sobriquet it shares with virginia. it is also termed \" modern mother of presidents, \" in contrast to virginia ' s status as the origin of presidents earlier in american history. seven presidents were born in ohio, making it second to virginia ' s eight. virginia - born william henry harrison lived most of his life in ohio and is also buried there. harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father - in - law, john cleves symmes, in north bend, ohio. the seven presidents born in ohio were ulysses s. grant, rutherford b. hayes, james a. garfield, benjamin harrison ( grandson of william henry harrison ), william mckinley, william howard taft and warren g. harding. | 2000 ( total population ) | | 86. 83 % | | 12. 18 % | | 0. 67 % | | 1. 41 % | | 0. 06 % | | 2000 ( hispanic only ) | | 1. 70 % | | 0. 19 % | | 0. 05 % | | 0. 02 % | | 0. 01 % | | 2005 ( total population ) | | 86. 27 % | | 12. 66 % | | 0. 66 % | | 1. 68 % | | 0. 07 % | | 2005 ( hispanic only ) | | 2. 05 % | | 0. 20 % | | 0. 05 % | | 0. 03 % | | 0. 01 % | | growth 2000 \u2013 05 ( total population ) | | 0. 32 % | | 4. 98 % | | - 1. 57 % | | 20. 32 % | | 9. 32 % | | growth 2000 \u2013 05 ( non - hispanic only ) | | - 0. 11 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41666535584594017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.860126"} {"text": "| | 0. 32 % | | 4. 98 % | | - 1. 57 % | | 20. 32 % | | 9. 32 % | | growth 2000 \u2013 05 ( non - hispanic only ) | | - 0. 11 % | | 4. 97 % | | - 1. 96 % | | 20. 48 % | | 11. 15 % | | growth 2000 \u2013 05 ( hispanic only ) | | 22. 11 % | | 5. 70 % | | 3. 04 % | | 10. 81 % | | - 0. 26 % | | * aian is american indian or alaskan native ; nhpi is native hawaiian or pacific islander | from just over 45, 000 residents in 1800, ohio ' s population grew at rates of over 10 % per decade until the 1970 census, which recorded just over 10. 65 million ohioans. growth then slowed for the next four decades. the united states census bureau estimates that the population of ohio was 11, 544, 225 on july 1, 2012, a 0. 07 % increase since the 2010 united states census. ohio ' s population growth lags that of the entire united states, and caucasians are found in a greater density than the united states average. as of 2000 [ update ], ohio ' s center of population is located in morrow county, in the county seat of mount gilead. this is approximately 6, 346 feet ( 1, 934 m ) south and west of ohio ' s population center in 1990. as of 2011, 27. 6 % of ohio ' s children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups. 6. 2 % of ohio ' s population is under 5 years of age, 23. 7 percent under 18 years of age, and 14. 1 percent were 65 or older. females made up approximately 51. 2 percent of the population. - 26. 5 % german - 14. 1 irish - 9. 0 % english - 7. 9 % american - 6. 4 % italian - 7. 6 % from the slavic countries : ( 3. 8 % polish, 1. 2 % slovak, russian, czech, slovene, ukrainian, croatian, serbian, belarusian, macedonian, bulgarian, rusyn, and montenegrin ) - 2. 5 % french - 1. 9 % scottish - 1. 7 % hungarian - 1. 6 % dutch - 1. 5 % mexican - 1. 1 % welsh - 1. 1 % scotch - irish ancestries claimed by less than 1 % of the population include sub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37634881056739194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.860972"} {"text": ". 9 % scottish - 1. 7 % hungarian - 1. 6 % dutch - 1. 5 % mexican - 1. 1 % welsh - 1. 1 % scotch - irish ancestries claimed by less than 1 % of the population include sub - saharan african, puerto rican, swiss, swedish, arab, greek, norwegian, romanian, austrian, lithuanian, finnish, west indian, and portuguese. - white : 82. 7 % ( non - hispanic whites : 81. 1 % ) - black or african american : 12. 2 % - native american : 0. 2 % - asian : 1. 7 % ( 0. 6 % indian, 0. 4 % chinese, 0. 1 % filipino, 0. 1 % korean, 0. 1 % vietnamese, 0. 1 % japanese ) - pacific islander : 0. 03 % - two or more races : 2. 1 % - some other race : 1. 1 % - hispanic or latino ( of any race ) : 3. 1 % ( 1. 5 % mexican, 0. 8 % puerto rican, 0. 1 % guatemalan, 0. 1 % cuban ) about 6. 7 % of the population age 5 years and over reported speaking a language other than english, with 2. 2 % of the population speaking spanish, 2. 6 % speaking other indo - european languages, 1. 1 % speaking asian and austronesian languages, and 0. 8 % speaking other languages. numerically ; 10, 100, 586 spoke english, 239, 229 spanish, 55, 970 german, and 38, 990 chinese. in addition 59, 881 spoke a slavic language and 42, 673 spoke another west germanic language according to the 2010 census. ohio also had the nation ' s largest slovene speakers, second largest slovak, pennsylvania dutch, and third largest serbian speakers. according to a pew forum poll, as of 2008, 76 % of ohioans identified as christian. specifically, 26 % of ohio ' s population identified as evangelical protestant, 22 % as mainline protestant, and 21 % as roman catholic. 17 % of the population is unaffiliated with any religious body. 1. 3 % ( 148, 380 ) were jewish. there are also small minorities of jehovah ' s witnesses ( 1 % ), muslims ( 1 % ), hindus ( < 0. 5 % ), buddhists ( < 0. 5 % ), mormons ( < 0. 5 % ), and other faiths ( 1 - 1. 5 % ). according", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40448944724122926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.861811"} {"text": ", muslims ( 1 % ), hindus ( < 0. 5 % ), buddhists ( < 0. 5 % ), mormons ( < 0. 5 % ), and other faiths ( 1 - 1. 5 % ). according to the same data, a majority of ohioans, 55 %, feel that religion is \" very important, \" 30 % say that it is \" somewhat important, \" and 15 % responded that religion is \" not too important / not important at all. \" 36 % of ohioans indicate that they attend religious services at least once weekly, 35 % attend occasionally, and 27 % seldom or never participate in religious services. in 2010, ohio was ranked no. 2 in the country for best business climate by site selection magazine, based on a business - activity database. the state has also won three consecutive governor ' s cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments. as of 2010 [ update ], ohio ' s gross domestic product ( gdp ) was $ 478 billion. this ranks ohio ' s economy as the seventh - largest of all fifty states and the district of columbia. the small business & entrepreneurship council ranked the state no. 10 for best business - friendly tax systems in their business tax index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked no. 6 at 1. 9 %. ohio was ranked no. 11 by the council for best friendly - policy states according to their small business survival index 2009. the directorship ' s boardroom guide ranked the state no. 13 overall for best business climate, including no. 7 for best litigation climate. forbes ranked the state no. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009. ohio has 5 of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to u. s. news and world report ' s 2010 rankings, and was ranked no. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools. ohio ' s unemployment rate stood at 10. 7 in may 2010, adding 17, 000 new jobs that month. ohio ' s per capita income stands at $ 34, 874. moody ' s is predicting a 1. 3 % increase in personal income in 2009 for ohio, compared to the 2007 rate of 4. 7 %. as of 2007 [ update ], ohio ' s median household income is $ 46, 645, and 13. 1 % of the population is below the poverty line, slightly above the national rate of 13 %. ohio ' s employment base is expected to grow 5 % from 2006 to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42037717652087614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.865521"} {"text": "ohio ' s median household income is $ 46, 645, and 13. 1 % of the population is below the poverty line, slightly above the national rate of 13 %. ohio ' s employment base is expected to grow 5 % from 2006 to 2016, a net gain of 290, 700 jobs. the manufacturing and financial activities sectors each compose 18. 3 % of ohio ' s gdp, making them ohio ' s largest industries by percentage of gdp. ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the midwest, and is a national leader in the \" green \" economy. ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances. 5, 212, 000 ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary. by employment, ohio ' s largest sector is trade / transportation / utilities, which employs 1, 010, 000 ohioans, or 19. 4 % of ohio ' s workforce, while the health care and education sector employs 825, 000 ohioans ( 15. 8 % ). government employs 787, 000 ohioans ( 15. 1 % ), manufacturing employs 669, 000 ohioans ( 12. 9 % ), and professional and technical services employs 638, 000 ohioans ( 12. 2 % ). ohio ' s manufacturing sector is the third - largest of all fifty united states states in terms of gross domestic product. fifty - nine of the united states ' top 1, 000 publicly traded companies ( by revenue in 2008 ) are headquartered in ohio, including procter & gamble, goodyear tire & rubber, ak steel, timken, abercrombie & fitch, and wendy ' s. many major east - west transportation corridors go through ohio. one of those pioneer routes, known in the early 20th century as \" main market route 3 \", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historic lincoln highway which was the first road across america, connecting new york city to san francisco. in ohio, the lincoln highway linked many towns and cities together, including canton, mansfield, wooster, lima, and van wert. the arrival of the lincoln highway to ohio was a major influence on the development of the state. upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1926, the lincoln highway through ohio became u. s. highway 30. ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. major east - west through routes include the ohio turnpike ( i - 80 / i - 90 ) in the north, i - 76 through akron to pennsylvania,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3954593958519734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.867892"} {"text": "u. s. highway 30. ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. major east - west through routes include the ohio turnpike ( i - 80 / i - 90 ) in the north, i - 76 through akron to pennsylvania, i - 70 through columbus and dayton, and the appalachian highway ( ohio 32 ) running from west virginia to cincinnati. major north - south routes include i - 75 in the west through toledo, dayton, and cincinnati, i - 71 through the middle of the state from cleveland through columbus and cincinnati into kentucky, and i - 77 in the eastern part of the state from cleveland through akron, canton, new philadelphia and marietta down into west virginia. interstate 75 between cincinnati and dayton is one of the heaviest traveled sections of interstate in ohio. ohio has 5 international airports, 4 commercial and 2 military. the 5 international includes cleveland hopkins international airport, which is a major hub for united airlines ( formerly continental airlines ), port columbus international airport, and dayton international airport, ohio ' s third largest airport. akron fulton international airport handles cargo and for private use. rickenbacker international airport is one of two military airfields which is also home to the 7th largest fedex building in america. the other military airfield is wright patterson air force base which is one of the largest air force bases in the united states. other major airports are located in toledo and akron. cincinnati / northern kentucky international airport is in hebron, kentucky and therefore is not listed above. law and government the executive branch is headed by the governor of ohio. the current governor is john kasich, a republican elected in 2010. a lieutenant governor succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the governor. the current lieutenant governor is mary taylor. the other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the secretary of state ( jon a. husted ), auditor ( dave yost ), treasurer ( josh mandel ), and attorney general ( mike dewine ). there are three levels of the ohio state judiciary. the lowest level is the court of common pleas : each county maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over \" all justiciable matters. \" the intermediate - level court system is the district court system. twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area. a case heard in this system is decided by a three - judge panel, and each judge is elected. the highest -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3861972661056987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.869724"} {"text": "twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area. a case heard in this system is decided by a three - judge panel, and each judge is elected. the highest - ranking court, the ohio supreme court, is ohio ' s \" court of last resort. \" a seven - justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters. the ohio general assembly is a bicameral legislature consisting of the senate and house of representatives. the senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. each senator represents approximately 330, 000 constituents. the house of representatives is composed of 99 members. | 2012 | | 47. 60 % 2, 661, 437 | | 50. 58 % 2, 827, 709 | | 2008 | | 46. 80 % 2, 677, 820 | | 51. 38 % 2, 940, 044 | | 2004 | | 50. 81 % 2, 859, 768 | | 48. 71 % 2, 741, 167 | | 2000 | | 49. 97 % 2, 351, 209 | | 46. 46 % 2, 186, 190 | | 1996 | | 41. 02 % 1, 859, 883 | | 47. 38 % 2, 148, 222 | | 1992 | | 38. 35 % 1, 894, 310 | | 40. 18 % 1, 984, 942 | | 1988 | | 55. 00 % 2, 416, 549 | | 44. 15 % 1, 939, 629 | | 1984 | | 58. 90 % 2, 678, 560 | | 40. 14 % 1, 825, 440 | | 1980 | | 51. 51 % 2, 206, 545 | | 40. 91 % 1, 752, 414 | | 1976 | | 48. 65 % 2, 000, 505 | | 48. 92 % 2, 011, 621 | | 1972 | | 59. 63 % 2, 441, 827 | | 38. 07 % 1, 558, 889 | | 1968 | | 45. 23 % 1, 791, 014 | | 42. 95 % 1, 700, 586 | | 1964 | | 37. 06 % 1, 470, 865 | | 62. 94 % 2, 49", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4632683908995103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.873938"} {"text": "1968 | | 45. 23 % 1, 791, 014 | | 42. 95 % 1, 700, 586 | | 1964 | | 37. 06 % 1, 470, 865 | | 62. 94 % 2, 498, 331 | | 1960 | | 53. 28 % 2, 217, 611 | | 46. 72 % 1, 944, 248 | ohio, nicknamed the \" mother of presidents, \" has sent seven of its native sons ( ulysses s. grant, rutherford b. hayes, james a. garfield, benjamin harrison, william mckinley, william howard taft, and warren g. harding ) to the white house. all seven were republicans. virginia native william henry harrison, a whig, resided in ohio. historian r. douglas hurt asserts that not since virginia ' had a state made such a mark on national political affairs. ' the economist notes that \" this slice of the mid - west contains a bit of everything american \u2014 part north - eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb, \" ohio has voted for the winning presidential candidate in each election since 1964, and in 33 of the 37 held since the civil war. as of 2008 [ update ], ohio ' s voter demographic leans towards the democratic party. [ dead link ] an estimated 2, 408, 178 ohioans are registered to vote as democrats, while 1, 471, 465 ohioans are registered to vote as republicans. [ dead link ] these are changes from 2004 of 72 % and 32 %, respectively, and democrats have registered over 1, 000, 000 new ohioans since 2004. [ dead link ] unaffiliated voters have an attrition of 15 % since 2004, losing an estimated 718, 000 of their kind. [ dead link ] the total now rests at 4, 057, 518 ohioans. [ dead link ] in total, there are 7, 937, 161 ohioans registered to vote. [ dead link ] in the united states presidential election of 2008, then - senator barack obama of illinois won 51. 50 % of ohio ' s popular vote, 4. 59 % more than his nearest rival, senator john mccain of arizona. however, obama won only 22 of ohio ' s 88 counties. following the 2000 census, ohio lost one congressional district in the united states house of representatives, which leaves ohio with 18 districts, and consequently, 18 representatives. the state lost two more seats following the 2010 census,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3901111343130659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.875558"} {"text": "22 of ohio ' s 88 counties. following the 2000 census, ohio lost one congressional district in the united states house of representatives, which leaves ohio with 18 districts, and consequently, 18 representatives. the state lost two more seats following the 2010 census, leaving it with 18 votes for the next 3 presidential elections in 2012, 2016 and 2020. the 2008 elections, democrats gained three seats in ohio ' s delegation to the house of representatives. this leaves eight republican - controlled seats in the ohio delegation. ohio ' s u. s. senators in the 112th congress are republican rob portman and democrat sherrod brown. marcia kaptur ( d - 9 ) is the dean, or most senior member, of the ohio delegation to the united states house of representatives. ohio ' s system of public education is outlined in article vi of the state constitution, and in title xxxiii of the ohio revised code. substantively, ohio ' s system is similar to those found in other states. at the state level, the ohio department of education, which is overseen by the ohio state board of education, governs primary and secondary educational institutions. at the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. the ohio board of regents coordinates and assists with ohio ' s institutions of higher education which have recently been reorganized into the university system of ohio under governor strickland. the system averages an annual enrollment of over 400, 000 students, making it one of the five largest state university systems in the u. s. colleges and universities - 13 state universities - bowling green state university ( bowling green ) - central state university ( wilberforce ) - cleveland state university ( cleveland ) - kent state university ( kent ) - miami university ( oxford ) - the ohio state university ( columbus ) - ohio university ( athens ) - shawnee state university ( portsmouth ) - the university of akron ( akron ) - university of cincinnati ( cincinnati ) - university of toledo ( toledo ) - wright state university ( dayton / fairborn ) - youngstown state university ( youngstown ) - 24 state university branch and regional campuses - 46 private colleges and universities - 6 free - standing state - assisted medical schools - boonshoft school of medicine ( formerly known as the wright state university school of medicine ) - heritage college of osteopathic medicine, ohio university - northeastern ohio universities college of medicine - the ohio state university college of medicine and public health - university of cincinnati college of medicine - university of toledo college of medicine ( formerly medical university of ohio ) - 15 community colleges - 8", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3975850748807267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.876927"} {"text": "the cleveland indians ), dayton dragons ( affiliated with the cincinnati reds ), lake county captains ( affiliated with the cleveland indians ), mahoning valley scrappers ( affiliated with the cleveland indians ), and toledo mud hens ( affiliated with the detroit tigers ). ohio ' s minor professional football teams include : canton legends ( american indoor football association ), cincinnati marshals ( national indoor football league ), cincinnati sizzle ( national women ' s football association ), cleveland fusion ( national women ' s football association ), cleveland gladiators ( arena football league ), columbus comets ( national women ' s football association ), columbus destroyers ( arena football league ), mahoning valley thunder ( af2 ), marion mayhem ( continental indoor football league ), and miami valley silverbacks ( continental indoor football league ). ohio ' s alternative professional hockey teams include : cincinnati cyclones ( echl ), lake erie monsters ( american hockey league ), dayton gems ( central hockey league ), mahoning valley phantoms ( north american hockey league ), toledo walleye ( echl ), and youngstown steelhounds ( central hockey league ). in lower division professional soccer, ohio accommodates the cincinnati kings and cleveland city stars, both of the united soccer league and the dayton dutch lions of the usl premier development league. former major league teams : - akron pros ( nfl ) ( 1920 \u2013 1925 ) - canton bulldogs ( nfl ) ( 1920 \u2013 1923 and 1925 \u2013 1926 ) - portsmouth spartans ( nfl ) ( 1930 \u2013 1933 ) - cincinnati red stockings ( nl ) ( 1876 \u2013 1880 ) - cleveland blues ( nl ) ( 1879 \u2013 1884 ) - cleveland spiders ( aa - nl ) ( 1887 \u2013 1899 ) - cleveland rams ( nfl ) ( 1936 \u2013 1945 ) - cleveland rebels ( baa ) ( 1946 \u2013 1947 ) - cincinnati royals ( nba ) ( 1957 \u2013 1972 ) - cleveland barons ( nhl ) ( 1976 \u2013 1978 ) - cleveland crusaders ( wha ) ( 1972 \u2013 1976 ) - cincinnati stingers ( wha ) ( 1975 \u2013 1979 ). - dayton triangles ( nfl ) ( 1920 \u2013 1929 ) - cleveland rockers ( wnba ) ( 1997 \u2013 2003 ) ohio has eight ncaa division i - a college football teams, divided among three different conferences. it has also experienced considerable success in the secondary and tertiary tiers of college football divisions. in division i - a, representing the big ten, the ohio state buckeyes football team ranks 5th among all - time winningest programs, with seven national championships and seven heisman trophy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39738571257323263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.880748"} {"text": "in the secondary and tertiary tiers of college football divisions. in division i - a, representing the big ten, the ohio state buckeyes football team ranks 5th among all - time winningest programs, with seven national championships and seven heisman trophy winners. their biggest are rivals are the michigan wolverines, whom they traditionally play each year as the last game of their regular season schedule. ohio has six teams represented in the mid - american conference : the university of akron, bowling green, kent state, miami university, ohio university and the university of toledo. the mac headquarters are based in cleveland. division iii mount union college boasts a record - setting ten national championships and also hold the record for 110 consecutive game winning streak from 1994 until 2005. they have won two of the last three d - iii national championship games. ohio ' s state symbols : | the flag of ohio. | | the seal of ohio. | | flower ( s ) | | red carnation ( 1904 ) | | mammal ( s ) | | white - tailed deer ( 1987 ) | | reptile | | black racer snake ( 1995 ) | | beverage | | tomato juice ( 1965 ) | | fossil | | isotelus maximus, a trilobite ( 1985 ) | | gemstone | | ohio flint ( 1965 ) | | motto | | \" with god all things are possible. \" ( 1959 ) | | slogan ( s ) | | so much to discover | | song ( s ) | | \" beautiful ohio \" ( 1969 ) \" hang on sloopy \" ( 1985 ) | other | | wild flower : great white trillium ( 1986 ) | released in 2002 | | lists of united states state insignia | see also\u2191jump back a section - \" why is ohio known as the buckeye state and why are ohioans known as buckeyes? \" ( pdf ). retrieved 2008 - 04 - 21. - \" ohio quick facts \". ohio historical society. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26. - \" city of columbus : fun facts \". city of columbus, ohio. 2006. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26. - according to the u. s. census july 2007 annual estimate, greater cleveland is the largest metropolitan statistical area ( msa ) that is entirely within ohio, with a population of 2, 096, 471 ; and greater cincinnati is the largest msa that is at least partially within ohio, with a a population of 2, 133, 678, approximately 25 % of which is in indiana or kentucky.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4422249297599249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.883454"} {"text": "a population of 2, 096, 471 ; and greater cincinnati is the largest msa that is at least partially within ohio, with a a population of 2, 133, 678, approximately 25 % of which is in indiana or kentucky. which msa is the largest in ohio depends on the context. - \" annual estimates of the population for the united states, regions, states, and puerto rico : april 1, 2010 to july 1, 2012 \" ( csv ). 2012 population estimates. united states census bureau, population division. december 2012. retrieved december 22, 2012. - \" elevations and distances in the united states \". united states geological survey. 2001. retrieved october 24, 2011. - elevation adjusted to north american vertical datum of 1988. - stockwell, mary ( 2006 ). \" ohio \" + \" march + 17 + 1803 \" # ppa88, m1 the ohio adventure. layton, ut : gibbs smith. p. 88. isbn 1 - 58685 - 361 - 9. - \" creation of the board of elections \". mahoning county board of elections. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25. - \" the governors of ohio \". ohio historical society. january 8, 2007. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25. - hershey, william ( november 8, 2006 ). \" strickland becomes first dem governor since ' 91 \". middletown journal. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25. - \" about lee \". office of the governor. 2009. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25. - \" democrats jennifer brunner, lee fisher to run for u. s. senate \". associated press. february 17, 2009. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27. - \" sherrod brown \". washington post. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27. - \" official usps abbreviations \". united states postal service. 1998. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26. - \" quick facts about the state of ohio \". ohio history central. retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02. \" from iroquois word meaning ' great river ' \" - mithun, marianne ( 1999 ). \" borrowing \". the languages of native north america. cambridge : cambridge university press. pp. 311 \u2013 3. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 29875 - 9. \" ohio ( ' large creek ' ) \" - \" native ohio \". american indian studies. ohio state university. archived from the original on february 2, 2007. retrieved 2007 - 02 - 25. \" ohio comes from the seneca (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3695244621191203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.893378"} {"text": "- 9. \" ohio ( ' large creek ' ) \" - \" native ohio \". american indian studies. ohio state university. archived from the original on february 2, 2007. retrieved 2007 - 02 - 25. \" ohio comes from the seneca ( iroquoian ) ohiiyo \u2019 ' good river ' \" - harvey, christopher. \" seneca \". languagegeek. retrieved 2007 - 02 - 25. 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( 2000 ). \" the math behind the 2000 census apportionment of representatives \". the green papers. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25. - pollard, kelvin ( 2008 ). \" swing, bellwether, and red and blue states \". population reference bureau. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25. - transportation delivers for ohio. ohio : department of transportation. 2003 \u2010 2 \u2010 12. archived from the original on 2008 \u2010 1 \u2010 24. retrieved december 22, 2005. - ohio coastal counties. ohio : department of natural resources. retrieved september 3, 2008. - \" ohio v. kentucky, 444 u. s. 335 \". case law. find law. 1980. - history of the appalachian regional commission. appalachian regional commission. retrieved january 3, 2006. - \" counties in appalachia \", appalachian regional commission. retrieved january 3, 2006. - \" gct - t1 ohio county population estimates \u2014 2005 \", the united states census bureau, retrieved january 3, 2006. true summation of ohio appalachia counties population ( 1, 476, 384 ) obtained by adding the 29 individual county populations together ( july 1, 2005 data ). percentage obtained by dividing that number into that table ' s estimate of ohio population as of july 1, 2005 ( 11, 464, 042 ) - \" the history of the mcd : the conservancy act \". miami conservancy district. retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13. - \" all - time temperature maximums by state ( 2003 ) \" ( pdf ). national climatic data center. retrieved november 7, 2006. - \" all - time temperature minimums by state ( 2003 ) \" ( pdf ). national climatic data center. retrieved november 7, 2006. - odnr updates ohio earthquake map to reflect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39726561659886767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.895331"} {"text": "national climatic data center. retrieved november 7, 2006. - \" all - time temperature minimums by state ( 2003 ) \" ( pdf ). national climatic data center. retrieved november 7, 2006. - odnr updates ohio earthquake map to reflect statewide seismic activity since 2002 ( news release ), ohio department of natural resources, division of geological survey ( september 18, 2007 ) - ohio seismic network, what was the biggest earthquake in ohio? - historic earthquakes : western ohio, u. s. geological survey. - \" ohio \". historic united states earthquakes. us : geological survey. - \" near lima, oh, 1884 \u2010 9 \u2010 19 \". historic earthquakes. us : geological survey. - \" near portsmouth, oh, 1986 \u2010 1 \u2010 31 \". historic earthquakes. us : geological survey. - \" northeast ohio, 1986 \u2010 1 \u2010 31 \". historic earthquakes. us : geological survey. - \" january 1986 northeastern ohio earthquake \". the ohio seismic network. ohio department of natural resources. retrieved 2009 - 09 - 13. - magnitude 4. 0 \u2013 youngstown \u2010 warren urban area, oh. us : geological survey. retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31. - the ohio seismic network. oh : department of natural resources. - catalog of ohio earthquakes, at the ohio department of natural resources web site - \" american factfinder2 custom tables : table 1 \". retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20. - \" american factfinder2 \". retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20. - knepper ( 1989 ), p. 9. - knepper ( 1989 ), p. 10. - robrt maslowski, \" cultural affiliations statement : new river gorge national river and gauley river national recreation area, national park service, accessed 2 august 2012 - knepper ( 1989 ), p. 11. - knepper ( 1989 ), p. 13. - knepper ( 1989 ), p. 14. - roseboom ( 1967 ), p. 20. - knepper ( 1989 ), pp. 14 \u2013 17. - knepper ( 1989 ), pp. 43 \u2013 44. - \" pontiac ' s rebellion \", ohio history central, july 1, 2005. - cayton ( 2002 ), p. 3. - \" religion and the congress of the confederation, 1774 - 89 \". library of congress. retrieved 11 / 4 / 12. - an act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the united states, within the state of ohio, ch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4120678953629401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.896473"} {"text": "- \" religion and the congress of the confederation, 1774 - 89 \". library of congress. retrieved 11 / 4 / 12. - an act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the united states, within the state of ohio, ch. 7, 2 stat. 201 ( feb. 19, 1803 ). - blue, frederick j. ( autumn 2002 ). \" the date of ohio statehood \". ohio academy of history newsletter. archived from the original on september 11, 2010. - joint resolution for admitting the state of ohio into the union, ( pub. l. 83 \u2013 204, 67 stat. 407, enacted august 7, 1953 ). - clearing up the confusion surrounding ohio ' s admission to statehood - knepper ( 1989 ), pp. 233 \u2013 234. - roseboom and weisenburger ( 1967 ), p. 188. - cayton ( 2002 ), p. 129. - morris ( 1992 ), pp. 10 \u2013 11. - cayton ( 2002 ), pp. 128 \u2013 129. - \" state nicknames \u2013 nicknames of u. s. states \". geography. about. com. retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02. - resident population data. \" resident population data - 2010 census \". 2010. census. gov. retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18. - \" census of population : 1970, part 37 \u2013 ohio, section 1 \" ( pdf ). united states census bureau. 1970. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27. - balistreri, kelly ( 2001 - 02 ). \" ohio population news : why did ohio lose a seat in the u. s. house of representatives? \" ( pdf ). center for family and demographic research at bowling green state university. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27. - \" 2000 population and geographic centers of ohio \" ( pdf ). ohio department of development, office of strategic research. 2001 - 03. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26. - \" population and population centers by state : 2000 \". united states census bureau. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06. - \" americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in ohio : statistical snapshot \". the plain dealer. june 3, 2012. - \" data center language list \". mla. org. 2013 - 04 - 02. retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14. - \" religious composition of ohio \". the pew forum on religion & public life. 2008. archived from the original on 2008 - 3 - 6. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41095854948937915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.897847"} {"text": ". 2013 - 04 - 02. retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14. - \" religious composition of ohio \". the pew forum on religion & public life. 2008. archived from the original on 2008 - 3 - 6. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27. - \" jewish population in the united states, by state \". jewish virtual library. retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14. - \" site selection rankings \". greyhill advisors. retrieved october 17, 2011. - \" columbus chamber announces ohio ranked on ' top 10 business climates ' list for 2009 \", earth times. retrieved november 19, 2009. - \" gdp by state \". greyhill advisors. retrieved september 15, 2011. - \" economic overview \" ( pdf ). ohio department of development. 2009 - 02. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31. - \" business tax index 2009 \", small business & entrepreneurship council. retrieved december 2, 2009. - \" small business survival index 2009 \", small business & entrepreneurship council. retrieved december 2, 2009. - \" the best states for business \", directorship. retrieved december 2, 2009. - \" the best states for business \", forbes. retrieved december 2, 2009. - \" best colleges 2010 \", u. s. news & world report. retrieved december 2, 2009. - \" best high schools : state by state statistics \", u. s. news & world report. retrieved december 2, 2009. - bls. gov ; local area unemployment statistics - \" jobless rates fall again in southeastern ohio \", zanesville times - recorder. 23 june 2010. retrieved 25 june 2010. - \" strickland : mature leader needed, rival kasich is too radical \", dayton daily news. 22 june 2010. retrieved 25 june 2010. - \" ers / usda data \". economic research service, united states department of agriculture. december 15, 2008. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31. - \" ohio quickfacts \". united states census bureau. february 20, 2009. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31. - \" economic overview \", ohio department of development, p. 1. retrieved november 19, 2009. - \" fortune 500 2008 \".. may 5, 2008. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31. - \" lottery results \" ( shtml ). office of citizen services and communications, general services administration. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31. - \" about the ohio lottery \". ohio lottery commission. 2008. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31. - kissell, margo r.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40933489011940594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.899019"} {"text": "\" ohio ' s state symbols \". ohio governor ' s residence and state garden. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26. - \" ohio ' s state motto \". ohio historical society. july 1, 2005. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27. - \" ohio ' s state rock song \". ohio historical society. july 1, 2005. retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27. - cayton, andrew r. l. ( 2002 ). ohio : the history of a people. columbus, oh : the ohio state university press. isbn 0 - 8142 - 0899 - 1 - knepper, george w. ( 1989 ). ohio and its people. kent, oh : kent state university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 87338 - 791 - 0 - mithun, marianne ( 1999 ). languages of native north america. cambridge, uk : cambridge university press. - morris, roy, jr. ( 1992 ). sheridan : the life and wars of general phil sheridan. new york : crown publishing. isbn 0 - 517 - 58070 - 5. - holli, melvin g. ( 1999 ). the american mayor. state college, pa : pennsylvania state university press. isbn 0 - 271 - 01876 - 3 - roseboom, eugene h. ; weisenburger, francis p. ( 1967 ). a history of ohio. columbus : the ohio historical society. | find more about ohio at wikipedia ' s sister projects | | definitions and translations from wiktionary | | media from commons | | learning resources from wikiversity | | news stories from wikinews | | quotations from wikiquote | | source texts from wikisource | | textbooks from wikibooks | | travel information from wikivoyage | - state of ohio official website - ohio state facts - state of ohio wiki - u. s. census bureau ( ohio quick facts ) - usgs real - time, geographic, and other scientific resources of ohio - ohio at the open directory project - geographic data related to ohio at openstreetmap | | michigan \u2022 lake erie | | kentucky \u2022 west virginia | | list of u. s. states by date of statehood admitted on march 1, 1803 ( 17th ) read in another language this page is available in 143 languages - aymar aru - \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f ( \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0446\u0430 ) - bikol central - dine bi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4320243108931635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.902813"} {"text": "bombing of mannheim in world war ii | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( october 2006 ) | as part of operation abigail rachel, the \" first deliberate terror raid \" on germany took place on december 16, although with poor effect even though one hundred tonnes of explosives and 14, 000 incendiaries were dropped on mannheim. the british had been waiting for the opportunity to experiment with such a raid aimed at creating a maximum of destruction in a selected town since the summer 1940, and the opportunity was given after the german raid on coventry. internally it was declared to be a reprisal for coventry and southampton. the new bombing policy was officially ordered by churchill on december 1, explained in the war cabinet on december 12, and operation abigail was approved on the 13th, on condition it receive no publicity and be considered an experiment. the \" air - crews, rightly, regarded it as a terror raid \". incendiaries dropped by eight bombers to mark the target missed the city center and of the 100 or so aircraft, of the 134 dispatched, that did drop bombs most missed the city center. german casualties were 34 dead and 81 injured. the lessons learned from the large dispersal of bombs over mannheim was to develop the \" bomber stream \", maximum amount of bombs over shortest time and area. despite the lack of decisive success of this raid, approval was granted for further similar raids. this was the start of a british drift away from precision attacks on military targets and towards area bombing attacks on whole cities. the largest raid on mannheim was on september 5 and 6, 1943. a large part of the city was destroyed. in 1944, raids destroyed mannheim palace, leaving only one room undamaged out of over 500. on march 2, 1945 the raf launched a 300 - bomber attack, causing a devastating firestorm. 25, 181 tons of bombs fell throughout the war. - boog, pp 507, 508 - \" royal air force bomber command campaign diary 1940 } \". deltaweb international. april 6, 2005. - boog, p 509 - boog, stumpf and rahn ( editors ) germany and the second world war : volume vi : the global war oxford university press, 2001, isbn 0 - 19 - 822888 - 0 | this world war ii article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3965554544077126, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.909584"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( april 2010 ) | a kairyu \" sea dragon \" in the aburatsubo inlet. | completed : | | 200 \u2013 213 ( sources vary ) | | type : | | kairyu ( \u6d77 \u9f8d \" sea dragon \" ) class midget submarine | | displacement : | | 19. 3 t ( 21. 3 short tons ) | | length : | | 17. 2 m ( 56 ft 5 in ) | | beam : | | 1. 3 m ( 4 ft 3 in ) | | height : | | 1. 3 m ( 4 ft 3 in ) | | propulsion : | | surface : 64 kw ( 86 hp ) diesel engine submerged : 60 kw ( 80 hp ) electric engine | speed : | | surface speed : 13 km / h ( 7. 0 kn ) submerged speed : 19 km / h ( 10 kn ) | range : | | 830 km ( 450 nmi ) at 10 km / h ( 5. 4 kn ) surfaced 70 km ( 38 nmi ) at 5. 5 km / h ( 3. 0 kn ) submerged | armament : | | 2 \u00d7 450mm torpedoes and a 600 kg ( 1, 300 lb ) explosive charge | the kairyu ( \u6d77 \u9f8d kairyu, \" sea dragon \" ) was a class of midget submarines of the imperial japanese navy, designed in 1943 \u2013 1944, and produced from the beginning of 1945. these submarines were meant to meet the invading american naval forces upon their anticipated approach of tokyo. more than 750 of these submarines were planned and by august 1945 about 210 had been manufactured. most of them were constructed at the yokosuka shipyard. these submarines had a two - man crew and were fitted with two torpedoes along with a 600 kg ( 1, 300 lb ) explosive charge intended to be used on a suicide mission. most of the kairyu submarines were based at yokosuka to defend the entrance of tokyo bay in the event of a united states invasion of mainland japan. some of these subs were also stationed in the moroiso and aburatsubo inlets on the southern tip of the miura peninsula where a training school had also been set up. due to japan ' s surrender on august 1945, after the atomic bombing of nagasaki and hiroshima, none of these submarines ever saw action. technical details all modifications of the kairyu class are constructed from 3 sections of welded steel bolted together. the sections are the fore ( warhead ), mid ( diesel engine, ballast,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44258993500825705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.913223"} {"text": "nagasaki and hiroshima, none of these submarines ever saw action. technical details all modifications of the kairyu class are constructed from 3 sections of welded steel bolted together. the sections are the fore ( warhead ), mid ( diesel engine, ballast, fuel, controls and batteries ) and finally the aft ( motor and control planes ). the bow section can be installed with or without a warhead. following on from the bow is the central section, first in this section are the batteries for the electric motor and the air flasks. then is the pilot area. he has numerous controls including controls for the fore and aft dive planes and rudders, valves for oil, fuel and water and the periscope raise / lower controls. behind the pilot are the main ballast tank and fuel tank. modification 3 while both the original and second modifications were practically identical, the third modification of the class had some notable differences. the overall length is 160 cm ( 63 in ) longer. the forward dive planes have been moved forward of the conning tower. there is no external magnetic compass and the fuel tank is now installed before the pilots control area. there is also a second periscope aft of the conning tower. this model could very well have been used for training purposes with a complement of 3. - rekishi gunzo, p. 119. - rekishi gunzo, history of the pacific war volume 36, kairyu and kaiten, gakken, tokyo, japan, 2002, isbn 4 - 05 - 602693 - 9. | wikimedia commons has media related to : kairyu - class submarine |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46044539073979956, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.913814"} {"text": "sarah bernhardt as hamlet, 1880 - 1885. | family | | king hamlet ( father ) claudius ( uncle, stepfather ) | role | | prince of denmark | | quote | | \" to be, or not to be, that is the question \" | prince hamlet is the title character and protagonist of shakespeare ' s tragedy hamlet. he is the prince of denmark, nephew to the usurping claudius and son of king hamlet, the previous king of denmark. throughout the play he struggles with whether, and how, to avenge the murder of his father, and struggles with his own sanity along the way. by the end of the tragedy, hamlet has caused the deaths of polonius, laertes, claudius and his two childhood friends rosencrantz and guildenstern. he is also indirectly involved in the deaths of his love ophelia ( drowning ) and of his mother gertrude ( poisoned by mistake ). hamlet himself is the final character to die in the play. views of hamlet perhaps the most straightforward view sees hamlet as seeking truth in order to be certain that he is justified in carrying out the revenge called for by a ghost that claims to be the spirit of his father. the 1948 movie with laurence olivier in the title role is introduced by a voiceover : \" this is the tragedy of a man who could not make up his mind. \" t. s. eliot offers a similar view of hamlet ' s character in his critical essay, \" hamlet and his problems \" ( the sacred wood : essays on poetry and criticism ). he states, \" we find shakespeare ' s ' hamlet ' not in the action, not in any quotations that we might select, so much as in an unmistakable tone... \". others see hamlet as a person charged with a duty that he both knows and feels is right, yet is unwilling to carry out. in this view, all of his efforts to satisfy himself of claudius ' guilt, or his failure to act when he can, are evidence of this unwillingness, and hamlet berates himself for his inability to carry out his task. after observing a play - actor performing a scene, he notes that the actor was moved to tears in the passion of the story and compares this passion for an ancient greek character, hecuba, in light of his own situation : - \" o, what a rogue and peasant slave am i! - is it not monstrous that this player here, - but in a fiction, in a dream of passion, - could force his soul so to his own con", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42297743880977423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.932196"} {"text": "of his own situation : - \" o, what a rogue and peasant slave am i! - is it not monstrous that this player here, - but in a fiction, in a dream of passion, - could force his soul so to his own conceit - that from her working all his visage wan ' d ; - tears in his eyes, distraction in ' s aspect, - a broken voice, and his whole function suiting - with forms to his conceit? and all for nothing! - for hecuba? - what ' s hecuba to him, or he to hecuba, - that he should weep for her? \" [ \u2026 ] etymology of his name the name hamlet occurs as early as the 10th century. his name is easily derived in from belleforest and the lost play from amlethus of saxo, and remaining in this form is then derived from its latin form of the old jutish amlethoe. from this point the name can be divided into sections with common meanings. in terms of etymology the root name of hamlet is an icelandic noun, amlooi, meaning \u2018 fool. \u2019 however, this name is derived from the way that hamlet acts in the play and is not in all actuality the true etymology of the name. the second way of translating the name is by analyzing the noun aml - ooi into \u2018 raving mad \u2019 and the second half, amla into \u2018 routine \u2019. later these names were incorporated into irish dialect as amlodhe. as phonetic laws took their course the name \u2019 s spelling changed eventually leaving it as amlaidhe. this irish name was given to a hero in a common folk story. the root of this name is \u2018 furious, raging, wild. \u2019 these are all meanings shakespeare would have been aware of when deciding on the name for his longest play. influence of the reformation it has also been suggested that hamlet ' s hesitations may also be rooted in the religious beliefs of shakespeare ' s time. the protestant reformation had generated debate about the existence of purgatory ( where king hamlet claims he currently resides ). the concept of purgatory is a catholic one, and was frowned on in protestant england. hamlet says that he will not kill his uncle because death would send him straight to heaven, while his father ( having died without foreknowledge of his death ) is in purgatory doing penance for his. hamlet ' s opportunity to kill his uncle comes just after the uncle has supposedly made his peace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4304240099567235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.933262"} {"text": "him straight to heaven, while his father ( having died without foreknowledge of his death ) is in purgatory doing penance for his. hamlet ' s opportunity to kill his uncle comes just after the uncle has supposedly made his peace with god. hamlet says that he would much rather take a stab at the murderer while he is frolicking in the \" incestuous sheets \", or gambling and drinking, so he could be sure of his going straight to hell. freudian interpretation ernest jones, following the work of sigmund freud, held that hamlet suffered from the oedipus complex. he said in his essay \" the oedipus - complex as an explanation of hamlet ' s mystery : a study in motive \" : - his moral fate is bound up with his uncle ' s for good or ill. the call of duty to slay his uncle cannot be obeyed because it links itself with the call of his nature to slay his mother ' s husband, whether this is the first or the second ; the latter call is strongly \" repressed, \" and therefore necessarily the former also. harold bloom did a \" shakespearean criticism \" of freud ' s work in response. as a mirror of the audience it has also been suggested that hamlet, who is described by ophelia as \" th \u2019 expectancy and rose of the fair state, / the glass of fashion and the mould of form \" ( act iii, scene i, lines 148 - 9 ), is ultimately a reflection of all of the interpretations possessed by other characters in the play \u2014 and perhaps also by the members of an audience watching him. polonius, most obviously, has a habit of misreading his own expectations into hamlet \u2019 s actions ( \" still harping on my daughter! \" ), though many other characters in the play participate in analogous behaviour. gertrude has a similar tendency to interpret all of her son \u2019 s activities as the result of her \" o \u2019 erhasty marriage \" alone. rosencrantz and guildenstern tend to find the stalled ambitions of a courtier in their former schoolmate \u2019 s behaviour, whereas claudius seems to be concerned with hamlet \u2019 s motivation only so far as it reveals the degree to which his nephew is a potential threat. ophelia, like her father, waits in vain for hamlet to give her signs of affection, and horatio would have little reason to think that hamlet was concerned with anything more pressing than the commandment of the ghost. and the first gravedigger seems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4623680075168237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.934555"} {"text": "his father. hamlet and fortinbras both have plans that are thwarted by uncles that are also kings. - hamlet, rosencrantz, guildenstern, osric and polonius are all courtiers. - hamlet, his father, bernardo, marcellus, francisco, fortinbras and several other characters are all soldiers. - hamlet and his father share a name ( as do fortinbras and his father ). - hamlet, horatio, rosencrantz, guildenstern and laertes are all students. - hamlet, his father, gertrude and claudius are all members of the royal family. each of them is also killed by poison \u2014 poison that claudius is responsible for. - hamlet and ophelia are each rebuked by their surviving parent in subsequent scenes ; the surviving parent of each happens to be of the opposite gender. both also enter scenes reading books and there is a contrast between the ( possibly ) pretend madness of hamlet and the very real insanity of ophelia. - hamlet, horatio, polonius, rosencrantz, guildenstern and claudius are each \" lawful espials \" at some point in the play. hamlet ' s age in act v, scene i of shakespeare ' s hamlet, the first gravedigger is asked by hamlet at about line 147 and following, how long he has \" been a grave - maker. \" his reply appears to determine the age of hamlet for us in a roundabout but very explicit manner. the gravedigger says that he has been in his profession since the day that old hamlet defeated old fortinbras, which was \" the very day that young hamlet was born. \" then, a little later, he adds that \" i have been sexton here, man and boy, thirty years. \" according to this logic, hamlet must be thirty years old. yorick, the dead jester whose skull hamlet holds during this scene, is said to have been in the earth \" three - and - twenty years, \" which would make hamlet no more than seven years old when he last rode on yorick ' s back. this view of hamlet ' s age is supported by the fact that richard burbage, the actor who originally played the role, was thirty - two at the time of the play ' s premiere. however, a case has been made that at an early stage in hamlet \u2014 with its apparent history of multiple revisions \u2014 hamlet was presented as a sixteen - year - old. several pieces of evidence support this view. hamlet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38367705326484874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.936501"} {"text": "of the play ' s premiere. however, a case has been made that at an early stage in hamlet \u2014 with its apparent history of multiple revisions \u2014 hamlet was presented as a sixteen - year - old. several pieces of evidence support this view. hamlet attends the university of wittenberg, and royals and nobles ( elizabethan or medieval danish ) did not attend university at age 30. additionally, a 30 - year old prince hamlet would clearly have been of ruling age. given his great popularity ( mentioned by claudius ), this would raise the question of why it was not he, rather than his uncle, who was elected to succeed to the throne upon the death of king hamlet. the line about the length of the gravedigger ' s career does not appear in the first quarto of hamlet ; in that text yorick is said to have been in the ground only twelve years. furthermore, in belleforest, shakespeare ' s source for the story, it is said that amleth has \" not attained to man ' s estate. \" and in the original spelling of the folio text, one of the two authoritative texts for the play, the gravedigger ' s answer to how long he has \" been a grave - maker \" reads \" why heere in denmarke : i haue bin sixeteene heere, man and boy thirty yeares.. \" \" sixteene \" is usually rendered as \" sexton \" ( a modernization of the second quarto ' s \" sexten \" ), even in modern texts that take f1 as their \" copy text. \" but modernizing the punctuation \u2014 a normal practice in modernized texts \u2014 renders \" why heere in denmarke : i haue bin sixeteene heere \u2014 man and boy thirty yeares. \" in other words, this reading suggests that he has been a grave - digger for sixteen years, but that he has lived in denmark for thirty. according to this logic, then, it is the grave - digger who is thirty, whereas hamlet is only sixteen. however, this reading has the disadvantage that in the folio the length of time yorick has been in the ground is said to be twenty - three years, meaning that he had been dead seven years by the time hamlet was born. another theory offered is that the play was originally written with the view that hamlet was 16 or 17, but since shakespeare wrote his plays to be performed, and not read, these lines were likely changed so burbage ( who was almost always the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4280535593533389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.938634"} {"text": ". another theory offered is that the play was originally written with the view that hamlet was 16 or 17, but since shakespeare wrote his plays to be performed, and not read, these lines were likely changed so burbage ( who was almost always the protagonist in shakespeare ' s plays ) could play the role. below are listed some of the notable acting portrayals of hamlet. - richard burbage originated the role of hamlet at the globe theatre. - david garrick made the role one of the centerpieces of his repertory in the 18th century. - master betty played the role at the height of his popularity in 1805, and the house of commons once adjourned early so that members of parliament could see him play it. - edwin booth was famous for the role in new york in the 1860s and 1870s. - sir henry irving, the first actor to be knighted, played hamlet for an unprecedented 200 consecutive performances at the lyceum theatre in london in 1874. - johnston forbes - robertson played the role in 1898. - john barrymore created a sensation with his performance on broadway in 1922 and again when he took it to london in 1925. - john gielgud played hamlet over 500 times between 1930 and 1945. - gustav grundgens played hamlet in the staatliches schauspielhaus in berlin in 1936. - laurence olivier first played hamlet at the old vic in 1937, later performing the production at elsinore castle. - maurice evans first played the part at the old vic theatre in 1935 and had a triumph on broadway in 1938 and 1945. - paul scofield ( actor ) played hamlet at the royal shakespeare company in 1948 and again in 1955, directed by peter brook. - richard burton first played the role at the old vic theatre in 1953 and returned to it in a 1964 broadway production that became notorious when he married elizabeth taylor during its out - of - town tryout. - david warner starred in peter hall ' s hamlet in the rsc ' s august 1965 production at stratford - upon - avon. - richard chamberlain was the first american actor to play the role in london since john barrymore. this occurred in the late 1960s, immediately after the run of dr. kildare, the tv - series in which chamberlain first made his name, ended. - vladimir vysotsky played hamlet in moscow ' s taganka theatre between 1971 and 1980. - derek jacobi played the role for the prospect theatre company in 1978. - christopher walken played the role for the american shakespeare theatre in 1982", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.3625925290511258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.941279"} {"text": "in an adaptation released in 2000. - maurice evans was the first to play the role on american television, in 1953 on the hallmark hall of fame. - christopher plummer received an emmy award nomination for a television version filmed at elsinore castle in 1964. - richard chamberlain played hamlet in a hallmark hall of fame presentation in 1970. - derek jacobi played hamlet in the 1980 bbc television shakespeare production. - kevin kline played the role in a 1990 pbs television production which he also directed, and which originated at the new york shakespeare festival. - campbell scott played the role in a u. s. 2000 television production set during the american civil war, in which polonius, ophelia, and laertes were portrayed as an african - american family. - david tennant and the rest of the original cast from the 2008 - 9 royal shakespeare company production reprised their roles for a bbc film version, which aired in the uk in december 2009. other versions in the comic book series kill shakespeare, hamlet is the central character. after he is exiled from denmark, his ship is attacked and he washes up on england. he is encountered by richard iii of england, who tells him that he is the \" shadow king \", a figure of prophecy. he tells hamlet that he must find and kill the wizard william shakespeare and retrieve his quill. he goes off, but is relentlessly pursued by assassins from richard and his lieutenant, iago. he is eventually captured by the fool known as falstaff, who helps him get out of the woods after an encounter with a being known as a prodigal. he is shot in the leg by iago, but is saved by juliet capulet and othello. hamlet stops othello from killing iago, but is taken captive by juliet and her resistance army. after going with them into a town and seeing the cruelty of richard, hamlet flees into the woods, where he is forced to face the ghost of his father. he defeats the ghost and is eventually picked up by two travellers : lysander and demetrius. - kemp malone the review of english studies, vol. 3, no. 11 ( jul., 1927 ), pp. 257 - 271 < http : / / www. jstor. org / view / 00346551 / ap020014 / 02a00000 / 0 > - the american journal of psychology, vol. 21, no. 1. ( jan., 1910 ), pp. 72 - 113. - roth, steve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3909237384771099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.944029"} {"text": "- seigniorage derived from specie \u2014 metal coins \u2014 is a tax, added to the total price of a coin ( metal content and production costs ), that a customer of the mint had to pay to the mint, and that was sent to the sovereign of the political area. - seigniorage derived from notes is more indirect, being the difference between interest earned on securities acquired in exchange for bank notes and the costs of producing and distributing those notes. seigniorage is a convenient source of revenue for some governments. scenario a a person has one ounce of gold, trades it for a government - issued gold certificate ( providing for redemption in one ounce of gold ), keeps that certificate for a year, and then redeems it in gold. that person ends up with exactly one ounce of gold again. no seigniorage occurs. scenario b instead of issuing gold certificates, a government converts gold into currency at the market rate by printing paper notes. a person exchanges one ounce of gold for its value in currency. she keeps the currency for one year, and then exchanges it all for an amount of gold at the new market value. if the value of the currency relative to gold has changed during the interim this second exchange may yield more or less than one ounce of gold. ( assume that the value or direct purchasing power of one ounce of gold remains constant through the year. ) if the value of the currency relative to gold has decreased, then the person receives less than one ounce of gold. seigniorage occurred. if the value of the currency relative to gold has increased, the redeemer receives more than one ounce of gold. seigniorage did not occur. seigniorage, therefore, is the positive return on issuing notes and coins, or \" carry \" on money in circulation. the opposite, \" cost of carry \", is not regarded as a form of seigniorage. ordinary seigniorage ordinarily seigniorage is only an interest - free loan ( for instance of gold ) to the issuer of the coin or paper money. when the currency is worn out, the issuer buys it back at face value, thereby balancing exactly the revenue received when it was put into circulation, without any additional amount for the interest value of what the issuer received. historically, seigniorage was the profit resulting from producing coins. silver and gold were mixed with base metals to make durable coins. thus the british \" sterling \" was 92. 5 % pure silver ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4957743443033691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.956764"} {"text": "interest value of what the issuer received. historically, seigniorage was the profit resulting from producing coins. silver and gold were mixed with base metals to make durable coins. thus the british \" sterling \" was 92. 5 % pure silver ; the base metal added ( and thus the pure silver retained by the government mint ) was ( less costs ) the profit, the seigniorage. usa gold coins were made from 90 % gold, 7 % silver, and 3 % copper ; one can easily see the seigniorage. currently, under the rules governing monetary operations of major central banks ( including the central bank of the usa ), seigniorage on bank notes is simply defined as the interest payments received by central banks on the total amount of currency issued. this usually takes the form of interest payments on treasury bonds purchased by central banks, putting more dollars into circulation. however, if the currency is collected, or is otherwise taken permanently out of circulation, the back end of the deal never occurs ( that is, the currency is never returned to the central bank ). thus the issuer of the currency keeps the whole seigniorage profit, by not having to buy worn out issued currency back at face value. solvency constraints of central banks the solvency constraint of the standard central bank only requires that the present discounted value of its net non - monetary liabilities ( separate from its monetary liabilities accrued through seigniorage attempts ) be zero or negative in the long run. its monetary liabilities are liabilities only in name, as they are irredeemable : the holder of base money cannot insist at any time on the redemption of a given amount of base money into anything else other than the same amount of itself ( base money ) \u2013 unless, of course, the holder of said base money is another central bank reclaiming the value of its original interest - free loan. seigniorage as a tax some economists regarded seigniorage as a form of inflation tax, redistributing real resources to the currency issuer. issuing new currency, rather than collecting taxes paid out of the existing money stock, is then considered in effect a tax that falls on those who hold the existing currency. the expansion of the money supply may cause inflation in the long run. this is one reason offered in support of free banking, a gold standard, or at a minimum the reduction of political control over central banks. the latter could then take as their primary objective ensuring a stable value of currency by controlling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5279176761094087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.958104"} {"text": "in the long run. this is one reason offered in support of free banking, a gold standard, or at a minimum the reduction of political control over central banks. the latter could then take as their primary objective ensuring a stable value of currency by controlling monetary expansion and thus limiting inflation. independence from government is required to reach this aim \u2013 indeed, it is well known in economic literature that governments face a conflict of interest in this regard. in fact, \" hard money \" advocates argue that central banks have utterly failed to obtain the objective of a stable currency. under the gold standard, for example, the price level in both england and the us remained relatively stable over literally hundreds of years, though with some protracted periods of deflation. since the us federal reserve was formed in 1913, however, the us dollar has fallen to barely a twentieth of its former value through the consistently inflationary policies of the bank. economists counter that deflation is hard to control once it sets in and its effects are much more damaging than modest, consistent inflation. banks or governments relying heavily on seigniorage and fractional reserve sources of revenue can find it counterproductive. rational expectations of inflation take into account a bank ' s seigniorage strategy, and inflationary expectations can maintain high inflation. instead of accruing seigniorage from fiat money and credit most governments opt to raise revenue primarily through taxation and other means. seigniorage today the \" 50 state \" series of quarters ( 25 - cent coins ) was launched in the u. s. in 1999. the u. s. government planned on a large number of people collecting each new quarter as it rolled out of the u. s. mint, thus taking the pieces out of circulation. each set of quarters is worth $ 14. 00 ( a complete set includes quarters for all fifty states, the five u. s. territories, and the district of columbia ). since it costs the mint about five cents for each 25 - cent piece it produces, the government made a profit whenever someone \" bought \" a coin. the u. s. treasury estimates that it has earned about us $ 6. 3 billion in seigniorage from the quarters over the course of the entire program. in some cases, national mints report the amount of seigniorage provided to their respective governments ; for example, the royal canadian mint reported that in 2006 it generated $ c93 million in seigniorage for the government of canada. the u. s. government, the largest ben", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5163259349912788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.959329"} {"text": "of seigniorage provided to their respective governments ; for example, the royal canadian mint reported that in 2006 it generated $ c93 million in seigniorage for the government of canada. the u. s. government, the largest beneficiary of seignorage, earned approximately $ 25 billion annually as of 2000. for coinage only, seigniorage accruing to the u. s. treasury per dollar issued for the fiscal year 2011 was 45 cents. occasionally, central banks have introduced limited quantities of higher - valued banknotes in unusual denominations, with the intention of these notes being collected. the denomination chosen will usually coincide with an anniversary of national significance. however, the potential seigniorage that can be earned from such printings has proven to be limited, since the unusual denomination makes the notes more difficult to circulate and only a relatively small number of people are willing to collect higher - valued notes. according to some reports, over half of zimbabwe governmental revenue in 2008 was seigniorage. zimbabwe has experienced hyperinflation ( see hyperinflation in zimbabwe ), with the annualized rate at about 24, 000 % in july 2008 ( prices doubling every 46 days ). overseas circulation a very profitable type of seignorage is from the international circulation of banknotes. while the cost of printing banknotes is minimal, the foreign entity must provide goods and services at the face value of the note to obtain it. the banknote is retained because the entity values it as a store of value because of mistrust of the local currency. overseas circulation is intimately tied in with large value banknotes. one purpose of using foreign currency is for store of value, but another is efficiency of private transactions, many of which are illegal. american currency has been circulating globally for most of the 20th century. certainly in world war ii, the amount of currency in circulation was increased several fold. however, the modern era of huge printings of the united states one hundred - dollar bill started with the fall of the soviet union in 1991. production was quadrupled with the first ever trillion dollar printing of this bill. as of the end of 2008, u. s. currency in circulation with the public amounted to $ 824 billion and 76 % of the currency supply was in the form of $ 100 denomination banknotes, amounting to twenty $ 100 bills per u. s. citizen. over the past decade there has been considerable controversy concerning the amount of u. s. currency circulating abroad.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4929418434455122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.960324"} {"text": "of the currency supply was in the form of $ 100 denomination banknotes, amounting to twenty $ 100 bills per u. s. citizen. over the past decade there has been considerable controversy concerning the amount of u. s. currency circulating abroad. porter and judson have claimed that in the mid nineties between 53 and 67 percent of u. s. currency was overseas, whereas feige \u2019 s estimates suggested a figure closer to 40 percent abroad. most recently, goldberg writing in a new york federal reserve publication asserted that \u201c about 65 percent ( $ 580 billion ) of all banknotes are in circulation outside of the country. however, these assertions are contradicted by the federal reserve board of governors flow of funds statistics which show that at the end of march 2009, only $ 313 billion ( 36. 7 percent ) of u. s. currency was held abroad. feige calculates that since 1964, \" the cumulative seigniorage earnings accruing to the u. s. by virtue of the currency held by foreigners amounted to $ 167 \u2013 $ 185 billion and over the past two decades seigniorage revenues from foreigners have averaged $ 6 \u2013 $ 7 billion dollars per year \". the american $ 100 bill has some competition, primarily from the \u20ac500 note. the larger value of the banknote makes it easier to transport larger amounts of money. as an example, $ 1 million in currency in $ 100 bills weighs 22 pounds, if, say, you were to carry it on board an airplane. it is difficult to carry this much money without a briefcase and some physical security. since it is contrary to title 26 of the united states code ( u. s. tax code ) to carry more than $ 10, 000 without reporting it ( 31 usc 5311 ), this is unlikely to pass security unnoticed. the same amount in \u20ac500 notes would weigh less than three pounds, and it could probably be dispersed in clothing and in luggage without attracting attention or alerting a security device. for many illegal operations, the problem of transporting currency is more difficult than transporting cocaine because of the size and weight of the currency. the ease of transporting banknotes makes the euro very attractive to latin american drug cartels. the swiss 1000 franc note is probably the only other banknote that is in circulation outside of its home country. it is worth slightly more than us $ 1000. however, to the non - swiss it doesn ' t provide a significant advantage over the \u20ac500 note as there are 20 times as many of the \u20ac500", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47066220396320174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.961329"} {"text": "is in circulation outside of its home country. it is worth slightly more than us $ 1000. however, to the non - swiss it doesn ' t provide a significant advantage over the \u20ac500 note as there are 20 times as many of the \u20ac500 note circulating and they are more widely recognized. as a reserve currency it is roughly 0. 1 % of the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves. governments differ radically in their issuance of large banknotes. as of august 2009, the number of 1000 swiss franc notes circulating was over three times the population of switzerland. in comparison, the number of \u00a350 banknotes circulating is slightly less than three times the population of the united kingdom. but the 1000 franc note is worth roughly \u00a3600. the british government has traditionally been wary of large banknotes since the counterfeiting operation bernhard in world war ii which caused the bank of england to withdraw all notes larger than \u00a35 from circulation, and not reintroduce other denominations until the early 1960s ( \u00a310 ), 1970 ( \u00a320 ) and march 20, 1981 ( \u00a350 ). the american treasury considered re - issuing a us $ 500 banknote when the euro banknotes began circulating. there was concern that the high value banknotes would provide competition. however, after recognition that the $ 500 banknote would provide a huge advantage to worldwide criminal operations and dictatorships, the decision was made not to pursue this option. see also - central bank - digital gold currency - fractional reserve banking - full reserve banking - demurrage ( currency ) - bank of canada ( march 2012 ). \" backgrounders : seigniorage \". retrieved 2 january 2013. - brian snowdon and howard vane, an encyclopedia of macroeconomics, p. 246 - [ hyperinflation in zimbabwe : money demand, seigniorage and aid shocks, tara mcindoe - calder central bank of ireland ; university of dublin - institute for international integration studies, may 1, 2009 ] - \" frequently asked questions \". the 50 state quarters program of the united states mint. united states mint. archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 13. retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18. - annual report ( 2006 ), royal canadian mint, p. 4 - united states mint fy 2013 president \u2019 s budget submission united states treasury - gerson, michael ( 2008 - 02 - 20 ). \" dying silently in zimbabwe \". the washington post. retrieved 2009 - 05 - 29. - edgar l. feige \" new estimates of overseas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4310890180045627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.962369"} {"text": "president \u2019 s budget submission united states treasury - gerson, michael ( 2008 - 02 - 20 ). \" dying silently in zimbabwe \". the washington post. retrieved 2009 - 05 - 29. - edgar l. feige \" new estimates of overseas u. s. currency holdings, the underground economy and the \" tax gap \" forthcoming in crime, law and social change. http : / / ideas. repec. org / p / pra / mprapa / 19564. html - porter and judson, 1996, r. d. porter and r. a. judson, the location of u. s. currency : how much is abroad? federal reserve bulletin 82 ( 1996 ), pp. 883 \u2013 903 - feige, 1997, e. l. feige, revised estimates of the underground economy : implications of u. s. currency held abroad, in o. lippert and m. walker ( ed. ) the underground economy : global evidence of its size and impact. ( 1997 ), pp. 151 \u2013 208. http : / / ideas. repec. org / p / pra / mprapa / 13805. html - goldberg, 2010, l. s. goldberg, is the international role of the dollar changing? federal reserve bank of new york, current issues in economics and finance, 16 ( 1 ) ( 2010 ) pp. 1 \u2013 7. - http : / / www. federalreserve. gov / releases / z1 / current / and see : edgar l. feige \" new estimates of overseas u. s. currency holdings, the underground economy and the \" tax gap \" http : / / ideas. repec. org / p / pra / mprapa / 19564. html - \" latin american drug cartels find home in west africa \". cnn. september 21, 2009. - \" a better way to account for fiat money at the central bank \" by thomas colignatus, december 31, 2005 - creating new money : a monetary reform for the information age, by joseph huber and james robertson [ disambiguation needed ] - extensive discussion - information about seigniorage - sovereignty & seignorage - \" the temptation of dollar seigniorage \", by kosuke takahashi of asia times online, january 23, 2009. - dollar notes to be replaced by coins \u2013 the royal mint view by the royal mint, january 16, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43482579456103215, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.963200"} {"text": "piano sonata no. 7 ( scriabin ) the piano sonata no. 7, op. 64, subtitled white mass, was written by alexander scriabin in 1911. as one of the late piano sonatas of scriabin ' s career, the music is highly chromatic and almost atonal. the white mass is closely related to its predecessor, the sixth sonata. both works were written in 1911 \u2013 12 and have structurally and stylistically more in common than any other pair of scriabin sonatas. scriabin reportedly feared the sixth sonata, considering the work to be corrupted by demonic forces and going so far as to refuse to play the work in public. scriabin composed his seventh sonata as an exorcism against the darkness of the sixth sonata, subtitling the work white mass in order to reflect its celestial nature. he intended the mood of the piece to be ecstatic, evoking images of winged flight, voluptuous rapture and overwhelming forces. the composer was especially fond of the piece, probably due to its messianic context and perfected structure, which features more contrast, rhythmic and dynamic, than most of his work. like the second sonata however, the white mass gave him a great deal of trouble during its composition. the white mass sonata is not structurally directly related to scriabin ' s ninth sonata, which was composed in 1912 \u2013 13 and would later earn the nickname black mass sonata. structure and content the piece consist of a single movement, lasting around 10 \u2013 13 minutes, and is marked as follows : additional markings provide clues to the different moods scriabin intended to convey throughout the work, such as \" mysterieusement sonore \", or \" avec une sombre majeste \". the sonata ' s recurrent harmony is first presented melodically by the theme marked \" avec une celeste volupte \". like the sixth, the seventh sonata is full of violent contrasts, complex counterpoint, advanced tritonal harmonies, and rippling, incandescent arpeggios. the chords imitating the ringing of bells were a favorite of scriabin ' s. according to leonid sabaneyev, when scriabin himself played these chords, the ringing sounded from near and afar at the same time ; a part of them sounded very real, while another sounded like an echo. the allegro marking was added later by the publisher ; the original tempo marking in scriabin ' s hand at the top of the autograph score is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4768259890005969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.967589"} {"text": "at the same time ; a part of them sounded very real, while another sounded like an echo. the allegro marking was added later by the publisher ; the original tempo marking in scriabin ' s hand at the top of the autograph score is \" prophetique \". performance history the white mass sonata is one of scriabin ' s more advanced works. notable scriabin masters such as vladimir horowitz and vladimir sofronitsky did not play or record the piece, the latter due to superstition. however, sviatoslav richter performed it a number of times throughout his career, and played it on tours as late as 1994. see also - ( 1994 ), taub notes, p. 6 - ( 1997 ), ashkenazy notes, p. 6 - sabaneev ( 2005 ), p. 169 - \" alexander scriabin : the piano sonatas \". scriabin : the piano sonatas ( cd liner ). decca. 1997. pp. 5 \u2013 7. - \" scriabin : 10 piano sonatas \". scriabin : 10 piano sonatas ( cd liner ). harmonia mundi. 2005. pp. 4 \u2013 7. - sabaneev, leonid ( 2005 ). erinnerungen an alexander skrjabin. berlin. isbn 3 - 928864 - 21 - 1. - sonata no. 7 ( scriabin ) : free scores at the international music score library project - sonata no 7 performed by jonathan powell in kiev, 30 march 2010", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4766125380243561, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.968328"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( july 2007 ) | | this article may be in need of reorganization to comply with wikipedia ' s layout guidelines. ( march 2013 ) | | | this article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. ( march 2013 ) | systems thinking is the process of understanding how things, regarded as systems, influence one another within a whole. in nature, systems thinking examples include ecosystems in which various elements such as air, water, movement, plants, and animals work together to survive or perish. in organizations, systems consist of people, structures, and processes that work together to make an organization \" healthy \" or \" unhealthy \". systems thinking has been defined as an approach to problem solving, by viewing \" problems \" as parts of an overall system, rather than reacting to specific part, outcomes or events and potentially contributing to further development of unintended consequences. systems thinking is not one thing but a set of habits or practices within a framework that is based on the belief that the component parts of a system can best be understood in the context of relationships with each other and with other systems, rather than in isolation. systems thinking focuses on cyclical rather than linear cause and effect. in systems science, it is argued that the only way to fully understand why a problem or element occurs and persists is to understand the parts in relation to the whole. standing in contrast to descartes ' s scientific reductionism and philosophical analysis, it proposes to view systems in a holistic manner. consistent with systems philosophy, systems thinking concerns an understanding of a system by examining the linkages and interactions between the elements that compose the entirety of the system. systems science thinking attempts to illustrate how small catalytic events that are separated by distance and time can be the cause of significant changes in complex systems. acknowledging that an improvement in one area of a system can adversely affect another area of the system, it promotes organizational communication at all levels in order to avoid the silo effect. systems thinking techniques may be used to study any kind of system \u2014 natural, scientific, engineered, human, or conceptual. the concept of a system the several ways to think of and define a system include :. - a system is composed of parts. - all the parts of a system must be related ( directly or indirectly ), else there are really two or more distinct systems - a system is encapsulated, has a boundary. - the boundary of a system is a decision made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6376753138797732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.986267"} {"text": "parts. - all the parts of a system must be related ( directly or indirectly ), else there are really two or more distinct systems - a system is encapsulated, has a boundary. - the boundary of a system is a decision made by an observer, or a group of observers. - a system can be nested inside another system. - a system can overlap with another system. - a system is bounded in time. - a system is bounded in space, though the parts are not necessarily co - located. - a system receives input from, and sends output into, the wider environment. - a system consists of processes that transform inputs into outputs. systems science thinkers consider that : - a system is a dynamic and complex whole, interacting as a structured functional unit ; - energy, material and information flow among the different elements that compose the system ; - a system is a community situated within an environment ; - energy, material and information flow from and to the surrounding environment via semi - permeable membranes or boundaries ; - systems are often composed of entities seeking equilibrium but can exhibit oscillating, chaotic, or exponential behavior. a holistic system is any set ( group ) of interdependent or temporally interacting parts. parts are generally systems themselves and are composed of other parts, just as systems are generally parts or holons of other systems. systems science and the application of systems science thinking has been grouped into three categories based on the techniques used to tackle a system : - hard systems \u2014 involving simulations, often using computers and the techniques of operations research / management science. useful for problems that can justifiably be quantified. however it cannot easily take into account unquantifiable variables ( opinions, culture, politics, etc. ), and may treat people as being passive, rather than having complex motivations. - soft systems \u2014 for systems that cannot easily be quantified, especially those involving people holding multiple and conflicting frames of reference. useful for understanding motivations, viewpoints, and interactions and addressing qualitative as well as quantitative dimensions of problem situations. soft systems are a field that utilizes foundation methodological work developed by peter checkland, brian wilson and their colleagues at lancaster university. morphological analysis is a complementary method for structuring and analysing non - quantifiable problem complexes. - evolutionary systems \u2014 bela h. banathy developed a methodology that is applicable to the design of complex social systems. this technique integrates critical systems inquiry with soft systems methodologies. evolutionary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6047951756216428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.988618"} {"text": "and analysing non - quantifiable problem complexes. - evolutionary systems \u2014 bela h. banathy developed a methodology that is applicable to the design of complex social systems. this technique integrates critical systems inquiry with soft systems methodologies. evolutionary systems, similar to dynamic systems are understood as open, complex systems, but with the capacity to evolve over time. banathy uniquely integrated the interdisciplinary perspectives of systems research ( including chaos, complexity, cybernetics ), cultural anthropology, evolutionary theory, and others. the systems approach | | this article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. ( february 2012 ) | the systems thinking approach incorporates several tenets : - interdependence of objects and their attributes - independent elements can never constitute a system - holism - emergent properties not possible to detect by analysis should be possible to define by a holistic approach - goal seeking - systemic interaction must result in some goal or final state - inputs and outputs - in a closed system inputs are determined once and constant ; in an open system additional inputs are admitted from the environment - transformation of inputs into outputs - this is the process by which the goals are obtained - entropy - the amount of disorder or randomness present in any system - regulation - a method of feedback is necessary for the system to operate predictably - hierarchy - complex wholes are made up of smaller subsystems - differentiation - specialized units perform specialized functions - equifinality - alternative ways of attaining the same objectives ( convergence ) - multifinality - attaining alternative objectives from the same inputs ( divergence ) a treatise on systems thinking ought to address many issues including : - encapsulation of a system in space and / or in time - active and passive systems ( or structures ) - transformation by an activity system of inputs into outputs - persistent and transient systems - evolution, the effects of time passing, the life histories of systems and their parts. - design and designers. - rather than trying to improve the braking system on a car by looking in great detail at the material composition of the brake pads ( reductionist ), the boundary of the braking system may be extended to include the interactions between the : - brake disks or drums - brake pedal sensors - driver reaction time - road conditions - weather conditions - time of day - using the tenet of \" multifinality \", a supermarket could be considered to be : - a \" profit making system \" from the perspective of management and owners - a \" distribution system \" from the perspective of the suppliers - an \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5933780958120278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.989780"} {"text": "day - using the tenet of \" multifinality \", a supermarket could be considered to be : - a \" profit making system \" from the perspective of management and owners - a \" distribution system \" from the perspective of the suppliers - an \" employment system \" from the perspective of employees - a \" materials supply system \" from the perspective of customers - an \" entertainment system \" from the perspective of loiterers - a \" social system \" from the perspective of local residents - a \" dating system \" from the perspective of single customers as a result of such thinking, new insights may be gained into how the supermarket works, why it has problems, how it can be improved or how changes made to one component of the system may impact the other components. systems science thinking is increasingly being used to tackle a wide variety of subjects in fields such as computing, engineering, epidemiology, information science, health, manufacture, management, sustainable development and the environment. professor rajagopal, egade business school building on the work of ferdinand tonnies has suggested the application of systems thinking in developing marketing strategy from the perspectives of corporate business restructuring in the post economic recession situations. | | this article may contain excessive, poor, or irrelevant examples. ( march 2013 ) | | | this article may have too many links to other articles, and could require cleanup to meet wikipedia ' s quality standards. ( march 2013 ) | - urban planning - organizational architecture - job design - team population and work unit design - linear and complex process design - supply chain design - system design - business continuity planning with fmea protocol - critical infrastructure protection via fbi infragard - delphi method \u2014 developed by rand for usaf - futures studies \u2014 thought leadership mentoring - the public sector including examples at the systems thinking review - leadership development - oceanography \u2014 forecasting complex systems behavior - quality function deployment ( qfd ) - quality management \u2014 hoshin planning methods - quality storyboard \u2014 storytech framework ( leapfrogu - ee ) - software quality - program management - project management - the vanguard method - linear thinking - gemeinschaft and gesellschaft see also | | this \" see also \" section may contain an excessive number of suggestions. please ensure that only the most relevant suggestions are given and that they are not red links, and consider integrating suggestions into the article itself. ( march 2013 ) | | | this article cites its sources but does not provide page references. ( march 2013 ) | - russell l. ackoff ( 1999 ) ackoff ' s best : his classic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5631754768903721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.990890"} {"text": "and consider integrating suggestions into the article itself. ( march 2013 ) | | | this article cites its sources but does not provide page references. ( march 2013 ) | - russell l. ackoff ( 1999 ) ackoff ' s best : his classic writings on management. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 31634 - 2 - russell l. ackoff ( 2010 ) systems thinking for curious managers. ( triarchy press ). isbn 978 - 0 - 9562631 - 5 - 5 - bela h. banathy ( 1996 ) designing social systems in a changing world ( contemporary systems thinking ). ( springer ) isbn 0 - 306 - 45251 - 0 - bela h. banathy ( 2000 ) guided evolution of society : a systems view ( contemporary systems thinking ). ( springer ) isbn 0 - 306 - 46382 - 2 - ludwig von bertalanffy ( 1976 - revised ) general system theory : foundations, development, applications. ( george braziller ) isbn 0 - 8076 - 0453 - 4 - fritjof capra ( 1997 ) the web of life ( harpercollins ) isbn 0 - 00 - 654751 - 6 - peter checkland ( 1981 ) systems thinking, systems practice. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 27911 - 0 - peter checkland, jim scholes ( 1990 ) soft systems methodology in action. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 92768 - 6 - peter checkland, jim sue holwell ( 1998 ) information, systems and information systems. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 95820 - 4 - peter checkland, john poulter ( 2006 ) learning for action. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 470 - 02554 - 9 - c. west churchman ( 1984 - revised ) the systems approach. ( delacorte press ) isbn 0 - 440 - 38407 - 9. - john gall ( 2003 ) the systems bible : the beginner ' s guide to systems large and small. ( general systemantics pr / liberty ) isbn 0 - 9618251 - 7 - 0 - jamshid gharajedaghi ( 2005 ) systems thinking : managing chaos and complexity - a platform for designing business architecture. ( butterworth - heinemann ) isbn 0 - 7506 - 7973 - 5 - charles francois ( ed ) ( 1997 ), international encyclopedia of systems and cybernetics, munchen : k. g. saur. - charles l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5175171104618015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.991781"} {"text": "( butterworth - heinemann ) isbn 0 - 7506 - 7973 - 5 - charles francois ( ed ) ( 1997 ), international encyclopedia of systems and cybernetics, munchen : k. g. saur. - charles l. hutchins ( 1996 ) systemic thinking : solving complex problems co : pds isbn 1 - 888017 - 51 - 1 - bradford keeney ( 2002 - revised ) aesthetics of change. ( guilford press ) isbn 1 - 57230 - 830 - 3 - donella meadows ( 2008 ) thinking in systems - a primer ( earthscan ) isbn 978 - 1 - 84407 - 726 - 7 - pouvreau david ( 2013 ). \" une histoire de la ' systemologie generale ' de ludwig von bertalanffy - genealogie, genese, actualisation et posterite d ' un projet hermeneutique \", doctoral thesis ( 1138 pages ), ecole des hautes etudes en sciences sociales ( ehess ), paris : http : / / tel. archives - ouvertes. fr / tel - 00804157 - john seddon ( 2008 ) systems thinking in the public sector. ( triarchy press ). isbn 978 - 0 - 9550081 - 8 - 4 - peter m. senge ( 1990 ) the fifth discipline - the art & practice of the learning organization. ( currency doubleday ) isbn 0 - 385 - 26095 - 4 - lars skyttner ( 2006 ) general systems theory : problems, perspective, practice ( world scientific publishing company ) isbn 981 - 256 - 467 - 5 - graeme snooks ( 2008 ) ' a general theory of complex living systems : exploring the demand side of dynamics '. complexity, 13 ( 6 ), july / august : 12 - 20. - frederic vester ( 2007 ) the art of interconnected thinking. ideas and tools for tackling with complexity ( mcb ) isbn 3 - 939314 - 05 - 6 - gerald m. weinberg ( 2001 - revised ) an introduction to general systems thinking. ( dorset house ) isbn 0 - 932633 - 49 - 8 - brian wilson ( 1990 ) systems : concepts, methodologies and applications, 2nd ed. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 92716 - 3 - brian wilson ( 2001 ) soft systems methodology : conceptual model building and its contribution. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 89489 - 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5488758590639178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.992651"} {"text": "applications, 2nd ed. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 92716 - 3 - brian wilson ( 2001 ) soft systems methodology : conceptual model building and its contribution. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 89489 - 3 - ludwig von bertalanffy ( 1969 ) general system theory. ( george braziller ) isbn 0 - 8076 - 0453 - 4 - dietrich dorner ( 1996 ) the logic of failure. trans. rita kimber and robert kimber. ( metropolitan books ) isbn 978 - 0 - 201 - 47948 - 5 - barry richmond ( 2001 ) introduction to systems thinking : stella. ( high performance systems ) isbn 978 - 0 - 9704921 - 1 - 1 - illustration is made by marcel douwe dekker ( 2007 ) based on an own standard and pierre malotaux ( 1985 ), \" constructieleer van de mensenlijke samenwerking \", in bb5 collegedictaat tu delft, pp. 120 - 147. - capra, f. ( 1996 ) the web of life : a new scientific understanding of living systems ( 1st anchor books ed ). new york : anchor books. p. 30 - skyttner, lars ( 2006 ). general systems theory : problems, perspective, practice. world scientific publishing company. isbn 981 - 256 - 467 - 5. | | this article ' s use of external links may not follow wikipedia ' s policies or guidelines. ( march 2013 ) | - the systems thinker newsletter glossary - the schumacher institute of sustainable systems - dancing with systems from project worldview - systems - thinking. de : systems thinking links displayed as a network - systems thinking laboratory - systems thinking - buckminster fuller institute - mit ' s system design and management program - the adansys approach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5812406731771076, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.993317"} {"text": "family : ardeidae, herons, egrets, bitterns view all from this family description adult has pure white plumage with elegant plumes evident during breeding season. legs are black and feet are yellow ( orange tinged at height of breeding season ). daggerlike bill is dark and lores are yellow for much of the time, but are flushed red in breeding season. juvenile similar to adult, but backs of legs are yellow. dimensions length : 20 - 27 \" ( 51 - 69 cm ) ; wngspn : 3 ' 2 \" ( 97 cm ) habitat associated with wetland habitats, ranging from sheltered coasts and brackish lagoons to freshwater lakes and rivers. present year - round near coasts ; summer breeding range extends inland. observation tips easy to see in suitable habitats. range new england, southeast, florida, plains, southwest, rocky mountains, western canada, california, northwest, texas, great lakes, mid - atlantic, eastern canada voice mostly silent. discussion pure white heron - like bird. superficially similar to cattle and great egrets but adult snowy egret ' s bright yellow feet, contrasting with otherwise black legs, and its black bill, are diagnostic. long periods of time are spent roosting and preening. sometimes adopts a patient, wait - and - see approach to feeding but also employs more energetic tactics in pursuit of fish, amphibians, and crustaceans. sexes are similar but immatures and adults can be separated with care. beware confusion with immature little blue heron, which is all white but has yellowish legs as well as feet, and a two - toned bill.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4020810719525655, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.995098"} {"text": "brief summaryread full entry biologythe distinctive narrow snout of the gharial is a superb adaptation for catching prey underwater. by providing very little resistance to water, it enables the gharial to whip its head sideways through the water to snatch fish with its small, razor - sharp teeth ( 2 ) ( 7 ). although adults feed primarily on fish, juvenile gharials sustain themselves on a vast array of invertebrates ( 5 ). adult females, which reach maturity and become sexually receptive at around ten years old, are defended in harems by individual males ( 5 ). although its precise function is poorly understood, it is thought that the male ' s bulbous ghara may be a visual sex indicator, sound resonator or bubbling device utilised during courtship ( 6 ). nesting occurs during the dry season when the females drag themselves onto dry land to excavate holes into which around 40 large eggs are buried ( 2 ) ( 5 ). the eggs are naturally incubated in the nest hole but the female remains near the nest to guard it from predators such as pigs, jackals, lizards and mongooses,. after around 70 days when the hatchlings are ready to emerge, they call out from inside the eggs, alerting the mother to dig the eggs out of the nest hole. while the gharial does not display the crocodilian habit of transporting hatchlings in its jaws, the young stay with their mother for several weeks to several months ( 2 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40700414486395914, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:17.997976"} {"text": "morphological and genetic variation indicate cryptic species within lamarck \u2019 s little sea star, parvulastra ( = patiriella ) exigua hart, michael w., keever, carson c., dartnall, alan j., and byrne, maria ( 2006 ) morphological and genetic variation indicate cryptic species within lamarck \u2019 s little sea star, parvulastra ( = patiriella ) exigua. biological bulletin, 210 ( 2 ). pp. 158 - 167. | pdf ( published version ) - repository staff only - requires a pdf viewer such as gsview, xpdf or adobe acrobat reader | view at publisher website : http : / / www. biolbull. org / cgi / reprint / 210 /... the asterinid sea star parvulastra exigua ( lamarck ) is a common member of temperate intertidal marine communities from geographically widespread sites around the southern hemisphere. individuals from australian populations lay benthic egg masses ( through orally directed gonopores ) from which nonplanktonic offspring hatch and metamorphose without a dispersing planktonic larval phase. scattered reports in the taxonomic literature refer to a similar form in southern africa with aborally directed gonopores ( and possibly broadcast spawning of planktonic eggs and larvae ) ; such differences would be consistent with cryptic species variation. surveys of morphology and mtdna sequences have revealed cryptic species diversity in other asterinid genera. here we summarize the taxonomic history of lamarck \u2019 s \" asterie exigue \" and survey morphological variation ( the location of the gonopores ) for evidence that some p. exigua populations include cryptic species with a different mode of reproduction. we found strong evidence for multiple species in the form of two phenotypes and modes of reproduction ( oral and aboral gonopore locations ) in populations from southern africa and islands in the atlantic and indian oceans. both modes of reproduction have broad geographic ranges. these results are consistent with previously published genetic data that indicate multiple species in african and island ( but not australian ) populations. | item type : | | article ( refereed research - c1 ) | | keywords : | | asterin sea star ; parvulastra exigua ; lamarck ; asterinid sea stars | | seo codes : | | 96 environment > 9608 flora, fauna and biodiversity > 960808 marine flora, fauna and biodiversity @ 100 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4928733889543989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.000347"} {"text": "abell, jacqueline ( 2013 ) volunteering to help conserve endangered species : an identity approach to human - animal relationships. journal of community and applied social psychology, 23 ( 2 ). pp. 157 - 170. full text not available from this repository. this study explores identity in providing voluntary help for endangered animal species. identity is a cornerstone of social psychological explanations of helping behaviour but has not been understood in relation to human - animal relationships. open - ended questionnaires were administered to 111 volunteers working in a range of international conservation projects aimed at protecting endangered animals. participants were asked their reasons for volunteering, choice of project, experiences, and expectations. thematic textual analysis explored common features across the dataset. themes identified were : identifying with animals, humans dominating nature and collective identity with the organization and fellow volunteers. the paper suggests social psychological knowledge about helping behaviour be applied to understand human - animal interactions to offer insight into the conditions under which we will engage with conservational and environmental concerns and provide aid. social psychology has been slow to apply its knowledge to an examination of human responses to the challenge of loss of biodiversity. to act, humans must identify with those they seek to protect. | journal or publication title : | | journal of community and applied social psychology | | uncontrolled keywords : | | conservation ; volunteering ; identity ; helping ; endangered species | | subjects : | | b philosophy. psychology. religion > bf psychology | | departments : | | faculty of science and technology > psychology | | deposited on : | | 29 mar 2012 16 : 29 | | last modified : | | 09 may 2013 11 : 14 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5555218756707743, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.003628"} {"text": "planning begins for experiment to study influence of aerosols on california water supply september 10, 2008 researchers from noaa ' s earth system research laboratory will participate in the calwater : energy, water, and regional climate planning meeting on september 15 - 17, 2008 at scripps institute of oceanography in la jolla, ca. participants are planning a joint experiment between noaa, the california energy commission, and scripps institute of oceanography to study the interactions between air quality and the hydrologic cycle in a changing climate. expected outcomes of this meeting include a science plan and an implementation strategy describing testable hypotheses addressing how aerosols from regional and trans - pacific pollution influence water supply and snowpack in california. the interaction of increased regional and transported pollution and global warming trends will have an unknown affect on california ' s water supplies. on one hand, air pollution may partially offset the warming trend by increasing the sunlight scattering off of aerosols which will cool the surface. but on the other hand, increasing pollution deposited within snowpacks will darken the snow which will absorb more radiation and melt the snowpack quicker reducing california ' s natural snowpack reservoirs. these non - linear and off - setting interactions are dependent on the type and amount of aerosols as well as the state of the regional climate. california is interested in finding the most effective way to simultaneously reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, aerosols, other air pollutants and their precursors while maximizing the benefits for air quality, water resources, and climate change. this experiment will leverage heavily the noaa hmt - west effort, as well as noaa ' s uas program and will address anthropogenic effects of aerosols on precipitation, and climate change impacts on the amplitude and frequency of extreme precipitation events involving atmospheric rivers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49990126615111574, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.008450"} {"text": "last week, while reading a brief article, i learned about a government that had once disfranchised immigrant chinese because they were seen as \" a threat to the purity of the ballot box. \" this same nation also recently eliminated multilingual emergency telephone lines, cutting hundreds of thousands of people off from relief believe it or not, i am speaking of the united states. throughout the world, similar acts of racism are occurring every day. presently, minority and indigenous languages are being threatened by powerful elites who are imposing an unnatural homogeneity upon people from innumerable cultural backgrounds. as a result, the vast majority of the world ' s languages are now \" endangered species, \" and the issue of \" linguistic diversity \" has become the subject of heated international debate. for many proponents of linguistic diversity, the world is being colonized by english and other \" mega - languages \" at the expense of indigenous and minority languages. today, there are more than 10, 000 languages throughout the world. alarmingly, as many as 90 percent of these languages may be extinct or moribund \u2013 that is, no longer learned by children \u2013 by the year 2100. currently, 80 percent of the world ' s languages exist in only one small region or country. thus, some people have argued that it would be beneficial, even logical, for all people to communicate in just a few international super - languages. yet a closer look at linguistic diversity indicates the profoundly negative impact the disappearance of languages will have on the planet. first, there is mounting evidence linking linguistic diversity to biodiversity and a balanced global environment. according to dr. tove skutnabb - kangas, vice - president of the international nonprofit group terralingua, \" it has taken centuries for people to learn about their environments and to name the complex ecological relationships that are decisive for maintenance of biodiversity. when indigenous peoples lose their languages, much of this knowledge also disappears. \" take for example californian english. nowhere in the vocabulary is there a terminology for indigenous agricultural methods or names for hundreds of thousands of tree species. given that we do not live in a rainforest, this is understandable. if indigenous languages from rainforest regions disappear, however, we will lose this information, which is central to the maintenance of biodiversity. and all the \" hellas \" and \" dudes \" in the world won ' t bring it back. in a recent environmental program report, u. n. officials stated, \" threatened languages store the knowledge about how to maintain and use sustainably some of the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4914846717946101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.015150"} {"text": "hellas \" and \" dudes \" in the world won ' t bring it back. in a recent environmental program report, u. n. officials stated, \" threatened languages store the knowledge about how to maintain and use sustainably some of the most vulnerable and biologically diverse environments in the world. \" in other words, as languages diminish, so does the human capacity to care for fragile ecosystems and biodiversity. secondly, it is critical to recognize that the groups most affected by linguistic colonization are the same as those which have been subjected to ongoing economic colonization over the past five centuries : indigenous and minority populations. one of the many types of violence that has been committed against these peoples throughout the last 500 years is linguistic genocide, in which indigenous culture is destroyed as mega - languages such as english or spanish become the only legal languages of a particular region. according to the original u. n. definition, linguistic genocide is \" prohibiting the use of the language of a group in daily intercourse or in schools, or the printing and circulation of publications in the language of the group. \" the definition also includes indirect prohibition, whereby native speakers of a minority language are made to feel ashamed of their language and are overlooked by publishers and libraries discriminating against literature in these languages. indigenous peoples control or manage nearly 20 percent of the world ' s land and speak over 60 percent of the world ' s languages despite representing only 4 percent of the total human population. indigenous groups effectively serve as the planet ' s guardians ; therefore, life on earth is seriously threatened when its linguistic traditions are attacked. thus, though the issue may seem farfetched, linguistic diversity is actually very relevant to our future survival. unfortunately, linguistic genocide continues daily. according to dr. skutnabb - kangas, \" the media and educational systems are the most important direct agents in language murder today, \" prioritizing certain languages over others while portraying indigenous and minority populations as backward and less competent. these patterns are present here in los angeles. in 1998, californians passed proposition 227, which institutionalized english as the sole official language for all state government programs, including health and social welfare services. the proposition paved the way for an english - based monoculture and catalyzed a national movement against linguistic diversity within the united states. perhaps most significantly, however, proposition 227 has destroyed bilingual public education in a state that is home to more than 40 percent of the nation ' s \" limited english proficient \" students. twice a week, i work as a bilingual literacy tutor in east los angeles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5110018430192085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.016266"} {"text": "most significantly, however, proposition 227 has destroyed bilingual public education in a state that is home to more than 40 percent of the nation ' s \" limited english proficient \" students. twice a week, i work as a bilingual literacy tutor in east los angeles with spanish - speaking first graders struggling to learn english in the post - 227 lausd. i have witnessed first hand the way children are led to reject their bilingualism and to see their spanish skills not as a gift, but rather as something to be ashamed of, an inheritance to renounce. if this isn ' t linguistic and cultural genocide, what is? the attack on languages is yet another way in which homogenized culture is being thrust upon our globalized planet. agricultural monocultures are dangerous for crops, rendering them more susceptible to pests and destroying soil. similarly, a cultural and linguistic monoculture is dangerous for people, destroying the foundations of our complex human relationships. in order for biodiversity and traditional / indigenous knowledge systems to survive, linguistic and cultural diversity must be maintained. in order for such diversity to be preserved, linguistic genocide has to be stopped. as dr. skutnabb - kangas wrote, \" when speakers of small languages learn other, necessary, languages in addition to their native languages, they become multilingual, and the maintenance of linguistic diversity is supported. when dominant languages such as english are learned subtractively, at the cost of the mother languages, they become killer languages. \" if we want to avoid becoming mere carbon copies of one another, and are serious about surviving, we must stop the destruction of linguistic diversity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46569747453450266, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.016888"} {"text": "this was a term paper for the public library a graduate level course offered by the school of library and information science at kent state university. the role of the public library has always been to preserve the knowledge of the past as well as the present. though this has changed slightly in the past century, with the huge volume of material being published, and the speed at which some of it becomes outdated, the role of the public library remains to collect and preserve knowledge, generally the written record. these preservation duties have included materials that survive easily - books printed on rag paper or written on vellum, stone tablets, and the like, and also materials that are quite fragile - like newspapers, papyri, and books printed on acid paper. yet even these difficult to preserve media remain well represented in many libraries. in the second half of the twentieth century, there was considerable hope given to the idea that microfilm and microform might be the best way to preserve deteriorating documents. now a similar hope is given to digitizing technology. the purpose of this paper is to investigate the best way to preserve and provide the information of the printed material into the 22nd century. it will investigate these problems almost solely from the perspective of the users, as they are the people who must use whatever solutions are provided. microfilm and microform photographic technology appeared at first to be a major innovation in the preservation and sharing of fragile and rare library materials. for centuries, conservation consisted mainly of rebinding books and making new copies of manuscripts. these methods were limited in usefulness while also being time consuming and expensive. the use of microfilms and microforms seemed to solve many of the problems associated with storage of library materials. microfilms allow for the compact photographic reproduction of fragile, deteriorating books, newspapers, and other print items. these films are easily reproduced, so that a long run of a newspaper may be photographed once and then shared by many libraries, saving the cost from each library having to preserve its own copy or having to photograph its own copy. this also allows for storage of the materials in a much more compact manner. the large scale microfilming of american newspapers and magazines was seen by many as the only way to preserve the deteriorating contents of publications on highly acidic paper, which came into use at about the time of the american civil war. due to the high acid content of the paper, books and newspapers printed on it become yellow and even brown with age. these materials require careful treatment and handling - slow, gentle opening of pages, support of covers while the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47450498600198365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.028915"} {"text": "of the american civil war. due to the high acid content of the paper, books and newspapers printed on it become yellow and even brown with age. these materials require careful treatment and handling - slow, gentle opening of pages, support of covers while the book is being read, and similar actions. in extreme cases, the paper can be so brittle that the simple stress of turning the page causes it to crack and detach from the book along the fold. microfilms, however, have their own problems. they too require a certain amount of care in their handling. they require special equipment for viewing. they deteriorate with time. they are much more difficult to read than the paper copies they replace. in short, they have many of the same problems as the acid paper they were supposed to replace. it seems the greatest problem with microfilms is image quality. a photograph, of any sort, will never be quite so clear as the original. many microfilm photographs are either out of focus or lack the resolution of the originals that they were to replace. the great loss in microfiliming is the visual content of the work. color reproductions, duotones, even black and white illustrations, become difficult to study, high contrast, poor reproductions of their originals. if we are to consider the text the only information worth saving from these items, then perhaps the microfilms are successful - they do preserve the text. however, the value of the images contained within the text is as important, often, as the text itself. these are lost, almost completely, in the process of microfilming. unfortunately, the originals from which the microfilms are made are often sold or discarded, so that the user no longer has access to the material. the digitizing of materials seems to, at the very least, replace the role of microfilm in the library. digitization can be done either by photographing an item, or by placing individual pages on a scanner. materials may also be stored just as text on the computer, either because the original was saved that way, for example, many current newspaper or magazine articles, or because it was entered into the computer in that manner, such as the e - texts provided by project gutenberg. the idea of digitization seems, at first, appealing. it seems to allow far greater access to materials, by users worldwide, with less cost to the individual library, because each library would no longer need to keep a copy of a microfilm. there are still, however, many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49035255398407085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.029925"} {"text": "at first, appealing. it seems to allow far greater access to materials, by users worldwide, with less cost to the individual library, because each library would no longer need to keep a copy of a microfilm. there are still, however, many issues that need to be dealt with in regard to digital collections. the quality of many early digitization projects seems little better than microfilm. one example of this is a project at cornell university to digitize mathematics texts. the books were disbound and then scanned flat. this avoided the problems that many other similar projects faced, that the text near the center margin was virtually unreadable, but it also rendered the books unreadable by library patrons. the resolution of the images was relatively low, and they are reproduced in a high contrast black and white. these texts, though readable, leave quite a bit to be desired. another example worth noting is the 1920 census data, as observed through ancestry plus. the scans of the images are at low resolution, and in many cases, it is difficult, if not impossible, to read the information. this can be partially attributed to the handwriting of the period, but it is not helped by the quality of the reproductions. it is also difficult to figure out what column is what, when looking at a magnified part of the page. fortunately, the corresponding data is searchable, albeit with some errors. digitization projects have gotten better with time, providing access to materials truly unavailable to most people, due to cost or fragility. the libraries of oxford university, for instance, now provide extremely high - resolution scans of ancient greek papyri. octavo publishes cd - roms of beautifully photographed rare and valuable books, with sufficient resolution for most any need. the quality of these products will continue to improve, as will the quality of displays, for the foreseeable future. whether they will approach the quality of the items they reproduce remains to be seen. other texts have been digitized so that only their text has been preserved. these include both books and journal articles. at first, this seemed a better approach, as the files created used much less space than digitized pages. as high speed internet access becomes more common, however, the desire to see something that closer represents the original becomes more prominent. these e - texts have a major advantage over their photographed counterparts - the text may be searched. this makes it far easier to find desired information in journal articles, and has led to the development of many research databases. these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.523378396549274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.030911"} {"text": "the original becomes more prominent. these e - texts have a major advantage over their photographed counterparts - the text may be searched. this makes it far easier to find desired information in journal articles, and has led to the development of many research databases. these databases tend to make it much easier for users to find the information they desire. this lack of formatting and imagery can also be seen as a negative. when the articles of a newspaper are available online, the newspaper often is not able to archive the articles from other news agencies contained in the print version of the paper. the context in which the articles appeared is lost. photographs that appeared with the stories are often not archived online. additionally, the advertisements that appeared with the print edition, a valuable record of the times, are lost. the cataloging and access to electronic sources presents some issues. the cataloging itself is not an issue - aacr and marc 21 provide for the cataloging of various types of electronic media. continued availability of the information is the biggest problem - links to cataloged electronic documents are often broken, and ownership and maintenance of the source is retained by the provider, not the library. in addition, when the library ends its subscription to a source, it is no longer available to the users, while with print sources, the back issues remain available, in most cases. preservation for the next hundred years it may be reasonably assumed that technology and reproduction will get better with time. in fact, it seems possible that at some time in the future, computer screens will be quite similar to paper, in terms of size, image quality, and durability. even given the great speed of technological advancement in this area, it seems unlikely that displays will have identical qualities to paper anytime in the next hundred years. it seems more likely that one will be able to print out full size perfect paper reproductions of newspapers and books, because paper simply has different properties and characteristics than a computer screen. microfilm ' s survival seems unlikely. with the advances in computer technology, items previously microfilmed will become available electronically. electronic versions fill the information needs of most users, and they do this more quickly, at the convenience of the user, and with greater ease. this does not, however, spell the end of the need to retain physical copies of these items. there are many materials and types of materials for which electronic copies are simply unsuitable for the information needs of the user. there are the issues noted above regarding newspapers. there is also the issue of the format - additional insights may be gained", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4953767947735075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.031914"} {"text": "of these items. there are many materials and types of materials for which electronic copies are simply unsuitable for the information needs of the user. there are the issues noted above regarding newspapers. there is also the issue of the format - additional insights may be gained by seeing material in its intended format. magazines often show an even greater need to be retained in their original format. while some scholarly journals consist almost entirely of text, and little additional information is provided in the print version, this is the exception rather than the rule. the graphical design of the magazine tells much about the culture and the creators of the publication. sometimes this can be reproduced reasonably well. for many publications, especially those with a focus on art or design, this is simply impossible. wired magazine, for instance, especially in the earlier issues, with the fluorescent inks and high quality printing, simply cannot be reproduced on a computer. or take nest, a quarterly of interiors, which often changes the physical shape of the magazine, using die cutting and the like, in relation to the theme of the issue - how does one really show a magazine with a custom woven cloth cover on the computer? many books suffer a similar fate, especially those with high quality printing. i had been content with the world publishing company ' s facsimilie edition of william morris ' s works of geoffrey chaucer now newly imprinted until i saw the electronic version published by octavo. the electronic version was, as a whole, not much better than the copy, but it let me know that there was something more there. this piqued my curiosity. so i viewed the original in the special collections of the kent state university library. it was an amazing experience. the book was so perfect, so readable, so different from what i had been looking at. the texture of the paper and the type were important in the design, as was the transparency of the paper. it was as much of a difference as the difference between looking at a reproduction of a painting in a textbook and seeing the original. we do not expect people to study art history solely by looking at reproductions. they are useful, for sure, as time and expense are required to travel to museums. however, the museums still retain the paintings, even when they require expensive conservation and care. we should take a similar attitude with books. they need to be preserved, that the originals may be read. this does not apply to all books, of course, but more reasonable decisions should be made now than have been in the past.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4862615363199383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.032901"} {"text": "care. we should take a similar attitude with books. they need to be preserved, that the originals may be read. this does not apply to all books, of course, but more reasonable decisions should be made now than have been in the past. perhaps they need not all be retained onsite, but they should be retained. baker, n. ( 2001 ). double fold : libraries and the assault on paper. new york : random house. basbanes, n. a. ( 2003 ). a splendor of letters : the permanence of books in an impermanent world. new york : harpercollins. cox, r. j. ( 2002 ). vandals in the stacks? a response to nicholson baker ' s assault on libraries. westport, connecticut : greenwood press. digital futures : strategies for the information age. new york : neal - schuman publishers. gabriel, m. r. and ladd, d. p. ( 1980 ). the microform revolution in libraries. greenwich, connecticut : jai press. jones, w., ahronheim, j. r., and crawford, j., eds. ( 2002 ). cataloging the web : metadata, aacr, and marc 21. lanham, maryland : scarecrow press. kellerman, l. s. and wilson, r., eds. ( 1996 ). digitizing technologies for preservation. systems and procedures exchange center, kit 214. washington, d. c. lee, s. d. ( 2001 ). digital imaging : a practical handbook. new york : neal - schuman publishers. project gutenberg. ( 2004 ). project gutenberg : welcome to project gutenberg. online. available at : http : / / www. gutenberg. net / accessed august 18, 2004. sitts, m. k., ed. ( 2000 ). handbook for digital projects : a management tool for preservation and access. andover, massachusetts : northeast document conservation center, 2000.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4684645007585214, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.033537"} {"text": "subsequently became company d, 19th virginia cavalry. righter ' s men were from harrison county, west virginia ; jackson county, west virginia ; ritchie county, west virginia, and taylor county, west virginia. - officers for this unit were : captain john righter, 1st lieutenant ezekiel martin, and 2nd lieutenant john anderson. - company d - a cavalry company - captain joseph r. kessler ' s company. - this company enlisted on august 17, 1862, in roane county, and its officers were commissioned on the same date. - most men enlisted in confederate service on march 15, 1863, and were assigned as company c, 19th virginia cavalry. - these men were from calhoun county, west virginia ; jackson county, west virginia ; pocahontas county, west virginia ; preston county, west virginia, and wirt county, west virginia. - leaders for this unit were : captain joseph r. kessler, 1st lieutenant j. c. keister, and 2nd lieutenant j. w. reeder. - company e - an infantry company - captain george duskey ' s company. - company officers were commissioned on september 18, 1862. - several members enlisted on september 2, 1862, at millpoint, pocahontas county, and most later served in company e, 19th virginia cavalry. - this company ' s home territory was gilmer county, west virginia. - officers for this company were : captain george duskey, 1st lieutenant james w. ball, and 2nd lieutenant c. w. minter. - company f - a cavalry company - captain henry d. ruffner ' s company. - officers were commissioned on november 1, 1862. - ruffner had served in company h, 22nd virginia infantry and later served as captain of company g, 19th virginia cavalry, and as commander of the 46th battalion virginia cavalry. some, if not most, of his company may have gone with him to that organization. - officers were : captain henry d. ruffner, 1st lieutenant john holmes, and 2nd lieutenant william h. justice. - company g - captain william o ' brien ' s company. - most of this company later served in company h, 19th virginia cavalry after the state line disbanded. - several members of the unit were from roane county, west virginia. - officers for this company were : captain william o ' brien, 1st lieutenant henry g. sampson, and 2nd lieutenant marrcellus j. west. - company h - captain matthew b. perrin ' s company. - this company ' s home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39076804713859326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.044226"} {"text": ". - officers for this company were : captain william o ' brien, 1st lieutenant henry g. sampson, and 2nd lieutenant marrcellus j. west. - company h - captain matthew b. perrin ' s company. - this company ' s home territory is not known but probably was in what is now west virginia. - officers for this company were captain matthew b. perrin, 1st lieutenant jeremiah b. howell, and 2nd lieutenant jasper w. johnson. - company i - captain edward norris ' company. - company a - an infantry company - captain george downs ' company. - beginning united states civil war research gives steps for finding information about a civil war soldier or sailor. it covers the major records that should be used. additional records are described in virginia in the civil war and united states civil war, 1861 to 1865. - national park service, the civil war soldiers and sailors system, is searchable by soldier ' s name and state. it contains basic facts about soldiers on both sides of the civil war, a list of regiments, descriptions of significant battles, sources of the information, and suggestions for where to find additional information. - virginia in the civil war describes many confederate and union sources, specifically for virginia, and how to find them.. these include compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, internet databases, published books, etc. - united states civil war, 1861 to 1865 describes and explains united states and confederate states records, rather than state records, and how to find them. these include veterans \u2019 censuses, compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, internet databases, published books, etc. - sifakis, stewart. compendium of the confederate armies : virginia. new york, ny : facts on file, 1992 - 1995. ( family history library book 975 m2ss, ten volumes. ) this gives organization information for each unit and its field officers, assignments, and battles. it also lists sources further reading. volume 5 is for virginia. - wallace, lee a. a guide to virginia military organizations, 1861 - 1865. lynchburg, virginia : h. e. howard, 1986. ( family history library book 975. 5 m2vr, volume 29. ) this gives brief historical sketches of each regiment and lists officers, company names, and commanders. - \u2191 sifakis, stewart. compendium of the confederate armies : virginia. new york, ny : facts on file, 1992 - 1995. ( family history library book 975 m2ss, ten", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37235273938858354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.045311"} {"text": "when in rome rome wasn \u2019 t built in a day, and it also took three days to sack. the visigoths ended their rampage on this day in 410. at the time, rome was little more than a very rich mausoleum. the eastern \u2013 more stable \u2013 half of the roman empire was ruled from constantinople. the western, reeling half was now tenuously ruled from ravenna. the roman empire had dispensed with rome. nonetheless, the former capital contained the accumulated treasures of rome \u2019 s past glories, and the visigoths wanted to pay their respects. but where was the roman army to prevent the barbarian rampage? well, the barbarian horde was the roman army \u2013 although flagrantly a. w. o. l. for some 20 years, the visigoths had served the empire fighting other barbarians, but it had not been the most gratifying experience. under roman command, they found themselves expendable and unappreciated \u2013 the heaviest casualties but the last to be paid. so the visigoths decided that being rome \u2019 s enemy would be more fulfilling and lucrative. led by alaric, the visigoths rampaged through greece, the balkans and then italy. of course, rome was part of the itinerary, and there really was nothing to stop them. yet, the old capital was surrounded by stout walls and should have withstood the barbarian attack. the visigoths actually lacked the manpower to completely surround and besiege rome ; they only managed to blockade rome \u2019 s gates. they also lacked the siege equipment to breach rome \u2019 s walls. yet, those walls did lack the real deterrent : anyone to man them. the romans now were so craven that treachery prevailed. someone opened a gate to the visigoths. there was some roman resistance ; it lasted a day. the visigoths sacked the city : looting and rape were wholesale, and the slaughter \u2013 more limited \u2013 but still an enthusiastic demonstration of long - held grudges. yet, the visigoths did adhere to one restraint. they were christian \u2013 albeit arians who confused jesus with thor \u2013 and so spared the churches, which only recently had confiscated the wealth of the pagan temples. nonetheless, there still were government buildings and palaces to loot, and citizens to rob. the visigoths also qualified as liberals ; they freed slaves \u2013 a considerable segment of the roman society. alaric died soon after sacking rome. let \u2019 s face it, his life would have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3530242193242658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.049548"} {"text": "lecture details : linear programming and extensions by prof. prabha sharma, department of mathematics and statistics, iit kanpur for more details on nptel visit http : / / nptel. iitm. ac. in course description : the objective of this course is to introduce those real life problems which can be formulated as linear programming problems ( lpp ). the course will be taught as a first course in optimization, hence all the concepts will be properly motivated and explained with examples. following will be discussed in particular : linear models such as ; product mix problem, nutrition problem, a blendingproblem, formulation of these problems as linear programming problems ( llp ). axioms of linearity, general form of lpp, slack and surplus variables. standard form of lpp. basic concepts of rank of a matrix, solution of a system of linear equations, examples. basic feasible solution ( bf s ), degenerate and non - degenrate, examples of basic solutions which are not feasible. upper bound on the number of bf s. upper bound on the absolute value of the basic variables. existence of bf s, moving from one bfs to another and improving the value of the objective function. optimality criteria. optimal solution is a bfs. simplex algorithm through a simple example. simplex algorithm - geometrically interpretation. definition of an affine space, polyhedron p, faces of a polyhedron \u2013 facets, edges and vertices. representation of a polyhedron in terms of extreme points and extreme rays. a basic feasible solution is an extreme point of the corresponding polyhedron. more about degeneracy. supporting hyperplane of a polyhedron. characterisation of an optimal solution in terms of supporting hyperplane. graphical illustrations. simplex algorithm - tableau format. simplex algorithm \u2013 starting feasible solution, artificial variables, phase i and phase ii methods. bounded variables case ; modification of the simplex algorithm. revised simplex algorithm. define the dual problem and its various forms. fundamental theorem of duality. farka \u2019 s theorem. complementary slackness theorem. dual simplex algorithm ; motivation, theory and a numerical example. primal dual algorithm : motivation, theory and a numerical example. sensitivity analysis of the objective function coefficient, right hand side components and elements of the matrix a. adding of constraints and activities. a comprehensive numerical example. min - cost flow problem - formulation and derivation of special cases such as transportation problem, assignment problem, max - flow problem and the shortest path problem. integer bfs property", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5937208510799383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.066249"} {"text": "of the matrix a. adding of constraints and activities. a comprehensive numerical example. min - cost flow problem - formulation and derivation of special cases such as transportation problem, assignment problem, max - flow problem and the shortest path problem. integer bfs property of transportation problem. simplified simplex algorithm for transportation problem. sensitivity analysis and bounded variable case. formulation of shortest path problem, dijkstra \u2019 s algorithm. more general shortest path algorithms, sensitivity analysis. applications of max - flow problem. algorithms and sensitivity analysis. network simplex algorithm for min \u2013 cost flow problem. ( 2 ) project planning control with pert / cpm, linear programming formulations. ( 3 ) dynamic programming : principle of optimality with proof. discrete and continuous problems. ( 2 ) backward and forward formulations. probabilistic cases. ( 2 ) game theory. two - person zero - sum game. pure and mixed strategies with examples. saddlepoint and graphical solutions. linear programming iterative solution method. computational complexity of simplex algorithm. to show through an example that the simplex algorithm can go through all the extreme points before reaching the optimal extreme point solution. ellipsoid algorithm - basic concepts and its applications. basic idea behind karmarkar \u2019 s algorithm and its applications. other resources : other mathematics courses - differential equations iii by other - trigonometry by khan academy - california standards test : geometry by khan academy - applied multivariate analysis by iit kanpur - single variable calculus by mit - algebra by khan academy - introduction to geometry by other - math 60 - introductory algebra - 1st term by portland community college - calculus of variations and integral equations by iit kanpur - differential equations ii by khan academy \u00bb check out the complete list of mathematics video lectures mathematics lecture notes - linear functional analysis by macquarie university - multivariable and vector analysis by macquarie university - probabilistic thinking by princeton university - math 735 : stochastic differential equations by university of wisconsin - math 231 : partial differential equations by uc san diego - math 100 : ubc calculus by university of british columbia - first year calculus by macquarie university - mata26y : calculus by university of toronto - topology education by university college galway - linear algebra by macquarie university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5532765389372023, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.067974"} {"text": "\u201c peaceable kingdom \u201d? not in the real, often violent world of nature. this story is featured in montana outdoors some of my most vivid memories of wild creatures come from having seen their most aggressive behaviors. two red squirrels, locked together tooth and claw, tumbling through dried leaves in a fight over territory. the flash of hummingbirds dueling over who gets the nectar from the first flowers of spring. rival bull elk twisting and smashing their antlers into each other in a contest over mates. the bellow and stomp of a cow moose defending her calf ( and sending me scrambling up a tree one afternoon ). there is no lack of warriors among the ranks of wild animals. there is also no lack of purpose behind their aggressive natures, whether they \u2019 re on the offensive or the defensive. i \u2019 m not talking about the kind of aggression shown by a predator toward its prey. as konrad lorenz points out in on aggression, \u201c the fight between predator and prey is not a fight in the real sense of the word : the stroke of the paw with which a lion kills his prey may resemble the movements that he makes when he strikes his rival \u2026 but the inner motives of the hunter are basically different from those of the fighter. the opposite process, the \u2018 counter offensive \u2019 of the prey against the predator, is more nearly related to genuine aggression. \u201d prey becomes aggressive toward a predator usually to preserve its life \u2014 like a woodchuck biting ferociously when cornered by a coyote. males and females of most species will fight viciously in self - defense. and females, such as the cow moose that chased me up a tree, can be even more aggressive than males when defending their young. though some fights occur between two different species, most battles are fought between members of the same species. though the wildlife warriors in these battles usually are not trying to kill each other, the fighting can result in death. why would members of the same species fight with such ferocity? food is one reason. animals that store and horde food for survival will aggressively protect their pantries. a squirrel jealously guards its middens of nuts and seeds, attacking any squirrels that try to steal from its stores. and a mountain lion resting near a fresh deer kill will fearlessly attack another lion that approaches. animals are also willing to fight to protect their food indirectly. for example, predators will defend a territory that provides them with enough prey, or food, to survive. this territorial aggression serves to space out members of a species across their range in a way", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45641170041063006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.088951"} {"text": "animals are also willing to fight to protect their food indirectly. for example, predators will defend a territory that provides them with enough prey, or food, to survive. this territorial aggression serves to space out members of a species across their range in a way that maintains sufficient food within each territory. but it also may limit population size. for example, if a pack of wolves cannot find, defend, or take over a suitable territory, the members may starve to death. aggression has a social function, too. by fighting, members of a pack, flock, or herd learn their place in the group \u2019 s social order. this is called the \u201c pecking order, \u201d named after chickens, which aggressively use their beaks on each other. in the strictly enforced poultry social hierarchy, a few birds never get pecked, a few always get pecked, and those in between know who they can and can \u2019 t peck. this knowledge leads to a fairly harmonious flock, with minimal pecking, until a chicken decides to contest its ranking. that \u2019 s when the feathers fly. researchers have learned that fighting can also determine overall group size. for example, when bobwhite quail bunch together during cold weather, they need a certain number of birds in the covey to stay warm. so, \u201c quail coveys keep down their own size by aggressive behavior within the usual limits of 10 to 30 birds, which appears to be the number that can roost comfortably in the characteristic circle with heads facing out, \u201d writes nicholas e. collais in animal aggression : selected reading. nothing seems to inspire aggression more than the prospect of sex. male bighorn sheep bash their heads together ; wolves lunge at each other \u2019 s throat ; bison bulls gore their rivals \u2019 flanks \u2014 all for the opportunity to mate with a fertile female. the more evenly matched the amorous rivals are in size and fighting ability, the more aggressive and determined the battle. bighorn rams, for example, have been known to fight for more than 24 hours over a ewe in estrus. though food, territory, social status, and mates may be won and kept by fighting, aggression takes its toll. animal combatants face exhaustion, injuries, time away from resting and eating, and the ultimate cost of battle : death. thus, it \u2019 s in an animal \u2019 s interest to win a war before it ever begins or to avoid a confrontation altogether. \u201c many fights involve threat displays that emphasize or advertise an animal \u2019 s size or weaponry and therefore int", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5259583660248048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.092160"} {"text": "death. thus, it \u2019 s in an animal \u2019 s interest to win a war before it ever begins or to avoid a confrontation altogether. \u201c many fights involve threat displays that emphasize or advertise an animal \u2019 s size or weaponry and therefore intimidate other animals into giving up before the fight escalates, \u201d writes dr. felicity a. huntingford in animal behavior, edited by tim halliday. a wolf raises its hackles to appear bigger to an opponent. a mule deer buck circles a rival, trying to display himself from an angle that makes his profile appear largest. a bull elk flaunts its antlers by offering a side view to opponents and by raising and lowering its head so the sweeping arc of the rack makes him appear larger than he actually is. the purpose of all this posturing \u2014 the equivalent of guys wearing muscle shirts \u2014 is to allow a visibly inferior opponent the chance to walk away from a fight before it ever begins. \u201c a male of the territorial species has a better chance to produce offspring by moving to unoccupied territory than by wasting time and energy in hopeless battles with a superior rival, \u201d writes niko tinbergen in animal behavior. \u201c success goes to the animal that knows when to flee as well as when to attack. thus it is a finely balanced system of attack and fleeing behavior rather than uninhibited aggressiveness that has value. \u201d this balancing act between fight and flight, or between anger and fear, is called \u201c agonism. \u201d it leads to some intriguing responses in animals that experience both urges at the same time. when the flight response is stronger, there is usually little indecision. for example, a forkhorn whitetail confronted by a large - beamed eight - point buck either runs off or shows submission by averting his head from the superior rival and looking away while pressing his tail between his legs. but when the fight and flight urges are equally intense, an animal may display what \u2019 s known as \u201c conflict behavior. \u201d for instance, certain fish, when faced with an aggressive rival, wildly swish their tails to propel themselves forward at the same time they are wildly back - paddling with their pectoral fins to move themselves in reverse. the end result of this conflict behavior is that the fish don \u2019 t move at all. anger and fear felt simultaneously may also give rise to what is termed a \u201c redirected response. \u201d sometimes, writes tinbergen, \u201c a provoked animal will attack, but instead of attacking the source", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.534291365194741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.096114"} {"text": "the fish don \u2019 t move at all. anger and fear felt simultaneously may also give rise to what is termed a \u201c redirected response. \u201d sometimes, writes tinbergen, \u201c a provoked animal will attack, but instead of attacking the source of its anger, perhaps a large and fearsome - looking opponent, it will attack a smaller or weaker bystander or even a stick or leaf on the ground \u2014 as you or i might, in frustrated anger, bang the table with a fist. under extreme provocation, an animal may even make movements that have no direct relationship to threats and fighting at all. male starlings will deal with the tense situation of facing each other near a nest hole by preening their plumage assiduously between bouts of actual fighting. \u201d weapons and armor actual fighting, of course, requires the use of weapons and defenses. birds use their beaks and talons to peck, bite, and puncture opponents. deer and elk fight with antlers, hooves, and teeth. horned and tusked creatures employ their weapons as battering rams and swords. insects have stingers, pincers, and nippers. snakes attack with fangs and teeth. in addition to these conventional tools of war, some animals deploy \u201c chemical weapons. \u201d the foul - smelling liquid a skunk sprays from glands at the base of its tail can hit an intended target 10 feet away, blinding and choking the adversary. skunks aren \u2019 t the only animals with a chemical arsenal. some termites squirt a toxic gluelike substance that poisons their enemies and makes them stick to the ground and to each other. and the petrel, a long - winged seabird, will spit the slimy, rank contents of its stomach \u2014 the partially digested food it regurgitates to feed its chicks \u2014 into the face of aggressors. in addition to possessing weapons, many animals and insects wear defensive body armor and shields. the cylindrical exoskeleton of an insect is made of chitin \u2014 a tough, light, flexible substance that resists chemicals and makes an ideal suit of armor. turtles and armadillos also wear protective body gear, while hedgehogs and porcupines have quills that discourage aggressors. porcupines have the added advantage of being able to use their protective covering offensively, whacking their quilled tail into an attacker \u2019 s snout ( something anyone who lives with dogs in the country knows only too well ). strategies of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4688826026508768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.099486"} {"text": ". porcupines have the added advantage of being able to use their protective covering offensively, whacking their quilled tail into an attacker \u2019 s snout ( something anyone who lives with dogs in the country knows only too well ). strategies of war when attacking others or defending themselves, animals employ special fighting tactics. when a cat or fox steals eggs or chicks from nests at night, the adult birds will \u201c mob \u201d the predator if they catch it out in the open during the day. recently, i watched a dozen magpies swooping and diving on a coyote as it crossed a field near my home. the birds actually struck the predator with their feet on several passes, forcing it to duck and cower its way into a nearby hedgerow. male musk oxen use a \u201c circle - the - wagons \u201d tactic when attacked. they stand shoulder to shoulder in a circle with their heads and horns facing out while cows and calves crowd in the center. this defensive maneuver is often enough to discourage even the hungriest wolves from attacking. when experiencing the simultaneous emotions of anger and fear, and the companion impulses to fight and to flee, some animals just bluff. a friend told me the story of an acquaintance who encountered a grizzly bear that used this tactic in the taylor - hilgard mountains of southwestern montana. the man didn \u2019 t sense trouble until the huge bear was already charging out of the bushes toward him. the sow grizzly stopped abruptly several feet from the terrified hiker, who stood frozen with fear. the bear let out a deafening woof that blew foul breath into his face, then slowly turned and herded her cub into the brush. the man was not carrying a weapon or bear pepper spray and was no match for the grizzly. of course, the grizzly could not have known that. she had been startled into charging to protect herself and her offspring, but she also must have felt the urge to flee. the hair - raising bluff was the end result. call this process of conflicting urges the psychology of animal warfare. animals will use bluffing, posturing, retreating, or any other tactic at their disposal before engaging in conflict that risks their life or that of their young. wildlife are well equipped to do battle, but it appears that most will take whatever measures are necessary to keep the peace. that \u2019 s a good lesson for any animal to learn. sam curtis, a freelance writer in bozeman, is a frequent contributor to montana outdoors. [ back to top ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4824440186503097, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.102875"} {"text": "for immediate release office of the press secretary march 25, 2002 national bone and joint decade proclamation national bone and joint decade, 2002 - 2011 by the president of the united states of america living a life free from daily bone pain or joint discomfort is something most people take for granted. our bones, joints, and connective tissues are the structure upon which all other systems of the body depend. they give us strength, mobility, protection, and stability. and they permit us to perform a great variety of physical activities that shape our daily lives. our musculoskeletal structure is a complex system of tissue and bone that is regularly subjected to trauma, metabolic and genetic processes, and the gradual wear and tear of an active life. when these bones and tissues become damaged or diseased, they can create chronic conditions that may seriously impede and sometimes permanently affect one ' s health and well - being. in the united states, musculoskeletal disorders are a leading cause of physical disability. conditions such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, back pain, spinal disorders, and fractures, also affect hundreds of millions of people around the world. and many children suffer from crippling bone and joint diseases and deformities, impeding normal development and preventing them from experiencing a full and healthy life. the incidence of musculoskeletal conditions will increase as the average age of our population increases. and our culture ' s increasing emphasis on physical activity, while important to society ' s overall well - being, will also increase the stress factors on bones and joints. ensuing disorders, if left untreated, could result in significant pain and suffering that would affect employment, well - being, and healthcare costs. national bone and joint decade, 2002 - 2011, envisions a series of international initiatives among physicians, health professionals, patients, and communities, working together to raise awareness about musculoskeletal disorders and promoting research and development into therapies, preventative measures, and cures for these disorders. advances in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and research of musculoskeletal conditions will greatly enhance the quality of life of our aging population. the national institutes of health, the national institute of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases, and other federal agencies support many bone and joint studies. industry and private professional and voluntary agencies support other initiatives. this work involves scientists examining the possible genetic causes of bone and joint diseases and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4977839729337696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.123805"} {"text": "of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases, and other federal agencies support many bone and joint studies. industry and private professional and voluntary agencies support other initiatives. this work involves scientists examining the possible genetic causes of bone and joint diseases and studying how hormones, growth factors, and drugs regulate the skeleton. other researchers are studying bone density, quality, and metabolism, and other ways to increase the longevity of joint replacements for those whose daily activities have become painful, difficult, or even impossible. these research efforts can help relieve pain and suffering and give countless children and adults the opportunity for a better life. thanks to the hard work of these dedicated researchers, we have made great progress in understanding and treating musculoskeletal disorders. i commend their efforts and encourage them to pursue diligently further research that will help those suffering from these disorders. and i hope that all americans will learn more about musculoskeletal problems, their long - and short - term effects, and the therapies and treatments available to help them. now, therefore, i, george w. bush, president of the united states of america, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the constitution and laws of the united states, do hereby proclaim the years 2002 - 2011, as national bone and joint decade. i call upon the people of the united states to observe the decade with appropriate programs and activities ; and i call upon the medical community to pursue research in this important area. in witness whereof, i have hereunto set my hand this twenty - first day of march, in the year of our lord two thousand two, and of the independence of the united states of america the two hundred and twenty - sixth. george w. bush # # #", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48592609344058657, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.125957"} {"text": "in an era when almost every energy technology is unpopular with somebody, the people who don \u2019 t want wind turbines, generating stations or new transmission lines installed in their neighborhoods often raise the idea of improving energy efficiency as an alternative. that argument is particularly common in new york state and in vermont, where state governments are trying to close nuclear reactors within their borders. so, how effectively can efficiency replace a reactor, making up for the loss of this zero - carbon energy source? not very, according to a new study of carbon dioxide output in japan in the months around the fukushima disaster. figures collected by the breakthrough institute, a group that often presents contrarian views on environmentalism and energy conservation, found that despite stringent efforts to use less energy, japan emitted 4 percent more carbon dioxide in november 2011 than it did in the same month the previous year. after a quake and tsunami in march 2011 led to three meltdowns at the fukushima nuclear plant, japan began closing other plants as well, one because it appeared vulnerable to tsunami and others because local officials did not want them running. energy consumption dropped sharply and was nearly 10 percent lower last november than in november 2010, the institute \u2019 s figures show. but with natural gas, oil and coal substituting for about 46 reactors, the production of carbon dioxide per unit of energy produced ran about 15 percent higher. the pattern was the same all year after the march 11 tsunami and quake : consumption dropped but fuel burn increased. this was true even though japan ran office air - conditioners at far reduced levels last summer and some demand had disappeared because of damage from the disaster. what analogy can be drawn at indian point, 30 miles north of new york city, or vermont yankee, near brattleboro? this month, a new york state assembly committee concluded that indian point was replaceable, an assertion sharply disputed by a business consumer group. jason grumet, an air pollution expert and founder of the bipartisan policy center, said it was hard to draw direct parallels. \u201c the circumstances in the united states are obviously different from japan, \u2019 \u2019 he said. for one thing, japan was parsimonious in its use of electricity even before fukushima, and american consumers probably have more fat to cut. but in either country, he said, it is true that \u201c a decrease in nuclear production in favor of fossil fuels will increase carbon intensity of the power sector, and total carbon dioxide emissions. \u2019 \u2019 \u201c it \u2019 s an incredibly difficult public policy challenge \u2019 \u2019 for the united states, mr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5233471787430239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.133106"} {"text": "the torah tells of the jews desperation and anguish when hope seemed lost : \u05d5\u05e4\u05e8\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d1 \u05d5\u05d9\u05e9\u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc \u05d0\u05ea \u05e2\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d5\u05d4\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e0\u05e1\u05e2 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5 \u05de\u05d0\u05d3 \u05d5\u05d9\u05e6\u05e2\u05e7\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc \u05d0\u05dc \u05d4 \u2013 pharaoh drew near, and the children of israel lifted up their eyes, and behold! the egyptians were advancing after them. they were very frightened, and the children of israel cried out to the lord. ( 14 : 10 ) rashi remarks that \u05ea\u05e4\u05e9\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd \u2013 they seized the craft of their ancestors. the seems to praise the jews. but why identify it as something their ancestors would have done? at the beginning of the slavery we find that they cry out and the ancestral heritage is not mentioned : \u05d5\u05d9\u05d4\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d4\u05dd, \u05d5\u05d9\u05de\u05ea \u05de\u05dc\u05da \u05de\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d5\u05d9\u05d0\u05e0\u05d7\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 - \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc \u05de\u05df - \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d3\u05d4, \u05d5\u05d9\u05d6\u05e2\u05e7\u05d5 ; \u05d5\u05ea\u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05d5\u05e2\u05ea\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc - \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05dd, \u05de\u05df - \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d3\u05d4 \u2013 now it came to pass in those many days that the king of egypt died, and the children of israel sighed from the labor, and they cried out, and their cry ascended to god from the labor. rashi does not explain that their cry was prayer \u2013 it obviously was \u2013 the tradition of prayer that dates back to the patriarchs. perhaps it isn \u2019 t a praise at all. an insight into the people praying : \u05d5\u05d9\u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d5 \u05d0\u05dc \u05de\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05e7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e7\u05d7\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05de\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05de\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05de\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05d1\u05de\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05d7\u05d3\u05dc \u05de\u05de\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d5\u05e0\u05e2\u05d1\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d9 \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e2\u05d1\u05d3 \u05d0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45911412176960653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.161776"} {"text": "##\u05d1\u05e8\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05d1\u05de\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05d7\u05d3\u05dc \u05de\u05de\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d5\u05e0\u05e2\u05d1\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d9 \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e2\u05d1\u05d3 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05de\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05de\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u2013 they said to moses, \u201c were there no graves in egypt that you have taken us to die in the desert? what have you done to us by taking us out of egypt?! isn \u2019 t this what we told you in egypt, saying, \u2018 leave us alone, and we will serve the egyptians, because we would rather serve the egyptians than die in the desert?! \u2019 \u201d. ( 14 : 11 - 12 ) these people are clearly not the most righteous people ; they go from prayer to wishing themselves back into slavery and rejecting g - d and moshe in a heartbeat. that is the point rashi illustrates here. they did not pray because it was the right thing to do ; they prayed because it was what their fathers would have done. \u05ea\u05e4\u05e9\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd \u2013 they seized the craft of their ancestors \u2013 not \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u2013 service, but craftsmanship ; it was work! r \u2019 yitzchok hutner queries that morning prayers before az yashir detail how hashem listened to our cries. but these cries were hardly noble, so why are mention this in our prayers? he answers with a parable, about a king who is friends with a nobleman, whose son is close to the prince. one day, whilst visiting the prince in the palace, the nobleman \u2019 s son bursts into the king \u2019 s chamber and starts shouting at the workers, and the king tells them to do as he says. it \u2019 s not because of what the nobleman \u2019 s son said or deserved : it \u2019 s because his father is the king \u2019 s friend. this is why we mention zchus avos in the opening paragraph of shemona esrei ; in spite of our lack of merit, our lineage should stand us in good stead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.441035050188662, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.165964"} {"text": "watson discovered the structure of dna when he was 24. heisenberg formulated the uncertainty principle when he was 25. newton claimed to have developed his gravitational theory when he was 24. darwin embarked on the beagle when he was 22. i could go on for hours like this. but wait. crick was 37 when he discovered the structure of dna. schroedinger was 38 when he published on wave mechanics. newton cast his gravitational theory in mathematical form when he was 37, his earlier insights likely being purely speculative. darwin finalized the theory of selection when he was 47 ( wallace being 33 at the time. ) of course i may be biased here. ever so many examples and counterexamples don ' t prove a point. one has to look at the data that ' s out there. falagas et al. ( 2008 ) ask \" at what age do biomedical scientists do their best work? \" and answer with the following age histogram of the top 5 highly cited articles for a random subset of 300 bioscientists : ( the corresponding histogram for the single - most cited paper looks noisier, propably based on people ' s tendency to cite summary reviews written in later years. ) costas et al. ( 2010 ) perform a more thorough analysis for scientists working at the spanish national research council. their results indicate that while the number of publications per scientist per year increases somewhat with age, the expected number of citations per publication decreases. however, their study lumps together all age groups younger than forty. ( top, low, and medium refer to three performance classes of researchers ). finally, the widely cited and awesomely titled kanazawa ( 2003 ) \" why productivity fades with age : the crime \u2013 genius connection \" examines the age at what 280 famous scientists made their single key contribution to science : quite depressing overall, but it seems you don ' t have to go fishing before you turn 40 ( einstein was 41 in 1920 ). at 34, chances are 50 : 50 that the best of your work still lies ahead. even better ( or worse, depending on your personal situation ), the corresponding curve for the 72 scientists in kanazawa ' s dataset who never married looks significantly different : ( this might be somewhat confounded by the unknown fraction of ( closet ) gay scientists in the sample. ) newton, erdos, tesla ( and anton bruckner ) immediately come to my mind as straight men who denied themselves the pleasures of female company, and were productive well into their forties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.598288090676742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.169295"} {"text": "the jinns in the qur \u2019 an previously, we explained that god gave prophet solomon ( pbuh ) great support by putting the jinns under his command. now, we must consider what we are told in the qur ' an. for example : and he created the jinns from a fusion of fire. ( qur ' an, 55 : 15 ) we created the jinns before out of the fire of a searing wind. ( qur ' an, 15 : 27 ) the qur ' an reveals that jinns live in their own societies, have formed communities, and that they have ancestors ( qur ' an, 7 : 38 ; 18 : 50 ) although they live in a different dimension, the jinns can see, watch, and listen to people. a demon of the jinns told prophet solomon ( pbuh ) that he could bring the queen of saba ' s throne before he got up from his seat and said \" i am strong and trustworthy enough to do it \" ( qur ' an, 27 : 39 ). these words may be alluding to the fact that he could move with great speed from one place to another and transport material objects. > god tells us why the jinns were created : \" i only created jinn and man to worship me \" ( qur ' an, 51 : 56 ). just like humanity, they are warned by messengers and divinely revealed books, are tested in this world, worship and obey god, and will receive a reward from god. the qur ' an states : o company of jinn and humanity. did not messengers come to you from among yourselves relating my signs to you and warning you of the encounter of this day of yours? they will say : \" we testify against ourselves. \" the life of this world deluded them, and they will testify against themselves that they were unbelievers. ( qur ' an, 6 : 130 ) as the verse says, the jinns experience much the same testing as humanity does. some of them are deceived by the world ' s temporary delights and ignore or reject the warning that they should follow the true path. the jinns, who can hear the messengers ' words and the qur ' an ' s recitation, and who can tell their own people what they have learned, listened to the words of prophet muhammad ( may god bless him and grant him peace ) : and we diverted a group of jinns toward you to listen to the qur ' an. when they were in earshot of it, they said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47989433719840946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.190224"} {"text": "have learned, listened to the words of prophet muhammad ( may god bless him and grant him peace ) : and we diverted a group of jinns toward you to listen to the qur ' an. when they were in earshot of it, they said : \" be quiet and listen. \" when it was over, they went back to their people and warned them. they said : \" our people, we have heard a book that was sent down after moses, confirming what came before it, guiding to the truth and to a straight path. \" ( qur ' an, 46 : 29 - 30 ) in several verses, god speaks to the jinns and human beings at the same time, advises them, and warns them against the pains of hell. in qur ' an 7 : 38, god decrees : \" enter the fire together with the nations of jinn and humanity who have passed away before you. \" those jinn and human communities who deny the qur ' an ' s truth will meet with the following fate : say : \" if both humanity and the jinns banded together to produce the like of this qur ' an, they could never produce anything like it, even if they backed each other up. \" ( qur ' an, 17 : 88 ) here are some verses in which god addresses jinns and human beings together : those are people of whom the statement about the nations, both of jinn and humanity, who passed away before them, has also proved true ; truly, they were the lost. ( qur ' an, 46 : 18 ) we created many of the jinns and humanity for hell. they have hearts with which they do not understand. they have eyes with which they do not see. they have ears with which they do not hear. such people are like cattle. no, they are even further astray! they are the unaware. ( qur ' an, 7 : 179 ) believers and unbelievers the qur ' an says that some jinns believe in god and follow his way, while others are godless and rebellious. muslim jinns listen while the qur ' an is being recited, as the verses below reveal : say : \" it has been revealed to me that a band of jinns listened and said : ' we have heard a most amazing recitation. it leads to right guidance, so we believe in it and will not associate anyone with our lord. he \u2014 exalted be the majesty of our lord! \u2014 has neither wife nor son. ' \" ( qur ' an, 72 : 1 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46401356507340835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.191934"} {"text": "it leads to right guidance, so we believe in it and will not associate anyone with our lord. he \u2014 exalted be the majesty of our lord! \u2014 has neither wife nor son. ' \" ( qur ' an, 72 : 1 - 3 ) \" the fools among us have uttered a vile slander against god. we did not think it possible for either humanity or jinn to tell a lie against god. \" ( qur ' an, 72 : 4 - 5 ) there are different groups of jinns : sincere muslims, pagans and polytheists, and those who tell lies about god. believers are told that : \" among us [ jinns ] there are some who are righteous and some who are other than that. we follow many different paths. we realized we would never thwart god on earth and would never thwart him by flight, and when we heard the guidance, we believed in it \u2026 \" ( qur ' an, 72 : 11 - 13 ) like humanity, jinns are responsible for obeying god ' s book. they will have to account for all they said and did, and will obtain a reward that is completely appropriate to their actions. believers are told that they will receive a fine reward from god : \" anyone who believes in his lord need fear neither belittlement nor tyranny. some of us are muslims and some are deviators. those who have become muslim are those who sought right guidance. \" ( qur ' an, 72 : 13 - 14 ) a calligraphic inscription in the thuluth style on a wood panel by hasan efendi, 1325 ah / 1907 ce : there is no other god but god, and muhammad is his prophet. however, those who deny god ' s existence will meet with the following fate : \" the deviators will be firewood for hellfire. \" ( qur ' an, 72 : 15 ) \" i will fill up hell with the jinn and humanity all together. \" ( qur ' an, 11 : 119 ) their communication with human beings in some cases, certain people may communicate with the jinns and, if god wills, even control them. for example, god placed the jinns under prophet solomon ' s ( pbuh ) control, and he used them in all kinds of work. such communication needs to be analyzed, for today some people, especially young people, try to summon jinns. even if some people call it calling up the heart or calling up the spirit, it is actually the jinns that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47986940098667163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.193281"} {"text": "all kinds of work. such communication needs to be analyzed, for today some people, especially young people, try to summon jinns. even if some people call it calling up the heart or calling up the spirit, it is actually the jinns that are being summoned. in some situations, even if no jinn is actually summoned up, people believe that it is anyway. generally, the jinns who answer these summons do not believe in god. their probable purpose is to make people waste their time in frivolous pursuits. deceived by these jinns, individuals think that they can gain something from them and learn something about the unseen. however, without god ' s permission, the jinns cannot provide any such information. for example, they did not know that prophet solomon ( pbuh ) had died : \" when he [ solomon ] fell down, it was made clear to the jinns that if they had truly had knowledge of the unseen, they need not have stayed there suffering humiliating punishment \" ( qur ' an 34 : 14 ). moreover, it must be remembered that \" no one in the heavens and earth knows the unseen except god \" ( qur ' an, 27 : 65 ). those who associate jinns with god some people believe that the jinns have a certain power of their own. however, this is quite wrong, for god created them and only he has real power. apart from god ' s will, they cannot harm or benefit anyone. despite this, some people hope for their assistance and regard them as their guardians : yet they make the jinns co - partners with god when he created them! and they attribute sons and daughters to him without any knowledge. glory be to him! he is far above what they describe! ( qur ' an, 6 : 100 ) a calligraphic inscription in the jali - thuluth script by omer vasfi efendi of qur ' an 38 : 50 : gardens of eden, whose gates will be open to them. the qur ' an says that some people have been misled after making contact with the jinns : \" certain men from among humanity used to seek refuge with certain men from among the jinns, but they increased them in wickedness. \" ( qur ' an, 72 : 6 ) in another verse, the qur ' an reveals that some people actually worship the jinns : they [ the angels ] will say : \" glory be to you! you are our protector, not them. no, they were worshipping the jinns", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49341812180488076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.194506"} {"text": ") in another verse, the qur ' an reveals that some people actually worship the jinns : they [ the angels ] will say : \" glory be to you! you are our protector, not them. no, they were worshipping the jinns. they mostly had faith in them. \" ( qur ' an, 34 : 41 ) a circular medallion in which is inscribed : o muhammad, upon him be peace and the names of the four rightly - guided caliphs, which are written at the corners. it is in the rococo style and illuminated with 22 - karat gold. a major reason why people associate the jinns with god and hope for their assistance is that they think that these beings know the unseen. but this is a serious error, for they have no such knowledge ( qur ' an, 34 : 14 ). the qur ' an says that they cannot guide human beings and may even make broad, yet empty, hints to lead people away from the true path. however, the jinns can influence people only if god wills it, for he created them and they move at his command : in this way, we have appointed as enemies to every prophet demons from both humanity and from the jinns, who inspire each other with delusions by means of specious words \u2014 if your lord had willed, they would not have done it, so abandon them and all they fabricate. ( qur ' an, 6 : 112 ) yesarizade ( mustafa izzet ) ( 1770 - 1849 ) 1258 ah. calligraphy on a blue background. the border is rococo style illuminated in gold with the words : may god give abundant blessing. those jinns who lead people astray, as well as those people who associate the jinns with god, will be punished with the eternal pangs of hell. those who were deluded by the jinns ' alluring words will, in the hereafter, understand the enormity of their error. on the day of judgment, whatever they associated with god will be removed, and they will understand that they are totally alone in his presence. upon learning that they will have to suffer the pangs of hell, they will beg : those who do not believe say : \" our lord, show us those jinns and men who misguided us, and we will place them beneath our feet so that they will be among the lowest of the low. \" ( qur ' an, 41 : 29 ) another verse says that fire will be their endless dwelling place : on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4674794193144992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.196069"} {"text": "men who misguided us, and we will place them beneath our feet so that they will be among the lowest of the low. \" ( qur ' an, 41 : 29 ) another verse says that fire will be their endless dwelling place : on the day we gather them all together : \" o company of jinns, you gained many followers among humanity. \" and their friends among humanity will say : \" our lord, we benefited from one another, and now we have reached the term that you determined for us. \" he will say : \" the fire is your home. you will be in it timelessly, forever, except as god wills. your lord is all - wise, all - knowing. \" ( qur ' an, 6 : 128 ) the reward of the rebellious the qur ' an reminds us that jinns and human beings are weak creatures that move by god ' s inspiration. furthermore, it states that their godless rebellion and denial of his signs will always fail, because god is the lord of the worlds and ruler of heaven and earth : o company of jinns and humanity, if you are able to pierce through the confines of the heavens and earth, pierce through them. you will not pierce through, except by a clear authority. ( qur ' an, 55 : 33 ) the reward for those who undertake such an enterprise is described as follows : \" he will pursue you with a piercing flame and fiery smoke, and you will not be helped \" ( qur ' an, 55 : 35 ). muslim jinns are aware of this reality and acknowledge their weakness by saying : \" we realized we would never thwart god on earth and would never thwart him by flight \" ( qur ' an, 72 : 12 ). in addition, the end of such rebellious is hell : when heaven is split apart and goes red like dregs of oil. so which of your lord ' s blessings do you both then deny? that day no person or jinn will be asked about his sin. so which of your lord ' s blessings do you both then deny? the evildoers will be recognized by their mark and seized by their forelocks and their feet. so which of your lord ' s blessings do you both then deny? this is hell, which the evildoers deny. ( qur ' an, 55 : 37 - 43 ) throughout this section, we have described the jinns ' characteristics. and have seen that although they have the same responsibilities as people, they are a different kind of creature. indeed, having", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5037052847420206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.198280"} {"text": "is your medication working for you? prescription drugs can enhance your life, but when not used correctly, they may have the opposite effect. medications are serious business and should never be taken lightly. ask these questions each time you \u2019 re prescribed a medication : q : how should i take this drug? a large percentage of people don ' t take their medications correctly, according to recent surveys. some never bother to fill their prescriptions in the first place. others stop taking a drug without first getting their doctors \u2019 ok. others don \u2019 t follow label instructions. it \u2019 s one thing not to take a prescribed pill for pain or cold - symptom relief when you start to feel better. it \u2019 s another to take an unsafe dose of that medication, or to fail to take a drug that could help prevent a heart attack, stroke, or diabetes - related blindness or amputation. if you know you can \u2019 t afford the drug your doctor has prescribed, speak up about it. a more affordable drug may exist. or, if you doubt the medicine can really do that much good for you, let your doctor or pharmacist know. this is your chance to learn all the facts and discuss alternatives. q : how will i know the drug is working? often, a routine test can clearly show if the drug you \u2019 re taking is doing its job. for example, a blood sugar test can help show if a diabetes medication is working. a cholesterol test can tell you about your cholesterol medication. an eye exam can show if a glaucoma drug is working. with pain medications, antihistamines, and muscle relaxants, only the person who takes them can know for sure. if your symptoms aren \u2019 t improving, be sure to let your doctor or pharmacist know so the treatment can be adjusted, if necessary. q : if i feel better, should i stop taking the medication? know the answer to this questions for any medication you are prescribed. for some drugs, stopping the dose is no problem. if allergy symptoms get better, you may do just fine without the antihistamines. these drugs can cause serious problems when you stop taking them too soon : antibiotics. bacteria can grow resistant to the medication if you don \u2019 t take all doses as prescribed, no matter how good you start to feel. as a result, your infection may return with a vengeance. worse, the medication may no longer work on that type of infection. cholesterol, diabetes, or blood pressure medications", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43951667203626577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.218612"} {"text": "all doses as prescribed, no matter how good you start to feel. as a result, your infection may return with a vengeance. worse, the medication may no longer work on that type of infection. cholesterol, diabetes, or blood pressure medications. often, people taking these medications feel just fine even when they quit taking the drugs. however, over time this can lead to stroke, heart attack, heart failure, diabetes, amputations, blindness, or kidney failure. in some cases, going off a drug abruptly can cause serious short - term problems, as well. for example, blood pressure can actually shoot higher than it was before treatment if you stop taking your blood pressure medication abruptly. when in doubt, check with your doctor or pharmacist before stopping a medication. q : if i feel worse than before, should i keep taking it? follow label instructions regarding side effects. sometimes it \u2019 s important to immediately stop taking a drug and contact a health care provider. in any case, get your doctor \u2019 s or pharmacist \u2019 s advice first. q : is this drug really the right one for me? if you \u2019 ve been taking a particular drug for years to treat a chronic condition, it could be time for you to review your prescription with your health care provider. there may be a newer drug that \u2019 s more effective, has fewer side effects, or can substitute for multiple drugs. so, to get the most out of your medications, take them seriously, ask questions, and take your medications as prescribed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45140070555458417, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.219518"} {"text": "older men are more likely than younger ones to have children with autism or schizophrenia, and a new genetic study points to why : compared with younger dads, older fathers pass on significantly more random genetic mutations to their offspring that increase the risk for these conditions. and when compared to the genetic contributions of the mother, older fathers are responsible for nearly all of a child \u2019 s random genetic mutations : a father \u2019 s age at conception may account for 97 % of the new, or de novo, mutations found in his offspring, according to the new study led by augustine kong at decode genetics in iceland. the findings may partly explain the rise in autism diagnoses in recent decades \u2014 the rate has reached 1 in 88 children in the u. s. \u2014 and they shore up previous studies finding that children born to older dads are more likely to have developmental and psychiatric disorders. the study also counters the common assumption that it is a mother \u2019 s advanced age that contributes to these problems. while older mothers are more likely to have children with chromosomal abnormalities, such as down syndrome, the new study finds that it is the father \u2019 s age that accounts for virtually all of the genetic risk of autism and schizophrenia attributable to de novo mutations. \u201c our data indicate there is probably much more reason to be concerned with the age of the father, \u201d says dr. kari stefansson, ceo of decode and senior author of the paper, published in nature. de novo mutations are changes in dna that arise spontaneously in egg or sperm cells around conception. most people are born with many such mutations, and most of these changes are harmless. however, some of these mutations have been associated with increased autism risk in previous studies, with that risk rising along with the age of the father. that makes sense since sperm, unlike women \u2019 s eggs, are made constantly throughout a man \u2019 s life. with each cell division, the entire genome is copied \u2014 and with three billion base pairs packed into 23 pairs of chromosomes, errors can occur in replication. the older men are, the more times his reproductive cells have continuously divided, generating new genetic material \u2014 sometimes under environmental exposures such as radiation or other chemical influences that can affect the accuracy with which dna is replicated. in contrast, a woman \u2019 s egg cells don \u2019 t divide until they mature in the ovaries. the study found that a 20 - year - old dad passes on an average of 25 new genetic mutations to his child, while a 40 - year - old passes 65. for each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.493808087882273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.228985"} {"text": "cells don \u2019 t divide until they mature in the ovaries. the study found that a 20 - year - old dad passes on an average of 25 new genetic mutations to his child, while a 40 - year - old passes 65. for each additional year in the father \u2019 s age, children gained two new mutations in their dna, resulting in a doubling of the de novo mutation rate for every 16. 5 years of paternal age. a mother transmits about 15 new mutations, regardless of age. \u201c it \u2019 s not surprising, and makes sense that it is this way, \u201d says stefansson. the study involved the sequencing of the full genomes of 78 trios of mother, father and child, in which the children were affected by either autism or schizophrenia but their parents had no mental disorder. the decode scientists were thus able to identify new mutations in children \u2019 s dna that didn \u2019 t exist in the genetic material of the parents. the researchers also decoded the genomes of 1, 859 unrelated icelanders for comparison, in order to determine which mutations were meaningful and which were background noise. the analysis showed that while paternal age had a statistically significant effect on mutation rates in children, maternal age did not. the decode scientists looked specifically at families affected by autism and schizophrenia because these conditions are caused by a range of mutations, and the researchers were more likely to detect an effect of father \u2019 s age with these conditions than with others ; brain disorders are likely to be most affected by de novo mutations because more of our active genes play a role in the development of the brain than elsewhere in the body but while new genetic mutations associated with a father \u2019 s age may account for 15 % or more of cases of autism, that \u2019 s not the full story ; at least half of the risk is believed to be due to inherited genes, along with other possible environmental exposures. the findings also give us insight into how our gene pool is changing, and what, in modern times, is driving the genetic diversity that is critical to the survival of our species. every difference in our dna that distinguishes each of us as individuals, or that separates homo sapiens from other species, arguably got its start as a mutation. some of these alterations in dna occur by chance, during cell division, others are triggered by exposure to environmental factors, while still others are selected for when they happen to confer some survival advantage, such as an ability to ward off disease. \u201c it \u2019 s extraordinarily important to determine the mutation rate and determine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5456653365558283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.230879"} {"text": "others are triggered by exposure to environmental factors, while still others are selected for when they happen to confer some survival advantage, such as an ability to ward off disease. \u201c it \u2019 s extraordinarily important to determine the mutation rate and determine the factors that influence the mutation rate, \u201d says stefansson. \u201c mutations are the things that underpin the future diversity of our species. \u201d the age at which fathers decide to have children may be the driving force behind modern mutation rates, stefansson and his colleagues found. indeed, in iceland, the researchers estimated that children born in 2011 would have 17 % more de novo mutations than those born in 1980 ( 70 mutations versus 60 ). over that time period, the average age of fathers rose from 28 to 33. \u201c it \u2019 s basically a compelling connection between the rise in mutation rate and the rise in prevalence of these diseases, [ such as autism and schizophrenia ], \u201d stefansson says. if the findings hold up and the paternal - age effect on the de novo mutation rate is found to affect children \u2019 s health broadly, \u201c then collecting the sperm of young adult men and cold - storing it for later use could be a wise individual decision, \u201d wrote alexey kondrashov of the university of michigan in an editorial accompanying the new study. but other experts say that may not be necessary. not all such mutations are deleterious, and even the ones that are must occur in the right combinations to generate disease. \u201c the observed effect is a significant one but not one necessarily to cause great worry among prospective older fathers, \u201d darren griffin, a professor of genetics at university of kent, wrote in a comment on the results. \u201c there are three billion of letters in the dna code of humans and the numbers of mutations detected in this study are in the dozens \u2026 and not realistically likely to deter more mature fathers from having children. \u201d it might, however, give them pause before putting off fatherhood for too long.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.493325257109532, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.232033"} {"text": "1st and 4th or, a chief indented azure ; 2nd and 3rd gules three covered cups or. out of a ducal coronet or a plume of five ostrich feathers argent, therefrom issuant a falcon rising of the last. utler is a name to be found in every walk of life in ireland. the name is true of england. in the absence of a reliable pedigree, or at least a well established tradition, the origin of individual butlers in ireland to - day cannot be suggested with confidence. the history of the ormond butlers, however, is very well authenticated - indeed for more than seven centuries their history is the history of anglo - irish relations - from 1171 when theobald fitzwalter accompanied henry ii to ireland, till our own time when the ancestral castle of kilkenny was abandoned as the seat of the family and the voluminous ormond manuscript collection was taken over by the national library of ireland, where it forms an invaluable source for irish as well as for butler family history. the surname butler, as far as ireland is concerned, dates from about the year 1220 : it arose from the fact that in 1177 the theobald fitzwalter, mentioned above, was created chief butler of ireland. the seventh in descent from him was created earl of ormond in 1328. in 1391 the head - quarters of the ormonds was removed from gowran to kilkenny castle. for centuries a rivalry existed between the butlers and the geraldines ( see fitzgerald ), and it may be said that up to the death of the great duke of ormond in 1688, the effective government of the country ( or, at least, as much of it as for the time being acknowledged allegiance to the king of england ) was in the hands of one or the other of these great norman houses. the butlers have generally been regarded as more consistently loyal to the sovereign than their rivals, but as standish o ' grady in his edition of pacata hibernia points out, being weaker than the gerlaldines they were forced to lean on the state, and on the only occasion in which they were wronged they were just as ready to rebel as any other sept. in this connexion it may be mentioned that a branch of the butlers for a while in the fifteenth century took macrichard as their surname and had an important chief somewhat in the gaelic fashion eventually, however, they reverted to the name butler.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3856013426075209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.237404"} {"text": "connexion it may be mentioned that a branch of the butlers for a while in the fifteenth century took macrichard as their surname and had an important chief somewhat in the gaelic fashion eventually, however, they reverted to the name butler. among the numerous catholic butlers who were loyal jacobites perhaps the most noteworthy were the abbe james butler of nantes, who was chaplain to prince charles edward ( the \" young pretender \" ) in the 1745 expedition ; and pierce butler ( 1652 - 1740 ), third viscount galmoy, who fought with sarsfield in all his irish and french campaigns. a branch of the butler family has long been established in co. clare : a very full account of them is to be found in the butlers of co. clare by sir henry butler blackall. professor edmund curtis in his history of medieval ireland, shows that the macrichard butlers were actually the ancestors of the later earls of ormond, and that at least two branches of the butlers were patrons of gaelic - irish learning and great collectors of irish manuscripts. to the list of distinguished persons of the name that of sir theobald, commonly called sir toby butler, should be added. he was attorney - general in the reign of james ii and the framer of the treaty of limerick on the irish side ; he made a memorable speech in 1703 against the anti - popery act. name variations : butler, ormond, buticularius, pincerna, boteler, boutillier, botiller, butiller, botyller, boutler, buttlar, buteler. references : one or more of the following publications has been referenced for this article. the general armory ; sir bernard burke - 1842. a handbook of mottoes ; c. n. elvin - 1860. irish families, their names, arms & origins ; edward maclysaght - 1957. the surnames of ireland ; edward maclynsaght - 1957. the beautiful heraldry artwork for this family is available to purchase on select products from the celtic radio store. we look forward to filling your order!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40890770232424156, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.238593"} {"text": "caste in transition education, economics and protest drive changes and reform to india ' s ancient societal divisions caste is not a pleasant topic for hindus, and in the international arena today, it has elicited a shame upon the hindu religion. i have written this article to initiate dialogue within our community. the negative issues associated with caste will not go away, but will only tear at the credibility of the religion. i am not suggesting the abolishment of hinduism or of hindu texts or the defamation of those in the upper castes. rather, i write out of reverence for hinduism itself, to initiate change, to affirm the positive aspects of hinduism and to bring a spiritual sense of unity to hindu believers worldwide. origins : the standard explanations of india ' s caste system are based on the now discredited \" aryan invasion \" theory of ancient india. we await new speculations from the historians and anthropologists. suffice it to say that many ancient societies had hereditary classes of people, eventually lost in social upheaval. the modern term caste is derived from the portuguese casta, alluding to family, tribe or race, and was introduced into indian society in the late 16th century. the hindu religious texts describe varna ashrama dharma, the religious / social law delineating duties of four castes. gurudeva, satguru sivaya subramuniyaswami, founder of hinduism today, wrote, \" the original caste system had these four divisions. the divisions were all based on the ability of the individual to manage his body, his mind and his emotions properly. if he stopped fulfilling the dharma of his caste, society would recognize that he had moved from one caste and was now in another. the original caste system was based on self - discipline through education and through personal sadhana. the original caste system was based on the unfoldment of the consciousness within each individual through the chakras. people everywhere naturally divide themselves up into castes. we have the workers. you go to work, you work under somebody elsenthat happens all over the worldnthat ' s the shudra caste. we have the merchants, who are self - motivated. that ' s the vaishya caste. we have the politicians and the lawmakers and the law - enforcement people. that ' s the kshatriya caste. and then you have the priests, the ministers, the missionaries. that ' s the brahmin caste. every society has these four castes working within it in one way or another. \" ja", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.50404383309148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.255189"} {"text": ". that ' s the kshatriya caste. and then you have the priests, the ministers, the missionaries. that ' s the brahmin caste. every society has these four castes working within it in one way or another. \" jati and its advantages : today, most hindus do not abide by the chaturvarna ( four caste ) system but classify themselves according to the more specific colloquial form of caste known as the jati system. jati are horizontal divisions within the four castes, and there are thousands of them, segregated according to occupational, sectarian, regional and linguistic distinctions. \" the operative unit even today for social and marriage purposes is not caste but jati. you talk of brahmins as a caste, which is pan - indian, but the fact is that a tamilian brahmin would rarely have a marriage alliance with a punjabi brahmin, \" stated madhu kishwar, editor of manushi magazine and one of india ' s foremost women ' s rights advocates. \" they are as far apart from each other culturally as could possibly be. it ' s really not the operative and, yet, we have the whole notion of brahmin domination, brahmins as a caste, whereas the regional differences matter much more. \" kishwar points out the advantages of the jati system : \" it allows even the most disadvantaged and impoverished groups to identify themselves and a political assertion based on their numerical strength. it has kept democracy not just alive, but has given it very deep roots. i think all these modernists attacking caste can ' t understand the survival strategy of the subcontinent. for example, it has provided social security for a rural migrant when he or she comes to the city as an impoverished economic refugee. \" kishwar ' s points are valid. there are certain advantages to the caste system with regard to communal pride and access to political power. but what about those at the bottom, the untouchable dalits? on november 4, 2001, the conversion of several thousand dalits to buddhism gained worldwide attention. \" i am walking out of hinduism because the 3, 000 - year - old caste system will never allow me any respect or dignity, \" stated the organizer of the event, ram raj, who dropped his first name upon conversion. caste and class discrimination : as a hindu, you might wonder : is this really a fair portrayal of hinduism? is the caste system so unique to hindu society? and is it really that bad? it cannot be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4664997560192959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.257154"} {"text": "who dropped his first name upon conversion. caste and class discrimination : as a hindu, you might wonder : is this really a fair portrayal of hinduism? is the caste system so unique to hindu society? and is it really that bad? it cannot be denied that all countries have experienced, or are experiencing, some form of caste. for example, modern - day britain supports strong class divisions on the basis of economics. recently laura spence, a student of the lower social economic class, was not admitted into upper - crust oxford, despite her extraordinary academic qualifications. harvard university gladly admitted her, on a full scholarship. hierarchical divisions on the basis of race and economics are part and parcel of the american experience as well. \" in america, we have caste. there are black people and white people, rich people and poor people, superior people and inferior people, \" states swami brahmavidyananda of the institute of holistic yoga of north america. according to smita narula, director of the asia division of human rights watch, the difference between class and caste is \" that being born into a particular caste invites a certain amount of restrictions on your basic freedoms, your basic rights. so it is the combination of work and descent - based discrimination that makes caste different from the class system. there ' s very little mobility. \" class divisions are mostly culturally and economically based and, therefore, have the capacity to change as culture changes [ though slowlynsee sidebar, page 33 ]. the inequalities associated with the hindu caste system are more complex, mainly with regard to its undeniable roots in scripture and to the shameful existence of the untouchables. other religions receive bad press due to patriarchal constraints of women, for example, but hinduism is the only religion to be bombarded with issues of race, intolerable human rights violations among its own believers and inequality on such a grand scale. the untouchables : although untouchability was abolished under article 17 of the indian constitution in 1950, it is still widely practiced all over india today. the untouchables or \" scheduled castes and scheduled tribes \" ( as they are listed by name on government schedules ) are not associated with any caste mentioned in the original chatur varna hindu system. rather, untouchables are outcastes placed below the sudra caste. the untouchable sect of hinduism is relegated to labor that no other caste will perform, such as the cleaning of latrines, scavenging dead animals and funeral duties.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47405556666157556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.258269"} {"text": "rights movements have been subjected to a variety of violent acts, as stated in broken people, the published culmination of human rights watch ' s investigations ( available atwww. hrw. org / reports / 1999 / india / ). it is the most comprehensive ngo documentation of human rights violations against dalits. in addition to several massacres of dalits in the 1990s, upper caste men are accused of ongoing cases of rape against dalit women. out of hundreds of documented cases, for example, the rape of a 12 - year - old dalit girl by a man of the thevar caste in tamil nadu was covered up by the thevar community via blackmail and kickbacks. origin of untouchability : in a religion that preaches the all - pervasiveness of god, how did untouchability even come to be? mahatma gandhi called it a product of \" sheer ignorance and cruelty. \" \" the scheduled tribes and scheduled castes in indianthis is the biggest problem that we have, \" said swami brahmavidyananda. \" this is man ' s creation. \" explanations also include the \" unclean \" occupations of the untouchables and the eating of meat. swami tathagatananda of the vedanta center of new york believes that the development of untouchability through hindu history is a result of some basic human tendency, and has nothing to do with hinduism itself. \" america is a democratic country, but democracy is not practiced all of the time, \" he points out. \" good hindus, like mahatma gandhi, swami vivekananda and others, did not believe in untouchability, but regardless of their beliefs or convictions or vocations against it, they were not able to remove it. suppose the american government wants to abolish drugs. just because we make a law, you cannot abolish drugs. there are many laws, but who is obeying the laws? the division of all society is always based on color, on gender and on money or education. \" gurudeva noted boldly, \" castenor at least discrimination on the basis of castenhas been thrown out of the laws of india, but people still hang on to it as an ego structure. the high caste people love to hurt the low caste people, so to speak, by ignoring them, treating them roughly. that ' s not the way it should be. if you find the high caste people in your society ignoring and not wanting to speak with and associate with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48890105384337684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.260539"} {"text": "to hurt the low caste people, so to speak, by ignoring them, treating them roughly. that ' s not the way it should be. if you find the high caste people in your society ignoring and not wanting to speak with and associate with the lower castes, those are nasty people, and those are people you should avoid. spiritual people, even ordinary kindly people, would never think of behaving that way. \" swami tathagatananda concurs, \" what you are seeing today is the hardened system which has misinterpreted the main points of division of labor. this hereditary business was not there originally. hindu people have perpetuated this system in order to enjoy the benefit of the status. \" swami brahmavidyananda said, \" the caste system is in one way good, but in another way harmful. when the ego bonds with ignorance, then it brings harm to society. \" other religions and regions : caste is by no means only a hindu issue. today, caste, or the jati system, more specifically, is pervasive, cutting across religions, cultures and national identities both in south asia and its diaspora, according to kishwar. all of the religions practiced within the south asian subcontinent reflect this very same caste system, especially with regard to untouchability. those who convert from hinduism into christianity, buddhism and islam still face discrimination on the basis of caste. there are separate churches in south india for brahmin converts and dalit converts. the dalits are also rendered more vulnerable to violence from the upper castes, as they lose their right to protection under the 1989 scheduled castes and scheduled tribes act when they change religion. caste proves to be a troubling factor for the younger generation of hindus in the diaspora. an anonymous contributor from the us notes : \" i am not a brahmin but have brahmin friends who do, from time to time, bring up their spiritual and intellectual superiority to me, in very subtle ways. this really undercuts our friendships and is pretty ridiculous, since i have demonstrated equally, if not more, spiritual and intellectual superiority than they have. \" toward a solution : swami brahmavidyananda suggests, \" we have to reinterpret problematic texts and set a good example in our society. we should not disrespect our culture, but we should condemn those who are not properly versed in the philosophy that god belongs to everyone, god does not feel color or sex, or whether you are white or black.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4911853316289063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.261517"} {"text": "our society. we should not disrespect our culture, but we should condemn those who are not properly versed in the philosophy that god belongs to everyone, god does not feel color or sex, or whether you are white or black. \" most activists fighting for dalits are not fighting to dismantle hinduismnthough some arenbut to demand accountability from the indian government to uphold existing laws, such as the constitutional abolishment of untouchability and the prevention of atrocities act ( 1989 ). narula states : \" the dalit movement is also asking for the international community to work hand in hand with the indian government and with ngos in india to insure enforcement of the laws that are already in place to take care of issues such as violence, rape, scavenging, bonded labor and other issues. \" higher government representation for dalits is needed to bring visibility to their issues. dr. kiran bedi, india ' s highest ranking female police officer, said, \" the largest deterrents are the local politicians who use and abuse the situations for narrow political gain. \" bedi points out that dalit leaders themselves need to unite in their views. swami brahmavidyananda said, \" india today is not the india of 50 years ago. people want to change. in order to protect our religion, our system, we should reorganize properly and slowly. we should pass out right information and correct these issues. \" the rise in interfaith and intercaste marriages has forced families to overlook issues of caste, to learn to live with one another equally. gurudeva summarized : \" we can see around us the deterioration of the system which has been abused beyond the point of recognition. members of the brahmin caste are now beating their children, abusing their wives. members of the kshatriya caste disrespect the laws of the land. members of the business caste are deceptive and dishonest. all are confused, living in anger and in jealousy. no wonder their families break apart and their businesses fail. in the eyes of the gods, most of those who adhere to the caste system that exists today are low caste. this is because they live in lower consciousness. these undeveloped humans are struggling through the lower chakras, trying to get out of the dark worlds of the mind. let us not be deluded about what the sapta rishis [ the \" seven sages \" ] had in mind when they casted humans according", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46925621196396283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.263267"} {"text": "through the lower chakras, trying to get out of the dark worlds of the mind. let us not be deluded about what the sapta rishis [ the \" seven sages \" ] had in mind when they casted humans according to the soul ' s spiritual unfoldment. we should totally ignore the hindu caste system as lived in india today and, through example, show a better and more wholesome path for modern society. \" caste as a fact of life in india economics bends the ancient system by rajiv malik as deeply embedded in the psyche of hindus ascaste is, there has been a revolutionary change in the situation at the grassroot level in the past few decades. this positive development is more visible and has taken place in a big way in india ' s metropolitan cities, such as delhi, mumbai and kolkata. these cities have developed a unique culture and character of their own in which the question of caste is generally relegated to the background. the fast lifestyle, materialism and pressure of living in big cities are factors which leave little patience for people to watch the whole scenario through the glasses of caste. in these cosmopolitan cities there is a free intermingling and interaction between the masses of different castes and religions which allows people to think and live beyond the barriers of caste. economic interests, not castism, reign supreme in these cities. my personal assessment is that in the cities it is the upper and lower economic strata of the hindu society who are most caste conscious. the upper stratum is so because they can choose to live the way they want. the lower stratum is entangled in the caste system because they have to live in the slum areas where caste consciousness remains stronger. the real revolution has come in the middle class of india where there is a phenomenal change in the outlook towards the caste system. it is the middle class which is intermingling with all sections and castes of the society, working together in offices, industries, business and government. it is the girls and boys of the hindu middle class who take part in intercaste and interreligious marriages in a big way. two other factors are noteworthy in the context of caste - ridden hindu society in india. one is that latelynin the past two decades or sonthe political system has produced over two dozen well - known national and scores of state level leaders from the lower castes. due to these leaders, the lower castes and dalits are now no longer meek and subdued. they have discovered their self respect and prestige, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49771126998010845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.264390"} {"text": "system has produced over two dozen well - known national and scores of state level leaders from the lower castes. due to these leaders, the lower castes and dalits are now no longer meek and subdued. they have discovered their self respect and prestige, and had a small taste of political clout. mayawati, of the dalit community, is the current chief minister of uttar pradesh, one of the biggest states of india. she projects herself as a leader from the lower caste, proud of her roots and identity. then there are national leaders, such as ram vilas paswan, who have also helped the dalits to be proud of their community. we had a dalit president, which enormously boosted the morale of the lower castes in this country. the second significant factor is the reservation policy of the government. the reservation policy is india ' s version of affirmative action, providing education and employment opportunities for disadvantaged communities. a government job is a matter of prestige. in india, jobs are reserved, even promotions are given, to those of lower castes on a preferential basis. government jobs and high government posts have boosted the morale and prestige of the lower caste masses. lower caste people who thus became successful economically have been welcomed by the middle class hindus in matrimonial alliances. times have truly changed in india when affluence trumps caste affiliation. unfortunately, the situation has not changed much in the villages, where long - practiced caste - based system and infrastructure flourish. there is a little improvement being made in the villages and small towns, but they are far behind the big cities. caste in the village continues to play an major role in arranging marriages. now in the cities, and increasingly in the villages, if the choice is between a high - caste poor groom and a low - caste rich groom, the father of the bride, and the bride herself, will consider the well settled, economically well - off lower - caste person very seriously. similarly, if the choice is between a higher caste girl who is not likely to work outside the home and a lower caste girl working as a government official who has status and money both, the boy and his father definitely consider the proposal of the lower caste girl very seriously. i am not an expert on the extremely complex caste system, but offer my views as an engaged observer within india ' s middle class. untouchability, american style america ' s version of untouchability is the still - existent racial discrimination against african - americans. the slaves were freed by abraham lincoln in 1863 and made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46902952830689476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.267428"} {"text": "my views as an engaged observer within india ' s middle class. untouchability, american style america ' s version of untouchability is the still - existent racial discrimination against african - americans. the slaves were freed by abraham lincoln in 1863 and made citizens of the us in 1868. but upon the reconstruction of the former southern slave states by 1877, local government policies of segregation went into full effect. blacks lived in certain areas of town, had different schools, hotels, beauty salons, drinking fountains and public toilets. the us military had separate units for black soldiers. there were no black baseball or basketball players in the major leagues. some of the greatest athletes of the time were relegated to the american negro league. the military led the way in integration, beginning in 1940. in 1954, the us supreme court ruled \" separate but equal was inherently unequal \" on the issue of segregated schooling. desegregation of the south began in earnest with the civil rights movement led by martin luther king, employing the methods of mahatma gandhi [ see page 56 ]. how far has america come? still today, blacks are twice as likely to be unemployed, and when they do have a job, they earn 70 cents to the white man ' s one dollar for the same work. the typical black family ' s net worth is an eighth of the typical white family ' s. blacks, 14 percent of the population, make up 50 percent of the prison inmates, and get stiffer sentences. while overall segregation has decreased in america, it remains very high in the major cities, such as new york, detroit and chicago. there white people have fled to the suburbs, leaving black and now hispanic students in typically inferior schools. the interracial marriage rate is a mere four percent. on the plus side, president bush has the most racially diverse cabinet in history. both his secretary of state and national security advisor are black. most americans don ' t tolerate racist attitudes too well anymore. just ask senator trent lott. he was unceremoniously dumped by his own party as senate majority leader, one of the nation ' s most powerful positions, for informal remarks taken as an endorsement of racial segregation. the comments are owned by the author. we aren ' t responsible for their content.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48916589269219, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.268423"} {"text": "achilles tendon rupture type of procedure : outpatient length of procedure : one hour anesthesia : general and popliteal block rupture of the achilles tendon : what is it? rupture or tearing of the achilles tendon typically occurs while playing sports or from a misstep. a strong contraction of the muscle excessively loads the tendon and it results in a tear. the patient often describes the sensation that something struck the back of the leg. pain is suddenly present, and walking is painful and the leg is weak. while it is possible to treat this ruptured tendon without surgery, this may not be ideal. surgical correction of the ruptured tendon may be recommendable. the surgery is performed in order to regain as much as possible the normal strength of the achilles during push off. regaining optimum strength depends on establishing the correct tension between the muscle and the tendon. following the tendon repair no walking on the foot is permitted for two weeks, then walking is begun in a removable boot. the design of this boot is important, and the positioning of the foot will be controlled in the first several weeks after surgery. general recovery facts the goal of surgery is to regain strength and function in as short a time as possible. you will need to use crutches for approximately two weeks after surgery. once the sutures are removed, walking in a removable boot will be started. walking and exercise are very important to regain strength after surgery and a careful physical therapy program and rehabilitation protocol is outlined below : - foot wrapped in bulky bandage and surgical splint - ice, elevate, take pain medication - expect numbness in foot for 12 - 24 hours, then pain will increase - use crutches for a approximately 2 - 3 weeks - first follow up in the office - dressing changed, and boot is worn in equines ( foot pointed downward ) - plantarflexion ( downward movement of foot ) is allowed - write out alphabet with foot twice a day - start full weight bearing in boot - if incision is dry, swimming is encouraged at 2 3 weeks - gentle exercise on bicycle with boot - by 6 weeks the boot comes up to a neutral position, with gradual progression to this position completed by the removal of inserts from the boot - start physical therapy under supervision - gradually wean from boot into open back shoe - walking is the most important form of therapy at this point", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40080110619601667, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.273005"} {"text": "chapter x. king cotton for two weeks there was no lightening of southern depression in england. but on june 28 mcclellan had been turned back from his advance on richmond by lee, the new commander of the army of virginia, and the much heralded peninsular campaign was recognized to have been a disastrous failure. earlier northern victories were forgotten and the campaigns in the west, still progressing favourably for the north, were ignored or their significance not understood. again, to english eyes, the war in america approached a stalemate. the time had come with the near adjournment of parliament when, if ever, a strong southern effort must be made, and the time seemed propitious. moreover by july, 1862, it was hoped that soon, in the cotton districts, the depression steadily increasing since the beginning of the war, would bring an ally to the southern cause. before continuing the story of parliamentary and private efforts by the friends of the south it is here necessary to review the cotton situation - now rapidly becoming a matter of anxious concern to both friend and foe of the north and in less degree to the ministry itself. \" king cotton \" had long been a boast with the south. \" perhaps no great revolution, \" says bancroft, \" was ever begun with such convenient and soothing theories as those that were expounded and believed at the time of the organization of the confederacy.... in any case, hostilities could not last long, for france and great britain must have what the confederacy alone could supply, and therefore they could be forced to aid the south, as a condition precedent to relief from the terrible distress that was sure to follow a blockade. \" this confidence was no new development. for ten years past whenever southern threats of secession had been indulged in, the writers and politicians of that section had expanded upon cotton as the one great wealth - producing industry of america and as the one product which would compel european acquiescence in american policy, whether of the union, before 1860, or of the south if she should secede. in the financial depression that swept the northern states in 1857 de bow ' s review, the leading financial journal of the south, declared : \" the wealth of the south is permanent and real, that of the north fugitive and fictitious. events now transpiring expose the fiction, as humbug after humbug explodes. \" on march 4, 1858, senator hammond of south carolina, asked in a speech, \" what would happen if no cotton was furnished for three years? i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43342591969602823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.277143"} {"text": "now transpiring expose the fiction, as humbug after humbug explodes. \" on march 4, 1858, senator hammond of south carolina, asked in a speech, \" what would happen if no cotton was furnished for three years? i will not stop to depict what everyone can imagine, but this is certain : england would topple headlong and carry the whole civilized world with her save the south. no, you dare not make war on cotton. no power on earth dares make war upon it. cotton is king. \" two years later, writing before the elections of 1860 in which the main question was that of the territorial expansion of slavery, this same southern statesman expressed himself as believing that \" the slave - holding south is now the controlling power of the world.... cotton, rice, tobacco and naval stores command the world ; and we have sense enough to know it, and are sufficiently teutonic to carry it out successfully. \" these quotations indicative of southern faith in cotton might be amplified and repeated from a hundred sources. moreover this faith in the possession of ultimate power went hand in hand with the conviction that the south, more than any other quarter of the world, produced to the benefit of mankind. \" in the three million bags of cotton, \" said a writer in de bow ' s review, \" the slave - labour annually throws upon the world for the poor and naked, we are doing more to advance civilization... than all the canting philanthropists of new england and old england will do in centuries. slavery is the backbone of the northern commercial as it is of the british manufacturing system.... \" nor was this idea unfamiliar to englishmen. before the civil war was under way charles greville wrote to clarendon : \" any war will be almost sure to interfere with the cotton crops, and this is really what affects us and what we care about. with all our virulent abuse of slavery and slave - owners, and our continual self - laudation on that subject, we are just as anxious for, and as much interested in, the prosperity of the slavery interest in the southern states as the carolinan and georgian planters themselves, and all lancashire would deplore a successful insurrection of the slaves, if such a thing were possible. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49856042339881473, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.278058"} {"text": "4 nero ascended to the roman throne. 1332 rinchinbal khan, emperor ningzong of yuan became the khagan of the mongols and emperor of the yuan dynasty, reigning for only 53 days. 1775 the united states continental congress orders the establishment of the continental navy ( later renamed the united states navy ). 1777 british general john burgoyne \u2019 s army at the battles of saratoga was surrounded by superior numbers, setting the stage for its surrende which inspired france to enter the american revolutionary war against the british. 1792 the cornerstone of the united states \u2019 executive mansion ( known as the white house ) was laid. 1812 war of 1812 : battle of queenston heights \u2013 as part of the niagara campaign in ontario, united states forces under general stephen van rensselaer were repulsed from invading canada by british and native troops led by sir isaac brock. 1843 henry jones and 11 others founded b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith ( the oldest jewish service organization in the world ). 1845 a majority of voters in the republic of texas approved a proposed constitution, that if accepted by the u. s. congress, would make texas a u. s. state. 1862 mary kingsley, english writer and explorer, was born ( d. 1900 ). 1885 the georgia institute of technology ( georgia tech ) was founded in atlanta. 1904 wilfred pickles, english actor and broadcaster, ws born ( d. 1978 ). 1915 the battle for the hohenzollern redoubt marked the end of the battle of loos in northern france, world war i. 1917 the \u201c miracle of the sun \u201d was witnessed by an estimated 70, 000 people in the cova da iria in fatima, portugal. 1918 mehmed talat pasha and the young turk ( c. u. p. ) ministry resigned and signed an armistice, ending ottoman participation in world war i. 1923 ankara replaced istanbul as the capital of turkey. 1925 lenny bruce, american comedian ( d. 1966 ) 1925 \u2013 margaret thatcher, former british prime minister, was born. 1934 nana mouskouri, greek singer and politician, was born. 1941 paul simon, american singer and musician ( simon & garfunkel ), was born. 1943 world war ii : the new government of italy sided with the allies and declared war on germany. 1946 france adopted the constitution of the fourth republic. 1959 marie osmond, american entertainer, was born. 1962 the pacific northwest experienced a cyclone the equal of a cat 3 hurricane. winds measured above 150 mph at several locations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38682890641993606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.281680"} {"text": "and declared war on germany. 1946 france adopted the constitution of the fourth republic. 1959 marie osmond, american entertainer, was born. 1962 the pacific northwest experienced a cyclone the equal of a cat 3 hurricane. winds measured above 150 mph at several locations ; 46 people died. 1968 carlos marin, spanish baritone ( il divo ), was born. 1969 nancy kerrigan, american figure skater, was born. 1970 paul potts, british opera singer, was born. 1972 an aeroflot ilyushin il - 62 crashed outside moscow killing 176. 1972 uruguayan air force flight 571 crashed in the andes mountains. by december 23, only 16 out of 45 people were still alive to be rescued. 1975 dame whina cooper led a land march to parliament. 1976 a bolivian boeing 707 cargo jet crashed in santa cruz, bolivia, killing 100 ( 97, mostly children, killed on the ground ). 1976 the first electron micrograph of an ebola viral particle was obtained by dr. f. a. murphy. 1977 four palestinians hijacked lufthansa flight 181 to somalia and demanded the release of 11 members of the red army faction. 1983 ameritech mobile communications ( now at & t ) launched the first us cellular network in chicago, illinois. 1990 end of the lebanese civil war. syrian forces launched an attack on the free areas of lebanon removing general michel aoun from the presidential palace. 1992 an antonov an - 124 operated by antonov airlines crashed near kiev. 1999 \u2013 the united states senate rejected ratification of the comprehensive test ban treaty ( ctbt ). 2010 \u2013 the 2010 copiapo mining accident in copiapo, chile came to an end as all 33 miners arrived at the surface after surviving a record 69 days underground awaiting rescue. sourced from nz history online & wikipedia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.432529378685223, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.282589"} {"text": "optics : light at work - part i. part 2 you can order free dvds from spie : light in action : lasers, cameras & other cool stuff ; optics : light at work ; and careers in optics. & optics : science and art closer than you think optical technology and the study of light go far back in human culture. contemporary artists are often quick to adopt new technology, or to absorb its implications. was it any different then? why should the use of a tool diminish the value of the art? of light and color a set of interactive java applet tutorials to help you understand how color and light work. beautifully done. lots of levers to slide to make changes. from molecular expressions. here you ' ll find pictures, videos, games, educational materials, and more. a fun way to learn all about the \" cool \" part of the electromagnetic spectrum : infrared light. this site is dedicated to light in all its manifestations : in physics, in technology, in nature and in culture. to help you learn about light, we ' ve included a message board for posting questions. a thinkquest site. system of web pages about light light is great, light is mysterious, light is useful. after all, they say everything started with light. when any revolution has happened in the history of science, light was always there. so it deserves a little attention. here on earth the speed of light can change. how? go to joe ' s room and see if you can figure it out. an interactive tour of current research in the materials sciences at berkeley lab ' s advanced light source. for high school students, this site explains how intense light is used for physics research. for kids : science and engineering some fun and interesting things about optics : the science of light, and one of the most important fields of physics. by bruce irving, optical research associates. - light without heat to do this experiment, you ' ll need some light sticks from a sporting goods store or a necklace from a fair. you ' ll watch what happens when you put it in hot water and in your refridgerator.. from experiments by professor shakhashiri. how fireflies produce light via a chemical reaction and how you can attract fireflies to your yard, if you have them in the area in the first place. colors in a green leaf using chromatography to help you understand just how leaves change colors in the fall and why some trees change to red while others change to orange or yellow, try this experiment on leaves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6282920662576776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.289052"} {"text": "in the area in the first place. colors in a green leaf using chromatography to help you understand just how leaves change colors in the fall and why some trees change to red while others change to orange or yellow, try this experiment on leaves from the same tree both before and after color changes. what do animals look like in the infrared? actually \" see \" the differences between warm and cold - blooded animals, and learn how animals use fur, blubber and feathers to insulate themselves. build a pizza box solar oven the sun is hot enough to bake food. here ' s how to make a simple solar oven that gets hot enough to warm up cookies and other treats, like s ' mores. it won ' t get really hot, though, so you can ' t bake things in it and you won ' t burn yourself when playing with it. be sure to have an adult help you with this! feng shui and color response to color symbolism is a response to color preconception, and it is a predetermined response based on literary and psychological ideas about color itself. make a splash with color we see red apples, green grass, and blue sky. did you ever wonder why this is? maybe it has something to do with the apples, the grass, and the sky? or maybe something to do with your eyes? or maybe even something to do with your mind? light in nature and technology polarization is present in the rainbow, in the hidden color of minerals, in the dance of honeybees, in the flow of molten metal, in the color of beetles, and the gloss of tree leaves at dawn. miller ' s light walk artist bob miller ' s \" light walk \" at the exploratorium is always an eye - opening expereience for students and teachers alike. his unique discoveries will change the way you look at light, shadow, and images. the purpose of this activity is to experiment with shadows and light sources and to understand the relationship between the angle of illumination and the shadow ' s length. what creates these shimmering celestial lights? information, resources and experiments you can carry out to learn more about the northern lights. from newton ' s apple. lightning in a pan try this easy experiment to make your own miniature version of a lightning bolt. young students will enjoy just creating online rainbows. more advanced students can take the whole lab course to understand how rainbows obey the rules of calculus. physics of a rainbow a most charming example of chromatic dispersion is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5860566995143901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.290265"} {"text": "pascal \u2019 s triangle is a special triangular arrangement of numbers used in many areas of mathematics. it is named after the famous 17th century french mathematician blaise pascal because he developed so many of the triangle \u2019 s properties. however, this triangular arrangement of numbers was known by the arabian poet and mathematician omar khayyam ( c 1044 - 1123 ) and the chinese mathematician zhu shijie ( c 1260 - 1320 ) some 250 years before pascal. at the top of the triangle is a 1, which makes up the 0th row. the 1st row ( 1, 1 ) contains two 1s each formed by adding the two numbers above them, one to the left and one to the right, in this case 0 and 1. ( all numbers outside the triangle are 0s. ) do the same to create the 2nd row ; 0 + 1 = 1, 1 + 1 = 2, 1 + 0 = 1 and all subsequent rows. a number in the triangle can be found by using ncr ( n choose r ), where n is the number of the row and r is the number of the element in that row. this is especially helpful to find a particular term in the expansion of a binomial in the form ( x + y ) n. find the 4th term in the 6th row of the triangle. ( remember : the first 1 in each row is the 0th element so this is correct. ) sum of rows : the sum of the numbers in any row is equal to 2n, when n is the number of the row. 20 = 1 = 1 21 = 2 = 1 + 1 22 = 4 = 1 + 2 + 1 23 = 8 = 1 + 3 + 3 + 1 24 = 16 = 1 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 1 and so forth. prime numbers : if the first element in a row is a prime number ( remember the first 1 in any row is the 0th element. ) all of the numbers in that row ( excluding the 1s ) are divisible by it. for example in the 7 th row ( 1, 7, 21, 35, 35, 21, 7, 1 ) 7, 21, 35 are divisible by 7. in algebra, each row in pascal \u2019 s triangle contains the coefficients of the binomial ( x + y ) raised to the power of the row. ( x + y ) 0 = 1 ( x + y ) 1 = 1x + 1y ( x + y ) 2 = 1x2 + 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5153061307918871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.293086"} {"text": "monitoring power usage effectiveness paints a powerful picture as the importance of information technology has grown in the world of business, data centers have become the centerpieces at many companies. the demands placed on these facilities \u2014 and the hvac systems that serve them \u2014 grow constantly and will likely continue to do so into the foreseeable future. the green grid ( www. thegreengrid. org ) is an organization dedicated to helping the information technology industry improve energy efficiency in data centers. the non - profit, open industry consortium of end - users, policy - makers, technology providers, facility architects, and utility companies collaborates to improve the resource efficiency of data centers and business computing ecosystems. the organization was formed in 2007, and on april 5, 2010, it announced a global consortium agreement on the guiding principles of data center energy efficiency metrics. their goal is to create a set of globally accepted metrics for data center efficiency, and this effort requires a unity of communication. green grid and its consortium organizations have established power usage effectiveness ( pue ) as the industry \u2019 s preferred energy efficiency metric. the group will leverage guiding principles to help drive a universal understanding of energy efficiency metrics and generate dialogue to improve those metrics. the fundamental first step is to prioritize energy saving opportunities by gaining an understanding of data center energy consumption. it also requires an analysis of demand - side systems compared to supply - side systems. demand - side includes processors, server power supplies, other server components, storage and communication. these components usually account for about half of total consumption. the other half encompasses supply - side systems such as the uniterruputible power supply, power distribution, cooling, lighting, and building switchgear. the supply - side equipment is not an independent consumer of power ; its power consumption depends on the power demand. recognizing that all data centers are different and savings potential will vary by facility, data center managers still will appreciate recognizing this measurement. reductions in demand - side energy usage cascade through the supply side. a 2008 model1 showed that every watt of electricity that can be saved on the processor level ( demand - side ) creates 2. 84 w of savings for the facility. in 2009 hpac engineering published an article2 that was the collaborative effort of professionals from the lawrence berkeley national laboratory. the article indicated calculating pue requires knowing site energy usage, source energy usage, and total power usage. enter health insurer medical mutual of ohio ' s beachwood, ohio data center. medical mutual is the oldest ( 1934 ) and largest health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5166148268493815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.297576"} {"text": ". the article indicated calculating pue requires knowing site energy usage, source energy usage, and total power usage. enter health insurer medical mutual of ohio ' s beachwood, ohio data center. medical mutual is the oldest ( 1934 ) and largest health insurer in the state of ohio, and it prides itself on providing security during a disaster to its clients. since 1977, the company has provided customer service, data storage, billing help - desk services, call center staff, and website services. in 2009, medical mutual approved an integration of multiple hvac systems within the beachwood data center. at the time, one side of the facility was being controlled by a 14 - year - old building - automation and control system from one manufacturer, while the other side was being controlled by a 2 - year - old direct digital control system from another. the separate monitoring of two independent building control systems was becoming frustrating to energy - management specialist ed haywood, so medical mutual ' s senior management decided to eliminate the multiple front - end hmi terminals and perform a single integration that would be hosted on the company ' s ethernet. enterprise hvac service & control performed this integration successfully. afterwards, medical mutual ' s it personnel saw the results of these two merged building control systems with dissimilar protocols, and asked enterprise if the same system could be used to calculate and report hourly, daily, and monthly pue. programmers for enterprise performed this calculation by dividing the amount of power entering the data center by the power used to run computer infrastructure ( uniterruptible power supply and data - center cooling equipment loads ). this data is shown as a display of current pue on a daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly basis. values are captured to logs every 15 minutes. daily values reset at midnight every night, weekly values reset at midnight sunday, monthly values reset at midnight on the last day of the month, and yearly values reset at midnight on new year ' s eve. the figures that accompany this article show a typical screen of data center calculated. the overall goal of mark sweeney, medical mutual ' s manager of it, is to have the data center earn the u. s. environmental protection agency ' s energy star status. he sees the constant awareness of pue as a big step towards achieving this goal. he also knows that energy efficiency translates into lower premiums for medical mutual \u2019 s clients. 1. judge, j., pouchet, j., ekbote, a., & dixit, s. ( 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49066378155261525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.298547"} {"text": "epo is a nootropicwednesday, 10 september, 2008 erythropoietin ( epo ), a hormone that increases red blood cells and is used as a performance enhancer for athletic performance, has now been shown to enhance memory in normal, healthy mice. mice that received epo injections had enhanced memory for 3 - 4 weeks afterwards, which is longer than the elevation in red blood cell count lasts. this effect isn \u2019 t actually novel, as other researchers had noticed that epo improved brain function over 18 years ago ( grimm et al, 1990 ), and research into mental illness has also suggested that epo has an effect on brain function ( ehrenreich et al, 2004 ). but it was always thought to be dependent on the change in red blood cells, but more recent evidence has suggested it works independently of effects on blood cells ( miskowiak et al, 2007 ). this mouse model confirms this. of course, the researchers have been focusing on this as a treatment, but anyone can see that this is a promising enhancement too. this mouse research showed that epo enhanced memory and athletic function in healthy mice. it enhances both athletic and mental performance \u2013 how good is that? then again, if epo becomes a common cognitive enhancer, it will mean that few of us normal people would ever be able to compete in the olympics. it was only in 2004 that caffeine was allowed in professional competition, but pretty soon college students will be doping themselves with epo as a biochemical study aid. it will be interesting when almost all normal people would not be able to pass an olympic - level drug test. the possibility exists, however, that we may want the cognitive boost without increasing our red blood cells too much. and now that we know the cognitive effects of epo are independent of red blood cell production, this may be possible too. make a drug that stimulates the brain like epo does, but doesn \u2019 t effect an increase in red blood cells. and this study has gone a long way to unraveling the relevant effects of epo on neuronal plasticity that underly the enhancement to memory circuitry in the brain, which means that we may be able to find drugs that do so more effectively than epo or act on other brain functions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5424400706551843, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.300960"} {"text": "resources - homeschool groups - article this article was published in the hslda discount groups e - zine, march 2007. guest article : a mom shares her perspective \u2014 making families of handicapped students welcome by esther mast given that homeschoolers come in all shapes and sizes, it is not surprising to find a few in wheelchairs. the local homeschool group is in a position to make these students feel as valued and included as possible. there are a few practical ways to do this : first of all, keep the physical limitations of handicapped students in mind when planning group activities. try to arrange at least a couple events a year that can include everyone, even those who can \u2019 t kick a ball or run races. such awareness of limitations is especially important when planning a field trip. a considerate coordinator will research the proposed location well beforehand and inform the pupil \u2019 s parents about accessibility issues, so that there is less chance of an unpleasant surprise on arrival. in addition, all students must be treated with respect by their homeschooled peers. even if the venue of an activity is physically accessible, a handicapped student may feel out of place if other people constantly stare, ask awkward questions, or try to be too helpful by pushing the wheelchair for him. remember, it is not the responsibility of the handicapped family to educate the entire group on demand, they have enough stress as it is. make it a priority to teach proper courtesy to your own able - bodied children ; if you must ask, direct a tactful question to the parents privately. if a handicapped student senses that others are uncomfortable around him, he will also feel very uncomfortable. a wheelchair indeed places certain restrictions on the student and her family and homeschool group. with thoughtful planning and good manners, however, it need not be a hindrance to the homeschool experience. the masts have homeschooled eight children, four of whom have graduated and gone on to college. one of these college students is in a wheelchair.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46790703651625276, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.302880"} {"text": "sirat : the forgotten iban attire the loincloths was once of the most basic markers of cultural identity, is now distinctively ignored among modern ibans. even the so called expert such as the anthropologists give a word or two regarding it, then pass on to other matters. the writers on customs seems to forgot the topics altogether. for as the dutchman karl martin said of the sulawesi loincloth a hundred years ago, \u201c once it \u2019 s on it \u2019 s hard to figure out how it got that way. \u201d some may thinks, a paper on the loincloth ought to be brief and cover only the essentials. yet just as we wear clothes for more reasons than mere utility, and dress decorates as much as it hides, the subject of the loincloth furnishes an occasion for remarks on history, culture, and psychology. the reasons why it did not attracts any attention of the scholar, though the purpose of the loincloth is to cover the male genitals, it leaves the buttocks bare. most peoples feel shame about all or part of the genitals ; but it seems to be a peculiarly western trait to feel equal shame about the buttocks, probably from a fear of homosexuality, an anxiety which also seems to grow with civilization. hence, westerners have always considered the loincloth an immodest garment. the loincloth is a garment of great antiquity, the original men \u2019 s clothing of most of the world, and particularly of the malayo - polynesian area, which includes the islands of the pacific ocean as far east as hawaii and as far south as new zealand, the malay archipelago and the philippines, the malay peninsula, the island of madagascar to the west, and mainland places inhabited by such dayak - like peoples as the mnongs of vietnam, the mru of bangladesh and the nagas of assam. on the continent west of india the loincloth is unknown. in malaya, java, bali, and elsewhere, the loincloth was replaced by the skirtlike kain because of hindu influence, while the sarong ( a sewn tube of cloth ) is an islamic import. it is worth noting that in the balinese wayang kulit, the most venerable character, twalen, wears a loincloth and not a skirt. twalen is both a funny rustic servant and one of the highest of gods, and it has been suggested that his character represents the pre - hindu and animist \u201c native", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4261938719841939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.313194"} {"text": "twalen, wears a loincloth and not a skirt. twalen is both a funny rustic servant and one of the highest of gods, and it has been suggested that his character represents the pre - hindu and animist \u201c native \u201d nature of the balinese. how to use a \u2018 sirat \u2019 take a strip of material about 10 inches wide and 10 to 12 feet long. hold up one end in front with your left hand or chin. the distance it falls determines the length of the apron. pass the rest of the material between your legs to the back and bring it up from back to front, from right to left around your waist ( the other way if lefthanded ). wind it around your waist, and then, when you reach again to the back, double the material over and pass it under the cloth that comes between your legs, and pull on the loop thus formed until belt and pouch are sufficiently tight. there should be a little \u201c tail \u201d [ iko sirat in iban ] in the back. the loincloth wound this way is quite secure and will not fall off even on a hard trek through the jungle. simple enough. but as dress is an important medium for individuals as well as whole peoples to express their individual styles, the loincloth too has many variants which we must consider. the standard borneo loincloth goes at least twice around the waist, and usually more, and the apron and tail will hang at least two thirds of the way down the thighs. the borneo fashion is to cover a broad band of waist, including the navel, although in the past, men often liked to squeeze the cloth of the pouch and apron very narrow. while in the midst of some chore in which the apron and tail might be dirtied or caught, a man can tuck them into the waistband. although dayaks have been trading with other countries for thousands of years, barkcloth was certainly the original material for loincloths, as it was in hawaii. barkcloth was worn quite often in later times, even in the middle of this century, when trade stopped during world war 2 and nobody whether in kuching or in the ulu could buy cloth. the poor sebuyau of lundu, who had by that time abandoned the sirat, were forced to make barkcloth shorts. this ancient barkcloth loincloth must have been elegant. dayaks preferred bark from the ipoh tree for its whiteness and softness, and often gave it a damasked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4411516970687206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.314120"} {"text": "time abandoned the sirat, were forced to make barkcloth shorts. this ancient barkcloth loincloth must have been elegant. dayaks preferred bark from the ipoh tree for its whiteness and softness, and often gave it a damasked texture by beating it with a carved mallet. one example is on display at the sarawak museum. there is a limit to how long a strip of barkcloth can be made. the longest will go only about twice around the waist. usually the borneo loincloth is made of a piece of commercial cloth and longer than the minimum twelve feet, often eight to ten yards of cloth and more. early brooke officials frowned on this \u201c extravagant waste. \u201d the common daily style was to wind the loincloth of a single long length off the bolt, folded in half lengthwise and not cut. thus it would be about 18 inches wide. dayaks preferred to use cloth dyed in some color, especially dark blue, or bright red ( kesumba, an assertive color ), or black. a cheap cotton such as is still sold in kuching was acceptable, but one hears even of silk loincloths. photographs taken by charles hose around a hundred years ago show orang ulu men wearing loincloths of white cotton, which seems to have been the fashion in those days. many photographs from the beginning of this century as well as the 40s and 50s show dayak men wearing loincloths of cotton printed in a calico or large flowered pattern. its an old authentic fashion. it is very hard to see old examples of sirat woven in the ikat technique peculiar to the ibans, though recent ikat loincloths exist from eastern indonesian islands. it would be natural to suppose that iban women did weave them for their men, and there is evidence in the following passage of an ensera. keling comes on a night visit to court kumang [ ngayap ] and, as he gets up to leave, not yet having assurance of her love, she takes the tail of his loincloth in her hand. this must have been a very splendid sirat, since it was the custom for young men to dress carefully and stylishly for a courting visit. ninga jako orang ka indu munyi nya dia keling lalu angkat beguai pulai. sepi iya tak tekait iko sirat. digama iya tak besabong sam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4254017784446821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.315157"} {"text": "ninga jako orang ka indu munyi nya dia keling lalu angkat beguai pulai. sepi iya tak tekait iko sirat. digama iya tak besabong sama jari. \u201c nama main nuan megai iko sirat aku deh unggal? enti nuan deka neladan iya tau ga unggal, \u201d pia ko keling. \u201c enda ga unggal. ukai aku deka neladan tanda sirat nuan. aku enda kala neladan japai jamah orang, \u201d pia ko kumang. keling asks : do you want to copy the designs on the front and tail of my loincloth? as the great art of iban women is the design and execution of ikat weavings, and since kumang is in mythology the very greatest weaver, keling here ironically supposes that kumang wants to examine the ikat design of the ends [ tanda ] of his sirat. these tanda are the most important part of the sirat, as they are that which shows, the body of the sirat being hidden under its coils. women often weave only these decorated ends and stitch them later to a strip of commercial cloth. there is also seen sirats made out of a body of white commercial drill cloth, with separate pieces stitched to the ends. these tanda are thickly embroidered with colored thread, in a style of design i have seen neither on mats nor on pua or other weavings, but most resembling mat designs. the hems of these tanda sirat are decorated with tassels of yarn and little pompoms. they also are about 10 inches wide and long enough to pass only twice or three times around the body. the fashion of the recent present among all dayak peoples is to wear a loincloth of red, black or dark blue commercial cotton with one broad bar of white, then a bar of color contrasting with the color of the sirat \u2019 s body, then another bar of white sewn to the apron and tail portions. dayaks seem to have invented this design in imitation of hornbill feathers. other loincloths have tanda decorated with appliques of commercial fringe, or, among the orang ulu, with tanda painted in their special own tendril - like designs or with beaded portions. these modern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4429387264384912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.316068"} {"text": "changing them spiritually in the same way as selempandai forged humans. according to tradition, a departed iban soul encountered numerous obstacles in searching the land of ancestors ( heaven ). the toughest obstacle was the river of death. only the soul that was properly tattooed was able to cross the bridge that spanned the river. the soul \u2019 s tattoos began to shine and guide the soul to the heaven. meanwhile, maligang, the bridge guardian, refused such passage to those failing souls, forcing them to descend into the river to be eaten by patan, a giant fish. common borneo tribal designs other than those beliefs, iban tattooing was also an initiation rite in the community and served as vital elements of beauty for women. iban tattoos are specific to particular parts of the body. for instance, images of jar appear on the neck, the brinjal flower on the forepart of shoulders ; scorpion on the hands and other images appear regularly on the backs and legs. interestingly, tattoos for women are predominantly on the hands and forearms with limited designs like bracelet, ring and dot ; and tattoos on the throat are distinctively meant for men only. dogs, scorpions, tigers, the hornbill, tuba root, the garing tree, and rosettes feature highly in borneo designs, as well as other images all depicting features of nature, such as bamboo. these designs denoted spiritual assistance, protection, prestige, and tribal identity among other things. how do they do it? iban tattooing was carried out outside the longhouse. the designs were first drawn with soot from burnt resin onto the parts of the body to be tattooed. using ancient dye - recipes and a special tool with one or more sharp points embedded in native rubber on the one end, a skilled tattoo artist hammered against the tool with a wooden stick to pierce the body, resulting in excruciating pain. after working on the designs, a rice - flour paste was applied to cool the tattooed areas. headgear worn in the turban style, about 2 yard in length, normally a combination of white / red color. labung also also consists of a few different type, which also differ the way they were known as. labung belanjan, is a headgear decorated with long tail feathers. labung tenun, is a woven headgear. a polka dot patterns textile used as a headgear is called labung engkari, while, a batik designs or paterns will make a labung bat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4879161676980454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.318038"} {"text": "long tail feathers. labung tenun, is a woven headgear. a polka dot patterns textile used as a headgear is called labung engkari, while, a batik designs or paterns will make a labung batik. ketapu in iban mean hat. this ketapu also has a few different type, depend on how it made and what it made of. ketapu rutan ( tisik tenggiling / tisik empurau ) is a helmet type of hat, more to a skull cap made of coarsely plaited rattan, covered with fish scales ( tisik empurau ) ( tisik tenggiling ) or ant - eater scales. in batang rajang area, it is a cap made from sliced rattan and decorated with beads and feathers or furs. ketapu tunjang is a hand woven rattan / bamboo sliced haedgear with several pointed tops where plumes or feathers are inserted. ketapu silong, mainly used in batang rajang area, is a beaded headgear decorated with long hornbill feathers. ketapu sutar ( see picture above ) and ketapu pirak is a silver headgear. in limbang, ketapu pirak were decorated with floral pattern.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47962332440859123, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.318472"} {"text": "optimal control theory for undergraduates abstractdynamic optimization is widely used in financial economics, macroeconomics and resource economics. this is accounting for some tension between the undergraduate and graduate teaching of economics because most undergraduate programs still concentrate on static economic analysis. this paper shows how, with the help of the microsoft excel solver tool, the principles of dynamic economics can be taught to students with minimal knowledge of calculus. as it is assumed that the reader has no prior knowledge of optimal control theory, some attention is paid to the main concepts of dynamic optimization. download infoif you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. in case of further problems read the ideas help page. note that these files are not on the ideas site. please be patient as the files may be large. bibliographic infopaper provided by the university of western australia, department of economics in its series economics discussion / working papers with number 05 - 07. length : 35 pages date of creation : jan 2005 date of revision : contact details of provider : postal : 35 stirling highway, crawley, w. a. 6009 phone : ( 08 ) 9380 2918 fax : ( 08 ) 9380 1016 web page : http : / / www. business. uwa. edu. au / school / disciplines / economics more information through edirc optimal control theory ; economic education ; microsoft excel ; find related papers by jel classification : - a22 - general economics and teaching - - economic education and teaching of economics - - - undergraduate - c61 - mathematical and quantitative methods - - mathematical methods ; programming models ; mathematical and simulation modeling - - - optimization techniques ; programming models ; dynamic analysis - d91 - microeconomics - - intertemporal choice and growth - - - intertemporal consumer choice ; life cycle models and saving - d92 - microeconomics - - intertemporal choice and growth - - - intertemporal firm choice and growth, financing, investment, and capacity - q00 - agricultural and natural resource economics ; environmental and ecological economics - - general - - - general this paper has been announced in the following nep reports : - nep - all - 2006 - 06 - 03 ( all new papers ) - nep - cmp - 2006 - 06 - 03 ( computational economics ) - nep - edu - 2006 - 06 - 03 ( education ) please report citation or reference errors to, or, if you are the registered author of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5601555564447136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.324370"} {"text": "by john campbell i had always thought that africa was a cornucopia of mineral riches : gold, platinum, coal, diamonds, oil \u2013 you name it ; africa has it all. maybe not so, writes bright simons in \u201c africa \u2019 s fabulous mineral wealth that isn \u2019 t all there, \u201d published in african arguments. he argues, inter alia, that on a per square mile and on a per capita basis, africa is poorer in mineral production and reserves than the world average. only ten of the hundred minerals most important to industrial production play a major role in african mining. further, their production and reserves are concentrated in only four countries : south africa, angola, congo, and guinea. his \u201c per capita \u201d argument is intriguing : norway and nigeria each produce about the same amount of oil per year. using 2012 prices, he calculates that if the oil revenue were divided equally among all 4, 707, 270 norwegians, he or she would each receive $ 15, 000. but under the same methodology, the nearly 170, 123, 740 nigerians would receive only $ 460. his discussion of the value of minerals is also fascinating. he states that the worldwide value of gold reserves is about $ 2. 6 trillion using 2012 prices. the total value of gold production in 2011, again using 2012 prices, was $ 138 billion. africa \u2019 s share was worth about $ 30 billion. iron is in short supply in africa. worldwide, he estimates the value of iron reserves at $ 128 trillion. the value of 2011 iron production was about $ 475 billion. so, the value of iron reserves and production greatly exceeds the value of gold. and while africa has the latter, it has little of the former. simons \u2019 argument is the beginning of a conversation, not the end. but, these considerations highlight the possibility that advocates of the \u201c resource curse \u201d argument may be short - sighted. it is also relevant to note that when the african national congress came to power in south africa after the 1994 \u2018 non - racial \u2019 elections, its leaders were surprised that the country was not nearly as rich as they had thought it to be. ralph bunche senior fellow for africa policy studies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4529006393496116, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.327050"} {"text": "a m a z i n g h u m a n f a c t s : ( if you have the time to read about you : ) ) except for your brain cells, 50, 000, 000 of the cells in your body will have died and been replaced with others, all while you have been reading this sentence. more than half the bones in the human body are in the hands and feet. the highest recorded \u201c sneeze speed \u201d is 165 km ( 102 miles ) per hour. ( they checked that the heart beats about 3 billion times in the average person \u2019 s lifetime. a newborn baby has 350 bones, but a fully - grown adult has only 206. our lungs inhale over two million liters of air every day, without even thinking. the surface area of the lungs is approximately the same size as a tennis court. food will get to your stomach even if you \u2019 re standing on your head. research has shown that guilt damages your immune system by lowering your immunoglobulin levels. the total length of your circulatory system stretches an amazing 60, 000 miles. that is more than twice the distance around the earth. in one square inch of skin : we have 4 yards of nerve fibers, 600 pain sensors, 1300 nerve cells, 9000 nerve endings, 36 heat sensors, 75 pressure sensors, 100 sweat glands, 3 million cells, and 3 yards of blood vessels. your heart beats about 100, 000 times in one day, about 40, 000, 000 times a year. in one hour the heart works hard enough to produce enough energy to raise almost one ton of weight one yard from the ground. the central nervous systemis connected to every part of the body by 43 pairs of nerves. twelve pairs go to and from the brain, with 31 pairs going from the spinal cord. there are nearly 45 miles of nerves running through our bodies. messages travel along the nerves as electrical impulses. they travel at speeds up to 248 mile per hour. the aorta, the largest artery in the body, is almost the diameter of a garden hose. capillaries, on the other hand, are so small that it takes ten of them to equal the thickness of a human hair. your body has about 5. 6 liters ( 6 quarts ) of blood. these 5. 6 liters of blood circulates through the body three times every minute. in one day, the blood travels a total of 19, 000 km ( 12, 000 miles ) \u2013 that \u2019 s four times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5148180352099994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.330848"} {"text": "cancer of the throat alternative namessquamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil what is cancer of the throat throat cancer takes its beginning in your throat ( pharynx ), voice box ( larynx ) or tonsils. the throat is the passage from the back of your mouth to the top tubes that go down to your stomach and lungs. voice box is the part of your throat that you use to produce the sounds when you speak. both the throat and the voice box are located below the throat. throat cancer is subdivided into different types : - nasopharyngeal cancer originates just behind your nose. - oropharyngeal cancer starts behind your mouth that includes your tonsils. - hypopharyngeal cancer ( laryngopharyngeal cancer ) develops in the hypopharynx ( the lower part of your throat, just above your esophagus and windpipe ). - glottic cancer located in the vocal cords. - supraglottic cancer begins in the upper portion of the larynx ( the part of your throat where the voice produced ). - subglottic cancer. this type of the cancer is found in the lower portion of your voice box, below your vocal cords. signs and symptoms the symptoms below may signal that the person has got a throat cancer : - a cough - a hoarseness ( when you speak in a low rough voice ) - swallowing problems - feeling pain in your ear - open wound - a sore throat the patients with throat cancer can have possible complications : - swallowing problems - airway obstruction - disfigured neck or face - stiff skin of the neck - speaking disability - metastasis of the cancer the main reasons leading to the occurrence of throat cancer is the development of genetic mutations in your throat. as a result uncontrolled growth of tumour cells happen which can live longer than healthy cells. unfortunately there are no proper ways which help to prevent the disease. but in order to avoid your risk of occurrence of throat cancer, you should : - get rid of smoking - avoid drinking alcohol - keep to a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables - don \u2019 t contact chemicals - avoid breathing hazardous chemical fumes - air your room and working place there are the following ways of throat cancer treatments : - surgery \u2013 can help to get rid of tumour alone, either combined with radiation therapy, especially when it \u2019 s of small size. some patients are offered operations which can help to remove the tumor, including", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44044875047398874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.334829"} {"text": "evolution is generally regarded as pretty good at specializing species for certain ecological niches, but with a glacial pace of adaptation, sometimes it needs a helping hand. meet the team of the weizmann institute of science in israel, who decided they wanted to beef up the paraoxonase 1 ( pon1 ) to the point it could combat sarin and other g - type nerve agents. pon1 is an enzyme that is produced by our livers that can counteract sarin, tabun, soman, and cyclosarin, but not well enough for use in case of emergency \u2014 requiring people to use masks and suits, which can be penetrated. so the researchers undertook a path of \" directed enzyme evolution, \" intentionally speeding up the course of adaptation to further their goal. this technique is, essentially, the sort of wonderful mad science that we love here at io9. they artificially induced mutations into the gene that encoded target enzyme, creating variations in its efficiency and ability, and picking the best out of the lot. within four generations of this process, the enzyme was functioning 340 times more efficiently than its natural form. the hope is that the modified enzyme will be able to given to people going into an area exposed to these nerve agents to protect them, as well as being used to fight those already subjected to it. it also shows that with some judicious use of mutations and population pressure, \" directed evolution \" can provide very speedy results. photo by dr _ ed _ needs _ a _ bicycle. evolved stereoselective hydrolases for broad - spectrum g - type nerve agent detoxification [ chemistry & biology ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5121193625745233, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.337540"} {"text": "be honest \u2014 would you have guessed that red blood cells are mysterious? no, i wouldn \u2019 t have either. they \u2019 re the simplest cells in our bodies, for goodness sake \u2014 they don \u2019 t even have dna. all they do is carry hemoglobin around, picking up oxygen as they pass the lungs and gradually dumping it everywhere else. how hard can that be to understand? and we \u2019 ve studied them in various ways for over 450 years. but indeed it turns out that there are significant holes in our knowledge of how the number, size and hemoglobin concentrations of red blood cells are controlled, and how these control systems go wrong in anemia. we do know where new red blood cells come from \u2014 the bone marrow \u2014 and we know some of the factors that control the development and release of new red blood cells, such as erythropoietin. the feedback control between \u201c too few red cells \u201d and \u201c more erythropoietin needed \u201d goes mainly through the kidneys ; the mechanism the kidney uses to sense oxygen levels ( protein hydroxylation ) and induce erythropoietin synthesis has been an area of active research. what we know less about is what happens to these new red blood cells once they get out in the circulation. the population distribution of red blood cells in a healthy person is usually very stable. but the behavior of individual cells must be quite dynamic : about a quarter of a trillion [ 2. 5 x 10 ( 11 ) ] new cells are added to the population daily, and so a similar number must be taken away. new red blood cells \u2014 which can be visualized because they carry residual rna \u2014 are considerably larger than mature red blood cells. they shrink by about 10 % in the few days after they are released from bone marrow ; then they continue to shrink, but more slowly, by shedding hemoglobin - containing vesicles. because red blood cells have no dna, they can \u2019 t replace the hemoglobin lost in the vesicles, so the loss of hemoglobin is irreversible. calculations show, though, that they must be able to pick up membrane from somewhere ; another mystery. we don \u2019 t really know how or why the vesicle shedding happens. and finally, after about 3 - 4 months, they \u2019 re cleared ; and naturally, we don \u2019 t know what the trigger is for clearance ( age? size? hemoglobin content? ). the volume", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49939862937310264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.346855"} {"text": "content ratio ( the amount of shrinkage is larger the further away the cell is from the \u201c correct \u201d ratio ), and then as it gets close to that ratio it starts shrinking more slowly, with volume and hemoglobin lost ( on average ) in proportion. both the fast and slow shrinkage involve a certain level of stochasticity ; this explains the breadth of the distribution around the diagonal line that describes the ideal volume / hemoglobin content ratio. to describe the trajectory of a single red blood cell, they use a langevin equation, and they use the fokker - planck equation to model the dynamics of the population ( making the assumption that the system is close to steady state ). then they introduce red cell clearance as a probability function, with the probability of clearance depending on how close the cell is to a threshold volume / hemoglobin content value. putting all of this together, they have a model with six main parameters. two parameters describe how quickly a newborn red blood cell progresses towards the ideal volume / hemoglobin content ratio ; one represents the rate of change after the ideal ratio has been achieved ; two describe the \u201c scatter \u201d or diffusion around the ratio ; and one represents the threshold for cell death. now they can use this model to extract their 6 parameters from measurements of red blood cell populations in healthy individuals and in patients with anemia. they looked at three different forms of anemia, each resulting from a different cause : iron deficiency anemia ( primarily caused by poor nutrition ), thalassemia trait ( genetics ), and anemia of chronic disease ( inflammation ). in each case they chose individuals with mild disease, so that the steady - state assumption would not be too severely violated. after all this build - up, you perhaps won \u2019 t be surprised when i tell you that patients with anemia do have different best - fit parameters from normal patients. that \u2019 s interesting all by itself, but here \u2019 s what \u2019 s more interesting : the parameters that change are different in the different forms of anemia. thalassemia trait and iron deficiency anemia are more similar to each other than to anemia of chronic disease or normals : they shrink slower in the fast phase of shrinkage, faster in the slow phase, and, strikingly, have a much lower threshold for cell death. we already knew that the red blood cells in patients with these diseases are especially small \u2014 they \u2019 re called \u201c microcytic \u201d anemias for this reason \u2014 but it \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5817912717039444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.349351"} {"text": ", strikingly, have a much lower threshold for cell death. we already knew that the red blood cells in patients with these diseases are especially small \u2014 they \u2019 re called \u201c microcytic \u201d anemias for this reason \u2014 but it \u2019 s now possible to tease out the different contributions to this phenomenon. the change in threshold for clearance is the most striking, to me ; does this show that the ( unknown ) red blood cell clearance mechanism can be regulated by lack of oxygen? and if so, why doesn \u2019 t this ( unknown ) regulatory mechanism also reduce the threshold for cell death in anemia of chronic disease patients? iron deficiency anemia patients also show ten - fold more variability in hemoglobin loss in the slow phase of red cell shrinkage than normals. this may provide a way to distinguish iron deficiency anemia from thalassemia trait, which would be an important clinical contribution since mistakenly treating a person with thalassemia as if they were iron deficient can cause serious problems. most important from the clinical point of view, this model - based analysis may allow earlier diagnosis of some forms of anemia. using the example of an individual diagnosed with iron - deficient anemia who had three cbc tests at two - month intervals before the diagnosis was made, higgins and mahadevan show that they can identify abnormal parameter changes a full two months before the anemia became clinically detectable. the cool thing about this is that it doesn \u2019 t require a new machine, or a new test ; all the data are already collected routinely, it \u2019 s just a question of running it through a new computer program. [ on the other hand, the cynical side of me suggests that a new machine that goes ping might be more marketable than mathematics. only time will tell. ] higgins, j., & mahadevan, l. ( 2010 ). physiological and pathological population dynamics of circulating human red blood cells proceedings of the national academy of sciences doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 1012747107", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5120005980162194, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.350181"} {"text": "it ' s normal for a newborn ' s eyes to wander or cross occasionally during the first few months of life. but by the time a baby is 4 to 6 months old, the eyes usually straighten out. if one or both eyes continue to wander in, out, up, or down \u2014 even intermittently \u2014 it ' s probably due to a condition called strabismus. when detected early on, strabismus is curable through a variety of safe and effective treatment options. but it ' s important for kids to be treated early \u2014 waiting too long or overlooking treatment completely can lead to permanent vision loss. strabismus is the misalignment or wandering of one or both eyes either inward ( called esotropia ), outward ( exotropia ), up ( hypertropia ), or down ( hypotropia ). the condition can be constant or parents may only notice it occasionally ; for instance, when their child is tired or looking at something very close up. strabismus can be present at birth or develop in childhood. in most cases, the cause is unknown, although kids with a family history of strabismus are at an increased risk for it. most kids are diagnosed between 1 and 4 years of age. rarely, a child might develop strabismus for the first time after 6 years of age. if this happens, it ' s important to contact your doctor immediately, who will then refer your child to a pediatric ophthalmologist and possibly a neurologist to rule out any underlying conditions that may be causing the problem. how vision is affected when eyes are misaligned, the straight or straighter eye becomes dominant. the vision strength ( acuity ) of the straight eye remains normal because the eye and its connection to the brain are functioning as they should. the misaligned or weaker eye, however, does not focus properly and its connection to the brain is not formed correctly. if strabismus is left untreated, the brain will eventually suppress or ignore the image of the weaker eye, resulting in amblyopia ( or \" lazy eye, \" when an eye is unable to focus on details ) or permanent vision loss. longstanding eye misalignment also might impair the development of depth perception ( stereopsis ) or the ability to see in 3d. most kids with strabismus don ' t complain of eye problems. usually, it ' s a family member or teacher who notices a misalign", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5017882532900457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.358372"} {"text": "impair the development of depth perception ( stereopsis ) or the ability to see in 3d. most kids with strabismus don ' t complain of eye problems. usually, it ' s a family member or teacher who notices a misalignment of the eyes. some kids may complain of double vision ( seeing two objects when there ' s only one in view ) or have trouble seeing things in general. younger children who are not yet able to verbalize their vision problems may squint frequently and turn or tilt their heads in an attempt to see more clearly. if your child has any of these signs or symptoms, tell your doctor. if necessary, he or she can refer you to a pediatric ophthalmologist for proper evaluation and treatment. treatment for strabismus depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the eye misalignment. the condition usually is corrected with either glasses or eye muscle surgery. in some cases, the use of eye patching or eye drops may be helpful too. farsightedness ( hyperopia ), nearsightedness ( myopia ), and astigmatism ( a form of blurry vision ) can sometimes cause crossed eyes in very young children. these kids might benefit from wearing glasses. a child who has amblyopia as well as strabismus might be prescribed eye patches to be worn over the unaffected or straight eye. these block out all light and force the misaligned or weaker eye to do the \" seeing \" work. over time, consistent patching may strengthen the vision in the weaker eye. sometimes it can help strengthen the muscle of the weaker eye and restore proper alignment. typically, kids must wear the patch 2 to 3 hours per day during waking hours for several months or years depending on the severity of the condition. in more extreme cases, patches may be worn up to 6 hours or longer every day. for parents of babies and toddlers with strabismus, enforcing the use of an eye patch can seem challenging. but after the initial adjustment period, most kids adapt well and the patch just becomes part of their daily routine, like brushing their teeth. sometimes, though, despite a parent ' s best efforts, a child will refuse to wear an eye patch. in these cases, atropine drops might be used instead. just as an eye patch blocks the vision in the unaffected or straight eye, the atropine drops will temporarily blur out vision in the straight eye, forcing the misaligned eye to work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48539074530427323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.359405"} {"text": "these cases, atropine drops might be used instead. just as an eye patch blocks the vision in the unaffected or straight eye, the atropine drops will temporarily blur out vision in the straight eye, forcing the misaligned eye to work harder. if glasses and / or patching or atropine drops do not achieve the proper alignment, eye muscle surgery may be recommended. surgery involves loosening or tightening the muscles that cause the eye to wander. although it is an invasive measure, surgery is considered safe and effective and usually does not require an overnight hospital stay. how well children fare with correction of strabismus depends not only on the severity of their condition, but also on how quickly it was recognized and treated. kids reach full visual maturation at around 8 years old. it is during these early years of development that vital connections between the eyes and the brain are formed. so early intervention is critical. the earlier strabismus is diagnosed and treated, the better a child ' s chances are of having straight eyes and developing good vision and proper depth perception. studies show, however, that older kids and teens and even many adults with strabismus might still benefit from treatment. the social aspect to strabismus also should not be overlooked. properly aligned eyes are important for a healthy self - image and good interpersonal relationships in kids and adults. fortunately, when strabismus is recognized and treated effectively, it can be cured and permanent vision loss prevented.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4367733012526197, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.360013"} {"text": "chris never thought that his pet iguana would make him sick. but when he started having a fever, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea, the doctor diagnosed him with an infection called and said that the iguana may have been the cause. it ' s not just pets like iguanas and turtles that carry the salmonella bacteria. sometimes, these bacteria can find their way into foods. and recent food poisoning outbreaks involving tomatoes show that these foods aren ' t always animal products. what is salmonellosis? an infection with salmonella bacteria usually affects the gastrointestinal system ( the stomach and intestines ) in humans. in more severe cases, salmonella can spread to the blood, the bones, or even to the fluid around the brain, but these types of infection are less common. an american scientist named daniel e. salmon is credited with the discovery of the salmonella family of bacteria in the late 1800s. since then, scientists have identified more than 2, 400 types of salmonella bacteria. they ' ve also figured out where salmonella live, how they spread to humans, and how to reduce their spread among the general public. even so, each year the united states has about 40, 000 cases of salmonellosis. and many more cases go unreported. salmonella bacteria are often found in the feces ( poop ) of some animals, particularly reptiles. iguanas, for example, carry salmonella marina. people who have these animals as pets are at more risk of getting salmonellosis because the bacteria from a reptile ' s feces can get on its skin. then, when people handle the reptiles, they get the bacteria on their hands. ( hand washing is a good way to reduce the risk of getting salmonellosis. ) other strains of salmonella can spread to people in foods that have come into contact with infected animal feces. these exposures happen when foods such as poultry, eggs, and beef are not cooked enough. fruit and vegetables can also become contaminated from feces in the soil or water where they are grown. if fruit and vegetables are not washed thoroughly before they are eaten, they can spread salmonella. the bacteria can also be spread through prepared foods if infected food handlers do not wash their hands properly after using the bathroom. lots of different things influence whether someone will be infected, including the person ' s age, general health, and immune system strength. whether a person becomes sick or not can also depend on how many bacteria enter the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41473397896147973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.367007"} {"text": "their hands properly after using the bathroom. lots of different things influence whether someone will be infected, including the person ' s age, general health, and immune system strength. whether a person becomes sick or not can also depend on how many bacteria enter the digestive system. people who are more likely to become ill from salmonella include : young children and infants ( their developing immune systems have a harder time fighting off the infection ) those with weakened immune systems ( such as people with hiv and those with sickle cell anemia ) people who take cancer drugs people who take antacids or stomach acid suppression medication in these higher risk groups, salmonella is more likely to invade beyond the gastrointestinal tract and cause bacteremia ( bacteria in the bloodstream ). from there the bacteria can spread deeper into the body and cause more serious diseases, like meningitis. what are the symptoms? symptoms of salmonellosis can include diarrhea that may be bloody, abdominal cramping and pain, and fever. these symptoms can take anywhere from 6 to 72 hours to appear after someone ingests the bacteria. not everyone who swallows the bacteria will become ill. in most people, the illness lasts 4 to 7 days once symptoms begin. some strains of salmonella can cause a more serious form of the disease known as typhoid or enteric fever. the symptoms of typhoid fever can include a prolonged fever, abdominal pain, headache, tiredness, a distinct rash, constipation or diarrhea, and a change in mental state. typhoid fever is rare in the united states, but it can be common in developing countries. wash your hands. good hygiene is important if you want to reduce your risk of getting salmonellosis and other food - borne illnesses. you can help prevent salmonellosis by encouraging your family to wash their hands thoroughly and frequently, particularly after going to the bathroom and before preparing food. be cautious with pets, especially reptiles. wash your hands thoroughly after touching them or cleaning their cages. small children should not have reptiles, especially turtles, as pets. be careful about food preparation. because the bacteria appear most often in animal foods, avoid eating raw or undercooked eggs, poultry, or meat. proper cooking will kill salmonella, so poultry and meat should be cooked to the proper temperature. eggs can carry salmonella bacteria both inside and outside the shell. infection from contamination outside the shell is much less common today because egg producers follow strict procedures for cleaning and inspecting eggs. but another", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43189607965124543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.367962"} {"text": "so poultry and meat should be cooked to the proper temperature. eggs can carry salmonella bacteria both inside and outside the shell. infection from contamination outside the shell is much less common today because egg producers follow strict procedures for cleaning and inspecting eggs. but another form of salmonella infection can contaminate eggs before the shells are formed. your best bet is to avoid eating raw or undercooked eggs, like sunny - side up or poached eggs with a soft center. unpasteurized milk and juices can also be contaminated, so stick with pasteurized. avoid cross - contamination. when raw meat or eggs touch other food, it can lead to salmonellosis. and meat or eggs don ' t have to touch the food directly \u2014 sometimes cutting boards, counters, or utensils can transfer the bacteria from raw meat to foods like fruits and vegetables. to protect against this, keep uncooked meats and eggs separate from all other foods, cooked or raw. avoid cutting raw meat with a knife and then using the unwashed knife to cut another food you are preparing \u2014 use a clean knife. and when you ' re done preparing raw meat, wash your hands, cutting boards, counters, and knives thoroughly with soap and hot water. if you ' re planning to travel overseas \u2014 especially to a developing country \u2014 be sure to receive a typhoid vaccine before traveling if it is recommended. and once you ' re there, be cautious about drinking nonbottled drinks and eating foods sold by vendors on the street. if you think you may have salmonellosis, make an appointment to see your doctor. because many different illnesses can cause similar symptoms, the doctor may send a stool ( poop ) sample to the lab for testing. if you do have salmonellosis and the infection is not severe ( that is, it has not spread beyond the gastrointestinal system ), your doctor will probably let you get better on your own. the doctor probably will not give you antibiotics unless you have a severe infection or you ' re in a high - risk group and unable to fight off the infection. antibiotics do not appear to help a healthy person whose infection is not severe \u2014 and may actually lengthen the amount of time the person will carry the bacteria. some people with salmonellosis may have to stay in the hospital to be treated for dehydration ( an abnormally low level of fluid in the body ), which can be a complication of any type of diarrhea. a severe salmonella infection will require", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41944749169054496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.368958"} {"text": "##sis may have to stay in the hospital to be treated for dehydration ( an abnormally low level of fluid in the body ), which can be a complication of any type of diarrhea. a severe salmonella infection will require further testing to determine the specific type behind the illness and which antibiotics can be used to treat it. people who are infected with salmonella may still be contagious from several days to several weeks after they ' ve been infected \u2014 even if their symptoms have disappeared or they ' ve been treated with antibiotics. so while you recover, be sure to wash your hands frequently and don ' t share your food or drinks with anyone. and if you work in a restaurant or your work involves handling food, check with your doctor before returning to work. what can i do to help myself feel better? because any diarrhea can lead to dehydration \u2014 and because the diarrhea caused by salmonella can be severe \u2014 drink plenty of water or drinks that contain electrolytes ( such as sports drinks ). you may be tempted to treat yourself with anti - diarrheal medicines, but they ' re not usually recommended for people with salmonellosis. they can make the infection last longer, so be sure to check with your doctor first. if you have a fever, you can take acetaminophen or ibuprofen to reduce your temperature if your doctor says it ' s ok.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3924490694736979, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.369518"} {"text": "jacob loves books. his mom knows this because when she sits down to read to him every night, he waves his arms excitedly. his favorite page of \" goodnight moon \" shows a cow jumping over the moon. he squeals and reaches for the book every time he sees it. when she is done reading, his mom usually lets him hold the sturdy board book, which he promptly sticks into his mouth. jacob is only 6 months old, but he is already well on his way to becoming a reader. why read to my baby? you may wonder about the benefits of reading to your baby. an infant won ' t understand everything you ' re doing or why. but you wouldn ' t wait until your child could understand what you were saying before you started speaking to him or her, right? nor would you bypass lullabies until your baby could carry a tune or wait until he or she could shake a rattle before you offered any toys. reading aloud to your baby is a wonderful shared activity you can continue for years to come \u2014 and it ' s an important form of stimulation. teaches a baby about communication introduces concepts such as numbers, letters, colors, and shapes in a fun way builds listening, memory, and vocabulary skills gives babies information about the world around them believe it or not, by the time babies reach their first birthday they will have learned all the sounds needed to speak their native language. the more stories you read aloud, the more words your child will be exposed to and the better he or she will be able to talk. hearing words helps to build a rich network of words in a baby ' s brain. kids whose parents frequently talk / read to them know more words by age 2 than children who have not been read to. and kids who are read to during their early years are more likely to learn to read at the right time. when you read, your child hears you using many different emotions and expressive sounds, which fosters social and emotional development. reading also invites your baby to look, point, touch, and answer questions \u2014 all of which promote social development and thinking skills. and your baby improves language skills by imitating sounds, recognizing pictures, and learning words. but perhaps the most important reason to read aloud is that it makes a connection between the things your baby loves the most \u2014 your voice and closeness to you \u2014 and books. spending time reading to your baby shows that reading is a skill worth learning. and, if infants and children are read to often with joy, excitement, and closeness, they begin to associate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44712780397910307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.377340"} {"text": "the most \u2014 your voice and closeness to you \u2014 and books. spending time reading to your baby shows that reading is a skill worth learning. and, if infants and children are read to often with joy, excitement, and closeness, they begin to associate books with happiness \u2014 and budding readers are created. young babies may not know what the pictures in a book mean, but they can focus on them, especially faces, bright colors, and contrasting patterns. when you read or sing lullabies and nursery rhymes, you can entertain and soothe your infant. between 4 and 6 months, your baby may begin to show more interest in books. he or she will grab and hold books, but will mouth, chew, and drop them as well. choose sturdy vinyl or cloth books with bright colors and repetitive or rhyming text. between 6 and 12 months, your child is beginning to understand that pictures represent objects, and most likely will develop preferences for certain pictures, pages, or even entire stories. your baby will respond while you read, grabbing for the book and making sounds, and by 12 months will turn pages ( with some help from you ), pat or start to point to objects on a page, and repeat your sounds. when and how to read here ' s a great thing about reading aloud : it doesn ' t take special skills or equipment, just you, your baby, and some books. read aloud for a few minutes at a time, but do it often. don ' t worry about finishing entire books \u2014 focus on pages that you and your baby enjoy. try to set aside time to read every day \u2014 perhaps before naptime and bedtime. in addition to the pleasure that cuddling your baby before bed gives both of you, you ' ll also be making life easier by establishing a routine. this will help to calm your baby and set expectations about when it ' s time to sleep. it ' s also good to read at other points in the day. choose times when your baby is dry, fed, and alert. books also come in handy when you ' re stuck waiting, so have some in the diaper bag to fill time sitting at the doctor ' s office or standing in line at the grocery store. here are some additional reading tips : cuddling while you read helps your baby feel safe, warm, and connected to you. read with expression, pitching your voice higher or lower where it ' s appropriate or using different voices for different characters. don ' t worry about following the text exactly. stop once in a while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44676592652926034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.378334"} {"text": "your baby feel safe, warm, and connected to you. read with expression, pitching your voice higher or lower where it ' s appropriate or using different voices for different characters. don ' t worry about following the text exactly. stop once in a while and ask questions or make comments on the pictures or text. ( \" where ' s the kitty? there he is! what a cute black kitty. \" ) your child might not be able to respond yet, but this lays the groundwork for doing so later on. sing nursery rhymes, make funny animal sounds, or bounce your baby on your knee \u2014 anything that shows that reading is fun. babies love \u2014 and learn from \u2014 repetition, so don ' t be afraid of reading the same books over and over. when you do so, repeat the same emphasis each time as you would with a familiar song. as your baby gets older, encourage him or her to touch the book or hold sturdier vinyl, cloth, or board books. you don ' t want to encourage chewing on books, but by putting them in his or her mouth, your baby is learning about them, finding out how books feel and taste \u2014 and discovering that they ' re not edible! books for babies should have simple, repetitive text and clear pictures. during the first few months of life, your child just likes to hear your voice, so you can read almost anything, especially books with a sing - song or rhyming text. as your baby gets more interested in looking at things, choose books with simple pictures against solid backgrounds. once your baby begins to grab, you can read vinyl or cloth books that have faces, bright colors, and shapes. when your baby begins to respond to what ' s inside of books, add board books with pictures of babies or familiar objects like toys. when your child begins to do things like sit up in the bathtub or eat finger foods, find simple stories about daily routines like bedtime or bathtime. when your child starts talking, choose books that invite babies to repeat simple words or phrases. books with mirrors and different textures ( crinkly, soft, scratchy ) are also great for this age group, as are fold - out books that can be propped up, or books with flaps that open for a surprise. board books make page turning easier for infants and vinyl or cloth books can go everywhere \u2014 even the tub. babies of any age like photo albums with pictures of people they know and love. and every baby should have a collection of nursery rhymes! one of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4438074741846649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.379788"} {"text": "an allergen - specific immunoglobulin e ( ige ) blood test is done to check whether a person is allergic to a particular substance. an allergic reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts to something, often in the environment, that ' s harmless to most people. to protect the body from this perceived threat, or allergen, the immune system of an allergic person produces antibodies called immunoglobulin e. ige antibodies are found mostly in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. they cause mast cells ( a type of cell involved in the body ' s immune response ) to release chemicals, including histamine, into the bloodstream. it ' s these chemicals that bring on many of the allergy symptoms that affect a person ' s eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal tract. because ige antibodies are unique to each allergen ( for example, ige produced in response to pollen differs from ige produced after a bee sting ), checking for specific variants in the blood can help determine if an allergy is present. common allergens that may be tested for by using the allergen - specific ige test include : foods ( including peanuts, milk, eggs, or shellfish ) medications ( such as penicillin ) insect venom ( from bee or wasp stings ) latex ( found in certain balloons or hospital gloves ) your doctor also may order a group of these tests \u2014 sometimes called a mini - screen or mini - panel \u2014 to look for antibodies against a variety of suspected allergens. why it ' s done this test is performed to check for allergies to specific allergens. doctors may order it when a child has symptoms of an allergy ( include hives, itchy eyes or nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, throat tightness, or trouble breathing ). symptoms may be seasonal ( as with allergies due to pollen or molds ) or year - round ( as with pet dander ) and can range from mild to severe. this test is especially useful in children who ' ve had life - threatening reactions to a certain allergen and for whom a skin - prick test would be too dangerous. in some cases, the test may also be used to monitor the effectiveness of allergy treatments, or to see if a child has outgrown an allergy. no special preparations are needed for this test. on the day of the test, it may help to have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.496700797379972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.383789"} {"text": "the test may also be used to monitor the effectiveness of allergy treatments, or to see if a child has outgrown an allergy. no special preparations are needed for this test. on the day of the test, it may help to have your child wear a short - sleeve shirt to allow easier access for the technician who will be drawing the blood. a health professional will usually draw the blood from a vein. for an infant, the blood may be obtained by puncturing the heel with a small needle ( lancet ). if the blood is being drawn from a vein, the skin surface is cleaned with antiseptic, and an elastic band ( tourniquet ) is placed around the upper arm to apply pressure and cause the veins to swell with blood. a needle is inserted into a vein ( usually in the arm inside of the elbow or on the back of the hand ) and blood is withdrawn and collected in a vial or syringe. after the procedure, the elastic band is removed. once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed and the area is covered with cotton or a bandage to stop the bleeding. collecting blood for this test will only take a few minutes. either method ( heel or vein withdrawal ) of collecting a sample of blood is only temporarily uncomfortable and can feel like a quick pinprick. afterward, there may be some mild bruising, which should go away in a few days. getting the results the blood sample will be processed by a machine, and the results are usually available within a few days. elevated levels of specific ige antibodies may mean an allergy is present. however, the amount of ige doesn ' t necessarily predict the severity of the reaction. for this reason, your doctor will interpret the results in comparison with your child ' s symptoms and other allergy tests. the allergen - specific ige test is considered a safe procedure. however, as with many medical tests, some problems can occur with having blood drawn, such as : fainting or feeling lightheaded hematoma ( blood accumulating under the skin causing a lump or bruise ) pain associated with multiple punctures to locate a vein helping your child having a blood test is relatively painless. still, many kids are afraid of needles. explaining the test in terms your child can understand might help ease some of the fear. allow your child to ask the technician any questions he or she might have. tell your child to try to relax and stay still during the procedure, as tensing muscles and moving can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4405547668802571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.384799"} {"text": "some people at school are worried because we think our friend has anorexia. is there anything we can do for her? - dionne * it \u2019 s a great idea to eat healthy and stay in shape, but when it goes to an unhealthy or extreme level, a person might be developing an eating disorder. although many people are unhappy with their weight, someone who starts to do things that are emotionally or physically dangerous in order to lose weight may have an eating disorder. signs of an eating disorder can include : moving food around on the plate instead of eating it compulsive exercising ( including over - exercising, exercising when injured, secret exercising ) always going to the bathroom right after eating drastic weight loss eating a lot, often uncontrollably fear of gaining weight constantly talking about weight and food not getting menstrual periods eating only in private preoccupation with calorie counting and nutritional information people with eating disorders need help or they can get very sick. try talking with your friend and expressing your concern. sometimes this can help \u2014 other times, people are in denial or are afraid they ' ll be talked in to gaining weight. encourage your friend to talk to a parent, counselor, or doctor about getting help. if your friend doesn ' t get help, you may need to talk to your parents, school guidance counselor, or nurse.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41724889625953226, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.386259"} {"text": "bullying : advice to parents and teachers a survey by the josephson institute of ethics reveals that half of high school students in america say they have been bullied. while clearly this is an issue which teens now have to deal with on school campuses, it would be misguided and a mistake to see this strictly as a youth issue. true, youth are the victims and perpetrators of bullying on school grounds. however, bullying is a behavior which is socially learned and reinforced by peers, and adults, and the society. hence, a broader approach is needed to address this issue outside of just blaming the individual. just as we expect and are demand that youth be held accountable for their behavior - take personal responsibility - so must adults and society. the more central issue is where are the youth learning the type of behavior that leads to bullying, and who are their role models : \u201c reality tv \u201d ( the bad girls club ) ; war - iraq ; sports, boxing, hockey, football ; family ( domestic violence ), political discourse ( \u201c man - up \u201d ). adults are the true authors of teenage acts of bullying in that adults are responsible for the socialization of children and youth, and from protecting from harmful presentations and models ( \u201c the bad girl club \u201d ) that teach, encourage, and reinforce bullying, and more importantly, thought and behavior which leads to acts of bullying. what is to be done : steps to reduce and minimize bullying first and foremost understand what is really occurring. - don \u2019 t confuse bullying with other forms of normative adolescent group behavior - consistent with adolescent development, youth will develop cliques and peer groups ( sometime competing with other peer groups ). - at its root, bullying as more do to with physical and emotional abuse and cruelty. what is occurring today is characterized more by efforts to humiliate, embarrass and terrorize youth through scandal, rumor, or misinformation. - it is paramount that the pathway of bullying be addressed. the pathway to bullying start at an early age with teasing ( normative for children ) and progress ( as children get older and approach adolescence ) to acts which seek to humiliate and destroy the reputation and personality of the youth. - as youth progress through the pathway of bullying, their acts of bullying takes on a more anti - social character. - punishing and \u201c zero tolerance \u201d policies will temporarily stop the behavior, but will have no predictable effect on future behavior. certainly, consequences or sanctions are in order. however, do not rely on them as correctives or solutions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.444673488863382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.392264"} {"text": "societal attitudes toward homosexuality vary greatly in different cultures and different historical periods, as do attitudes toward sexual desire, activity and relationships in general. all cultures have their own values regarding appropriate and inappropriate sexuality ; some sanction same - sex love and sexuality, while others disapprove of such activities. as with heterosexual behaviour, different sets of prescriptions and proscriptions may be given to individuals according to their gender, age, social status and / or class. for example, among the samurai class of pre - modern japan, it was recommended for a teenage novice to enter into an erotic relationship with an older warrior ( see shudo ), but sexual relations between the two became inappropriate once the boy came of age. most of the world ' s cultures have considered procreative sex within a recognized relationship to be a sexual norm \u2014 sometimes exclusively so, and sometimes alongside norms of same - sex love, whether passionate, intimate or sexual. some religions, especially those influenced by the abrahamic tradition, have traditionally censured homosexual acts and relationships, in some cases implementing severe punishments for offenders. since the 1970s, much of the world has become more accepting of same - sex sexuality between partners of legal age. the pew research center ' s 2007 global attitudes survey found that \" [ p ] eople in africa and the middle east strongly object to societal acceptance of homosexuality. but there is far greater tolerance for homosexuality in major latin american countries such as mexico, argentina, chile and brazil. opinion in europe is split between west and east. majorities in every western european nation surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most russians, poles and ukrainians disagree. americans are divided \u2013 a thin plurality ( 49 % ) believes homosexuality should be accepted, while 41 % disagree. \" | lgbt and queer studies | | lesbian \u00b7 gay \u00b7 bisexual \u00b7 transgender \u00b7 homosexuality | | timeline \u00b7 gay liberation \u00b7 social movements \u00b7 aids timeline | | lgbt community \u00b7 gay pride \u00b7 coming out \u00b7 gay village \u00b7 queer \u00b7 queer theory \u00b7 religion \u00b7 slang \u00b7 symbols | | marriage \u00b7 civil unions \u00b7 adoption \u00b7 sodomy law \u00b7 military service \u00b7 hate crimes \u00b7 laws around the world | | attitudes and discrimination | | heterosexism \u00b7 homophobia \u00b7 lesbophobia \u00b7 biphobia \u00b7 transphobia | | lgbt portal \u00b7 categories | difficulties interpreting homosexuality in different culturesedit contemporary scholars caution against applying modern western assumptions about sex and gender to other times and places ; what looks like same - sex sexuality to a western observer may not be \" same - sex \" or \" sexual \" at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4964323615018083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.436300"} {"text": "difficulties interpreting homosexuality in different culturesedit contemporary scholars caution against applying modern western assumptions about sex and gender to other times and places ; what looks like same - sex sexuality to a western observer may not be \" same - sex \" or \" sexual \" at all to the people engaging in such behaviour. for example, in the bugis cultures of sulawesi, a female - bodied person who dresses and works in a masculine fashion and marries a woman is seen as belonging to a third gender ; to the bugis, their relationship is not homosexual ( see sexual orientation and gender identity ). in the case of ' sambia ' ( a pseudonym ) boys in new guinea who ingest the semen of older males to aid in their maturation, it is disputed whether this is best understood as a sexual act at all. in recent times, scholars have argued that notions of a homosexual and heterosexual identity, as they are currently known in the western world, only began to emerge in europe in the mid to late 19th century. behaviors that today would be widely regarded as homosexual, at least in the west, enjoyed a degree of acceptance in around three quarters of the cultures surveyed in patterns of sexual behavior ( 1951 ). measuring attitudes toward homosexualityedit template : pew2007 from the 1970s, academics have researched attitudes held by individuals toward lesbians, gay men and bisexuals, and the social and cultural factors that underlie such attitudes. numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of acceptance and disapproval of homosexuality, and have consistently found correlates with various demographic, psychological, and social variables. for example, studies ( mainly conducted in the united states ) have found that heterosexuals with positive attitudes towards homosexuality are more likely to be female, white, young, non - religious, well - educated, politically liberal or moderate, and have close personal contact with out homosexuals. they are also more likely to have positive attitudes towards other minority groups and are less likely to support traditional gender roles. several studies have also suggested that heterosexual females have strong likings toward gay men, and some ( but not all ) have found that heterosexual males have strong likings toward lesbians. social psychologists such as gregory herek have examined underlying motivations for homophobia ( hostility toward lesbians and gays ), and cultural theorists have noted how portrayals of homosexuality often center around stigmatized phenomena such as aids, pedophilia, and gender variance. the extent to which such portrayals are stereotypes is disputed. contemporary researchers have measured attitudes held by heterosexuals toward gay men and lesbians in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5054207216628028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.438192"} {"text": "of homosexuality often center around stigmatized phenomena such as aids, pedophilia, and gender variance. the extent to which such portrayals are stereotypes is disputed. contemporary researchers have measured attitudes held by heterosexuals toward gay men and lesbians in a number of different ways. commonly used scales include those designed by herek, larson et al., kite and deaux and haddock et al. certain populations are also found to accept homosexuality better than others. in the united states, african - americans are generally less tolerant of homosexuality than white americans. israelis were found to be the most accepting of homosexuality among middle eastern nations, the pew global attitudes project found, and israeli laws and culture reflects that. pew global included arab citizens of israel in their survey of the israeli population, who are much less tolerant of homosexuality than jewish israelis. according to a 2007 poll, a strong majority of israeli jews say they would accept a gay child and go on with life as usual. a 2009 haaretz - dialog poll found that most of the religious sector, the arab sector, and the russian - speaking sector saw homosexuality as a perversion, while the majority of traditional and secular jews say they have no problem with it. the poll found homophobia to be declining. much less research has been conducted into societal attitudes toward bisexuality. what studies do exist suggest that the attitude of heterosexuals toward bisexuals mirrors their attitude toward homosexuals, and that bisexuals experience a similar degree of hostility, discrimination, and violence relating to their sexual orientation as do homosexuals. the legal status of homosexuality varies greatly around the world. homosexual acts between consenting adults are known to be illegal in about 70 out of the 195 countries of the world ; in 40 of these, only male - male sex is outlawed. homosexual sex acts may be illegal, especially under sodomy laws, and where they are legal, the age of consent often differs from country to country. in some cases, homosexuals are prosecuted under vaguely - worded \" public decency \" or morality laws. some countries have special laws preventing certain public expressions of homosexuality, such as britain ' s section 28 ( now repealed ). nations or subnational entities may have anti - discrimination legislation in place to protect against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in the workplace, housing, health services and education. some give exemptions, allowing employers to discriminate if they are a religious organisation, or if the employee works with children. legal recognition of same - sex relationships also varies greatly. legal privileges pertaining to different -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4817160147637083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.440324"} {"text": "housing, health services and education. some give exemptions, allowing employers to discriminate if they are a religious organisation, or if the employee works with children. legal recognition of same - sex relationships also varies greatly. legal privileges pertaining to different - sex relationships that may be extended to same - sex couples include parenting, adoption and access to reproductive technologies ; immigration ; spousal benefits for employees such as pensions, health funds and other services ; family leave ; medical rights, including hospital visitation, notification and power of attorney ; inheritance when a partner dies without leaving a will ; and social security and tax benefits. same - sex couples without legal recognition may also lack access to domestic violence services, as well as mediation and arbitration over custody and property when relationships end. some regions have laws specifically excluding same - sex couples from particular rights such as adoption. in 2001, the netherlands became the first country to recognize same - sex marriage, and same - sex marriages were subsequently recognized in belgium ( 2003 ) ; spain and canada ( 2005 ) ; the u. s. states of massachusetts ( 2004 ), california ( 2008 - later banned by proposition 8 ), connecticut ( 2008 ), iowa ( 2009 ), vermont ( 2009 ), and maine ( 2009 - later repealed by question 1 ) ; south africa ( 2006 ) ; norway ( 2009 ) ; sweden ( 2009 ) and portugal ( 2010 ). other legal recognition of same sex relationships ( offering fewer benefits than marriage ) include civil unions and domestic partnerships. application of sharia lawedit on the other end of the spectrum, several countries impose the death penalty for homosexual acts, as per the application of koranic sharia law. as of 2006, these include mauritania, sudan, iran, saudi arabia, united arab emirates, yemen, pakistan, the parts of chechnya under sharia, and some islamist dominated regions within nigeria and somalia. in saudi arabia, the maximum punishment for homosexuality is public execution. however, the government will use other punishments - e. g., fines, jail time, and whipping - as alternatives, unless it feels that homosexuals are challenging state authority by engaging in lgbt social movements. iran is perhaps the nation to execute the largest number of its citizens for homosexuality. since the 1979 islamic revolution in iran, the iranian government has executed more than 4, 000 people charged with homosexual acts. in afghanistan after the fall of the taliban, homosexuality went from a capital crime to one that it punished with fines and prison sentences. most international human rights organizations, such as human rights watch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5012839017276682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.441426"} {"text": "has executed more than 4, 000 people charged with homosexual acts. in afghanistan after the fall of the taliban, homosexuality went from a capital crime to one that it punished with fines and prison sentences. most international human rights organizations, such as human rights watch and amnesty international, condemn laws that make homosexual relations between consenting adults a crime. since 1994, the united nations human rights committee has also ruled that such laws violated the right to privacy guaranteed in the universal declaration of human rights and the international covenant on civil and political rights. however, most muslim nations insist that such laws are necessary to preserve islamic morality and virtue. of the nations with a majority of muslim inhabitants, only lebanon has an internal effort to legalize homosexuality. the notable exception is indonesia, the world ' s largest muslim nation by population, which does not criminalise homosexuality. as with social attitudes in general, religious attitudes towards homosexuality vary between and among religions and their adherents. traditionalists among the world ' s major religions generally disapprove of homosexuality, and prominent opponents of social acceptance of homosexuality often cite religious arguments to support their views. liberal currents also exist within most religions, and modern lesbian and gay scholars of religion sometimes point to a place for homosexuality among historical traditions and scriptures, and emphasise religious teachings of compassion and love. abrahamic religions such as judaism, islam, and christianity, traditionally forbid sexual relations between people of the same sex and teach that such behaviour is sinful. religious authorities point to passages in the qur ' an ( 7 : 80 - 81, 26 : 165 ), the old testament ( leviticus 18 : 22 ) and the new testament ( romans 1 : 26 - 27, i timothy 1 : 9 - 10 ) for scriptural justification of these beliefs. among indic religions ( also known as dharmic religions ), including hinduism, buddhism, jainism and sikhism, teachings regarding homosexuality are less clear. unlike in western religions, homosexuality is rarely discussed. however, most contemporary religious authorities in the various dharmic traditions view homosexuality negatively, and when it is discussed, it is discouraged or actively forbidden. ancient religious texts such as the vedas often refer to people of a third gender, who are neither female nor male. some see this third gender as an ancient parallel to modern western lesbian, gay, transgender and / or intersex identities. however, this third sex is usually negatively valued as a pariah class in ancient texts. ancient hindu law books, from the first century onward, categorize non - vaginal sex ( ayon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5013180049032091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.442492"} {"text": ", transgender and / or intersex identities. however, this third sex is usually negatively valued as a pariah class in ancient texts. ancient hindu law books, from the first century onward, categorize non - vaginal sex ( ayoni ) as impure. same - sex sexuality and gender transformations are common among the hindu pantheon of deities. among the sinic religions of east asia, including confucianism, chinese folk religion and taoism, passionate homosexual expression is usually discouraged because it is believed to not lead to human fulfillment. in some capitalist countries, large private sector firms often lead the way in the equal treatment of gay men and lesbians. for instance, more than half of the fortune 500 offer domestic partnership benefits and 49 of the fortune 50 companies include sexual orientation in their non - discrimination policies ( only exxonmobil does not ). conservatism is a term broadly used for people who are inclined to traditional values and ( typically ) strong religious beliefs. whilst conservatism includes people of many views, it has a significant proportion of adherents who consider homosexuals, and especially the efforts of homosexuals to achieve equal rights and recognition, to be a threat to valued traditions, institutions and freedoms. such attitudes are generally tied in with opposition to what some conservatives call the \" homosexual agenda \". the finding that attitudes to alternative sexualities correlate strongly with nature of contact and with personal beliefs is stated in a variety of research over a substantial time period, and conservative men and women stand out in their views specifically. thus herek, who established the attitudes toward lesbians and gay men scale in psychology, states : - \" the atlg and its subscales are consistently correlated with other theoretically - relevant constructs. higher scores ( more negative attitudes ) correlate significantly with high religiosity, lack of contact with gay men and lesbians, adherence to traditional sex - role attitudes, belief in a traditional family ideology, and high levels of dogmatism ( herek, 1987a, 1987b, 1988, 1994 ; herek & glunt, 1993 ; herek & capitanio, 1995, 1996 ) \" - and that : - \" the strongest predictor of positive attitudes toward homosexuals was that the interviewee knew a gay man or lesbian. the correlation held across each demographic subset represented in the survey - - sex, education level, age - - bar one : political persuasion. [ conservative men and women ] \" an example of conservative views can also be found in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5690988078444994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.443542"} {"text": "gay man or lesbian. the correlation held across each demographic subset represented in the survey - - sex, education level, age - - bar one : political persuasion. [ conservative men and women ] \" an example of conservative views can also be found in the discussion of what conservatives call \" homosexual recruitment \", within a document released by the conservative christian organization alliance defense fund states : - the homosexual activist movement are driving an agenda that will severely limit the ability to live and practice the gospel, whether it is in the boardroom, the classroom, halls of government, private organizations, and even in places of worship. in their relentless attempts to obtain special rights, that no other special interest group has, they are in the process of redefining the family, demanding not only ' tolerance ' [... ] but ' acceptance ', and ultimately seeking to marginalize, censor, and punish those individuals who stand in the way of their multiple goals. as this statement illustrates, those who believe that a disapproving attitude toward homosexuality is a tenet of their religion can see efforts to abolish such attitudes as an attack on their religious freedom. those who regard homosexuality as a sin or perversion can believe that acceptance of homosexual parents and same - sex marriage will redefine and diminish the institutions of family and marriage. more generally, conservatives \u2014 by definition \u2014 prefer that institutions, traditions and values remain unchanged, and this has put many of them in opposition to increasing the cultural acceptance and legal rights of homosexuals. gay people have been the target of violence for their sexuality in various cultures throughout history. violence against gay people reached its height during the holocaust, when at least 15, 000 homosexuals were killed and many more imprisoned and institutionalized as insane. violence against homosexuals continues to occur today, fueled by anti - gay rhetoric. anti - gay slogans date back at least as far as classical greece 2500 years ago. these slogans have expressed numerous derogatory viewpoints against gays which have ranged from disrespectful to overtly insulting. psychology and attempts at modification of sexual orientationedit in 1973, the ( us ) american psychiatric association voted to remove homosexuality from diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. the current dsm contains a diagnosis of \" persistent and marked distress about one \u2019 s sexual orientation. \" the decision was supported by a majority of the membership, though some criticized this as a political decision unsupported by any advances in psychological research. in fact, the research of evelyn hooker and other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5357624700060823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.445068"} {"text": "marked distress about one \u2019 s sexual orientation. \" the decision was supported by a majority of the membership, though some criticized this as a political decision unsupported by any advances in psychological research. in fact, the research of evelyn hooker and other psychologists and psychiatrists helped to end the notion that homosexuality was in and of itself a mental illness. the world health organization currently lists ego - dystonic sexual orientation in the icd - 10. many religious groups and other advocates, like national association for research and therapy of homosexuality ( narth ), believe that they can \" heal or cure \" homosexuality through conversion therapy or another method to change sexual orientation. in a survey of 882 people who were undergoing conversion therapy, attending ex - gay groups or ex - gay conferences, 22. 9 % reported they had not undergone any changes, 42. 7 % reported some changes, and 34. 3 % reported much change in sexual orientation. many western health and mental health professional organizations believe sexual orientation develops across a person \u2019 s lifetime, but that this therapy is unnecessary, potentially harmful, and the effectiveness has not been rigorously and scientifically proven. most notable for his dissent from this opinion is dr. robert spitzer. another study refuting the claims of conversion therapy proponents was done in 2001 by dr. ariel shidlo and dr. michael schroeder, which showed only 3 % of the participants claiming to have completely changed their orientation from gay to straight. in many non - western post - colonial countries, homosexual orientation is still considered to be a mental disorder and illness. in muslim areas, this position is ascribed to the earlier adoption of european victorian attitudes by the westernized elite, in areas where previously native traditions embraced same - sex relations. homosexual males are often stereotyped as being limp - wristed, being interested in women \u2019 s fashion such as fashion design or hairdressing, under the influence of alcohol or drugs, having a circle of friends consisting of heterosexual females or unable to be monogamous. lesbians or ( gay women ) are usually stereotyped as being man - haters, having an overly tough or unattractive appearance, having health problems such as obesity, interested in sports or life - risking occupations such as the police force or the military and having a preference for short haircuts, tattoos and male attire. bisexual men and women are portrayed as being sexually immoral, manipulative, insincere or undecided. male bisexuals are particularly stereotyped living on the down -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5075670272820747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.446853"} {"text": "preference for short haircuts, tattoos and male attire. bisexual men and women are portrayed as being sexually immoral, manipulative, insincere or undecided. male bisexuals are particularly stereotyped living on the down - low and female bisexuals are stereotyped as having bad experiences with men. blame for plagues and disastersedit the destruction of sodom and gomorrah as takes place in the bible is currently attributedtemplate : who to attempted homosexual rape, but this is disputed and differs from earlier beliefs. early jewish belief variously attributed the destruction to turning a blind eye to social injustice or lack of hospitality. since the middle ages, sodomites were blamed for \" bringing down the wrath of god \" upon the land, and their pleasures blamed for the periodic epidemics of disease which decimated the population. this \" pollution \" was thought to be cleansed by fire, as a result of which countless individuals were burned at the stake or run through with white - hot iron rods. since the end of the 1980s similar accusations have been made, inspired by the aids epidemic. in the years since, the epidemic has spread and now has many more heterosexual victims than homosexual. other contemporary american examples : - jerry falwell made remarks interpreted as blaming \" pagans, and the abortionists, and the feminists, and the gays and the lesbians who are actively trying to make that an alternative lifestyle, the aclu, people for the american way \" for the september 11 attacks, but later apologized for his remarks. ( pat robertson was also participating in the broadcast. ) - westboro baptist church leader fred phelps blames homosexuals for the september 11th attacks and his sect blames the indian ocean tsunami of december, 2004 on american and swedish sodomites and fornicators in thailand. phelps has little or no support among the wider religious community. association with child abuse and pedophiliaedit relationships between adults and youths, both male and female, were practiced historically dating back to at least antiquity, when they were reported among a number of cultures, among which the celtic, the persian and the greek. see plato ' s phaedrus ( dialogue ) and lucian ' s erotes. the best documented, and perhaps the most formalized, being the greek tradition, it is the one that has become emblematic of erotic relations between men and adolescent boys. the association of modern masculine desire for adolescent youths with greek man / boy practices has been resuscitated periodically by various", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49011573766101546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.448031"} {"text": "formalized, being the greek tradition, it is the one that has become emblematic of erotic relations between men and adolescent boys. the association of modern masculine desire for adolescent youths with greek man / boy practices has been resuscitated periodically by various cultural movements such as the italian neo - platonists ( including marsilio ficino ) and literary figures such as oscar wilde and andre gide, and has continued into contemporary times. invariably, each such instance has been met with alarm and accusations of corruption of the young. thus, some people fear exposing their children to homosexuals in unsupervised settings, lest they be molested, raped, or recruited to be homosexuals themselves. the publicity surrounding the roman catholic sex abuse cases has heightened these concerns. many organizations focus on these concerns, drawing connections between homosexuality and pedophilia. according to a study commissioned by the united states conference of catholic bishops, under the auspices of the john jay college of criminal justice and an all - lay review board headed by illinois appellate court justice anne m. burke, \u201c 81 % of the reported victims of child sexual abuse by catholic clergy were boys. \u201d the review board went on to conclude that, \u201c the crisis was characterized by homosexual behavior \u201d, and in light of this, \u201c the current crisis cannot be addressed without consideration of issues related to homosexuality. \u201d according to margaret smith, one of john jay ' s researchers, however, it is \u201c an unwarranted conclusion \u201d to assert that the majority of priests who abused male victims are gay. though \u201c the majority of the abusive acts were homosexual in nature [... ] participation in homosexual acts is not the same as sexual identity as a gay man. \u201d one of her fellow researchers, louis schlesinger, argued that the main problem was pedophilia or ephebophilia, not sexual orientation and said that some men who are married to adult women are attracted to adolescent males. a number of small - scale studies by dr. carole jenny, dr. a. w. richard sipe, and others have not found evidence that homosexuals are more likely to molest children than heterosexuals. based on phallometric tests, dr. kurt freund asserted that \" androphiles \" ( male homosexuals with a preference for adults ) are no more attracted to adolescent or younger boys than \" gynephiles \" ( male heterosexuals with a preference for adults ) are to adolescent or younger girls. according to him, only rarely does a sex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5097440257611109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.449016"} {"text": "homosexuals with a preference for adults ) are no more attracted to adolescent or younger boys than \" gynephiles \" ( male heterosexuals with a preference for adults ) are to adolescent or younger girls. according to him, only rarely does a sex offender against male children have a preference for adult males. other researches available also suggest men who molest boys ( specially prepubertal ones ) tend to prefer adult women over men as sexual partners. johns hopkins university psychiatrist dr. frederick berlin, who runs a treatment program for offenders, says it ' s flawed to assume that men who molest young boys are attracted to adult men ; berlin defines attraction to children as a separate orientation of its own. psychotherapist dr. a. w. richard sipe, also argue that the sexual deprivation that occurs in the priesthood could lead one to turn to children and that boys are more accessible to priests and other male authority figures than girls. a study by dr. a. nicholas groth found that nearly half of the child sex offenders in his small sample were exclusively attracted to children. the other half regressed to children after finding trouble in adult relationships. no one in his sample was primarily attracted to same - sex adults. opposition to promotion of homosexualityedit in the uk section 28 of the 1988 local government act banned promotion of homosexuality \" as a pretended family relationship \" by local government employees in the course of their duties. the act was aimed to prevent the promotion of homosexuality in schools. it was later repealed. this promotion is opposed by morocco. article 200 section of the penal code of romania had criminalised promotion of homosexuality, which was later repealed. uganda is considering a ban on promotion of homosexuality, with the proposed anti - homosexuality bill along with other measures. homosexuality has at times been used as a scapegoat by governments facing problems. for example, during the early 14th century, accusations of homosexual behavior were instrumental in disbanding the knights templar under philip iv of france, who profited greatly from confiscating the templars ' wealth. in the 20th century, nazi germany ' s persecution of homosexual people was based on the proposition that they posed a threat to \" normal \" masculinity as well as a risk of contamination to the aryan race. in the 1950s, at the height of the red scare in the united states, hundreds of federal and state employees were fired because of their homosexuality in the so - called lavender scare. ( ironically, politicians opposed to the scare tactics of mccarthyism tried to discredit senator joseph mccarthy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4844354266717624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.450044"} {"text": "height of the red scare in the united states, hundreds of federal and state employees were fired because of their homosexuality in the so - called lavender scare. ( ironically, politicians opposed to the scare tactics of mccarthyism tried to discredit senator joseph mccarthy by hinting during a televised congressional committee meeting that mccarthy ' s top aide, roy cohn, was homosexual, as he in fact was. ) in 2001, 6, 000 books of homoerotic poetry of 8th c. persian - arab poet abu nuwas were burnt by the egyptian ministry of culture in january 2001, to placate islamic fundamentalists. regions and historical periodsedit in ancient greece homoerotic practices were widely present, and integrated into the religion, education, philosophy and military culture. the sexualized form of these relationships was the topic of vigorous debate. in particular, anal intercourse was condemned by many, including plato, as a form of hubris and faulted for dishonoring and feminizing the boys. relations between adult males were generally ridiculed. plato also believed that the chaste form of the relationship was the mark of an enlightened society, while only barbarians condemned it. athens and sparta are both well known for encouraging same - sex relationships as part of a youth ' s education and socialization. in both societies, though, once a youth came of age he was expected to take on another youth as beloved, and eventually to marry and continue the family line. throughout most of the history of ancient israel, intercourse between males was condemned outright as an \" abomination \" and mosaic law demanded the death penalty for those men who \" lie with a man as with a woman \". other aspects of same - sex relations were not discussed. roman attitudes toward same - sex relations varied over the centuries. in the early days of the roman republic, pederasty was considered a degenerate greek practice. as greek attitudes gradually became accepted in rome during the late republic and early empire, however, a form of same - sex relations emerged that was quite different from the greek form. as men, particularly the pater familias, wielded complete authority in roman society, the roman experience of same - sex relations is often characterized by master / slave - style interactions. indeed, at the height of the roman empire the lex scatinia was promulgated, effectively banning relations ( consensual or not ), male prostitution, and sexual passivity involving free born boys and girls. slaves still were considered legitimate sexual partners,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46351648797723194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.451021"} {"text": "the height of the roman empire the lex scatinia was promulgated, effectively banning relations ( consensual or not ), male prostitution, and sexual passivity involving free born boys and girls. slaves still were considered legitimate sexual partners, often if not always regardless of their wishes. by the time the empire had been firmly established, many forms of sexual expression were tolerated. though perhaps not the originator of the practice, the emperor nero appears to have been the first roman emperor to marry a male. according to edward gibbon, writing in 1776, of the first twelve emperors only claudius was exclusively involved with women. all others took either boys or men as lovers. according to louis crompton, there are historical records that tacitly assumed bisexuality as the human norm in china. same - sex practices have been documented there since the \" spring and autumn annals \" period ( parallel with classical greece ) and its roots are found in the legend of china ' s origin, the reign of the yellow emperor, who, among his many inventions, is credited with being the first to take male bedmates. template : citation needed at the same time the practice was not in the mainstream of the culture, and was condemned for corrupting the judgement of rulers, as did relations with female concubines. attitudes have changed radically in the past hundred and fifty years, swinging from casual acceptance to antagonism to guarded acceptance again. the chinese psychiatrists \u2019 association removed homosexuality from the list of mental illnesses in april 2001. however, as scriptwriter and teacher cui zi \u2019 en, one of the few openly gay intellectuals in today ' s china points out, in his country, it is still seen as a psychological disorder. template : citation needed \" in the west, it \u2019 s frowned on to criticize homosexuals and even more to make them feel different \", says cui zi \u2019 en, contrasting it with chinese society which, \" is changing, but there \u2019 ll always be people who \u2019 ll feel disgust. \" template : citation needed many contend that from its earliest days, christianity followed the hebrew tradition of condemnation of male sexual intercourse and certain forms of sexual relations between men and women, labeling both as sodomy. some contemporary christian scholars dispute this however. the teachings of jesus christ encouraged a turning away from and forgiveness of sin, including those sins of sexual impurity, although jesus never referred to homosexuality specifically. jesus was known as a defender of those whose sexual sins were condemned by the pharisees. at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4185460225066665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.452125"} {"text": "of jesus christ encouraged a turning away from and forgiveness of sin, including those sins of sexual impurity, although jesus never referred to homosexuality specifically. jesus was known as a defender of those whose sexual sins were condemned by the pharisees. at the same time, jesus strongly upheld the ten commandments and urged those whose sexual sins were forgiven to, \" go, and sin no more \". saint paul was even more explicit in his condemnation of sinful behavior, including sodomy, saying, \" know you not that the unjust shall not possess the kingdom of god? do not err : neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor the effeminate, nor liers with mankind, nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor railers, nor extortioners, shall possess the kingdom of god \" however, the exact meanings of two of the ancient greek words that paul used that supposedly refer to homosexuality are disputed amongst scholars. christian roman empire / byzantine empireedit after the emperor constantine ended the persecution of christians throughout the roman empire and made christianity the official state religion in the 4th century, christian attitudes toward sexual behavior were soon incorporated into roman law. in the year 528, the emperor justinian i, responding to an outbreak of pederasty among the christian clergy, issued a law which made castration the punishment for sodomy. the bedamini people of new guinea believe that semen is the main source of masculinity and strength. in consequence, the sharing of semen between men, particularly when there is an age gap, is seen as promoting growth throughout nature, while excessive heterosexual activities are seen as leading to decay and death. in the 1950s in the united states, open homosexuality was taboo. many politicians treated the homosexual as a symbol of antinationalism, construing masculinity as patriotism and marking the \" unmasculine \" homosexual as a threat to national security. this perceived connection between homosexuality and antinationalism was present in nazi germany and soviet russia as well, and appears in contemporary politics to this day. senator joseph mccarthy used accusations of homosexuality as a smear tactic in his anti - communist crusade, often combining the second red scare with the lavender scare. on one occasion, he went so far as to announce to reporters, \" if you want to be against mccarthy, boys, you ' ve got to be either a communist or a cocksucker. \" some historians have argued that, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4778981103406391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.453165"} {"text": "scare. on one occasion, he went so far as to announce to reporters, \" if you want to be against mccarthy, boys, you ' ve got to be either a communist or a cocksucker. \" some historians have argued that, in linking communism to homosexuality, mccarthy was playing off of prevalent anxieties about sexuality in order to gain support for his anti - communist campaign. senator kenneth wherry likewise attempted to invoke some connection between homosexuality and antinationalism as, for example, when he said in an interview with max lerner that \" you can ' t hardly separate homosexuals from subversives. \" later in that same interview he draws the line between patriotic americans and gay men : \" but look lerner, we ' re both americans, aren ' t we? i say, let ' s get these fellows [ closeted gay men in government positions ] out of the government. \" there were other perceived connections between homosexuality and communism. wherry, for example, publicized fears that joseph stalin had obtained a list of closeted homosexuals in positions of power from adolf hitler, which he believed stalin intended to use to blackmail these men into working against the u. s. for the soviet regime. another version of this sentiment can be found in the 1950 report produced by a senate committee headed by mccarthy titled \" employment of homosexuals and other sex perverts in government \" which states, in part, \" as has been previously discussed in this report, the pervert is easy prey to the blackmailer... it is an accepted fact among intelligence agencies that espionage organizations the world over consider sex perverts who are in possession of or have access to confidential material to be prime targets where pressure can be exerted \". ironically, mccarthy and roy cohn more often used the secrets of closeted gay american politicians as tools for blackmail than did foreign powers. there were sometimes actual connections between gay rights groups and radical leftists. emma goldman, an anarchist, argued for treating gay people like any other person. the mattachine society had connections to american communist parties. lgbt civil rights movementedit beginning in the 20th century, gay rights movements have led to changes in social acceptance and in the media portrayal of homosexuality. the legalization of same - sex marriage and non - gender - specific civil unions is one of the major goals of gay rights activism. ( see : lgbt rights organization. ) attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in western societies in the latter part of the 20th century, accompanied by a greater acceptance of gay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4905765438491997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.454332"} {"text": "non - gender - specific civil unions is one of the major goals of gay rights activism. ( see : lgbt rights organization. ) attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in western societies in the latter part of the 20th century, accompanied by a greater acceptance of gay men and women into both secular and religious institutions. criticisms of the lgbt civil rights movementedit some say the term ' lgbt civil rights ' is a misnomer and an attempt to piggyback on the civil rights movement. rev. jesse lee peterson, for example, called the comparison of the civil rights movement to the \" gay rights movement \" a \" disgrace to a black american \". he said that \" homosexuality is not a civil right. what we have is a bunch of radical homosexuals trying to attach their agenda to the struggles of the 1960s \", while jesse jackson has said \" gays were never called three - fifths human in the constitution. \" gene rivers, a boston minister, has accused gays of \" pimping \" the civil rights movement. some opponents of the movement, such as ralph reed, former executive director of the christian coalition, say that gay people are seeking special rights, not equal rights, and that the movement should not be referred to as a civil rights movement. they argue, for example, that in seeking the right to marry members of the same sex, gay people are seeking a special right for themselves and disregarding the fact that polygamists and other groups defined by sexual behaviour do not have this right either. 73 % of the general public in the united states in 2001 stated that they knew someone who is gay, lesbian, or bisexual. this is the result of a steady increase from 1983 when there were 24 %, 43 % in 1993, 55 % in 1998, or 62 % in 2000. the percentage of the general public who say there is more acceptance of lgb people in 2001 than before was 64 %. acceptance was measured on many different levels \u2014 87 % of the general public would shop at a store owned by someone who is gay or lesbian but only 46 % of the general public would attend a church or synagogue where a minister or rabbi is openly gay or lesbian. 51 % of the general public think that \" homosexual behavior \" is morally wrong ( 38 % \" completely agreeing \" it is morally wrong and 13 % \" somewhat agreeing \" ). males and people over 65 years old are more likely to think it is wrong. among people who don ' t know someone who is lgb, 61 % think the behavior is wrong. broken down", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4270804984909107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.456763"} {"text": "morally wrong and 13 % \" somewhat agreeing \" ). males and people over 65 years old are more likely to think it is wrong. among people who don ' t know someone who is lgb, 61 % think the behavior is wrong. broken down by religion, 60 % of evangelical christians think that it is wrong, whereas 11 % with no religious affiliation are against it. 57 % of the general public think that gays and lesbians experience a lot of prejudice and discrimination, making it the group most believed to experience prejudice and discrimination. ( african americans come in second at 42 % ). in terms of support of public policies, according to the same 2001 study, 76 % of the general public think that there should be laws to protect gay and lesbian people from job discrimination, 74 % from housing discrimination, 73 % for inheritance rights, 70 % support health and other employee benefits for domestic partners, 68 % support social security benefits, and 56 % support gl people openly serving in the military. 73 % favor sexual orientation being included in the hate crimes statutes. 39 % support same - sex marriage, while 47 % support civil unions, and 46 % support adoption rights. a separate study shows that, in the united states, the younger generation is more supportive of gay rights than average. for example, a kaiser family foundation study found that 18 - 24 year olds strongly supported gay rights in 2001. however, polling data also shows a trend among americans in general toward rejection of homosexual - specific legal expansion of rights, especially same - sex marriage. a poll commissioned by cnn / usa today gallup in 2005 asked the question, \" do you think marriages between homosexuals should or should not be recognized by the law as valid, with the same rights as traditional marriages? \" 56 % said \" should not be valid \", while 39 % said \" should be valid \", and 5 % were unsure. in the united states, federal law does not restrict discrimination on the basis of homosexuality, but many states and localities do. federal constitutional considerations can override such laws, as in the case of boy scouts of america v. dale. at the same time, states and localities cannot single out homosexuality as an acceptable basis for discrimination, because this is considered unconstitutional animus under romer v. evans. the u. s. supreme court has not taken a case dealing with same - sex marriage. at the state level, several judicial bodies have considered whether there is a right to same - sex marriage based on state constitutions, particularly based on the doctrine of equal protection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4655721228624631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.458780"} {"text": "s. supreme court has not taken a case dealing with same - sex marriage. at the state level, several judicial bodies have considered whether there is a right to same - sex marriage based on state constitutions, particularly based on the doctrine of equal protection under the law. in massachusetts, the supreme judicial court required legal recognition for same - sex marriage. in new jersey the state supreme court has directed the state legislature to enact legislation enabling same - sex couples in new jersey to have equal legal footing with heterosexual marriage, but permitting the legislature to call it civil union rather than marriage. this goes further than the legislation in other states that creates statuses called domestic partnership or civil union that are not required to be the same as marriage. twenty - seven states have amended their constitutions to limit marriage to opposite - sex couples, with some using language that would forbid same - sex domestic partnerships and civil unions as well. - gay agenda - media portrayal of bisexuality - sociology of gender - status of same - sex marriage - \u2191 murray, stephen o., homosexualities, university of chicago 2000 - \u2191 tsuneo watanabe and jun ' ichi iwata, the love of the samurai : a thousand years of japanese homosexuality, gmp publishers ltd, london 1989 - \u2191 3. 0 3. 1 crompton, louis, homosexuality and civilization, harvard university, 2003 - \u2191 seth faison, \" tolerance grows for homosexuals in china \", the new york times, new york, ny, 1997 - sep - 2 - \u2191 pew global attitudes survey 2007 - \u2191 graham, sharyn, sulawesi ' s fifth gender, inside indonesia, april - june 2001. - \u2191 herdt g., sambia : ritual and gender in new guinea. new york : rinehart and winston, 1987 - \u2191 leila j. rupp, \" toward a global history of same - sex sexuality \", journal of the history of sexuality 10 ( april 2001 ) : 287 - 302. - \u2191 katz, jonathan ned, the invention of heterosexuality plume, 1996 - \u2191 andrews, walter and kalpakli, mehmet, the age of beloveds : love and the beloved in early modern ottoman and european culture and society duke university press, 2005 pp 11 - 12 - \u2191 ford, c. s. & beach, f. a. ( 1951 ). patterns of sexual behavior. new york : harper and row. - \u2191 studies finding that heterosexual men usually exhibit more hostile attitudes toward gay men and lesbians than do heterosexual women : :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4635311769323026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.459750"} {"text": ". s. & beach, f. a. ( 1951 ). patterns of sexual behavior. new york : harper and row. - \u2191 studies finding that heterosexual men usually exhibit more hostile attitudes toward gay men and lesbians than do heterosexual women : : * herek, g. m. ( 1994 ). assessing heterosexuals \u2019 attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. in \" b. greene and g. m. herek ( eds. ) psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues : vol. 1 lesbian and gay psychology : theory, research, and clinical applications. \" thousands oaks, ca : sage. : * kite, m. e. ( 1984 ). sex differences in attitudes toward homosexuals : a meta - analytic review. journal of homosexuality, 10 ( 1 - 2 ), 69 - 81. : * morin, s., & garfinkle, e. ( 1978 ). male homophobia. journal of social issues, 34 ( 1 ), 29 - 47. : * thompson, e., grisanti, c., & pleck, j. ( 1985 ). attitudes toward the male role and their correlates. sex roles, 13 ( 7 / 8 ), 413 - 427. for other correlates, see : : * larson et al. ( 1980 ) heterosexuals ' attitudes toward homosexuality, the journal of sex research, 16, 245 - 257 : * herek, g. ( 1988 ), heterosexuals ' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men, the journal of sex research, 25, 451 - 477 : * kite, m. e., & deaux, k., 1986. attitudes toward homosexuality : assessment and behavioral consequences. basic and applied social psychology, 7, 137 - 162 : * haddock, g., zanna, m. p., & esses, v. m. ( 1993 ). assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes : the case of attitudes toward homosexuals. journal of personality and social psychology, 65, 1105 - 1118. : see also : lewis, gregory b., black - white differences in attitudes toward homosexuality and gay rights, public opinion quarterly, volume 67, number 1, pp. 59 - 78 - \u2191 herek, g. m. ( 1991 ). stigma, prejudice, and violence against lesbians and gay men. in : j. gonsiorek & j. weinrich ( eds. ), \" homosexuality : research implications for public policy \" (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.502058030850496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.460692"} {"text": "g. m. ( 1991 ). stigma, prejudice, and violence against lesbians and gay men. in : j. gonsiorek & j. weinrich ( eds. ), \" homosexuality : research implications for public policy \" ( pp. 60 - 80 ). newbury park, ca : sage. - \u2191 kyes, k. b. & tumbelaka, l. ( 1994 ). comparison of indonesian and american college students ' attitudes toward homosexuality. psychological reports, 74, 227 - 237. - \u2191 kite ( 1984 ) op cit. * kyes and tumbelaka ( 1994 ) op cit. * millham, j., san miguel, c. l., kellogg, r. ( 1976 ). a factor - analytic conceptualization of attitudes toward male and female homosexuals. journal of homosexuality, 2 ( 1 ), 3 - 10. * herek ( 1984 ) found that heterosexual females tended to exhibit equally positive or negative attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. the heterosexual males, however, tended to respond more negatively, or unfavorably, to gay men than lesbians. herek, g. m. ( 1984 ). beyond \u201c homophobia \u201d : a social psychological perspective on attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. journal of homosexuality, 10 ( 1 / 2 ), 1 - 21. - \u2191 herek, g. ( 1988 ) - \u2191 larson et al. ( 1980 ) - \u2191 kite, m. e., & deaux, k. ( 1986 ) - \u2191 haddock, et al. ( 1993 ) - \u2191 janell l. carroll. sexuality now : embracing diversity. wadsworth publishing. - \u2191 kobi nahshoni. \" most israelis would accept a gay child \", ynetnews, 2007 - 07 - 07. - \u2191 ofri ilani. \" haaretz survey : 46 % of israelis thinks gays are deviants \", haaretz, 06 / 08 / 2009. - \u2191 jason koutsoukis. \" homophobia in israel still high but declining slowly, says survey \", sydney morning herald, august 7, 2009. retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 20. - \u2191 herek, gregory m. heterosexuals ' attitudes toward bisexual men and women in the united states, journal of sex research, nov, 2002. online - \u2191 ochs, r. ( 1996 ). biphobia : it goes more than two ways. in : b. a. firestein ( ed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5035312512856216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.461492"} {"text": "men and women in the united states, journal of sex research, nov, 2002. online - \u2191 ochs, r. ( 1996 ). biphobia : it goes more than two ways. in : b. a. firestein ( ed. ), bisexuality : the psychology and politics of an invisible minority ( pp. 217 - 239 ). thousand oaks, ca : sage. * rust, p. c. ( 2000 ). bisexuality : a contemporary paradox for women. journal of social issues, 56 ( 2 ), 205 - 221. * weinberg, m. s., williams, c. j., & pryor, d. w. ( 1994 ). dual attraction : understanding bisexuality. new york : oxford university press. * mohr, j. j., & rochlen, a. b. ( 1999 ). measuring attitudes regarding bisexuality in lesbian, gay male, and heterosexual populations. journal of counseling psychology, 46, 353 - 369. - \u2191 paul, j. p., & nichols, m. ( 1988 ). \" biphobia \" and the construction of a bisexual identity. in : m. shernoff & w. scott ( eds. ), ' the sourcebook on lesbian / gay health care ' ( pp. 142 - 147 ). washington, dc : national lesbian and gay health foundation. * ochs, r. ( 1996 ). op cit. * weinberg, et al. ( 1994 ). op cit. * herek, gillis, and cogan ( 1999 ) found that 15 % of bisexual women ( n = 190 ) and 27 % of bisexual men ( n = 191 ) had experienced a crime against their person or property because of their sexual orientation. compared to 19 % of lesbians ( n = 980 ) and 28 % of gay men ( n = 898 ). ( gillis, j. r., & cogan, j. c. ( 1999 ). psychological sequelae of hate crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 67, 945 - 951. ) * note : the kaiser family foundation ( 2001 ) found that bisexuals reported experiencing less prejudice and discrimination, while a 1997 study of heterosexual u. s undergraduate students found that they had more negative attitudes toward bisexuals than towards lesbians and gays. ( kaiser family foundation ( 2001 ), inside - out : a report on the experiences of lesbians, gays", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5277340203221523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.462453"} {"text": "1997 study of heterosexual u. s undergraduate students found that they had more negative attitudes toward bisexuals than towards lesbians and gays. ( kaiser family foundation ( 2001 ), inside - out : a report on the experiences of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals in america and the public ' s view on issues and politics related to sexual orientation. http : / / www. kff. org ; eliason, m. j. ( 1997 ). the prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students. archives of sexual behavior, 26, 317 - 326. ) - \u2191 ilga world legal survey. archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 12. ( last updated : november 2006, accessed 19 april 2006 ) ; updates from homosexuality laws of the world - \u2191 ilga : 7 countries still put people to death for same - sex acts - \u2191 homosexuality and islam - religionfacts - \u2191 is beheading really the punishment for homosexuality in saudi arabia? - \u2191 homosexuality and religion. - \u2191 helem - \u2191 see homosexuality and buddhism for pronouncements from thai, tibetan and chinese buddhist leaders. the supreme body of sikhism condemned homosexuality in 2005 : world sikh group against gay marriage bill, cbc news, tuesday, 29 march 2005. hinduism is diverse, with no supreme governing body, but the majority of swamis opposed same - sex relationships in a 2004 survey, and a minority supported them. see : discussions on dharma, by rajiv malik, in hinduism today. october / november / december 2004. - \u2191 gyatso, janet ( 2003 ). one plus one makes three : buddhist gender conceptions and the law of the non - excluded middle, history of religions. 2003, no. 2. university of chicago press. - \u2191 hrc | page not found - \u2191 wawrytko, sandra ( 1993 ). homosexuality and chinese and japanese religions in \" homosexuality and world religions \", edited by arlene swidler. trinity press international, 1993. - \u2191 debare, illana. \" gay, lesbian workers gradually gain benefits. \" san francisco chronicle. june 30, 2006. retrieved april 13, 2007. - \u2191 joyce, amy ( 2006 - 06 - 06 ), \u201c workplace improves for gay, transgender employees, rights group says \u201d, the washington post, < http : / / www. washingtonpost. com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2005 / 06 / 05 / ar2005060501249. html >. retrieved on 21 september 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4821681212659173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.463351"} {"text": "\u201d, the washington post, < http : / / www. washingtonpost. com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2005 / 06 / 05 / ar2005060501249. html >. retrieved on 21 september 2007 see, for example : sears, alan and osten, craig ( 2003 ). the homosexual agenda : exposing the principal threat to religious freedom today. b & h publishing group. isbn 0805426981., morgan, kristen. recent cases show homosexual agenda \u2019 s threat to religious liberty. concerned women for america., gagnon, robert a. j.. bearing false witness : balch \u2019 s effort at demonization and his truncated gospel ( pdf ) 10 \u2013 18., religious freedom under attack in canada. catholic insight ( 2005 ). - \u2191 the attitudes toward lesbians and gay men ( atlg ) scale - \u2191 http : / / psychology. ucdavis. edu / rainbow / articles / nowack. html - \u2191 alliance defense fund \" the homosexual legal agenda : a barrier to evangelism \" [ dead link ] - \u2191 being gay is just as healthy as being straight. american psychiatric association ( may 28, 2003 ). retrieved on november 15, 2008. - \u2191 nicolosi, joseph ; byrd, a. dean ; potts, richard w. ( june 2000 ). \" retrospective self - reports of changes in homosexual orientation : a consumer survey of conversion therapy clients \" 86 : 1071 \u2013 1088. psychological reports. - \u2191 american psychiatric association ( may 2000 ). gay, lesbian and bisexual issues. association of gay and lesbian psychiatrics. - \u2191 shidlo, ariel ; schroeder, michael ; drescher, jack ( 2001 ). sexual conversion therapy : ethical, clinical, and research perspectives. new york : haworth medical press. isbn 0789019108. - \u2191 el - rouayheb, khaled, before homosexuality in the arab - islamic world, chicago, 2005 - \u2191 48. 0 48. 1 cnn. com \" falwell apologizes to gays, feminists, lesbians \" - \u2191 \" what do you think about the tsunami that hit asia on december 26, 2004? was it god ' s wrath? what about the children who were killed? \", westboro baptist church faq. archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02. - \u2191 \" the nature and scope of the problem of sexual abuse of minors by catholic priests and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4459612010036962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.464270"} {"text": "s wrath? what about the children who were killed? \", westboro baptist church faq. archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02. - \u2191 \" the nature and scope of the problem of sexual abuse of minors by catholic priests and deacons in the united states \" from united states conference of catholic bishops - \u2191 study : expert : donohue ' s claim that most abusive priests are gay is \" unwarranted \" ( 2010 - 04 - 02 ). retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 22. - \u2191 new catholic sex abuse findings : gay priests are not the problem ( 2009 - 11 - 18 ). retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 23. - \u2191 filteau, jerry, \" sex abuse report pays special attention to homosexual priests \" from catholic news service - \u2191 54. 0 54. 1 elias, marilyn, \" is homosexuality to blame for church scandal? \" from usa today - \u2191 \" facts about homosexuality and child molestation \" from uc davis - \u2191 freund et al. ( 1989 ). heterosexuality, homosexuality, and erotic age preference. journal of sex research, 26, 107 - 117 - \u2191 kurt freund et al. ( 1973 ) heterosexual aversion in homosexual males. brit. j. psychiat. ( ig73 ), 122, 163a\u20ac \u201d - \u2191 freund, kurt ; watson, robin j. ; rienzo, douglas. \u201c heterosexuality, homosexuality, and the erotic age preference. \u201d journal of sex research 26, no. 1 ( 1989 ) : 107 - 117. - \u2191 marshall et al. ( 1988 ). sexual offenders against male children : sexual preference. behaviour research and therapy, 26, 383 - 391 - \u2191 abel, gene ; \" the child abuser \". - \u2191 a. nicholas groth, william f. hobson, and thomas s. gary, \u201c the child molester : clinical observations, \u201d in social work and child sexual abuse, eds. jon r. conte and david a. shore ( new york : haworth press, 1982 ), 129 \u2011 44 - \u2191 gene abel, m. d. and nora harlow, the stop child molestation book, 2001 - \u2191 jenny et al. ( 1994 ) are children at risk for sexual abuse by homosexuals? - \u2191 cloud, john. \" pedophilia \", ' time magazine, january 13, 2003. retrieved on june 4, 2007. - \u2191 ( 2002 ) sexual exploitation of children : hearings before the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41724782883026007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.465147"} {"text": "risk for sexual abuse by homosexuals? - \u2191 cloud, john. \" pedophilia \", ' time magazine, january 13, 2003. retrieved on june 4, 2007. - \u2191 ( 2002 ) sexual exploitation of children : hearings before the subcommittee on crime of the committee on the judiciary house of representatives ( pp 106 ). university press of the pacific. isbn 0898757401. - \u2191 lithuania bans promotion of homosexuality. jamaicaobserver. com ( 2009 - 06 - 17 ). retrieved on 2009 - 10 - 01. - \u2191 agnosticism / atheism - 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homosexuality bill - \u2191 lithuania mps votes for gay promotion ban - hurriyet daily news and economic review. hurriyetdailynews. com ( 2009 - 07 - 14 ). retrieved on 2009 - 10 - 01. - \u2191 poland considering law to protect youth from promotion of homosexuality | catholic exchange. catholicexchange. com ( 2009 - 06 - 22 ). retrieved on 2009 - 10 - 01. - \u2191 al - hayat, january 13, 2001 - \u2191 middle east report, 219 summer 2001 - \u2191 dover, 1978, passim - \u2191 plato, symposium ; 182c - \u2191 homosexuality in the hebrew scriptures ( old testament ). ontario consultants on religious tolerance. retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 09. \u201c kjv : ( king james", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46408746733936945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.466057"} {"text": "- \u2191 dover, 1978, passim - \u2191 plato, symposium ; 182c - \u2191 homosexuality in the hebrew scriptures ( old testament ). ontario consultants on religious tolerance. retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 09. \u201c kjv : ( king james version ) : \" if a man also lie with mankind, as he lieth with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination : they shall surely be put to death. their blood shall be upon them. \" \u201d - \u2191 roman homosexuality. archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 15. - \u2191 spencer, colin ( 1996 ), homosexuality in history, harcourt brace, pp. 69, 72, isbn 9780151002238, < http : / / books. google. co. uk / books? id = probaaaayaaj > - \u2191 edward gibbon, the history of the decline and fall of the roman empire - \u2191 john 8 : 3 - 11 - \u2191 1 corinthians 6 : 9 - 10 - \u2191 malalas - \u2191 ritualized homosexuality in melanesia, gilbert h. herdt, ed. university of california press, 1984 - \u2191 healey, dan. homosexual desire in revolutionary russia : the regulation of sexual and gender dissent. university of chicago press. 2001. p. 209. - \u2191 anti - gay protests in moscow - \u2191 cuordileone, k. a. \" ' politics in an age of anxiety ' : cold war political culture and the crisis in american masculinity, 1949 - 1960 \" the journal of american history 87 ( 2 ) ( 2000 ) : 515 - 545 - \u2191 lerner, max, the unfinished country : a book of american symbols simon and schuster, 1959 pp 313 - 316 - \u2191 von hoffman, nicholas, citizen cohn doubleday, 1988 pp 130 - \u2191 \" employment of homosexuals and other sex perverts in government \" from pbs frontline - \u2191 von hoffman, nicholas, citizen cohn doubleday, 1988 - \u2191 cnn sunday morning transcripts march 7, 2004 - \u2191 kimberly, margaret, \" freedom rider : gay rights, civil rights \" at the black commentator - \u2191 pitts, leonard jr. \" a civil war between gays and blacks \" at human rights campaign [ dead link ] - \u2191 netzhammer, mel, \" ' the gay agenda ' and ' gay rights, special rights ' and the construction of a homosexual role \" at buffalo state - \u2191 new surveys on experiences of lesbians, gays and bisexuals and the public", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4862582173434316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.466947"} {"text": "being smart with your money : 5 ways to reduce debt in the new year in this economy, it seems everyone is watching their pennies. here are some ways to reduce and prevent debt in 2011 the national debt increased more than 1. 6 billion \u2013 excuse me, trillion dollars in 2010, rising to a record $ 14 trillion according to the u. s. department of treasury. additionally, personal bankruptcies rose by nine percent to 1. 53 million. these two statistics alone, not to mention the countless others that make us wish we had a time machine to go back to the 1990s, are enough to make the hairs on anyone \u2019 s neck stand on end. but there is hope. it \u2019 s a new year, and that means an opportunity to avoid debt and be smart with your money for the next 12 months. with the help of david rector, manager of the manassas park branch of alliance bank, here are some tips on how to make it happen : 1. know where your money is going this is the single most important thing you can do to avoid debt, rector said. \u201c think about it. if you go to starbucks every morning for a cup of coffee, it may not seem like the three or four bucks you spend at the time is a huge deal. but over a span of six months, that \u2019 s four or five hundred dollars that you don \u2019 t even realize you \u2019 ve spent, \u201d rector said. you don \u2019 t have to cut out your morning coffee or other smaller purchases like it. simply be sure to keep in mind that they can pile up over time. like many americans, you may find yourself in some debt already. often times that debt comes from possessing too many credit cards. if that is true for you, it \u2019 s important to prioritize the order in which you pay them off. \u201c it \u2019 s important to pay off your credit cards in the order of highest interest rate to lowest, \" rector said. \" that way the high interest won \u2019 t accumulate too much. \u201d 3. if possible, avoid the plastic of course it \u2019 s practical to have a credit card or two. but if you get behind on payments, the advantages essentially disappear. a low credit score means it is less likely to get important loans, and accumulate what loan experts like rector call \u201c good debt, \u201d things like student loans, car loans and mortgages. but otherwise, try not to be too heavy - handed with your credit card. \u201c if you \u2019 re going to the drug store to buy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3887893516126033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.479858"} {"text": "what loan experts like rector call \u201c good debt, \u201d things like student loans, car loans and mortgages. but otherwise, try not to be too heavy - handed with your credit card. \u201c if you \u2019 re going to the drug store to buy a few things, or getting ice cream for the kids, try to pay with cash if you can. just like the starbucks example, these things can add up, \u201d rector said. 4. use less energy follow this step and you \u2019 ll be killing two birds with one stone. you \u2019 ll be helping the environment and cutting down on costs at the same time. and using less energy doesn \u2019 t mean making drastic, life - changing modifications to your home. small changes like closing doors to unused rooms or turning off the air conditioner during the day can make a serious dent in utility bills. \u201c here \u2019 s another example of making sure you know where your money is going, \u201d rector said. \u201c televisions use energy even when they are not on, and computers use energy even when they \u2019 re shut. so at night, unplugging your tv and turning off your computer will save you money. \u201d 5. time your purchases with the holiday season already having come to a close, you may think this step is less pertinent. after all, department stores like macy \u2019 s and wal - mart won \u2019 t have holiday sales year - round. but when it comes to the big purchases that you will be making this year, timing is everything. \u201c here \u2019 s a small example, \u201d rector said. \u201c my wife and i needed a new christmas tree. so guess what? we bought one on jan 2, when we knew that nobody would be needing theirs and we could buy one for cheap. \u201d of course the principle of timing your purchases doesn \u2019 t apply only to christmas trees. if you \u2019 re buying a car or a house, looking to rent an apartment, or looking to purchase that ipod you \u2019 ve been saving for, wait until the time is right. that means wait until you think have the necessary funds in the bank and wait until you think you \u2019 ve found what you \u2019 re looking for at the lowest price you think you can get.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4153114083985373, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.480987"} {"text": "provided by : freebsd - manpages _ 8. 0 - 1 _ all geom - modular disk i / o request transformation framework the geom framework provides an infrastructure in which \u201c classes \u201d can perform transformations on disk i / o requests on their path from the upper kernel to the device drivers and back. transformations in a geom context range from the simple geometric displacement performed in typical disk partitioning modules over raid algorithms and device multipath resolution to full blown cryptographic protection of the stored data. compared to traditional \u201c volume management \u201d, geom differs from most and in some cases all previous implementations in the following ways : \u00b7 geom is extensible. it is trivially simple to write a new class of transformation and it will not be given stepchild treatment. if someone for some reason wanted to mount ibm mvs diskpacks, a class recognizing and configuring their vtoc information would be a trivial \u00b7 geom is topologically agnostic. most volume management implementations have very strict notions of how classes can fit together, very often one fixed hierarchy is provided, for instance, subdisk - plex - volume. being extensible means that new transformations are treated no differently than existing transformations. fixed hierarchies are bad because they make it impossible to express the intent efficiently. in the fixed hierarchy above, it is not possible to mirror two physical disks and then partition the mirror into subdisks, instead one is forced to make subdisks on the physical volumes and to mirror these two and two, resulting in a much more complex configuration. geom on the other hand does not care in which order things are done, the only restriction is that cycles in the graph will not be allowed. terminology and topology geom is quite object oriented and consequently the terminology borrows a lot of context and semantics from the oo vocabulary : a \u201c class \u201d, represented by the data structure g _ class implements one particular kind of transformation. typical examples are mbr disk partition, bsd disklabel, and raid5 classes. an instance of a class is called a \u201c geom \u201d and represented by the data structure g _ geom. in a typical i386 freebsd system, there will be one geom of class mbr for each disk. a \u201c provider \u201d, represented by the data structure g _ provider, is the front gate at which a geom offers service. a provider is \u201c a disk - like thing which appears in / dev \u201d - a logical disk in other words", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5690980192492938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.491748"} {"text": "disk. a \u201c provider \u201d, represented by the data structure g _ provider, is the front gate at which a geom offers service. a provider is \u201c a disk - like thing which appears in / dev \u201d - a logical disk in other words. all providers have three main properties : \u201c name \u201d, \u201c sectorsize \u201d and \u201c size \u201d. a \u201c consumer \u201d is the backdoor through which a geom connects to another geom provider and through which i / o requests are sent. the topological relationship between these entities are as follows : \u00b7 a class has zero or more geom instances. \u00b7 a geom has exactly one class it is derived from. \u00b7 a geom has zero or more consumers. \u00b7 a geom has zero or more providers. \u00b7 a consumer can be attached to zero or one providers. \u00b7 a provider can have zero or more consumers attached. all geoms have a rank - number assigned, which is used to detect and prevent loops in the acyclic directed graph. this rank number is assigned as follows : 1. a geom with no attached consumers has rank = 1. 2. a geom with attached consumers has a rank one higher than the highest rank of the geoms of the providers its consumers are special topological maneuvers in addition to the straightforward attach, which attaches a consumer to a provider, and detach, which breaks the bond, a number of special topological maneuvers exists to facilitate configuration and to improve the overall flexibility. tasting is a process that happens whenever a new class or new provider is created, and it provides the class a chance to automatically configure an instance on providers which it recognizes as its own. a typical example is the mbr disk - partition class which will look for the mbr table in the first sector and, if found and validated, will instantiate a geom to multiplex according to the contents of the mbr. a new class will be offered to all existing providers in turn and a new provider will be offered to all classes in turn. exactly what a class does to recognize if it should accept the offered provider is not defined by geom, but the sensible set of options are : \u00b7 examine specific data structures on the disk. \u00b7 examine properties like \u201c sectorsize \u201d or \u201c mediasize \u201d for the provider. \u00b7 examine the rank number of the provider \u2019 s geom. \u00b7 examine the method name of the provider \u2019 s geom. orphanization is the process by which a provider is removed while it potentially is still being used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5613204379166974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.492733"} {"text": "and robustness in handling disappearing devices. the one absolutely crucial detail to be aware of is that if the device driver does not return all i / o requests, the tree will not unravel. spoiling is a special case of orphanization used to protect against stale metadata. it is probably easiest to understand spoiling by going through imagine a disk, da0, on top of which an mbr geom provides da0s1 and da0s2, and on top of da0s1 a bsd geom provides da0s1a through da0s1e, and that both the mbr and bsd geoms have autoconfigured based on data structures on the disk media. now imagine the case where da0 is opened for writing and those data structures are modified or overwritten : now the geoms would be operating on stale metadata unless some notification system can inform them otherwise. to avoid this situation, when the open of da0 for write happens, all attached consumers are told about this and geoms like mbr and bsd will self - destruct as a result. when da0 is closed, it will be offered for tasting again and, if the data structures for mbr and bsd are still there, new geoms will instantiate themselves anew. now for the fine print : if any of the paths through the mbr or bsd module were open, they would have opened downwards with an exclusive bit thus rendering it impossible to open da0 for writing in that case. conversely, the requested exclusive bit would render it impossible to open a path through the mbr geom while da0 is open for writing. from this it also follows that changing the size of open geoms can only be done with their cooperation. finally : the spoiling only happens when the write count goes from zero to non - zero and the retasting happens only when the write count goes from non - zero to zero. insert / delete are very special operations which allow a new geom to be instantiated between a consumer and a provider attached to each other and to remove it again. to understand the utility of this, imagine a provider being mounted as a file system. between the devfs geom \u2019 s consumer and its provider we insert a mirror module which configures itself with one mirror copy and consequently is transparent to the i / o requests on the path. we can now configure yet a mirror copy on the mirror geom, request a synchronization, and finally drop the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5209407858405789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.494820"} {"text": "delete \u201d semantics are required, a geom should be pushed which converts delete indications into ( a sequence of ) write \u201c get attribute \u201d supports inspection and manipulation of out - of - band attributes on a particular provider or path. attributes are named by ascii strings and they will be discussed in a separate section below. ( stay tuned while the author rests his brain and fingers : more to come. ) several flags are provided for tracing geom operations and unlocking protection mechanisms via the kern. geom. debugflags sysctl. all of these flags are off by default, and great care should be taken in turning them provide tracing of topology change events. provide tracing of buffer i / o requests. provide tracing of access check controls. 0x10 ( allow foot shooting ) allow writing to rank 1 providers. this would, for example, allow the super - user to overwrite the mbr on the root disk or write random sectors elsewhere to a mounted disk. the implications are obvious. this is unused at this time. dump contents of gctl requests. libgeom ( 3 ), disk ( 9 ), declare _ geom _ class ( 9 ), g _ access ( 9 ), g _ attach ( 9 ), g _ bio ( 9 ), g _ consumer ( 9 ), g _ data ( 9 ), g _ event ( 9 ), g _ geom ( 9 ), g _ provider ( 9 ), this software was developed for the freebsd project by poul - henning kamp and nai labs, the security research division of network associates, inc. under darpa / spawar contract n66001 - 01 - c - 8035 ( \u201c cboss \u201d ), as part of the darpa chats research program. the first precursor for geom was a gruesome hack to minix 1. 2 and was never distributed. an earlier attempt to implement a less general scheme in freebsd never succeeded. poul - henning kamp \u3008 phk @ freebsd. org \u3009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5514988713002701, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.496607"} {"text": "the safe and drug - free schools and communities program is designed to prevent violence in and around schools ; prevent the illegal use of alcohol, drugs, and tobacco by young people ; and foster a safe and drug - free learning environment that supports academic achievement. without a safe and orderly learning environment, teachers cannot teach and students cannot learn. students and school personnel need a secure environment, free from the dangers and distractions of violence, drug use, and lack of discipline to enable all children achieve to their full potential. to provide funds to support programs that : 1. prevent violence in and around schools ; 2. prevent the illegal use of alcohol, tobacco and drugs ; 3. involve parents and communities ; and 4. are coordinated with related federal, state, school and community efforts and resources to foster a safe and drug - free learning environment that promotes student academic achievement. principles of effectiveness to ensure that recipients use the funds in ways that preserve state and local flexibility but are most likely to reduce drug use and violence among youth, a recipient shall : 1. base its programs on a thorough assessment of objective data about the drug and violence problems in the schools and communities served 2. with the assistance of a local or regional advisory council, establish a set of measurable goals and objectives and design its programs to meet those goals and objectives. 3. design and implement its programs for youth based on research or evaluation that provides evidence that the programs used prevent or reduce drug use, violence, or disruptive behavior among youth. 4. evaluate its programs periodically to assess its progress toward achieving its goals and objectives, and use its evaluation results to refine, improve, and strengthen its program, and to refine its goals and objectives as appropriate. authorized programs and activities include - age appropriate and developmentally based violence and substance abuse prevention programs ; - professional development and training for school personnel, parents and community members in drug and violence prevention ; - expanded mental health services related to illegal drug use and violence : - conflict resolution and peer mediation programs ; - alternative education programs ; - counseling, mentoring, referral services and other student assistance practices and programs ; - activities that involve families and community prevention providers in setting clear expectations against violence and illegal use of drugs ; - emergency intervention services following traumatic crisis events ; - establishing or implementing a system for transferring suspension and expulsion records ; - developing and implementing character education programs ; - establishing and maintaining a school safety hotline ; - community service and service - learning projects ; - conducting a national background check for all employees ; - programs to train school personnel to identify", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.475657486101267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.500561"} {"text": "take an $ n \\ times n $ matrix $ a $, and suppose that $ v $ is an eigenvector of $ a $, with all entries of $ v $ equal to a constant $ k $. naturally, $ k \\ ne 0 $. let $ \\ lambda $ be the eigenvalue of $ a $ that has $ v $ as an eigenvector. if $ ( b _ 1, b _ 2, \\ dots, b _ n ) $ is any row of $ a $, then by the definition of eigenvalue and eigenvector, we have $ $ kb _ 1 + kb _ 2 + \\ cdots + kb _ n = \\ lambda k, $ $ from which we conclude that $ b _ 1 + b _ 2 + \\ cdots + b _ n = \\ lambda $. it follows that each row sum of the matrix is equal to $ \\ lambda $. conversely, suppose that all row sums of $ a $ are equal to $ \\ sigma $. let $ v $ be the vector with all entries equal to $ 1 $. then $ av $ is a vector with all entries equal to $ \\ sigma $, which means that $ v $ is an eigenvector of $ a $ with eigenvalue $ \\ sigma $. thus $ a $ has an eigenvector with all entries equal if and only if all row sums of $ a $ are equal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.556592554658413, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.501856"} {"text": "see also the dr. math faq : see also the browse high school trigonometry stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : volume of a tank. - circle of radius 1 km around given latitude / longitude [ 08 / 27 / 2002 ] i need feed points for a circle of radius 1 km with center at a given latitude and longitude. eight or more points should be enough for the - circle on a sphere equation [ 05 / 05 / 2000 ] how can i find an equation for all points that fall within a given radius from a single latitude and longitude on the surface of a sphere? - circular motion [ 01 / 27 / 2001 ] two problems : an electric hoist is being used to lift a piece of equipment... a car is moving at a rate of 50 miles per hour and the diameter of its wheels is 2. 5 feet... - circumference at a given latitude [ 01 / 26 / 2001 ] how can i calculate the circumference of a line around the earth ( a circle ) at 40 degrees north latitude? - circumference of a globe [ 1 / 27 / 1996 ] how do you derive a formula to find the circumference of a large globe hung 25 feet in the air? - classifying sides of a right triangle [ 06 / 12 / 2002 ] how do you find the adjacent side, opposite side, and hypotenuse of a - co - functions and solving trig equations [ 11 / 18 / 2004 ] if sin ( 3x - 26 ) \u00b0 = cos ( 5x - 60 ) \u00b0, find x. - common mistake in simplifying trig expressions [ 12 / 07 / 2003 ] i don ' t know how to simplify this problem : ( sin ^ 2 ( x ) - cos ^ 2 ( x ) ) / ( sin ^ 2 ( x ) - sin ( x ) cos ( x ) ) - complex numbers and trigonometry [ 12 / 25 / 1996 ] if x is a real number, arcsin ( sin ( x ) ) = x. if z is a complex number, arcsin ( sin ( z ) ) does not equal z. why? - complex numbers, trig functions and roots of 1 [ 10 / 30 / 1997 ] i ' m convinced that, for an arc of length x in radians : ( cos x + i sin x ) ^ ( 2 pi / x ) = 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4599120211444585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.508733"} {"text": ", trig functions and roots of 1 [ 10 / 30 / 1997 ] i ' m convinced that, for an arc of length x in radians : ( cos x + i sin x ) ^ ( 2 pi / x ) = 1... it ' s cool but why does it work? - computers and trigonometric functions [ 02 / 11 / 1997 ] how do computers and calculators calculate values for sine, cosine, and - computing angles of a right triangle [ 09 / 04 / 1997 ] is there a way to compute the other two angles of a right triangle without a calculator? if a table is required, where can i find it? - computing sine and cosine [ 8 / 27 / 1995 ] is it possible to compute sine and cosine for a given angle without using a calculator or a sine table? - computing sin without a chart [ 02 / 23 / 1998 ] is there a formula for converting a sin angle back to degrees? - continued fraction for tan ( x ) [ 11 / 03 / 2000 ] can you tell me why the \" infinite continued fraction representation \" for the tangent function works? - convergence of product of sines [ 10 / 17 / 2003 ] prove that ( sin ( pi / n ) ) * ( sin ( 2pi / n ) ) *... * ( sin ( ( n - 1 ) pi / n ) ) = n / ( 2 ^ ( n - 1 ) ) for n > = 2. - cosine 20 degrees [ 03 / 24 / 2002 ] what is the exact value of cosine 20 degrees? - cosine addition formula [ 12 / 13 / 1997 ] how can you prove the addition formula for cosine by using right - cosine approximations [ 12 / 29 / 1997 ] you derived a cubic equation for cosine of 40 degrees - did you know this - cosines and sines [ 6 / 16 / 1996 ] why does cos a = sin ( 90 - a )? - cosines of three angles [ 05 / 08 / 2003 ] show that the largest angle of the triangle whose sides are 4, 5, and 6 is exactly twice the size of the smallest angle. - covariants [ 05 / 02 / 1997 ] express tan ( pi / 2 + x ) as a single function of x or as a constant. - crossing a canyon [ 5 / 10 / 1995 ] basically, we ' re trying to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45685291358119107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.509674"} {"text": "- covariants [ 05 / 02 / 1997 ] express tan ( pi / 2 + x ) as a single function of x or as a constant. - crossing a canyon [ 5 / 10 / 1995 ] basically, we ' re trying to cross a canyon. from a point on one side, a rope stretches across and drops ten feet vertically... - cycloids [ 06 / 16 / 1998 ] what are cycloids, and how do they differ from sine curves? - defining the arcsinh function [ 08 / 09 / 2003 ] find an exact value for x in : 4 sinh x = 3 - defining the complement of an angle [ 08 / 04 / 2007 ] if the complement of x is 90 - x, the complement is negative for x greater than 90. i ' ve seen conflicting definitions of the complement, some saying it cannot be negative and others placing no restrictions. which is correct? - definition of a tangent [ 10 / 27 / 1995 ] what is the tangent of an angle? - degree measure of a central angle [ 07 / 29 / 1997 ] find the degree measure, to the nearest tenth, of a central angle whose intercepted arc measures 21 cm. in a circle of radius 4 cm. - degrees, minutes, seconds [ 08 / 26 / 1997 ] i know that degrees are what you use to measure angles, but i thought minutes and seconds were time measurements... - demoivre ' s formula [ 08 / 13 / 1998 ] can you explain demoivre ' s theorem? - de moivre ' s formula [ 08 / 11 / 2002 ] how do i use de moivre ' s formula to express cos ( 3p ) and sin ( 3p ) in terms of cos p and sin p? and why would this be useful? - demonstrating sin, cos, tan on the unit circle [ 12 / 30 / 1998 ] can you recommend a good way to demonstrate the trig functions sine, cosine, and tangent? what about on the unit circle? - derivation of law of sines and cosines [ 11 / 02 / 1997 ] how do you derive the law of sines and the law of cosines? - derivation of sum / difference of sine, cosine, tangent [ 02 / 16 / 2002 ] how can i find the derivation of the sum / difference of sine, cosine, and - derivations of heron ' s formula [ 11 / 24 / 1998 ] how is heron ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5620766389082545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.510533"} {"text": "##e, tangent [ 02 / 16 / 2002 ] how can i find the derivation of the sum / difference of sine, cosine, and - derivations of heron ' s formula [ 11 / 24 / 1998 ] how is heron ' s formula ( hero ' s formula ) derived? - deriving a trig identity [ 04 / 09 / 1998 ] can you derive the identity tan ( x ) + tan ( y ) + tan ( z ) = tan ( x ) tan ( y ) tan ( z ), where x, y, and z are angles of a triangle? - deriving identities [ 08 / 26 / 1998 ] i ' m supposed to derive the identity for sin 3x in terms of sin x. - deriving the arcsin formula [ 01 / 24 / 1999 ] why is the arcsin ( a ) = pi / 2 + bi, for some b? how can you derive the inverse sine formula ( i. e. : arcsin )? - deriving the coordinates of the pi / 6 family [ 06 / 09 / 1999 ] how do you derive the coordinates of the pi / 6 family on the unit circle, and why does this work? - deriving the haversine formula [ 04 / 21 / 1999 ] i need to write a program module to calculate distances given longitude and latitude data, trying to find an object within a mile ' s radius of its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46752404077447, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.511052"} {"text": "see also the dr. math faq : 3d and higher browse middle school fractions & percentages stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : finding a least common denominator ( lcd ). comparing / ordering fractions ; equivalent fractions. improper fractions and mixed numbers. converting fractions to / from decimals. fractions and repeating decimals. finding a percentage. - 100 percent of daily allowance of iron [ 09 / 30 / 2001 ] a common foodstuff is found to contain. 00125 % iron. the serving size is 87. 0 grams. if the recommended daily allowance is 18mg of iron, how many servings would a person have to eat to get 100 % of the daily allowance of - 2a / 5 or 2a divided by 5? [ 12 / 13 / 2001 ] why, when writing a division problem, do you write 2a over 5 instead of 2a divided by 5? - 33 1 / 3 percent as a fraction [ 08 / 03 / 2003 ] i need help turning percents like 33 1 / 3 %, 2. 5 %, and other percents like that into fractions. - ( 9 / 2 ) / ( 3 / 4 ) : a picture [ 03 / 27 / 2003 ] we were trying to find a division fraction question and everything we came up with turned into a multiplication fraction problem. why is - adding and subtracting fractions [ 10 / 25 / 1999 ] can you help me learn to add and subtract fractions? - adding mixed numbers [ 04 / 13 / 1999 ] how do you add mixed numbers without renaming? - algebraic fractions [ 5 / 27 / 1996 ] how would you solve for x and find the least common denominator in the equation 2 / x = 4 / 3? - algebra using fractions [ 5 / 27 / 1996 ] please show me how to solve this equation : ( 5 / 8 ) x = 9 - cancelling fractions [ 03 / 06 / 2002 ] how do i cancel this problem : 1 / 5 x 40 / 1 x 1 / 2? - changing decimals to fractions and reducing [ 12 / 12 / 2002 ] could you please help me to understand, in the simplest way, how to write a decimal as a lowest - term fraction or mixed number? - checking proportions using square roots [ 04 / 11 / 2002 ] multiply two fractions, and then take their square root. if it equals one of the fractions you began with,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47734222816960686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.515908"} {"text": "a decimal as a lowest - term fraction or mixed number? - checking proportions using square roots [ 04 / 11 / 2002 ] multiply two fractions, and then take their square root. if it equals one of the fractions you began with, you have a true proportion. does this always work? - clarifying fraction notation [ 07 / 02 / 1997 ]. 83 1 / 3... a trick problem? - congruent fractions [ 04 / 03 / 1997 ] what are congruent fractions? - converting fractions to decimals [ 01 / 08 / 1997 ] how do you convert fractions to decimals? how do you turn decimals into - converting ratios to percentages [ 08 / 03 / 2003 ] how do i convert 1 : 200 to a percentage? - converting repeating decimals to fractions [ 11 / 19 / 1997 ] i know. 333333333333 is 1 / 3, but what is the trick to it? - cross - multiplication [ 08 / 04 / 2002 ] can you explain cross - multiplication? - diagram showing division of fractions [ 01 / 13 / 2002 ] i understand how to divide fractions, but would like to be able to draw this problem in a diagram : ( 2 / 3 ) / ( 3 / 4 ) = 8 / 9. - dividing a fraction by a fraction [ 08 / 11 / 1997 ] can you help students visualize a problem such as : 1 / 3 / 1 / 2 = 2 / 3? - dividing by a negative fraction [ 01 / 24 / 2002 ] i understand how to divide fractions, but what if one of them is - dividing fractions [ 7 / 5 / 1996 ] i always get stuck on dividing fractions. - dividing fractions to find decimals [ 03 / 12 / 2001 ] why does dividing the numerator by the denominator give you the decimal form of a fraction? - division [ 11 / 25 / 1997 ] how do you divide 1, 000, 000, 000, 000 by 999, 999, 999, 999, 999, 999, 999? - employee pay schedule [ 07 / 12 / 2003 ] for a particular job, moe should get 40 % of the gross pay, larry should get 30 %, and curly should get 30 %, assuming they all work the same number of hours. but how should the money be divided if they work different numbers of hours? - explaining division of fractions [ 08 / 11 / 1999 ] can you give a practical explanation of why the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4965893149192235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.516831"} {"text": "30 %, assuming they all work the same number of hours. but how should the money be divided if they work different numbers of hours? - explaining division of fractions [ 08 / 11 / 1999 ] can you give a practical explanation of why the ' invert - and - multiply ' rule for division of fractions works? - explaining fractions [ 11 / 06 / 2001 ] i am a practicum student in a 8th grade math class. the teacher and i don ' t know how to explain to the students why you can do this manuever. c = d / g ; c / d = g ; d / c = g. - figuring a percentage [ 5 / 24 / 1996 ] what percentage is 3 times as many? - figuring a tax [ 05 / 13 / 2003 ] i work in insurance. we have a premium of $ 75, 329. this premium needs to be increased by a tax of 3. 75 %... - figuring percentage of increase [ 09 / 05 / 2001 ] in 1990, allen county, kansas, had 14, 385 people. now, in 2001, it contains 14, 905 people. how do i calculate the increase, using a - finding a percentage [ 01 / 26 / 2001 ] how do you arrive at a percentage that a number is of a number? example : what percent of 32000 is 2000? - finding percentage of increase [ 06 / 07 / 2003 ] find the percentage increase : old, $ 50. 50 ; new $ 75. 75. - finding percentages [ 12 / 5 / 1996 ] i want to know how to find percents of a number - for example, how to find 13 percent of 29. - finding the lowest common denominator [ 12 / 11 / 1995 ] what is the most efficient way to find the lcd ( lowest common - fractional exponents [ 08 / 09 / 1997 ] is there a proof for x ^ 1 / 2 = the square root of x? - fraction bar name [ 12 / 14 / 1996 ] what is the name of the little line that separates the divisor from the dividend in a standard division question? - fraction basics [ 7 / 21 / 1996 ] i don ' t understand how to do fractions. - fraction diagrams [ 03 / 13 / 2002 ] in an adult condominium complex, 2 / 3 of the men are married to 3 / 5 of the women. what fraction of the residents are married? - a fraction divided by a fraction [ 8 / 30 / 1995", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45148190596928206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.517683"} {"text": "interview with dr. motoji ikeya by david jay brown dr. motoji ikeya is a japanese interdisciplinary researcher, using electron spin resonance ( esr ) in geosciences and radiation dopsimetry, with a research interest in the cause of unusual animal behavior prior to earthquakes. his laboratory experiments at osaka university have shed an enormous amount of light on the possible mechanisms that may be operating during this unexplained phenomenon. dr. ikeya majored in electronics and then nuclear engineering at osaka university. he worked at nagoya and yamaguchi universities, was a research associate at the university of north carolina at chapel hill, and a fellow of the alexander von humboldt foundation at the university of stuttgart, germany. he is a recipient of the asahi newspaper grant for encouragement of science ( 1981 ) and the 4th osaka science prize in 1986. dr. ikeya \u2019 s major field of specialization has been in quantum geophysics. he has researched electron sin resonance ( esr ), which is used for dating geological and archaeological materials, and in the future these techniques may be used for dating materials on icy planetary bodies. he has also researched radiation dosimetry and assessment of the paleo - environment. dr. ikeya began his earthquake precursor studies after the kobe earthquake in 1995. at osaka university dr. ikeya was chair of the quantum geophysics laboratory, and is the author of more than three hundred scientific papers. he was professor of graduate school of science at osaka university \u2019 s department of of physics since 1987, and of earth space science since its foundation in 1991. dr. ikeya retired from osaka university in 2004, and is now helping young people in esr on a part - time basis. dr. ikeya is also the author of * earthquakes and animals : from folk legends to science * ( world scientific, 2004 ), which is the most important book on the subject of unusual animal behavior and earthquakes since helmut tributsch \u2019 s classic work on the subject * when the snakes awake *. this meticulously researched work is an interdisciplinary treasure trove of folk legends, historical anecdotes, interview surveys and subjective reports, geophysical science facts, and most importantly, a fascinating summary of dr. ikeya \u2019 s own laboratory research. ( to order a copy of dr. ikeya \u2019 s book click here. ) ikeya \u2019 s laboratory experiments were conducted to see if exposure to an electrical field or electromagnetic pulses could elicit animal behavior similar to what has been reported prior to earthquakes. ike", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5619394490529792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.525962"} {"text": "order a copy of dr. ikeya \u2019 s book click here. ) ikeya \u2019 s laboratory experiments were conducted to see if exposure to an electrical field or electromagnetic pulses could elicit animal behavior similar to what has been reported prior to earthquakes. ikeya \u2019 s experiments produced very interesting results. for example, fish showed panic reactions, and earthworms moved out of the soil and swarmed when current was applied. these are very similar to the behaviors that are reported before earthquakes. dr. ikeya \u2019 s work also sheds light on other mysterious pre - earthquake phenomena \u2013 which he was able to recreate in the laboratory \u2013 such as strange plant growth, earth - lights, fogs, atmospheric distortions, and unusual phenomena with electric appliances, such as televisions and cell phones. i interviewed dr. ikeya on october 12, 2004. dr. ikeya has a great deal of curiosity, open - mindedness, and the rare ability to bridge scientific disciplines. we discussed how his laboratory experiments help us to understand the causes of unusual animal behavior prior to earthquakes, why so many scientists are resistant to this idea, and whether or not a reliable earthquake forecasting system is possible. david : what motivated you to start studying the relationship between unusual animal behavior and earthquakes? dr. ikeya : the kobe earthquake in 1995. i live 30 km from the epicenter and thought it strange that many earthworms dug themselves up in my small garden. at the time, i did not know the legend that a number of emerging earthworms is a sign of a large earthquake. many people noticed this, including my neighbors. david : how have your laboratory experiments with electric fields and electromagnetic pulses helped to shed some light on what may cause unusual animal behavior prior to earthquakes? dr. ikeya : first, theoretical calculation of eq light, which was seen by my graduate students and associate professor. eq clouds and fogs in legends may naturally be produced in super - cooled atmosphere. then, it dawned on me that animals might be sensing such atmospheric discharge and electric field as electric field effects. david : how do you think animals detect electromagnetic waves, and why do you think this cause them to behave in peculiar ways? dr. ikeya : electric fields may be sensed by the force on the animal \u2019 s hair. induced current in the body may cause changes with some neurotransmitters. david : your research provides strong evidence for the theory that electromagnetic changes are causing the unusual animal behavior and other unexplained phenomena that are sometimes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5397434444628441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.527920"} {"text": "s hair. induced current in the body may cause changes with some neurotransmitters. david : your research provides strong evidence for the theory that electromagnetic changes are causing the unusual animal behavior and other unexplained phenomena that are sometimes reported to occur prior to earthquakes. do you think that this is just one possible explanation or the only one? dr. ikeya : probably most of the unexplained phenomena ( 80 \u2013 90 % ) reported by lay citizens would have electromagnetic causes. old legends of bent flames, and rice cooking anomaly, as well as animal and plant anomalies, are definitely electromagnetic in origin. however, the moses \u2019 phenomenon [ reports that great bodies of water will suddenly and temporarily split apart, creating a valley to the ocean floor, and two massive walls of water ] is due to natural hydrodynamic causes. david : why do you think so many scientists are resistant to the idea that unusual animal behavior prior to earthquakes is a real phenomenon? dr. ikeya : because there are people who link trivial events to large earthquakes, and afterthoughts are inevitably involved in the statements by lay citizens, especially at a distance larger than 100 \u2013 200 km for a m7 earthquake. i explain this in chapter 5 of my book * earthquakes and animals *. for countries like new zealand, the focal depth is 50 km or so. electromagnetic ( em ) intensity would be less, and so there would be less unusual phenomena. granite bedrock in japan might play a role due to the involvement of piezoelectric quartz grains, while basalt may generate less intense em waves. fluid movement in the boundary of granite might be responsible for the generation of em waves, rather than the piezoelectricity. david : what do you think are the most important experiments that still need to be done in order to shed more light on the nature of mysterious earthquake precursors? dr. ikeya : experiments of less intense em exposure to human being, which is not allowed since we are not medical doctors. some people might be very sensitive. david : do you think that it is possible for observations of animal behavior to ever be part of a reliable earthquake forecasting system? dr. ikeya : no! once we know that em pulses are responsible, electronic detection will be better at forecasting earthquakes than observations of animal behavior. however, additional information about unusual phenomena \u2013 collected by an automatic observation system, rather than a collection of reports from lay citizens \u2013 would increase the reliability of a forecast of a disastrous earthquake. collected data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5738199930454715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.529094"} {"text": "for the latest information on influenza vaccination, visit the centers for disease control and prevention website at http : / / www. cdc. gov / flu / other % 5fflu. htm what is influenza? influenza ( also called the flu ) is an upper respiratory infection. it is caused by the influenza virus. flu strains differ from one year to the next. there are two main kinds that infect humans : - type a - type b you can get the flu when you breathe in droplets from someone infected with the virus. it can also be spread by touching a contaminated surface and then putting your hand to your mouth or nose. each year ( usually beginning in october ), the flu spreads around the world. anyone can get it. some people are at a higher risk of complications. people at higher risk of complications include : - being younger than 5 years old - being 65 years old and older having certain conditions, including : - chronic lung condition ( eg, asthma ) - cardiovascular disease - kidney or liver disease - neurological, blood, or metabolic condition ( eg, diabetes ) - having a suppressed immune system ( eg, hiv ) - being pregnant - being a child or teen who receives long - term aspirin therapy - being american indian / alaska native - being severely obese - fever and chills - severe muscle aches - severe fatigue - decreased appetite, other gastrointestinal symptoms ( eg, nausea, vomiting ) - runny nose, nasal congestion - sore throat treatment may include : - over - the - counter pain relievers - cough suppressants - antiviral medicines what is the influenza vaccine? the flu shot is made from an inactivated, killed virus. there are three types of flu shots available : - regular flu shot ( the most common type ) \u2014 for people aged six months and older, injected into the muscle ( usually in the upper arm ) - high - dose shot ( fluzone high - dose ) \u2014 for people aged 65 years and older, injected into the muscle - intradermal shot ( fluzone intradermal ) \u2014 for people aged 18 - 64 years old, injected into the skin with a smaller needle there is also a nasal spray ( flumist ) made from live, weakened flu viruses. the nasal spray is available for healthy people aged 2 - 49 years who are not pregnant. the flu shots and nasal spray contain several influenza viral strains. the type of strains that the vaccine contains change from year to year. the strains are based on which viruses are likely to circulate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4998073314366341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.535241"} {"text": "people aged 2 - 49 years who are not pregnant. the flu shots and nasal spray contain several influenza viral strains. the type of strains that the vaccine contains change from year to year. the strains are based on which viruses are likely to circulate during that flu season. who should get vaccinated and when? the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) recommend that anyone aged six months and older should get a flu shot. it takes about two weeks for the vaccination to protect you against the flu. even if you have been vaccinated, you can still get the flu. if you have symptoms, tell your doctor. you can get the flu anytime during the year. but, flu season typically lasts from october to may. the best time to get vaccinated is as soon as the vaccine is available. this will protect you before the flu comes to your community. children younger than 9 years old may need two doses of the flu vaccine. this may need to be given to help your child build immunity to the virus. talk to the doctor to find out how many doses are right for your child. what are the risks associated with the influenza vaccine? almost all people who receive the influenza vaccine have no problems. there are certain risks associated with the vaccine. as with any vaccine, there is a small risk of serious problems, including severe allergic reaction. side effects associated with the flu shot include : - soreness, redness, and swelling around the injection site - low - grade fever - muscle aches side effects associated with the nasal spray vaccine include : - runny nose - muscle aches - sore throat who should not get vaccinated? certain people should talk to their doctor before receiving the influenza vaccine. these include people who : - have any severe ( life - threatening ) allergies to chicken eggs - have had a severe reaction to the flu vaccine in the past - have had guillain - barre syndrome - currently are very sick the following people should not get the nasal spray : - are aged 24 months or younger - have asthma - are aged 2 - 4 years who have had wheezing in the past 12 months - have a condition that may increase their risk of flu complications - are aged 50 years and older - have a chronic condition ( eg, heart disease, lung disease, asthma, kidney or liver disease, metabolic disease, blood disorders ) - have a nerve or muscle disorder - have a weakened immune system - are in close contact with others who have a weakened immune system - have a nasal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4495739727836469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.536297"} {"text": ", heart disease, lung disease, asthma, kidney or liver disease, metabolic disease, blood disorders ) - have a nerve or muscle disorder - have a weakened immune system - are in close contact with others who have a weakened immune system - have a nasal condition which makes it difficult to breath - have gotten any other vaccines in the last 4 weeks - pregnant women - children or teens on long - term aspirin therapy what other ways can influenza be prevented? good preventive measures include : - avoid close contact with people who have respiratory infections. - wash your hands often for 15 - 20 seconds with soap and water. this is especially important to do when you come in contact with someone who is sick. rubbing alcohol - based cleaners on your hands is also useful. - do not share drinks or personal items. - cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. - do not put your hands near your eyes, mouth, or nose. what happens in the event of an outbreak? in the event of an outbreak, the primary focus is to vaccinate as many at risk people as possible, especially those in high priority groups. the use of antiviral medications ( eg, oseltamivir, zanamivir ) can reduce the length of the illness when given within two days of onset. finally, people who are infected should be isolated as much as possible. - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 03 / 2013 - - update date : 00 / 31 / 2013 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4457826392776931, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.539575"} {"text": "i blue? the blue room ( the tub ), picasso, 1901. looks at degas art institute, through sept. 12 at the turn of the 20th century, pablo picasso had finished his academic training and was at the very beginning of his lengthy and celebrated career. while living in barcelona at the time, he was influenced by its modernist milieu and by one of the city \u2019 s most prominent artists, santiago rusinol. the exhibition picasso vs. rusinol, currently on display at the museu picasso in barcelona, is a fascinating study of picasso \u2019 s relationship to rusinol, which began with admiration and ended with irreverence after the younger artist moved to paris in 1904. similarly, the exhibition picasso looks at degas explores picasso \u2019 s fascination with an older artist ; however, the exhibition makes clear that even though picasso most likely never actually met edgar degas, the french artist was an extremely influential figure throughout picasso \u2019 s career. while rusinol was only important to picasso \u2019 s very early career, these two exhibitions in combination offer much insight into the trajectory of picasso \u2019 s genius. and while picasso looks at degas will travel to the museu picasso, picasso vs. rusinol will not travel here \u2014 and so we are the poorer for it. looks at degas is set up in several sections. within each section works are grouped so that picasso \u2019 s are side by side with degas \u2019. while this approach can at times feel cumbersome, as it leaves little room for individual interpretation, it does in fact definitively illustrate the thesis of the exhibition, especially where picasso has directly referenced or responded to a particular work by degas. the first section, on the first floor, compares figurative work by each artist including human figure studies, portraits of family members and friends, and self portraits. the work in this section by picasso was made before he had ever visited paris and most likely had never seen a degas first hand. upstairs begins with picasso \u2019 s first visit to paris in 1900. works included in this section clearly show the influence of french artists. for example, picasso \u2019 s stuffed shirts from 1900, a wonderfully satiric piece, is placed beside degas \u2019 singers on stage from 1877. the similarities of subject and style are clear but the influence of other artists such as toulouse lautrec is also evident. other pairings in this section include degas \u2019 the tub and picasso \u2019 s the blue room ( the tub ). in picasso \u2019 s piece there are noticeable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4960745781459661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.544341"} {"text": "are clear but the influence of other artists such as toulouse lautrec is also evident. other pairings in this section include degas \u2019 the tub and picasso \u2019 s the blue room ( the tub ). in picasso \u2019 s piece there are noticeable references to degas \u2019 s work such as the round, flat tub. but there are also allusions to monet and lautrec. on the wall behind his bathing figure picasso has rendered a landscape that resembles monet and a poster that is clearly lautrec \u2019 s. picasso, however, infuses the piece with his signature blue color, one that harkens back to the influence of barcelona and more specifically to artists like rusinol who used the color in his landscapes, portraits, and writings ( as well as in his notorious home, cau ferat, in the city sitges ). it is in this section of the exhibition that picasso \u2019 s versatility becomes evident, as he both copies and innovates simultaneously. the next section of the exhibition focuses on works that fall under the heading \u201c the private world of women. \u201d here there are a mixture of sculptures, works on paper, and paintings all depicting women bathing and combing their hair. the most interesting aspect of this section is the inspiration picasso took throughout his career from degas \u2019 innovative style and subject matter. picasso \u2019 s nude wringing her hair, an abstract figure in blue from 1952, is placed next to degas \u2019 predominantly red painting combing the hair ( la coiffure ) from 1896. the bold colors and flat planes of both works are enhanced by their proximity to one another. no exhibition of degas would be complete without the inclusion of his ballet dancers. the ballet section opens with his signature little dancer aged fourteen, which caused quite a stir when first displayed in paris in 1881. praised for its realism and equally derided for its ugliness, it was the only degas sculpture to be exhibited in his lifetime. coincidently, at the time of degas \u2019 death, picasso was working on stage and costume designs for sergei diaghilev \u2019 s les ballets russes. at this time picasso met and later married the dancer olga khokhlova who inspired his interest in classical ballet, and many of his works on this subject. picasso is often best when he is challenging and confrontational, and so the last section on \u201c brothel scenes \u201d is the most intriguing \u2014 despite the cramped feel of the gallery and a display that felt perfunctory and unceremon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4944966394321596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.545343"} {"text": "check out our new video podcast - - math snacks! this hands - on activity uses manipulatives to help students physically trade in one unit for another, larger unit of measure. by manipulating the tiles, students can find all types of conversions. to download the entire lesson plan, click on file attachments below. if you have any questions, don ' t hesitate to email me email @ example. com using the 200 chart for division using the 200 chart to count money the other day i saw the neatest way of using a 200 chart ( a hundreds chart that goes through 200 ) to help students as they were learning to count money. i would have never came up with this idea, but it worked so well for students who were struggling keeping track of how much money they were counting. directions for how it works : these easy - to - use cards let students explore place value concepts \u2014 from ones to one hundred thousand. just cut off the extra white to the left of the digits. these cards can be used to teach standard and expanded form of a number. download the files below. if you have any questions, don ' t hesitate to contact me at firstname. lastname @ example. org my kids turn is a website which hosts 6 different shows which provides quick ideas for parents to use with their children. this would be awesome to share with parents as a follow up to parent teacher conferences. my kids turn is about our kids - - yours and ours - - and how we ' re going to make sure that they have the best opportunity we can give them to succeed at school. i often get asked the question, why do students need to learn how to find the lcm of two or more numbers. i can only think of two mathematical examples, the first is to find common denominators for fractions so that we can add the fractions more easily. for example, if we have the fractions 1 / 4, 1 / 3, and 1 / 6, we could use the lcm to create equivalent fractions to add quickly and easily. comparing and ordering numbers is an important skill for students at any grade level. but there is more to comparing and ordering numbers than comparing the individual digits in each of the placeholders. when we teach children to look a the first number, furthest to the left, and then if they are the same, look at the second number, we are teaching children a rote procedure to compare and order numbers. the goal of this math lesson is for students, using dice, to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5270390794620763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.548038"} {"text": "what arouses an animal or human from an inactive, nonresponsive state to a condition of activity and responsiveness? what are the biological mechanisms for this change? in this book donald w. pfaff focuses on a reproductive behavior typical of many female animals. sensory stimuli from the male trigger responses in a well - defined circuit of nerve cells. at the top of the circuit, certain nerve cells receive and retain sex hormones such as estrogens and progesterone. as a result, specific genes in these nerve cells are turned on at specific times, affecting in turn the rest of the neural circuit and causing a state of sexual responsiveness. according to pfaff, the biological bases for the most primitive human drives are largely explained by mechanisms uncovered in animal brains that have not changed in their fundamental properties over millions of years of evolution. focusing on a single instinctive behavior, in this case the sex drive, is an important step toward understanding the biological reasons for the change from unmotivated to motivated animal behavior. \" in a lucidly written book that is intellectually stimulating yet stilltrue fun, dr. pfaff has accomplished the seemingly impossible. he hasthoroughly reviewed research on sexual drive from genes and molecules tohuman behavior. the resulting synthesis provides fresh insights into howwe think, feel, and behave. \" \u2014 solomon h. snyder, department of neuroscience, johns hopkins university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.574725092957443, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.549535"} {"text": "cash looked at the salt content of 250 packaged sandwiches sold through 16 high street stores including boots, tesco, sainsbury ' s and marks & spencer. they found that more than one in five sandwiches - 22 per cent - had over 3g salt and a massive 44 per cent over 2. 5g salt. the maximum recommended daily amount of salt for an adult is 6g per day. two sandwiches sampled contain more than 6 grams, which is the level recommended for the entire daily intake of salt for an adult. breakfast - style sandwiches containing egg, bacon and sausages from several well known stores were particularly high in salt. a chicken caesar sandwich had 5. 9 grams of salt and a smoked salmon and creme fraiche one had 6. 4 grams. excess salt in the diet is widely believed to contribute to high blood pressure, which in turn can lead to strokes, heart attacks and heart failure - the world ' s number one killer. consumer groups have long hounded the food industry to cut the salt content in processed foods. in the uk the british heart foundation launched a ' pinch of salt ' consumer awareness campaign in july last year to tackle salt consumption and ' hidden salt ' in processed foods. \" many processed foods, such as baked beans contain high levels of ' hidden ' salt. in fact, up to 85 per cent of a person ' s dietary salt intake comes from processed foods, \" said belinda linden, head of medical information at the british heart foundation. more recently the food standards agency in the uk unveiled a new salt model to investigate the effects of reducing salt content in different food groups on consumers. the move was largely inspired by the results of an independent body - the scientific advisory committee on nutrition ( sacn ) - in the uk last year that found increasing evidence for the link between high levels of salt in the diet and high blood pressure. according to figures from the sacn report, the recommended daily adult salt intake should be 6 grams, but in fact the nation consumes about 9. 5 grams a day. salt is used as a preservative in food, as well as to give flavour and texture. most meat products contain salt, added both as a flavouring agent and to inhibit bacterial growth. salt also plays a part in fat emulsification, diminishing the loss of fat and water during cooking in products such as sausages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43625159180882384, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.552058"} {"text": "serialization is the process of converting the state of an object into a form that can be persisted or transported. the complement of serialization is deserialization, which converts a stream into an object. together, these processes allow data to be easily stored and transferred. the. net framework features two serializing technologies : binary serialization preserves type fidelity, which is useful for preserving the state of an object between different invocations of an application. for example, you can share an object between different applications by serializing it to the clipboard. you can serialize an object to a stream, to a disk, to memory, over the network, and so forth. remoting uses serialization to pass objects \" by value \" from one computer or application domain to another. xml serialization serializes only public properties and fields and does not preserve type fidelity. this is useful when you want to provide or consume data without restricting the application that uses the data. because xml is an open standard, it is an attractive choice for sharing data across the web. soap is likewise an open standard, which makes it an attractive choice. in this section - serialization how - to topics - lists links to how - to topics contained in this section. - binary serialization - describes the binary serialization mechanism that is included with the common language runtime. - xml and soap serialization - describes the xml and soap serialization mechanism that is included with the common language runtime. - serialization tools - these tools help develop serialization code. - serialization samples - the samples demonstrate how to do serialization. - contains classes that can be used for serializing and deserializing objects. - contains classes that can be used to serialize objects into xml format documents or streams.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5769004184681443, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.555202"} {"text": "the legend of madame delphine lalaurie, a wealthy society matron, has haunted the city of new orleans for nearly two hundred years. when fire destroyed part of her home in 1834, the public was outraged to learn that behind closed doors lalaurie routinely bound, starved, and tortured her slaves. forced to flee the city, her guilt was unquestioned, and tales of her actions have become increasingly fanciful and grotesque over the decades. even today, the laulaurie house is described as the city ' s \" most haunted \" during ghost tours. marie delphine lalaurie ( nee macarty or maccarthy, c. 1775 \u2013 c. 1842 ), more commonly known as madame lalaurie, was a louisiana - born socialite, and serial killer known for her involvement in the torture and murder of black slaves. born in new orleans, lalaurie married three times over the course of her life. she maintained a prominent position in the social circles of new orleans until april 10, 1834, when rescuers responding to a fire at her royal street mansion discovered bound slaves within the house who showed evidence of torture over a long period. lalaurie ' s house was subsequently sacked by an outraged mob of new orleans citizens, and it is thought that she fled to paris, where she died due to a boar attack during a hunting accident. as of 2012, the royal street mansion where lalaurie lived is still standing and is a prominent new orleans landmark. delphine macarty was born around 1775, one of five children. her father was barthelmy louis macarty, whose father barthelmy macarty brought the family to new orleans from ireland around 1730. her mother was marie jeanne lovable, also known as \" the widow lecomte, \" whose marriage to barthelmy louis macarty was her second. both were prominent members of the new orleans white creole community. delphine ' s cousin, augustin de macarty, was mayor of new orleans from 1815 to 1820. on june 11, 1800, delphine macarty married don ramon de lopez y angullo, a caballero de la royal de carlos ( a high ranking spanish officer ), at the saint louis cathedral in new orleans. by 1804, don ramon had risen to the position of consul general for spain in louisiana. also in 1804, delphine and don ramon traveled to spain. accounts of the trip differ. grace king wrote in 1921 that the trip was don ramon ' s \" military punishment \", and that del", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3679276869300472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.573695"} {"text": "the position of consul general for spain in louisiana. also in 1804, delphine and don ramon traveled to spain. accounts of the trip differ. grace king wrote in 1921 that the trip was don ramon ' s \" military punishment \", and that delphine met the queen, who was impressed by delphine ' s beauty. stanley arthur ' s 1936 report differed ; he stated that on march 26, 1804, don ramon was recalled to the court of spain \" to take his place at court as befitting his new position \", but that ramon never arrived in spain because he died in havana en route to madrid. during the voyage, delphine gave birth to a daughter, named marie borgia delphine lopez y angulla de la candelaria, nicknamed \" borquita \". delphine and her daughter returned to new orleans in june 1808, delphine married jean blanque, a prominent banker, merchant, lawyer and legislator. at the time of the marriage, blanque purchased a house at 409 royal street in new orleans for the family, which became known later as the villa blanque. delphine had four more children by blanque, named marie louise pauline, louise marie laure, marie louise jeanne, and jeanne pierre paulin blanque. blanque died in 1816. delphine married her third husband, physician leonard louis nicolas lalaurie, who was much younger than she, on june 25, 1825. in 1831, she bought property at 1140 royal street, which she managed in her own name with little involvement of her husband, and by 1832 had built a three - story mansion there, complete with attached slave quarters. she lived there with her husband and two of her daughters, and maintained a central position in the social circles of the lalauries, in the style of their social class at the time, maintained several black slaves in slave quarters attached to the royal street mansion. accounts of delphine lalaurie ' s treatments of her slaves between 1831 and 1834 are mixed. harriet martineau, writing in 1838 and recounting tales told to her by new orleans residents during her 1836 visit, claimed lalaurie ' s slaves were observed to be \" singularly haggard and wretched \" ; however, in public appearances lalaurie was seen to be generally polite to black people and solicitous of her slaves ' health, and court records of the time showed that lalaurie emancipated two of her own slaves ( jean louis in 1819 and devin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38117210529476503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.574787"} {"text": "in the new orleans bee of april 11, 1834, bystanders responding to the fire attempted to enter the slave quarters to ensure that everyone had been evacuated. upon being refused the keys by the lalauries, the bystanders broke down the doors to the slave quarters and found \" seven slaves, more or less horribly mutilated... suspended by the neck, with their limbs apparently stretched and torn from one extremity to the other \", who claimed to have been imprisoned there for some months. one of those who entered the premises was judge jean - francois canonge, who subsequently deposed to having found in the lalaurie mansion, among others, a \" negress... wearing an iron collar \" and \" an old negro woman who had received a very deep wound on her head [ who was ] too weak to be able to walk \". canonge claimed that when he questioned madame lalaurie ' s husband about the slaves, he was told in an insolent manner that \" some people had better stay at home rather than come to others ' houses to dictate laws and meddle with other a version of this story circulating in 1836, recounted by martineau, added that the slaves were emaciated, showed signs of being flayed with a whip, were bound in restrictive postures, and wore spiked iron collars which kept their heads in static positions. when the discovery of the tortured slaves became widely known, a mob of local citizens attacked the lalaurie residence and \" demolished and destroyed everything upon which they could lay their hands \". a sheriff and his officers were required to disperse the crowd and, by the time the mob left, the royal street property had sustained major damage, with \" scarcely any thing [ remaining ] but the walls \". the tortured slaves were taken to a local jail, where they were available for public viewing. the new orleans bee reported that by april 12 up to 4, 000 people had attended to view the tortured slaves \" to convince themselves of their sufferings \". the pittsfield sun, citing the new orleans advertiser and writing several weeks after the evacuation of lalaurie ' s slave quarters, claimed that two of the slaves found in the lalaurie mansion had died since their rescue, and added : \" we understand... that in digging the yard, bodies have been disinterred, and the condemned well [ in the grounds of the mansion ] having been uncovered, others, particularly that of a child, were found. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39022379574233496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.577273"} {"text": "added : \" we understand... that in digging the yard, bodies have been disinterred, and the condemned well [ in the grounds of the mansion ] having been uncovered, others, particularly that of a child, were found. \" these claims were repeated by martineau in her 1838 book retrospect of western travel, where she placed the number of unearthed bodies at two, including the late life and death lalaurie ' s life after the 1834 fire is not well documented. martineau wrote in 1838 that lalaurie fled new orleans during the mob violence that followed the fire, taking a coach to the waterfront and travelling by schooner from there to mobile, alabama and then on to paris. certainly by the time martineau personally visited the royal street mansion in 1836 it was still unoccupied and badly damaged, with \" gaping windows and empty walls \". the circumstances of delphine lalaurie ' s death are also unclear. george washington cable recounted in 1888 a then - popular but unsubstantiated story that lalaurie had died in france in a boar - hunting accident. whatever the truth, in the late 1930s, eugene backes, who served as sexton to st. louis cemetery # 1 until 1924, discovered an old cracked, copper plate in alley 4 of the cemetery. the inscription on the plate read : \" madame lalaurie, nee marie delphine macarty, decedee a paris, le 7 decembre, 1842, a l ' age de lalaurie in folklore folk histories of lalaurie ' s poor treatment of her slaves circulated in louisiana during the nineteenth century, and were reprinted in collections of stories by henry castellanos and george washington cable. cable ' s account ( not to be confused with his unrelated 1881 novel madame delphine ) was based on contemporary stories in newspapers such as the new orleans bee and the advertiser, and upon martineau ' s 1838 account, retrospect of western travel, but mixed in some synthesis, dialogue and supposition entirely of his own creation. after 1945, stories of the lalaurie slaves became considerably more explicit. jeanne delavigne, writing in ghost stories of old new orleans ( 1946 ), alleged that lalaurie had a \" sadistic appetite [ that ] seemed never appeased until she had inflicted on one or more of her black servitors some hideous form of torture \" and claimed that those who responded to the 1834 fire had found \" male slaves, stark naked, chained to the wall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38176468883697173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.578383"} {"text": "[ that ] seemed never appeased until she had inflicted on one or more of her black servitors some hideous form of torture \" and claimed that those who responded to the 1834 fire had found \" male slaves, stark naked, chained to the wall, their eyes gouged out, their fingernails pulled off by the roots ; others had their joints skinned and festering, great holes in their buttocks where the flesh had been sliced away, their ears hanging by shreds, their lips sewn together... intestines were pulled out and knotted around naked waists. there were holes in skulls, where a rough stick had been inserted to stir the brains. \" delavigne did not directly cite any sources for these claims, and they were not supported by the primary the story was further popularised and embellished in journey into darkness : ghosts and vampires of new orleans ( 1998 ) by kalila katherina smith, the operator of a new orleans ghost tour business. smith ' s book added several more explicit details to the discoveries allegedly made by rescuers during the 1834 fire, including a \" victim [ who ] obviously had her arms amputated and her skin peeled off in a circular pattern, making her look like a human caterpillar, \" and another who had had her limbs broken and reset \" at odd angles so she resembled a human crab \". many of the new details in smith ' s book were unsourced, while others were not supported by the sources given. today, modern retellings of the lalaurie myth often use delavigne and smith ' s versions of the tale to found claims of explicit tortures, and to place the number of slaves who died under lalaurie ' s care at as many as one hundred. the new orleans house occupied by delphine lalaurie at the time of the 1834 fires stands today at 1140 royal street, on the corner of royal street and governor nicholls street ( formerly known as hospital street ). at three stories high, it was described in 1928 as \" the highest building for squares around \", with the result that \" from the cupola on the roof one may look out over the vieux carre and see the mississippi in its crescent before jackson square \". the entrance to the building bears iron grillwork, and the door is carved with an image of \" phoebus in his chariot, and with wreaths of flowers and depending garlands in bas - relief \". inside, the vestibule is floored in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42403147373944267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.579507"} {"text": "the building bears iron grillwork, and the door is carved with an image of \" phoebus in his chariot, and with wreaths of flowers and depending garlands in bas - relief \". inside, the vestibule is floored in black and white marble, and a curved mahogany - railed staircase runs the full three storeys of the building. the second floor holds three large drawing - rooms connected by ornamented sliding doors, whose walls are decorated with plaster rosettes, carved woodwork, black marble mantlepieces and fluted pilasters. subsequent to lalaurie ' s departure from america, the house remained ruined at least until 1836, but at some point prior to 1888 it was \" unrecognisably restored \", and over the following decades was used as a public high school, a conservatory of music, a tenement, a refuge for young delinquents, a bar, a furniture store, and a luxury in april 2007, actor nicolas cage bought the lalaurie house through hancock park real estate company llc for a sum of $ 3. 45 million. the mortgage documents were arranged in such a way that cage ' s name did not appear on them. on november 13, 2009 the property, then valued at $ 3. 5 million, was listed for auction as a result of bank foreclosure and purchased by regions financial corporation for $ 2. 3 million. history of delphine lalaurie mme. marie delphine lalaurie and her third husband, a doctor, leonard louis lalaurie, purchased the grand home at 1140 royal street in the early 1830s. upon moving in, she began to outfit the home with the finest of appointments - - costly furniture, silver and gold plates and paintings by noted artists. she would entertain and dispense hospitality from the downstairs drawing she was born marie delphine, daughter of louis barthelemy chevalier de maccarthy. she was first married on june 11, 1800 to don ramon de lopez y angulo. when he died on march 26, 1804 in havana, cuba, she married jean blanque in 1808, who died in 1816. from there she married dr. lalaurie on june 12, 1825. the circumstances of the deaths of her first two husbands are unknown and the whereabouts of dr. lalaurie at the time of the fire and subsequent to his wife ' s flight from town remains a mme. lalaurie was well - known for her spectacular parties and galas which she gave frequently at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39435725175356745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.580715"} {"text": "that she was fleeing the house in flames. as the flames grew larger and hotter, word of the fire spread through the streets and soon the house was thronged with people over to assist mme. lalaurie in saving her valuables. there were among the crowd citizens of high standing, many of whom bore eyewitness to the scenes that followed. the fire was gaining rapidly, the kitchen was in flames and the upper stories were filled with smoke. mme. lalaurie seemed only interested in retrieving her plates, jewels and robes before they were burnt to a crisp. the questions about the whereabouts of the servants began to filter through the crowd of assistants. \" where are all mme. lalaurie ' s servants that they do not help in the efforts to save? \" mme. lalaurie met the questions with evasive answers. \" nevermind the servants, save my valuables. this way gentlemen, this way. \" someone began whispering that the servants were chained and locked up behind barred doors in the slave quarter and were sure to perish in the flames. the whisper became a loud voice - - vengeful and threatening. \" the servants! the servants? \" rose from a hundred different voices. \" there are human beings locked in those rooms who will be roasted alive in the flames. \" \" the keys! the keys! \" said a creole gentleman ; two or three men rushed forward clamoring for the keys, but they could not be found. \" who will follow me through the smoke and flames? \" cried a brave creole. a dozen or more men volunteered. the iron bars between the wing and attic were broken away, the doors were burst open and two old women with heavy iron collars upon their necks and irons upon their feet were brought out. by this time the fire was subdued. the crowd continued to search the house. the garret was explored and more victims were brought out - gaunt and wild - eyed, loaded down with chains and crippled from the attitudes in which they had been chained to the floor. the local press of the time said the story was like \" covering one of those atrocities the details of which seem to be too incredible for human belief. \" they hesitated to report the atrocities at the house because of their graphic nature, but found it necessary to hold mme. lalaurie accountable and up for public ridicule, calling her a wretch. a silence fell upon the neighborhood - - an ominous silence that proceeds the outburst of the sm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41078381130741537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.591877"} {"text": "chinese \u674e : from a character meaning \u2018 minister \u2019. this was part of the title of gao yao, a great - grandson of the legendary emperor zhuan xu, who became famous as a minister under the model emperors yao and shun in the 23rd century bc ; he was the first to introduce laws for the repression of crime. his descendants adopted this part of his title as their surname. the use of this name continued for over a millennium to the twelfth century bc, down to the rule of the last king of the shang dynasty, the despotic zhou xin. li zhi, the head of the li clan at that time, displeased zhou xin and was executed, leaving the rest of the clan facing imminent disaster. they fled, and nearly starved to death, surviving only by eating a fruit called mu zi. when the characters for mu and zi are combined, they form the character for plum, pronounced li. in token of this salvation, the clan changed their name to the current character for li \u2018 plum \u2019. li is now the most common surname in china. among the many famous bearers are lee kwan yew, prime minister of singapore from 1959 to 1990 ; lee teng - hui, president of taiwan from 1988 ; li peng, prime minister of china from 1988 ; and bruce lee ( 1941 \u2013 73 ), movie actor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4724341719300676, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.594800"} {"text": "part 1 : north carolina ' s first radio stations, part 2 : radio enters its \" golden age \" in north carolina, part 3 : national networks and popular local shows and personalities, part 4 : radio broadcasting and the civil rights movement, part 5 : growth of fm stations and increasing corporate ownership part 3 : national networks and popular local shows and personalities with the japanese attack on pearl harbor in december 1941 came a temporary freeze on radio station applications, which hampered smaller carriers. through the 1940s, the airwaves were dominated by the four major broadcast networks : nbc, abc, cbs, and the now - defunct mutual broadcasting system. in addition to war - related news, the networks provided a wealth of block programming - from serialized dramas to live performances. comedy shows featuring fred allen, jack benny, george burns, and gracie allen, along with dramas such as the lux radio theater, orson welles ' s mercury theatre on the air, and the guiding light, made radio the centerpiece of family entertainment. kay kyser joined the ranks of big band leaders like benny goodman, glenn miller, and duke ellington on nationally broadcast shows. despite the networks ' seeming monopoly of radio real estate, small stations still managed to spring up across north carolina. mount airy ' s wpaq, after its birth in 1948, began broadcasting live string band performances at 10, 000 watts while also amassing a sizable catalog of traditional and folk music. in 1947 the north carolina association of broadcasters was founded to provide support and information to state radio talent. recognizable on - air personalities carved out reputations in the region. greensboro native edward r. murrow moved on to a national audience, but local color ruled the state ' s airwaves. commentators such as wbt ' s fiery, pulpit - tested j. s. nathaniel tross and wral ' s fred fletcher, known for his children ' s programming and traffic reports, were radio fixtures for years. although by the 1950s television replaced radio as america ' s \" everyday \" medium, local radio fought the advance of network tv by filling spots on the airwaves normally overlooked by larger corporations, such as early morning time slots. for 30 years grady cole, beloved as \" mr. dixie, \" was the voice of wbt ' s sunrise schedule, providing farm reports, community announcements, weather reports, and more into the early 1960s. devotion to certain broadcasters induced listeners to continue tuning in, either for a chance of catching the \" voice of the duke blue devils, \" announcer lee kirby, or the sweet sounds of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41159394380144276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.597684"} {"text": "| world cancer day | world cancer day will soon be celebrated the 4th of february 2013. under this year \u2019 s theme \u201c cancer - did you know? \u201d, world cancer day focuses on four key myths around cancer, and offers an opportunity to raise our collective voices in the name of improving knowledge and providing the facts to dismiss misconceptions about the disease. cancer is not just a disease of the wealthy, elderly and developed countries. it has become a global epidemic, affecting all ages and socioeconomic groups, with wide - reaching social, economic, development, and human rights implications. nevertheless, with the right strategies, around 30 % of the cancer cases can be prevented, and many more people with cancer can now be treated effectively and cured. world cancer day aims to promote a \u2018 whole - of - society \u2019 approach that includes governments, academia, non - governmental organizations, private sector, people living with and affected by cancer, and others, to support cancer prevention and control efforts. world cancer day 2013 is particularly important as it will be followed by the first meeting of the women \u2019 s cancer initiative, convened by paho in washington d. c. from 5 to 7 february, as part of the pan american forum for action on ncds ( pafncd ). this meeting will be an important landmark to advance the agenda for breast and cervical cancer prevention and control in the americas, strengthening partnerships, outlining, and implementing a joint plan of action to synergize efforts. to help you support world cancer day celebration in your country, graphics materials including factsheets and posters are available from paho\u00b4s website at : http : / / bit. ly / vrvr8p. for further information about world cancer day, please check the union for international cancer control ( uicc ) website at : http : / / www. worldcancerday. org /. amongst other resources you\u00b4ll find an interactive map of events where you can upload any campaign or activity related to world cancer day celebration, a logo that has been developed to establish a global identity for world cancer day as well as links to some of the best cancer prevention campaigns from around the world. useful links about cancer : congresses, international conferences 4792 coney drive, 3rd floor, withfield tower, belize city, belize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44077622485717194, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.600214"} {"text": "implantable cardioverter defibrillators ( icds ), a type of pacemaker inserted into the heart, can prevent sudden cardiac deaths. yet in those regions with the highest death rates from heart disease, rates of icd use are conversely the lowest. 100, 000 people die each year from sudden cardiac death in the uk. most of these deaths occur when the heart ' s rhythm suddenly goes out of sync, causing the heart to stop. but an ' inverse care law ' is effectively in operation in england, say the report ' s authors, with areas with those most at risk given the least amount of effective treatment. the west midlands, north west and south west were worst off, with the highest proportion of heart disease sufferers but the lowest icd implantation rates across england. the study looked at icd use over five years from 1998 to 2002. though implantation rose approximately 250 % over that time, england still lags behind other european countries and the us. researchers also surveyed three quarters of icd implantation centres in england to find out why eligible patients are being denied the treatment. they found three main explanations - overall funding issues, a lack of staff to perform the procedures, and that eligible patients are not being identified or referred. all of the centres also expected to see increasing demands for icds in the future. better planning and greater resourcing of icd centres are needed to address the inequality in healthcare highlighted in this study, the authors conclude.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4970525229411627, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.601777"} {"text": "sick of the cold? hang on, the warmth will be coming by april, according to the spring forecast released thursday by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration. \" we have been experiencing an unusually cold pattern, \" admits meteorologist ed o ' lenic of the climate prediction center. how cold? so far this month, for example, chicago ' s temperatures are running about 5 degrees below average, according to the national weather service. this is a wild swing in the weather from last march, when the windy city had temperatures that were more than 15 degrees above average. the cold pattern should stay in place until the end of march, according to an online forecast from the climate center. but from april through june, \" odds favor above - average temperatures across much of the continental united states, including drought - stricken areas of texas, the southwest and the great plains, \" says laura furgione, deputy director of the national weather service. unfortunately, spring promises little drought relief for most of these areas, as well as in florida, the weather service predicts. as of this week ' s u. s. drought monitor, a federal website that tracks drought, 51 % of the u. s. is enduring some level of drought. this is the highest mid - march percentage since the drought monitor began in 2000. the two parts of the country that should see below - average temperatures from april through june are the pacific northwest and the extreme northern great plains. as for precipitation, odds favor wetter - than - normal conditions in the great lakes and ohio valley regions. drier - than - normal conditions are most likely in much of the west, the rockies, parts of the southwest, much of texas, along the gulf coast and in florida. meanwhile, river flooding is likely to be worse than last year across the country. the most significant flood potential is in north dakota. the red river of the north a?? located between eastern north dakota and northwest minnesota - - has the potential for major flooding. \" this would flood 20, 000 acres of farmland and roadways, \" furgione says. residents along the red river in fargo and neighboring moorhead, minn., should prepare for one of the top five floods in their history, the weather service also reported thursday. its latest flood outlook included a 50 % chance that the river would top 38 feet later this spring. that would surpass the fifth - highest crest of 37. 34 feet in 1969. flood stage is 18 feet. the weather service said the chances of a top five flood had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41152659515180184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.604549"} {"text": "margaretha hofmeyr, head of the chelonian biodiversity and conservation program at the university of the western cape, concurred that from the photo the juvenile two - headed animal appears to be an angulate tortoise. the program she directs is to study the diversity and biology of southern africa ' s chelonians ( tortoises and turtles ). the angulate tortoise seldom grows bigger than 22 centimeters ( eight or nine inches ), and has a lengthened straw - colored shell with somewhat raised shields that are black in the middle and on the sides. the tortoise evidently doesn ' t like to be picked up, and will often empty its bladder on a human handler in what may be an attempt to defend itself. - stories about animals and nature from national geographic news - elusive african apes : giant chimps or new species? - in africa, decoding the \" language \" of elephants - gamblers fuel trade in \" lucky \" vulture heads in africa - desert - adapted crocs found in africa - tiny bugs enlisted to fight invading water hyacinths south africa, which covers less than one percent of the earth ' s total land surface, is widely renowned for its rich diversity of fauna and flora ( see links below ). of the 43 species of tortoises worldwide, 13 can be found in south africa, ten of them in the western cape. the endangered geometric tortoise ( click on the turtle survival alliance link below for a list of the world ' s 25 most threatened turtles ), is endemic, or unique to the western cape. candice swarts is a journalist working for die burger, a daily newspaper in cape town, south africa. more about turtles saving turtles by taking them off the menu ( with photos of some of the world ' s most endangered turtles ) saving sea turtles with a lights - out policy in florida girl scouts help scientist conserve turtles in u. s. leatherback turtles near extinction, experts say can network of colonies save asia ' s turtles? china ' s taste for turtle fuels asian crisis, groups say turtles smuggled to china as food find haven in u. s. national geographic magazine photos : 1930 image of bather \" riding \" on the back of a turtle in australia david doubilet image of a green turtle national geographic guide to animals and nature : go > > national geographic news alerts sources and related web sites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44493460528683515, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.608773"} {"text": "for national geographic news using enough explosives to level 400 ten - story buildings, china demolished the last barrier holding back the mighty yangtze river from the three gorges dam on tuesday, according to government - controlled media. at 1. 4 miles ( 2. 3 kilometers ) long, three gorges is one of the world ' s largest dams, and one of the most controversial public works in modern times. 200 tons of explosives demolition experts used some 200 tons ( 181 metric tons ) of explosives to destroy the final three gorges cofferdama temporary construction that had allowed builders to finish the dam ' s massive main wall. the blast created some 243, 278 cubic yards ( 186, 000 cubic meters ) of concrete rubble. the main dam ' s construction was completed last month amid much fanfare. \" this is the grandest project the chinese people have undertaken in thousands of years, \" li yongan, general manager of the three gorges corporation, told the london times on may 20. at its peak the construction team numbered some 26, 000 chinese and foreign employees. dam first proposed in 1919 sun yat - sen, founder of the republic of china, first suggested a dam on the yangtze river in central china ' s hubei province. he believed the structure could protect river communities from deadly floods. communist leader mao zedong ( mao tse - tung ) also supported the concept, but construction didn ' t begin until 1993, 17 years after mao ' s death. sources and related web sites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4250407434733916, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.610256"} {"text": "living a long life is what many people want, but they also want to live it healthfully, so in order to do that some people follow a long list of regimens and medical suggestions that oftentimes entail a major life change or some sort of difficult upheaval. but not everything you need to do in order to live longer requires a drastic change. you don \u2019 t always have to search for the newest vitamin supplement or switch your daily routine to include a new workout to live longer, because there are many things you can do that require either no change or very little of it, say experts, and getting just a little bit more sleep is one of those things. researchers at pennsylvania university college of medicine say that getting eight hours of sleep is a must for proper health and has a direct impact on living longer. this was discovered after scientists observed two groups of participants. one group slept for six hours or more most nights and the other group slept for less than six hours. researchers first followed up with the women of both groups after a 10 - year period and then with the men after 14 years, and it was discovered that the women who got more hours of sleep or didn \u2019 t have issues with insomnia had a lower mortality rate. and men who battled chronic insomnia or slept for under eight hours for a number of years had a significant risk of dying earlier compared to those who got the correct amount of sleep. in a separate study conducted by the center for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), about 40 million working americans get less than six hours of sleep, which is 30 percent of the workforce, which suggests that many of us may be robbing ourselves of days here on earth, simply by not getting to bed early enough. stand more, sit less another way to add days to your life, say experts, is by standing more and sitting less, as numerous studies have shown that sitting down for extended periods of time on a continuous basis \u2014 which most of us do \u2014 can shorten your life significantly. in a report released by the american heart association and conducted by researchers from the university of california, san diego, it was learned that too much sitting can add an increasing amount of unhealthy fat around the heart. \u201c we wanted to see if sitting was related to the distribution of fat, because different types of fat are worse than others, \u201d said lead study of the author britta larsen in a statement. after studying more than 500 participants in the 65 - year - old range, larsen said that even if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40136863161746283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.615601"} {"text": "to the distribution of fat, because different types of fat are worse than others, \u201d said lead study of the author britta larsen in a statement. after studying more than 500 participants in the 65 - year - old range, larsen said that even if you do get enough exercise, but sit for long periods of time each day, you could be undoing a big portion of the health benefits associated with exercising, so people should really be conscious of coupling their workouts with standing more during the course of the day. \u201c in order to really be healthy you need to focus on both. get enough exercise but also not sit for 10 hours per day like most of us do, \u201d said larsen. \u201c sitting really is bad for your heart, so we are hoping that the workplace, especially, becomes more standup - friendly. \u201d which means it might be a good idea to look into in some standup work stations for your home office or workplace if you can. very few people look forward to visiting the dentist and most times it has everything to do with a fear of pain, which is rarely as bad as most people anticipate, but avoiding the dentist, not flossing, and not brushing your teeth regularly, could lead to a bunch of potential health problems like heart disease and diabetes, a study shows. choosing not to stay on top of your dental hygiene can cause bacteria build - up that could eventually spill into the blood stream, said walter bretz, an oral microbiologist in an interview with live science. \u201c certain bacteria present in the mouth may be related to clogging up the arteries by contributing to the plaque that builds on the walls of the arteries, \u201d he said. internist dr. michael f. roizen, who authored several books including real age : are you as young as you can be? says having the proper periodontal treatment is important to living a longer and healthier life. \u201c these studies show that the presence of periodontal diseases, diseases most common in people with tooth loss, actually affects longevity, \u201d he wrote. \u201c the best of these studies done at emory university with the centers for disease control, indicated that people with gingivitis and periodontitis have a mortality rate that is 23 percent to 46 percent higher than those who don \u2019 t, why? they are linked to increased rates of cardiovascular disease and stroke, as well as to an increase in mortality from other causes, such as infections, \u201d he said. get out and about another way to add days to your life,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4399156541187565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.616569"} {"text": "\u2019 t, why? they are linked to increased rates of cardiovascular disease and stroke, as well as to an increase in mortality from other causes, such as infections, \u201d he said. get out and about another way to add days to your life, that shouldn \u2019 t shake up your world too much, is by volunteering and helping out a particular social cause or project. in a recent study published by health psychology, researchers said it \u2019 s not only volunteering that adds days to your life, it \u2019 s the reason why you volunteer that does the trick, meaning if your volunteer efforts come from a place of sincerity as opposed to coming from a place of \u201c hey, look at me i \u2019 m a person of the people, \u201d it could allow for a longer life. researchers reported these findings after studying a group of participants since their high school graduation year of 1957, and in 2004 they questioned the study group about how much they \u2019 ve volunteered since that time. after taking into account other lifestyle factors, the researchers found 4. 3 percent of those who didn ' t volunteer died within four years of 2004, compared to 1. 6 percent of those people who died who did volunteer. among other factors, the study authors contributed volunteering to living longer, especially the reasons why people volunteered. \u201c it is reasonable for people to volunteer in part because of benefits to the self ; however, our research implies that, ironically, should these benefits to the self become the main motive for volunteering, they may not see those benefits, \" said andrea fuhrel - forbis, one of the study authors. so when it comes adding days to your life, there are definitely some things you can do that will be harder for you to start than others, but fortunately, by just tweaking a few of your ways and sticking to those tweaks, you can increase the chances of sticking around a little longer, because healthy living doesn \u2019 t always require a total life shift and monk - like discipline, which is good because if it did a lot of us would be in a lot of trouble. story provided by consumeraffairs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41165701433727026, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.617981"} {"text": "fri october 12, 2012 for sale : a chunk of mars originally published on tue october 23, 2012 2 : 31 pm few things are as rare as a piece of rock that falls from outer space and crashes onto earth. among the most prized of these meteorites are from mars. friday, scientists describe the latest one discovered : it ' s called tissint, and this weekend you can buy a piece of it. first, it ' s clear to experts that tissint is extraordinary as well as extraterrestrial. it contains a unique story about mars. says meteoriticist caroline smith of the london museum of natural history : \" many people think that this meteorite may well be one of the most important meteorites that have actually fallen in the last century. \" she ' s one of those people. the museum owns the biggest piece of tissint, and smith is one of the scientists who described it in the journal science on friday. tissint ' s journey began as basaltic volcanic rock on the martian surface. smith says scientists can tell liquid washed over the rock and weathered it. it deposited elements from martian soil inside cracks in the rock. then an object \u2014 probably an asteroid \u2014 smacked into mars and blasted the rock into space. in july 2011, it flamed through the earth ' s atmosphere and smashed into the moroccan desert. \" the thing is, no matter how fantastic the robotic missions are, it ' s still not the same as being able to actually analyze a piece of rock in a laboratory on earth, \" she says. \" so i think the big message here is that the meteorite is almost ground - truthing what we ' re actually seeing on mars. \" there are a few other martian meteorites. but tissint is special for several reasons. the impact that blew it off mars melted part of its surface into smooth, black glass. that trapped bubbles of martian atmosphere and elements inside, including cerium, an element scientists thought might be on mars but weren ' t sure of. also, its fragments were found quickly, so it hasn ' t been too contaminated by elements on earth. it ' s also one of only five martian meteorites that was observed hitting the earth. scientists have just begun to tease out its story. \" whenever i pick up a meteorite, \" says smith, \" i get excited. each of those stones is a little time capsule and a little space probe to actually help us understand how our solar system formed. \" but the piece in london is just one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46242680570369354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.625271"} {"text": "i pick up a meteorite, \" says smith, \" i get excited. each of those stones is a little time capsule and a little space probe to actually help us understand how our solar system formed. \" but the piece in london is just one of many that broke off tissint as it hurtled through earth ' s atmosphere. where they ended up is a story that begins in morocco. meteorite scientist hasnaa chennaoui aoudjehane at hassan ii casablanca university had heard news of the fireball that lit up the sky in the summer of 2011. last january she traveled 700 miles from casablanca, over the sahara, to find the \" strewn field \" \u2014 where pieces spread across the sand. she was not the first one there. \" the first thing that i see is hundreds of people in the middle of nowhere. and this is something that i will never forget. \" men, women and children were camped out, hunting for the pieces. meteorites are often found in north africa \u2014 unusual rocks stand out in the desert \u2014 and they bring a good price. people brought pieces to her to identify. \" on the first view of the first sample, it ' s clear that it ' s a martian meteorite, \" she says. professional dealers scooped up most of the pieces. aoudjehane bought some small pieces for her university in casablanca, where laboratory tests confirmed what she ' d recognized on sight \u2014 martian rock. she ' s a co - author on the paper in science. about the time aoudjehane was collecting pieces, a meteorite collector and dealer in new york city named darryl pitt got a tip about fragments of mars for sale. pitt, who is curator of the macovich collection of meteorites, got money from a group of investors. a moroccan dealer sold him a piece, dispatching his au pair to fly with it to new york city. \" immediately after she clears customs, she reaches into her purse and gives me a packet and i ' m looking around and looking at the cameras and thinking, ' oh my golly, this is going to be a problem. ' \" not that it was illegal ; the transaction just made it look suspicious. pitt bought or brokered the sale of more pieces, including the one that went to the london ' s natural history museum. \" it ' s important to make the material available to scientists and researchers first and foremost, \" he says. collectors like pitt have the time and means to cultivate contacts in places like morocco, where the trade has flourished", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42061662441563485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.626408"} {"text": "' s natural history museum. \" it ' s important to make the material available to scientists and researchers first and foremost, \" he says. collectors like pitt have the time and means to cultivate contacts in places like morocco, where the trade has flourished, especially among the berber nomads. \" several of these fellows that i know have become rich. a couple own hotels now. they ' re no longer trekking the desert.... it ' s been really fantastic. \" the museum ' s caroline smith agrees that collectors and scientists do help each other \u2014 the collectors to find meteorites, the scientists to analyze them. \" i would be not telling the truth if i said there was no tension with anything where large amounts of money is involved, \" she says. \" but i would like to stress that, you know, on the whole relationships are very good, it ' s a mutually beneficial arrangement in many cases. \" the trade does push up prices, sometimes beyond what scientists can afford. but smith says sometimes collectors sell them to museums at a discount. on sunday, a piece of tissint will be offered at a meteorite auction in manhattan. it ' s billed as the biggest ever, and pitt helped heritage auctions arrange it. there are pieces from the moon and from the asteroid belt. but pitt says the martian meteorites are the stars because they are so rare. all told on earth, he says, \" you ' re talking like about 300 pounds of material. that ' s it. mars is among the rarest substances on earth. \" the tissint fragment at the auction starts at $ 230, 000. as for potential buyers, pitt says they ' re \" most anyone who has an appreciation for the exotic, the romantic. anyone who wants to enthrall a child or anyone ' s sense of wonder. radio hosts? everyone. \" pitt notes that the piece at the auction actually fits exactly into the piece at the london museum. he ' s hoping whoever buys it will reunite the two.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40358803901882223, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.627160"} {"text": ". there several other noble ladies of assisi joined clare and agnes, and thus began the order of the poor ladies of st. damian ' s, or poor clares, as these franciscan nuns afterwards came to be called. from the outset of her religious life, agnes was distinguished for such an eminent degree of virtue that her companions declared she seemed to have discovered a new road to perfection known only to herself. as abbess, she ruled with loving kindness and knew how to make the practice of virtue bright and attractive to her subjects. in 1219, agnes, despite her youth, was chosen by st. francis to found and govern a community of the poor ladies at monticelli, near florence, which in course of time became almost as famous as st. damian ' s. a letter written by st. agnes to clare after this separation is still extant, touchingly beautiful in its simplicity and affection. nothing perhaps in agnes ' s character is more striking and attractive than her loving fidelity to clare ' s ideals and her undying loyalty in upholding the latter in her lifelong and arduous struggle for seraphic poverty. full of zeal for the spread of the order, agnes established from monticelli several monasteries of the poor ladies in the north of italy, including those of mantua, venice, and padua, all of which observed the same fidelity to the teaching of st. francis and st. clare. in 1253 agnes was summoned to st. damian ' s during the last illness of st. clare, and assisted at the latter ' s triumphant death and funeral. on 16 november of the same year she followed st. clare to her eternal reward. her mother hortulana and her younger sister beatrice, both of whom had followed clare and agnes into the order, had already passed away. the precious remains of st. agnes repose near the body of her mother and sisters, in the church of st. clare at assisi. god, who had favoured agnes with many heavenly manifestations during life, glorified her tomb after death by numerous miracles. benedict xiv permitted the order of st. francis to celebrate her feast. it is kept on 16 november, as a double of the second class. apa citation. ( 1907 ). st. agnes of assisi. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 01213a. htm mla citation. \" st. agnes of assisi. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35579964136492537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.632324"} {"text": "is your child anxious about the upcoming summer at camp? summer camp should be a fun experience for kids. for children whose anxiety gets in the way, nyc \u2019 s child mind institute offers suggestions on how to clear the fear to make way for a more formative experience. anxiety - behind the scenes portraits of summer camp showcase sun - splashed children playing sports, swimming, and getting freckles. not pictured is any sign of anxiety, a natural reaction to a new adventure and a several - week separation. all children experience a mixture of excitement and nervousness when summer camp approaches. for most, excitement trumps nerves, but some children develop anxiety serious enough to get in the way of what should be a fun, formative experience. summer camps hone many skills useful for future success : resilience, self - reliance, and social adaptability. the camp experience \u2014 being away from home among peers as much as crafts, sports, and theater \u2014 can aid a child in crucial socialization and in completing necessary developmental tasks, which include separating from parents, cultivating independence, and demonstrating mastery. children are often ready for sleep - away camp around ages 10 - 12, although preparedness varies depending upon age, experience, and temperament. how do you know if your child \u2019 s case of pre - camp nerves is in the typical range, or something problematic? you might be concerned if she demonstrates physical symptoms of fear : cold or clammy hands, butterflies, faintness, headache, or nausea. excessive tearfulness and hiding are also signs that something out - of - the - ordinary is going on. a child might have nightmares about separation, or ask questions like, \u201c what if something happens to me or you when i \u2019 m away? \u201d if a child \u2019 s reaction is so severe that it interferes with normal functioning, it might be time to consult a mental health professional. otherwise, the key to helping your child get over anxiety is to acknowledge it \u2014 and give her tools to help her tame it. 13 tips for taming the anxiety 1. let your child feel a sense of ownership over the experience. involve him in picking the summer camp ; familiarize him with the camp environment and teach him about camp activities so he can formulate expectations. 2. help your child get excited about camp : take her shopping for new gear and focus her on fun things about camp that she can anticipate. 3. avoid focusing on what makes children anxious. instead of asking leading questions such as, \u201c are you nervous about horseback riding?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44828255158337954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.641248"} {"text": "about camp : take her shopping for new gear and focus her on fun things about camp that she can anticipate. 3. avoid focusing on what makes children anxious. instead of asking leading questions such as, \u201c are you nervous about horseback riding? \u201d ask open - ended questions like, \u201c how are you feeling about the horses? \u201d 4. don \u2019 t trivialize her concerns or offer glib reassurances. constantly insisting, \u201c there \u2019 s nothing to worry about! \u201d or, \u201c everyone loves camp! \u201d may discourage your child. show that you have empathy and acknowledge her concerns. 5. focus on concrete details in conversations leading up to and during summer camp. avoid abstract issues like what it it \u2019 s like to be away from home in favor of cabin details, meals in the lodge, or campfire rituals to keep their heads in the game. 6. reflect on your own formative experiences away from home and share positive aspects of them with your child. show that you are willing to talk about the new things he \u2019 ll be doing, whether it \u2019 s sharing a bathroom, getting along with cabin - mates, or choosing a partner at a square dance. 7. go through \u201c rehearsals. \u201d a shorter - term sleepover or a night at grandma \u2019 s will make it easier for your child to be away from home. 8. don \u2019 t \u201c linger at the bus stop. \u201d keep goodbyes short, as delaying just causes more mixed feelings. 9. make communication easy and accessible. pack envelopes and stamps, outline a schedule for phone calls or emails if they \u2019 re part of the camp \u2019 s routine, and make sure your child understands how easy staying in touch will be. 10. have goals for each letter or conversation so your child will come away focused on how she is adjusting, rather than on how much she wants to come home. 11. try not to communicate your own anxiety. your child can pick up on your feelings even if you don \u2019 t verbalize them. what you want to share is your confidence in your child and the summer experience. 12. help your child formulate realistic, goal - oriented plans for making friends or toasting the perfect marshmallow or passing a swimming test. the thrill of completing these plans can give your child a feeling of success and take his mind off his anxiety. 13. if your child has psychiatric or learning issues, don \u2019 t keep them a secret. make sure the staff and counselors know anything they need to know to ward off problems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40359210227104964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.643615"} {"text": "your child a feeling of success and take his mind off his anxiety. 13. if your child has psychiatric or learning issues, don \u2019 t keep them a secret. make sure the staff and counselors know anything they need to know to ward off problems and maximize your child \u2019 s experience. does she wet the bed? is she anxious about water? and let your child know that counselors are there to support her, whether she has a simple question or a larger problem. are you ready for your child to go to summer camp? for parents who are anxious about sending kids to summer camp, remember that the cost of a good camp covers more than the arts and crafts. it includes a team of professionals and counselors committed to fostering social learning in your child. summer camp is that rare situation where your child engages with a large community of peers and learns how to interact socially in a less - structured environment than school. this is a time for him to actively make decisions for himself and develop a sense of self - reliance. though you may be concerned and wish to intervene, an attitude of \u201c back - up \u201d supportiveness will give your child room to take ownership over the experience himself. the child mind institute is an nyc - based nonprofit organization dedicated to transforming mental health care for children everywhere. visit childmind. org for a wealth of information related to your child with special needs, including strategies for dealing with a diagnosis and behavior, symptoms and signs, practical tools, videos, and more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4456250040173666, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.644358"} {"text": "let \u2019 s go to the bee, you sluggards, and learn his ways. aristotle, who strolled through the great outdoors and taught about what he observed, spent several pages describing the bee. he said the drones were a rather worthless kind of bee, which could not sting and would not work. the drones almost never left the hive. in sharp contrast to the drones were \u201c the good working bees. \u201d these bees gathered the nectar, built the honeycomb, and defended the hive. aristotle had a clear preference for these useful little fellows, describing them in four different places as \u201c good working. \u201d the word aristotle used for \u201c good working \u201d was chrestos ( kray stoss ). it came from a verb that meant \u201c to be useful and productive. \u201d a chrestos house was orderly and well - kept ; a chrestos meal was healthy and tasty. chrestos people were decent, honest, and upright. in scripture, however, the word chrestos is usually just translated \u201c kind. \u201d if we think of \u201c kind \u201d as no more than mild and pleasant, we have lost an important element of the word. in the old testament, for example, we notice that when god is called \u201c kind \u201d he is actively doing something for our benefit. he gives what is chrestos and the land yields its harvest ( ps. 85 : 12 ). in a chrestos way he teaches his ways ( ps. 119 : 69 ). because god is chrestos he helps the poor ( ps. 67 : 10 ). david said he would praise god for what he has done, for god is chrestos ( ps. 52 : 9 ). this brings us to a new testament passage where chrestos is used. in matthew 11 : 30 jesus invites the weary to come to him, because his yoke is chrestos and his burden is light. what is a chrestos yoke? it is a yoke that is kind to the shoulders, well - suited for the task. like aristotle \u2019 s honey bee, it is \u201c good working \u201d and productive. the yoke may ride easy, but it \u2019 s designed for work!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5371984906078899, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.663342"} {"text": "great white sharks swim one step closer to protectionsall press releases \u2026 national marine fisheries service to conduct in - depth review of west coast population september 27, 2012 contact : geoff shester ( email @ example. com | 831 - 643 - 9266 ) the national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) today announced a positive 90 - day finding on two petitions to list the west coast population of great white sharks under the endangered species act ( esa ). nmfs determined that the population merits further consideration for listing as an \u201c endangered \u201d or \u201c threatened \u201d species. today \u2019 s decision is in response to esa listing petitions submitted this summer by oceana, the center for biological diversity, shark stewards, and wildearth guardians. the conservation groups commend nmfs for recognizing the new science documenting the perils facing this unique population of great white sharks. \u201d we commend nmfs for elevating great white sharks one step closer toward the protections they desperately deserve, \u201d said geoff shester, california program director for oceana. \u201c the alarm bells are ringing and we need to take action to address the bycatch of great white shark pups in our fisheries. \u201d over the next nine months, nmfs will conduct an in depth status analysis of the population and make a final determination of whether to add this population to the federal endangered list. today \u2019 s decision also initiates a formal public comment period. the impetus for the finding is new scientific studies showing that great white sharks off the coast of california and baja california, mexico are genetically distinct and isolated from all other great white shark populations and that the estimated number of adult sharks in this population is alarmingly low. with central estimates of only a few hundred adults remaining, this unique population is on the brink of extinction because of its low population size and the ongoing threats it faces from human activities. \u201c great white sharks are incredible species that have survived for eons along the west coast. sadly, they \u2019 re in deep trouble right now, so we \u2019 re glad to see them a step closer to getting the help they need to survive, \u201d said miyoko sakashita, oceans program director at the center for biological diversity. oceana, the center for biological diversity, and shark stewards also submitted a similar joint scientific petition to the california fish and game commission for endangered listing at the state level. it is anticipated the commission will take make an initial determination in the next few months. deadly gillnets capture and kill great white sharks, and are presently the leading identified threat to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40223349822471377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.704738"} {"text": "to the california fish and game commission for endangered listing at the state level. it is anticipated the commission will take make an initial determination in the next few months. deadly gillnets capture and kill great white sharks, and are presently the leading identified threat to their survival. while the direct capture of white sharks for sale is prohibited off the coasts of california and mexico, young great white sharks are killed as incidental bycatch in set and drift gillnets targeting species including california halibut, white seabass, thresher sharks and swordfish. these nets are responsible for more than 80 percent of the reported young white sharks caught in their nursery grounds. young great white sharks off the southern california coast are also found to have some of the highest contaminant levels of mercury, pcbs, and ddt of any shark species worldwide. \" as the top predator in our waters, white sharks are critical for the balance and health of the california coastal upwelling ecosystems \u201d said david mcguire of shark stewards. \u201c protecting these sharks and their habitat is one step closer to restoring the productivity and diversity to our ocean and ocean life. \" great white sharks are a critical part of the ocean ecosystem, playing an important top - down role in structuring the ecosystem by keeping prey populations in check, such as sea lions and elephant seals. the presence of great white sharks ultimately increases species stability and diversity of the overall ecosystem. an endangered species act listing will afford the sharks additional safeguards from key threats and garner more funding for research to better understand the status and threats to this distinct population of great white sharks. \u201c in the sea as on land, predators are key species in maintaining the natural balance, \u201d said taylor jones, endangered species advocate for wildearth guardians. \u201c they often face unjust and disproportionate persecution or intensive human exploitation \u2014 and the great white shark is no exception. we are pleased that the fisheries service is recognizing the importance of these powerful creatures and the serious threats they face. \u201d download press kit :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36463437132782206, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.708222"} {"text": "what is the purpose of the idea b advisory panel? the idea requires that each state establish and maintain an advisory panel for the purpose of advising the state special education staff regarding the education of eligible children with disabilities. this includes advising the state on the education of students with disabilities who have been convicted as adults and are incarcerated in adult prisons. what is the federal regulation for establishing state special education advisory panels? establishment of the advisory panel - each state shall establish and maintain a state advisory panel on the education of children with disabilities. - oklahoma \u2019 s advisory panel is appointed by the state superintendent of public instruction. are all state advisory panels similar? all states are required to meet the federal regulations regarding state advisory panels. however, states may also have state regulations that establish panel responsibilities beyond those outlined in federal regulations. how are panel members appointed? the advisory panel must be appointed by the state superintendent of public instruction. what is the required membership of the state advisory panel? panel membership must be composed of individuals who are representative of the state \u2019 s population and involved in, or concerned with, the education of children with disabilities. a majority of the members of the panel must be individuals with disabilities or parents of children with disabilities. panel membership should include individuals who represent the following areas : - parents of children ( aged birth through 26 ) - individuals with disabilities - representatives of institutions of higher education that prepared special education and related services personnel - state education officials - local education staff - administrators of programs for children with disabilities - representatives of other state agencies involved in the financing or delivery of related services to children with disabilities - representatives of private schools - representatives of public charter schools - at least one representative of a vocational, community, or business organization concerned with the provision of transition service to children with disabilities - representatives from the state juvenile agency - a member who represents homeless children - representatives from adult corrections agencies - a member from state child welfare responsible for child care - others as appropriate what are the functions of state advisory panels? federal regulations define the responsibilities of state advisory panels as follows : - advise the state of unmet needs in the education of children with disabilities. - comment publicly on any rules or regulations proposed by the state regarding the education of children with disabilities. - provide advice to the state staff in developing evaluations and reporting on data to the secretary of education. - advise the state in developing corrective action plans to address findings identified in federal monitoring. - advise the state in developing and implementing policies relating to the coordination of services for children with disabilities. - review all final due process hearing officer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4966512116540551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.721625"} {"text": "secretary of education. - advise the state in developing corrective action plans to address findings identified in federal monitoring. - advise the state in developing and implementing policies relating to the coordination of services for children with disabilities. - review all final due process hearing officer findings and decisions. are state advisory panels required to follow specific procedures? - federal regulations do not designate a specific number of panel meetings. the panel should hold adequate meetings to conduct its business. - the advisory panel must submit an annual report of panel activities and suggestions to the state educational agency by july 1 of each year. this report must be made available to the public. - official minutes must be kept on all panel meetings. - all advisory panel meetings must be open to the public and agenda items must be publicly announced prior to the meeting. - interpreters and other necessary services must be provided at panel meetings for panel members or participants. - the advisory panel members serve without compensation, but the state must reimburse the members for reasonable and necessary expenses for attending meetings and performing duties. what are the basic activities conducted at state advisory panel meetings? - welcome and introductions. - announcements and old / new business. - report from state director or staff. - report on state performance plan and annual performance plan. - public comment. - establishment of next meeting.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44397223776730416, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.723523"} {"text": "yick wo re - revisited : nonblack nonwhites and fourteenth amendment history thomas wuil joo university of california - davis law school september 3, 2008 university of illinois law review, fall 2008 uc davis legal studies research paper no. 171 the 1886 supreme court case yick wo v. hopkins is often viewed as a precursor of the racial civil rights era represented by brown v. board of education. in fact, the case was primarily about economic rights. in a new article, unexplainable on grounds of race : doubts about yick wo, * forthcoming in the illinois law review, professor gabriel chin argues that yick wo \" is not a race case at all. \" i argue that it is a \" race case \" because the court ' s use of the fourteenth amendment to vindicate economic rights necessarily entangled economic rights with race - in an ultimately pernicious way. while issues of \" race \" in american law tend to focus on nonwhiteness, the \" race \" of the chinese plaintiffs in yick wo was legally significant in its nonblackness. the reconstruction court had previously refused to apply the amendment to whites or to economic rights in the slaughter - house cases. but yick wo both revived the literal meaning of the amendment ' s phrase \" all persons \" and applied it to economic rights. it thus ushered in a two - pronged civil rights counter - revolution symbolized by lochner v. new york ' s protection of economic \" substantive due process \" for white persons and corporations and plessy v. ferguson ' s denial of civil rights protection to blacks. the counter - revolution also turned against the nonblack nonwhites who had helped create it, allowing the exclusion of asians from immigration and naturalization, state laws prohibiting asians from owning land, and the internment of japanese americans during world war ii. number of pages in pdf file : 22 keywords : fourteenth amendment, legal history, substantive due process, civil rights, raceaccepted paper series date posted : september 5, 2008 ; last revised : april 20, 2009 \u00a9 2013 social science electronic publishing, inc. all rights reserved. this page was processed by apollo2 in 0. 360 seconds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5222552263117763, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.760132"} {"text": "social security basics - social security benefits provide a critical safety net for millions of americans, including many with pd. - administered by the u. s. social security administration there are two key sources of government paid ( income ) benefits for people with disabilities : 1. the first is social security disability income ( ssdi ), which \u201c pays benefits to you and certain family members if you worked long enough and paid social security taxes. \u201d 2. the second is supplemental security income ( ssi ), which \u201c pays benefits to disabled adults and children who have limited income and resources. \u201d - in addition, persons who have been entitled to social security benefits for 24 months are eligible for free medicare benefits. - the medicare health benefit can be invaluable to pwps. - for most people, the medical requirements for disability payments are the same under both ssdi and ssi, and disability is determined by the same process. - in either case, ssa asks for information about your medical condition, work and education history to help it decide if you are \u201c disabled. \u201d - keep in mind that the ssa definition of disability stands on its own, separate and apart from the ada definition or other contractual definitions that may apply to you in other contexts. how social security defines \u201c disability \u201d while the specific definition of \u201c disability \u201d for social security purposes is in the law itself, here is ssa \u2019 s plain language description : \u201c we consider you disabled under social security rules if, due to a medical or mental condition : - you cannot do work that you did before and we decide that you cannot adjust to other work because of your condition ( s ), and - your disability is expected to last for at least one year or to result in death. \u201d content for this section provided by mark rubin, j. d.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45110971826491864, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.769841"} {"text": "in my first year of teaching, i assigned a group of eighth grade students what i thought was a rather straight - forward assignment : a five paragraph essay on the causes of the civil war. i had brilliantly lectured on the three chief causes of the war and so had high expectations that my students would be able to both regurgitate my content and then analyze with a modicum of creative thought. i even was kind enough to jot down this brief organizational structure on the board : paragraphs : # 1 introduction # 2 first cause # 3 second cause # 4 third cause # 5 conclusion. stop laughing. the results were not as i expected. most students came up with five paragraphs. well, at least they were indented. the introductory paragraph largely consisted of either \u201c in this essay i \u2019 m going to talk about the chief causes of the civil war \u201d or \u201c once upon a time there was a great civil war. \u201d the body paragraphs briefly summarized their notes on what i had said. the concluding paragraph largely consisted of \u201c in this essay i talked about the chief causes of the civil war. \u201d the structure was relatively easy to master, but there was no analysis. the students had no clue about what to put into an introduction and a conclusion. i confess i had no clue either. i could \u201c do them \u201d ( at least my college professors seemed to think so ), but i certainly could not \u201c teach them. \u201d many intermediate, middle, and high school teachers fall into the same trap. our content papers, on - demand writing fluencies, and standardized tests push us to teach the various domains ( genres ) of essays as end - products. we wind up teaching these structures, but fail to scaffold the essay strategies that enable students to write coherently with originality and authentic voices. let \u2019 s spend more time on the process, rather than on the product, with respect to essay instruction and practice. it \u2019 s hard and sometimes tedious work for students and teacher, but the pay - off is worth the effort. following are articles, free resources, and teaching tips regarding how to teach essay strategies from the pennington publishing blog. bookmark and visit us often. oh, and don \u2019 t forget to copy down the 10 % discount code found only on this blog to purchase the quality curricula and resources offered by pennington publishing. how to teach essay strategies coaching writing, especially essay strategies, is a lot like coaching football. ask any football coach what wins football games and you are likely to get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49400049106398275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.785021"} {"text": "this blog to purchase the quality curricula and resources offered by pennington publishing. how to teach essay strategies coaching writing, especially essay strategies, is a lot like coaching football. ask any football coach what wins football games and you are likely to get practice as the answer. football coaches live for the conditioning, the blocking sled, the tackle practice, and the omnipresent videotape. perhaps we ela teachers should take a page from our coaches \u2019 playbooks and be a bit more process - centered. now, i \u2019 m not talking about the writing process ; i \u2019 m talking about teaching the essay strategies that will prepare students for the big game. how many essay comments and what kind so, to summarize how many essay comments and what kind, writing research would suggest the following : comment on rough drafts, not final drafts. limit the amount of comments and individualize those to the needs of the student writer. balance the types of comments between writing errors and issues of style, argument, structure, and evidence. hold students accountable for each mark or comment. comments are better than diacritical marks alone. comments should explain what is wrong or explain the writing issue. how to write an introduction few teachers know how to teach essay introductions. simply stating a \u201c hook \u201d or a \u201c lead \u201d and then stating the thesis make a rather weak introductory paragraph. the article shares the best strategies to include in an essay introduction in a memorable and easy - to - understand format. how to write a conclusion few teachers know how to teach essay conclusions. simply re - stating the thesis and summarizing make a rather weak conclusion. the article shares the best strategies to include in a conclusion in a memorable and easy - to - understand format. how to write body paragraphs writing good body paragraphs is more than using proper paragraph structure. that structure should also provide the evidence to develop the points of the essay. a variety of evidence is necessary to convince the reader of your thesis. this article teaches how to write effective body paragraphs with eight different types of evidence. how to use numerical values to write essays many developing writers get lost in the jargon of writing instruction. simplify the terms and anyone can write a well - structured multi - paragraph essay. using an intuitive numerical system, this easy - to - understand and teach system of essay development will quickly take writers from complete sentences to the five - paragraph essay and beyond. it just makes sense. how to write effective essay comments conscientious teachers know that merely completing a holistic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43490077203395777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.795743"} {"text": "easy - to - understand and teach system of essay development will quickly take writers from complete sentences to the five - paragraph essay and beyond. it just makes sense. how to write effective essay comments conscientious teachers know that merely completing a holistic rubric and totaling the score for a grade is not effective essay response or writing assessment. teachers may choose to grade and / or respond with essay comments after the rough draft and / or after the final draft. using the types of comments that match the teacher \u2019 s instructional objectives is essential. additionally, keeping in mind the key components of written discourse can balance responses between form and content. finally, most writing instructors include closing comments to emphasize and summarize their responses. here \u2019 s how to write truly effective essay comments. how to write a summary learning how to write a summary is a valuable skill. california even includes the summary as a writing application on its cst writing exam. learning how to teach what is andwhat is not a summary may be even more valuable. a summary is the one writing application that focuses equally on what should be included and what should not be included. how to teach transitions transition words are essential ingredients of coherent writing. using transition words is somewhat of a writing science. teachers can \u201c teach \u201d the nuts and bolts of this science. however, using transition words is also somewhat of a refined art. matters of writing style don \u2019 t \u201c come naturally \u201d to most writers. with targeted practice, students can learn to incorporate transitions as important features of their own writing styles. how to teach thesis statements the most important part of the multi - paragraph essay is a well - worded thesis statement. the thesis statement should state the author \u2019 s purpose for writing or the point to be proved. learn how to teach the thesis statement and get three thesis statement worksheets to help your students practice. how to teach proofreading strategies writers make errors in spelling, grammar, punctuation, capitalization, proper use of quotes, paragraphs, usage, and word choice for a variety of reasons. effective proofreading strategies can help writers find and make corrections to improve their writing. how to teach students to write in complete sentences developing writers often have problems writing in complete sentences. three teaching techniques will help your students write coherent and complete sentences. how to write complex sentences writers can increase the maturity of their writing by learning how to convert simple sentences into complex sentences. the article uses easy - to - understand language and clear examples to help developing writers. more articles, free resources,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4695332709913345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.799011"} {"text": "complete sentences. how to write complex sentences writers can increase the maturity of their writing by learning how to convert simple sentences into complex sentences. the article uses easy - to - understand language and clear examples to help developing writers. more articles, free resources, and teaching tips from the pennington publishing blog - english - language arts standards - english - language arts instruction - essay strategies - the writing process / writers workshop - writing style - grammar and mechanics - structural analysis / syllabication / oral language - teaching reading in the ela classroom - ela / reading assessments - reading intervention - independent reading - response to intervention - differentiated instruction ( rti ) - critical thinking - study skills - test preparation - educational issues and teaching trends - developmental characteristics - professional development teaching essay strategies is the comprehensive writing curriculum, designed to teach your students how to write coherent multi - paragraph essays. students progress at their own pace through 42 sequential essay strategy worksheets and skill lessons ( including writing style, parallelism, coherency, unity, and writing evidence ) to compose 8 complete essays in the different essay genres. also get 64 sentence revision ( sentence combining and grammatical sentence patterns ) and 64 rhetorical stance \u201c opener \u201d lessons, 8 on - demand writing fluencies, remedial writing worksheets, writing posters, holistic and analytical rubrics, graphic organizers, and editing resources. no other writing program matches the comprehensive resources of this curriculum. truly individualize instruction with the resources found in this large three - ring binder. 359 pages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4617143583107091, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.801892"} {"text": "may 26, 2010, 6 : 13 am post # 4 of 6 please use the code tags whenever you post code. start by adding these 2 lines, which should be in every perl script you write. those pragmas will point out lots of coding errors that can be difficult to track down. the strict pragma forces you to declare your vars, which is done with the ' my ' keyword. you should always check the return code of an open call to make sure it was successful and take action if it wasn ' t. it ' s best to use the 3 arg form of open and a lexical var for the filehandle instead of the bareword. open my $ file1, ' < ', $ argv or die \" failed to open ' $ argv $! \" ; open my $ file2, ' < ', $ argv or die \" failed to open ' $ argv $! \" ; that is normally written as : since the print function is a list operator, your attempt to read in the employee number from file to in the print statement will slurp and print the entire file. instead, you should assign the employee number to a scalr var and use that var in the print statement.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4696509216847426, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.810000"} {"text": "european decorative arts and sculpture tile panel : animals and bird in scalloped roundelsmade in netherlands, europe artist / maker unknown, dutch tin - glazed earthenware with blue decoration 1979 - 50 - 59 - - 62, 73, 74, 130, 131gift of mrs. francis p. garvan, 1979 following the 1609 twelve year truce with spain, and the treaty of munster which ended the 80 year war in 1648, the war - damaged cities of the dutch republic were rebuilt and began to enjoy a new - found economic prosperity based on sea and river trade. the reconstruction and subsequent development of towns also required the increased use of tiles as a building material. the earliest tiles were made of clay found along the floodplains of riverbeds ; the clay was a blend of eroded rock fragments infused with minerals and organic matter, including iron, which produced the red color of tiles after firing. the first dutch tiles were unglazed and used on the floor. because the porous tiles deteriorated rapidly, however, lead and tin - glazing were quickly introduced to protect and waterproof the tiles. the technique of tin - glazing was first used in europe by moorish craftsmen in the early middle ages, but this method was introduced to the northern provinces of the netherlands only in the beginning of the sixteenth century. the dutch craze for tiles in the home as objects of both utility and decoration \u2013 as a building material tiles reduced fire risk, kept out the damp and were an easy surface to keep clean - resulted in the establishment of factories not only in delft, but throughout holland to satisfy a constantly increasing demand. the process of manufacturing and decorating dutch tiles rarely strayed from several unvarying steps : the clay was first washed and left to mature, followed by massaging in a pug mill, which consisted of a large vertical wooden barrel containing metal cutters that were moved through the clay by a horse walking around the barrel. the prepared clay was then pressed into square wooden or metal frames and rolled flat. the frames were then lifted away and the clay was left to dry. once firm, the clay was trimmed to size and biscuit fired at 1000 degrees celsius for 20 to 40 hours, followed by up to three days of cooling within the kiln. following this, tin glaze, which is a lead glaze to which tin oxide has been added, was applied. after the second firing, the tiles gained an opacity which provided an excellent background for decoration. social tags [", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48278185332754153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.825173"} {"text": "connected knowledge : science, philosophy, and education oxford university press ( 1997 ) | abstract | | when physicist alan sokal recently submitted an article to the postmodernist journal social text, the periodical ' s editors were happy to publish it - - for here was a respected scientist offering support for the journal ' s view that science is a subjective, socially constructed discipline. but as sokal himself soon revealed in lingua franca magazine, the essay was a spectacular hoax - - filled with scientific gibberish anyone with a basic knowledge of physics should have caught - - and the academic world suddenly awoke to the vast gap that has opened between the scientific community and their mould - be critics. but the truth is that not only postmodern critics but americans in general have a weak grasp on scientific principles and facts. in connected knowledge, physicist alan cromer offers a way to bridge the chasm, with a lively, lucid account of scientific thinking and a provocative new agenda for american education. science, cromer argues, is anything but common sense : it requires a particular habit of mind that does not come naturally. for example, something as simple as buoyancy can only be explained through archimedes ' principle - - that a body in a fluid is subject to an upward force equal to the weight of fluid it displaces - - yet few scientists could arrive at this ancient concept by trial and error. school children, however, are often given a ball and a tank of water, and asked to explain buoyancy any way they can. today ' s de emphasis on teaching pupils necessary facts and principles, he argues, \" far from empowering them, makes them slaves of their own subjective opinions. \" this movement in education, known as constructivism, has close ties to postmodern critics ( such as the editors of social text ) who question the objectivity of science, and with it the existence of an objective reality. cromer offers a ringing defense of the knowability of the world, both as an objective reality and as a finite landscape of discovery. the advance of scientific knowledge, he argues, is not unlike the mapping of the continents ; at this point, we have found them all. he shows how the advent of quantum mechanics, rather than making knowledge less certain, actually offers a more precise understanding of the behavior of atoms and electrons. turning from philosophy to education, he argues that instead of allowing students to flounder, however creatively, schools should follow a progressive curriculum that returns theoretical knowledge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6166358385582416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.877134"} {"text": "knowledge less certain, actually offers a more precise understanding of the behavior of atoms and electrons. turning from philosophy to education, he argues that instead of allowing students to flounder, however creatively, schools should follow a progressive curriculum that returns theoretical knowledge to the classroom. connected knowledge, however, goes much farther. as a discipline that insists upon connecting theory with measurable reality, physical science offers a new direction for reforming the social sciences. cromer also shows how some of the hottest issues in public policy - - including the debates over special education and group variations in i. q., can be resolved through clear, hard headed thinking. for example, he argues for use of the g. e. d. as a national educational standard, with a new \" politics of intelligence \" to guide the distribution of school resources. always forthright and articulate, alan cromer offers a startling new vision for integrating science, philosophy, and education. | | keywords | | science philosophy education philosophy science philosophy science social aspects | | buy the book | | $ 3. 58 new ( 89 % off ) amazon page | | call number | | q175. c894 1997 | | external links | | this entry has no external links. add one. | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles donald gray, laura colucci - gray & elena camino ( eds. ) ( 2009 ). science, society, and sustainability : education and empowerment for an uncertain world. routledge. robert shaw ( forthcoming ). the implications for science education of heidegger ' s philosophy of science. educational philosophy and theory. caragh brosnan ( 2011 ). the significance of scientific capital in uk medical education. minerva 49 ( 3 ) : 317 - 332. sharon l. crasnow ( 1993 ). can science be objective? longino ' s science as social knowledge. [ review ] hypatia 8 ( 3 ) : 194 - 201. michael martin ( 1986 ). science education and moral education. journal of moral education 15 ( 2 ) : 99 - 108. alan irwin & brian wynne ( eds. ) ( 1996 ). misunderstanding science? : the public reconstruction of science and technology. cambridge university press. michael r. matthews ( 1994 ). science teaching : the role of history and philosophy of science. routledge. alan h. cromer ( 1993 ). uncommon sense : the heretical nature of science. oxford university press. sorry, there are not enough data points", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.596222747012773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:18.878324"} {"text": "history of the earth & the galaxy. history of the earth & the galaxy. the following dates are interesting as reference points. they are not intended to be more than that as they are somewhat difficult to verify! critical dates in the history of man - ( history of the galaxy is shown in italics while the history of the earth is in standard text ) a : period prior to 500, 000 years ago. before time : in the beginning, before there was even the thought of time, there was thought. there was being. there was thought to bring forth creative energy for energy cannot be contained, not even in the sphere of time 17, 000, 000, 000 / 14, 000, 000, 000 y. a. the halo of the milky way starts to 4, 800, 000, 000 y. a ( years ago ). explosion of a supernova preceding the 4, 560, 000, 000 y. a. formation of the earth and of the moon. archean 4, 000, 000, 000 y. a. the first simple dna cells appeared on earth.. 3, 460, 000, 000 y, a,. the first fossils found were dated from this period. photosynthesis starts. 2, 500, 000, 000 y. a. cyanobacteria start forming o2. 2, 233, 000, 000 y. a.. our spiral galaxy and related globular clusters were seeded with pre - programmed dna mechanisms by an unknown race or 1, 055, 254, 400 y. a. around this period five cultures emerged in widely separated areas of the galaxy. they all claimed being in contact with the culture of the creators. 1, 033, 112, 250 / 1, 019, 925, 000 y. a. the first truly galactic society, the old galactic culture ( ogc ) embracing over 3, 000 planets and 150 species and cultural groupings. the ogc continued to prosper and expand, exploring the galaxy and searching for the now elusive creators for the next 13, 000, 000 years 1, 012, 862, 250 y. a. the foundation of the federation of galactic cultures. it took about 19 milliom years for this federation to form. its days of glory lasted over 550 million years. 885, 200, 000 y. a. : the ssh ' h, a renegade \" elder race \" appeared, heralding the beginning of the end for the ogc. it was focused on the physical and the material aspects, making", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5032306827800876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.115088"} {"text": ". 885, 200, 000 y. a. : the ssh ' h, a renegade \" elder race \" appeared, heralding the beginning of the end for the ogc. it was focused on the physical and the material aspects, making it aggressive, violent and possessive. their wars of conquest eroded the ogc and the stability of the galaxy 657, 155, 250 y. a. a group of cultures near the galactic core, the coalition of central core cultures ( c3 coalition ) became the only civilizing force left in the galaxy, and in 339, 828, 750 began to reshape galactic civilization and helped reunify the archons. 267, 671, 250 y. a. the age of the archons which ended in the dark night of galactic history, exploded into a civil blood bath which laid waste to much of the galaxy. 1, 000, 000, 000 / 543, 000, 000 y. a. neoproterozoic period on earth increased oxygen availability in the air resulted in the starting off of animal diversification. 660, 000, 000 y. a. sponges make their first appearance 580, 000, 000 y. a. a meteorite 4 km in diameter strikes australia, causing a huge 100m high tsunami. 560, 000, 000 y, a. the paleozoic / cambrian period sees the explosion of a large variety of creatures. the vetulicolia, the ancestors of the vertebrates, make their first appearance. 500, 000, 000 y. a. the paleozoic / ordovician period sees the start of 440, 000, 000. y. a. the end of the ordovician period sees the first mass extinction of life. 435, 000, 000. y. a. in the paleozoic / silurian period, the levels of co2 and ch4 were 360 & 435 ppmv respectively. these values are comparable with todays rising levels. 370, 000, 000. y. o. the late devonian saw the second mass extinction of 286, 000, 000 / 250, 000, 000 y. o. the paleozoic / permian period saw the third dramatic extinction of life. from the 50 % of the phyla that survived, life later bounced back. 250, 000, 000 y. a. the dark night of galactic history. a civil blood bath decimated the archons. following the collapse of the archonic empire, galactic civilization revived slowly 215,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5246484636318254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.116038"} {"text": "to mars where two / thirds of the atmosphere was wiped out. the galactic alliance responded and sent erran and scenarian warships and wiped out the planet, which exploded. residues of the planet went into the asteroid belt, into jupiter, and into some of the moons of jupiter, of saturn, and into some of its 65, 000, 000 y. a. : here we see the fifth extinction of most life forms on earth. it appears that the human race became also extinct except for remnants in africa. all humans appearing after this period originated from the descendants of the african humans. 50, 000, 000 y. a.. huge marine mammals and small land mammals dominate the sea and land life forms. 28, 298, 250 y. a. a c3 culture from the canopan system colonized the earth. a settlement by the federal disputes designated it an evolving sentience preserve under the joint administration of canopan and sirian researchers. the planet itself was used as a recreation and resource location for local citizens. an orbital station was established for remote viewing and for biological stimulation to some small groups of 26, 000, 000 y. a. : it could be that jesus incarnated on earth as sananda at the time of the original civilization on earth. the elder race of the cains and the abels. however indications are vague. 7, 000, 000 y. a. human dna shows that humans diverged from chimps in this 6. 000. 000 y. a. : two species of hominids, the sahelanthropus, then the orrorin have had their skeletons dated back to this period.. 5, 000, 000 y. a.. most of the animal types known today are already represented on earth, including homo habilis or its earlier variants. 5, 400, 000 to 4, 400, 000 y. a. : a third species of hominid, ardipithecus 4, 500, 000 to 3, 850, 000 y. a. :, the next human race, austrolipithecus aramensis makes its appearance. 3, 800, 000 to 2, 950, 000 y. a. : austrolipithecus afarensis, a small brained & big faced species of human appears 3, 000, 000 y. a.. austrolipithecus africanus is dated back to this 2, 500, 000 to 2, 400, 000 y. a.. austrolipithecus garhi,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4424872908669466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.120144"} {"text": "of human appears 3, 000, 000 y. a.. austrolipithecus africanus is dated back to this 2, 500, 000 to 2, 400, 000 y. a.. austrolipithecus garhi, an intermediate species between afarensis & homo starts appearing. 2, 300, 000 to 1, 200, 000 y. a.. austrolipithecus boisei. this is the first homo to appear. and continues its evolution up to today they are the makers of the first recognizable stone tools. 2, 200, 000 to 1, 600, 000 y. a. : austrolipithecus robustus. the next evolution in the human race also makes its appearance, homo habilis ( lucy ), leaving the earliest stone tools in eastern africa. 2, 000, 000 to 1, 400, 000. y. a. paranthropus boisoi. this humanoid is recognizable by its massive jaws & huge teeth. 2, 000, 000 y. a : the third human race, homo erectus, appeared as indicated by the standardized stone tools found in france. brain capacity was 1185cm3 as compared to modern humans ' capacity of 1, 900, 000 to 1, 600, 000 y. a. homo ergaster. this is the first essentially modern human body, with a high rounded cranium. he was a 1, 800, 000 y. a. homo rudolfensis. his cranium was 1470cm3. larger than homo habilis. characterised by being the maker of sharp flaked stone 1, 000, 000 y. a.. homo erectus was found to have established himself in java & china 974, 250 y. a. homo erectus was developing into a very smart 800, 000 y. a. homo antecessor was found in spain b : period from 500, 000 years ago to the birth of christ 500, 000 to 250, 000 y. a. : neanderthal man appeared and was recognized by typical stone tools found in uk, in europe, in jordan, and in australia. in this period there were also highly evolved civilizations in antarctica and in the gobi desert 416, 000 y. a. ( 433, 600 according to another source ). gold production on planet nibiru falters. as this planet is now on an elliptical orbit round the sun, its inhabitants, the annunaki, come to earth to start mining operations. enlil is in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40816456417747676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.123036"} {"text": "to another source ). gold production on planet nibiru falters. as this planet is now on an elliptical orbit round the sun, its inhabitants, the annunaki, come to earth to start mining operations. enlil is in command of the earth mission, and enki is relegated to africa where rich veins of gold were found in 432, 000. 410, 000 / 400, 000 y. a. there are now seven important settlements in southern mesopotamia : a spaceport, ( sippar ), mission control center, ( nippur ), a metallurgical center ( shurrupak ). the gold ores came by ships from africa, and were then transferred periodically to the nibiru 350, 000 y. a.. a mass of violent, arrogant rebels in our sector of the galaxy develop destructive weapons and mind control technology 350, 000 / 300, 000 y. a. the annunaki working in the mines mutiny against the older gods. enki creates primitive workers by genetic manipulation of ape women, either homo habilis or austrolopithecas. they were called lu lu slaves. enlil brings primitive workers to mesopotamia, & enables them to procreate and multiply into homo erectus. according to zecharia sitchin an enigmatic 223 alien genes out of the odd 30, 000 of the human genome were \" horizontally transferred \" by the annunaki as described in detail in the clay tablets of the sumerians and the akkadians 300, 000 y. a.. sorcerer scientists on the island continent of atlantis open up a rift in hyper - space as an experiment with crystal - based electromagnetic manipulation, which goes out of control, releasing \" subspace fallout \" for thousands of years to come. many of these atlanteans escape by taking refuge in underground caverns below the east coast of north america and western europe 300. 000 y. a. creator gods raided earth, starting modern history. they fed on chaos and fear, and rearranged the human dna for their own purposes into 2 strands instead of the original 12. archeological discoveries detected man ' s presence in jordan between 450, 000 and 272, 000 y. a. adam and eve were expelled from eden by enlil. enki later creates giants with a life span of 100, 000 years 271, 000 / 206, 600 y. a. the first city of the gods, eridu. ruled by alulim, then by alaljar. adam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49491522683285594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.124744"} {"text": ". enki later creates giants with a life span of 100, 000 years 271, 000 / 206, 600 y. a. the first city of the gods, eridu. ruled by alulim, then by alaljar. adam and eve were \" recreated \" by enki to enable them to produce children. cain & abel are born in this period. 260, 000 y. a. a new version of homo erectus ( lucy? ) is created by enki and his wife. he was a homo erectus human called ninhursag 250, 000 y. a. : et alchemists, using earth as a base, genetically engineer a race of reptilian humanoids using a reptilian and / or saurian dna base. these \" reptiloids \" rebel and become uncontrollable. astral parasites incarnate into these creatures, assimilating their physical natures into their own beings. these poltergeist, reptilian, & human beings, superimposed into one entity, develop methods for blending in with the human population. some escape to antartica, at the time a semi - tropical continent, and develop a powerful empire there. 250, 000 y. a. : the 4th. human race, homo sapiens makes its appearance. their distinguishing features were : a steep forehead, a delicate brow, a vertical midface, and a protruding chin figurines found in the golan were dated as 233, 000 & europeen artifacts were dated as being from the 231, 750 y. a. the sirian federation declared its independance status and included earth. a federation colony was then established on planet earth. the federation later applied for aid from the c3 to complete their sentient project. 225, 000 y. a. : the pleiadians discovered on earth three groups of uncivilized people, one of which was of light skinned lyran descent like them and living in bali, hawaii, samoa & india. they also developed the four civilizations of lemuria, of the mayans, of the incas. and that of machu picchu. 206, 600 to 98, 900 y. a. the second city of the gods ( the annunaki ), bad - tibira, came into being, and was ruled by enmenluana, then by enmengalana, then by dumuzid. 200, 000 y. a. the center of human civilization now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44101424662326427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.127314"} {"text": ". a. the nordics underneath the gobi region ( within the \" agharti \" kingdom and its capital \" shambala the lesser \" ) and the reptiloids under the region of nepal ( the seven - leveled reptilian underworld of \" patala \" with its capital of \" bhoga - vita \" ) continued to wage war against each other, first within the caverns of asia, then within the caverns of the americas and other continents. finally their war became for the domination of the air, and they even took their conflict to the moon and mars. 150, 000 to 30, 000 y. a. to enlil ' s growing annoyance the annunaki marry with humans, bearing giants, demons and half - gods. he tries to punish them as the result becomes embarrassing. however many of them escape to other continents 100, 000 y. a. prehistoric glass tools from this period were found in the 100, 000 y. a : around this period, both the nordics and the reptiloids discover hyperspace travel. ( accessing hyperspace is relatively easy, the problems being in how to manipulate it without side effects ) during the next 70, 000 years a large segment of the galaxy and several dimensions are colonized thanks to this instantaneous interstellar and inter - dimensional travel. however most of the planets were kept in technological darkness and poverty and in eco - political servitude by the malevolent star - faring groups so as to provide a constant supply of slaves. only the more intelligent were initiated and recruited into secret societies operating underground, off - planet, or in other dimensions. the malevolent aliens and the nordic - backed free society were terrified of each other. a nazi - bavaria space force based in antarctica was eventually responsible for helping the draco collective to enslave several worlds within the immediate 21 star - system sector of the galaxy. on earth atrocities were being carried out by a third faction, the astart or ashtar cult ( no connection to the ashtar command ) in caverns below the egyptian / giza desert. this cult collaborated much later with nazi occult societies, conventional religiosities, and international bankers, the real controllers of the planet, to form an interplanetary masonic style organization. grey aliens : these were developed by fallen elements of the human & serpent ( beast ) races to be used by their luciferian masters to enable these to operate in the 3rd. dimension as part of lucifer ' s rebellion against the creative plan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5195547910726104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.130202"} {"text": "organization. grey aliens : these were developed by fallen elements of the human & serpent ( beast ) races to be used by their luciferian masters to enable these to operate in the 3rd. dimension as part of lucifer ' s rebellion against the creative plan. the geys are a frankensteinian combination of reptiloid, insectoid, humanoid, and even plant - like dna combined with sophisticated cybernetics and implant technology which links them into a group mind controlled and incarnated by fallen verities - satanaku ' s perverted imitation of god ' s creation. by masquerading as ascended masters they infiltrated the ashtar collaboration and established a large network based on sirius - b. a faction in sirius - a however resists the expansionist philosophy of the main ashtar alliance, and becomes known as the sirius - a alliance. many of the nordics who adhere to strict non - interventionist ethics establish the core of their civilization near the ring - nebula of lyra. and the reptiloids establish the base of their empire in alpha draconis. other reptilian factions in disagreement with the draconians establish independent colonies in other star systems such as capella. ( these reptilian factions now serve tirelessly with the cosmic hierarchy to end the dis - harmony ). the next 1000 years see the ashtar collective largely ineffectual due to internal fighting. over time however the integrity of the collective was re - established, and they became the foremost authority in the galaxy on the subversive tactics of the 98, 800 / 70, 000 y. a. the third city of the gods, larak, ruled by 70, 000 y. a.. climate warms again. the annunaki ( the nefilim of the bible ) marry with a new outgrowth of man to the annoyance of enlil. regressive types of man roam the earth, homo habilis and homo erectus. a new ice age begins. cro - magnon man survives this is their last human creation. noah is born with a white skin as a result of a genetic manipulation by enki. cro - magnon is recognizable by his steep forehead, in contrast to the previously receding forehead, a delicate browridge, as against the previous strong browridge, a vertical midface and a protrotruding chin as against the previous projecting mid - face and absence of chin. 70, 000 to 49, 000 y. a.. the fourth city of the gods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5283551884291284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.133012"} {"text": "as against the previous strong browridge, a vertical midface and a protrotruding chin as against the previous projecting mid - face and absence of chin. 70, 000 to 49, 000 y. a.. the fourth city of the gods, zimbir ( sippar ) is now ruled by enmendurana. enki elevates humans of annunaki parentage to rule in shuruppak. this enrages enlil who now decides to destroy mankind. enki cannot stand in his way and promises to keep the secret from man so that enlil can succeed, but only providing homo sapiens, his last creation, should survive. this creation of homo sapiens, about 50, 000 years ago, happened when shem, cham and japheth were beget by enki with the seed of noah by three different women. and this is how modern man, homo sapiens was created. 49, 000 y. a. mu sank into the ocean. 60, 000 y. a. prehistoric art in australia was dated by thermoluminecence to 60, 000y. a. other painted walls in caves in s. australia were estimated to be 43, 000 and 39, 000 years old.. 50, 000 y. a. human presence in america was found to be from 50, 000 and 47, 000y. o. as for brazil, human presence was found to be from 50, 000 y. a. the alpha draconian empire destroys in a surprise attack three nordic colonial worlds in the lyra region killing over 50 billion men, women, and children. the draco borg collective also ravage many other planets. they did this by infiltrating all stratas of society, then by using implants, eroding the soul matrix, then assimilating the population into their group memory complex, turning them into drones. this is exactly what elements of that collective are attempting to do here now on this planet. you can see many people who seem oblivious to the highest good and are seen driven uniquely by selfish ambition. many world leaders are totally under the control of the dark forces and negative et ' s, many having actually had surgery to implant cybernetic control mechanisms. a group who were not affected by this primitive form of mind control, established an outpost of the sirian high command on earth, with the objective of education and peace keeping, which they have been doing ever since. vega lyra escapes the destruction and is able", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49195260320682255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.135819"} {"text": "who were not affected by this primitive form of mind control, established an outpost of the sirian high command on earth, with the objective of education and peace keeping, which they have been doing ever since. vega lyra escapes the destruction and is able to put up a defense, and receives some of the surviving refugees from the devastated worlds. other refugees escape to rigel orion, and to the pleiades cluster where they terraform several worlds which then become the base of a large federation of worlds. the hyades and andromeda constellations ( not necessarily the andromeda galaxy ) are colonized, as are also several worlds in the anti - matter ( dal ) universe. much later in this period an elite high command is formed, later to be known as the circle of sirius. membership is strictly limited to monadic groups which due to their unalterable loyalty to the creater ' s plan, are immune to the negative ego and mind control technology of the fallen verities. 49, 000 to 30, 400 y. a. ubara - tutu ruled until the flood. about 30, 400y. a. nibiru appeared again and this time lost its moon ingu which was captured by earth and became our moon. the resulting tidal waves and floods were responsible for the death of nearly all life on earth. the annunaki needed time to \" heal \" nibiru. some of them decided to stay on earth permanently. gravity change on earth resulted in a shorter lifetime for humans and mammals. 30, 378 / 1, 578y. a. the nibiru and their human creations destroyed the pre - diluvium creatures until eventually the last giants died out. around 1, 000 bce 37, 000 / 21, 000 y. a. the mesoamerican civilization flourished. then again between 24, 000 34, 000 y. a. ( 32, 000 bc ) : the nordics in rigel, lose a desperate war against reptilian and grey forces. survivors are forced out of the orion open cluster and take refuge on the jovian moons of sol in sirius a, and in procyon. other humanoids flee to the outer orionite systems, but have to capitulate much of their sovereignty over to the draconian collective where they have to serve as under a dictator 30, 000 y. a. the famous paintings in grotte chauvet were dated to this 29, 000 y. a. hand tools were found in numerous locations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4901959407242177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.138636"} {"text": "over to the draconian collective where they have to serve as under a dictator 30, 000 y. a. the famous paintings in grotte chauvet were dated to this 29, 000 y. a. hand tools were found in numerous locations recently, and were dated to be between 29, 000 and 27, 000 y. a. 25, 000 y. a. the statue of the king of hesse was dated to this period. also found were jewels and preceltic armaments. skeletons of homo sapiens sapiens were found in algeria. 25, 000 y. a. the galactic republic began as an alliance between the systems of coruscan, corellia, alderaan, and chandrila. the development of faster than light travel by the corellians made a galactic 24, 900 y. a. several major armed conflicts arise and the whole system gets corrupted and inefficient. 24, 840 y. a. a new supreme commander of inflexible integrity and honor is elected. he puts things back on track but later decides that the situation can not be salvaged by a republic and only an empire can put things back in order. the galactic empire embodying the new order, is 23, 000 y. a. : cro - magnon man appears in europe, and neanderthal man 20, 000 y. a.. ( 18, 000 bc ). the orion cluster is now controlled by the united worlds of orion, which serves under the alpha draconian empire, rigel and bellatrix being major centers of orionite power. six orionite star systems are at the core, having succeeded in conquering and subduing several worlds in this sector of the galaxy, lusting for conquest, and turning many of these worlds into slave planets where descendants of humans lived under horrifying conditions. the atrocities of the draco - orion empire have earned them the title of the \" unholy six \" devastating battles are waged between the pleiadians and the orionites, devastating whole worlds. the sirians, descendents of refugees from rigel orion now begin a long interstellar conflict with the orionites over a star cluster in the vicinity of sol containing 21 star systems and 287 inhabited worlds. 17, 000 y. a. wall paintings in grotte de lascaux are dated to this year. amerindians crossed along the glaciated alaska passage. 14, 000 y. a. : the end of the last ice age", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47080112227416926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.140175"} {"text": ", 000 y. a. wall paintings in grotte de lascaux are dated to this year. amerindians crossed along the glaciated alaska passage. 14, 000 y. a. : the end of the last ice age. the co2 level was 13, 000 and the ch4 level was 25, 000. giant floods engulfed america and eurasia. 13, 000 y. a. ( or 30, 000 according to a different version ) enki plans to use the tidal wave expected as a result of the impending passage of nibiru a secret from mankind. 12, 000 y. a. ( 10, 000 bc ) the collapse of atlantis. some accounts place this at 40, 000 y. a. the lemurian civilization had connections with atlantis. they established cultures in india, china, south, central, and north america. not much is known about lemuria and atlantis, except that they both had advanced civilizations. 12, 000 y. a. the galactic networks can now be divided in three : first, the draconian collective including alpha draconis, rigel orion, epsilon bootes, zeta ii reticuli, with as their main focus material conquest. second : the ashtar alliance including sirius b, arcturus, aldibaran, altair, with as their main focus intellectual advancement and the development of the ideal of a christed civilization. thirdly the united federation including taygeta pleiades, tau ceti, vega lyra, and procyon whose focus is on spiritual development. the main thing for man to remember is that spirit must dominate over matter, and not the opposite as advocated by the fallen verities. 11, 000 y. a. ( or 28, 000 ). enki instructs noah to build a submersible ship. enlil witnesses the total destruction from his orbiting ship. he later agrees to supply seeds for agriculture, and enki helps domesticate earth animals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48634948087969726, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.140904"} {"text": "drug shared by addicts seems to protect against hiv brain dementiaapril 15th, 2010 in medicine & health / hiv & aids to their surprise, researchers at georgetown university medical center ( gumc ) have discovered that morphine ( a derivate of the opium poppy that is similar to heroin ) protects rat neurons against hiv toxicity - a finding they say might help in the design of new neuroprotective therapies for patients with the infection. the discovery, being presented at the annual meeting of the society of neuroimmune pharmacology, also helps explain why a subset of people who are heroin abusers and become infected with hiv through needle sharing don ' t develop hiv brain dementia. this brain disorder includes cognitive and motor abnormalities, anxiety and depression. \" we believe that morphine may be neuroprotective in a subset of people infected with hiv, \" says the study ' s lead investigator, italo mocchetti, phd, professor of neuroscience at gumc. \" that is not to say that people should use heroin to protect themselves - that makes no medical sense at all - but our findings gives us ideas about designing drugs that could be of benefit. \" needless to say we were very surprised at the findings, \" he added. \" we started with the opposite hypothesis - that heroin was going to destroy neurons in the brain and lead to hiv dementia. \" the researchers conducted the study because they knew that a number of hiv - positive people are also heroin abusers, and because of that, some are at high risk of developing neurological complications from the infection. others, however, never develop these cognitive problems, mocchetti says. because little is known about the molecular mechanisms linking opiates and hiv neurotoxicity, mocchetti and his team conducted experiments in rats. they found that in the brain, morphine inhibited the toxic property of the hiv protein gp120 that mediates the infection of immune cells. with further investigation, they concluded that morphine induces production of the protein ccl5, which they discovered is released by astrocytes, a type of brain cell. ccl5 is known to activate factors that suppress hiv infection of human immune cells. \" it is known to be important in blood, but we didn ' t know it is secreted in the brain, \" says mocchetti. \" our hypothesis is that it is in the brain to prevent neurons from dying. \" they say morphine blocked hiv from binding to ccr5 receptors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4821632527094025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.143872"} {"text": "on friday, we posed the following back - to - school - themed fermi problem : assuming you ' re not in a big lecture hall and the professor shuts the door at the start of class, how long does it take for you and your classmates to deplete the oxygen enough to feel it? we promised a surprising answer, and here it is. you decide if our back - of - the - envelope calculations are reasonable. let ' s build our classroom first. it ' s 16 feet wide and long, and 10 feet tall. in handy metric dimensions, that ' s : 5 meters by 5 meters by 3 meters, or 75 cubic meters. a cubic meter is 1000 liters, so now we ' ve got 75, 000 liters of fresh air. the oxygen content of air is about 21 percent, and at about 17. 5 percent you ' ll run from the room screaming. to get from fresh and breathable to absolutely stifling, take the difference between 21 percent of 75, 000 liters and 17. 5 percent of 75, 000 liters. that gives us 2, 625 liters of oxygen to get through. how much oxygen does a human consume? it was tough finding a reliable source, but this press release about the 2006 installation of a new oxygen generation system on the international space station provides a clue : during normal operations, it will provide 12 pounds daily ; enough to support six crew members. aha! so one person needs about 2lb of oxygen a day, or. 9 kg. but how many liters is that? oxygen has a molar mass of 16 grams, so oxygen gas, or o2, has a mass of 32 grams per mole. one mole of gas at standard pressure and temperature takes up 22. 4 liters. now, as my high - school chemistry would say, it ' s time to hop on the mole - train :. 9 kg x ( 1000 g / 1 kg ) x ( 1 mole o2 / 32 g o2 ) x ( 22. 4 l / 1 mole o2 ) this gives us a daily oxygen intake of 630 liters per person. let ' s get a more reasonable rate : ( 630 l / day ) x ( 1 day / 24 hours ) x ( 1 hour / 60 mins ) now we have the serviceable rate of oxygen consumption of. 4375 liters per minute. we ' re almost there. now populate the classroom with 34 students and 1 teacher. the 35 occupants consume 15. 3125 liter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5528713243218366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.146354"} {"text": "diabetic neuropathies ( say : die - uh - bet - ik noo - rop - e - thees ) are a group of disorders that can cause pain, along with numbness, weakness, or odd sensations. up to 70 % ( 7 out of 10 ) of people who have diabetes ( both type 1 and type 2 ) have some form of neuropathy. this can involve the hands, feet, arms, and legs. it can sometimes also affect the digestive tract, heart, or sex organs. signs and symptoms some patients who have diabetic neuropathy have no symptoms at all. others may have : - numbness and tingling in the hands and feet - pain in the hands and feet, especially burning, electric shock - like pain - extreme sensitivity of the skin, similar to a bad sunburn - weakness in the muscles of the hands or feet - erectile dysfunction ( problems having or keeping an erection ) in men, or vaginal dryness in women - difficulty urinating ( peeing ) - constipation or diarrhea - feeling dizzy or lightheaded when standing quickly because there are so many possible symptoms of diabetic neuropathy in different people, researchers think there are likely a number of ways that diabetes causes nerve damage. but in general, high levels of blood sugar are toxic to nerves and impair their ability to heal and recover from injury. there is also damage to blood vessels in diabetes. this means that nerves can not get the oxygen they need to survive. if you smoke cigarettes or drink beyond the usual amounts of alcohol, this can also be damaging to small nerves in the hands and feet, and can make diabetic peripheral neuropathy worse. some people with diabetes do not develop neuropathy. this may mean that part of the cause is genetic as well. this may make some people more prone to nerve injury than others. there are a number of tests that can help to diagnose diabetic neuropathy and guide treatment. the simplest test is a small filament, which your doctor can use in the office to test your sensation. the device applies a consistent amount of pressure so your doctor can compare how sensitive your skin is to that of a person without neuropathy. often this is the only test that needs to be done. quantitative sensory testing ( qst ) quantitative sensory testing ( qst ) can be used to make note of changes in your condition over time. this test checks your sensitivity to light touch, pin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5033789625413705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.150664"} {"text": "often this is the only test that needs to be done. quantitative sensory testing ( qst ) quantitative sensory testing ( qst ) can be used to make note of changes in your condition over time. this test checks your sensitivity to light touch, pinprick, pressure, vibration, and temperature. it is very rarely needed, but is helpful in research studies to look at disease progression. nerve conduction studies ( ncs ) or electromyography ( emg ) nerve conduction studies ( ncs ) or electromyography ( emg ) check how well an electrical signal is being passed through a nerve or how well the muscles respond to the nerve signal. most often, these tests are not needed but may help to rule out other causes of nerve damage, if needed. how much your blood pressure and heart rate change over time can suggest problems with your autonomic nerves. these nerves control those non - voluntary functions. control of blood sugar the most important way to prevent and treat diabetic neuropathy is good control of blood sugar. this can prevent further damage. when sugars are controlled for the first time, some patients find that the pain is worse for a little while, then improves. there are a number of medicines that are used to control nerve pain. some patients may benefit from : - tricyclic antidepressants ( such as amitriptyline or nortriptyline ) - gabapentin or pregabalin - tramadol or other opioid - like medicines ( such as morphine ) - serotonin - norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( such as venlafaxine or duloxetine ) - gels or creams that include a local anaesthetic such as lidocaine acupuncture and tens some patients find things like acupuncture or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ( tens ) helpful as well. studies have shown that non - drug therapies can help to reduce pain levels and enhance pain coping. these include : - activity pacing - cognitive behavioural therapy these self - management strategies can help you to improve your function so you can do more and enjoy life more. for more information the neuropathy association american pain foundation trip database ( resources for evidence based medicine ) national institute of neurological disorders and stroke national diabetes information clearinghouse canadian diabetes association american diabetes association figueroa - romero c, sadidi m, feldman el. mechanisms of disease : the oxidative stress theory of diabetic neuropathy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5514217122095149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.151622"} {"text": "propublica analyzed federal education data from the 2009 - 2010 school year to examine whether states provide high - poverty schools equal access to advanced courses and special programs that researchers say will help them later in life. this is the first nationwide picture of exactly which courses are being taken at which schools and districts across the country. more than three - quarters of all public school children are represented. read our story and our methodology. from http : / / projects. propublica. org / schools. \u00a9 copyright 2011 pro publica inc. find a school bainbridge high school 9330 ne high school rd, bainbridge island, wash., 98110 | grades 9 - 12 | students | | total teachers | | inexp. teachers | | ap courses | percentage of relevant students who... bainbridge high school, part of the bainbridge island school district, is located in bainbridge island, washington. the school reports an enrollment number of 1, 375 students in grades nine through 12, and it has 64 teachers on staff. bainbridge high school is below both the state and district averages in terms of the percentage of its students who are eligible for free or reduced - price lunches. on average, 38 percent of students in washington are eligible for free or reduced - price lunch programs, while 4 percent of bainbridge high school students are eligible. at the district level, 5 percent are eligible. propublica ' s analysis found that all too often, states and schools provide poor students fewer educational programs like advanced placement, gifted and talented programs, and advanced math and science classes. studies have linked participation in these programs with better outcomes later in life. our analysis uses free and reduced - price lunch to estimate poverty at schools. we based our findings on the most comprehensive data set of access to advanced classes and special programs in u. s. public schools \u2014 known as the civil rights data set \u2014 released by the u. s. department of education office for civil rights. bainbridge high school offers 10 ap courses, and 21 percent of students participate in those classes. the school ' s pass rate for ap exams is 76 percent. this is higher than the district average of 75 percent. a school ' s ap pass rate is determined by the number of students who both sat for ap exams and passed some or all of those exams. bainbridge high school enrolls 18 percent of students in advanced math classes, and 20 percent of students take chemistry. the enrollment rate for physics at the school is 9 percent. toppenish high school, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5097431974777538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.155042"} {"text": "proponents of drilling in the arctic national wildlife refuge are happy to make whatever outlandish claims are convenient to advance their cause. a few years ago, they were pushing the line that drilling in the refuge would generate 500, 000 - 750, 000 jobs, citing a study by wefa, one of the country ' s leading economic forecasting firms. we did a short analysis showing the faults of this study. when wefa refused to stand behind its study, this outlandish job claim quickly disappeared from the debate. but the nonsense continues. president bush claimed today that the country would be producing another million barrels of oil a day if president clinton had allowed drilling in the refuge. he presumably meant this claim to impress his audience, implying president clinton ' s opposition to drilling in the refuge is a major factor behind today ' s high oil prices. a few simple facts indicate otherwise. first, there is a world market for oil. what matters in determining the price of oil is how much oil is supplied in the world, not how much is supplied in the united states. if we were getting an additional 1 million barrels of oil a day, then its impact would be the same on prices in the united states whether the oil comes from alaska or anywhere else. one million barrels is less than 1. 2 percent of world oil supply. that is not trivial, but it will not hugely affect the world price of oil. the second point follows directly from the first. iraq ' s average oil output is approximately 1 million barrels a day less than it was before the war. in other words, the iraq war has reduced world oil supplies by approximately the same amount that drilling in the refuge might have increased it. the third point is that the oil in the refuge is a temporary fix. according to the energy information agency, it would take approximately 10 years to reach the peak production of 1 million barrels a day. this peak production would continue for approximately 10 years, and then it would trail back down to zero over roughly 10 years. this means that if we had begun drilling in the refuge the day clinton took office in 1993, then we would have hit peak production just over three years ago, and we would begin to see a decline in output beginning in 2013. this is not exactly long - term energy security. of course, there is plenty that clinton can be blamed for regarding energy policy. for example, if he had introduced mileage standards that increased average mileage by just 10 percent, this would save the country 1 million barrels a day of oil consumption, which would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4721619726966619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.158102"} {"text": "the current enforcement of environmental laws often violates basic principles of fairness, with perverse consequences for everyone. - businesses suffer from the high costs of attempting to comply with vague and ambiguous environmental regulations to avoid prosecution. - individuals suffer by being subject to civil and criminal penalties unjustly imposed, and out of proportion to the severity of their violations. - government suffers by failing to improve the environment, while spending vast sums of money on sometimes useless litigation efforts. - we all suffer by having dirtier water, more polluted air and a less clean environment than we should have for the tremendous sums we spend. environmental enforcement encompasses the range of measures which government uses to punish noncompliance with environmental laws or regulations. when faced with a violation of environmental laws, enforcement agencies can often choose from a range of options \u2014 from administrative action to civil fines to criminal prosecution. the question is not whether we need environmental enforcement \u2014 of course we do. as in any regulatory regime, the possibility of violations exists ; wherever there is an intent to harm people or intentionally violate the law, a mechanism for enforcement ( and, sometimes, criminal enforcement ) must exist. but how do we judge whether a particular enforcement regime, whether for environmental or other laws, is effective and appropriate? some of the criteria we should use in answering this question are : - is it procedurally fair? - is there some reasonable relationship between the \u201c crime \u201d and the \u201c punishment \u201d? - does it effectively prioritize enforcement efforts, concentrating the most resources on punishing the worst actors and protecting us from the worst risks? - do enforcement agencies have appropriate incentives? - does the regulated community have appropriate incentives? these issues exist in some degree for all enforcement efforts, and there ' s little about environmental law that differs inherently from the issues raised by other substantive areas of the law. yet environmental enforcement has seldom been held up to the same scrutiny as other government enforcement programs. the problems of environmental enforcement fall into two main categories : - the current environmental enforcement system often fails to improve the environment \u2014 because of unclear regulations, and because environmental enforcers inappropriately concentrate on technical compliance with regulations and not on improving environmental quality. - current environmental enforcement policy often violates fundamental principles of fairness and justice \u2014 by using criminal punishments where they ' re not appropriate, by abandoning traditional concepts of intent and responsibility, and by eroding constitutional protections. the numbers of cases filed, penalties collected, and years of imprisonment obtained are largely irrelevant to measuring the success of the environmental enforcement program. one would think, from the fact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4602480230753332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.169769"} {"text": "abandoning traditional concepts of intent and responsibility, and by eroding constitutional protections. the numbers of cases filed, penalties collected, and years of imprisonment obtained are largely irrelevant to measuring the success of the environmental enforcement program. one would think, from the fact that these figures climb year by year, that american businesses are becoming increasingly lawless and disdainful of environmental protection. yet the opposite is actually true. year by year, american businesses improve their environmental record and spend more on environmental protection than in any previous year. what these statistics prove is that the environmental enforcement program is pushing the margins of judicial deference, regulatory interpretation, and strict liability, to achieve essentially meaningless results of greater penalties and more convictions. environmental enforcement is responding to the first principle of any government bureaucracy : bigger budgets and more employees. new measures of success must be found. there is no one way to achieve effective and fair environmental enforcement ; reality is complicated. the principles to keep in mind, though, are relatively simple. to be effective, an enforcement regime must : - be clear in what it mandates and prohibits ; - be predictable in how it punishes violations of the regulations, and rely where possible on cooperative, problem - solving approaches ; and, - seek environmental improvement, not numerical enforcement targets. and to be fair, an enforcement regime must : - reserve criminal penalties for the morally blameworthy, and punish others with civil or administrative penalties ; - restore specific criminal intent as a necessary condition of a criminal prosecution, and only punish those who are truly responsible for the criminal acts ; and, - respect the bill of rights. reforms based on these principles would make environmental enforcement more predictable for businesses and more cost - effective for governments. environmentalists would benefit from these reforms, because a misguided enforcement regime that leads to unjustified punishments is, after all, bad press. the environment need not suffer as a result, and would, in fact, probably improve as the government starts to send a clearer and more consistent deterrent message. most importantly, these reforms would make environmental enforcement more fair for all concerned.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4925151223851202, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.172403"} {"text": "martha rushing walters sumrall by ed payne the life of civil war widow martha rushing walters sumrall was short. born in 1844, she would be laid to rest in a now forgotten texas grave in the mid - 1870s. it might well have been otherwise. when she married george warren walters in late 1860, the event seemed a promising union between the offspring of two of the more prominent families in the area : the powell and walters lines. in the piney woods \u2018 prominent \u2019 did not equate to \u2018 wealthy \u2019 in any sense that the term would have been understood in, say, natchez. but both families had risen to the upper rungs of the yeoman - farmer society of jones county. martha was the grand - daughter of john hathorn powell, who was born in edgefield county, south carolina, in 1800. by 1819 he had moved to central georgia, a way station for many who would eventually settle in the mississippi piney woods. there he married and continued to live until 1843, when he resettled in jones county. he served as post master for three years before moving to the gulf coast. but after several years he returned to jones county, where he remained until events forced him to leave the state. martha \u2019 s husband was a member of the large jones county walters clan. originating with the arrival of four males from south carolina into the piney woods in the early 1800s, it had expanded by 1860 to 125 individuals in 21 households. one of the four progenitors was willoughby walters. his son, george willoughby walters, had married sarah collins in 1830. the couple prospered for two decades, to the extent that by 1850 their livestock holdings and agricultural yields were among the largest in the county. this even though george willoughby, like the majority of those in the walters and collins lines, did not own slaves. but during an 1853 epidemic, george willoughby walters and three of the six children died. his widow then undertook a brief, disastrous marriage to james parker. she abandoned parker after one year and operated her own farm with her sole surviving son, george warren, and hired men. when faced with the prospect of her son \u2019 s marriage, sarah collins walters parker purchased a slave couple as farm laborers. she thereby entered the small circle of jones county slave owners that also included john h. powell. like her new husband, martha rushing walters had experienced the childhood loss of her father. her mother was samantha powell, born in georgia in 1824, who married joel eli rushing there around 1840. based on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4040270562107362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.181005"} {"text": "slave owners that also included john h. powell. like her new husband, martha rushing walters had experienced the childhood loss of her father. her mother was samantha powell, born in georgia in 1824, who married joel eli rushing there around 1840. based on the birth states listed for their children, the couple remained in georgia until sometime after 1846. they then followed the trail of samantha \u2019 s father to jones county. by the time of the 1850 census, however, joel had died and left samantha as the head of household with five children ranging in age from one to ten years old. the middle child was martha, age six. within two years samantha had embarked on a new marriage. and, compared to the second marriage of george warren \u2019 s mother sarah, this one proved more successful. samantha wed widower marton w. owens around 1852 and the couple started a second family. three of her unmarried daughters by joel rushing moved in with their grandfather, john h. powell, with whom they were recorded living on the 1860 census. a short time after the october census enumeration, martha rushing married george warren walters. she had just turned seventeen ; he was nineteen. although john h. powell was a minor slave owner \u2014 he possessed a female slave and two children \u2014 he opposed secession. when voting was held to elect delegates to the state convention on secession in december of 1860, powell ran on an anti - secessionist platform and won by 166 to 89 over his secessionist opponent. upon his arrival in jackson, however, he quickly judged that the sentiment for secession was overwhelming. after siding with his fellow anti - secessionist on two test votes, powell joined with the majority in the final 84 - 15 vote for secession \u2014 much to the displeasure of those who had elected him. once war became a fact in the spring of 1861, the opportunity to test one \u2019 s courage in combat which often motivates young men resulted in the formation of several volunteer companies in jones county. but most males in the walters and collins families were not swept up in this initial wave of enthusiasm. george warren and his bride had given birth to a daughter, isabelle, in february of 1862. * when the confederate conscription law went into effect that april, however, he had little option but to enlist. he joined company k ( the ellisville invincibles ) of the 8th mississippi infantry regiment. after nine months of service, he returned home for the holidays in late 1862. this brief stay produced a second child, warren vinson walters, who would be born in august of 1863", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39129995228768605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.182098"} {"text": "the ellisville invincibles ) of the 8th mississippi infantry regiment. after nine months of service, he returned home for the holidays in late 1862. this brief stay produced a second child, warren vinson walters, who would be born in august of 1863. george warren walters remained with his unit throughout 1863 and 1864 as it took part in the battles of chickamauga and atlanta. but he was captured at the battle of franklin, tennessee, and had the misfortunate to be shipped to camp douglas, illinois. the grim, protracted nature of the war had provoked increasing brutality on both sides and camp douglas mirrored some of the deadly aspects of its southern counterpart, andersonville. over the winter of 1864 - 65 confederate prisoners were inadequately clothed and fed, which resulted in high death rates from exposure and disease. george warren walters arrived in early december, 1864, and was listing as having died of \u201c genl debility \u201d on february 6, 1865. he was buried in a mass grave along with 6, 000 others who died at camp douglas. martha \u2019 s brother, eli franklin rushing, demonstrates the way in which jones county civil war paths could converge and diverge. eli was among the early volunteers in the spring of 1861, when he joined capt. samuel prince \u2019 s company of the 8th mississippi infantry regiment. it was the same company, re - designated as company k, which george warren walters would join a year later. in april of 1862 eli re - enlisted for two years and was promoted to 3rd corporal. but on february 28, 1864, he deserted and within three months enlisted as a sergeant in the union 1st new orleans infantry regiment. he remained with the unit until his discharge in june of 1866. he moved to texas in 1869 and died there in 1903. martha rushing walters was more fortunate than many of the war widows. within three years she was able to remarry to jacob sumrall. on the 1870 census, jacob listed himself as age eighteen. this implies he was no more than thirteen at the end of the war and probably about sixteen, compared to martha \u2019 s twenty - four, when they wed. perhaps trying to minimize this eight - year age difference, martha deducted two years from her reported census age. in addition to martha \u2019 s two children by george warren walters, the couple had a one - year - old son, joel. the background of jacob sumrall ( jacob theodore sumrall, according to some genealogical accounts ) remains something of a mystery, due in part to the frequency with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41231630049785595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.183180"} {"text": "george warren walters, the couple had a one - year - old son, joel. the background of jacob sumrall ( jacob theodore sumrall, according to some genealogical accounts ) remains something of a mystery, due in part to the frequency with which the members of the sumrall line bestowed the names jacob and elisha. the most reasonable lineage is that he was the son of an elisha sumrall who married nancy mccary in wayne county. this elisha sumrall was a son of a jacob sumrall born circa 1804 in south carolina who had married mary ann friday. elisha was born in mississippi around 1831. confusing things further is the fact that elisha \u2019 s mother gave birth to a son named jacob in 1849. it seems likely that the jacob sumrall who married martha rushing was the eldest son of elisha, rather than his uncle of the same name who was only three or four years older. the 1860 census might have offered support for this hypothesis, but no records have been found for the elisha sumrall family. however, it can be noted that on the 1870 enumeration elisha \u2019 s widow, who had remarried to moses holyfield, was listed with four sumrall sons just seven households down from the farm of jacob and martha. shortly after the 1870 census, jacob loaded up his family and set out for texas. they settled in kaufman county, southeast of dallas. it was less than 70 miles east of the community where martha \u2019 s grandfather and family had settled. john h. powell had died in alvarado, johnson county, texas in 1867 but his wife and several other members of the family continued to reside there. the year before, in 1869, martha \u2019 s brother eli had moved to falls county, about 90 miles to the south. but rather than settling near either of martha \u2019 s relatives, the sumrall family chose to set up housekeeping in kaufman county. martha gave birth to another son, eli theodore, soon after their arrival. in may of 1873 she gave birth to a daughter, mary magdalene. but within two years, as later census records reveal, jacob had remarried to lucy jane williams. it is apparent that martha rushing walters sumrall, mother of five and piney woods civil war widow, had died of unknown causes. efforts to find any information concerning her burial site have thus far been unsuccessful. the two walters children who accompanied their mother and step - father to texas remained there for several years, but by 1880 were back in mississippi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38815038108829486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.184216"} {"text": "widow, had died of unknown causes. efforts to find any information concerning her burial site have thus far been unsuccessful. the two walters children who accompanied their mother and step - father to texas remained there for several years, but by 1880 were back in mississippi living with their 70 - year - old grandmother, sarah parker. also listed in the household was two year old carley ( charley ) walters, born in texas. he was cited, like isabelle and warren, as sarah \u2019 s grandchild, but circumstances suggest he was isabelle \u2019 s son. isabelle walters married james bush and gave birth to another thirteen children. the couple did not attempt to obscure the chronology of charley bush \u2019 s birth. on the 1900 census they identified themselves as having been married for eighteen years, while charley \u2019 s age was given as twenty - one. isabelle walters bush died on march 4, 1915 at age fifty - three. her brother warren vinson walters married jessie hattie pack in 1890. they had two children, only one of whom survived to adulthood. warren walters served in various elective posts in jones county before moving to hattiesburg, where he died on august 26, 1937 at age seventy - three. although the two families of martha rushing walters sumrall had separated in texas nearly sixty years before, there is evidence in warren walter \u2019 s obituary of his continuing bond with his half - sister. it listed mrs. w. e. roundtree of vera beach, florida as his surviving sister. mrs. roundtree \u2019 s maiden name was mary magdalene sumrall. * note : on the 1900 census, isabelle walters bush gave her birth month and year as february, 1863. on the same census warren walters gave his birth month and year as august, 1864. however, their gravestones list 1862 and 1863, respectively, which other circumstances suggest are the more reliable dates.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3876550389545392, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.185034"} {"text": "the church of england found itself in an uncomfortable position at the turn of the nineteenth century and was especially slow to recognise the significance of the changes taking place in the population structure of the country. it had been fully integrated into the social environment of the eighteenth century with village and parish normally coterminous. its great strength lay in southern england as it was there the bulk of the population and wealth was located. every settlement had its own church and so the population of each parish was of a manageable size. the situation in northern england was less favourable and there was a long - term failure to retain the loyalty and affections of many men and women in the country \u2019 s industrialising areas. parishes were large, were badly endowed and consequently attracted few clergy and many livings were held in plurality or by non - resident incumbents. for example, in 1831 leeds, with a population of over 70, 000 people, had only three places of anglican worship. the elaborate legal procedure for creating new parishes further hindered its ability to cope with the changing situation. the church hierarchy had little comprehension of the nature of the city and of the 104 bishops of between 1783 and 1852, only 17 had ever held an urban living. the diocesan system of the north was equally inflexible and unable to meet the new situation. until 1836, the whole of lancashire, large parts of cumberland and westmoreland and the north - west part of yorkshire were all included in the unwieldy diocese of chester. there was no bishop based in lancashire and the west riding until the dioceses of ripon and manchester were established in 1836 and 1847 and liverpool and newcastle did not gain episcopal status until 1880 and 1882. it was not just in the large towns that the anglican church \u2019 s position was serious. excessive emphasis has been placed on the alienation of urban society and this has tended to deflect attention away from the situation in the countryside. the real tragedy for the church was not the failure to meet the needs of people in the growing cities but rather its failure in the countryside where all its resources were concentrated. among the lower clergy, the curates and the holders of small benefices, there remained a degree of poverty that continued to cause hardship, despite the various pieces of legislation that sought to regulate curates \u2019 stipends. many church buildings were in disrepair and pluralism and absenteeism were rife. where dissent established support in a village, competition from the church was often limited. enclosure had reduced the hold of the church since improvements in farming led", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4051356437481168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.195832"} {"text": "stipends. many church buildings were in disrepair and pluralism and absenteeism were rife. where dissent established support in a village, competition from the church was often limited. enclosure had reduced the hold of the church since improvements in farming led to the commutation of tithes for land and many contemporaries believed that the increase in the clergy \u2019 s land was at the expense of the small tenant farmer. an even worse reaction against the church of england resulted from the collection of the tithe in kind, generally regarded as the ideal way of alienating the parson from his flock. an unresponsive and less than efficient pastoral system was exacerbated by a widespread belief that the church must be defended at all costs. like the unreformed parliament, the unreformed church had its own elaborate defence of the status quo. the french revolution had deeply frightened the propertied classes and strengthened their belief that the society under their control must be defended as a divinely ordained hierarchy. in this situation suggested reforms, including those of modest dimensions, could easily by identified with revolution and revolution with the destruction of christianity. even those who avoided the extremes of reaction felt it was their religious duty to preserve the constitution, the social order and the morality now under threat. in 1834, a fifth of the magistrates in england were anglican clergymen, embodying an enormous investment in social stability. to critics like the journalist john wade, whose polemic the black book appeared in 1820 and in a revised form as the extraordinary black book in 1831, the abuses of the church, its ineffective organisation and its conservative views were in need of reform. this was not the view of the church : its property rights had to be defended ; it was not accountable to the public ; it had, as an established institution, a prescriptive right to authority. by a series of instinctive, but ill - judged actions, the church identified itself with extreme toryism and alienated opinion further in the 1820s and early 1830s. abused by the radicals from outside parliament, the events of 1828 - 1829 showed how little the church could expect from its political friends. the repeal of the test and corporation acts and catholic emancipation ended the special relationship between the church and parliament establishing, in effect, free trade in religion. dissenters and catholics would now participate in legislation affecting the church. the attitude of the bishops during the reform agitation of 1830 - 1832 further tarnished the reputation of the church and reinforced its identification in the eyes of the public with reaction. on the church of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4651570755025135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.197105"} {"text": "georgian period, with special reference to the clergy of the church of england. see, for example, brown, callum g., \u2018 the mechanism of religious growth in urban society : british cities since the eighteenth century \u2019, in mcleod, hugh, european religion in the age of the great cities, 1830 - 1930, ( routledge ), 1994, pp. 237 - 260, a synoptic overview. see also, burns, arthur, the diocesan revival in the church of england c. 1800 - 1870, ( oxford university press ), 1999. lee, robert, rural society and the anglican clergy, 1815 - 1914 : encountering and managing the poor, ( boydell ), 2006, considers the church in norfolk. on this issue see evans, e. j., the contentious tithe : the tithe problem and english agriculture 1750 - 1830, ( routledge ), 1976, pp. 16 - 41 and 94 - 114. see, stafford, william, \u2018 religion and the doctrine of nationalism in england at the time of the french revolution and napoleonic wars \u2019, in mews, stuart, ( ed. ), religion and national identity : papers read at the nineteenth summer meeting and twentieth winter meeting of the ecclesiastical history society, ( oxford university press ), 1982, pp. 381 - 395. clayson, jim, frow, edmund, and frow, ruth, \u2018 john wade and the black book \u2019, labour history review, vol. 59, ( 2 ), ( 1994 ), pp. 55 - 57. simon, w. g., \u2018 the bishops and reform \u2019, historical magazine of the protestant episcopal church, vol. 32, ( 1963 ), pp. 361 - 370, considers the period between 1820 and 1850.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4883870037638979, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.198902"} {"text": "we ' ve been talking about confirmation bias, which is the tendency to seek out data that confirm one ' s preconceptions, while ignoring data that conflict with those preconceptions. but there is a flip - side to this phenomenon known as disconfirmation bias. yes, we ' re quite knowledgeable about confirmation bias, and we routinely deal with denialism, which is ignoring contradicting evidence. of course, on the topic of evolution versus creationism, creationists, to my knowledge, have never bothered coming up with examples of what would be confirming or contradicting evidence for their unfalsifiable \" hypothesis. \" quotes from some psychologists : when evaluating an argument, can one assess its strength independently of one ' s prior belief in the conclusion? a good deal of evidence indicates the answer is an emphatic no. this phenomenon, which we refer to as the prior belief effect, has important implications. given two people, or groups, with opposing beliefs about a social, political, or scientific issue, the degree to which they will view relevant evidence as strong will differ. this difference, in turn, may result in a failure of the opposing parties to converge on any kind of meaningful agreement, and, under some circumstances, they may become more extreme in their beliefs. the history of science says otherwise. new ideas come up quite often, get rigorously tested, and if they keep passing tests, they become accepted. i ' m sensing the usual sour grapes involved in psychobabble arguments instead of honest inquiry, but that ' s mostly because i have a lot of prior experience with creationists. cynicism is no substitute for a sound, logical argument based on evidence. science and skepticism may be conservative, but they ' re inherently expansive. more psychobabble follows, including one example involving the death penalty. of course, that ' s an ethical / moral argument for the most part, not one of science. back to telic thoughts ' commentary : it makes sense that a disconfirmation bias would exist. if the human brain is wired to defend its preconceptions with confirmation bias, attacking beliefs that threaten those preconceptions would likely be part of the same strategy. this undercuts michael shermer ' s belief that \" skepticism is the antidote for the confirmation bias. \" in reality, hyper - skepticism, or selectively applied skepticism, may simply be another facet of the same brain processes that generate confirmation bias. what is \" hyper - skepticism \"? where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5399983609159839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.210286"} {"text": "\" skepticism is the antidote for the confirmation bias. \" in reality, hyper - skepticism, or selectively applied skepticism, may simply be another facet of the same brain processes that generate confirmation bias. what is \" hyper - skepticism \"? where are shermer and my fellow skeptics applying our skepticism selectively? that ' s what i ' d like to hear you talk about. what does disconfirmation bias look like? i would like to propose three possible signs that disconfirmation bias is taking place, where one may be defending their preconceptions more so than playing the honest skeptic who is simply trying to \" follow the evidence. \" the difficulty with this is that sometimes people actually live up to negative stereotypes, and i can ' t recall the last time a creationist broke from the mold. in contrast, skeptics rarely ever act according to the predictions of creationists. 1. according to edwards and smith, \" when one is presented an argument to evaluate, there will be some automatic activation in memory of material relevant to the argument. \" searching one ' s \" memory banks \" can easily become relying on stereotypes. a stereotype, after all, is the brain ' s \" summation \" of previous experience that is linked by certain cues. thus, i hypothesize that when one is confronted with an argument that challenges their preconceptions, the more that person relies on stereotypes, the more it is likely they are exhibiting disconfirmation bias to protect a preconception. how can you tell if stereotype is involved? often, it is obvious. for example, if a critic on the internet poses his own argument against my design hypothesis, and i begin to rail against richard dawkins, obviously my brain has been tapping into information about dawkins to interpret my opponent. often times, however, the evidence is more subtle. and that takes me to my second sign. just a note : i have yet to meet a creationist who knows anything whatsoever about dawkins ' s views. from what i ' ve seen, they ' ve done everything they can to shove dawkins into their straw man molds and failed. at least he deserves kudos for demonstrating some sliver of self - awareness. 2. if one ' s brain is on \" a deliberative search of memory for material that will undermine the argument simply \" and the \" search include stored beliefs and arguments that offer direct evidence against the premises and conclusion of the presented argument", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5350900711695841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.211347"} {"text": "awareness. 2. if one ' s brain is on \" a deliberative search of memory for material that will undermine the argument simply \" and the \" search include stored beliefs and arguments that offer direct evidence against the premises and conclusion of the presented argument, \" it stands to reason the person with disconfirmation bias will have a strong tendency to link a current argument with the perceived failures of previously - experienced arguments. this creates a mental inertia that leads to two expressions of disconfirmation bias : oh, boy. have you ever considered that the presented argument is exactly the same as a previously experienced and refuted argument? that ' s why we ' ve got things like the index to creationist claims. i haven ' t seen anything new in creationism in decades aside from this one guy claiming ice is magnetic. and even then, it seems he was copying kent hovind or someone of his ilk, trying to defend the \" vapor canopy \" tripe. a. misrepresentation \" \u201c let ' s say that jones develops an argument that threatens the preconceptions of smith. but let us also say that smith had previously successfully dismantled a similar, but different, argument that was once posed by miller. the memory of this experience will shape the way smith reacts to jones. the brain processes involved in disconfirmation bias will cause smith to morph jones ' position into that of miller ' s. smith will feel vindicated by the disconfirmation bias, while jones will recognize that smith is attacking a \" straw man. \" the problem i experience with this : all subtle variations of creationism have almost all the same underlying faults. usually, if they ' re making a straw man claim on me, it ' s for an unimportant detail. even if i concede that minor inaccuracy, they tend to continue whining about it for the rest of the thread while ignoring any questions about their premises. b. faulty extrapolation \" \u201c this is a more subtle version of misrepresentation, where smith ' s brain is so highly activated that it is sensitized to \" cues \" from jones that lead smith to believe that jones is reaching for miller ' s point. smith will not focus on the actual argument jones is making, but will be trying to \" anticipate \" where he thinks the argument is going in order to cut it off. in this case, smith is not really disconfirming jones ' argument ; he is creating an illusion of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5248115416752269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.212459"} {"text": "jones is making, but will be trying to \" anticipate \" where he thinks the argument is going in order to cut it off. in this case, smith is not really disconfirming jones ' argument ; he is creating an illusion of disconfirmation in his mind because he thinks he knows where the argument is going ( when it may not even be going in that direction ). i ' m sometimes guilty of this, but mostly in an effort to rouse the creationist from his circular mill by shock. of course, much of the time, the extrapolation is something the creationists never thought of, and never made a cutoff limit for. they tend to make up principles that only seem to apply when it ' s convenient for them. 3. finally, to put this lengthy blog ( and tired blogger ) to bed, there is the dead give - away of personal attack. when someone attacks another person by questioning their motivations or with ridicule ( and more ), they are seeking to discredit the argument by discrediting the person who makes the argument. if such personal attacks are linked to stereotypes, it becomes clear the person ' s brain is adopting an \" end justifies the means \" approach to disconfirmation bias. there ' s a difference between an ad hominem fallacy and an insult. none of my arguments are based on the stupidity of the opponent. sometimes i have to use ridicule to shock someone awake at the absurdity of their arguments. or to keep my sanity with laughter when faced with someone who parrots debunked arguments over and over and over. when i lob an insult at someone, it ' s a conclusion based on their poor logic, stereotypical robotic behavior, ignorance of the most basic knowledge, etcetera. i never use it as a premise to disregard someone ' s opinion. in summary, skepticism is a good thing, but skepticism can be just another facet of the way brains defend \" their territory. \" add tribalisitic group behavior to the picture and the whole process is amplified and entrenched. i propose that you can detect disconfirmation bias at work, in individuals or groups, when hyper - skepticism, stereotype, misrepresentation, faulty extrapolations, and personal attacks occur more often than not. there ' s a difference between skepticism and rationalization. skepticism requires that someone make an escape route in the form of specific types of evidence that would openly contradict a false belief. without", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5195477743739418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.213501"} {"text": "extrapolations, and personal attacks occur more often than not. there ' s a difference between skepticism and rationalization. skepticism requires that someone make an escape route in the form of specific types of evidence that would openly contradict a false belief. without leaving room for falsification of a bias, you can never get out of it. that ' s why creationism is a bad idea : it ' s unfalsifiable. there ' s no telling what kind of evidence would support or contradict it, since they tend to fall quiet or change the subject in the matter. that ' s why creationists use stereotypes, misrepresentation, faulty extrapolations, straw men, and ad hominem fallacies to defend themselves. there was a time in my life when i was willing to entertain some of the fluffier forms of creationism like theistic evolution. the fact that i could be convinced to join the ranks of atheism means that i was perfectly able to listen to the other side. cynicism is no substitute for a collection of good, logical arguments. i write the way i do because i seek to emulate the wonderful people who won me over with unapologetic vigilance and irreverence in the face of would - be pc police.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5088663967029916, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.214125"} {"text": "in the united states, more people watch nascar racing than baseball, supposedly \" america ' s pastime. \" it ' s second only to football, with 75 million dedicated fans who tune in ( or show up ) almost every weekend of the year to watch stock cars race around a track at speeds up to 190 mph ( 306 kph ) [ sources : fulton, eaton ]. the cars ' non - epa - regulated engines and dangerously high speeds make the sport exciting to watch. they also make it one of the least environmentally friendly sports out there. nascar drivers make a living doing exactly what the rest of us are supposed to avoid in order to stave off global warming : drive ridiculously powerful, gas - guzzling sports cars at extremely high speeds for entertainment value. the sport burns so much fuel that the u. s. government labeled nascar a waste of gas during the fuel shortage of the 1970s. as a result, nascar shortened one of its races from 500 miles ( 804 kilometers ) to 450 miles ( 724 kilometers ) as a goodwill gesture. ( it was a temporary change. ) so, just how much fuel does it take to hold a nascar race, and what effect does it really have on the state of the atmosphere? is it a major co2 contributor, or does it just get a bad rap because of the nature of the sport? in this article, we ' ll find out whether nascar is as big an emitter as it seems. we ' ll check out the fuel and co2 numbers, see how it compares to other activities, and look at the potentially \" greener \" future of the sport. the first thing to understand when looking at nascar ' s carbon footprint is that race cars are even less like regular cars than some of us think. that speed comes at a price.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.498657088158039, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.216745"} {"text": "tomorrow finally marks the end of the 2012 atlantic hurricane season \u2014 and it \u2019 s been one for the record books. as the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) reports today, this season produced 19 names storms, 10 of which became hurricanes and one that became a major hurricane. the sheer number of named storms is well above the average of 12, but the number of major hurricanes was below the average of three. altogether, it was enough for noaa to classify the 2012 season as above - normal \u2014 though not exceptionally so. you \u2019 re probably assuming that the one major hurricane was sandy \u2014 but you \u2019 d be wrong. the only storm above a category 1 or 2 was hurricane michael, a category 3 storm that never made landfall. sandy, despite the destruction it left, was a category 2 at its strongest, and was only a category 1 when it made landfall in the u. s. it \u2019 s another reminder that the timing and location of a hurricane matters just as much \u2014 if not more \u2014 than its sheer strength. it \u2019 s also a sign that the 2012 season could have been much worse \u2014 this marks the seventh consecutive year that no major hurricane ( category 3 or above ) hit the u. s. but before we consign the 2012 hurricane season to history, check out the noaa video above that shows every storm \u2014 crunched down to less than five minutes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40691132172159766, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.218220"} {"text": "what is scrapbooking? scrapbooking has been around since victorian times, and has evolved into as many different forms as there are personality types. basically, it involves the preservation of information by compiling photos, memorabilia and written words into a book in order to to tell a story or relay memories. how is scrapbooking accomplished? scrapbooking almost always involves photos and written words ( journaling ), but it can also include as many other components as the creator desires. some common scrapbook additions include memorabilia ( like ticket stubs, news clippings, maps, etc. ), specialty papers and other decorations like ribbons or buttons \u2013 the possibilities are limitless! once all of the elements needed for the scrapbook are gathered, they are assembled in a pleasing way and adhered to a scrapbook page. journaling is then added to relay information about the contents of the page. finally, pages are included in specially designed albums or sometimes they can be displayed in other ways ; like in a picture frame. what supplies are needed to get started in scrapbooking? most scrapbooking starts with photographs that have meaning behind them ( although, a story can still be told even if there are no photos ). it is also great if there are other keepsakes to include along with the photos in the scrapbook ( a first place ribbon to go with the pie baking contest photo, for example ). next, there needs to be something to preserve the mementos in, which is usually in the form of a scrapbook album. there are countless styles of scrapbooks on the market ; some are completely blank and ready to be decorated and some come already decorated and just need photos added. once an album is chosen, the memorabilia can be arranged and adhered in the album in a way that appeals to the scrapbooker. there are vastly differing approaches to this step, because what is appealing differs from person to person. some take a very minimalist approach, while others use many embellishments to decorate their pages. the very minimum supplies needed for this step are the pages and an adhesive ( there are many types of adhesive on the market that are specifically designed for scrapbooking ). take a stroll down the aisles of the local scrapbook store ( lss ), and it will soon be discovered that there are plenty more options available as well! now all that is left to be done is the journaling. this often includes a title for the page ( like : \u201c tom \u2019 s first day of school \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45241788690906604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.228539"} {"text": ", and it will soon be discovered that there are plenty more options available as well! now all that is left to be done is the journaling. this often includes a title for the page ( like : \u201c tom \u2019 s first day of school \u201d ) and some words to provide further information ( like the date and a description of the day \u2019 s highlights ). there are several ways to add the journaling ; from simply writing it on the page by hand to using stickers with words or letters on them or even printing out journaling that has been typed on a computer. depending on the method of journaling, the supplies needed can vary. the most basic supply would be a pen specifically designed for scrapbooking, which resists fading and won \u2019 t damage photos. are acid - free and lignin - free supplies best? because so much time and effort is involved in the process of scrapbooking, it is recommended that you choose supplies that are safe for use with photos and memorabilia. many scrapbookers consider it very important to make sure that albums, papers, decorative elements and adhesives used are acid and lignin free so that they will preserve, not destroy the scrapbook contents, especially if the items on the page are irreplaceable. that being said, i often find it very freeing to use all kinds of things that inspire me on my scrapbook pages ; many of which are not considered safe for \u201c archival \u201d purposes. this allows my artistic, creative side to take over and not be stifled by limited options. i am usually using photos that i have digital copies of anyway, which can easily be reproduced if something were to happen to my scrapbook page. i also often photograph my final scrapbook page, so that i have a digital copy, in case the original fades or is damaged in some way in the future. so, just be sure so think carefully about what you use on your pages so that they will stand the test of time!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4106660890415922, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.230609"} {"text": "metamorphic rocks and minerals this activity was selected for the on the cutting edge reviewed teaching collection this activity has received positive reviews in a peer review process involving five review categories. the five categories included in the process are - scientific accuracy - alignment of learning goals, activities, and assessments - pedagogic effectiveness - robustness ( usability and dependability of all components ) - completeness of the activitysheet web page for more information about the peer review process itself, please see http : / / serc. carleton. edu / nagtworkshops / review. html. this page first made public : aug 7, 2006 this exercise is an introduction to the most important metamorphic rocks and minerals. this exercise is designed for a mid / upper - level undergraduate geology course on the principles of mineralogy. skills and concepts that students must have mastered students should have knowledge of basic chemistry and of minerals equivalent to what they would learn in an introductory geology class. how the activity is situated in the course this activity is the 19th of 36 mineralogy exercises and is used around the middle of the course. content / concepts goals for this activity - learn to identify key metamorphic minerals and rocks in hand specimen and thin section. higher order thinking skills goals for this activity - identify key properties useful for mineral identification. other skills goals for this activity description of the activity / assignment in this three - part exercise, students study hand samples and thin sections of important metamorphic rocks and minerals. - part one - box of rocks : students examine trays of metamorphic rocks and minerals and record their physical properties, composition, and habit. they note chemical and physical similarities and differences and identify the rock samples and minerals they contain. - part two - definitions : define a list of terms relevent to the lab. - part three - minerals in thin section : observe minerals in thin section and answer questions about them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5227708622404622, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.236928"} {"text": "sku id # 70283 you save : $ 5. 96 20 % off to order by phone call 1 - 800 - 933 - 6249 - additional details - format : color, dvd - video, ntsc - rating : not rated - number of discs : 1 - run time : 50 minutes - region : region 1 - aspect ratio : 1. 33 : 1 - language : english - studio : history channel - dvd release date : january 27, 2008 oil seems to be at the center of every major issue confronting us today, but what do we really know about this amazing substance? get all the answers about black gold in this fascinating doc. - a comprehensive journey through the life cycle of modern society \u2019 s most important fuel. - the oil age we now take for granted began less 150 years ago and could be over in our lifetime. - worldwide consumption of oil exceeds 60 million barrels of oil a day! crude oil is extracted from the earth at an unimaginable rate and our society \u2019 s thirst for it is seemingly unquenchable. we use oil \u2019 s derivatives \u2014 fuel, plastics, fertilizers, food additives \u2014 every day in every way. but where did it come from? what exactly is it? how much is there? how has it changed us? the history channel\u00ae thoroughly answers these and many other questions in this sweeping journey through the 160 - million - year history of crude. shooting on locations around the world, interviewing leading experts, and using cgi animations to visualize both science and history, crude helps make sense of the oil - driven world we live in. crude connects the dots between geology and economy ; between the past, present and future. learn about earth ' s extraordinary carbon cycle, and the role of oil in current concerns regarding the environment. fill up your information tank with a barrel or two of crude!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.427470531542527, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.241639"} {"text": "an introduction to the book of mormon by devery scott anderson the book of mormon is one of four books of scripture accepted by the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints ( the mormon or lds church ). even though the other books \u2014 the holy bible, doctrine and covenants ( a compilation of revelations to founding prophet joseph smith ), and pearl of great price ( additional revelations ) \u2014 are sacred and important components of the lds canon, members of the church believe, as joseph smith proclaimed, \u201c the book of mormon was the most correct of any book on earth, and the keystone of our religion, and a man would get nearer to god by abiding by its precepts, than by any other book. \u201d coming forth of the book of mormon joseph smith \u2019 s role in bringing the book of mormon to light began with his first major religious experience, later known as the \u201c first vision. \u201d on this occasion, while praying for religious guidance in a grove near his home, he said he was visited by jesus and forgiven of his sins. later this vision was interpreted as a divine call to restore the true church of christ to the earth, which smith said had been lost through apostasy from the original teachings of jesus \u2019 apostles. according to smith \u2019 s account, the work began when a heavenly messenger named \u201c moroni \u201d appeared in a dream or vision. moroni informed the seventeen - year - old smith that an ancient record had been inscribed on metal plates that were gold - like in appearance and that these had been buried anciently in a hill near smith \u2019 s home in upstate new york. this record was said to have been written by prophets who lived in ancient america. moroni was, in fact, the last of those prophets and the one who buried the record in the hill centuries earlier while in the flesh. although smith did not immediately receive the plates, he began to focus his attention on preparing himself to receive and translate the record. over the next four years, he met moroni at the hill once a year to be subjected to tests of worthiness until the angel determined that smith was ready to receive the record. on the morning of 23 september 1827, his wife waiting nearby, smith received the plates from the angel. translating the record although acceptance of this account lies strictly within the realm of faith, the dictation of the book of mormon manuscript is well documented. in the period immediately following september 1827, smith appears to have done little with the record except to protect it from curious neighbors and those who wished", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4547906060708379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.249900"} {"text": "lies strictly within the realm of faith, the dictation of the book of mormon manuscript is well documented. in the period immediately following september 1827, smith appears to have done little with the record except to protect it from curious neighbors and those who wished to steal it. indeed, not long after smith said he had received the plates, those who knew him believed that he had something of value, and the neighbors themselves recounted attempts to steal this \u201c gold bible. \u201d after dealing with such inconveniences for four months, smith began his first attempt at \u201c translation \u201d in january 1828 by transcribing a few of the ancient characters from the plates. he identified the language as \u201c reformed egyptian. \u201d that same month, his scribe, martin harris, took a sample of the characters to professor charles anthon in new york city for validation. harris was considering financing publication of the book of mormon and sought confirmation of the genuineness of the ancient artifact. although harris and anthon provided contradictory accounts of their experience, harris was satisfied by what he heard and returned to upstate new york, enthused about continuing to assist smith with time and funds. between april and june 1828, smith dictated 116 pages of manuscript, the portion of the record called the \u201c book of lehi. \u201d unfortunately, these pages were stolen and never recovered after harris, with smith \u2019 s reluctant permission, borrowed and showed the manuscript to family and friends. the book of lehi, smith learned by revelation, was not to be re - translated, as those who had stolen it were prepared to produce an altered copy for comparison and thereby ruin smith \u2019 s credibility. it would be nine months before smith took up the translation again. he dictated a few pages in march 1829 but would not proceed further until 5 april when a school teacher named oliver cowdery came to palmyra, new york, boarded with smiths \u2019 parents, and took an interest in the project. two days later, the translation began in earnest and was finished by late june. with cowdery \u2019 s arrival in palmyra, and because the original book of mormon manuscript is in his handwriting, one can easily document the fact that the bulk of the published portion of the book was dictated over this two - month period. those who witnessed the translation process described a scenario whereby smith used \u201c interpreters, \u201d later referred to by the biblical terms urim and thummim ( crystals or eyeglasses that smith said were buried with the plates ) to translate the first 116 pages, with harris as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4758900340591439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.250958"} {"text": "described a scenario whereby smith used \u201c interpreters, \u201d later referred to by the biblical terms urim and thummim ( crystals or eyeglasses that smith said were buried with the plates ) to translate the first 116 pages, with harris as scribe. for the remainder of the translation process, smith used \u201c seer stones \u201d he himself had discovered years earlier. to translate by the later method, smith would place an inverted top hat on a table, place the seer stone in the hat, bring his head down and look into the hat \u2014 shielding his eyes from outside light \u2014 and concentrate on the stone in order to render the inspired translation into english. prior to publication, smith allowed certain friends and family members to feel the plates through a cloth covering or to feel their weight in a box. in addition, several special witnesses known as the \u201c three witnesses \u201d were granted a heavenly vision of the plates and the angel moroni. an additional \u201c eight witnesses \u201d were shown the record by smith, without a heavenly presence. their signed testimonies appear in the book of mormon. publishing the first edition understandably, smith found it difficult to locate someone willing to publish the book of mormon. he negotiated with local publisher egbert b. grandin, who expressed his serious religious and financial misgivings. judging from the local opposition to the book that already had been manifested, grandin assumed the sales would be slight and that he would not be able to recover his costs. he changed his mind when martin harris mortgaged his farm and placed a $ 3, 000 security note in his hand. typesetting began on 29 august 1829. two months earlier, on 11 june, smith obtained the copyright for the book from the office of r. r. lansing, clerk of the northern district of new york. the printing and binding followed, completed the following spring, so that the book was finally advertised for sale on 26 march 1830. eleven days later, on 6 april, the church of christ, as it was originally called, was officially organized with six members. content of the book of mormon the book of mormon story takes place mainly between 600 b. c. and a. d. 421. the initial setting is jerusalem where a prophet named \u201c lehi \u201d is told by god to take his family and flee into the wilderness before the city is overthrown by babylonians. the family lives in the wilderness for eight years while making preparations to sail to the \u201c promised land, \u201d identified by joseph smith as the ancient american continent. \u201c ne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46164738811399997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.252030"} {"text": "his family and flee into the wilderness before the city is overthrown by babylonians. the family lives in the wilderness for eight years while making preparations to sail to the \u201c promised land, \u201d identified by joseph smith as the ancient american continent. \u201c nephi, \u201d a younger son of lehi, builds a ship at the lord \u2019 s command. he is also called to be a prophet and to keep records throughout this portion of book of mormon history. due to his righteousness and willingness to obey god, nephi is favored over his two older, rebellious brothers, \u201c laman \u201d and \u201c lemuel. \u201d the brothers resent nephi \u2019 s assumption of authority over them, which leads to a permanent separation after the death of their father, lehi. over the generations, the nephites and lamanites, as they are called, engage in battles as their populations grow. between discussions of religion, which occupy much of the book, there are detailed accounts of these wars. the nephites tend to go through cycles of pride, wickedness, and reconciliation with god, whereas the lamanites generally remain wicked. however, the lamanites do have a change of heart at one point and become more righteous than the nephites. the book of mormon is christian in theology. it contains prophecies by ancient prophets foretelling the coming of god to earth as jesus christ and that his is the name by which salvation comes. the narrative culminates in jesus \u2019 appearance in ancient america soon after his death and resurrection in jerusalem. he delivers a version of the sermon on the mount and other biblical teachings that have become the most cherished portions of narrative for believers in the book. after jesus re - ascends into heaven and people resume their normal lives, they soon return to their old habits of sin and greed. by the end of the book, the nephites have become wicked enough to deserve total annihilation. the lamanites destroy them \u2014 all except for \u201c moroni, \u201d son of the prophet \u201c mormon. \u201d for twenty years following the last great battle, moroni wanders alone, finishing his father \u2019 s record and his own portion of the book. he eventually buries the plates in the hill in upstate new york where joseph smith would come to live. there are fifteen smaller books in the book of mormon, contained within an initial section identified as the \u201c small plates of nephi. \u201d following these, the \u201c large plates of nephi \u201d are said to have been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4277204054808754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.252986"} {"text": "joseph smith would come to live. there are fifteen smaller books in the book of mormon, contained within an initial section identified as the \u201c small plates of nephi. \u201d following these, the \u201c large plates of nephi \u201d are said to have been kept by successive record - keeping prophets through generations and to have been condensed and abridged by mormon. this is why the book carries his name. latter - day saints and the book of mormon the book of mormon has had a profound effect upon latter - day saints since the first converts to the movement accepted it in 1830. its message is best conveyed in the subtitle added in 1982 as \u201c another testament of jesus christ. \u201d its christian teachings enhance its value to church members as an additional testimony for the bible. believers note that the two books together complement each other in providing god \u2019 s word, that the book of mormon also helps to clarify ambiguous passages in the bible. lds missionaries throughout the world, for the entire duration of the church \u2019 s history, can testify to the conversion power of the book of mormon. practicing latter - day saints maintain a conviction of its spiritual message and how it enhances their personal spirituality. the latest statistics released by the lds church reveal that the book of mormon has been translated into sixty - six languages and that nearly 116 million copies have been printed since the first edition of 1830. although there are unique features of the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints that set it apart from traditional christianity, many of those features developed over time. initially, there was more agreement than disagreement within the setting of frontier america \u2019 s primitive christian movement. but the book of mormon provided an obstacle for other christians, at the same time that it served as the tool for conversion of people from many other denominations. whatever belief one may hold about the divine origin of the book, it has maintained a unique place in american history and in the hearts of those who accept it. having endured scrutiny and the resulting praise and scorn of both admirers and critics for nearly 175 years, there remain millions today who believe in its message, as well as tens of thousands of new converts each year who embrace it for the first time. believers, skeptics, and scholars study the book more - or - less enthusiastically, although each for a different reason. it remains the \u201c keystone \u201d of the mormon religion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42735146716967765, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.254984"} {"text": "an important consideration when selecting a given technology is the source of that technology and the standards that it adheres to. with respect to software, there is a common distinction between \u201c open source \u201d and \u201c closed \u201d or \u201c proprietary \u201d source. open source refers to software that is distributed with its source code completely open for anyone to read and modify. source code here refers to the collection of files that contain all the \u201c instructions \u201d or code that programmers have written that are the source of a given software \u2019 s features and functionality. open source is often contrasted with proprietary or \u201c closed \u201d source technologies, those which restrict access to source code and can only be changed by the vendor. open source technologies are usually available for free, proprietary technologies usually require a licensing fee to use. open standards refer to publicly available specifications that provide a common method of achieving a particular goal. these standards are usually free to use and are often defined by formalized committees that are open to participation by any interested party. these are often coupled with open source code that provides a reference for how the standard is implemented. open standards are contrasted with \u201c closed \u201d or proprietary standards that require licensing to implement and are usually defined by individual companies or organizations. with respect to technologies used for teaching and learning, middlebury library and information services ( lis ) has had a strong commitment to both open source and open standards. in 2001 the lis curricular technology group began to develop database - driven web applications using the linux, apache, mysql and php ( lamp ) open source web platform. segue was developed at middlebury and released as open source software in 2003. segue v2 implements a set of specifications developed by the open knowledge initiative ( o. k. i. ) that continue to be promoted as open standards. other open source technologies in use at middlebury include moodle, drupal, mediawiki and wordpress. thus the curricular technology team favors open source technologies because they allows lis designers and developers to integrate such technologies with other systems on campus including other open source projects. segue itself builds upon a number of open source tools including the ckeditor. the curricular technology team also favors technologies that use open standards because they help to prevent lock in to a given application or vendor. there are exceptions to these rules. for example, proprietary technologies can certainly be good candidates for selection when they implement open standards. while the microsoft exchange server is a proprietary system, it implements a number of open standards such as ldap, imap, and sm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5381260166210113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.259684"} {"text": "- weather has been too dry and too hot for too long in texas, which is starting to look like a desert state, according to carl anderson, extension professor emeritus, texas a & m university. - anderson anticipates that as much of 50 percent of the 7. 1 million acre texas cotton crop will be lost due to extreme conditions. the 7. 1 million acres include roughly 5 million dryland acres, and about 2. 1 million irrigated. - the southeast and mid - south could produce a combined crop of between 8. 6 and 8. 8 million bales, while the far west is expected to produce a crop of between 2. 1 million and 2. 2 million bales. o. a. cleveland, professor emeritus, mississippi state university, expects the southeast cotton growing region to produce a crop of about 4. 3 million bales, with an average yield of between 700 pounds and 750 pounds. \u201c georgia was very droughty to begin with, although not to the extent of texas, \u201d cleveland said. \u201c they have had recent rains, but many are isolated and it \u2019 s caused an extremely spotty crop. you can have a lot of young cotton and a lot of old cotton in the same fields, which will without question affect yield. \u201d south alabama suffered through the same drought and isolated rains, \u201c and from central alabama south, is very much like georgia. it \u2019 s a very spotty crop and yields will be reduced. \u201d north carolina planted the third highest acreage in the united states this spring, and has had good growing conditions. remaining southeast states of virginia and south carolina are below their trend yields. cleveland says the mid - south could also produce a crop of 4. 3 million bales, \u201c with both regions together producing between 8. 6 million and 8. 8 million bales. \u201d mississippi, tennessee and south arkansas \u201c have good looking crops from the road, \u201d according to cleveland, \u201c but the crops are late. a year ago we saw crops cutting out from the drought. this year, it \u2019 s not abnormal to go out in a field and not find a bloom. they \u2019 re reasonably - sized plants, they \u2019 re just so late. \u201d cleveland says the lateness \u201c can be made up. we do it every year. we \u2019 re seeing this in the mid - south and southeast. we \u2019 re going to need a very handsome fall if we \u2019 re going to harvest a good - sized crop. if this crop gets perfect or near - perfect conditions, we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4021598768642767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.264055"} {"text": "ieee spectrum gets greener photo : loungepark / getty images what does it really mean to go \u201d green \u201d? it \u2019 s more complicated than you may realize. environmental impact is hard for any business to measure in meaningful terms, but it \u2019 s a particularly fiendish task for print publishers. as you might have guessed, some very nice trees have to be sacrificed to bring you the print edition of ieee spectrum. but that \u2019 s hardly the extent of our environmental impact. logs must be trucked to paper mills, paper mills must be run, inks must be produced, printing presses must be operated. magazines must be transported to the far corners of the globe. come to think of it, reporters must be dispatched to the far corners of the globe, too, on fuel - guzzling jumbo jets, to ensure that there are stories worth printing and that they \u2019 re not all about one country or one subject. it \u2019 s always good to start the new year on a positive note, and so we \u2019 re happy to announce that beginning with this issue, we \u2019 re moving to a more environmentally friendly paper. on the table of contents page, you \u2019 ll see our seal of approval from the sustainable forestry initiative, one of the organizations that ensure that our paper is harvested from forests that are managed in a sustainable way. it also means that 100 percent of the paper fiber used to make the magazine comes from these sources. we will also continue to explore other ways to lessen our ecological impact in the coming year. we love magazines and books, and you probably do, too. but the ugly truth is that publishing is a pretty toxic business. some say that in the united states alone 39 million trees a year are used to make magazines. and then there are the petroleum - based inks and the hard - to - recycle waste by - products and atmospheric pollution that result from putting ink to paper on a press. nevertheless, since the 1990s, paper manufacturers and printers and publishers, working together, have been striving to make things better. they \u2019 ve moved to partly soy - and vegetable - based inks ( you might have noticed more smudging on your fingers \u2014 get used to it! ). they \u2019 re now choosing from an expanding array of paper options, mixing \u201d virgin fiber \u201d \u2014 fresh - from - the - forest tree material \u2014 with recycled fiber and fiber from sustainable forests, which are maintained to meet standards set by the previously mentioned sustainable forestry initiative ( http : / / www. sfipro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4540350286224209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.268679"} {"text": ", mixing \u201d virgin fiber \u201d \u2014 fresh - from - the - forest tree material \u2014 with recycled fiber and fiber from sustainable forests, which are maintained to meet standards set by the previously mentioned sustainable forestry initiative ( http : / / www. sfiprogram. org ) and also the forest stewardship council ( http : / / www. fscus. org ). besides overseeing responsible forest - management practices, these groups also monitor the protection of water resources, biological diversity, and sacred or historical sites as part of their accreditation process. our own printer, quad graphics, has been a leader in this area since the 1970s. they recognized early that going green can make fiscal as well as environmental sense if managed properly. reducing waste and making the most of the materials you have can increase output and profit \u2014 in theory, anyway. for now, the costs are still slightly higher. like organic food, \u201d green \u201d paper is more expensive. we moved to vegetable - oil - based inks several years ago, but paper has been a different issue, and frankly, paper made the old - fashioned, environmentally unfriendly way was cheaper. but now, with traditional paper prices on the rise, paper fiber that comes from well - managed forests makes economic sense. some of you may ask, why not give up the paper edition altogether and just produce a digital edition? sounds good at first, but to our knowledge no one has yet measured the environmental impact of publishing on the internet or of creating electronic devices like the kindle or the sony reader for digital reading \u2014 not to mention the fact that some of us still like to thumb through the pages rather than the pixels of a magazine, and do it in bed or on a train. or maybe even on a fuel - guzzling jumbo jet. in the meantime though, we \u2019 re pleased to be able to move our print edition a step in a sustainable direction. there \u2019 ll be more steps in this journey. some of you will even help us on our way, designing better portable readers and more - efficient trucks and presses \u2014 and, of course, less - thirsty jumbo jets.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45110404328265685, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.269702"} {"text": "adding the lookup _ array for the match function this step covers adding the lookup _ array argument for the nested match function. the lookup _ array is the range of cells that the match function will search to find the lookup _ value argument added in the previous step of the tutorial. in this example, we want the match function to search cells d5 to g5 for a match to the name of the month that will be entered into cell e2. these steps are to be entered after the comma entered in the previous step on the col _ index _ num line in the vlookup function dialog box. - if necessary, click on the col _ index _ num line after the comma to place the insertion point at the end of the current entry. - drag select cells d5 to g5 in the worksheet to enter these cell references as the range the function is to search. - press the f4 key on the keyboard to change this range into absolute cell references. doing so will make it possible to copy the completed lookup formula to other locations in the worksheet in the last step of the tutorial - type a comma \", \" after the cell reference e3 to complete the entry of the match function ' s lookup _ array argument.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47513471182731704, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.272775"} {"text": "before mulan, there was fu hao ( ca. 1200 bce ). this shang dynasty queen was a remarkable figure : not only was she king wu ding \u2019 s wife and the mother of his children, but she was also his chief military commander. it seems to us like a strange combination, but fu hao was a very successful general, personally leading thousands of troops into battle. some scholars have even speculated that fu hao \u2019 s military prowess was the whole reason wu ding married her ; she may have been a northern princess or warlord who brought horses and chariots into the shang kingdom as part of the marriage alliance. fu hao \u2019 s name also pops up repeatedly in the oracle bone inscriptions from that time, showing that she served as a key religious official at court. there \u2019 s a lot we don \u2019 t understand about the status of women in bronze age china, but fu hao makes it clear that at least some women could play hugely significant roles in public life. the basic garment in shang dynasty times was a lapped robe with contrasting borders, belted with a broad sash. nobles also wore full underskirts beneath their robes and had fancy brocade panels hanging down from their sashes in front. as a commanding general, fu hao would have also been equipped with armor, a helmet with pheasant feathers, and a ceremonial battle axe with a silk banner. the pieces we suggest, from left to right : 1. underskirt. we chose a thai silk wrap skirt because the geometric pattern is reminiscent of shang weaving. not a lot of this will show, though, so you can certainly get away with something more basic. 2. black brocade robe with dragon and phoenix motif. also available here. this robe is probably a bit fancy for the period, but we like it because of the phoenix and dragon. these imperial symbols date right back to shang times, and in fact, fu hao \u2019 s tomb contained an exquisite carved jade phoenix ( main illustration above ). to add the contrasting borders, get four yards of jacquard ribbon and temporarily attach it with res - q tape. 3. lacquered armor. fu hao \u2019 s body armor was probably made of small squares of lacquered leather. if you \u2019 re hardcore you \u2019 ll of course want to get right to work sewing dozens of little pieces of leather together. we suggest a much quicker route that is completely inauthentic but good enough for halloween : just spray paint a piece of quilting. a bassinet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4666106455274205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.277034"} {"text": "ll of course want to get right to work sewing dozens of little pieces of leather together. we suggest a much quicker route that is completely inauthentic but good enough for halloween : just spray paint a piece of quilting. a bassinet pad is the right size for body armor and it \u2019 s already nicely finished all around the edges. apply a couple of coats of rust - oleum lacquer chinese red spray paint, and voila, you have a piece of lacquered armor. ( you might want to use a black marker pen to highlight the lines in the quilting to give it more of that lamellar look. ) if you make two pads you can have front and back armor, and then pin on a couple of short pieces of ribbon as shoulder straps. then wrap a black sash ( # 4 ) around your waist and cinch it tight. 4. sashes. you \u2019 ll need a total of three sashes for your costume. this red jacquard pattern silk scarf is for the fancy panel that hangs down in front of your robe. just fold it into a narrow band and suspend it from your waist underneath your armor. the black pashmina scarf is to cinch around your waist over the armor. the red pashmina scarf is to tie around your axe ( # 5 ) as a banner. 5. battle axe. also available here. the symbol of military authority in shang times was the yue, a huge bronze battle axe capable of slicing a person in half with a single blow. the shape of the blade on this costume axe isn \u2019 t right \u2014 the blade on a yue was more rectangular than curved \u2014 but the size is great ( 6 feet long overall ). just improve the color with some spray paint : a coat of krylon fusion blonde shimmer followed by a coat of rust - oleum aged brass. then tie your red sash ( # 4 ) around the staff as a banner. 6. general \u2019 s helmet with pheasant feathers. start with a bronze costume helmet. this one is made of flimsy latex, which is good because you need to cut off the nose piece and the cheek pieces. then get a small brass flange like the kind that \u2019 s used in table lamps ( available online or in your local hardware store ). glue the flange to the top of the helmet with some seriously powerful adhesive like gem - tac. finally, insert a couple of pheasant feathers into the flange and secure with more glue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38618283401490794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.278020"} {"text": "yoga is a spiritual tradition that began in india about 5, 000 years ago. historically its practices have been adopted by such religions as hinduism, jainism, and buddhism. however, the practice of yoga is compatible with any religion, as well as atheism. the word yoga means union in sanskrit. many of the yoga traditions believe that the practices of yoga lead to union of a person with his or her true nature, or with god or the universe ( however one wishes to conceptualize it ). how this is interpreted and the means employed to get there differ in the various yoga traditions. patanjali, author of the classic yoga text, the yoga sutra, defined yoga as the quieting of the fluctuations of the mind. from a yogic perspective, the mind, and its ceaseless internal monologue, is the source of suffering. the various yoga practices serve to calm the mind. from a wellspring of relaxed concentration - the hallmark of yoga - comes inner peace, heightened creativity, and awareness of our essential nature. when people in the west hear the word yoga, they usually think of the stretching and strengthening poses known as asana [ ahs ah nah ], which are the primary focus of most yoga classes. but asana is only one aspect of a multidimensional system that includes : there appear to be numerous benefits from the practice of yoga. arguably the most comprehensive method of stress - reduction ever developed, yoga offers numerous tools to shift the balance of the autonomic nervous system to the parasympathetic side, calm the mind, and lower the levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. this is likely to be of benefit not just for those suffering from burnout and such stress - related conditions as insomnia and irritable bowel syndrome, but also in the treatment and prevention of leading causes of death, including heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes, all of which may be adversely affected by high levels of stress. beyond stress reduction, the practice of yoga has other health benefits, including increased strength and flexibility, better balance and coordination, improved reaction times, better lung function, heightened cardiovascular conditioning, and weight loss. psychological benefits of practice include relaxation, greater equanimity, better concentration, and improved mood. there is substantial overlap between yoga practices and other mind - body therapies. biofeedback techniques, in which patients are taught to tune into sensations in their body and regulate their breathing in order to facilitate relaxation of muscles, relieve stress or warm their hands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.551265153388691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.282287"} {"text": "substantial overlap between yoga practices and other mind - body therapies. biofeedback techniques, in which patients are taught to tune into sensations in their body and regulate their breathing in order to facilitate relaxation of muscles, relieve stress or warm their hands and feet, are based on yogic principles. in addition to mind - body therapies, yoga practices have been adapted in manual therapies. a number of physical exercises used in rehabilitation from injuries are based on yoga asana ( postures ). one example is the gentle backbends often used after back injuries. there has been an increased amount of research ( particularly randomized controlled trials ) on yoga ' s effects throughout the past few decades. types of medical conditions have included psychopathological ( e. g. depression and anxiety ), cardiovascular ( e. g. hypertension, heart disease ), respiratory ( e. g. asthma ), diabetes, and others. most of this research comes from india, although there is increasing contribution from researchers in the u. s. and england. not all of this research is of high quality methodologically, but in recent years the quality has generally improved. although standardized protocols have been developed to meet the needs of scientific study, most yoga, and particularly yoga therapy, is personalized to the individual and is not strictly based on the western medical diagnosis. in addition, different techniques have different effects on each individual and even on one individual at different times or stages in his or her practice. thus, what is typically measured in scientific studies of yoga doesn ' t reflect what usually happens in the real world. yogis would also argue that the one - size - fits - all approaches used in clinical studies are likely to be much less effective than a personal yoga practice. in addition, in both india and the west, yoga is used therapeutically for many conditions based largely on experiential evidence. in north america, workshops are offered on hatha yoga for people with such conditions as hiv / aids, scoliosis, back pain, depression, pregnancy, and cancer. there are no universal standards or accreditation for either yoga teachers or yoga therapists. however, the yoga alliance is a national non - profit organization that certifies teachers from different traditions at either the 200 - or 500 - hour level of training. currently no states require licensure or certification for yoga teachers or therapists, although that may change in coming years. the training and certification of yoga teachers will vary greatly. it is helpful to ask prospective teachers to describe the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5185710523458552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.283383"} {"text": "i \u2019 m attending the mccormick energy solutions conference for journalists this week at ohio state university. andy keeler, an economist with the john glenn school of public affairs here at the university, offered six things journalist should know about greenhouse gas reduction. 1. it makes economic sense to reduce greenhouse gases. even though doing so costs money, it will end up costing us even more if we do nothing. dealing with the effects of global warming, of seeing texas and the southwest become a dustbowl, could be financially devastating. 2. cap and trade, which is the method congess is considering to regulate greenhouse gases, does two distinct things. by issuing tradable allowances for greenhouse gas emissions, the system raises the price of energy produced from greenhouse gas - heavy fossil fuels. it also generates revenue for the government by selling those allowances, and the money can be used for anything. \u201c criticism of cap and trade which mixes these two together is deliberately misleading, \u201d keeler said. 3. cap and trade creates broad and efficient incentives. using market signals as part of our response to climate change risk is good public policy. 4. who gets the money the government makes by selling allowances is a public expenditures question, not an environmental question. 5. a carbon tax and a cap and trade program have strong similarities. but the details of the program are more important than the choice between the two. keeler concludes that, even though economists tend to agree that a tax is cleaner and more elegant than a system of trading allowances, the current bill includes reasonable goals. therefore, rather than starting from scratch and renegotiating the cap, which leads to a 20 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 and an 80 percent cut by 2050, keeler prefers to stick with the current bill. 6. trade and competitiveness concerns exist, but are neither broad nor large. the bill could have significant effects on the iron, steel, aluminum, cement and paper industries, but those problems could be solved with targeted rules, rather than broad regulations. \u201c it \u2019 s not to belittle the problem for people in these industries, but it \u2019 s misleading to cast it as an overall disaster from a trade point of view, \u201d he said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46610945328275893, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.285789"} {"text": "november 10th, 2010 04 : 00 pm et nearly one in 10 children in the u. s. has been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ), and the rate appears to be growing, according to a report released wednesday by the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). the percentage of children ages 4 to 17 who have ever been diagnosed with adhd rose from 7. 8 percent to 9. 5 percent between 2003 and 2007 \u2014 a 22 percent increase, the cdc found. the report was based on the results of the national survey of children ' s health, a nationwide telephone survey of parents. the increases were especially dramatic among 15 - to 17 - year - olds and hispanics. it ' s unclear from the survey data whether the increase in diagnoses is due to an actual rise in adhd cases stemming from social or environmental factors, or to growing awareness of the disorder, the researchers say. susanna visser, an epidemiologist at the cdc and the lead author of the report, says that factors including lead exposure, low birth weight, and premature birth have all been shown to contribute to adhd symptoms. \" this collection of risk factors could be moving in a direction that causes certain demographic groups to have higher rates of adhd, \" she says. \" we have to figure out what ' s driving the change. \" getting to the root of adhd trends will require studies that follow groups of children over time, as well as genetic and mri studies, visser says. several such studies are already under way at the national institutes for health, she adds. although adhd rates went up in all 50 states, the increases were especially striking in 12 states, including indiana, north carolina, and colorado. in north carolina \u2014 which had the highest adhd prevalence in the nation \u2014 the rate rose from 9. 6 percent to 15. 6 percent, an increase of about 63 percent. those 12 states \" largely account for the increase \" nationwide, visser says. states with very high diagnosis rates included alabama ( 14 percent ), delaware ( 14 percent ), ohio ( 13 percent ), west virginia ( 13 percent ), and arkansas ( 13 percent ), in addition to north carolina. roughly half of all children diagnosed with adhd had a \" moderate \" or \" severe \" case of the disorder, and two - thirds of all children with adhd were taking medication to control it. the estimated 2. 7 million children ages 4 to 17 taking adhd drugs represent 5 percent of all children nationwide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42122385449034805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.291503"} {"text": "- green minute - green campuses - green media - contact us from the national parks conservation association : one year after the obama administration enacted new protections limiting uranium - mine development on 1 million acres around grand canyon national park, pollution and legal threats from the uranium industry remain. five uranium - industry lawsuits \u2014 one seeking upwards of $ 120 million from the united states \u2014 as well as plans to reopen two 1980s - era mines still threaten the public and traditional tribal land and water within and around grand canyon national park. \u201c grand canyon and its watershed provide important habitat for a variety of wildlife \u2014 from condors to bighorn sheep \u2014 plus it is an economic engine for northern arizona, providing jobs and important income to this rural area, \u201d said sandy bahr, director of the sierra club \u2019 s grand canyon chapter. \u201c this mineral withdrawal \u2014 stopping destructive mining activities \u2014 is critical to protecting grand canyon and the water that is the lifeblood for our communities. \u201d the administration finalized the million - acre \u201c mineral withdrawal \u201d around grand canyon on jan. 9, 2012, following regional and national uproar over the potential impacts of a new uranium - mining boom in the world - famous landscape. the withdrawal prohibits new mining claims and mine development on old claims that lack proven ore reserves and valid rights to mine. \u201c after an extensive review process and substantial public participation, secretary salazar made a strong, affirmative decision to protect one of the world \u2019 s most enduring landscapes and the sustained health of indigenous communities that live within the watershed of the grand canyon, \u201d said dave nimkin of the national parks conservation association. \u201c current efforts to compromise that bold and appropriate decision put all of us at risk. \u201d five lawsuits from the uranium industry and its supporters were filed in 2012 challenging the withdrawal ; one was withdrawn, and four were consolidated into one suit, now before a federal district court in arizona. to defend the withdrawal, the havasupai tribe and conservation groups have intervened in that suit. \u201c the grand canyon and lands, watersheds and communities around it should not become dotted with mines and crisscrossed by roads and heavy trucks carting radioactive material, \u201d said ted zukoski, an attorney representing tribal and conservation groups opposing the industry lawsuits. \u201c we \u2019 ll continue the fight to protect the area \u2019 s people, wildlife and life - giving waters. \u201d london - based vane minerals withdrew its suit challenging the mining restrictions late last month, opting instead to sue the united states in the court of claims. in that pending suit, vane claims that the new restrictions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4238723449268644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.295888"} {"text": ", wildlife and life - giving waters. \u201d london - based vane minerals withdrew its suit challenging the mining restrictions late last month, opting instead to sue the united states in the court of claims. in that pending suit, vane claims that the new restrictions on mining entitle it to $ 120 million - plus from u. s. taxpayers. the kaibab national forest in april granted mining rights to energy fuels for the canyon mine along grand canyon \u2019 s south rim and within the withdrawal area. in june the forest announced that it would allow energy fuels to reopen the canyon mine without updating its 27 - year - old \u201c environmental impact statement. \u201d the mine is adjacent to red butte, an area sacred to the havasupai, who in the 1990s waged a years - long court battle to block the mine. \u201c the obama administration \u2019 s agencies are allowing old mines to reopen without updating ancient environmental studies, \u201d said taylor mckinnon, public lands campaigns director with the center for biological diversity. \u201c these mines will bring the same pollution the mineral restrictions intended to block. their approval in the 1980s was a terrible idea ; allowing them to reopen now on the basis of out - of - date science is even worse. \u201d the bureau of land management is allowing energy fuels to prepare a second mine, the pinenut mine located north of grand canyon, for opening. like the forest service, the blm has not updated 1980s - era environmental reviews for that mine or for the nearby arizona 1 mine, which began operations in 2009, and which tribes and conservation groups have sued to halt. that litigation is now before the 9th circuit court of appeals. \u201c decades of uranium mining in the region have left a toxic legacy that has permanently polluted surface and groundwater and continues to threaten people \u2019 s lives, the park, and plant and animal communities for centuries, \u201d said roger clark of the grand canyon trust. \u201c grand canyon national park recently spent $ 15 million to remove radioactive machinery and topsoil from the orphan mine, which pose health risks to endangered condors and visitors to popular canyon overlooks. mining is a boom - and - bust industry that harms tourism and robs local economies of long - term benefits from grand canyon \u2019 s enduring and unpolluted landscapes. \u201d uranium pollution already plagues the grand canyon and surrounding area. the navajo nation has several hundred abandoned uranium mines that have yet to be cleaned up. because dozens of new mines threatened to industrialize valued lands, destroy wildlife habitat and permanently pollute or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.398792773831482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.296994"} {"text": "i recently came across erik erikson \u2019 s stages of psychosocial development and i found it extremely applicable to how and why we have become love addicts and more so, how we can follow a clearer path to a better sense of self and healing. i \u2019 m sure many of us can take a look at these stages and say \u201c yes! i fell apart on several of these important stages and went the poorly managed route! \u201d but that \u2019 s not the point of this reading. the point is to see what stages you did not develop well and try to redevelop them. for example, in my own experience i deal with a lot of guilt issues, self doubt and feeling that i am not capable of achieving certain ( rather realistic ) goals. according to erikson, i need to work on taking more initiative so that i can build confidence in this area and thus, grow and mature more healthily. hope this helps someone out there! what is psychosocial development? erik erikson \u2019 s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best - known theories of personality in psychology. much like sigmund freud, erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. unlike freud \u2019 s theory of psychosexual stages, erikson \u2019 s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. one of the main elements of erikson \u2019 s psychosocial stage theory is the develoment of ego identity. 1 ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. according to erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experience and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. in addition to ego identity, erikson also believed that a sense of competence also motivates behaviors and actions. each stage in erikson \u2019 s theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. if the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery, which he sometimes referred to as ego strength or ego quality. 2 if the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy. in each stage, erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. in erikson \u2019 s view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. during these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure. psychosocial stage 1 \u2013 trust vs. mistrust the first stage of erikson \u2019 s theory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5233937144755231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.303622"} {"text": "psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. during these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure. psychosocial stage 1 \u2013 trust vs. mistrust the first stage of erikson \u2019 s theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. 2 because an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child \u2019 s caregivers. if a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable. psychosocial stage 2 \u2013 autonomy vs. shame and doubt the second stage of erikson \u2019 s theory of psychosocial development takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control. 2 like freud, erikson believed that toilet training was a vital part of this process. however, erikson \u2019 s reasoning was quite different then that of freud \u2019 s. erikson believe that learning to control one \u2019 s body functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence. other important events include gaining more control over food choices, toy preferences, and clothing selection. children who successfully complete this stage feel secure and confident, while those who do not are left with a sense of inadequacy and self - doubt. psychosocial stage 3 \u2013 initiative vs. guilt during the preschool years, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction. children who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to lead others. those who fail to acquire these skills are left with a sense of guilt, self - doubt and lack of initiative. 3 psychosocial stage 4 \u2013 industry vs. inferiority this stage covers the early school years from approximately age 5 to 11. through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence and belief in their skills. those who receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their ability to be successful. psychosocial stage 5 \u2013 identity vs. confusion during adolescence, children are exploring their independence and developing a sense of self. those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5350726010441713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.306588"} {"text": "parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their ability to be successful. psychosocial stage 5 \u2013 identity vs. confusion during adolescence, children are exploring their independence and developing a sense of self. those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will insecure and confused about themselves and the future. psychosocial stage 6 \u2013 intimacy vs. isolation this stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships. erikson believed it was vital that people develop close, committed relationships with other people. those who are successful at this step will develop relationships that are committed and secure. remember that each step builds on skills learned in previous steps. erikson believed that a strong sense of personal identity was important to developing intimate relationships. studies have demonstrated that those with a poor sense of self tend to have less committed relationships and are more likely to suffer emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression. psychosocial stage 7 \u2013 generativity vs. stagnation during adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career and family. those who are successful during this phase will feel that they are contributing to the world by being active in their home and community. those who fail to attain this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world. psychosocial stage 8 \u2013 integrity vs. despair this phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life. those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. the individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair. those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. these individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death. more about erikson and psychosocial stages 1 erikson, e. h. ( 1968 ). identity : youth and crisis. new york : norton. 2 erikson, e. h. ( 1963 ). childhood and society. ( 2nd ed. ). new york : norton. 3 carver, c. s. & scheir, m. f. ( 2000 ). perspectives on personality. needham heights, ma : allyn & bacon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.530442554377383, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.308019"} {"text": "thursday march 6, 2008 origins of the borrowed words by lynne mcgready borrowed or loaned or stolen words?? does is it really matter? in my last article on this subject ( feb 22 ), i put forward a very easy challenge : \u201c can you find the words ( in this list ) that were borrowed from other languages? \u201d i am confident that many readers were able to find or already know the etymology or history of some of the words in the list. not all of the words were borrowed but each and every one of them has a history or what i like to call a \u201c beginning \u201d. so, here are the answers, as i know them. typhoon : a violent tropical storm. the arabs say that the word is an adaptation of their arabic word tufan. the greeks say, \u201c no way! it \u2019 s ours. we say typhon which means violent storm. \u201d another suggestion is that the word was from the cantonese tai fung, meaning great wind. loot : things stolen during pillaging... ermm? pillaging? you mean looting or stealing? yes. and its origin was in india, in the hindi language to be exact. ginger : when i researched the etymology of this word, my first concerns were : \u201c how am i going to simplify the explanation of its beginnings as it has been influenced by the many periods of the english language \u2013 middle english gingerer, old english and then greek zingier? \u201d then i found that the one i liked was the tamil inci, which means ginger, and veer, which means root. shampoo : this was a little bit of a surprise! this word is borrowed from the anglo - indian word shampoo! it originated in the hindi word champ, which means to smear, massage using the flowers of a plant called the michelin champak. i know i met someone in kuala lumpur called champak who told me her name was the name of a flower! a small world of words? compound : guess what? compound originated in the 1600s from the malay word kampong! i think this deserves an \u201c ah ha! \u201d as we think about the definition of the word as \u201c a village or group of buildings \u201d. the english borrowed the word to describe an enclosure for a factory or a settlement of europeans in the east. bandanna : i thought this word was one that originated in spain or mexico only to find that it is from the hindi word bandhnu and from the sanskrit word badhnati, which means", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5081236544067069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.316461"} {"text": "a factory or a settlement of europeans in the east. bandanna : i thought this word was one that originated in spain or mexico only to find that it is from the hindi word bandhnu and from the sanskrit word badhnati, which means \u201c to bind \u201d. perhaps i had visions of the handsome spanish actor antonio banderas on a horse, wearing a red bandanna on his head and? cumquat or kumquat : i have eaten many a slice of toast covered in cumquat jam. i never thought to ask about its origins. it is a fruit grown in japan, korea, china, vietnam and even malaysia. but the origin of the word is from canton in china \u2013 gam gwat, or gan ju in mandarin. ( i must find the bahasa malaysia name for it! ) amok : this is a word i love! my mother used to threaten my brother and me with \u201c no going away during your school vacation if you continue to run amuck while i am at work \u201d. ( our nanny was the squealer! ) it never occurred to me that this word was first recorded from the malay amok, which means attacking furiously or a frenzied person. i have been enlightened. gong : from the malay word gong. the sound of the instrument when struck? shanghai : this is an easy one and used mainly to describe a situation that a sailor might find himself in when he is kidnapped to work on a ship sailing to places like shanghai in china. junk : a chinese sailing ship but... from the malay word jong or javanese djong, which i have been told means large boat or ship. kowtow : the chinese had a custom of touching the ground with their forehead as a sign of submission or respect. in hanyu pinyin, it is spelt kou tou. pariah : i thought this word simply meant \u201c mongrel dog \u201d. of course not! it has been borrowed directly from the derogatory tamil word paraiyar because it was applied to people who were of a low caste and / or social outcasts! this word has been deleted from my vocabulary, effective immediately. bangle : a simple one. a ring shaped bracelet borrowed from the hindi word bangri, which means coloured glass bracelet or anklet. mango : hmmm, this was interesting and a bit of a battle between languages. is it from the malay word mangga or the tamil word man, meaning mango tree, + kay,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5117007021573587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.317451"} {"text": "bangri, which means coloured glass bracelet or anklet. mango : hmmm, this was interesting and a bit of a battle between languages. is it from the malay word mangga or the tamil word man, meaning mango tree, + kay, which means fruit? silk : from the chinese word si, the manchurian word sirghe, then borrowed into greek as serikos, and on and on... alcohol : an easy but interesting one. ladies, have you ever used kohl to darken your eyelids? al kuhul was the powder used to darken eyes. then the definition moved to al gawl, meaning the spirit which is also the origin of the word ghoul. thug : \u201c you useless member of a gang of murderers and robbers and cheats and swindlers! \u201d said the person in hindi before it was borrowed by the english. cockatoo : i thought this was an australian word and bird! in fact, it has been borrowed from the malay word kakak tua, meaning older sister. ouch! orang - utan : everyone knows this one. jungle : borrowed from the hindi word jangal, which means desert, forest, wasteland. weird! i always imagined a jungle as being forest with lots of trees, humidity and rain, rain and more rain. punch : here is one for those of you who like a little \u2018 punch \u2019 at parties but are never quite sure what the ingredients are. this is a word said to be borrowed from the hindi word panch, which means five. five spirits, or four spirits and water, or three spirits, water and lemon juice, or? cot : from the hindi word khat or small bed. gung ho : this story must be told. the original chinese word kung he means to co - operate. then a colonel in the us marine corps, stationed in china in the 1930s, was so impressed with the attitude of the people in the cooperatives he visited, he chose \u201c gung ho \u201d as the motto for his battalion. it is said that by the end of world war ii, these same words were being used throughout the american marine corps to express a \u201c can do \u201d attitude. anaconda : if you watched the movie of the same title, you probably thought it was south american. in actual fact, all i could find were suggestions that ranged from sinhalese henacandaya or whip snake to tamil anaikkonda, which is supposed to mean \u201c having killed an elephant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5252955598261753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.318400"} {"text": "most of you have probably never heard of comodo, yet this medium - sized security company is directly responsible for last week \u2019 s apple security updates for mac os x and ios. in fact, comodo is responsible for security updates issued for every major web browser and consumer operating system over the past few weeks. how does one relatively unknown security company trigger a rash of updates in so many different products? the answer reveals more about flaws in the chain of trust of the internet than any particular product weaknesses. among other aspects of their business, comodo is a provider of the digital certificates that power the encrypted ssl / tls ( generally shortened to just ssl ) connections we use to protect our communications over the internet. whenever you see the little lock icon in the corner of your browser you are using ssl. it means your connection is encrypted, and that, supposedly, the web site you are visiting really is what it says it is. this technology is used to secure your connections to everything from mobileme to your bank. ssl is also used to protect other connections and protocols \u2014 including secure email and certain vpns. ssl relies on digital certificates \u2014 special files that use different aspects of cryptography, including cryptographic signatures \u2014 to build a chain of trust. certificates are used to sign other certificates in a highly secure fashion that identifies every member of the entire chain, allowing your computer to decide who to trust. these chains always lead back to a root certificate authority ( ca ). all web browsers, and most operating systems, include the public certificates for cas trusted by the browser or os manufacturer, which enables your computer to know who to trust without you having to make the decision yourself. normally this system works well. our banks and other online providers purchase ssl certificates from the cas, which validate the identity of the company and issue the certificate ( a file ) signed by the ca. the customer company then installs that file on their web server to enable secure connections. people who don \u2019 t want to pay for a signed certificate ( which can be expensive ) can generate their own, but since such self - signed certificates aren \u2019 t signed by a root ca, anyone visiting the site will see a warning from their browser and have to make a manual exception to accept it. ( very large companies often set up their own ca and install their certificate on employee systems to skip this warning ). but there are three cases where the system can break down. in the first, someone creates a fake certificate with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5246720032346235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.325315"} {"text": "to accept it. ( very large companies often set up their own ca and install their certificate on employee systems to skip this warning ). but there are three cases where the system can break down. in the first, someone creates a fake certificate with the name of a real site and tricks the user into accepting it. the second problem is if the certificate authority issues a certificate for the wrong company. we \u2019 ve seen this happen a few times for companies like microsoft, and the electronic frontier foundation \u2019 s ssl observatory project, which tracks the over 650 cas, found numerous certificates issued for names like \u201c localhost \u201d and \u201c exchange \u201d that could be used by an attacker in what \u2019 s called a \u201c man in the middle attack. \u201d it \u2019 s also suspected that less - than - friendly foreign governments issue certificates for known sites to intercept citizen and visitor traffic. the third and final case is what comodo experienced on 15 march 2011. an attacker, believed to be a student from iran, compromised a comodo reseller and issued valid certificates for seven major domains including microsoft, yahoo, skype, and mozilla. comodo responded immediately, adding those certificates to its revocation list, and mozilla and microsoft released updates for firefox and windows on 22 march and 23 march 2011. technically, all browsers and operating systems will check for revoked certificates, but since this activity can be blocked ( and is often disabled ), the only certain way to remove the certificates is by blacklisting them using software updates. apple followed with their updates on 15 april 2011 ( see below ), and rolled in some additional small changes. as well as ssl works, incidents like this highlight the weaknesses in the system ( covered in depth in this excellent economist article by our own glenn fleishman ). with so many certificate authorities, including some with poor business processes, it is nearly impossible to assure that our chain of trust is actually trustworthy. while this shouldn \u2019 t change your online practices today, it \u2019 s worth understanding the system and keeping a skeptical eye in case you notice something unusual. meanwhile, here \u2019 s additional information about apple \u2019 s updates. ios 4. 3. 2 - - the most significant of the updates, ios 4. 3. 2 goes beyond the security problems to fix an issue that occasionally caused blank or frozen video during a facetime call, and also addresses a problem that prevented some international users from connecting to 3g networks on the 3g ipad. on the security side, along with blacklisting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48819146070058744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.326296"} {"text": "problems to fix an issue that occasionally caused blank or frozen video during a facetime call, and also addresses a problem that prevented some international users from connecting to 3g networks on the 3g ipad. on the security side, along with blacklisting the spurious updates, ios 4. 3. 2 includes fixes for a problem with library randomization, a pair of webkit vulnerabilities, and a quick look vulnerability. security update 2011 - 002 - - this update, available for mac os x 10. 6. 7 snow leopard ( 4. 43 mb ), 10. 5. 8 leopard ( 241. 35 mb ), and 10. 5. 8 leopard server ( 473. 19 mb ), includes only the fix necessary to blacklist the spurious certificates. ios 4. 2. 7 for iphone ( cdma ) - - this update, available only via itunes, updates ios 4. 2. 5 or 4. 2. 6 running on the cdma - based verizon iphone 4 to address not just the spurious certificates, but also ios 4. 3. 2 \u2019 s webkit and quick look vulnerabilities. safari 5. 0. 5 - - as you might expect, safari 5. 0. 5 mimics the changes in ios, blacklisting the spurious certificates and rolling in the webkit fixes, which presumably also patch webkit for all other applications that use it ( ranging from itunes to google chrome ). safari 5. 0. 5 requires either mac os x 10. 5. 8 or mac os x 10. 6. 5 or later and is a 46. 83 mb download.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45078708524103506, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.326834"} {"text": "schools require that kids have certain immunizations before they can attend. most vaccinations are given before kids turn two but school - aged children can expect booster shots during their annual visit to the pediatrician. many doctors recommend the following immunizations : hepatitis b vaccine ( hbv ), hepatitis a ( hav ), pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ( pcv ), dtap ( diphtheria, tetanus and petussis ), haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria ( hib ), inactivated poliovirus vaccine ( ipv ), mmr ( measles, mumps, rubella ), varicella ( chickenpox ), mcv4 ( meningitis ), rotavirus, human papillomavirus ( hpv ), and influenza. some immunizations may cause discomfort, pain or fever so be armed with acetaminophen or ibuprofen ( with doctor ' s approval, of course ). why shouldn ' t we vaccinate our children? some parents are uncomfortable having their children receive vaccinations because of potential risks. our advice? talk to your doctor and do your research to make an informed decision about what ' s best for your family. also, read this informative article by howstuffworks. com writer josh clark for more in - depth information. http : / / tlc. discovery. com / family / kids - health / why - shouldnt - we - vaccinate - our - children. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39093159122384236, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.329548"} {"text": "when pablo picasso presented his first cubist paintings to the world, even most educated people thought them hideous and irrational, yet his peers saw them to be ingenious. likewise, albert einstein \u2019 s theory of relativity was equally baffling to the uninitiated. but to those who were knowledgeable about both art and physics, parallels would have been recognized between einstein \u2019 s new visions of reality and picasso \u2019 s paintings that could be viewed from multiple points of view in simultaneous space and time. they also would have guessed correctly that picasso \u2019 s revolutionary paintings were influenced by einstein \u2019 s visionary physics. and it has become evident to me, after working with science and art students for two years on collaborative projects, that the humanities and sciences must be united \u2013 for our collective future success. at the highest levels of innovative thought, art and physics share one common goal : the investigation of reality. art tends to communicate through metaphor and poetics. science communicates through logic and mathematics. both disciplines seek to foster and produce creative and innovative problem solvers. one way students of the arts and sciences can communicate with one another to enhance opportunities for success and educational enrichment is through collaborative activities. two almost overlapping events in orlando \u2013 a ucf / national science foundation - sponsored art exhibition and a national physics - students convention \u2013 serve as examples where both disciplines were enhanced by the other. one event is a steam exhibition, \u201c searching for ultimate truth in science and art, \u201d to be held thursday, nov. 15, from 5 : 30 to 9 p. m. at ucf \u2019 s center for emerging media in downtown orlando. steam stands for science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics, and the exhibition of paintings, posters and sculptures responds to and attempts to interpret current breakthroughs and issues in science. the posters are a result of collaborations between science and art students. the works attempt to visually illustrate the complex concepts behind cutting - edge scientific research, some literally and others abstractly. the paintings and sculptures are inspired by various presentations in science and engineering by ucf scientists and their students. in these pieces the art students have attempted to communicate their own imaginative conceptions of reality through visual metaphor. some serve as commentaries on the potentials for both good and harm to humanity and the earth. the other event was the quadrennial physics congress, \u201c connecting worlds through science and service, \u201d this past weekend in orlando. the theme was \u201c scientific citizenship. \u201d as a brochure announced : \u201c from global warming to facebook to the international space station", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5959479900685958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.335211"} {"text": "was the quadrennial physics congress, \u201c connecting worlds through science and service, \u201d this past weekend in orlando. the theme was \u201c scientific citizenship. \u201d as a brochure announced : \u201c from global warming to facebook to the international space station, we \u2019 re realizing now, more than ever, how connected we all are \u2013 as physicists, as scientists, as members of society, as humans, and as part of a vast universe. \u201d at the congress, it was repeatedly acknowledged that as scientific research and knowledge become increasingly more specialized and complex, outreach and education becomes more important. two popular sessions during the gathering highlighted that one way to communicate complex ideas is through art and emerging media. an example of a professional who has crossed both disciplines is henry reich, the creator and animator of a popular youtube video series called \u201c minutephysics \u201d that explains \u201c cool topics in physics. \u201d another example in which science and the humanities converge in contemporary pop culture is the tv sitcom \u201c the big bang theory. \u201d at the physics congress we met david saltzberg, who is the science consultant to the show. his contribution is to work with the artists \u2013 the script writers, art directors, prop designers and actors \u2013 to make sure the science behind the show is correct. university undergraduate and graduate arts programs across the country are encouraging and teaching students to reach out into their communities to initiate and facilitate public art and collaborative art - related activities among citizens. like scientists, artists realize their discipline is in no way isolated. jordan guzman, a bachelor of fine arts painting major, won a first - place award in the art contest at the physics congress in the category of \u201c connecting worlds. \u201d she and many other art students at ucf are becoming increasingly intrigued with science, especially physics, because of educational collaborations between the arts and sciences through ucf \u2019 s 2 - year - old steam project. the first ucf steam exhibition of science - themed artworks was last spring. more than 500 visitors attended the two - day exhibition, many of whom were k - 12 students. the artworks provided a visual doorway to the science behind the images, sparking enthusiasm and conversation about both the science and the art. the show illustrated how images that emerge from collaborations between science and art students can provide provocative points of view to contemplate and discuss outside the traditional science classroom. as florida and other states wrestle with current pressing issues of how best to fund and facilitate effective educational preparedness for future students, perhaps legislators could take a larger view of the long - term issues facing our young people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5554464942600378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.336298"} {"text": "by dan whitcomb los angeles ( reuters ) - four petroglyphs carved into volcanic rock more than 3, 500 years ago have been hacked out and stolen by thieves who also damaged other engravings at a historic site in california, u. s. authorities said on tuesday. the petroglyphs in the volcanic tablelands east of yosemite represented a \" pristine example of great basin rock art \" that portrayed the daily hunter - gatherer activities that took place in the area, the bureau of land management said. \" the individuals who did this have destroyed an irreplaceable part of our national cultural heritage, \" bernadette lovato, bureau of land management field office manager, said in a statement. \" we have increased surveillance of our sites and are working with other agencies to bring the responsible parties to justice and to recover the petroglyphs, \" lovato said. it was not immediately clear when the petroglyphs, or rock engravings, were removed from the site near california ' s border with nevada. a volunteer monitor first spotted the damage on october 31, bureau spokesman david christy said. \" this is terrible. this place is on the national register of historic places, \" christy told reuters. \" among the rock art community, it ' s known as one of the outstanding examples of rock art. \" christy said the thieves would have needed ladders, concrete cutting saws and power generators to cut out the petroglyphs - not a fast or easy job. \" this wasn ' t casual, somebody walking around picking up arrowheads. this was a serious effort, \" he said. no suspects have been identified so far. christy said the petroglyphs had not yet surfaced on the black market for stolen antiquities. the volcanic tablelands are described by the bureau of land management as a vast volcanic landscape formed more than 700, 000 years ago by materials spewing from the long valley caldera to the northwest. the high - desert site and its volcanic rock outcroppings are listed in the national register of historic places, protected under the archaeological resources protection act and still used by local paiute indians for ceremonies. \" the location of archaeological materials, feature remains and the rock art clearly portray the activities that occurred at the site during the last 3, 500 years, \" greg haverstock, an archaeologist for the bureau of land management ' s field office in bishop, california, said in a statement. the bureau of land management has offered a $ 1, 000 reward for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3737133379040548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.341248"} {"text": "march 5, 2008 > do you or a loved one suffer from asthma? do you or a loved one suffer from asthma? washington hospital seminar focuses on the chronic lung disease breathing isn ' t something most of us think about. we just do it. but imagine trying to breathe through a straw. that ' s how many people describe what it feels like to have asthma, a chronic lung disease that affects your ability to breathe. in the last three decades, asthma has become an epidemic. nearly 5 million californians have the disease, according to the american lung association of california. \" there is no cure for asthma, but most people can control their symptoms, \" said dr. jeffrey kishiyama, an allergist and immunologist who will present an upcoming asthma seminar at washington hospital. \" do you or a loved one suffer from asthma? \" is scheduled for 1 p. m. on tuesday, march 11, at the conference center next to washington hospital ' s nakamura clinic, 33077 alvarado niles road, in union city. for more information or to reserve a space, call ( 800 ) 963 - 7070. \" i will talk about what happens inside your lungs when you have asthma, \" kishiyama said. \" if you understand what ' s happening, it ' s easier to understand how the medications work. \" asthma causes the inside of the airways to become inflamed and swollen, which restricts the flow of air. symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and trouble breathing, especially at night and in the early morning. however, not all people have these symptoms and symptoms may vary from one asthma episode to the next. they can range from mildly annoying to life - threatening. asthma symptoms also differ in how often they occur. some people have symptoms every day while others only experience them once a week or month. scientists aren ' t sure what causes asthma. it may be a combination of things, including a family history of asthma and allergies. new research also suggests being exposed to tobacco smoke, infections, air pollution, and some allergens early in life may increase your chances of developing asthma. \" asthma seems to be a consequence of genes combined with environmental exposures, \" kishiyama said. \" researchers are investigating what those exposure factors might include. \" controlling symptoms is key it is clear that environmental factors such as allergens like dust and pollen and irritants like smoke and air pollution can bring on asthma symptoms. kishiyama will discuss these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44786116417834015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.344783"} {"text": "are investigating what those exposure factors might include. \" controlling symptoms is key it is clear that environmental factors such as allergens like dust and pollen and irritants like smoke and air pollution can bring on asthma symptoms. kishiyama will discuss these and other asthma triggers and the role they play. \" people with asthma need to learn how to control their asthma symptoms by avoiding the conditions that bring them on and properly using their prescribed medications, \" kishiyama said. he will discuss the various medications available and how they work. there are two main types for controlling asthma symptoms, including quick - relief medicines and long - term therapies. medications that provide instant relief are often called rescue inhalers. they are taken at the first signs of asthma symptoms and provide quick relief by immediately opening up the airways. long - term control medicines are taken every day over long periods of time to prevent symptoms and serious asthma episodes. you don ' t feel the full effects of these medicines until after a couple weeks. it ' s important to work with your doctor to develop an asthma self - management plan for keeping your asthma under control. these plans include the medications you should take and how often along with other steps you need to take to properly manage your asthma. with proper asthma management, most people with the disease can keep their symptoms under control and live a normal life. but when asthma goes uncontrolled or undiagnosed, it can be life - threatening. to learn more about asthma, attend the upcoming seminar. to reserve a space, call ( 800 ) 963 - 7070. for more information about other washington hospital programs and services, visit www. whhs. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43022599634988473, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.345597"} {"text": "finding resources for an academic paper an academic paper focuses on an argument the author supports. in it, an author may include a literature review, or a section exploring the sources on the subject, combining both summary and synthesis of information. the university of florida libraries offers hundreds of databases researchers can use to explore the literature and find resources important for developing an argument. at the education library, resources collected support the 26 academic degree programs in the college of education focusing on teaching and learning ; educational administration and policy ; special education ; counselor education ; and educational psychology. this breadth of resources can be overwhelming. to help reduce the anxiety of research, this guide and each subject page ( linked above ) are intended to help navigate the researcher through the variety of book and article resources available. finding library books search the library catalog to locate books, electronic books, multimedia, reports and other materials held by the education library and other uf libraries across campus. using the subject headings found in the full record for materials matching your research interests can lead you to other resources held by the libraries. note too that you can also browse library books using call numbers to locate specific ranges appropriate for your topics. use this browsing guide to discover where to begin! database selection is an important step in the literature review process. the librarians at the education library have identified key databases for use by researchers and students interested in topics in education. these databases have varying coverage of publication types ( including journals, magazines, newspapers, conference proceedings, reviews, reports and book articles ) and coverage dates, but all contain resources for research in education. many contain full text content which enables the researcher to view the full article online. because the libraries pay for access to these databases, they require login when used off campus. please review this access page to learn how uf affiliates can connect to these resources. articles and other secondary sources of information are available using education full text ( 1983 to date ) and education full - text retrospective ( 1929 - 1983 ). the professional development collection is also useful for educators to find appropriate literature. in addition, eric, which is a collection sponsored by the u. s. department of education, institute of education sciences, provides access to journal articles, books, research syntheses, conference papers, technical reports, policy papers, and other education - related materials. the eric database provides bibliographic information of more than 1. 1 million citations on education topics going back to 1966 and also provides full text sources. other article databases with citation or full text coverage include jstor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4589972173774858, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.349016"} {"text": "and other education - related materials. the eric database provides bibliographic information of more than 1. 1 million citations on education topics going back to 1966 and also provides full text sources. other article databases with citation or full text coverage include jstor ( full e - journal database ), academic search premier ( multidisciplinary database with full text ), web of science ( multidisciplinary citation database ), and lexisnexis academic ( full text newspaper database with limited legal ( court cases and legislative ) and medical resources ). other databases listed on the key databases page offer specific subject emphasis for counseling and psychology topics ( psycnet, psycinfo, and mental measurements yearbook ( a comprehensive guide to over 2, 000 contemporary testing instruments ) ). though these are the recommended databases to use for topics in education, more education databases are available. please note that because some of these databases only provide the citation and abstract, you will need to click on the to discover if the article is available in full text from another subscription database or if the journal is held in the collection ( search uf library catalog ). finding other sources of information other types of information, such as statistics, may be necessary to support your argument. the educational statistics page provides links to many resources that can lead to statistical information. some general information can be found in encyclopedic and other reference sources ; visit the education library reference collection in norman hall, or the gale virtual library which includes several education ( and related subject ) reference sources.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4728571110901388, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.349812"} {"text": "well it \u2019 s been quite a while, but i think i can carve out the time to move forwards again. i was all set to start with lie algebras today, only to find that i \u2019 ve already defined them over a year ago. so let \u2019 s pick up with a recap : a lie algebra is a module \u2014 usually a vector space over a field \u2014 called and give it a bilinear operation which we write as. we often require such operations to be associative, but this time we impose the following two conditions : now, as long as we \u2019 re not working in a field where \u2014 and usually we \u2019 re not \u2014 we can use bilinearity to rewrite the first condition : so. this antisymmetry always holds, but we can only go the other way if the character of is not, as stated above. the second condition is called the \u201c jacobi identity \u201d, and antisymmetry allows us to rewrite it as : that is, bilinearity says that we have a linear mapping that sends an element to a linear endomorphism in. and the jacobi identity says that this actually lands in the subspace of \u201c derivations \u201d \u2014 those which satisfy something like the leibniz rule for derivatives. to see what i mean, compare to the product rule : where takes the place of, takes the place of, and takes the place of. and the operations are changed around. but you should see the similarity. lie algebras obviously form a category whose morphisms are called lie algebra homomorphisms. just as we might expect, such a homomorphism is a linear map that preserves the bracket : we can obviously define subalgebras and quotient algebras. subalgebras are a bit more obvious than quotient algebras, though, being just subspaces that are closed under the bracket. quotient algebras are more commonly called \u201c homomorphic images \u201d in the literature, and we \u2019 ll talk more about them later. we will take as a general assumption that our lie algebras are finite - dimensional, though infinite - dimensional ones absolutely exist and are very interesting. and i \u2019 ll finish the recap by reminding you that we can get lie algebras from associative algebras ; any associative algebra can be given a bracket defined by the above link shows that this satisfies the jacobi identity, or you can take it as an exercise.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6132219270720292, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.352617"} {"text": "360 pp., 6. 125 x 9. 25, 22 illus., 7 tables, appends., notes, bibl., index in a provocative assessment of american poverty and policy from 1950 to the present, frank stricker examines an era that has seen serious discussion about the causes of poverty and unemployment. analyzing the war on poverty, theories of the culture of poverty and the underclass, the effects of reaganomics, and the 1996 welfare reform, stricker demonstrates that most antipoverty approaches are futile without the presence ( or creation ) of good jobs. stricker notes that since the 1970s, u. s. poverty levels have remained at or above 11 %, despite training programs and periods of economic growth. the creation of jobs has continued to lag behind the need for them. stricker argues that a serious public debate is needed about the job situation ; social programs must be redesigned, a national health care program must be developed, and economic inequality must be addressed. he urges all sides to be honest - - if we don ' t want to eliminate poverty, then we should say so. but if we do want to reduce poverty significantly, he says, we must expand decent jobs and government income programs, redirecting national resources away from the rich and toward those with low incomes. why america lost the war on poverty - - and how to win it is sure to prompt much - needed debate on how to move forward. \" what is most powerful about stricker ' s overview is how he consistently presents the political and economic decisions that have sustained poverty over a half century. \" - - journal of social history \" trac [ es ] poverty policy and programs in the united states from a refreshingly structuralist point of view.... an impressive account of the historical mechanics of poverty in the united states and a rich description of how politics and culture shape the poverty discussion and resulting policy interventions. \" - - journal of sociology and social welfare \" no other book so effectively locates antipoverty policy right where it belongs, in america \u2019 s political economy.... on economic policy, stricker is provocative and incisive. \" \" frank stricker ' s iconoclastic book uses historical analysis to challenge the conventional wisdom about the nature of poverty in america. this is a sobering but engrossing account of an important subject, written with scholarly authority in an entertaining, even inviting, style. \" - - edward d. berkowitz, george", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5194210189359736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.356759"} {"text": "wed december 5, 2012 how history created the cult of the catcher neal conan, host : earlier this week, deacon white was elected to the baseball hall of fame. and yes, we know, you ' ve never heard of him. white ' s career began in 1871, at the dawn of professional baseball. he played catcher in the days when catchers use no equipment at all : no glove, no pads, no facemask. they became heroes celebrated for their courage and their wits, and deacon white stood out as one of the best. baseball historian peter morris serves on what used to be called the veteran ' s committee at cooperstown. it ' s now called the pre - integration era committee. he ' s also the author of \" catcher : how the man behind the plate became an american folk hero \" and joins us now from the studios at michigan radio in ann arbor. good to have you with us today. peter morris : my pleasure to be here, neal. conan : and in your book, you argue that the generation that came of age after the civil war looked around for some heroes and found them behind home plate. morris : yeah. it ' s hard to understand today just how much the catcher, especially in the 1870s, dominated the baseball game. a single baseball game was - really revolved around the catcher ' s ability to harness what the pitcher was pitching, and everything revolves around that. the pitcher couldn ' t use his best pitches if he had - he didn ' t have confident - confidence in the catcher. so he really was a sort of iconic folk hero, dominated the game in a way that i think no player ever has before or since and - at a point to where people resented it and would say, you know, this is a game played by two players while the other seven just kind of watch. conan : the pitcher and the catcher and everybody else watches. the catcher ' s - well, we are familiar with the crouched position right behind home plate. that was not what they did in the 1870s. morris : no. they stood, sometimes a little stooped but mostly straight up, and they would just catch the ball and be ready to throw it to bases immediately. and the way that they would throw it sort of made them look like gunslingers. and so that really fed into the whole icon of them, the whole idea of them as american folk heroes. conan : folk heroes. give us some idea. you quote any number of sources, literary and otherwise, in your book who worshipped these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46061442704419275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.365789"} {"text": ". and so that really fed into the whole icon of them, the whole idea of them as american folk heroes. conan : folk heroes. give us some idea. you quote any number of sources, literary and otherwise, in your book who worshipped these men. morris : yeah. one of the most prominent was stephen crane, the great american novelist, and he really - most of his preparation for writing the \" the red badge of courage \" and his other novels was spent being a catcher. and in fact, he really had two very unsuccessful stints in college where he spent most of his time trying to be the catcher for the college nine and didn ' t go to too many classes. and really, all he developed was a kind of love of baseball and a sense of what it took to be - to have great courage. and i think both of those really fed into \" the red badge of courage. \" conan : and courage, we see the beating that catchers take today. they got the same foul tips and balls off their various parts of their body back then too. morris : oh, it was tremendously difficult position to be in. you were right in the line of fire, and of course, you know, you could be the most prepared possible and then the batter might foul tip it. and it would just, you know, the angle will change just enough that it would, you know, hit your forehead usually. and a few of them had such great reflex. i mean, deacon white was known for his great reflexes and became an incredibly durable catcher. but it was sort of known that, you know, if you put a neophyte behind a plate, he would usually get injured within an inning or two. that was - the danger was so great. conan : and the early history of baseball is replete with teams that raided other teams for their catchers. morris : oh, and particularly in the 1870s that the best teams were the ones with the best catchers. you really couldn ' t be successful without one. and deacon white stood above everybody else to the point where he played on five consecutive championship teams. and he went from team to team and the championship just followed him around wherever he went. conan : he was quite a good hitter too. morris : he was a great hitter. he was a way above - average hitter, playing a position where, you know, the defense was so all - encompassing as a skill that you could, you know, you could really just put anybody there if they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44853257971086247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.367304"} {"text": ": he was a great hitter. he was a way above - average hitter, playing a position where, you know, the defense was so all - encompassing as a skill that you could, you know, you could really just put anybody there if they could field the position and not worry about their bat. but he was a consistent. 300 and above hitter. conan : and i wonder - statistics then and now are so different. the game essentially was so different. when you were talking with the people on the veterans committee about deacon white, what were you saying that finally convinced them that this man, at long last, deserves to be in the hall of fame? morris : well, we had some great conversations about what it took to play the position. and you know, bob watson, who started out as a catcher, was one of the committee members. phil niekro, bert blyleven and don sutton, pat gillick, all pitchers, all hall famers, were really able to add a lot of insight to what it must have been like. and the other - one of the main things we talked about was just how they played much shorter schedules in the 1870s. so when you look at career statistics, that ' s a huge distortion. deacon white ended up with 2, 000 career hits, but he was playing in a - in an average of 40, 50, 60 - game schedules a year. so there was no way to generate the kind of career milestones that we look at as benchmarks today. you know, 3, 000 hits would be all but impossible. and 2, 000 was a terrific accomplishment. conan : and the number of errors he recorded even as a great defensive catcher would have been, you know, totally unacceptable by today ' s standards. morris : oh, exactly. yeah. and again, an issue where we had to really sort of look at what - compare him to people from his own era. and when we did that, you know, it became really obvious just how much he stood above his contemporaries. conan : are the records from those days good enough that you have reliable accounts of who was good and who was great? morris : well, they ' re getting a lot better. i mean, we have a very good full statistical record now. we ' re getting a better sense - it ' s becoming easier and easier to get back to the contemporary accounts of them in the newspapers and generate an idea from it then. and you know, the trouble over the years in putting people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44262588040767026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.368333"} {"text": "record now. we ' re getting a better sense - it ' s becoming easier and easier to get back to the contemporary accounts of them in the newspapers and generate an idea from it then. and you know, the trouble over the years in putting people in the hall of fame has been that that ' s been either on a partial statistical record or, you know, after all their contemporaries are dead, so we don ' t have that record. and of course we can never bring those people back to life. but by accessing the newspaper accounts, we can get a better sense of it, and i think it ' s really encouraging to be able - to be able to - to be on a committee that, i think, did such great work in bringing back an era that happened so long ago that even when the hall of fame was founded in 1939, it was ancient history back then. conan : and it ' s interesting, your book had pictures of the hands of some of the great catchers of those days, gnarled and twisted. anybody who played catcher could expect to be crippled - their hands - for the rest of their lives. morris : exactly. and people would say, you know, i don ' t know what this guy looks like but just look for a catcher ' s hands. and as soon as you ' ll see - you see those hands, you recognize, oh, that ' s - that must be who it was. conan : are there stories about deacon white? you mentioned he traveled from team to team. i guess he had one fantastic year in boston. but what kind of a man was he? do we know? morris : he was a really high - character man. in a time when baseball had a lot of guys who spent their evenings drinking and carousing, deacon - he was known as deacon because he went to church and he was a sunday school teacher. and family came absolutely first for him. and so the only season in his first 15 years in the big leagues where he missed any significant amount of time was when his father was ill. and when his father passed away, he signed a new contract to come back and play. but he actually signed it - he signed a very unique contract that said he would only have to play for two months, and then he could decide for himself whether he needed to go back home when the harvest was ready to ( unintelligible ) ready and his mother would need help around the house. so he was a man of family. he was -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44666870321094426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.369366"} {"text": "months, and then he could decide for himself whether he needed to go back home when the harvest was ready to ( unintelligible ) ready and his mother would need help around the house. so he was a man of family. he was - family came first and his religion came first. he never played on a sunday. and he was teammates with connie mack and billy sunday towards the end of his career. so... conan : two other well - known gentleman of the game, yes. conan : and it ' s interesting, you talked about the hero worship these catchers generated in the 1870s. when protective equipment did start to come in, gloves and then masks and pads, roger bresnahan and shin guards, that - the view of the catcher began to change. morris : exactly. it really - in a way it almost emasculated what had been this ultimate american hero. and instead of, you know, being able to look at themselves as this sort of ultimate warrior, this ultimate gunslinger, they started to see themselves, you know, they would - people would make fun of them, you know, this man with a mattress on, this man with a bustle on his face. you know, people would compare the mask to a bustle, which is part of a woman ' s dress, and it was very, you know, very insulting. and a lot of catchers had a really hard time adjusting to that. conan : and the gloves were pretty primitive by today ' s standards, but even the first ones were no more than just a pad, i guess, on the palm of the hand. the fingers were left exposed. morris : exactly. because the idea was you really - you had to catch the ball with both hands and then throw it with one. so catchers would have really very light gloves on both hands. and often they just cut the fingers off altogether because the idea was you would catch it, you would catch it like a spring, kind of like a receiver catches the ball where you just - you let it hit your hands and your hands moved back. and then you have to immediately adjust into the throwing position. so again, very much like a gunslinger. conan : and it ' s interesting. as you talk about this, the catcher today has regained some of that reputation from those days. morris : i think so. i think the catcher ' s toughness is really recognized. and also, the catcher ' s unique position, as somebody who ' s part of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44623183772177366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.370926"} {"text": "recording a macro is a great way to perform a one - time task, or to get things done quickly when you don ' t want to mess with vim script or mappings, or if you do not yet know how to do it more elegantly. in vim, the word \" macro \" may refer to : - a sequence of commands recorded to a register ( this tip ). - a mapping to expand a sequence of typed keys to a longer sequence ( see tutorial ). - a script written in the vim script language ( stored in a file with extension. vim \u2013 see : help script ). recording a macroedit each register is identified by a letter to enter a macro, type : to execute the macro < number > times ( once by default ), type : so, the complete process looks like : | | | start recording to register | | | | your complex series of commands | | | | stop recording | | | | execute your macro | | | | execute your macro again | running a macroedit use this mapping as a convenient way to play a macro recorded to register : nnoremap < space > @ q - start recording keystrokes by typing - end recording with q ( first press escape if you are in insert mode ). - play the recorded keystrokes by hitting space. suppose you have a macro which operates on the text in a single line. you can run the macro on each line in a visual selection in a single operation : - visually select some lines ( for example, type vipto select the current paragraph ). : normal @ qto run the macro from register qon each line. viewing a macroedit you can use the : registers command to view the current contents of any or all register values in vim. for example, use : reg to view all registers, or : reg a to view only what you have recorded into register : reg abx will show the contents of registers a, b, and x. saving a macroedit there are two primary ways of saving a macro for later use. the simplest way occurs by default if you run vim in nocompatible mode ( which is the default if you have a vimrc ). simply by including the proper text in your ' viminfo ' option or leaving the nocompatible default alone, vim will automatically write all your registers to a file and restore them at startup. by default, the content of each register is saved, and will be available next time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48235595400081555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.377078"} {"text": "' viminfo ' option or leaving the nocompatible default alone, vim will automatically write all your registers to a file and restore them at startup. by default, the content of each register is saved, and will be available next time you run vim. for example, you might record a macro to register a, then exit from vim with : q!. on restarting vim, you can press @ a to run the macro from register viminfo ' option can disable the saving of registers. if : set viminfo? shows a value including ( for example ) s10 then up to 50 lines and 10kb will be saved in each register. if either item is zero, no registers are saved. : help ' viminfo ' the second way to save a macro for later use ( especially if you think you might overwrite the macro by accident, therefore restoring the wrong value from the viminfo file ) is to use a let command in your vimrc. for a very simple example, suppose you have recorded a macro to jump to the first occurrence of the letter a in a line into register a, using the following key sequence in normal mode : if you want to restore this macro whenever you start vim, regardless of what might be in your viminfo file, you would edit your vimrc and add the following line : assuming that you already have the macro recorded, you can easily insert the register contents rather that typing them all again. while entering the above line, after typing let @ a = ', simply type ctrl - r ctrl - r a to insert the contents of the a register. the double ctrl - r is to insert the contents literally, rather than interpreting them as if typed. single quote characters ( ' ) are recommended and used in the above examples, because they allow you to type almost everything literally, whereas in double - quotes ( \" ) you need to escape certain characters. compare ' \\ 1 \\ 2 \\ 3 \" abc \" ' with \" \\ \\ 1 \\ \\ 2 \\ \\ 3 \\ \" abc \\ \" \", for example. however, if your register must itself contain single quote characters, you use a second single - quote character to escape it. for example, if you want your register to contain \" vim ' s quote handling is a little tricky \" you would type : let @ a = ' \" vim ' ' s quote handling is a little tricky \" ' note however, that the above method using : let", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41368273973289205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.378072"} {"text": "want your register to contain \" vim ' s quote handling is a little tricky \" you would type : let @ a = ' \" vim ' ' s quote handling is a little tricky \" ' note however, that the above method using : let will not work as expected for any macros which you make ending in a < cr > or < nl > character ( carriage return or newline ). this is because, as documented in : help : let - @, vim will treat the register as \" linewise \" under these conditions. the reason for this is to make registers set with : let act \" the right way \" when dealing with yanked / deleted text, but it can cause headaches when dealing with recorded macros. possible workarounds include using the setreg ( ) function or adding \" no - op \" commands to the end of the macro, such as a < esc >. see the discussion on vim _ dev about unexpected behavior of the : let command for details. appending to a macroedit if you have recorded a macro that is almost right, but you need to add a few commands to it, you can easily append the commands to an existing macro instead of recording the whole thing over again. simply replace the register letter with a capital letter. for example, if you recorded into register qa... q, you could add to the macro ( without replacing it ) using editing a macroedit suppose that you have recorded a macro in register a and you would like to edit the macro. the procedure is explained above, but here is a summary of the steps : - press ctrl - r ctrl - r ato insert the current contents of register a ( type ctrl - r twice to insert the register exactly ). - edit the text as required. - append an apostrophe ( ' ) to finish the command, and press enter. : reg ato view the new value in the register. @ ato execute the contents of register note the caveat above about macros which end in < cr > or < nl >. - record a recursive macro - reversing order of blocks of text example of recording a macro to move blocks - using command - line history repeating ex commands without a macro - recursive repeats for quick editing of structured text - easy playback of recorded keys - recording keys for repeated jobs todo : need a couple more simple examples. is it possible to have different sets of registers for different jobs, par example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4008444057830272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.379190"} {"text": "dandruff is defined as the shedding of dead scalp skin cells exceed normal cell normal flaking. a small amount of flaking is common most of which is invisible to the naked eye and is washed away when we wash our hair. however, with dandruff, the skin cell turnover is unusually rapid ( up to 8 - 10 times faster ) and visible due to the cells clumping with oil before they shed. in addition, when the shedding is accompanied by redness and irritation it is more likely to be dandruff. triggers to an outbreak of dandruff include exposure to extreme hot and cold ( hot showers in winter ) but the underlying cause is the result of a combination of factors including the overgrowth of skin microorganisms known as malassezia globsa, a fungus that is normally present on the skin surface of the scalp. malassezia interacts with components in sebum creating and inflammatory response in the scalp of susceptible persons which results in excessive shedding of the top layer of the skin. extremes in temperature such as hot showers in cold weather may trigger an attack. dandruff may also be the result of an allergic reaction to chemical hair products such as styling products, shampoos and hair oils. the other common cause of redness and flaking of the scalp is seborrhoeic dermatitis, however this condition is not usually confined to the scalp alone and will commonly be occurs in the eyebrows and around the folds of the nose in addition to the scalp. this was not so for claire and so strengthens the identification of dandruff in her case. so to the treatment and management of dandruff. what you read next may surprise many of you \u2026 i recommended claire go and get a commercial anti - dandruff shampoo containing either 1. 5 % selenium or 2 % zinc. yes the base of these products is full of synthetic ingredients but they are only used once, or twice at most and quickly break the cycle of inflammation and kill of the fungus overgrowth. in some cases with skin and scalp issues it is better to break a cycle quickly and then repair any damage and improve health to prevent reoccurrance. i think this is particularly so when the treatment is very effective and relatively harmless or short term. in the meantime we worked to improve claire \u2019 s diet and reduce her sugar intake, both of which are necessary to maintain a healthy scalp post - treatment. i also recommended claire change", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46705911018621843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.400689"} {"text": "so when the treatment is very effective and relatively harmless or short term. in the meantime we worked to improve claire \u2019 s diet and reduce her sugar intake, both of which are necessary to maintain a healthy scalp post - treatment. i also recommended claire change her hair care products and she now uses natural \u201c sls - free \u201d shampoo and conditioner, a gorgeous smelling hair oil which styles her hair at the same time as nourishing her scalp and a sugar - based hair spray for firmer hold when needed. if you have had success with the treatment of dandruff i would love to hear what worked for you as well as any comments you may have about the treatment suggested above. this is a great \u201c how - to \u201d post from jodie of bodecare body brushes \u2026. nothing balances my energy and brightens my mood faster or better than a good scalp massage. no matter how tired i am to start with, by the end of brushing and massaging my scalp i feel energized and refreshed. the scalp, being an extremity is one of the hardest places for blood to flow. the increased blood flow helps to nourish the follicle. the scalp depends on blood flow to bring oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicles. tension causes tightness in the scalp, which restricts blood flow and can cause hair loss. scalp massage restores pliability and relieves tension, helping to create an ideal environment for new hair growth. massaging the scalp also helps loosen and remove dead cells and excess sebum on the scalp, which can hinder new hair growth. scalp massage helps to distribute the hairs natural oils to protect and condition the hair. scalp massage stimulates the circulation and awakens the nervous systems. it can assist to relieve muscle tension that keeps the head feeling tight. the muscles and nerves in the scalp are stimulated by rubbing, tapping, brushing and slapping. these percussion techniques restore circulation to your scalp and produce a lively tingling feeling that can definitely pull you out of the sleepy doldrums. regular scalp massage can also increase the shine and health of hair. try the following scalp massage technique for an energy lift. how to dry massage scalp : hope you are feeling re - energised again! the beauty of this treatment is you can do it any time of the day. leave your hair brush at work in your desk, in your bag or in the car and you can quickly give your scalp a lovely massage and it will only look like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49828475897982394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.401678"} {"text": "! the beauty of this treatment is you can do it any time of the day. leave your hair brush at work in your desk, in your bag or in the car and you can quickly give your scalp a lovely massage and it will only look like you are brushing your hair. twitter it! i went to the store yesterday with wet hair. when commented upon, i replied that using a hair drier just made me look like a poodle. the other problem i have with using hair driers is that they make my hair even more dry than it normally is. curly hair tends to be dry and mine is no exception so to counteract this tendency i use rich shampoos, minimise hair washing to twice a week and ensure i get heaps of good oils in my diet. whether you have dry, normal or oily hair, there are some key ways you can look after your hair. you are what you eat we \u2019 ve heard it all before, but nutrition is key when it comes to healthy, shiny hair. why? because hair not only depends on a constant supply of blood and oxygen, but also nutrients, and a deficiency in these nutrients will show up on your skin, hair and nails. brittle, dry or dull hair that easily breaks is therefore a tell - tale sign of poor nutrition. eating protein three to five times a week will help maintain hair colour and texture, while keeping a close check on sugar levels will also help \u2013 high sugar consumption creates a higher demand for b group vitamins, which can also affect your locks. on top of this, an imbalance between good and bad fat consumption can either lead to an overly dry and flaky scalp and dry hair or excessive oil production. correcting the imbalance will help to normalise the health of the scalp and the relative dryness or oiliness of the hair. the type of surfactant in your shampoos may also be wrecking havoc with your locks \u2013 those containing sodium or ammonium lauryl sulphate contribute to irritated and dry scalp and hair issues. softer surfactants such as decyl glucoside and coco glucoside or coco betaine are better choices. try to avoid conditioners and stying products containing added silica as this will build up on the hair shaft and create \u2018 artificially \u2019 shiny and silky hair. these products also increase the need to wash hair, which in turn dries the hair out, creating a cycle of poor hair management and ultimately poor hair health. blow - drying or straightening your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4366503025108247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.402719"} {"text": "shaft and create \u2018 artificially \u2019 shiny and silky hair. these products also increase the need to wash hair, which in turn dries the hair out, creating a cycle of poor hair management and ultimately poor hair health. blow - drying or straightening your hair, if done excessively, can also cause damage, weakening the hair shaft. the less you dry and straighten, the better the hair condition will be. in conventional styling products synthetic plastics such as pvp ( polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymer ), acrylic copolymers, va ( vinyl acetate ), polymer and acrylamide polymer are used as holding agents, all of which are synthetic petroleum - based plastics. while these may not be specifically damaging to your hair, they are not environmentally friendly and are easily absorbed through the scalp, contributing to the total toxic load your body has to deal with. instead look for natural products containing beeswax or coconut oil and sugar biopolymer - based products instead of hair spray or mousse. the natural wax products will also help to keep the hair shaft moisturised. wash less often most people wash their hair too often, stripping back the protective oils from the scalp and hair. if your scalp is dry or itchy try waiting an extra day before washing, allowing the sebum to protect the scalp for longer. washing twice weekly for normal to dry hair is a good benchmark \u2013 obviously oily hair needs to be washed more frequently. if you have any great hair tips please let us know. out and about in paddington recently i came across what was for me a completely new concept in hair \u2013 a colour - only salon. curious, as i tend to be, i ventured in and it was what i didn \u2019 t see rather than what i did that was interesting. instead of the traditional mirror facing cutting chairs, i was seated at a large table with a floral display. there wasn \u2019 t a mirror in sight \u2026 well not until later anyway. there were also no hair cutters. this salon is for colour only. popping up around brisbane, colour salons are ideal for women, and men, that want color specialists to determine the best hair colour for them. my appointment followed standard hair salon lines with a few nice treats thrown in. i was treated to a relaxing shoulder massage and then had an in depth discussion about what particular shade of brown i wanted my hair. i was given wine, nuts and numerous magazines to read while waiting for my hair to dye. i didn \u2019 t have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4712747879223713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.404981"} {"text": "i was treated to a relaxing shoulder massage and then had an in depth discussion about what particular shade of brown i wanted my hair. i was given wine, nuts and numerous magazines to read while waiting for my hair to dye. i didn \u2019 t have to look in one mirror during this entire 40 minute or so process and i didn \u2019 t miss it at all! at the end of the consultation, i was moved to a styling room ( with mirrors ) and had my \u201c hair do \u201d completed. initially i wondered how a colour only salon would survive with so many standard cutting and colour salons to compete with. however, as i drank my glass of wine, i contemplated the many people that would suit this very concept and i decided that i was one. with curly hair, i only need a cut every 12 or so weeks. however, colour is another matter and i make a regular visit every 6 weeks for a \u201c top up \u201d. i also remembered the numerous times i have asked for ash brown and emerged with magenta or chestnut hair which just accentuates the red tones in my skin and makes me look like ronald mcdonald. with the focus across all industries on specialization, there is definitely room for technicians that specialize in matching hair colour to skin and eye tone. so once complete, i made a follow up appointment and now i visit the colour salon every 6 weeks or so and see my regular hairdresser for a cut only every 12 weeks. and i am spectacularly happy with the colour of my hair! to experience this for yourself visit micolor in paddington for your very own colour consultation. ( tell leah & megan i sent you! ) of course, another big trend is environmental consciousness. there is a growing awareness of the importance of ecologically sustainable products and all industries are \u201c greening up \u201d. however, expectations still remain high for the best in technological development and performance \u2026 and in the hair industry a natural henna dye just doesn \u2019 t cut it! finding the balance between environmental responsibility and modern technology is the challenge, and there are a growing number of haircare brands that are meeting this challenge by creating products that address both. ranges such as eko organica, nature \u2019 s symphony, h2 colour, organic hair systems and essensity care collection are proving that they are not only viable alternatives from an environmental perspective but that they also provide the high level of performance that we all want. natural hair colours which are free from ammonia, fragrance, silicones, paraffin, mineral oils, parabens and formal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4652135866379182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.406471"} {"text": "they are not only viable alternatives from an environmental perspective but that they also provide the high level of performance that we all want. natural hair colours which are free from ammonia, fragrance, silicones, paraffin, mineral oils, parabens and formaldehyde - derivates used only be available in home dyi kits. i spent too many years with multi - coloured hair and hair dye stains on my bathroom sink to go there again. fortunately now you can experience professional hair colour ranges in salons so you can have the best of both, great colour done by a professional and be pampered at the same time. naturally organic hair salons in toombul uses organic hair systems again with no ammonia, no parabens or sodium laurel sulphate. they see their salon as a viable alternative for those with sensitive scalps and skin. micolor in paddington uses the essensity range. krop hair in norman park also uses ammonia free hair colours. have you had any unique salon moments, disasters or glamour moments? tell us about your hair care experiences and the brands you love. twitter it! we wash, style and blow - dry in order to tame our often un - ruly tendrils. yet some of the everyday hair care practices we use are actually doing more damage than good. this article takes a look at the issues we face in our efforts to achieve well groomed, shiny and healthy hair. the average human head has about 100 000 hair follicles and from each one emerges a shaft of hair. nourished by blood vessels the follicles produce new keratin cells promoting the constant growth of new hair. the inner layer or medulla, which is protected by the outer keratin cells, contains pigment cells ( for colour ), fat granules and oxygen. separate glands run alongside the follicle producing sebum, a natural hair and scalp conditioner. straight, shiny hair is the result of sebum produced by the glands easily travelling the length of the hair shaft. by contrast, curly hair will often look and feel dry because the sebum has a more difficult time getting from the base of the hair shaft to the tip. the overall health of the hair depends on numerous factors however nutritional status is key. there are no topically applied hair products that can compensate for poor nutrition. hair cannot repair itself because it is already dead tissue. however, you can grow healthier hair from the \u201c inside - out \u201d. healthy hair depends on a constant supply of blood,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47700347381602215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.407532"} {"text": "no topically applied hair products that can compensate for poor nutrition. hair cannot repair itself because it is already dead tissue. however, you can grow healthier hair from the \u201c inside - out \u201d. healthy hair depends on a constant supply of blood, oxygen and nutrients to grow and maintain the look and feel. any deficiency in key hair nutrients will show up in our skin, hair and nails first, before affecting our internal organs. therefore, brittle, dry, dull hair that easily breaks may actually be a signifier to check your general nutritional status. hair is predominately made up from protein so a deficiency can result in changes to the colour and texture resulting in brittle, weak and thinning hair. eating protein 3 - 5 week will help maintain your levels. if you have had a protein deficiency you will notice hair returning to healthy condition within 12 weeks of correcting the deficiency, as the new hairs grow through. in addition diets high in sugar and animal fats may contribute to poor hair health. an imbalance between good and bad fat consumption can either lead to an overly dry and flaky scalp and dry hair or excessive oil production. correcting the imbalance will help to normalise the health of the scalp and the relative dryness or oiliness of the hair. high sugar consumption creates a higher demand for b group vitamins, which can also affect hair health. reducing highly processed and sugar rich foods will not only help hair health, it will also improve general health. while internal factors affect hair health, external factors also have the potential to damage hair. if you have ever washed your hair with soap you would know that it tends to get tangled and knotty afterwards. the outer \u201c scales \u201d on the hair shaft stand up when in the presence of an alkali, such as soap and get caught up creating a tangled, messy \u201c do \u201d. the scales will lie down flat in the presence of an acid such as lemon juice or vinegar, which is why vinegar hair rinses were traditionally used after washing. while shampoos don \u2019 t create this effect they come with their own set of issues as they are stronger cleansers than soap and strip more of the natural oils from the scalp and hair, leaving it dry and in desperate need of moisture. this is where conditioners come in, their key functions to make the hair scales lie back down and coat the hair so that it feels smooth again. in addition the type of surfactant used to clean hair in shampoos can be problematic with those such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48176525527759617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.408589"} {"text": "conditioners come in, their key functions to make the hair scales lie back down and coat the hair so that it feels smooth again. in addition the type of surfactant used to clean hair in shampoos can be problematic with those such as sodium or ammonium lauryl sulphate contributing to irritated and dry scalp and hair issues. softer surfactants such as decyl glucoside, coco glucoside or coco betaine are better choices for both hair and scalp health. in general try to avoid conditioners and stying products with added silica as these will just build up on the hair shaft and create \u201c artificially \u201d shiny and silky hair. they will also increase the need to wash hair which in turn dries out hair again, creating a cycle of poor hair management and ultimately, poor hair health. how often we wash hair is an individual choice however, most people tend to wash their hair too frequently, each time stripping back the protective oils from the scalp and hair. if your scalp is dry or itchy, try waiting one extra day before washing allowing the sebum to protect the scalp for a longer period. twice weekly for normal to dry hair is a good benchmark. obviously oily hair needs to be washed more frequently and often daily. washing hair often entails blow - drying or straightening which if done excessively, damage the hair shaft. the less you dry & straighten, the better your hair condition will tend to be. hair styling agents can also impact on the health of the hair and more importantly your general health. in conventional styling products synthetic plastics such as pvp ( polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymer ), acrylic copolymers, va ( vinyl acetate ) polymer and acrylamide polymer are used as holding agents, all of which are synthetic petroleum based plastics. while these may not be specifically damaging to your hair, they are not environmentally friendly and in addition are easily absorbed through the scalp thereby contributing to the total toxic load your body has to deal with. look instead for natural products such as beeswax or coconut oil based products for strong hold pastes or gels and sugar biopolymer based products from corn or vegetables instead of hair spray or mousse. the natural wax products will also help to keep the hair shaft moisturised. generally styling products based on such ingredients are healthier for you and for the environment. related articles : twitter it! i am on a hair care theme at the moment. and always when i bang", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47122614145077896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.409711"} {"text": "also help to keep the hair shaft moisturised. generally styling products based on such ingredients are healthier for you and for the environment. related articles : twitter it! i am on a hair care theme at the moment. and always when i bang on about hair care, i have to mention sodium laurel sulphate ( sls ) so yes a bit more about how drying and irritating it is to your scalp however, in this video blog i also discuss the use of silica in conditioners. the cycle of hair washing is : well this is my story anyway! and i didn \u2019 t get the results with my hair that i wanted until i had been using a good natural shampoo & conditioner for at least a month. it can take time to really see results when moving away from sls and silica. regardless, do yourself a favor and ditch the sodium laurel sulphate. in this video i talk more about the cycle with sls and silica above and discuss the nature \u2019 s symphony range of hair care. twitter it! hair styling products are a must for me. in the last newsletter i wrote about my leo sayer tendencies \u2026 maybe one day i will do a video showing before and after styling shots \u2026 on the other hand that is probably something no - one needs to see! of one thing i am sure, i love that i can find a natural alternative to synthetic hair styling products. i this video blog i discuss two products, the third stone botanicals hair wax i use and nature \u2019 s symphony pure lustre, a product natarsha our center manager uses. i would love to hear the products that you use, natural or not and the results you are after for your hair. twitter it! when it comes to shampoo it seems that bubbles are what counts. why? because the bubbles show that the shampoo is cleaning our hair effectively. bubbles are created when the surface tension of the water is broken by a surfactant and air is trapped within the film of the soap. unfortunately while bubbles may represent clean hair, more bubbles aren \u2019 t necessarily better for our hair or scalp. some of the surfactants used in shampoos have the potential for scalp and skin irritation and hair damage. we use many surfactants in our daily life, soaps and detergents, cleaning compounds, shampoos and a host of personal hygiene products. this article will look at two commonly used surfactants used in shampoo namely sodium lauryl sulphate, and decyl glucoside.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4885156709432701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.410732"} {"text": "in addition to the direct contact effects of sls, many shampoos contain nitrate compounds. these compounds can react with sls with the potential to form carcinogenic nitrates. given the potential, however small for the creation of carcinogenic compounds, it is advisable to choose personal hygiene products that do not contain sls. glycosides and poly glycosides, also called saponins are present in most plants. some of these saponins are toxic however there are many saponins which are safe for topical or medicinal applications and even for human consumption as food. a wide variety of species, their geographical distribution, their applications and use by mankind are documented. soap bark ( quillaya ), soap nut, yucca plant, soap wort, horse chestnut, bracken and soap lily are a few examples of soap plants, from different parts of the world decyl glucoside is a surfactant derived from two natural products, decyl alcohol and glucose. decyl alcohol ( deca means ten ) is produced from capric acid. capric acid itself is a fatty acid with a ten member carbon chain and is a constituent fatty acid of coconut and palm oils ( coconut sources are preferable as the palms are sustainable ). capric acid is present to the extent of around 7 % and 4 % in coconut and palm oils respectively. glucose, the other ingredient is produced from corn, maize and other starch based products. it is important to clarify that a natural starting material does not necessarily equal a natural ingredient at the end of the manufacturing process. as pointed out with sls, the addition of synthetic or petrochemical ingredients during the process of manufacture can completely change the starting material. while decyl glucoside is similarly changed from it starting material during manufacture, it does not carry the same risks of contamination as sls so the end material is a very mild nonionic surfactant produced from corn, maize and other starch based products. decyl glucoside is classified as ether in chemical terminology. it is produced by reacting decyl alcohol with glucose in the presence of an acid. the product is then purified and extraneous ingredients and reactants removed. purified decyl glucoside is a liquid, which dissolves in water in any proportion. due to its mild nature on skin and its bio degradability, it is used in shampoos, hair creams, lotions and other personal hygiene products including baby products.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46785546383963167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.412707"} {"text": "is a liquid, which dissolves in water in any proportion. due to its mild nature on skin and its bio degradability, it is used in shampoos, hair creams, lotions and other personal hygiene products including baby products. generally decyl glucoside is much more expensive and labour intensive to produce and described as \u201c tricky \u201d to formulate with. many products use decyl glucoside as a primary or secondary surfactant. it is a good emulsifier and has excellent foaming and lather properties. for this reason, the lack of potential for irritation and the absence of potential carcinogicity, decyl glucoside is a better choice in personal care items than sls. some of the characteristics of decyl glucoside are decyl glucoside is by no means the only alternative to sls however it is more and more commonly seen in shampoo and other personal care items and when it comes to choosing what to use on a daily basis, the more you know about the ingredients, the better. it also creates lots of lovely bubbles so lather away! author : maree watson, hairdresser and creator of the eko organica range of hair care. edited by ananda mahony, naturopath and skin specialist. twitter it! following up from the previous blog on sls, i thought i would mention some of the issues that customers come in with after routinely using commercial shampoo. and let me say for the record that many of the more expensive \u201c salon \u201d brands also use sls even though it is basically a cheap, nasty ingredient. what it does do is produce bubbles, lots of lovely bubbles! as consumers we have been programmed to expect shampoo that foams \u2013 anything less and we think the product isn \u2019 t working. however, all a surfactant ( see previous blog for explanation ) needs to do is break the surface tension of the hair follicle and it will wash out all the dirt and oil. a soap based product is needed but it doesn \u2019 t have to foam at all! so back to the issues i often see. most often it is a dry scalp that builds up a scurf of dead skin cells. sometimes the dead cells flake off making people think they have dandruff when in fact it is just that the scalp has been stripped of its protective oils. the opposite problem can also occur, a scalp that over - produces oil, creating greasy hair and sometimes blocked pores", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5019711250596625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.413624"} {"text": "off making people think they have dandruff when in fact it is just that the scalp has been stripped of its protective oils. the opposite problem can also occur, a scalp that over - produces oil, creating greasy hair and sometimes blocked pores around the hairline. this happens because the skin, including the scalp has a great balancing mechanism \u2013 when stripped of naturally produced oil by a product like sls, it responds by producing sebum and in some cases it goes a little bit over the top creating too much sebum resulting in greasy hair. increasingly i also see people that come in with a \u201c sensitive scalp \u201d. they find their scalp feels irritated, itchy or sensitive to touch after shampooing. in this case it is likely that the sls has stripped back the scalps protective layer leaving it exposed to other irritating ingredients such as artificial fragrances. usually, changing to a naturally scented or unscented shampoo with no sls will clear this problem up. if your scalp is still sensitive or irritated at this stage, a natural scalp oil including calendula and jojoba oils will help to soothe and nourish the cells. scalp oils can be applied the night before a morning hair wash so that they have a chance to work effectively. or they can be left in for a few days if the hair doesn \u2019 t look too greasy. the scalp responds quite quickly to products that don \u2019 t contain sls. after about 4 - 6 weeks, the dry, itchy or oily scalp starts to rebalance and any scurf build up starts to clear. when i made the switch to natural sls free hair care my scalp was fine after about 6 weeks however it took a little longer for my hair to become healthy again as it was dyed and very dry ( as curly hair tends to be ). i also stopped washing my hair so often and now only wash it once a week. gross you may say, but being dry anyway, my hair doesn \u2019 t build up grease and still looks and smells fine for that time. i also use natural wax based hair styling products that don \u2019 t build up grease in my hair. in general i think that most people tend to wash their hair too frequently, each time stripping back the protective oils from the scalp and hair. i did a quick vox pop of the staff at vitale to see how frequently they washed their hair. the average was twice a week. natarsha ( the office manager ) told me that she tried to stop washing her hair", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.417463445202889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.414521"} {"text": "a mannerist silver - gilt ewer and basin until the nineteenth century, when water began to be widely available from taps, sets comprising a matching jug ( ewer ) and basin in which to wash your hands or face were familiar objects in households throughout europe. this magnificent set of ewer and basin, made from gilded silver, could in theory be put to practical use but, in reality, it is highly unlikely that they would ever have served any purpose other than display, for example on a buffet in a ceremonial space. it is difficult at first to take in all the extraordinary embossed decoration which covers virtually every part of the surfaces of both ewer and basin. this over - abundant decoration is typical of the style known as mannerism, popular throughout western europe during the period c. 1520 - 1600. forming a bridge between early renaissance art and the 17th - century baroque period, mannerism saw artists moving away from the serene balance and order of the earlier renaissance, instead placing greater value on movement, as well as the virtuosity of the artist. certainly the goldsmith who made this pair of objects was making a strong claim for his virtuosity. the ewer is quite conventional in its decoration, with strapwork, vegetable motifs and little cartouches depicting sea monsters, referring to the association of ewers with water. the handle in the form of a dragon \u2019 s body is especially exciting and inventive. the basin \u2019 s decoration on the other hand forms a more coherent programme, in fact an allegorical presentation of the cosmos. in the outer field are figures in chariots representing the then known planets, interspersed with biblical and classical heroes and heroines. in the well are four large cartouches with allegorical representations of the four elements ( water, earth, air and fire ) together with figures denoting branches of learning ; finally, around the boss are the four seasons. the planet gods are based on engravings made in 1563 by the german artist nicolaus wilborn, but this does not necessarily mean that the ewer and basin are german. in fact, around 1570 mannerist style was so international that it is very difficult to attribute pieces to a particular school. it has sometimes been thought that the ewer and basin, which are accompanied by a group of smaller silver pieces, are most likely to have been made in portugal around 1560 - 70. when they were lent to an exhibition by sir richard wallace in 1881, they were said to have come from the collection of the counts of anadia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.466127541370243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.418939"} {"text": "mighty countries have often been ruled by children who were grade - school age, or even younger! take a look at the cute little faces of monarchy gone wrong. louis xiv, age 5 just a year after louis became king of france in 1643, the venetian ambassador wrote, \u201c he knows that he is king and wants to be treated as such. \u201d at 7, he signed his first decree with his own hand, granting amnesty to defected enemies. at age 10, when other boys liked to pretend they were kings, louis would make - believe he was a valet! he ruled for 72 years. louis xv, age 7 the great - grandson of louis xiv, this louis liked to pretend he was a cook. shortly after he became king in 1715, he hid behind a curtain to avoid giving an audience to an ambassador. those caring for the young king were so concerned about assassination they kept his food under lock and key \u2013 and stored his handkerchiefs in a triple - locked safe, fearing someone would lace them with poison. king tut, age 8 the egyptian ruler assumed the throne in about 1366 b. c. it is unclear on who his parents were, but historians believe his uncle was the ruler akhenaten. tutankhamun spent his eleven years as ruler reversing the monotheistic changes his uncle had made to the egyptian religion. king tut died at the young age of nineteen, apparently from gangrene contracted from a broken leg. pages : 1 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37902179659749724, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.422023"} {"text": "in the year after an expert panel \u2019 s recommendation that women delay regular breast cancer screenings until age 50, the number of women in their 40s undergoing mammograms slightly declined, a new study shows. the study, carried out by the mayo clinic, found a drop of roughly 6 percent in the number of mammograms among these younger women, a change that the researchers called modest but still significant. at the same time, while the panel had recommended that older women get a mammogram every other year rather than yearly up to age 74, the number of mammograms among women ages 50 to 64 remained fairly steady, the study found. the recommendations were made in late 2009 by the united states preventive services task force, a government - appointed group of outside medical experts. the recommendation that women in their 40s forgo routine mammograms stirred particular controversy, in part because of widespread belief among many breast cancer patients that the screening test saved their lives and because it conflicted with those of other medical groups, like the american cancer society, which advise annual mammograms starting at 40. the federal task force said that unless a woman has unusual risk factors for breast cancer, being screened so early could potentially lead to more harm than good because mammograms tend to spot cancers that grow slowly and might never prove lethal and could lead to unnecessary biopsies and other invasive tests and treatments. in the new study, which was presented last week in orlando at the annual research meeting of academyhealth, a research and policy group, mayo clinic researchers analyzed data from 100 health plans across the country. looking specifically at the number of mammograms performed from january 2006 to december 2010, they compared the number of procedures that took place before the task force \u2019 s guidelines with the number that were performed in the year that followed. over all, about eight million women ages 40 to 64 were included in the study. in the year after the guidelines were published, nearly 54, 000 fewer mammograms were performed on women ages 40 to 49. that represented a 5. 72 percent decrease from the previous period. the authors said that the modest reductions probably reflected some public resistance to the new recommendations, in part because of conflicting guidelines from other groups that urge more frequent routine screenings. \u201c i don \u2019 t think we expected a huge impact from the guidelines, \u201d said nilay d. shah, an author of the study and a researcher at the mayo clinic center for the science", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41468889999109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.425756"} {"text": "information literacy in geology ( \u2192articles & curricula ) revision as of 15 : 50, 17 april 2009 the acrl is information literacy in the disciplines committee has gathered links and citations to information literacy standards and curricula developed by accrediting agencies, professional associations, and institutions of higher education. accrediting agencies & professional associations ala / acrl / sts task force on information literacy for science and technology. information literacy standards for science and technology. american library association. 2006. http : / / www. ala. org / ala / mgrps / divs / acrl / standards / infolitscitech. cfm ( accessed april 17, 2009 ). the geological society of america http : / / www. geosociety. org / educate /. ( accessed april 17, 2009 ). national association of geoscience teachers http : / / www. nagt. org /. ( accessed april 17, 2009 ). articles & curricula dechambeau, aimee l. and ira d. sasowsky. 2003. using information literacy standards to improve geoscience courses. journal of geoscience education 51 ( 5 ) : 490 - 495. beyond google : strategies for developing information - literate geoscience students. 2003. geology society of america annual meeting. 4 november 2003, seattle, washington. various poster presentations http : / / gsa. confex. com / gsa / 2003am / finalprogram / session _ 9674. htm. ( accessed april 17, 2009 ). savina, mary e. 2001. a skills matrix as a geology department curriculum planning tool. geological society of america annual meeting, 5 - 3 november 2001, boston, ma. http : / / gsa. confex. com / gsa / 2001am / finalprogram / abstract _ 18289. htm. ( accessed april 17, 2009 ). yocum, patricia and gretchen s. almy. 2000. information literacy in the geosciences : report of a practical inquiry. \u201d in proceedings of the 34th meeting of the geoscience information society 30 : 15 - 22.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4518471490673642, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.427725"} {"text": "serving multicultural populations the ala office for literacy and outreach services website provides information and resources on improving service to traditionally underserved populations. this page includes resources for serving linguistically, ethnically, or nationally diverse populations. services to special populations includes resources for other populations. the ala office of diversity has developed a list of recommended reading for individuals interested in exploring diversity issues in the delivery of library and information services. this listing is intended to supplement that resource. the ala office for literacy and outreach services has assembled extensive resources on services to people of color. multicultural review, a quarterly journal for teachers at all grade levels, college professors, librarians, administrators, and anyone else who is interested in learning about new developments and trends in the field of cultural diversity. myra michele brown. \" what works - kids on campus. \" school library journal, april 1, 2002 from the council on interracial books for children is a quick checklist 10 quick ways to analyze children ' s books for racism and sexism ( pdf ) may, stephen. language and minority rights : ethnicity, nationalism and the politics of language. new york : routledge, 2008. york, sherry. booktalking authentic multicultural literature : fiction, history and memoirs for teens. columbus, ohio : linworth pub, 2008. bilingual collections and services dale, doris cruger. bilingual children ' s books in english and spanish : an annotated bibliography, 1942 through 2001 = los libros bilingues para los ninos en ingles y en espanol : una bibliografia con anotaciones, 1942 a 2001. jefferson, nc ; london : mcfarland, 2003. paper tigers blog reports and musings on multicultural books for children and young adults from a group of writers. amy fisher and deborah lee. native residential schools in canada. this bibliography accompanies the exhibition \" where are the children? healing the legacy of the residential schools \" produced by the national archives of canada, the aboriginal healing foundation and the aboriginal healing charitable association in collaboration with the national library of canada, numerous church and other archives presented at the national archives of canada in ottawa from june 18, 2002 to february 3, 2003. alire, camila a., and jacqueline ayala. serving latino communities : a how - to - do - it manual for librarians. new york : neal - schuman publishers, 2007. avila, salvador. crash course in serving spanish - speakers. westport, conn : libraries unlimited, 2008. immroth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41161022375764733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.431628"} {"text": "search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. if you are not sure what you are looking for, try the combination search or our recommended species lists. search native plant database : bruso, george h. clarkia pulchella pursh deerhorn clarkia, beautiful clarkia, ragged robin, pink fairies usda symbol : clpu usda native status : native to u. s. deerhorn clarkia is a member of the evening - primrose family ( family onagraceae ), which includes mainly herbs, rarely shrubs or trees with often showy flowers borne singly, in racemes or spikes, or in branched clusters. plant characteristicsduration : annual habit : herb leaf : bloom informationbloom color : purple bloom time : apr ct, id, ma, mt, oh, or, sd, vt, wa, wy canada : bc usda native status : l48 ( n ), can ( n ) growing conditionswater use : medium light requirement : part shade caco3 tolerance : medium benefitconspicuous flowers : yes from the national organizations directory according to the species list provided by affiliate organizations, this plant is either on display or available from the following : native seed network - corvallis, or recommended species lists find native plant species by state. each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using the combination search. view recommended species page record modified : 2010 - 04 - 25 research by : twc staff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45521034544162664, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.433342"} {"text": "fri april 6, 2012 indian engineers build a stronger society with school lunch program originally published on wed may 23, 2012 10 : 54 am at a government - run public middle school in bangalore, the blackboard ' s cracking, the textbooks are tattered and most of the students are barefoot. but with all those challenges, the biggest obstacle that teachers face in keeping kids in school is hunger. many students show up at school having had nothing to eat for breakfast. on mornings one student comes to school hungry, the thought of school makes her break down, she says. \" when i had to get on the bus, i would start crying, \" says k. suchitra, 13. suchitra is an unusually talented student, says her teacher, sheelavati shakti. she shows a strong aptitude for music and dance, and is strong academically. but when she joined this school a year ago, suchitra looked unhealthy, shakti says. her skin was discolored, but she didn ' t have an infection ; she was just malnourished. suchitra ' s life has recently been turned around, however. an ambitious school lunch program now supplies kids at her middle school with a nutritious, freshly cooked meal. on days she comes to school hungry, she knows she can eat at school. \" after eating this food i ' ve become stronger, \" suchitra says. \" that ' s why i ' m able to come to school and study and play. \" the skin discoloration disappeared after she started the lunch program, suchitra says. but the program has done more than improve her physical health ; it ' s allowed her to dream of a better life. she now imagines going to college to study science. and one day, she says, she hopes to become a software engineer. the lunch program that provides meals to suchitra ' s school currently feeds 1. 3 million children across india, making it one of the largest school lunch programs in the world. it was initially begun more than a decade ago as part of the religious outreach of a hindu group known as iskcon, better known in the west as the hare krishna movement. the hindu group is still actively involved in the program. but the lunch program is now operated as a secular, public - private partnership, serving poor children of all backgrounds. government officials supply grain and other lunch ingredients at a discount, and provide a cash subsidy. donors from india and around the world supply the rest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.469713662258419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.447362"} {"text": "the lunch program is now operated as a secular, public - private partnership, serving poor children of all backgrounds. government officials supply grain and other lunch ingredients at a discount, and provide a cash subsidy. donors from india and around the world supply the rest. \" feeding a child is not charity, \" says shridhar venkat, who directs the lunch program through the akshaya patra foundation. he used to be a corporate executive. to him, a child like suchitra is not a hungry 13 - year - old girl in poverty. she ' s an opportunity, and giving her lunch is an investment. tomorrow, an educated suchitra could produce a huge return on that investment to her community, he said. the program prepares most of the food using centralized kitchens. some 17, 000 pounds of rice and 4, 500 gallons of soup are produced by one kitchen in bangalore. engineers have designed the kitchen and the logistics of delivering the food to schools. \" we have never failed to deliver a meal on any day in the last 11 years, \" venkat says. the program is so cost - effective it ' s become a harvard business school case study. today it costs only about 11 cents to place a meal before each child. by 2020, the program hopes to feed 5 million children every day. the combination of efficiency and high purpose makes for a strange marriage : ruthlessly efficient corporate management techniques married to a goal that is deeply emotional. \" we want to do things with heart, \" venkat says. \" it ' s not just, ' build large kitchens. ' all these large kitchens have a big heart. \" venkat is constantly looking for ways to increase efficiency so the program can feed more children. he studies the data to see if the lunch program is having a discernible effect. he ' s recently noticed more children are coming to school on one particular day each week : the day the lunch program includes dessert. venkat said he was going to try to use the inducement of dessert to get kids to come to school. typically, the children know on which day dessert is going to be included in lunch. \" we are trying to make it a secret, so they keep guessing and they come to school, \" he says with a laugh. independent audits of the program have found it ' s having a profound effect. \" the school attendance goes up, malnutrition level comes down, dropout rates comes down, \" venkat says. but besides the statistics, ve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42943202407226244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.448374"} {"text": ". independent audits of the program have found it ' s having a profound effect. \" the school attendance goes up, malnutrition level comes down, dropout rates comes down, \" venkat says. but besides the statistics, venkat says he regularly sees the human face of the results. a young man recently visited venkat. he was in one of the earliest cohorts of children who ' ve been helped by the lunch program. the man told venkat he was the son of a security guard. when the son was in the eighth grade, his father was earning less than a dollar a day. he was so hungry, he used to faint at school. academically, he was scraping by. then, the free lunch program started. \" he told me, ' my attention span went up. my concentration went up, ' \" venkat says. so did the boy ' s grades. he went on to college and became an engineer. when the young man visited venkat, he handed him an envelope. \" and the envelope... had an offer letter from india ' s leading multinational software company as a software programmer, \" venkat says. audie cornish, host : from npr news, this is all things considered. i ' m audie cornish. nearly half of all small children in india are malnourished. and there ' s now an effort under way to change that using school lunch programs. but npr ' s shankar vedantam found during a recent visit that the math of the undertaking is, well, daunting. how can you provide a fresh, nutritious meal cooked from scratch every day to more than a million kids when all you have to spend on each meal is 11 cents? shankar vedantam, byline : the answer to that question means a lot to this 13 - year - old girl i met at a middle school in bangalore. suchitra :... fairy went a - marketing. she bought a little fish. vedantam : her name is suchitra. suchitra is struggling to learn english. when i meet her, she ' s reciting a poem about a fairy and a goldfish. she has pigtails and blue ribbons. with her bright eyes and quick mind, i can tell she ' s hungry to learn. but most of the time, she ' s just hungry. on many mornings, there ' s nothing for breakfast. on those days, she tells me, the thought of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4920821939899185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.449297"} {"text": "bright eyes and quick mind, i can tell she ' s hungry to learn. but most of the time, she ' s just hungry. on many mornings, there ' s nothing for breakfast. on those days, she tells me, the thought of school makes her cry. her teacher said she looked unhealthy when she arrived about a year ago. unidentified woman : ( foreign language spoken ) vedantam : the teacher says suchitra ' s skin was discolored. medicines didn ' t help. she didn ' t have an infection. she was malnourished. the teacher tells me she ' s seen lots of kids drop out because of hunger. if that happens to suchitra, all her potential - her love of music and dance, the fact she ' s so dedicated to learning - none of it will matter. but suchitra ' s story isn ' t a tale of woe. it ' s actually a success story. and it ' s built around a program that ' s figured out how you place a very nutritious, freshly cooked lunch every day before more than a million schoolchildren. and yes, it ' s found a way to do it at a cost of 11 cents per meal. outside suchitra ' s classroom, i see men unloading giant containers of food. lunch is being set up. when they opened the containers, i see the food ' s piping hot. the kids have been waiting all morning. dozens of them get in line. ( soundbite of conversations ) vedantam : suchitra piles her plate and sits down on the floor to eat with her classmates. i ask her what she ' s eating. ( foreign language spoken ) suchitra : tomato, beans, carrots. vedantam : tomatoes, beans and carrots. nutritious vegetables cooked just a couple of hours ago. american parents would love their kids to eat food this fresh. all over india, hundreds of thousands of children are sitting down to eat lunches like this. they ' re the result of a public - private partnership that has turned into one of the world ' s largest school lunch programs. by 2020, it ' s expected to feed 5 million children every day. suchitra still comes to school with an empty stomach, but now she knows she ' ll eat at school. she says it ' s made it possible for her to come to school regularly. suchitra : ( through translator ) after eating this food, i have become stronger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44182714199809725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.450265"} {"text": "school with an empty stomach, but now she knows she ' ll eat at school. she says it ' s made it possible for her to come to school regularly. suchitra : ( through translator ) after eating this food, i have become stronger. that ' s why i ' m able to come to school and study and play. vedantam : the lunch program has done more than fill her stomach. it ' s allowed suchitra to dream of a life she wasn ' t supposed to have. she now imagines going to college to study science and one day to become a software engineer. shridhar venkat : feeding a child is not charity. vedantam : that ' s shridhar venkat, who directs this massive school lunch program through the akshaya patra foundation. he used to be a corporate executive. to him, suchitra is not a hungry 13 - year - old girl in poverty. she ' s an opportunity. giving her lunch is an investment. tomorrow, an educated suchitra can produce a huge return on that investment for her community. venkat : our vision is to see that no child in india is deprived of education because of hunger. vedantam : no child in india should be deprived of education because of hunger. that ' s a vision for tens of millions of children. it ' s a messiah - type vision. venkat doesn ' t look like a messiah. he ' s a clean - cut guy - glasses, buttoned - down - an engineering - type. in fact, he is an engineer and his program has designed an engineering solution to keep hungry kids in school. venkat : we have never failed to deliver a meal on any day in the last 11 years. vedantam : so you ' re saying that of the 1. 3 million children you have right now, who get meals every single day, there has not been a single day the children have not gotten meals? venkat : yes, absolutely. vedantam : giant centralized kitchens prepare hundreds of thousands of meals every day. trucks deliver the food to schools. every aspect of the program has been engineered for efficiency. the program is so cost - effective it ' s become a harvard business school case study. to me, it looks like a strange marriage : ruthlessly efficient corporate management techniques married to a goal that ' s deeply emotional. venkat : so we want to do things with heart. it ' s not to just build large kitchens. all these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4598623066487957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.451231"} {"text": "me, it looks like a strange marriage : ruthlessly efficient corporate management techniques married to a goal that ' s deeply emotional. venkat : so we want to do things with heart. it ' s not to just build large kitchens. all these large kitchens have a big heart. vedantam : i had to find out how this marriage of heart and mind come together. on this morning, it ' s before 6 : 00 when i get to one of the centralized kitchens. dozens of workers have been toiling since 3. they chopped mountains of fresh vegetables. there ' s steamed lentils. buckets of turmeric and other spices are ready. it ' s fresh cooking on an industrial scale. there ' s no butylated hydroxyanisole or sodium benzoate, no preservatives because everything made in this kitchen is going to be eaten by 100, 000 children within four hours. on the main floor, workers are attending to 10 large steel cauldrons. and giant bubbles are rising up in this cauldron making little splashes. i ' m seeing turnips and beans and carrots and leaves. once the mixture of rice and lentils and vegetables is cooked, it ' s packed in a sterilized container. in seconds, the container ' s on a truck. within minutes of being cooked, the food is on its way to a school. when venkat, the lunch program director, looks at this operation, he sees room for improvement. he ' s now developing algorithms so trucks take more efficient routes to school. venkat : so we are trying to optimize here by doing route cost optimization. vedantam : the trucking and delivery cost of each meal is about 1 cent. with efficient routes, venkat might save a fifth of that 1 cent. multiply that tiny amount by a million and the savings feed another 20, 000 kids. venkat ' s obsessed with data. he ' s recently noticed more children are coming to school on one particular day each week. it ' s the day the lunch program includes dessert. now, do the children know on which day the dessert is going to come? venkat : they know. but we are trying to keep it a secret so that they keep guessing and they come to school. ( soundbite of laughter ) vedantam : independent audits of the program have found it ' s having a profound effect. venkat : the school attendance goes up, malnutrit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5314022100594057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.452166"} {"text": "that they keep guessing and they come to school. ( soundbite of laughter ) vedantam : independent audits of the program have found it ' s having a profound effect. venkat : the school attendance goes up, malnutrition level comes down, dropout rates come down. vedantam : not only is the dropout rate falling, more girls are showing up at school. and children who started on the lunch program a decade ago are now finding jobs. venkat eagerly tells me the story of one young man who came to visit him. venkat : so he said, sir, i ' m - i was the son of a security guard. my father used to earn 30 to 35 rupees every day... vedantam : his father used to earn 30 to 35 rupees. that ' s less than a dollar a day. the young man told venkat he was in the eighth grade at the time. he was so hungry, he used to faint at school. academically, he was scraping by. then the free lunch program started. venkat : so he told me : my attention span went up. my concentration went up. i was... vedantam : so did the boy ' s grades. he went on to college, became an engineer, and then venkat says the young man handed him an envelope. venkat : and the envelope was he had an offer letter from india ' s leading multinational software company as a software programmer. suchitra : ( foreign language spoken ) vedantam : remember that girl i met at the start of this story with the big dreams of becoming an engineer? this is the payoff venkat is hoping to see in her life. if she turns out like that young man with the envelope, it ' s hard to imagine a smarter investment of 11 cents. shankar vedantam, npr news. cornish : to see a slideshow about suchitra and to learn more about this school lunch program, visit npr. org. transcript provided by npr, copyright national public radio.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4736299865110213, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.452964"} {"text": "osama faisal / ap activists criticizing what they called a slow pace to climate talks protest saturday at the convention center in qatar. norway ' s environment minister, bard vegar, speaks to some of them. doha, qatar - - almost 200 nations on saturday extended until 2020 a weak international plan for fighting global warming, averting a new setback to two decades of u. n. efforts that have failed to halt rising greenhouse gas emissions. the eight - year extension of the kyoto protocol keeps it alive as the sole legally binding plan for combating global warming. but it was sapped by the withdrawal of russia, japan and canada, so its signatories now account for only 15 percent of global greenhouse emissions. a package of decisions, known as the doha climate gateway, would also postpone until 2013 a dispute over demands from developing nations for more cash to help them cope with global warming. all sides say the doha decisions fell far short of recommendations by scientists for tougher action. though expectations were low for the two - week conference, many developing countries rejected the deal as insufficient to put the world on track to fight the rising temperatures that are raising sea levels. some pacific island nations see this as a threat to their existence. \" this is not where we wanted to be at the end of the meeting, i assure you, \" said nauru foreign minister kieren keke, who leads an alliance of small island states. \" it certainly isn ' t where we need to be in order to prevent islands from going under and other unimaginable impacts. \" \" it was not an easy ride. it was not a beautiful ride. it was not a fast ride, but we managed to cross the bridge and hopefully we can increase our speed, \" added european climate commissioner connie hedegaard. she said the deal would pave the way to talks on a new, global u. n. pact meant be agreed in 2015 and enter into force in 2020, when kyoto now expires. it will have emissions goals for all, including emerging nations led by china and india. the 1997 kyoto protocol, which controls the greenhouse gas emissions of rich countries, expires this year. however, the second phase only covers about 15 percent of global emissions after canada, japan, new zealand and russia opted out. originally, kyoto obliged about 35 industrialized nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions by an average of at least 5. 2 percent below 1990 levels during the period from 2008 to 2012. the u. s. never joined kyoto, partly because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4571430858779595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.459906"} {"text": "russia opted out. originally, kyoto obliged about 35 industrialized nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions by an average of at least 5. 2 percent below 1990 levels during the period from 2008 to 2012. the u. s. never joined kyoto, partly because it didn ' t include china and other fast - growing developing countries. poor countries came into the talks in doha demanding a timetable on how rich countries would scale up climate change aid for them to $ 100 billion annually by 2020 \u2014 a general pledge that was made three years ago. but rich nations - - including the united states, members of the european union and japan - - are still grappling with the effects of a financial crisis and were not interested in detailed talks on aid in doha. the agreement on financing made no reference to any mid - term financing targets, just a general pledge to \" identify pathways for mobilizing the scaling up of climate finance. \" the two - week u. n. meeting had been due to end on friday but the talks went on into saturday evening. world carbon dioxide emissions are set to rise by 2. 6 percent this year, and are more than 50 percent higher than in 1990. recent growth has come mostly from emerging nations, led by china and india. the associated press and reuters contributed to this report. more world stories from nbc news : - suspect in us envoy ' s killing in libya arrested in egypt - djs in prank call over royal birth suspended - secretary of state talk opens rice to criticism - - from left - psy will perform for obama even after anti - american rap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44277501238544453, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.461779"} {"text": "with all of the research, i have forgotten to talk about the steps involved with inferential genealogy. dr. jones puts step 3 this way. step 3 : understand the records if we don \u2019 t understand the records, we won \u2019 t get all the information from them that we need to answer our research goal. \u2022 know why a document was created. \u2022 follow document creation processes from beginning to end. \u2022 note differences in records. is there something that appears in your ancestor \u2019 s record that is different than the records of others? i really focused on this step early on, and will cycle back through this with other records. the first example is the understanding civil war records. this study took me to look at these records. i really hadn \u2019 t looked at them, as my earlier research just hadn \u2019 t taken me there. the two lessons learned with looking at these records is : 1 ) where to look, and 2 ) the details that you might find. fold3. com ( formerly footnote. com ) has a great collection ( for me ) of civil war records. what i didn \u2019 t know is that the union records are federal records, while a csa veteran records are archived by state. this is interesting for me, in that maryland was on which side. this would be an issue if you didn \u2019 t know which side your person fought for. do you look at union records or confederate records. i didn \u2019 t have a problem locating the records in fold3. this was one place where i found that david ridgely howard had brothers in the civil war. the information included in the records i looked at were incredible. in these records i found that he was wounded in gettysburg and about a year later lost his leg in another battle. what hospital he went to, when he \u201c didn \u2019 t show up \u201d for a muster, due to he being in the hospital. 18 pages in information. one of his brothers had 30 pages. some can be read, some couldn \u2019 t. the second area was understanding the census records. what information is important, which pieces in a specific census year should be recorded in my genealogy software, and how to record what was found. understanding the census records prior to 1850 may not have a lot of detail, i took a blank census record year, on a blank form, and marked up which columns i was going to record for each person listed. back in an earlier step, we were asked to check to see what relationships were recorded. looking at the census records, 1850 \u2013 1930,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.462143836598622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.464838"} {"text": "( files in red \u2013 history ) 26h. birkeland, 1895 27. aurora from space 28. aurora origin 28a. plus and minus 29. low polar orbit 30. magnetic storms 30. a chicago aurora 31. space weather 32. magnetic planets 33. cosmic rays 34. energetic particles 35. solar fast particles but there also exists a practical angle : in a world increasingly dependent on electricity and electronics, the \" space weather \" outside the atmosphere can have serious effects, in particular on human communications. currently more than 200 communication satellites circle the earth in synchronous orbit. a large magnetic storm can greatly increase the number of fast ions and electrons which hit those satellites ; such ions and electrons are similar to the ones emitted by radioactive substances and can create serious problems. the simplest effect is an electric charge on the satellite, usually negative, raising its voltage to hundreds or even thousands of volts. charging by itself has little effect on the satellite ' s operation, although on a scientific satellite it would seriously distort observations ( if the satellite is charged to, say, - 500 volts, electrons with less energy than 500 electron - volts are repelled and cannot be detected ). however, if different parts of the satellite are charged to different voltages, the current between them can cause damage. particles with higher energy can permanently degrade solar cells. also, high - energy particles can penetrate the circuitry and cause either damage or false signals which lead to unintended responses by the satellite. all these have occured in the past. another effect of magnetic storms ( and to lesser extent, of substorms ) is a greater intensity of the electric currents circulating between earth and distant space. as already noted, these currents are associated with the polar aurora, and they flow from space into the auroral zone or the other way around. in big storms, not only is the magnetic disturbance more intense, but it also spreads further equatorwards, into more densely populated areas. for instance, in the picture on the right, taken from space during a storm in march 1989, aurora blankets the northern states of the us as well as southern canada | this disturbance also induces extra currents in the wires of the electrical power grid, creating a temporary overload. serious overloads of this type can trigger circuit breakers and thus cause widespread \" power blackouts, \" and on occasion they have even destroyed power transformers. for these reasons, conditions at the sun, in interplanetary space and in the magnetosphere are closely watched. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49709697284076804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.469649"} {"text": "this type can trigger circuit breakers and thus cause widespread \" power blackouts, \" and on occasion they have even destroyed power transformers. for these reasons, conditions at the sun, in interplanetary space and in the magnetosphere are closely watched. the space environment center in boulder, colorado, maintained by of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ), has a space weather operation facility which constantly tracks the \" weather \" in space. this is done in several ways. noaa satellites of the goes series, in synchronous orbit, observe the local radiation environment and also monitor the sun ' s x - rays, which come from the corona and increase at active times. telescopes on earth observe the sun through special filters and in special wavelength ( e. g. x - rays ), all of which highlight active features. for a view of noaa ' s \" space weather report, \" click here ; another such report, from the university of michigan, is linked here. in an interesting development, the recent soho spacecraft, currently at the l1 lagrangian point, allows scientists to detect ( by special processing of its images ) coronal mass ejections, not just in a sideways view but even when they are headed straight for earth. a cme noted in this way on january 6, 1997, arrived as predicted on the 10th - 11th and caused a widespread disturbance. another such event occured april 7 - 11, 1997. of course, the sideways view of cmes contains additional information, and nasa ' s planned solar missions include stereo ( solar terrestrial relations observatory ), with a pair of well - separated solar observatories, to get a stereoscopic view of such eruptions. one spacecraft would orbit near earth, the other would be stationed elsewhere in the earth ' s orbit around the sun, capturing a sideways view of solar eruptions. so far there is unfortunately no sure way of predicting whether the direction of the magnetic field carried by an erupting solar plasma would slant northwards or southwards, an important factor in predicting \" space weather. \" closer to earth, spacecraft near the l1 point such as soho and wind, and since august 1997 also ace, intercept shocks and plasma clouds up to one hour before their arrival at earth and serve as early warning stations. an obvious question is whether the high energy particles produced by such events constitute a hazard not just for spacecraft but also for astronauts. so far no astronauts have been seriously exposed, not even those on the russian space station \" mir \" whose inclined orbit extends to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5209215113462137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.472308"} {"text": "an obvious question is whether the high energy particles produced by such events constitute a hazard not just for spacecraft but also for astronauts. so far no astronauts have been seriously exposed, not even those on the russian space station \" mir \" whose inclined orbit extends to fairly high latitudes, closer to the auroral zone than the planned orbit of the international space station planned by nasa. nothing in space can be guaranteed, however, and re - entry modules for quick escape into the protecting atmosphere have been studied. further links and articles : an article about the violent consequences of the arrival at earth of an interplanetary shock wave from the sun, on 24 march 1991, titled \" the birth of a radiation belt \" ( part of this site ). \" storms in space : a fictionalized account of ' the big one ', \" john w. freeman, jr., eos, transaction of american geophysical union 6 september, 1994. \" geomagnetic storm forecasts and the power industry, \" by john g. kappenman, lawrence j. zanetti and william a. radasky, eos, transaction of american geophysical union 28 january, 1997. questions from users : * * * why has the aurora been so frequent lately? * * * does the magnetosphere affect weather? ( a ) * * * risks from stormy \" space weather \" * * * magnetic storms and headaches * * * electric and magnetic energy * * * radio propagation * * * magnetism and weather ( b ) * * * waves in the magnetosphere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4907646407178443, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.473114"} {"text": "this short biography of charles darwin provides a brief overview of his personal life, but concentrates on presenting his main intellectual contributions, including, of course, the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. short biography of charles darwin charles darwin was born february 12, 1809, in the town of shrewsbury, in the county of shropshire in england, he died april 19, 1882, in the town of down, in the county of kent, england. charles darwin ' s theory of evolution by natural selection is one of the most important scientific theories ever to have been discovered. its importance arises from providing an explanation for the origin of species without having to posit a divine creator. the theory of evolution came to charles darwin after a voyage of discovery comparable to those undertaken by columbus or magellan. but more of that later, for now we follow his biography in sequence and begin with his early life. charles darwin ' s early life in this biography we want to concentrate on charles darwin ' s ideas, so we will produce only a short account of his early life. darwin had a very fortunate start to life by being born into a rich family. unlike michael faraday, poverty and the necessity of earning a living were never to be his lot. charles darwin was the son of robert darwin, a rich society doctor, and susannah wedgwood, the daughter of the famous pottery industrialist josiah wedgwood. darwin ' s other grandfather was the famous intellectual erasmus darwin. but being rich did not save charles darwin from the trials of the british public school system. charles darwin hated the rote learning of classics that was imposed on him at shrewsbury public school between 1818 and 1825, and he was made fun of by teachers and pupils for his interest in chemistry. somehow, darwin managed to retain his fascination with science, and went up to edinburgh to study medicine. but he was also interested in theology, and moved to cambridge, to train as a clergyman. however, he spent much of his time at cambridge frequenting society balls, picnics, country sports and gambling. hardly pursuits befitting a man of the cloth, or, far that matter, a dedicated scientist. fortunately, his disparate ways were curtailed by a change of circumstance that left him with nothing but science and exploration to fall back on for entertainment. the voyage of the beagle charles darwin ' s love of adventure, and a desire to escape the responsibilities of the church, led him to volunteer for the post of naturalist on the voyage of the beagle at the age of 22. the expedition was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5136326433783814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.480879"} {"text": "the voyage of the beagle charles darwin ' s love of adventure, and a desire to escape the responsibilities of the church, led him to volunteer for the post of naturalist on the voyage of the beagle at the age of 22. the expedition was to take five years, and darwin was seasick for much of it. but he performed his responsibilities assiduously, and collected many specimens of insects, flowers and lizards in south america. his notebook, available in full online, was full of impressive detail and gives a good indication of his talent as a biologist. after many adventures, including monkeys, earthquakes, giant fossils and volcanic eruptions, charles darwin and the beagle arrived in the galapagos. it had taken three and half years for the beagle to reach these far - flung islands, lying hundreds of miles off the west coast of chile. their amazing variety of fauna and flora were to captivate darwin for the rest of his life. darwin found all the sixty one galapagos islands to be very strange. besides the multitudinous variety of minutely differing species, the animals were amazingly docile. for instance, darwin was able to saunter up to a hawk and touch it with his gun barrel. in exploring these magnificent islands darwin became totally dedicated to the study of nature, and any other intellectual or professional pursuits now became very much less important to him. on returning to england, he declined any attempt by his father to force him into a career in the anglican church. charles darwin back in england on his return, charles darwin looked closely at the mockingbirds, tortoises, finches and other species he had studied in the galapagos. he found it remarkable that different islands had similar, but quite distinct, species filling the same niche. these different species, he thought, could have evolved from a common ancestor. darwin also spotted similarities between argentine fossils of giant, armour - plated megatheres and tiny, modern armadillos. these nudged him towards the idea of evolution in time, supplementing his observations of the different species in the galapagos that had provided evidence for evolution through their separation in space. for the rest of his life, darwin was far from a gentleman of leisure. he spent his time supplementing the knowledge gained from the voyage of the beagle with intense study, the writing of letters to experts, and the badgering of sailors and explorers for more information about strange creatures from distant lands. charles darwin & down house darwin even applied scientific analysis to the question of whether he should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4554666843888394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.481865"} {"text": "of the beagle with intense study, the writing of letters to experts, and the badgering of sailors and explorers for more information about strange creatures from distant lands. charles darwin & down house darwin even applied scientific analysis to the question of whether he should marry. this involved him making a list of pros and cons, and finally deciding marriage would be a good thing. he married his cousin emma wedgwood, and they retired to down house ( close to london ) where darwin became a recluse and used the house and grounds as a laboratory. in down house, the correspondence of charles darwin stretched to fourteen thousand letters. these mostly contained closely argued disputations with scientist friends like thomas huxley and charles lyall. but he also sought help from those involved in practical animal husbandry, like pigeon fanciers. his children became objects of close study, and he compared their emotional reaction to those of monkeys in the local zoos. in the grounds, he bred pigeons, grew seeds, observed bees, tracked earthworms, and counted blades of grass. like many great men, he spent a lot of time walking while contemplating the mysteries of universe. he even had a thinking path in the grounds of down house. it was in this \" home brewed laboratory \", after decades of work, that the theory of evolution by natural selection was given its final formulation. influences on charles darwin lamarck ' s philosiophie zoologique ( 1809 ) was a significant influence on charles darwin, but had major flaws. it was marred by the assumption that the earth was only a few thousand years old, but its major error was assuming that characteristics acquired in a lifetime could be inherited. before darwin, robert chambers suggested all creatures could have evolved from a simpler form. like darwin, he used fossil evidence to support his case. but he thought that new animals emerged through ' monstrous birth ', so a sheep might give birth to a peacock. darwin suggested he was lacking in observational evidence and scientific caution. the public scorn that chambers suffered made darwin wary of publishing until he had all his facts in order. there were many other evolutionary theories. one, quoted in origin as due to w. c. wells, points out that livestock is improved by farmers selecting the fittest specimens. but it needed darwin to extend this notion to suggest that evolution involved the natural selection of all species. darwin was forced into publication when he was sent an essay by alfred russell wallace that proposed a theory of evolution identical to his own. he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4969851306282394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.482928"} {"text": "search the web content tagged ' science ' massive solar storm could hit earth within two years scientists are monitoring solar activity and say it ' s possible that the earth will experience a massive solar storm in the near future. announcement : high school students \u2019 scientific research will be featured july 27th at the u of m this friday will mark the culmination of a special seven - week course at the university of memphis for 12 students from several local and out - of - state high schools. sky gazers view once in a lifetime transit of venus it has been called one of the most important events in scientific history. the transit of venus provided astronomers with invaluable information about our solar system. view the transit of venus in memphis in a few days you ' ll be able to see the planet venus in its rare trek across the sun. new nasa satellites to increase tornado warning lead time the goes - r satellite series will revolutionize forecasting abilities, gathering data more quickly and increasing tornado warning lead time by 50 %. vanderbilt discovery will revolutionize mosquito repellent researchers from vanderbilt university have discovered a compound that can change the behavior of a mosquito. it is expected to be 100 % stronger than deet. da vinci robot makes hysterectomy surgery less painful painful hysterectomies are a thing of the past at baptist memorial hospital. massive solar storm has little impact to mid - south the largest solar storm in five years enveloped earth thursday morning. high : 88\u00b0 | low : 73\u00b0 this site is hosted and managed by mobile advertising for this site is available on local ad buy search the web seek it local movies & review report a story fcc public profile \u00a91998 - 2013 abc24. com nexstar broadcasting, inc. all rights reserved copyright & trademark notice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48103477313022014, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.486114"} {"text": "no one had to guess who had the strongest navy when the civil war started. the union boasted 42 ships, while the confederacy had none. and both sides knew the struggle might be won or lost by the ability to control the waterways \u2014 including hampton roads \u2014 on which the south ' s economy depended. those grim odds help explain why confederate navy secretary stephen mallory \u2014 a former florida senator who had chaired the committee on naval affairs \u2014 placed such a huge bet on the completion 150 years ago of a new kind of naval super weapon. raising the scuttled union steam frigate merrimack at portsmouth ' s gosport navy yard, more than 1, 500 men worked around the clock for 9 months, slowly transforming the burned - out hulk into a lethal ironclad that observers in both north and south began calling a \" monster. \" when it emerged from the mouth of the elizabeth river on march 8, 1862, the newly rechristened css virginia was like no ship ever seen before. in just one afternoon, its shot - proof armor and advanced weaponry would not only terrorize the hapless union blockading fleet but also put an abrupt end to a centuries - long tradition of wooden fighting vessels. \" the virginia was designed to sound the death knell of wooden warships \u2014 and that ' s what it did in hampton roads, \" says historian john v. quarstein, author of the newly published book \" css virginia : sink before surrender. \" \" the damage and casualties it inflicted marked the nation ' s worst naval disaster until pearl harbor. there was nothing here on march 8 that could stop it. \" often regarded as the most capable member of the confederate cabinet, mallory moved swiftly to even his daunting odds. but given the urgency and the handicaps posed by the south ' s limited industrial capacity, he turned to europe first, hoping to buy one of the early ironclads completed just before the war by england and france. when that gambit failed, he started anew at home, producing a revolutionary ship through several small miracles of enterprise, improvisation and genius. \" almost everything about the virginia was make - do and jury - rigged \u2014 and it turned out to be less than it should have been, \" says anna holloway, curator of the uss monitor center at themariners ' museum. \" but the concept was pretty brilliant. \" meeting with naval ordnance officer john mercer brooke in early june 1861, mallory floated a plan to build the vessel from scratch. but within weeks the pair switched gears, thwarted by the lengthy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4019656442036222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.491747"} {"text": "##ariners ' museum. \" but the concept was pretty brilliant. \" meeting with naval ordnance officer john mercer brooke in early june 1861, mallory floated a plan to build the vessel from scratch. but within weeks the pair switched gears, thwarted by the lengthy construction time and the south ' s inability to produce a steam engine. \" the engines they needed didn ' t exist \u2014 except for the ones that had been sent to the bottom of the elizabeth river when the union scuttled the merrimack, \" holloway says. \" then they met with gosport engineer william price williamson, who said, ' we have the merrimack and its engines \u2014 and we can use that as the base on which to build an ironclad. ' \" drawn by gosport naval constructor john l. porter and refined by brooke, the plan called for cutting the merrimack down, then using its reshaped hull to support a single deck of 10 guns protected by an armored casemate. making the slanted sides of the casemate shot - proof was the paramount goal. and after tests at jamestown, brooke determined that two layers of 2 - inch armor plate bolted onto 22 inches of oak and pine would resist most, though not every union naval cannon. \" brooke wanted to make the virginia invincible, \" quarstein says, \" and that shot - proof casemate gave it an almost insurmountable advantage. \" brooke armed the warship with unusually powerful guns, too, including two large smoothbores set up to fire the blazing hot shot so deadly to wooden vessels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41354704688646915, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.492490"} {"text": "sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that may affect many different parts of the body. small round spots, called granulomas, form in various organs. the spots hinder normal functioning of those organs. the lungs are the most commonly affected organs. granulomas in the lung leave less space for the air exchange that needs to take place. this can cause the lungs to stiffen. other commonly affected organs are the skin, eyes, liver, and lymph nodes. rarely, the brain may be affected. scientists do not know what causes sarcoidosis. it seems to be related to malfunctioning of the immune system. the disease may possibly be triggered by an infection or exposure to a toxin in the environment. some people may be more susceptible to sarcoidosis due to genetic or environmental factors. a risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. risk factors for sarcoidosis include : - age : 20 to 40 - sex : female - ethnic descent : african - american, northern european, scandinavian, and irish symptoms vary and can occur in different parts of the body, depending on where the granulomas form. most symptoms develop in the lungs, skin, eyes, and liver. multiple body systems may be affected. symptoms may come and go. this disease is often acute, but in some patients it is chronic, waxing and waning. symptoms may include : - shortness of breath - chest pain - rash ( may or may not be raised ) - pain or irritation of eyes - fatigue, especially with exertion - muscle weakness - night sweats - loss of appetite - weight loss - swollen lymph nodes - difficulty hearing - blurred vision or blindness - poor coordination - trouble walking - irregular heart rate - pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints facial paralysis ( copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. there is no specific lab test that confirms a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. instead, the diagnosis is made by noting a cluster of symptoms and a number of medical tests that are usually positive in patients with this condition. in some cases there may not be any symptoms. the disease may sometimes be suspected based on the appearance of a routine tests may include : blood tests \u2014 to check for a variety of factors : a complete blood count to check for - liver function tests to check for liver abnormalities - increased calcium levels, which can occur with sarcoidosis - elevated levels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4838122336277463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.497635"} {"text": "of a routine tests may include : blood tests \u2014 to check for a variety of factors : a complete blood count to check for - liver function tests to check for liver abnormalities - increased calcium levels, which can occur with sarcoidosis - elevated levels of angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ace ), which is often released by the granulomas - urine test \u2014 24 - hour urine test to check for elevated levels of calcium in the urine - x - rays \u2014 a test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body \u2014 removal of a sample of the affected tissue for testing - electrocardiogram ( ecg, ekg ) \u2014 a test that records the electrical activity of the heart - pulmonary function tests ( pfts ) \u2014 tests to determine how well you can breathe \u2014 the insertion of a lighted tube into the lungs to look at the tissue and obtain a sample for biopsy. the doctor may also do a bronchoalveolar lavage. this involves flushing the lungs with fluid and collecting the fluid for analysis. - gallium scan \u2014 the injection of radioactive material into the body. the material collects in areas with sarcoidosis. a machine later scans the body and identifies areas with higher concentrations of the injected material. - ct scan \u2014 a type of x - ray that uses a computer to make pictures of the inside of the body - eye exam \u2014 done with a special lighted instrument that allows the doctor to look inside the eye treatment aims to ease symptoms and minimize permanent problems. treatment may include : you need regular medical and eye exams to monitor for symptoms and complications of sarcoidosis. drugs that may be prescribed include the following : ( the main treatment ) is an oral steroid used to decrease inflammation. may be used for patients who do not respond to steroids. may be used to treat skin problems. - nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory agents may be used to treat musculoskeletal symptoms. - pulmonary rehabilitation programs may help improve lung function. - topical steroids may be advised for rashes. - eye drops may be used for mild eye problems. to help minimize your symptoms, follow these guidelines : if you smoke, - avoid exposure to dust and chemicals. - notify your doctor at once if any symptoms develop or worsen. although doctors do not know the exact cause of sarcoidosis, they believe infections or exposure to chemicals may bring on the disease. steps for prevention may include : - don ' t smoke. if you smoke, quit. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4566056886776765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.498652"} {"text": "or worsen. although doctors do not know the exact cause of sarcoidosis, they believe infections or exposure to chemicals may bring on the disease. steps for prevention may include : - don ' t smoke. if you smoke, quit. - avoid exposure to chemicals and toxins. - to prevent infection, wash your hands before eating or preparing food and after using the bathroom. american academy of family physicians website. available at :. accessed july 22, 2009. goldman l, ausiello da. cecil textbook of medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : wb saunders ; 2007. rakel re, bope et, conn hf. conn ' s current therapy. 59th ed. philadelphia, pa : wb saunders co ; 2007. griffith ' s 5 - minute clinical consult. 16th ed. philadelphia, pa : lippincott, williams, and wilkins ; 2008. harris ed, ruddy s, kelley wn, et al. kelley ' s textbook of rheumatology. 7th ed. philadelphia, pa : wb saunders co ; 2005. goroll ah, mulley ag. primary care medicine. 4th ed. philadelphia, pa : lippincott, williams, and wilkins ; 2000. last reviewed november 2012 by igor puzanov, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright \u00a9 ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40806791852433766, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.499356"} {"text": "accessmylibrary provides free access to millions of articles from top publications available through your library. in southwestern wisconsin, close to the southern limit of its range, eastern white pine ( pinus strobus l. ) grows in isolated stands on steep slopes of exposed ordovician st. peter sandstone and cambrian sandstone of the tunnel city group. on a larger geographic scale, white pine is associated with a humid, cool climate, which is typical of the northern two - thirds of the state of wisconsin, where the species grows best on deep loams or sandy loams ( curtis, 1959 ). in southwestern wisconsin, south of its typical range, white pine also grows from cracks in sandstone cliffs ( curtis, 1959 ). on sandstone outcrops, the establishment of hardwood competitors is impeded by low water retention of the weakly developed soils ( wilson and mcquilkin, 1965 ). thus, white pine located on steep sandstone bluffs in southwestern wisconsin has an advantage over species with less tolerance of xeric sites with minimal soil horizon development. fossil pollen studies show that white pine has been regionally abundant in southwestern wisconsin since at least 10, 480 [ + or - ] 100 radiocarbon years ago ( davis, 1977 ), when vegetation zones were located s of where they are today due to the cooler climate ( hansen, 1939 ; curtis, 1958, 1959 ; davis, 1977 ; webb et al., 1983 ). although palynological evidence that these pine relicts have persisted in the driftless area of southwestern wisconsin from the late pleistocene through the holocene indicates successful adaptation of the species to the local environment, several authors have documented the different degrees to which white pine is maintaining itself. curtis ( 1959 ) reported that \" although these relic stands are considerably removed from the area of their climatic optimum, there is no indication that they are in a retreating or moribund condition \" ( p. 216 ). in a study of the forest vegetation of the driftless area in ne iowa, cahayla - wynne and glenn - lewin ( 1978 ) observed that white pine grows in relict communities primarily on the drier sites, but that white pine seedlings were not a significant component of the herb layer, suggesting that the species was not reproducing well. in 1948, mcintosh completed a taxonomic survey of species composition of 22 sites in six counties in southwestern wisconsin where white pine, red pine ( pinus resinosa ait. ) or jack pine ( pinus banksiana lamb. ), all species with northern af", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.478409512699991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.504566"} {"text": ", mcintosh completed a taxonomic survey of species composition of 22 sites in six counties in southwestern wisconsin where white pine, red pine ( pinus resinosa ait. ) or jack pine ( pinus banksiana lamb. ), all species with northern affinities, were abundant. he found representatives of diverse plant communities, including numerous species characteristic of northern pine stands. mcintosh ( 1948, 1950 ) concluded that in a few of these stands white pine was reproducing enough to persist in this area. his study also indicated that in several other stands white pine was not reproducing well, as marked by the absence of seedlings and saplings, with a trend toward local extinction. species distributions change constantly over long and short time scales in response to changing environmental conditions ( hengeveld, 1990 ) and interactions with other plant species ( vale, 1982 ). the potential for population growth of a given species is greatest in the center of its geographic range ( hengeveld, 1990 ) ; vigor in plant growth and reproduction decreases toward the margins of the range. species are more vulnerable to environmental change and competition with other species at the limits of their range. northern conifer species, in general, are limited at the southern margin of their distribution not by minimum temperature, but by competitive interactions with hardwood species ( woodward, 1987 ). one might expect, then, that white pine at the southern extent of its range would grow better than hardwood species on sites where the soils are drought - prone and nutrient - poor ( wendel and smith, 1990 ). davis ( 1977 ) noted that the mosaic character of the prairie - deciduous forest ecotone in the upper midwest corresponds with topographic variation, and that relicts of past climatic conditions persist in favorable habitats. i hypothesized, therefore, that local site conditions are important in determining where stands of white pine are located and are regenerating at the southern margin of its range in southwestern wisconsin. i predicted that white pine reproduces best on exposed slopes of steep sandstone cliffs, less vigorously on upper slopes of intermediate steepness and least successfully on the slopes of ravines, where better - developed soils would likely support fewer conifers and more hardwoods ( vankat, 1979 ). this study investigates the contemporary dynamics of white pine in a selection of the stands studied by mcintosh ( 1948, 1950 ) more than 45 yr ago. the approach is two - tiered. first, by comparison with mcintosh ' s results, it evaluates qualitatively how stand dynamics have changed in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48702208743112646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.506065"} {"text": "- residential market - light commercial market - commercial market - indoor air quality - components & accessories - residential controls - commercial controls - testing, monitoring, tools - services, apps & software - standards & legislation - extra edition the initiative \u2019 s goal is to address preventable hazards associated with the home. the strategy for action encourages federal agencies to take preemptive actions that will help reduce the number of american homes with health and safety hazards. according to the government, people in the united states spend about 70 percent of their time in a home. currently, millions of u. s. homes have moderate to severe physical housing problems, including roofing problems ; hvac, plumbing, and electrical deficiencies ; water leaks and intrusion ; high radon gas levels ; and more. these conditions are associated with a wide range of health issues, including unintentional injuries, respiratory illnesses like asthma and radon - induced lung cancer, and they result in lost school days for children, as well as lost productivity in the labor force. the health and economic burdens from preventable hazards associated with the home are considerable, and cost billions of dollars. the strategy for action unifies, for the first time, federal action to advance healthy housing, demonstrating the connection between housing conditions and residents \u2019 health. it also promotes strategies and methods intended to reduce in - home health hazards in a cost - effective manner. \u201c it is clear that unhealthy and unsafe housing has an impact on the health of millions of people in the united states, which is why we must do everything we can to ensure that individuals and families have a healthy place to call home, \u201d said donovan. \u201c energy efficiency and healthy homes are inextricably linked, \u201d said poneman. \u201c we cannot, in good conscience, pursue one in the absence of the other. doe is committed to ensuring that our efforts towards creating an efficient national housing stock also strive to maximize the health and safety of the families we serve. \u201d the overall vision for the strategy is to reduce the number of american homes with residential health and safety hazards, achieved through five goals : 1. establish healthy homes recommendations. 2. encourage adoption of healthy homes recommendations. 3. create and support training and workforce development to address health hazards in housing. 4. educate the public about healthy homes. 5. support research that informs and advances healthy housing in a cost - effective manner. for more on the strategy for action, visit http : / / healthyhomes. hud. gov. publication date : 2 / 11 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49310450776717013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.509015"} {"text": "as a sports lover, you know that injuries come with the territory. you know that injuries, whether caused by repetitive motion, imbalances in your biomechanics or both, can be painful, frustrating, and limiting. yoga is a great tool for preventing injuries. through a combination of active and passive stretching, yoga can be helpful to keep you injury - free. more : yoga poses to prevent the top sports injuries one of the most common injuries for athletes is plantar fasciitis. to prevent plantar fasciitis, practice these two yoga poses on days you train or workout. if you are recovering and your injury is acute, rest until the inflammation subsides. when you feel better, practice these two poses. more : what is plantar fasciitis? reclined leg stretch what it does : reclined leg stretch provides a safe stretch for the hamstrings and the tissue that runs along the back of the hip, thigh and calf, which tugs on the sole of the foot when it gets tight. how to practice : lie on your back, legs together. strongly extend through the heels. keep the left leg pressed on the ground as you bend the right knee to the chest. place a strap around the arch of the right foot and hold the strap loosely in both hands. more : easy yoga poses to stretch out stiff ankles exhale and extend the right leg straight up. walk your hands up the strap until the elbows are fully extended. keep your neck relaxed and make sure you are not throwing your head back. lengthen the back of the leg between the buttock bone and heel. try not to be overly enthusiastic about pulling your leg toward your chest. instead, emphasize the grounding of your left leg as you draw your arms back into their sockets and lift your collarbones. hold for 30 seconds to one minute. breathe evenly and then slowly release. repeat on the left side. more : prevent injuries with proper foot alignment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4289575820547069, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.511061"} {"text": "learn about nutrition become an informed food consumer, rather then a grazer who eats without thinking. research on weight loss shows that dieters who understand the importance of good nutrition are more likely to lose weight, and less likely to regain it. understand that crash diets or weight loss gimmicks often produce a boomerang effect that can leave you weighing more than you did when you started. try to see your weight loss as part of a larger plan to improve your overall physical and mental health. a sustained weight change requires sustained changes in both your diet and your behavior. are you really willing to live on nothing but grapefruit and poached eggs for the rest of your life? if not \u2014 and who would? \u2014 then you need eat balanced meals and make changes in your diet that you can maintain over time. track your progress hang up a calendar, and mark an x on the days you exercise. keep it simple - no need to mark workout time, reps, laps, heart rate, and so on. once a month, review what you ' ve accomplished to get a sense of your progress. try writing down everything you consume during the day. you may want to include the number of calories or carbohydrates that each item contains, but don ' t get hung up on numbers. instead think of these numbers as point totals in a game that you intend to win. pick out some clothes that are only one size smaller than your current size and use them as a short - term goal. you ' ll feel encouraged by your progress and motivated to continue on toward your ultimate goal. weight loss is easier with a partner to keep you on track and share in your pain and progress so recruit friends to go on your weight loss journey. you may even want to make things interesting with a bet for who will hit his / her target weight first. money is a great motivator, and even the \" loser \" wins by losing weight. friends can also help when you need a boost. many adults with adhd start an exercise program with tremendous enthusiasm, only to lose interest within a few weeks. if that sounds like you, write yourself a letter of encouragement. give it to a friend at the start of your exercise program, and ask her to \" deliver \" it back to you when your enthusiasm starts to flag. it ' s hard to develop regular exercise habits if a voice inside you keeps saying, \" why not skip today ' s workout and do it tomorrow instead? \" and with adders, there '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46699519048493676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T02:07:19.513984"}