information about set - bc services for families of children with disabilities families of children with disabilities what is assistive technology ( at )? assistive technologies are tools ( devices, software or hardware ) that can help students with special needs to achieve their educational goals. these tools may be as simple as a wireless mouse or as complex as a refreshable braille display. how do bc schools provide at for students with special needs? bc school districts provide a wide range of educational programs and supports for students with special needs. most students who require at as part of their individual educational plans receive this support within their own districts. districts may request additional at services for some students through special education technology – british columbia ( set - bc ). what is set - bc? set - bc is a ministry of education program that works in partnership with all bc school districts, including group 1 and 2 independent schools. set - bc lends assistive technologies to districts for students ’ use and provides consultation, training, resources, and support for the educational use of these technologies. which students are eligible to receive services from set - bc? set - bc helps districts to provide at services for students whose access to the curriculum is restricted primarily due to the following disabilities : - physical disabilities - autism spectrum disorders - moderate to profound intellectual disabilities - dependent handicaps - visual impairments each year, setbc provides new technology solutions for approximately 800 students across the province. while services are equitably distributed to districts, their requests for set - bc support are limited by available funding. districts have screening processes to determine which students will be put forward to set - bc, and which students will be supported within - district. who do i ask about set - bc services for my child? you can contact your child ’ s school team to discuss his or her educational program and need for assistive technology. you can also contact the set - bc district partner for your district, who coordinates set - bc services and helps identify students who require at services. what happens when my child is selected for set - bc service? set - bc asks school teams to complete request for service forms for students who are selected for service. the teams, including students and parents, meet with set - bc consultants to develop collaborative action plans, which identify strategies and technologies that best meet students ’ educational goals. following these meetings, set - bc consultants arrange for the provision of technology, as well as any training or classroom resources that are needed. what if my child has a technology assessment by a health / community agency? these assessments or


students ’ educational goals. following these meetings, set - bc consultants arrange for the provision of technology, as well as any training or classroom resources that are needed. what if my child has a technology assessment by a health / community agency? these assessments or reports on students ’ strengths and needs can be helpful when identifying technology solutions. they should be discussed during the collaborative action plan meeting to ensure that the recommendations support students ’ educational goals. what types of technology does set - bc provide? set - bc provides desktop and laptop computers, with specialized software for reading, writing and communication. set - bc also provides speech generating devices, braille and low - vision devices and alternate access peripherals. school districts supply appropriate educational, productivity and virus protection software, and also arrange access to printers, school networks and the internet as required. how will my child learn to use technology? school teams can take part in a wide range of set - bc workshops and presentations. team members learn technology skills and strategies and acquire resources that will help them support student use of technology in the classroom. students learn to use their at as part of their ongoing educational program, with instruction and support from school team members. set - bc also provides online access to training and resources at www. setbc. org. our website contains useful audio presentations, software demonstrations, student videos, and tutorials, as well as collections of adapted curriculum resources. can set - bc technology be used at home? set - bc loans technology to bc school districts for individual students, therefore district policies on appropriate technology use apply to set - bc loans. district and school administrators make decisions about the use of technology at home or in the community. if students take their technology home, parents are asked to sign loan forms acknowledging responsibility for the equipment. who provides technical support for set - bc technologies? school teams, students and families who need technical support or repair for equipment on loan from set - bc can contact the set - bc support desk. phone 1 - 866 - 738 - 3375 or 604 - 269 - 2222 in the vancouver area, or send email to email @ example. com.


the long walk home the black worker & the great migration from cape breton at the turn of the century, a mass migration occurred to cape breton island of hundreds of free, skilled black workers from alabama, lured by what they called ' the promise. ' their emigration back to the us is scarcely known today. in 1911, hundreds of men from the west indies were again lured by ' the promise '. their descendents form the heart of the historic whitney pier community. our correspondent, paul macdougall, files reports from bangor, maine, and sydney. by paul macdougall * shunpiking magazine no. 38 bangor, january 13 / 1903 - about 250 black people showed up here today at the police station looking for shelter from the fierce winter cold. they were a penniless, destitute bunch, clad mainly in rags, complaining about being hungry, and shivering from the cold. their spokesmen seemed to be a person by the name of griggins or griffin, i couldn ' t make him out, walter was his first name so let ' s stick with that. his wife was with him and she seemed awfully upset at their predicament. walter said they needed a place for the night and planned to head on up to bucksport the next day or so by train, then catch the steamer penobscot to take them to boston. from there the group planned to head down to the southern states, many back to alabama, where they originally came from. i thought that some of these people looked familiar when i saw them mingling around town earlier in the day, and walter confirmed for me they were in bangor about two years earlier during their trek north. they had all been guaranteed work in the new steel mill that was being constructed in sydney, nova scotia. the mill was the brainchild of new englander, henry melville whitney, the same fellow who had organized the dominion coal company in cape breton around 1893. in 1899, nova scotia steel, a steel - producing operation out of new glasgow, ns turned down whitney ' s offer of a merger of their two companies. whitney knew he could get easy access to coal ( he already owned it ) and iron ore from bell island off newfoundland, so he gathered some financiers from toronto and montreal and formed his own company, the dominion iron and steel company or disco as they called it. they started building a steel plant almost immediately. by 1902 it was in operation. walter claimed that he and his companions were recruited to work at disco through agents


and formed his own company, the dominion iron and steel company or disco as they called it. they started building a steel plant almost immediately. by 1902 it was in operation. walter claimed that he and his companions were recruited to work at disco through agents at steel mills they worked in throughout the country. hundreds of skilled black furnace men were enticed to come and help build and work in the blast furnaces at the steel plant in sydney. the blast furnace combines coke made from coal, iron ore and limestone to produce liquid iron, which eventually becomes steel. it ' s hot and hellish work and disco officials insisted on hiring only " first class men in every way, " men that they could " rely on at all times. " numerous men mentioned j. h. means, the superintendent of furnaces, as instrumental in recruiting them to cape breton. they thought means was from alabama, and he was well connected with alabama and pennsylvanian steelmen. he recruited men from these contacts as well as from people he knew in new york and maryland. by early 1902 many black american steel workers had taken up residence in sydney and were working at the steel plant. housing was a problem right from the beginning, i was told. they were no fine homes with gardens, the families were housed in shacks that were nothing more than bunkhouses normally only used for single men. skilled white employees lived in the ashby area of sydney or " overtown ", while the skilled blacks and any other unskilled labourers lived in whitney pier, many almost adjacent to the plant or its coke ovens. they called this area cokovia or cokeville ( see 1902 map this page ). most of these living quarters lacked sewer or water hookup, were filthy and had poor ventilation. the men claimed that even though they had important jobs at the steel plant they were at the bottom rung of the social scale. they had to open their own school in 1902 with the aid of the african methodist episcopal church which was formed earlier that same year. mixing between blacks and whites rarely happened socially and the black person ' s lot in life was not moving forward. the $ 2 : 00 a day wage was really only $ 1 : 25 and they didn ' t see any of this until they had worked over sixty days. enough was enough. i left walter, his wife and the rest of the black families at the police station and roamed back down the street. a few blacks were hanging about the restaurant at the corner, and i knew they weren ' t local ;


enough was enough. i left walter, his wife and the rest of the black families at the police station and roamed back down the street. a few blacks were hanging about the restaurant at the corner, and i knew they weren ' t local ; more displaced cape breton workers i thought. it was only a couple of years ago that these people were streaming through here at a fast and furious pace. it was as if they couldn ' t wait to leave the states and settle in canada. they had some of the happiest looks on their faces that i ' d seen on just about anybody. my how things changed. i couldn ' t help wonder if they ' d been hoodwinked by someone in heading all the way to cape breton to work. filed by your correspondent for the bangor daily news after they left a couple of days later i fired off a letter to a newspaperman i knew in sydney. he worked for the sydney record and got back to me some time later. he said that a steel company official told him alabama blacks " were all doing well, " earning twice as much as they did before, and they were happy and contented. " sydney, nova scotia, february 2001 - from 1901 to 1904 hundreds of black men and their families tramped back and forth from the steel cities of the united states to a fledgling steel plant city in cape breton that had been described in 1902 by the canadian manufacturing association as, " the outstanding feature of our industrial development of the past few years. " the steel plant ' s founder henry whitney said, " i cannot control my enthusiasm when i think of the future. " sadly, this future was short and bleak for the skilled migrant black men who were sold on the dream of a new country to live and raise their families in. faced with the obvious sterotypism of the day, poor despicable living conditions, and a molten stream of broken promises, almost every one of these families returned home. many died along the way. j. h. means left the plant in early 1903 and it may have been his leaving that influenced many blacks to leave. he had recruited many of them and his absence may have removed any faint hope of social advancement they may have hoped for. by the end of 1904 this african - american community was all but dead. the school died, the church died, the institutions they so quickly built in sydney all but disappeared. by 1911 the plant was expanding at an incredible rate. new workers were needed and the company began to actively recruit blacks from the british west


but dead. the school died, the church died, the institutions they so quickly built in sydney all but disappeared. by 1911 the plant was expanding at an incredible rate. new workers were needed and the company began to actively recruit blacks from the british west indies and especially the island of barbados. between 1911 and 1914 hundreds of these immigrants settled in sydney and worked as mainly unskilled labourers at the steel plant. some also worked in the mines and settled in glace bay and new waterford. these people are the ancestors of the small african - canadian community that resides in cape breton today. communities will always be an evolving place. the whitney pier region of sydney was probably one of the most cosmopolitan areas on the planet during the early years of the last century. if you search back enough you can probably trace back dozens of different ethnic groups to a period of time when their ancestors came to work at the steel plant. but there is always an exception to every rule. the american blacks played a crucial role in the very beginning of the sydney steel plant, but never stayed around to reap any benefits. it may be fair to surmise that the development of sydney over the past 100 years is owed to a few hundred black men who got the first blast furnace operational. their expertise cannot be underestimated. at a time when sydney steel is on its deathbed, after 100 years of operation, the contribution of the people who built it, worked there, and raised families around it, must be recognized. the majority of these people stayed, the american blacks left, but the legacy of steel making in sydney needs to be remembered in a true light, not as a bargain basement sale or an environmental war zone. the men, women and children that walked from sydney to maine and beyond in the dead of winter in 1903 and 1904 for the hopes of a better life, need to be remembered for more than this. i encourage anyone to read elizabeth beaton ' s paper " an african - american community in cape breton, 1901 - 1904 " published in acadiensis, xxiv, 2 spring 1995. elizabeth teaches history at uccb and most of the material for this article comes from her research and she should be commended for it. i invented the correspondent from maine, but stories of the plight of the returning black workers were reported in the sydney record and the bangor daily news. working in steel, the early years in canada, 1883 - 1935 by craig heron is an interesting book and the quotes by the cma and henry whitney regarding the future success of disco were taken


were reported in the sydney record and the bangor daily news. working in steel, the early years in canada, 1883 - 1935 by craig heron is an interesting book and the quotes by the cma and henry whitney regarding the future success of disco were taken from it. community meeting, melnick labour hall, whitney pier in sydney, cape breton, mid - 1950s. courtesy the coward family a rare though blurred 1901 photograph inside the sydney steel works of black furnace workers on the disco cast house floor. beaton institute, photographer unknown. black steel workers marshalling blast furnace ' miniature ' in coronation parade. beaton institute, photographer unknown. lillian coward ( centre ) was the first wife of arthur coward, who emigrated from barbados in 1911 ( and great - grandfather of justin coward, see centrefold ). mae crawford ( on right ), also from the west indies, was a well - known community entrepreneur ( west indian dishes ). throughout nova scotia, the black community always met on a regular basis in similar halls whenever the occasion arose. lucus toussaint emigrated to the pier in 1911 from grenada. he is the maternal grandfather of curtis coward and great - grandfather of justin coward ( see centrefold ). albert almon plan of sydney, 1902. whitney pier ( ward v ), indicating " cokeville ". courtesy of the whitney pier historical society and the beaton institute. * paul macdougall, a freelance writer and microbiology technologist, teaches in the environmental health program at uccb. comments to : email @ example. com copyright new media services inc. © 2004. the views expressed herein are the writers ' own and do not necessarily reflect those of shunpiking magazine or new media publications.


okay, suppose you have a 5. 5 gallon aquarium ( 16 " x9 " x8 " ), and suppose all six faces ( including top and bottom ) of the aquarium could be allowed to contact air and radiate freely ( maybe give it legs, like a table ). that ' s 688 sq inches = 0. 444 sq meters of surface area. based on conductive and radiative heat loss models i ' ve dug up on the web ( see previous posts ), here ' s the the heat loss rate in a room that ' s maintained at 22 c ( 71. 6 f ) : tank ( c ) rad ( w ) cond ( w ) total ( watts ) 50 48. 4 50. 3 98. 8 55 58. 5 59. 3 117. 8 60 69. 0 68. 3 137. 4 65 80. 1 77. 3 157. 4 70 91. 7 86. 3 178. 0 75 103. 7 95. 3 199. 0 80 116. 3 104. 3 220. 6 85 129. 5 113. 2 242. 7 so, this tells me that if i have some big honking system that sinks 250 watts into this tank, it is going to settle at a temperature of over 85c, which seems pretty hot. a smaller system that generates only 150 w of heat will settle just below 65c. as i alluded to last post, i don ' t know what temperatures are safe for the various devices ( gpu, cpu, vid rams, dimms, nb, etc ). one thing i have not addressed is the rate at which the system approaches the final temperature. that would be dependent on the thermal mass of the oil - filled aquarium, which relates how much temperature rise results from absorbing a given amount of energy. mineral oil has a heat capacity of 1. 67 j / gk, and specific gravity of. 87 g / cc. 5 gallons of it would be 18927 cc, which is 16. 466 kg, which is a thermal mass of 27. 5 kj / k. so, a 250 watt system running for 1 hour ( 3600 seconds ) produces 250 * 3600 = 900000 joules of energy, which would change the temperature of that thermal mass by only 32 c. and that assumes the tank loses zero heat during that hour! in reality, as soon as the tank gets above ambient temperature, it starts losing some of its heat. to model the temperature rise as a function of time


the gannet is ireland ' s largest seabird, with a wingspan of two metres. the little skellig is home to nearly 70, 000 of them, making it the second largest gannet colony in the world. gannets catch fish by plunging into the shoals from a great height. gannets can dive from a height of 30 m, achieving speeds of 100 km / h as they strike the water, enabling them to catch fish much deeper than most airborne birds. an unmistakable bird with its black back and white underparts, and distinctive black head with large pale cheeks and a tall, flattened, brightly - coloured bill. its comical appearance is heightened by its red and black eye - markings and bright orange legs. they breed in large colonies on coastal cliffs or offshore islands, nesting in crevices among rocks or in burrows in the soil and feed primarily by diving. the puffin shed the colourful outer parts of their bills after the breeding season, leaving a smaller and duller beak. their short wings are adapted for swimming with a flying technique under water. in the air, they beat their wings rapidly ( up to 100 times per minute ) in swift flight, often flying low over the ocean ' s surface. used as a symbol for books and other items, this clown among seabirds is one of the world ' s favourite birds. the arctic tern the arctic tern is medium - sized bird approximately 33 – 36 cm ( 13 – 15 in ) from the tip of its beak to the tip of its tail. the wingspan is 76 – 85 cm. the weight is 86 – 127 g ( 3. 0 – 4. 5 oz ). the beak is dark red, as are the short legs and webbed feet. like most terns, the arctic tern has high aspect ratio wings and a tail with a deep fork. the adult plumage is grey above, with a black nape and crown and white cheeks. the upperwings are pale grey, with the area near the wingtip being translucent. the tail is white, and the underparts pale grey. both sexes are similar in appearance. the winter plumage is similar, but the crown is whiter and the bills are darker juveniles differ from adults in their black bill and legs, " scaly " appearing wings, and mantle with dark feather tips, dark carpal wing bar, and short tail streamers. during their first summer, juveniles also have a whiter forecrown. the black guillemot the black guillemot is medium - sized at 32 - 38


with dark feather tips, dark carpal wing bar, and short tail streamers. during their first summer, juveniles also have a whiter forecrown. the black guillemot the black guillemot is medium - sized at 32 - 38 cm in length, and with a 49 - 58 cm wingspan. adult birds have black bodies with a white wing patch, a thin dark bill and red legs and feet. they show white wing linings in flight. in winter, the upperparts are pale grey and the underparts are white. the wings remain black with the large white patch on the inner wing. the herring gull is white with a pale grey back and wings. their wings are black tipped while they possess a powerful yellow with red spots bill, yellow eyes and can be seen to have pink feet. in winter, the birds head has brownish streaks. juvenile herring gulls are speckled brown, with black terminal tail - band, gradually attaining adult plumage in the fourth year. they have a very vocal call with a repeated ' kyow '. their alarm call on their breeding ground resembles a ' ga - ga - ga ' sound. the razorbill, alca torda, is a large auk, 38 - 43 cm in length, with a 60 - 69 cm wingspan. it is the only living member of the genus alca. adult birds are black on their upperparts and white on the breast and belly. the thick black bill has a blunt end. the tail is pointed and longer than that of a murre. in winter, the black face becomes white. gull - like but stockier with thicker head and neck. fulmars have greyish upper parts and a white head and body, their ' tuber nose ' bill and the straightness of the wings in flight make identification easy. common around all coasts with nesting ledges. in winter the fulmars disperse over the sea often following fishing boats fro discarded fish scraps. intruders to the nest are attacked with a vile - smelling oil which the fulmers spit at them. the birds may also spend hours gliding past a possible nesting ledge trying to land on it, only to be repelled by other birds. the manx shearwater this bird is 30 - 38 cm long, with a 76 - 89 cm wingspan. it has the typically " shearing " flight of the genus, dipping from side to side on stiff wings with few wingbeats, the wingtips almost touching the water. this bird looks like a flying cross,


76 - 89 cm wingspan. it has the typically " shearing " flight of the genus, dipping from side to side on stiff wings with few wingbeats, the wingtips almost touching the water. this bird looks like a flying cross, with its wing held at right angles to the body, and it changes from black to white as the black upperparts and white undersides are alternately exposed as it travels low over the sea. this is a gregarious species, which can been seen in large numbers from boats or headlands, especially on passage in autumn. it is silent at sea, but at night the breeding colonies are alive with raucous cackling calls. the manx shearwater feeds on small fish ( particularly herring, sprat and sardines ), crustaceans, cephalopods and surface offal. the bird forages individually or in small flocks, and it makes use of feeding marine mammals and schools of predatory fish, which push prey species up to the surface. it does not follow boats. cormorants and shags are medium - to - large seabirds. they range in size from the pygmy cormorant ( phalacrocorax pygmaeus ), at as little as 45 cm ( 18 in ) and 340 g ( 12 oz ), to the flightless cormorant ( phalacrocorax harrisi ), at a maximum size 100 cm ( 40 in ) and 5 kg ( 11 lb ). the recently - extinct spectacled cormorant ( phalacrocorax perspicillatus ) was rather larger, at an average size of 6. 3 kg ( 14 lb ). the majority, including nearly all northern hemisphere species, have mainly dark plumage, but some southern hemisphere species are black and white, and a few ( e. g. the spotted shag of new zealand ) are quite colourful. many species have areas of coloured skin on the face ( the lores and the gular skin ) which can be bright blue, orange, red or yellow, typically becoming more brightly coloured in the breeding season. the bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. their feet have webbing between all four toes, as in their relatives. guillemot is the common name for several species of seabird in the auk family, comprising two genera : uria and cepphus. it is a black and white sea bird with a narrow pointed bill. often has white


their relatives. guillemot is the common name for several species of seabird in the auk family, comprising two genera : uria and cepphus. it is a black and white sea bird with a narrow pointed bill. often has white eye - ring and narrow stripe behind its eye. in winter, checks, chin and neck are white and has a dark line behind its eye. guillemots breeding on inaccessible cliffs on rocket coasts and islands with some colonies containing thousands of birds. in winter, most of them go far out to sea, occasionally inshore in bad weather. guillemots dive for fish from the surface, they also swim well under water using their wings. they often sit upright on the nesting ledges. the boat departs daily from portmagee pier at approximately 10 : 00am, weather permitting. the boat trip to the skelligs takes 45 minutes and you have between 2 hours and 2 hours 30 minutes on the rock. the boat stops for a while at the little skelligs to allow you to view the bird colony and seals. the return boat trip lasts a further 45 minutes and you are back in portmagee at around 3 o ' clock. it is advisable to book at least 2 days in advance.


slow cookers & crock pots information slow cookers ( also known as crock - pot ) are mostly used for simmering, which means using low - heat for extended periods of time. the benefit of slow - cooking is that food becomes tenderer, then if it is cooked on stove, as all of its tissues break down. flavor also can infuse over time. slow cookers or crock - pots are electronically heated ceramic bowl with glass lid. they usually have only a few settings, such as ' low ', ' medium ', and ' high '. the benefit of slow - cooking is mainly convenience. generally crock - pots are safe enough to turn on before work and return to before dinner to a fully cooked meal. we recommend that you look into our big selection of slow cookers and crock - pots by hamilton beach, presto, cuisinart, oster and nesco. what you plan to use your crock pot for? generally, larger size slow cookers are designed to hold larger foods, such as cuts of meats or even a whole chicken ; while smaller ones designed to handle foods like soups or stews. insert type : in most slow cookers you can remove stoneware inserts, which are sturdy, very practical and also dishwasher safe. some models have nonstick coating, and it is recommended to hand wash them in warm water with soap. the size of a family : larger families may consider looking for a 6 - quart slow cooker, while smaller families or single people may do better with a 4 - quart model.


veil lifts on titan ' s great secrets when the cassini spacecraft reached saturn? s largest moon titan and deployed its huygens probe to study the surface, it lifted a shroud that had hung over a world possibly containing conditions for life? s building blocks. now a planetary scientist and an astronomy writer have laid out cassini? s findings and titan? s enduring mysteries in a new book,? titan unveiled? ( princeton university press, 2008 ). as cassini entered saturn ' s orbit in 2004 and began snapping images during flybys of titan later that year, scientists realized that titan has sand dunes not unlike those in the sahara desert. they had assumed little sand would exist at the moon because of a lack of erosion processes, and that titan? s winds lacked the strength to create dune patterns. " both hypotheses were wrong for interesting reasons, " said ralph lorenz, co - author and planetary scientist on the cassini - huygens mission at johns hopkins university applied physics lab in maryland. the sand had originated not from erosion pounding rocks into small grains, but instead from chemicals that drizzled down from titan? s clouds. cassini also found powerful near - surface winds at titan due to the gravitational influence of saturn on the atmosphere. another surprise arose from? just how glaring the influence of rainfall and rivers was in the huygens landing,? lorenz told space. com. titan? s surface and atmosphere contain methane, which acts like liquid water under the frigid temperatures of roughly - 290 degrees f ( - 179 degrees c ) on the surface. falling and flowing methane may only form a temporary feature on titan? s surface, but cassini also detected larger bodies of liquid such as lakes, using optical cameras and radar. however, the south polar region of titan appears to have fewer lakes? just one of the differences between the north and south poles that has become an? emerging mystery,? lorenz said. an added bombshell came from the discovery that titan? s icy surface slides around like cheese on pizza sauce. that suggests the moon harbors a hidden ocean that may consist of water and ammonia. yet one of titan? s most noticeable features remains a mystery. an orange shroud of methane has long hidden the moon? s surface from astronomers ' eyes, but remains despite getting steadily destroyed by the sun? s harsh ultraviolet rays and making up just 5 percent of the mainly nitrogen atmosphere. scientists suspect the methane may get replenished by underground lakes or volcanic vents. strangeness aside


signs point to interstellar space for voyager 1 probe by stephen clark posted : september 16, 2012 more than 35 years after launching from earth and now at the frontier of the solar system, nasa ' s voyager 1 probe may be tasting interstellar space for the first time, according to scientists analyzing fresh data from the distant explorer. it takes 17 hours for a radio signal to travel between earth and voyager 1. its twin explorer - voyager 2 - is lagging slightly behind at a distance of 9. 2 billion miles from earth. the nuclear - powered probe ' s computers have about 68 kilobytes of memory. an 8 - gigabyte ipod nano holds more than 100, 000 times as much data. but particle - sniffing sensors aboard voyager 1 are returning intriguing measurements showing the spacecraft is on the precipice of leaving the solar system. researchers may be seeing the first signs that voyager 1 is nearing - or may have already crossed - the heliopause, an enigmatic boundary between the sun ' s sphere of influence and the void beyond. the sun ' s million - mile - per - hour solar wind blows a teardrop - shaped bubble around the solar system, pushing against a stream of galactic particles coming from ancient stellar explosions. the heliosphere is compressed by the galactic wind in one direction, while it stretches behind the solar system like a comet ' s tail. the heliosphere blocks most dangerous cosmic radiation from reaching earth. " inside the heliopause, the wind is from the sun, and outside the wind is from the explosion of supernovae, " said ed stone, project scientist for the voyager program at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory. " it ' s a distinctly different part of the universe, and these two spacecraft will be the first to enter interstellar space. " voyager 1 crossed into the heliosheath in 2004, entering a region where the pressure from galactic particles begin to slow the speed of the solar wind. since then, scientists have played a waiting game. no one knows for sure what environment voyager 1 will encounter when it makes its grand exit. " we could be actually in interstellar space right now, as far as we know, " said alan cummings, a senior scientist at the california institute of technology, in remarks last month. but it will take time before scientists can confidently conclude voyager 1 has crossed into the interstellar medium, a domain more dominated by particles from elsewhere in the milky way galaxy than from the sun. at the very least, recent data show voyager 1 has


. but it will take time before scientists can confidently conclude voyager 1 has crossed into the interstellar medium, a domain more dominated by particles from elsewhere in the milky way galaxy than from the sun. at the very least, recent data show voyager 1 has entered a new region, according to stone. in may, voyager 1 ' s particle counter began scooping up more high - energy cosmic rays coming from outside the solar system. " suddenly, in one month, they increased as much as they had in a year, " stone said. " obviously, something had changed. " another, even sharper, rise in high - energy cosmic rays was measured in late august, just as voyager 1 ' s telescopes recorded a dramatic drop in low - energy particles coming from inside the heliosphere. the other indicator is a change in the direction of the magnetic field around voyager 1, and that is the most difficult to ascertain, according to stone, who has been with the project since its launch. according to stone, confirming the change in magnetic field could take weeks or months of observations. " there is some kind of connection between where voyager is and the outside, which lets particles that are inside out and lets the particles that are outside in, " stone said. " the question is how much further is it to the heliopause? we don ' t know whether these are special filaments connecting to the outside or whether we ' re dancing along a new region which is connected to the outside. " researchers believe the heliopause boundary is extraordinarily turbulent, and its location can fluctuate in location and time. charged particles travel along magnetic field lines, which can undergo dynamic bursts known as reconnection, much like the process responsible for auroras on earth. " this is very new data, and we haven ' t really digested it all yet, " cummings said. " it could be that the magnetic field line that voyager is on is making intermittent connections with the heliopause, or this boundary we ' re trying to get to. " off - and - on magnetic connections with the heliopause could allow particles from inside the heliosphere to escape and draw in cosmic ways from interstellar space. " if there ' s one thing we ' ve learned from voyager, it ' s no matter how clever we think we are about the signatures, there ' s almost surely to be something we haven ' t figured out when we get there, and that ' s going to be the most interesting thing


the enlightenment and kant hilde skips school to read sophie ' s story, and she gets through the chapter on berkeley. she finds herself agreeing with alberto that her father has gone too far and then wonders whom she really agrees with, since her father wrote what alberto said. hilde thinks that she sees her reflection wink with both eyes. she finds out that her mom found her gold crucifix, and mentioned that fact to her father. however, when she asks for it, her mother cannot find it. then she reads on in sophie ' s world. sophie wakes up on the morning of her birthday and convinces her mother that she is all right. then she receives a call from alberto, who has a plan. he thinks that they may somehow be able to influence what happens to them, because hilde ' s father may not know what he is going to write until the moment that he writes it. he wants to figure out a way to somehow escape, but they cannot get away until sophie has finished her course in philosophy. hilde thinks that alberto may have a point, because she knows her father will be writing quickly and that he might write something without realizing it. after school, on her way to meet alberto at the major ' s cabin, sophie gets a postcard from hilde ' s father wishing her happy birthday. she also receives a postcard for hilde that describes what alberto will talk about in his next lecture and tells hilde not to stay up too late reading. alberto describes the # # enlightenment # sophie and hilde learn that the french enlightenment was characterized by much " opposition to authority ", politically as well as philosophically. the french thinkers had tremendous faith in reason. they wanted the masses to learn — to be enlightened — and they believed that this would result in great strides for humanity. they felt that we must return to a better, more natural way of living. they also wanted a natural religion, one that would be the same for all people. finally, they felt that people had fundamental natural rights and they fought to see those rights upheld. then a sea serpent appears in the lake and they go inside the cabin. sophie finds a note for her and hilde where the major points out that the un is founded on principles from the enlightenment. hilde stops reading and goes downstairs to eat with her mother. hilde ' s father calls late that night to wish her a happy birthday, and she tells him she is very happy with his gift and that she thinks that sophie and alberto are real


hilde stops reading and goes downstairs to eat with her mother. hilde ' s father calls late that night to wish her a happy birthday, and she tells him she is very happy with his gift and that she thinks that sophie and alberto are real. then she starts to read again. alberto talks about kant, who worked from the views of the empiricists and the rationalists. he believed that certain factors in our mind influence our experience of the world. we perceive everything as occurring in time and space, and these are innate characteristics of the human mind. kant divides the world into things as they are in themselves and as we perceive them. we cannot know things as they are in themselves, but we can know how we perceive them. he felt that the law of causality was also a part of the human mind. kant felt that we cannot know the answers to certain questions because they lie beyond human reason. he believed that these questions are answerable only through faith. alberto is interrupted when little red ridinghood knocks at the door and delivers another note from hilde ' s father. kant also believed that everyone has innate moral reason, and that moral actions are ones we perform out of a sense of duty. when we do so, we are free, because we are following our reason, which is a part of the world as it is in itself. alberto also says that that albert knag cannot contradict reason, and that is their only weapon against him. then sophie leaves and meets winnie - the - pooh in the woods, who gives her a letter to hilde that describes kant ' s import for the un. when hilde begins agreeing with alberto that her father has gone too far, we are presented with a true paradox. clearly, alberto is a character in a book that hilde ' s father has written. so agreeing with alberto means agreeing with her father. but at the same time, hilde ' s father is himself a character in that book, and his actions in the book are sometimes disagreeable to hilde. even hilde cannot figure out what is really going on. however, she does know that more is happening than even her father understands. the gold crucifix and the scarf that sophie found seem to have disappeared from hilde ' s world, and this suggests that maybe albert knag has created more than he bargained for. he has really orchestrated the lessons that alberto has given to sophie and they are intended in his mind for hilde, but the same lessons must be applied to his


, and this suggests that maybe albert knag has created more than he bargained for. he has really orchestrated the lessons that alberto has given to sophie and they are intended in his mind for hilde, but the same lessons must be applied to his life as well. he created sophie and alberto ' s universe in his mind. but if it is true that sophie cannot always trust herself or her mind, and that she is not always the same person from day to day, then it is also true of albert knag. perhaps the point that gaarder is making is that complete control is out of our reach. we cannot completely understand the world and, since our own minds are a part of that world, we therefore cannot entirely know our own mind. so hilde ' s father, although he is the one writing about alberto and sophie, may not know exactly what he has done with them. furthermore, the possibility, which hilde is certain of, that sophie and alberto actually exist outside of the book, is one that cannot be ruled out. we cannot rule out the possibility that sophie and alberto exist outside the book because we cannot know for sure that the characters do not exist somewhere else. after going through approximately 2000 years of philosophy, we have returned to one of its earliest truths — the only thing we can really know is that we know nothing. socrates supposedly first stated this and descartes said a similar thing centuries later. now gaarder may be using this statement to point out just how little we really do know. all of our lives may be inside a book that someone has written. the external world that we think we see may not actually have any physical substance. perhaps there are other realities existing besides our own that we have no knowledge of. all we can really know is what both descartes and socrates knew — that we can question. gaarder shows us that not only is it good for us to be philosophers, in a certain sense it is all we can ever hope to be. for certain knowledge can only be had, as kant demonstrated, of what we perceive. and our perceptions need not tell us anything about the way things are in themselves. so, in a sense, flawed and prefigured as it is, our reason really is all that we have. by pala909, august 08, 2012 for my whole life, i have questioned where god came from. i ' ve always believed in a god and that he created us, but i could never wrap myself around the idea of where he himself came


an information flow represents information items or classifiers flowing between two elements in any diagram. the connector is available from the common page of the toolbox and from every quick link menu. you can have more than one information flow connector between the same two elements, identifying which items flow between the two under differing conditions. example of use - open a diagram and add two elements ( for example, nodes on a deployment diagram ). - click on the information flow connector in the common page of the toolbox and drag between the two elements. the information items conveyed dialog displays. - add the classifier or information item element ( s ) to the information flow. the diagram now resembles the following. - add another connector between the same two elements ( for example, a communication path connector ). - right - click the connector and select the advanced | information flows realized context menu option. the information flows realized dialog displays. - tick the checkbox against the required classifier element and click on the ok button. the combined connector now resembles the following : omg uml specification the omg uml specification ( uml superstructure specification, v2. 1. 1, p. 606 ) states : an informationflow specifies that one or more information items circulates from its sources to its targets. the omg uml specification ( uml superstructure specification, v2. 1. 1, p. 607 ) also states : an information flow is an abstraction of the communication of an information item from its sources to its targets. it is used to abstract the communication of information between entities of a system. sources or targets of an information flow designate sets of objects that can send or receive the conveyed information item.


working with encrypted data in sql server encryption plays an important role in protecting data and preventing intrusion. in this session we will look at the various places and methods of encryption that exist inside sql server. first, we will look at the types of encryption available in sql server. these include encryption by pass phrase, by symmetric key, by asymmetric key, by certificate, by one - way - hash and signing. during this we will be looking at the strength of the encryption and possible attacks such as whole - value substitution, brute force and rainbow table attack. lastly, we will look at how sql encryption differs from. net ( or other programming environments ) and the pros and cons of each. following on from that will be a look at how the encryption hierarchy works to provide an impressive level of key protection. we will be answering questions like what is a master key, how it is different to the service master key, and what does the service master key do. we will be looking at system level encryption for system features such as tds and credentials storage and services such as ssrs, ssis, and dqs. how and why do these services use encryption? these features and services use sql encryption inherently to protect the most sensitive of configuration finally, we will look at ways of preparing for disaster recovery with encrypted data. encrypted data is nothing more than random binary data with the keys and algorithms to decrypt it. thus, there is a critical need for effective key management and understanding of what is necessary to recover encrypted data in the event of a disaster. sorry, there are no downloads available for this session. i ’ m a talented multi - skilled it professional with advanced skills in sql server 2005 / 08 and 2012. i have many years experience in sql design, administration, server consolidation and migration in large scale organisations. i have completed mcitp in database administration and development. my belief is that data is the critical element of an organisation and that a database must be effective, efficient and secure. i am an expert in information system holding a bsc ( hons ) in computing and informatics. i currently work for an international organisation as their head dba. my next aim is completion of mcsm and to discuss a topic at sqlbits. the video is not available to view online. - session files explorer the network name cannot be found.


page 2 of 2 previous since their historic victories in the 2010 midterm elections, republicans across the country have passed an array of voting laws - to require photo identification, to make it more difficult to register, to reduce periods of early voting or to purge voter rolls - and they are considering others. the justice department, the national association for the advancement of colored people, the mexican american legal defense and educational fund, the american civil liberties union and other groups have challenged many of these laws in court. a federal court recently rejected texas ' voter id law, and similar cases from pennsylvania, south carolina and wisconsin await final judicial action. sound - bite analogies between these new laws and the fully mature jim crow system have been properly condemned as simplistic and misleading. but more careful study of the experience of a century ago may offer a cautionary lesson about today ' s changes in election laws. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, southern democrats used statutory and state constitutional restrictions - as well as violence, intimidation and ballot - box stuffing - to discourage and, ultimately, to disfranchise many poor whites and the vast majority of african - americans. several popular misunderstandings about that " first disfranchisement " cloud the public ' s view of recent legislation. one is that many people believe it was violence, not laws, that disfranchised african - americans, and that few southern blacks continued to vote after the compromise of 1877, which resulted in the withdrawal of u. s. troops and the collapse of the last reconstruction republican state governments. but, in fact, large proportions of african - americans somehow managed to vote in the next election in two - thirds of the counties where the most horrific reconstruction violence took place. black turnout in the south in the 1880s was actually higher than it often is today, and many african - americans continued to win elections for local and state offices and congress through the 1890s. disfranchisement was accomplished by law, not by force. many people assume, again incorrectly, that the restrictive devices of the earlier period were aimed exclusively at african - americans. but literacy and property qualifications applied to whites as well as blacks, at least in law. poll taxes discouraged many poor whites from voting, especially women after ratification of the 19th amendment in 1920. white as well as african - american turnout dropped dramatically after the passage of major disfranchisement statutes and state constitutional amendments. many scholars for a long time ignored the partisan aspects of disfranchisement. in every


in 1920. white as well as african - american turnout dropped dramatically after the passage of major disfranchisement statutes and state constitutional amendments. many scholars for a long time ignored the partisan aspects of disfranchisement. in every southern state, democrats, then the party of white and upper - class supremacy, pushed through disfranchisement measures in legislatures and by referendums, often using violence and ballot - box stuffing to secure the results. most populists and republicans opposed these laws to protect both their white and black fellow party members. if blacks had been democrats, there would have been no need for democratic leaders to disfranchise them. the partisan and racial motives of the first disfranchisement cannot be neatly disentangled. some scholars also have failed to notice that disfranchisement was an incremental process, taking place over many years and involving many types of actions. first, violence and intimidation, most intense during the 1860s and 1870s, killed or ran off many republican leaders and gave democrats control of election boards. then democratic election officials perpetrated the largest election frauds in u. s. history, which reduced the number of their political opponents but did not eliminate them. with majorities in state legislatures, democrats passed changes in statutes that included gerrymandering election districts, substituting at - large for district elections in majority - white areas to deny opponents any offices at all, making it much more difficult to register to vote, or mandating secret ballots to disfranchise the illiterate. finally, by the 1890s and early 1900s, with the electorate and the number of partisan opposition officials reduced, with the ability to falsify election returns and with the option to use violence if needed, democrats were able to move on to state constitutional disfranchisement with literacy tests and especially poll taxes. in sum, the first disfranchisement was accomplished and perpetuated by law ; it was aimed primarily but not exclusively at african - americans ; it was partisan as well as racial ; and it took place step by step. it is difficult to assess the effects of the current spate of laws immediately, because of other factors. for example, minorities surged to the polls in 2008 to back the first nonwhite major - party nominee for the presidency. that offset the potential negative effect on turnout from strengthened voter id laws. some leaders of the 19th century republican party - the activist liberal party of the day - thought


cluster headache is a type of severe, recurring pain that is located on one side of the head. it received its name from the clustering, or pattern, of frequent headaches that usually occur. there are two main types of cluster headaches : - episodic cluster headaches — these occur one or more times daily for multiple weeks. the headaches then enter a period of remission and come back months or years later. - chronic cluster headaches — these occur almost daily with headache - free periods lasting less than one month. either type of headache may convert to the other type. the cause of cluster headaches is not known. it is thought that there is abnormal activation of the area of the brain that is responsible for regulating temperature, blood pressure, hormone release, and sleep. the pain is thought to be caused by a combination of widening of the blood vessels and inflammation of the nerves of the face. possible causes include : - alcohol use - changes in barometric pressure - changes in sleep pattern - tobacco use drugs, such as factors that increase your chance of getting cluster headaches include : - sex : males - age : 20 - 50 years old - prior head surgery or head injury - positive family history of cluster headaches symptoms of cluster headache include : stabbing, penetrating, burning, or explosive head pain that : - begins suddenly - is on one side of the head, but not both - often starts around the eye and spreads to the same side of the head - causes facial flushing - can occur daily or almost every day for multiple weeks - can occur 1 - 8 times per day - lasts 15 minutes to 3 hours - often occurs at about the same time each day - increases in intensity over time - may start within two hours of going to sleep - can awaken you from sleep aura — this can include visual disturbance, visual spots, or the inability to move one side of the body. this more often occurs with migraine. auras can also happen with cluster headaches in a minority of cases. - restlessness and agitation during the headache, other symptoms may occur on the affected side, including : - stuffy or runny nose - redness or watering of the eye on one side - droopy eyelid - constriction of the pupil of the eye - facial swelling and flushing, sweating - sensitivity to light and noise symptoms of a cluster headache copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical and neurological exam will be done. a neurological exam may include examining


swelling and flushing, sweating - sensitivity to light and noise symptoms of a cluster headache copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical and neurological exam will be done. a neurological exam may include examining : - mental status - cranial nerve functioning - motor and sensory functioning the doctor will ask about the frequency and pattern of your headaches. to help provide answers, you may consider keeping a diary of : - when your headaches started and ended - what you were doing at the time - what you tried to relieve the pain pictures may be taken of your brain to rule out other disorders. this can be done with : treatment aims to reduce the frequency of headaches and help relieve pain. - maintain the same sleep routine. avoid afternoon naps or sleeping in, which may bring on more headaches. - do not drink alcoholic beverages. even a small amount of alcohol can trigger a headache during a cluster period. techniques. stress can bring on a headache. - do not smoke. tobacco may interfere with medicines. - find out what your triggers are and take steps to avoid them. drugs used to treat migraines often relieve sudden attacks of cluster headaches. these drugs must be taken at the first sign of a headache. drugs used to treat cluster headaches include : triptans given as a pill, injection, or nasal spray - octreotide given as an injection corticosteroids, such as prednisone - lidocaine nose drops or spray - pain relievers with caffeine - glycerol given as an injection into the nerve — used when other treatments do not help in some cases, the headache does not last long enough for drugs to be helpful. sometimes, the drugs just delay an attack, rather than stop an attack. pain killers, especially narcotic drugs, should not be used during an acute attack. other medicines may be given to prevent or reduce the frequency of headaches. examples of these drugs include : - intranasal civamide and capsaicin cream - steroids — oral or via injections or a triptan - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ) breathing 100 % oxygen for 10 - 15 minutes often relieves cluster headache pain. this is often viewed as the front - line therapy for cluster headache. the oxygen appears to decrease blood flow to the affected area of the brain. people under age 50 who have episodic cluster headaches seem to benefit most from oxygen therapy. oxygen therapy can be


viewed as the front - line therapy for cluster headache. the oxygen appears to decrease blood flow to the affected area of the brain. people under age 50 who have episodic cluster headaches seem to benefit most from oxygen therapy. oxygen therapy can be expensive, and there are risks with this therapy. as a last resort, some doctors may recommend cutting or destroying a facial nerve to eliminate pain. to prevent cluster headaches from getting worse, preventive medicine may be given. in addition : beck e, sieber wj, trejo r. management of cluster headache. am fam physician. 2005 ; 71 : 717 - 24. cecil textbook of medicine. 21st ed. wb saunders company ; 2000. cittadini e, may a, straube a, et al. effectiveness of intranasal zolmitriptan in acute cluster headache. arch neurol. 2006 ; 63 : 1537 - 1542. conn ' s current therapy 2001. 53rd ed. wb saunders company ; 2001. emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice. 4th ed. mosby - year book inc ; 1998. finocchi c, del sette m, angeli s, rizzi d, gandolfo c. cluster headache and right - to - left shunt on contrast transcranial doppler : a case - control study. francis gj, becker wj, pringsheim tm. acute and preventive pharmacologic treatment of cluster headache. griffith ' s 5 - minute clinical consult. lippincott williams & wilkins ; 2001. the international classification of headache disorders. leone m, bussone g. pathophysiology of autonomic trigeminal neuralgias. lancet neurol. 2009 ; 8 ( 8 ) : 755 - 764. leroux e, valade d, taifas i, et al. suboccipital steroid injections for transitional treatment of patients with more than two cluster headache attacks per day : a randomised, double - blind, placebo - controlled trial. may a, et al. efns guidlines on the treatment of cluster headache and other trigeminal - autonomic cephalgias. eur j neurol. 2006 ; 13 ( 10 ) : 1066 - 77. primary care medicine. 4th ed. lippincott williams & wilkins ; 2000. russell mb, anderson pg, thomsen ll. familial


. eur j neurol. 2006 ; 13 ( 10 ) : 1066 - 77. primary care medicine. 4th ed. lippincott williams & wilkins ; 2000. russell mb, anderson pg, thomsen ll. familial occurrence of cluster headache. j neurol neurosurg psychiatry. 1995 ; 58 : 341 - 343. textbook of clinical neurology. wb saunders company ; 1999. van vliet ja, bahra a, martin v, et al. intranasal sumatriptan in cluster headache : randomized placebo - controlled double - blind study. 10 / 25 / 2010 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php : francis gj, becker wj, pringsheim tm. acute and preventive pharmacologic treatment of cluster headache. neurology. 2010 ; 75 ( 5 ) : 463 - 473. last reviewed february 2013 by rimas lukas, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright © ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.


overviewnote : on both sides of the border, the language is ( a dialect of ) german. many objects on the border or on the italian side have been given an italian name, but often these names are not used by the local population. where i give two names, the german one is the first. the south - eastern part of the otztal alps is home to the three seelenkogels. extending roughly from north - west to south - east these are the vorderer, mittlerer and hinterer seelenkogel, meaning front, middle and back, respectively. the first two lie in austria, the hinterer lies on the border with italy. the origin of the name there are a few small tarns below the glaciers on the western slopes of the seelenkogel. in the local otztalerischer dialect, see ' len means small lakes - the corresponding german word is seelein. kogel means summit or peak, and so, translated literally, the name means peak of the small lakes. sometimes it is written as see ' lenkogel. the hinterer seelenkogel the peak towers over the small italian village of pfelders / plan in the pfelderer valley stretching south and east of the mountain and can be climbed in one long day. on a straight line, the summit lies 3. 5 km from the village - but at the same time it ' s 1850m higher! north - east and north lies the small planferner ( ferner = glacier ). to the west lies the larger seelenferner, which extends north to the vorderer seelenkogel. three ridges lead to the summit. the main ridge of the alps follows the north - west and south - west ridges, changing direction on the summit. the normal route ascends over the east ridge, which lies completely in italy. 1 - the north - west ridgefrom the hinterer seelenkogel, the austrian - italian border follows the north - west ridge to a small unnamed peak ( 3424m ) about half way to the mittlerer seelenkogel. from there, it turns sharply east to the rotmooskogel ( 3338m ) ( 46. 808, 11. 049 ), rotmoosjoch ( 3055m ), scheiberkogel ( 3135m ) ( 46. 808, 11. 057 ) and beyond. eventually, the ridge ( and the border


, 11. 049 ), rotmoosjoch ( 3055m ), scheiberkogel ( 3135m ) ( 46. 808, 11. 057 ) and beyond. eventually, the ridge ( and the border ) drops down to the timmelsjoch ( 2478m ), a high mountain pass with a surfaced road. 2 - the south - west ridgein the other direction, the border follows the main ridge of the alps to the south - west to the rotegg ( 3341m ) ( 46. 794, 11. 038 ). the next higher peak on the main ridge is the sudliche hochwilde ( 3482m ), with its fine exposed ridge to its northern twin summmit, the nordliche hochwilde ( 3461m ), both just over 4 km away. the lowest point between rotegg and hochwilde is the langtaler joch ( 3035m ), giving the hinterer seelenkogel a prominence of 437m. 3 - the east ridgea steep rocky ridge extends directly east of the summit. less than 1 km east, the ridge flattens out and that is the location of the zwickauerhutte / rifugio plan ( 2980m ) ( 46. 802, 11. 054 ). from the north about 50km west of innsbruck lies the small village of otz, the gateway to the otztal valley. obergurgl lies at the end of the gurgler valley, which in turn is at the southernmost end of the otztal valley. just before obergurgl, the main road turns sharply left and ascends over a series of turns to the timmelsjoch, a high mountain pass to italy. the nearest major city over the border in italy is meran / merano. from the south coming from italy, go from over the timmelsjoch and take a left to obergurgl at the next junction, where the main road turns sharply to the right. when the pass is closed, the much longer alternative is to take the brenner highway to innsbruck, and come from the north. pfelders / plan from the south pfelders / plan lies in the pfelderer valley. this is a side valley of the larger passeier valley. from italy, head for the timmelsjoch, which lies at the end of the pass


from the south pfelders / plan lies in the pfelderer valley. this is a side valley of the larger passeier valley. from italy, head for the timmelsjoch, which lies at the end of the passeier valley, but before crossing the pass, go left to pfelders / plan in the village of moos in passeier. from the northcoming from the north, there are two options. either enter italy on the brenner highway and then at sterzing, just over the border, go west to the timmelsjoch. alternatively, take the scenic route down the otztal and over the timmelsjoch and, after crossing the pass, go right to pfelders / plan in the village of moos in passeier. the normal route the east ridge the reason for the popularity of this peak is that the normal route does not cross any glaciers. from the zwickauerhutte ( 2980m ) ( 46. 802, 11. 055 ), the route ascends the east ridge for about 1. 5 - 2 hours of hiking and scrambling ( uiaa i ). there are cairns, painted markers and, for a short stretch, a steel cable. in good conditions and visibility, you don ' t really need any of that. | roped up | | on steel | | scrambling | | last pitch | the approach to the zwickauerhutte hiking from pfelds to the zwickauerhutte takes about 4 hours on a good trail ( i haven ' t done this myself ). a much quieter alternative is to start in obergurgl, austria. take the cable car ( or hike ) to the hohe mut ( 2630m ). from there, follow a marked trail along the broad ridge to the se, leading to the rotmoosferner ( ferner means glacier ). day hikers regularly walk up to the glacier, but not on it, and usually there is no trail anymore. once on the glacier, aim south for the rotmoosjoch ( 3055m ) ( 46. 808, 11. 055 ). watch out for crevasses! in bad weather, good route finding skills ( or a gps ) are important, or you might find yourself at a different pass altogether. from hohe mut to the zwickauerhutte takes about 3 hours. | the rotmoosjoch, on the |


route finding skills ( or a gps ) are important, or you might find yourself at a different pass altogether. from hohe mut to the zwickauerhutte takes about 3 hours. | the rotmoosjoch, on the | east ridge of the in winter, obergurgl is a popular ski resort, pfelders a smaller one. as a result, there are lots of accomodation options and as there are much fewer people in summer, it ' s easy to find a place to stay. wild camping is not allowed. gearcoming from italy : sturdy hiking shoes, suitable for a bit of scrambling. if you want to rope up for the scramble : rope and harness. coming from austria : full glacier gear. mapscoming from austria, by far the best map is the 1 : 25. 000 alpenvereinskarte otztaler alpen gurgl. hiking from italy, the 1 : 50. 000 map freytag & berndt wk s8 passeiertal * timmelsjoch * jaufenpass / val passiria * passo del rombo * passo del giovo is quite sufficient. personal thoughts on the italian name until 1918, this region of italy was part of austria. at the end of the first world war, it became part of italy, but, naturally, the people living there didn ' t suddenly start speaking italian. for a long time however, the german language wasn ' t officially recognized by the italian authorities. my hypothesis is that during this period, an italian in charge of translating german names, but not really familiar with the area, came up with cima delle anime. perhaps someone in rome? maybe a historian can look into this...


when the national wild turkey federation ( nwtf ) was first founded in 1973 there were only 1. 5 million wild turkeys across the u. s., canada and mexico. today, it is estimated there are more than 5. 6 million wild turkeys. in utah, wild turkey restoration efforts continue to be the most aggressive in the nation. over 2, 800 wild turkeys have been relocated to suitable habitat areas in utah since the winter of 1999. as a result, wild turkey permits have increased 20 percent for the spring 2002 season. however, this program will not be complete until over 200, 000 wild turkeys roam the cottonwood river bottoms, pinyon / juniper, and ponderosa pine forests of the state. whether you pursue wild turkeys as a hunter, or simply enjoy watching these magnificent birds in their natural surroundings, the time to view wild turkeys in utah has never been better. at the forefront of this dramatic return in utah, has been the federation ' s volunteers, working side - by - side with the utah division of wildlife resources. now, with most restoration efforts completed in the east, all eyes have shifted to the west, where the wild turkey continues to redefine it ' s own idea of suitable habitat. while the release of a wild turkey into western habitat remains one of the federation ' s most enduring symbols, it is just one brick in a foundation of good works that are impacting people ' s lives and the environment in many positive ways. since 1977, the nwtf has spent over 144 million dollars on over 16, 000 projects nationwide. the federation helps fund transplants, research projects, habitat acquisition, education, and the equipment needed to successfully accomplish these tasks. through the federation ' s regional habitat programs, volunteers have helped improve hundreds of thousands of acres by planting trees, crops, winter food sources and grasses that provide food and shelter for not only the wild turkey, but many others species of wildlife as well. also improved in many areas, particularly in the west, has been water quality. projects occurring right here in southeastern utah include a san rafael desert guzzler, knolls ranch habitat improvement, and numerous other projects on the la sal mountains, blue mountains and book cliffs areas. this month the price river chapter of the nwtf will be hosting it ' s annual wild turkey banquet on january 26. for more information, please call ( 435 ) 259 - 9453.


assessing the right amount of bromelain to take is complicated. most bromelain research was conducted years ago, when amounts used were listed in units of activity that no longer exist. these old units do not precisely convert to new ones. today, bromelain is measured in mcus ( milk clotting units ) or gdus ( gelatin dissolving units ). one gdu equals approximately 1. 5 mcu. strong products contain at least 2, 000 mcu ( 1, 200 – 1, 333 gdu ) per gram ( 1, 000 mg ). a supplement containing 500 mg labeled “ 2, 000 mcu per gram ” would have 1, 000 mcu of activity. some doctors recommend as much as 3, 000 mcu taken three times per day for several days, followed by 2, 000 mcu three times per day. 40 much of the research uses smaller amounts, more like the equivalent of approximately 500 mcu taken four times per day. however, most of the bromelain used in the studies was enteric - coated in order to prevent it from being destroyed by gastric juice. it is likely, therefore, that currently available bromelain preparations ( which typically are not enteric - coated ) are of lower potency than the bromelain used in most studies. where to find it bromelain is found mostly in the stems of pineapples and is available as a dietary supplement. since bromelain is not essential, deficiencies of this plant - based enzyme do not exist. copyright © 2013 aisle7. all rights reserved. aisle7. com the information presented in aisle7 is for informational purposes only. it is based on scientific studies ( human, animal, or in vitro ), clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article. the results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. self - treatment is not recommended for life - threatening conditions that require medical treatment under a doctor ' s care. for many of the conditions discussed, treatment with prescription or over the counter medication is also available. consult your doctor, practitioner, and / or pharmacist for any health problem and before using any supplements or before making any changes in prescribed medications. information expires june 2014.


to understand electrity, it is easiest to use a water current as an analogy for an electrical current, since most people are familiar with the characteristics of water. the analogies and definitions used in this section are simplified for the sake of explanation and are not 100 % accurate, but they are accurate enough for building a pragmatically useful understanding of electricity. an electrical current is the flow of electrons through a wire. much like water flow, an electrical current has similar measureable characteristics, such as pressure, flow rate, and power. it can also perform useful work like a water current. the electrical pressure differential between the positive and negative terminals of a battery or other electrical device is the voltage. this is similar to water pressure in a tank or pipe. water pressure is measured in pounds per square inch ( psi ), and electrical pressure ( voltage ) is measured in volts. when electrons flow through a wire, the rate at which the electrons flow through can be measured, and this rate is measured in amperes. a milliampere ( abbreviated milliamp or ma ) is 1 / 1000th of an ampere, so 1000 ma = 1 amp. the equivalent term for water would be gallons per minute of water flow. when an electrical current flows through a wire, there is some friction on the current which reduces the amount of electricity flowing through the wire. this friction is called resistance, and is measured in ohms. in hydrodynamic terms, this measurement is similar to the diameter of a pipe. a small straw has a narrow diameter, and requires a lot of suction to pull a certain amount of liquid flow through it. a larger straw has a larger diameter, and requires less suction to pull the same amount of liquid flow through it. ohm ' s law specifies the relationship between volts, amps and resistance. ohm ' s law is : e = i * r e = voltage ( volts ) i = current ( amps ) r = resistance ( ohms ) what this means is actually fairly simple. if you have an electrical current flowing through a wire, and you double the electrical pressure, then you will double the current flow through the wire, assuming you keep the same wire. the equivalent hydrodynamic analogy is : if you double the water pressure at one end of the pipe, it will double the water flow through the pipe, if you keep the same pipe. the equation can be rearranged to derive other interesting relationships such as : e / r = i so,


double the water pressure at one end of the pipe, it will double the water flow through the pipe, if you keep the same pipe. the equation can be rearranged to derive other interesting relationships such as : e / r = i so, if you double the resistance of a wire, and you keep the electrical pressure the same, then only half the current will flow through the wire. the equivalent hdyrodynamic analogy is : if you use a smaller pipe, then less water flows through the pipe, if you keep the same water pressure. electrical power is the amount of useful work which can be done by an electrical flow. this is measured in watts, which is the volts multipled by the amps. volts and amps independently by themselves do not measure power. for example, consider a water current of 1 gallon per minute. this water current can either be dribbling out of a six foot drainage pipe at very low pressure, or it can be squirting out of a very small hole at high pressure in the first case, it doesn ' t have much power, and in the second case, it has a lot of power. similarly, consider water pressure of 1 pound per square inch. in a small garden hose, this can water your yard and perform some useful work. however, consider a large river like the amazon where you may have about 1 pound per square inch of water pressure, but the amount of water flow is enormous - this can perform far more power than 1 pound per square inch in a garden hose. the current capacity of a battery is measured an ampere - hours, often abbreviated ah. 1 / 1000th of an ampere - hour is a milliampere - hour, or mah. one ampere - hour is the ability to supply one ampere for one hour. two ampere - hours is the ability to supply one ampere for two hours, or two amperes for one hour. the efficiency of a battery usually decreases at higher current draws. for example, a 4000 mah battery may be able to supply 400 ma for ten hours, but may only supply 4000 ma for half an hour. therefore, the capacity of a battery is usually specified at a specific current dependent on the manufacturer. the total power capacity of a battery is the voltage multiplied by the ampere - hour capacity of the battery. since voltage times amperes equals watts, therefore voltage times ampere - hours equals watt - hours. manufacturers of lithium - ion batteries usually specify the maximum discharge rate


fifth disease spreads easily from person to person through the fluids in the mouth, nose, and throat of an infected person. it occurs everywhere in the world, usually in late winter or early spring. most people have no symptoms, but those who do often mistake them for a mild cold or flu, with a low - grade fever and a runny and stuffy nose. fifth disease begins so much like a mild cold, in fact, that there is no way to clearly identify it during the early stages when it is contagious, and the only prevention is good hygiene, such as constant hand washing and avoiding the sharing of glasses and utensils. there is no vaccine against parvovirus b19, and no treatment apart from the alleviation of symptoms. fifth disease is sometimes called slapped cheek syndrome because of its telltale red rash, which usually occurs in children ten and under. the rash begins on the face and spreads across the cheeks in a way that gives the child the appearance of having been slapped. although it can be alarming for parents, by the time the rash appears the previous symptoms have subsided and the child usually feels much better. the virus is no longer contagious at this point, and the rash gives no other discomfort apart from a mild itch that does not occur in all cases. the rash generally spreads over the next few days in a lacelike pattern from the face down the trunk, arms, legs, and buttocks. it can last three weeks or even longer in some cases, and can reappear long after it has gone with exposure to heat, sun, exercise, or stress. fifth disease is usually diagnosed by an examination of the rash, but in its absence a blood test can be performed on a child who is ill to confirm or rule out the virus. other symptoms can occur, such as swollen glands, red eyes, a sore throat, diarrhea, and joint swelling or pain. the joint pain is usually experienced by older children or teenagers, and occurs in the hands, wrists, knees or ankles, lasting anywhere from a few days, to a few weeks, to several years. though considered a mild illness, serious complications can occur if the virus is contracted by children with cancer, hiv, or sickle - cell anemia. fifth disease temporarily slows down or stops the production of red blood cells. in a healthy child this poses little risk, but in a child with a compromised immune system it can cause severe anemia that may lead to the need for a blood transfusion.


the layout page is primarily designed to be the top - level page of the web ui. the idea is to set up a layout page as the navigation url for the browser, so the layout page fills the browser window. you then arrange your functional windows within the layout page - a command window, a status line window, etc. this arrangement is similar to banner window in html tads, but iframes are considerably more flexible ; for example, they don ' t have to tile the main window, and you can size them in the full range of units css provides. layout windows aren ' t limited to the top level, though. since you can put any html page within an iframe, you can put another layout window within an iframe, to further subdivide the space inside the iframe. weblayoutwindow : webwindow if the window already exists, this updates the window with the new layout settings. ' win ' is a webwindow object that will be displayed within the iframe. this method automatically loads the html resource from the webwindow into the new iframe. ' name ' is the name of the window. each window within a layout must have a distinct name. this allows you to refer to the dimensions of other windows in ' pos ' parameters. the name should be alphanumeric. 123 - a number, representing a number of pixels on the display 5em - 5 ' em ' units, relative to the main body font in the window 5en - 5 ' en ' units in the main body font 5ex - 5 ' ex ' units in the main body font window. width - the width in pixels of the enclosing window window. height - the height in pixels of the enclosing window 50 % - percentage of the width or height of the enclosing window content. width - the width in pixels of the contents of the frame content. height - the height in pixels of the contents of the frame x. left - horizontal coordinate of leftmost edge of window ' x ' x. right - horizontal coordinate of rightmost edge of window ' x ' x. top - vertical coordinate of top edge of window ' x ' x. bottom - vertical coordinate of bottom edge of window ' x ' x. width - width in pixels of window ' x ' x. height - height in pixels of window ' x ' the " window " dimensions refer to the * enclosing * window. if this layout window is the main page


what can you do to create a healthier personal environment? assess your nest. working with a home inspector, public health professional, contractor, or other construction expert as a guide, ask yourself some questions to evaluate your current house or apartment ' s environmental health : - are you free of the " big three? " radon, mold, and lead are all common home toxins. radon testing is widely available, and best practices exist in new construction to minimize radon entry into the property. check for moisture problems that act as hotbeds for mold growth, and look into mold testing if necessary. finally, lead is present in many older homes ' paint and pipes. call your local public health department for information on testing for and eliminating lead in your home. - how well - ventilated is your home? while solid construction decreases your home ' s energy loss, a home that is too airtight can seal in indoor air pollutants. proper ventilation also helps control moisture and reduce risk of mold and other environmental health concerns. simple fixes to increase ventilation include installing ceiling fans and operable skylights and windows. - does your landscaping contribute to your environmental health? large lawns traditionally require greater pesticide use, and increase air and noise pollution generated from mowing. consider planting perennial groundcovers, native foliage, or other low - maintenance landscaping. even better, landscape with edible plants and devote a portion of your yard to organic vegetable gardening. before you rent or begin new construction, consider these additional questions : - will your new space support recycling / reuse with storage space for cans, bottles, paper, and other items? - what is your potential home ' s proximity to major noisemakers like airports, railroad tracks, or highways? - what will keep you warm? although most mainstream commercial insulations are considered safe, check out some healthy alternative insulation, including those made with recycled denim and other cloth, wool, icynene and nanogel. - how big is your planned home? small is good. a well - planned home with less square footage uses fewer building and maintenance resources. clear the air. consider these steps toward improving indoor air quality : - in your home, radon and mold tend to be the most serious barriers to indoor air quality. relatively inexpensive tests exist to assess your home ' s mold and radon levels. - the united states occupational safety and health administration ( osha ) offers guidelines about common workplace air quality complaints, which usually focus on temperature, humidity, lack of outside air ventilation or smoking.


to assess your home ' s mold and radon levels. - the united states occupational safety and health administration ( osha ) offers guidelines about common workplace air quality complaints, which usually focus on temperature, humidity, lack of outside air ventilation or smoking. find out more. - for employees in farming and industrial fields, on - the - job outdoor air quality is also a concern. each state has a department of environmental health within its main health department that can advise workers and employers on outdoor air quality regulations. to find your state ' s health department, visit the centers for disease control site. - if you smoke, stop. if you live with someone who smokes, insist on a strict outdoor smoking policy. approximately 3, 000 american adults die of lung cancer each year due to secondhand smoke exposure. in young children, secondhand smoke increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome ( sids ) and asthma. know your h20. increase your water quality with these tips : - the longer water has been sitting in pipes, the more lead it may contain. run or " flush " your tap for up to two minutes, depending upon how long it ' s been between uses. - since hot water is more likely to contain lead, only drink, cook and make baby formula with cold water. - the only way to be totally certain about your home ' s water quality is to have it tested. this is especially important for people in high - rise buildings, where " flushing " the pipes may not be as effective. your local water supplier, health department or university can offer information about credible testing resources. - water filters have been shown to increase purity. filters can range from simple pitcher - based systems to more elaborate reverse - osmosis home units. - remember that bottled water is not necessarily of higher quality than regular tap water. and according to the natural resources defense council, 60 million plastic bottles a day are manufactured, transported and then disposed of in u. s. landfills, compromising your community ' s environmental health. green your cleaning. are your cleaning products messing up your health? while we ' re far from knowing the health impact of all chemicals used in cleaning agents, you can easily ( and very inexpensively ) create your own house - healthy cleaners. some tips : - mix either vinegar or baking soda with warm water in a spray bottle, and you ' ve got an effective, all - purpose cleansing agent. - bypass commercial air deodorizers, many of which contain formaldehyde. instead, add cinnamon, essential


either vinegar or baking soda with warm water in a spray bottle, and you ' ve got an effective, all - purpose cleansing agent. - bypass commercial air deodorizers, many of which contain formaldehyde. instead, add cinnamon, essential oils, cloves, or any herbs you like to a pan of boiling water, and let the sweet steam deodorize. - on laundry day, reach for borax ( sodium borate ). this natural mineral acts as a stain - remover, bleach alternative and detergent booster. baking soda can remove stains and deodorizes, and cornstarch absorbs greasy stains and starches your clothing. lemon juice can also double for bleach. - salt ( sodium chloride ) is a mild abrasive for cleaning bathrooms and kitchens. - consider hiring a " green " cleaning service, or ask your traditional housekeeper to use the methods and products you find healthiest. increase your chemical awareness. while it ' s impractical to try to have no contact with chemicals, you can reduce your chemical exposure in relatively simple ways : - some beauty products contain chemicals that are anything but pretty. for example, nail polish, body lotions, and perfumes often contain phthalates, a controversial substance linked to birth defects in animals and possibly humans. shampoos that attack dandruff might also play havoc on your health ; the active ingredient selenium sulfide is a neurotoxin and possible carcinogen. hair dyes often have coal tar, another chemical linked to cancer. so read labels, and choose a product that will be as lovely for your health as it is for your appearance. - don ' t create toxic trash. if you ' re tossing old medications, resist flushing them down the toilet, where they can invade water supplies. also consider calling your local recycler, many of which accept old cleaning products, paint, oil and other chemicals that create even more treacherous landfills. - be sure to air out your garments after a trip to the drycleaners. dry cleaning employs a chemical called perchloroethylene, which is actually toxic to humans. some environmentally conscious cleaners use methods that do not contain " perc ; " seek them out. better yet, when possible choose clothing that only requires a trip to your laundry room, not a professional cleaner. - be mindful of plastic use. some plastics contain bisphenol a ( bpa ), an estrogen - like chemical potentially


better yet, when possible choose clothing that only requires a trip to your laundry room, not a professional cleaner. - be mindful of plastic use. some plastics contain bisphenol a ( bpa ), an estrogen - like chemical potentially linked to cancer. experts also advise against microwaving food in plastic containers ; although research is inconclusive, the heating process is thought to release chemicals from the plastic into your food. reusing plastic bottles is another source of controversy. some experts think reuse is safe if you carefully wash and dry the bottles between each use, while others feel that wear and tear on the plastic causes toxic chemical leakage. an always - safe alternative is glass. finally, you can reduce the amount of plastic produced by recycling. look at the bottom of your plastic container for a number from 1 - 7. items labeled 1 or 2 ( usually soft drink, jjuice, water, milk, and detergent containers ) are eligible for curbside recycling. numbers higher than 2 are either unrecyclable or require special drop - off at a recycling center. reduce the roar. decrease sound pollution at home and work with these simple suggestions : - employ low - tech solutions like earplugs and heavy curtains to block street noise. - white noise machines and noise - cancelling headphones also create quiet. - double - paned windows reduce outdoor noise, including jet traffic. - before you begin new construction projects, communicate with your architect and / or contractor about noise reduction options. some building materials and methods offer greater sound absorption or masking than others. - when you are engaged in construction projects, or if you work in construction or another noisy trade, always wear hearing protection on the job. - be mindful about your personal noise production. for example, are you really watching your television, or is it simply on as " background noise? " could you use a push mower instead of a power model, a shovel rather than a snow blower? could you bike instead of drive? select " vibrate " rather than the latest ringtone? even small actions increase the peace. raise your emf awareness. it is important to note that research on emf exposure is ongoing. but these easy actions just might improve your wellbeing : - when possible, use a land line rather than your cell phone. - use a hands free device or speaker phone function if using a cell phone. - do not stand directly in front of your microwave oven while it ' s in use, or simply use


when possible, use a land line rather than your cell phone. - use a hands free device or speaker phone function if using a cell phone. - do not stand directly in front of your microwave oven while it ' s in use, or simply use your conventional oven. - limit your computer time. - use manual versions of personal care tools : an old - fashioned toothbrush rather than an electric model, or a razor instead of an electric shaver. - don ' t sleep under an electric blanket. - sit several feet from your television screen. enjoy local and organic foods. the foods you choose not only impact your health from a nutritional standpoint, but from an environmental angle as well. think about these fast facts : - eating locally grown produce means less transportation is required to get that apple from the tree to your table. this translates to reduced air and noise pollution in your community. - organic farming doesn ' t employ the pesticides often used in non - organic methods. that means that eating organic produce may reduce your ingestion of chemicals, and that pesticides will not leach into local water supplies. joining a community supported agriculture ( csa ) food plan might " cleanse " your diet and help your water supply. - research indicates that raising livestock increases greenhouse gas emissions, pollutes water supplies, and contributes to land degradation and deforestation. food for thought next time you ' re choosing between a steak and a salad.


there is new software available, for free ( right now ) that allows you to create stunning multimedia presentations. prezi is a web - based software that builds upon the ideas introduced years ago by microsoft powerpoint. prezi does not limit users to “ slides ” ; rather, it gives users a 3 - dimensional canvas in which to create an organic flow of ideas. prezi is hard to explain in words, so please click here to view a prezi presentation or two. basically prezi allows you to zoom in and out of your screen, revealing different concepts, images and themes. you can start with the word “ ohio ”, then hide information about the ohio state university inside the “ o ”. then you can zoom into the “ o ” and read what ’ s there ; then zoom out and over to the “ h ” for an explanation of ohio politics. prezi also allows you to store your presentations online, so no forgotten reports, lost flash drive, or any other excuses when student work comes due. i created a free account ( free for students and teaches ), and have begun to play with this extensive software. it is proving difficult for me to un - program my powerpoint ways and become a little more creative. garth and i have discussed using prezi for our next presentation. the majority of my students have started using prezi in their technology classes. it is very impressive and the kids are much more engaged than if they were creating presentations using powerpoint. prezi is much more free - flowing and students have created some beautiful presentations. i am going to have some of my students create prezi presentations over the course of the next two weeks as we look at the enduring impacts of the ancient world. i will post in the comment section of this blog with some links when students finish their work. - mike


tightly wound : a cross - section of a new cable design shows superconducting ribbons wound around a core of copper wires. source : “ home alone : co - residency detection in the cloud via side - channel analysis ” yinqian zhang et al. proceedings of the ieee symposium on security and privacy, may 2011 results : a prototype system allows companies that use cloud computing services to confirm that their data is safe from others using the same service provider. it can detect with 80 percent accuracy the presence of unauthorized processing on the same server ; the rate of false positives is 1 percent. the system will notice both attackers and inappropriate data sharing. why it matters : cloud computing makes it possible to access generic processing and storage resources over the internet. but security concerns have made many companies and organizations hesitant to use these services. data could be stored on hardware shared with competitors, they fear, or it could even be vulnerable to malicious software actively trying to steal information. some customers, such as nasa, have demanded that cloud providers physically isolate their data from that of other users. the problem is that until now, it ’ s been almost impossible to verify that this is being done. methods : in the past, researchers have found that attackers can steal data about a virtual machine ’ s activities — even sensitive information such as passwords — by watching subtle clues such as how it uses shared system resources, including the server ’ s temporary storage system. the researchers coopted this principle to make it work for defense. they trained a legitimate virtual machine to watch a server ’ s cache for telltale signs of hostile virtual machines on the same server. the technique requires no modification to existing cloud technologies and no action from the cloud provider. next steps : the researchers are expanding the prototype to create a complete system that can run on a commercial cloud service, such as amazon web services. low - literacy web search a form of the web for people who can ’ t read aims to help poor countries source : “ spoken web : creation, navigation and searching of voicesites ” sheetal agarwal et al. 2011 international conference on intelligent user interfaces ( iui ), february 13 - 16, 2011, palo alto, california results : a search engine developed by ibm researchers makes it possible to find and access information on a spoken version of the world wide web. a test of the interface by 40 farmers in the indian state of gujarat showed that it was easy to use. why it matters : more than one billion people worldwide are illiterate, most of them in poor nations. this


the world wide web. a test of the interface by 40 farmers in the indian state of gujarat showed that it was easy to use. why it matters : more than one billion people worldwide are illiterate, most of them in poor nations. this poses a more fundamental barrier to web use than the cost of computers and network access. for four years, a team at ibm research india has operated a system called the spoken web that uses telephone numbers in place of web addresses so that users can dial in to “ upload ” or listen to spoken information. several thousand people worldwide use the service to share information such as local crop prices. however, until now there hasn ’ t been an efficient way to search and sort through that information. methods : ibm ’ s search engine relies on speech recognition to understand the word a person is searching for — a pesticide name, for example — and to find mentions of that word on the spoken web. like a conventional search engine, it can rapidly generate a list of many results, but a user cannot skim the list to choose the best result, as is possible on the text web. instead, the system tells the user how many results it found and suggests ways to filter that list — for example, by the name of the person who recorded a particular piece of information. this step is repeated until there are five or fewer results. that short list is read out to the user, who chooses which result to “ browse ” to. next steps : the researchers plan to roll out the system to all users of the spoken web. they are also working to improve the quality of the speech recognition software involved. most access to the spoken web is in indian languages that makers of such software have not focused on before.