com / offices / billcraig / docs / craig - smith1. html “ initial arguments : a defense of the cosmological argument for the existence of god ” ] by william lane craig. retrieved october 23, 2007. - writings from william lane craig on the existence of god. retrieved october 23, 2007. - teleological argument ( stanford encyclopedia of philosophy ). retrieved october 23, 2007. - design argument – dictionary of the history of ideas. retrieved october 23, 2007. - design arguments for the existence of god – internet encyclopedia of philosophy. retrieved october 23, 2007. - the teleological argument and the anthropic principle ” by william lane craig. retrieved october 23, 2007. - the skeptic ' s dictionary : argument from design. retrieved october 23, 2007. - immanuel kant ' s moral argument for the existence of god – faithnet. org. uk. retrieved october 23, 2007. - moral arguments for the existence of god ( stanford encyclopedia of philosophy ). retrieved october 23, 2007. - moral argument by c. s. lewis — john depoe. com. retrieved october 23, 2007. general philosophy sources - stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. retrieved october 23, 2007. - the internet encyclopedia of philosophy. retrieved october 23, 2007. - philosophy sources on internet epistemelinks. retrieved october 23, 2007. - guide to philosophy on the internet. retrieved october 23, 2007. - paideia project online. retrieved october 23, 2007. - project gutenberg. retrieved october 23, 2007. new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards. this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3. 0 license ( cc - by - sa ), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation. to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats. the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here : - god, _ arguments _ for _ the _ existence _ of ( sep 1, 2006 ) history - ontological _ argument ( sep 1, 2006 ) history - cosmological _ argument ( sep 1, 2006 ) history - teleological _ argument ( sep 1, 2006 ) history - poor _ design & oldid = 8466832


what is the niyc? across the canadian arctic, there are four inuit regions : inuvialuit settlement region ( isr ), nunavut, nunavik ( northern quebec ) and nunatsiavut ( labrador ). inuit nunangat ( inuit homelands ) have an estimated 55, 000 inuit living in 53 communities. inuit youth make up a clear majority of the overall population. the national inuit youth council ( niyc ) represents the interests of inuit youth in canada. the council is made up of six voting members and 1 president. the president is voted in by the memeber on a 2 year term every second june. there are 6 regional youth file holders, employed by the respective land claims organizations that sit on the niyc as the voting members. the youth project coordinator ( s ) of inuit tapiriit kanatami ( itk ), our parent organization, serve as the secretariet for the niyc. qikiqtaani inuit association : thomas anguti johnston, acting president ( nunavut ) kitikmeot inuit association : sarah jancke ( nunavut ) kivalliq inuit association : eugene kabluitok ( nunavut ) makivik corporation ( saputiit youth assoc ) : elizabeth annahatak ( nunavik ) inuvialuit regional corporation : john stuart jr. ( isr ) nunatsiavut government : sandra dicker ( nunatsiavut ) the first niys was held in kuujjuaq, quebec in november of 1994. along with the formation and election of the first board, 13 resolutions were passed on a variety of issues, including education, justice, recreation, youth camps, communication, inuit youth well - being, youth participation in inuit organizations, codes of conduct for inuit organization and inuit participation in united nations convention on the rights of the child. a new executive was elected during the next niyc summit, which was held in february, 1997 in iqaluit, nu. the main discussion item was the question of whether the national inuit youth council should continue to exist. there was a strong support of niyc ’ s continued existence and it was reaffirmed that the niyc takes it direction from regions and communities. the niyc met again as a working group in cambridge bay, nu in january, 2000 to set out their scope in improving communications and reporting methods ; brainstorming for the national inuit youth newsletter as well as an inuit youth web site


communities. the niyc met again as a working group in cambridge bay, nu in january, 2000 to set out their scope in improving communications and reporting methods ; brainstorming for the national inuit youth newsletter as well as an inuit youth web site. the niyc also discussed youth centres in inuit communities and awarded regional elders on their contributions and dedication to youth developments. in february, 2002, the niyc hosted a summit in inuvik, nwt and adopted the following as their top priorities for action : - language and culture - education and training - inuusiqatsiarniq / suicide prevention in 2003, the national inuit youth suicide prevention framework ( niyspf ) was undertaken and released, including a set of recommendations for action. itk and the niyc have since been working together with partners on the implementation of these recommendations and taking direction from inuit youth on the issue of suicide prevention. over 100 inuit gathered in inukjuak, nunavik for the national inuit elders and youth conference in march 2003. they celebrated inuit culture and discussed topics such as traditional healing and shamanism, climate change, inuktitut language, parenting skills, educational directions, economy, amongst others. nain, labrador hosted the niys in march of 2005. elder and youth delegates expressed their dreams, thoughts and feelings and provided further direction for the niyc and inuit youth. the summit was an opportunity to bring inuit youth and elders together, which enabled them to share information and ideas and rekindle motivation and activity at the local level while building on regional and national partnerships. in march 2007, the niyc held a national inuit elders and youth summit ( nieys ) in qamani ’ tuaq, nunavut. a new niyc president was elected. it was decided that two elders would serve as advisors to the niyc board with ex - officio status for a one - year term. the most recent nieys was held in august 2010 in inuvik, nwt. over 70 youth participated in workshops and discussions of importance to inuit youth and elders. the participants identified issues by region and established five national priorities : - language and culture ( advocating, preserving, promoting, building pride ) - health and education ( mental, health ) - networking & communication between regions ( within and between inuit regions ) - funding support ( the national, regional, and local initiatives ) - lack of housing monthly teleconferences are held to keep communications open, exchange ideas, share


community design and public policies can have a significant impact on public health. many health risks pose threats to the long - term vitality and productivity of cities ; for example, by one calculation, the rising obesity epidemic incurs an annual direct and indirect cost of $ 147 billion. by addressing public health challenges, cities can improve quality of life and strengthen their economies. local leaders are recognizing the role of urban food systems, zoning codes, bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure, public transit, air and water quality, and green space on residents ’ health and wellbeing. nlc is helping cities identify and remove barriers to healthy, sustainable communities. healthy people, healthy places - building sustainable communities through active living ( 2011 ) the ways in which we shape our built environment - including the range of transportation options, provision of open space, and accessibility to places of work, education, or basic services - contributes to the physical health of our communities by either restricting or facilitating opportunities for physical activity, recreation and community interaction. local leaders play an important role in promoting public health through creating the conditions for individuals to incorporate healthy options into their daily lives. this guide explores several ways that cities are incorporating options to promote active living and emphasize the multiple connections to sustainability principles. developing a sustainable food system ( 2011 ) municipal governments are implementing policies and programs that allow residents to grow, sell, buy and eat more sustainably produced and locally grown foods, while strengthening the community and region. comprehensive sustainability plans for food systems can include strategies to attract grocery stores in food deserts, improve support for urban agriculture and farmers ' markets through zoning codes, and reduce food related waste by composting. this city practice brief covers a range of solutions from cities that seek to ease the environmental burden of their food system and cultivate economically strong local food sources. citiesspeak blog : local food for economic prosperity let ' s move cities and towns this initiative is a major component of first lady michelle obama ' s signature initiative to reverse the nation ' s childhood obesity epidemic within a generation. let ' s move cities and towns targets one of america ' s gravest public health threats and emphasizes the critical leadership mayors and other city leaders can provide to spur local action. participating cities and towns agree to take simple steps that promote healthy eating and physical activity, choosing strategies that make sense for their own communities. food access as a community development strategy ( 2010 ) access to healthy, affordable food is increasingly becoming a challenge for communities of all sizes. at this congress of cities workshop city representatives and experts in the field will review strategies that local


for their own communities. food access as a community development strategy ( 2010 ) access to healthy, affordable food is increasingly becoming a challenge for communities of all sizes. at this congress of cities workshop city representatives and experts in the field will review strategies that local leaders can use to increase access and discuss how these initiatives can contribute to broader community and economic development goals. nation ' s cities weekly articles the city of omaha, neb., undertakes a public - private partnership to provide basic physical healthcare services at schools, to improve student health and academic success. vilsack focuses on childhood obesity, let ' s move! campaign ( december 12, 2010 ) addressing the delegates luncheon during the congress of cities & exposition in denver, secretary of agriculture tom vilsack called on local officials to address obesity and its consequences for public health, economic competitiveness and national security. mayors from 19 mid south cities focus on childhood obesity and public health ( november 22, 2010 ) at a meeting in jackson, miss. to launch the municipal leadership for healthy southern cities initiative, 19 mayors shared ideas for building healthy communities. white house invites local officials to join let ' s move cities and towns campaign ( september 13, 2010 ) over the past three decades, childhood obesity rates in the u. s. have tripled. first lady michelle obama has called on cities and towns across the country to join her let ' s move! campaign to reverse this public health threat and protect children from obesity - related disease. nlc report highlights city - school partnerships to combat obesity ( may 3, 2010 ) a new nlc report, " community wellness : comprehensive city - school strategies to reduce childhood obesity, " focuses on lessons learned by cities that, with technical assistance from nlc, sought to develop and implement local wellness strategies to combat childhood obesity. nlc commends first lady ' s work to reduce childhood obesity ( february 15, 2010 ) nlc praised first lady michelle obama for recognizing both the public health threat posed by childhood obesity, and the role that municipal leaders need to play in promoting nutrition and fitness in the nation ' s communities. tax increment financing : a tool for advancing healthy eating and active living cities seeking to support healthy communities can use creative financing mechanisms such as public - private partnerships, tax incentives and federal or foundation grants. this policy brief from leadership for healthy communities examines tax increment financing ( tif ) as a potential source of funding for initiatives that promote healthy eating and active living. safe routes to school this publication describes strategies for improving pedestrian and bicycle routes


grants. this policy brief from leadership for healthy communities examines tax increment financing ( tif ) as a potential source of funding for initiatives that promote healthy eating and active living. safe routes to school this publication describes strategies for improving pedestrian and bicycle routes to schools. by focusing on safety, cities can increase the number of children choosing to bike or walk by 20 % to 200 %. the benefits of safe routes to school programs go beyond traffic safety, better air quality around schools, and reduced traffic congestion : many schools are pursuing this initiative as part of their school wellness and health activities. increasing physical activity among children is an essential part of city public health programs. understanding the basics of climate change and public health : a local official ' s guide climate change is having and will continue to have impacts on public health, ranging from heat waves to more extreme snow storms, from flooding to water shortages, from new insect - borne diseases to higher rates of asthma. public officials must be prepared to adapt cities to a changing climate and protect those populations at risk of public health threats. this paper by the institute for local government details the public health effects that local officials can anticipate, as well as strategies for adaptation. physical inactivity cost calculator for policy - makers this tool from east carolina university provides an estimate of the financial cost associated with a physically inactive population, including medical care, workers compensation and lost productivity. the tool also provides companion resources and information about re - allocating resources and planning for healthier workplaces and communities that support physically active lifestyles. active design guidelines a city ' s design plays a crucial role in contributing to or counteracting public health threats. historically, the design of streets, water systems and parks helped cities overcome cholera and tuberculosis epidemics. today, architectural and urban design techniques can encourage physical activity and healthy eating to combat obesity and related chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. the new york city department of design and construction created the active design guidelines to provide architects and urban designers with a manual of strategies for creating healthier buildings, streets, and urban spaces, based on the latest academic research and best practices in the field. creating a regulatory blueprint for healthy community design : a local government guide to reforming zoning and land development codes zoning and land use codes determine the use of physical space in cities and towns, with significant impacts on the environment, economy and public health. code changes can capitalize on the built environment ' s capacity to allow active transportation, easy access to healthy food, and economically strong cities. this


curt stager, a scientist at paul smiths college, is publishing an article later this month in the journal science that describes an ancient drought that transformed asia and africa thousands of years ago. the " h1 mega - drought " may have wiped out whole tribes of humans, as it dried up rivers and lakes across whole continents. as brian mann reports, stager thinks that devastating event could be a warning for people living in a new period of global warming. the department of corrections will close two more prisons this year, bringing to a total of nine the number... the general brown central school district in dexter, along with... twenty - five years ago, curt stager was paddling the waters of lake barombi mbo in cameroon. he and other researchers had rigged a crude drilling platform – not searching for oil, but rooting around for the deep layers of muck that have been settling on the bottom of the lake for millenia. " we built the raft, " stager recalled. " we strung 10 foot long sections of pipe together … it plunges into the bottom of the lake. we ended up getting twenty - something thousand years worth of sediment. " these days, much of cameroon is cloaked in rain forest. but down under all that lake mud stager found sediments that showed that this african landscape has changed dramatically. " you bore on down through this wet brown mud. suddenly you hit shells and sand and soil. which means that it would have looked like a beach and before that it would have looked like the serengeti plains. stager is a paleo - climatologist at paul smiths college in the adirondacks. he studies the history of the really big climate patterns that have shaped our planet over thousands of years. when scientists were collecting those ancient sediment samples from lakes across africa and asia, he says they weren ’ t really sure what it would all mean. but in a new paper set to be published next month in the journal science, stager argues that he ’ s found evidence of a massive drought, so big that it literally changed the world. sixteen thousand years ago, the monsoons of asia failed. the nile and the congo shriveled up. the great lakes of africa and the near east turned to dust. " there would have been nowhere [ for tribes of humans ] to go, " he said. " it would have turned what is now a green part of africa into a savannah or a desert. " normally this might just sort of be cool


dust. " there would have been nowhere [ for tribes of humans ] to go, " he said. " it would have turned what is now a green part of africa into a savannah or a desert. " normally this might just sort of be cool information, a time - machine glimpse of the harsh world faced by our ancient ancestors. but stager ’ s paper makes one more connection. he says this mega - drought, which lasted for centuries, was likely caused by a natural cycle of global warming, the end of an ice age that melted glaciers and tipped thick ice sheets into the north atlantic. " somehow the oceans not only cooled in the north atlantic, but it looks like all through the indian ocean, too, and that ’ s probably why the rains were shut off in the tropics, " he said. these days, scientists are seeing a similar warming pattern in the north atlantic, triggered not by the end of an ice age this time, but by industrial greenhouse gases. once again, the two - mile thick ice sheet in greenland is melting fast. " from what we ’ ve seen in this one glacier and other ones like it in greenland, there ’ s been just such rapid enormous changes in the last five or ten years, " said glaciologist gordon hamilton from the university of maine, speaking with cnn. " it ’ s really been quite alarming. curt stager doesn ’ t think this round of global warming will trigger the kind of devastating disruption in ocean currents and rains that our ancestors faced. for one thing, the amount of ice in the north atlantic is far smaller now. but he says the mega - drought sixteen thousand years ago shows that rapid warming in the arctic might trigger sudden and dramatic changes all over the planet, possibly occurring in a single lifetime. " abrupt, severe climate change really can happen, because it did, " stager said. " we know tipping points like this exist. the big mystery is where is the tipping point? " stager points out that even a much smaller disruption to global rain patterns could have huge implications – especially now when the human population in places like cameroon is so much greater. " it would be unbelievable. more than half of humankind lives in the zones that were affected by this, " he said.


" one man with courage makes a majority. " — andrew jackson official white house portrait of andrew jackson. official white house portrait of andrew jackson. wikimedia commons throughout february, hear new works by contemporary composers based on words of 16 american presidents, in recordings by conductor judith clurman and essential voices usa. today, words from andrew jackson come alive in music by nico muhly. composer nico muhly isn ' t afraid of large forces or new media. he ' s at work on an opera with playwright craig lucas that ' s destined for london and the metropolitan opera. his drones and piano for pianist bruce brubaker features sounds from an unusual instrument : the ipod. but for this installment of the mr. president series, muhly worked with voices alone. " i have a soft spot in my heart for nico muhly, " says conductor judith clurman, the instigator of the project. " i directed choral activities at juilliard for 18 years, and i got to know him as a student, and i ' m really fortunate that i brought him back a little bit into choral music. " clurman assigned the young composer a quotation from andrew jackson : " one man with courage makes a majority. " courage jackson had in spades. in a duel, he killed a man who had insulted his wife. he was the first tennessean elected to the house of representatives. and in the war of 1812, he defeated the british at new orleans and became a hero, one who would serve as the seventh president. muhly crafted a canon out of jackson ' s seven words, a melody that the voices layer over each other. " it ' s basically one idea, " muhly says. " it ' s one idea that has to work against itself at different times, which is the nature of a canon. one voice comes in, and then the next voice comes in, and then the third, all singing the same material. so the idea had to be foldable, in that sense — the idea contains pleats that meet up at clever junctions. " muhly wrote in a clean, declamatory style that has echoes of both early english choral music and modern minimalism. his melody leans into the word " courage " and leaps up during " majority. " the cumulative effect is as if women and men all across the country are striving to make themselves heard, and each has something worthwhile to say. " it ' s very minimalistic, but it ' s amazing,


during " majority. " the cumulative effect is as if women and men all across the country are striving to make themselves heard, and each has something worthwhile to say. " it ' s very minimalistic, but it ' s amazing, " clurman says. " the music just flows out of everybody. and people are singing all over the place. keeping a steady beat in his piece was not always an easy task. everybody was excited. " there are four individual lines, yet they fit together beautifully as a cohesive whole. and the tendency was to rush rush rush rush rush rush rush. i found myself playing metronome during rehearsals of this piece, more than for many of them. and yet, it ' s one of those pieces that just fits together one, two, three. " the composer says, " the idea is that you should be immediately able to understand what ' s being said. but it also has a lot to do with steve reich ' s music, where once you ' ve heard the text the first time, it slowly unfolds itself, like a noodle being teased out of a wheat ball — and then you end up with what i think sounds like a very tudor choral texture at the end. " the last words of the piece aren ' t the last ones in the quotation. while the other voices hold, you can hear one final " one man " — a reminder of what jackson ' s words mean, and where all work begins. about the composer born in vermont in 1981 and raised in providence, rhode island, nico muhly has composed extensively for chorus, including five works for judith clurman. his orchestral works have been premiered by the american symphony orchestra, the boston university tanglewood institute orchestra, the boston pops, the new york philharmonic and the chicago symphony. film credits include scores for joshua ( 2007 ), the reader ( 2008 ) and the argentine drama felicitas. he has worked extensively with philip glass as editor, keyboardist and conductor for numerous film and stage projects. with designer / illustrator maira kalman, muhly composed a vocal work based on strunk & white ' s the elements of style. he has been co - commissioned by the english national opera, the metropolitan opera, and lincoln center theater commissions program.


resources and tools are available to assist in carrying out requirements and pursuing opportunities for archeological public outreach and education. in addition to those linked within each section of this module, the following sources are helpful. laws and policies full text of laws applicable to archeology outreach and plain english explanations are available online : - archeological laws and ethics - archeology laws - nps office of policy - nps 28 : cultural resource management guideline director ' s orders include special directives aimed at the nps to encourage outreach. - do 6 : interpretation and education - do 7 : volunteers in parks - do 17 : tourism - do 28a : archeology - do 75a : civic engagement and public involvement find assistance in identifying stakeholders and resources for effective outreach and civic engagement programs. on the web : - civic engagement resources include related links, a bibliography, the community tool box, and more. - archaeologists and local communities. edited by linda derry and maureen malloy ( society for american archaeology, 2003 ). - archeology as a tool of civic engagement. edited by barbara j. little and paul a. shackel ( altamira press, 2007 ) - technical brief 23 : archeology and civic engagement, barbara j. little and nathaniel amdur - clark consultation may take place with tribes, the general public, or other stakeholders. outreach opens lines of communication. - native american consultation database ( nacd ) is a tool for identifying consultation contacts for indian tribes, alaska native villages and corporations, and native hawaiian organizations. the database is not a comprehensive source of information, but it does provide a starting point for the consultation process. - consultation, from the 2008 programmatic agreement toolkit for nhpa section 106 find assistance about the various public and professional audiences for archeological outreach. on the web : - according to the poll exploring public perceptions and attitudes about archaeology by harris interactive, americans support the goals and practice of archeology, think it ' s important to today ' s society, and endorse laws protecting sites and artifacts. still, they harbor major misconceptions about the discipline and its accomplishments. - public benefits of archeology for communities, historians, ecologists, educators, forensics, museums - public benefits of archaeology. edited by barbara j. little ( university press of florida, 2002 ). see : table of contents and selected bibliography - archeology education handbook : sharing the past with kids. edited by karolyn m. smardz ( altamira press, 2000 ). - presenting archaeology to the


florida, 2002 ). see : table of contents and selected bibliography - archeology education handbook : sharing the past with kids. edited by karolyn m. smardz ( altamira press, 2000 ). - presenting archaeology to the public : digging for truths. edited by john jameson ( altamira press, 1997 ). - past meets present : archaeologists partnering with museum curators, teachers and community groups. edited by john h. jameson, jr. ( springer, 2007 ). beyond the nps learn from museums and centers beyond the nps. - the anthropology outreach office at the national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, includes news on departmental outreach activities including public programs, educational programs, exhibits, and publications. - read about exemplary archeological outreach projects on the society for american archaeology ' s archaeology for the public webpage. also learn about writing for the public, exhibits, and more on the tips page. - project archaeology is a joint project of the u. s. department of the interior, bureau of land management and montana state university. project archaeology gives students a basic understanding of how archaeology works and teaches them to respect and protect our nationis rich cultural heritage. - the crow canyon archaeological center has an active educational and exhibits program. - the alutiiq museum archaeological respository has an active community outreach program that involves collections, excavations, and public programs.


a timeline for structures at jamestown related to the chiles family colonial nhp collection in 1638 - 9, richard kemp, who served as secretary of the virginia colony during the tenure of the irascible sir john harvey, built his “ brick house ” on 3 ½ acres of land to the east of the present - day ambler ruins. this “ brick house ” was designated s44 by nps archeologists ; it is the building that would eventually pass into walter chiles i ’ s hands. governor sir john harvey identified kemp ’ s house as the first brick dwelling at jamestown and two eyewitnesses used the word “ faire ” to describe the house. governor harvey himself referred to kemp ’ s house as “ the fairest that ever was knowen in this countrye for substance and uniformity. ” archeological evidence ( excavations done in the 1930 ’ s and 1990 ’ s ) indicate that structure 44 was a one - or possibly two - story home raised on a shallow footing of brickbats. a central, h - shaped chimney was shared by two rooms on the ground floor. both rooms may have been paved with brick or tile. empy jones, the lead excavator during the 1934 - 35 dig, kept a daily logbook and produced a freehand sketch ( illustrated above ) of the foundations laid bare. jones ’ sketch indicated that s44 was about 23 feet long. s44 is also depicted in nps archeologist john cotter ’ s 1958 base map of the jamestown townsite. richard kemp was a close associate of the unpopular governor harvey, who had been thrust out of office by his fellow virginians and then briefly reinstated by the crown. when sir john ’ s replacement sir francis wyatt arrived in virginia in 1639, he appointed a new council, suspending kemp as secretary. colonial nhp collection william kemp sold s44 to governor wyatt in 1641, perhaps under duress, and moved to rich neck plantation on the mainland. he would not recover his old post until governor sir william berkeley replaced wyatt in 1642. sir francis wyatt built the “ country house ” ( s38 ) on a half - acre lot to the west of s44. ( s38 is illustrated to the left in a conjectural painting by nps artist sydney king. ) around 1644, governor sir william berkeley purchased the s44 property with its brick house. the deed turning the property over to sir william referred to the “ mansion house, together with all gardens, orchards, yard backsides, out houses, buildings …


) around 1644, governor sir william berkeley purchased the s44 property with its brick house. the deed turning the property over to sir william referred to the “ mansion house, together with all gardens, orchards, yard backsides, out houses, buildings … late in ye tenure and occupacon of richd kemp esq. and by him conveyed unto sr. ffrancis wyatt kt. ” this was at the same time that berkeley was building his green spring estate, located a few miles away on the mainland. although sir william owned other houses in town, he may have lived in s44 at one time or another. in 1649, berkeley sold s44 and its acreage to merchant and burgess walter chiles i. sometime prior to his death in 1653, walter chiles i acquired 70 acres at black point, located near the easternmost tip of jamestown island. when walter chiles i died, his widow elizabeth retained a dower interest and remained in s44. his son walter chiles ii inherited the estate from his father. walter chiles ii married mary page, daughter of wealthy york county merchant john page. the couple may well have lived with the widow elizabeth for awhile before building their own 38 - x 24 - foot house sometime in the 1650 ’ s. this new house is referred to in site maps as s138 and was situated located directly in front of s44. s138 was made of brick and likely consisted of two rooms, heated by a fireplace in the west gable. ( the detail from a conjectural drawing of colonial jamestown, illustrated to the right, depicts both s138 and s44, located next to the “ ambler house. ” ) colonial nhp collection recent archeology has indicated that a structure had stood previously on the site of s138. in 2005, nps archeologist dr. andrew veech found evidence of a post - in - the - ground structure ( s178 ) when excavating s138. s178 appeared to be a timber building 10 feet wide and at least 24 feet long and was perhaps part of kemp ’ s construction efforts after 1638. it is very likely that s178 stood at the time of the chiles family ’ s ownership. when mary chiles died, her husband walter chiles ii married suzanna ( no last name? ). when chiles died, suzanna wed the reverend james wadding and moved elsewhere. suzanna and her husband the minister sold the lot with s44 and


her husband walter chiles ii married suzanna ( no last name? ). when chiles died, suzanna wed the reverend james wadding and moved elsewhere. suzanna and her husband the minister sold the lot with s44 and s138 on it to john page, the father of walter chiles ii ’ s first wife mary. john page was a york county merchant and resident of bruton parrish at middle plantation ( the site of present - day williamsburg ), where he dwelt in a brick house he had built in 1662. sometime before september 1676, john page tore down s44 and built s53 behind s138 ; archeological evidence indicates strongly that it was a wing of s138. ( these structures are depicted in a 1664 plat drawn by john underhill, illustrated to the left. ) in 1676, there was mention of looting of s53 ’ s cellar ; pipes of wine were stolen during bacon ’ s rebellion. both s138 and s53 were burned down or at least badly damaged during the rebellion. colonial nhp collection by 1682, both s138 and s53 were either rebuilt or repaired by william sherwood, who had bought the property sometime before that year. ( sherwood had been purchasing property near the center of town to renovate and improve old structures, then leasing them out to burgesses and lord culpepper ’ s council. ) sherwood ’ s improvements to s138 and s53 were impressive. in 2005, excavators found evidence of a porch tower raised around the front doorway, probably constructed after 1676. a “ porch chamber ” was on the second story of the 16 ’ 3 ” x 13 ’ 10 ” porch. when sherwood rebuilt s138 and s53, he followed the footprint of the chiles house, but enlarged it and probably built the aforementioned porch tower. in government leases of the property, there is mention of a “ great hall ” and “ dining - room ” ( probably the front rooms in s138 ) and “ a back room on the same floor ” ( s53 ) and a “ cellar ” ( under s53 ). in excavations from the 1930 ’ s ( illustrated above is a 1935 nps dig at the chiles / sherwood property holdings ), nps excavators h. c. forman and summerfield day found about 50, 000 pieces of ornamental molded plaster across the entire ambler complex site. these were recognized by the archeologists as destruction debris used to fill


), nps excavators h. c. forman and summerfield day found about 50, 000 pieces of ornamental molded plaster across the entire ambler complex site. these were recognized by the archeologists as destruction debris used to fill in cellar holes, leveling the old building sites in preparation for construction of the ambler mansion in the 1750 ’ s. the vast majority of ornamental plasterwork fragments ( nearly 700 pieces ) were associated with s138 ; nearly 300 were from the excavation of the cellar of s53. cherub faces, a foot, a hand holding a book ( illustrated to the left ), mastiff heads and acanthus leaves were amongst the plasterwork debris excavated. there was no evidence of strapwork, which was typical of the first half of the 17th century. according to historian cary carson ’ s report in the national park service ’ s evaluation of previous archeology ( a document associated with its jamestown archeological assessment project ), the plaster fragments “ were as fashionably up - to - date as any 1670 - 1690s plasterwork in far grander buildings in england. ” carson continues : “ so far as architectural historians know, s138 / 53 became the most dignified and fashionable public building in england ’ s north american colonies until the capitol at williamsburg and the governor ’ s palace were built 40 years later. ” in 1697, william sherwood died ; his widow rachel continued to lease out her property for government business. rachel sherwood married edward jaquelin about 1699 and his eldest daughter elizabeth ( from a later marriage ) would inherit his jamestown island plantation. she wed richard ambler, who built the ambler mansion ( illustrated to the right by a photograph taken before the 1895 fire that destroyed the building ) and demolished s138 / 53, s31 and s58. it is very likely that bricks from the earlier structures were incorporated into the ambler mansion. carson, cary ( senior principal investigator ). evaluation of previous archaeology ( part of the jamestown archaeological assessment study conducted between 1992 and 1996 ). williamsburg, virginia, 2006. cotter, john. archeological excavations at jamestown. washington, d. c. : u. s. government printing office, 1958. cotter, john and j. paul hudson. new discoveries at jamestown. washington, d. c. : u. s. government printing office, 1957. forman, henry chandlee. jamestown and st. mary ’ s : buried cities of romance. baltimore : the johns hopkins press, 1938. - - -.


northern prairie wildlife research center abstract : the expansion of outdoor recreational activities has increased greatly the interaction between the public and waterfowl and waterfowl habitat. the effects of these interactions on waterfowl habitats are more visible and obvious, whereas the effects of interactions which disrupt the normal behavior of waterfowl are more subtle and often overlooked, but perhaps no less of a problem than destruction of habitat. resource managers and administrators require information on the types, magnitude, and potential effects of disturbances that will affect human use of and access to wildlife resources. this bibliography contains excerpts or annotations from 211 articles that contained information about effects of human disturbances on waterfowl. indices are provided for subject / keywords, geographic locations, species of waterfowl, and authors used in this bibliography. increases in human population, transportation, recreational boating, industrial and residential development, birdwatching, camping, and hiking all create conflicts with waterfowl which must use a dwindling and fragmented habitat base. managers and administrators require information on the types, magnitude, and potential effects of disturbances that will affect human use of and access to wildlife resources. managers responsible for waterfowl production should be aware of the problems created by human disturbance to aid them in the design of facilities and developments to increase public appreciation of waterfowl. this bibliography resulted from concerns about human disturbance to flocks of canvasback ducks ( aythya valisineria ) and other waterfowl that stage on navigation pools of the upper mississippi river during fall migration. initially, a field study and subsequent literature search for information to use in a manuscript describing these disturbances ( korschgen et al. 1985 ) indicated that few specific studies had been conducted on the subject, although there were numerous anecdotal references. aspects of human disturbance to other groups of wildlife, especially large game mammals ( e. g., bollinger et al. 1973 ; ream 1980 ; ferguson and keith 1982 ) and nesting seabirds and shorebirds ( e. g., hunt 1972 ; robert and ralph 1975 ; buckley and buckley 1976 ; manuwal 1979 ; rodgers and burger 1981 ; burger 1981 ; whitman 1988 ; frederick and collopy 1989 ; strauss and dane 1989 ; yalden and yalden 1990 ), have received considerable attention because of the increased frequency of human - wildlife interactions in national and state parks, refuges, management areas, and seashores ( foin et al. 1977 ; purdy et al. 1987 ; pomerantz et al. 1988 ).


of the increased frequency of human - wildlife interactions in national and state parks, refuges, management areas, and seashores ( foin et al. 1977 ; purdy et al. 1987 ; pomerantz et al. 1988 ). books have been written relating to effects of human disturbance on natural resources ( edington and edington 1986 ; hammitt and cole 1987 ). we decided that a consolidated information source on human disturbances to waterfowl would be of value to waterfowl managers and administrators. we searched wildlife abstracts, wildlife review, journal of wildlife management, wildlife society bulletin, and wildlife monographs for titles and key words related to human disturbance. unfortunately, few key words used by journals relate to this topic. we also searched a bibliography of waterfowl papers maintained by kenneth j. reinecke ( u. s. fish and wildlife service, patuxent wildlife research center ) that contains over 5, 000 citations. perhaps our most valuable source of information was the reference sections of publications dealing with human disturbances to waterfowl. some of the bibliographic entries are papers that did not directly pertain to waterfowl, but the topics may be important for further research related to waterfowl. the definition of human disturbance to waterfowl varies among authors. the following definition seems reasonable to us : a direct event, intentionally or unintentionally created by people, leading to a reaction of alertness ; fright ( obvious or inapparent ) ; interruption of activities ; flight, swimming, or other displacements ; or death or disablement. the event may have long - term or short - term effects. we have excluded almost all references dealing with death of waterfowl including : hunter harvest or illegal harvest, waterfowl collisions with power lines, deaths from the ingestion of angler ' s lead sinkers, losses of diving ducks to commercial fish nets and trotlines, and losses of waterfowl to furbearer trapping during spring seasons that are no longer in existence. sometimes it was so awkward to exclude these subjects that we included them, but our intent was to confine ourselves chiefly to disturbance caused by direct human activity ( presence, traffic, flights, fishing, boating, and so forth ). we included several papers relating to waterfowl energetics because disturbances may hinder the acquisition of food ( energy ) which may affect fitness for migration and breeding. energetics is a rapidly developing topic that will be important in answering some of the questions about the


included several papers relating to waterfowl energetics because disturbances may hinder the acquisition of food ( energy ) which may affect fitness for migration and breeding. energetics is a rapidly developing topic that will be important in answering some of the questions about the effects of disturbance that cannot now be answered. the frequency of topics in the subject index is shown in table 1. disturbances created by water users, chiefly boaters, anglers, and hunters, are mentioned most frequently. these disturbances were serious in that they displaced waterfowl from their feeding grounds, created energetic costs associated with flight, and affected nesting or brooding waterfowl, which may have lowered productivity. interestingly, researcher - caused disturbances also had a high frequency of occurrence. most biologists are familiar with the desertions of females caused while conducting nesting studies. we hope this bibliography will stimulate research and focus on those areas most lacking in definitive data. despite our efforts to include all the pertinent references, this bibliography is incomplete. it provides, however, a starting point for the reader interested in human disturbances to waterfowl. | subject | | number of citations | | anglers ( see fishing ) | | boating ( boats, canoes, sculling, rowing, power, airboats, sailing ) | | 66 | | development ( industrial, petroleum, pollution, urban, construction ) | | 24 | | energetic costs ( flight ) | | 23 | | lead weights ( fishing or angler ' s ) | | 2 | | human activity / disturbance, general | | 58 | | nest ( see investigator / research - caused ) | | refuge ( restricting trespass, sanctuary - - see abatement ) | | 36 | | research ( see investigator / research ) | | roads ( also see development ) | | shipping ( see barges / shipping ) | | wariness ( tameness, alert, tolerance distance ) | | 43 | this project was begun under the direction of r. f. berry, manager of the upper mississippi river refuge complex. we particularly thank the following persons for their encouragement and aid : d. v. bell, senior research officer of the wildfowl trust, slimbridge, england ; r. b. kahl, wisconsin department of natural resources ; l. a. batten, senior ornithological advisor and chief scientist directorate, nature conservancy council, peterborough, england ; and l. h. fredrickson, director of the gaylord memorial laboratory, university of missouri. we are indebted to many researchers


ornithological advisor and chief scientist directorate, nature conservancy council, peterborough, england ; and l. h. fredrickson, director of the gaylord memorial laboratory, university of missouri. we are indebted to many researchers, both in america and in europe, who supplied reprints of their work. most important has been the patient and thorough assistance of a. zimmerman, librarian at the northern prairie wildlife research center, who obtained many of the publications and provided editorial comments on the manuscript. j. sauls and s. h. thatcher, translated german papers. d. stroud and j. magerus, university of wisconsin - la crosse, translated german and french papers. we are also grateful to a. prochowicz, l. ames, b. toal, c. eloranta, and h. sampson who typed and checked the manuscript. bollinger, j. g., o. j. rongstad, a. soom, and r. g. eckstein. 1973. snowmobile noise effects on wildlife, 1972 - 1973 report. engineering experiment station, university wisconsin, madison, wisconsin 85 pp. buckley, p. a., and f. g. buckley. 1976. guidelines for the protection and management of colonial nesting waterbirds. u. s. national park service, boston, mass. 54 pp. burger, j. 1981. the effect of human activity on birds at a coastal bay. biological conservation 21 : 231 - 241. edington, j. m., and m. a. edington. 1986. ecology, recreation, and tourism. cambridge university press, new york. 198 pp. ferguson, m. s. d., and l. b. keith. 1982. influence of nordic skiing on distribution of moose and elk in elk island national park, alberta. canadian field - naturalist 96 : 69 - 78. foin, t. c., e. o. garton, c. w. bowen, j. m. everingham, and r. o. schultz. 1977. quantitative studies of visitor impacts on environments of yosemite national park, california, and their implications for park management policy. journal of environmental management 5 : 1 - 22. hammitt, w. e., and d. n. cole. 1987. wildland recreation. john wiley and sons, inc., new york. 341 pp. hunt, g. l., jr. 1972. influence of food distribution and human disturbance


w. e., and d. n. cole. 1987. wildland recreation. john wiley and sons, inc., new york. 341 pp. hunt, g. l., jr. 1972. influence of food distribution and human disturbance on the reproductive success of herring gulls. ecology 53 : 1051 - 1061. korschgen, c. e., l. s. george, and w. l. green. 1985. disturbance of diving ducks by boaters on a migrational staging area. wildlife society bulletin 13 : 290 - 296. manuwal, d. a. 1978. effect of man on marine birds : a review. pages 140 - 160 in wildlife and people. purdue university press, west lafayette, ind. pomerantz, g. a., d. j. decker, g. r. goff, and k. g. purdy. 1988. assessing impact of recreation on wildlife : a classification scheme. wildlife society bulletin 16 : 58 - 62. purdy, k. g., g. r. goff, d. j. decker, g. a. pomerantz, and n. a. connelly. 1987. a guide to managing human activity on national wildlife refuges. human dimensions research unit, department natural resources, cornell university, ithaca, n. y. and u. s. fish and wildlife service, office of information transfer, 1025 pennock place, fort collins, colo. 57 pp. ream, c. h. 1980. impacts of backcountry recreationists on wildlife : an annotated bibliography. u. s. forest service general technical report int - 81. 62 pp. robert, h. c., and c. j. ralph. 1975. effects of human disturbance on the breeding success of gulls. condor 77 : 495 - 499. rodgers, j. a., jr., and j. burger. 1981. symposium on human disturbance and colonial waterbirds. colonial waterbirds 4 : 1. strauss, e., and b. dane. 1989. differential reproductive success in a stressed population of piping plovers in areas of high and low human disturbance. american zoologist 29 : 42a. whitman, p. l. 1988. biology and conservation of the endangered interior least tern : a literature review. u. s. fish wildlife service biological report 88 ( 3 ). 22 pp. yalden, p. e., and d. w.


( naturalnews ) there is only one kind of immunity and that is natural immunity which is achieved by battling the infectious diseases itself. vaccination is merely the artificial triggering of temporary responses to manmade pathogens. vaccines are both harmful and dangerous and are leading to generations of humans with no natural defenses to disease. vaccines do not provide long - term immunity ; only temporary at best. in vaccines, an antigen is injected into the body to produce a reaction and the immune system responds in the form of antibodies, but antibody presence does not confer immunity. people still catch the diseases that they are vaccinated against. vaccines actually skip the normal immune responses to activate killer cells which can trigger an overproduction of cytokines in response to the toxic vaccine adjuvants and can damage tissues and organs and even stop the heart and block air pathways. vaccines should never be called immunizations because that is a misnomer. immunity and vaccinations are two different subjects altogether. in fact, breast milk is so potent with immune energizing effects in the infant that researchers at the cdc recommend women withhold breastfeeding their children in order to boost the " effectiveness " of childhood vaccines. the paper claims that women should stop breastfeeding long enough for the man - made poison to work on artificial / temporary " immunity. " after - effects of vaccines are only followed for a very short time. effects that are not seen for 30 years will not even be associated with the vaccine. immunizations are contributing to the lowering of immunity along with the spread of auto - immune diseases such as arthritis and even aids throughout the world. research clearly shows that aluminum mixed into vaccines carries a risk for autoimmunity, long - term brain inflammation, and subsequent neurological complications and may have profound and widespread adverse health complications. many vaccines contain both aluminum and trace amounts of mercury. when you mix these 2 metals together it causes extreme synergistic toxicity. as vaccinated disease rates go down ( but not necessarily as a result of toxic vaccinations ), the rate of chronic disease goes up in lock - step. vaccines, as they are commonly given, destroy the natural immunity process and accelerate the auto - immune disease process. deaths from measles in 1900 were 13 per 100, 000 people. in 1948 : less than one. measles vaccines introduced in 1963 but took full credit for what they never did - eliminate measles. japanese health authorities realized that early inoculations were causing crib deaths


per 100, 000 people. in 1948 : less than one. measles vaccines introduced in 1963 but took full credit for what they never did - eliminate measles. japanese health authorities realized that early inoculations were causing crib deaths so they postponed them until the 24th month and sids virtually disappeared along with whooping cough ( pertussis ) during the first two years of babies ' lives. instead of preventing whooping cough the dpt promotes it as well as sids. reuters recently reports that according to the cdc, the number of pertussis cases is growing - in the fully vaccinated population! the recent bachmair vaccine study reveals that the allergy rate in vaccinated children is more than double the rate in unvaccinated ones. vaccinated children are also nearly eight times more prone to develop asthma or chronic bronchitis than unvaccinated. furthermore, vaccinated kiddos suffer from more neurodermatitis, herpes, otitis media, hay fever, hyperactivity, scoliosis, epilepsy and seizures, migraine headaches, thyroid disease, and sids than unvaccinated children. vaccinated kids historically also have more measles than unvaccinated kids doctor after doctor will tell you that vaccinations have reduced the incidence of many infectious diseases but they have no real proof. in fact, all the epidemical evidence shows that disease rates rise after vaccines - in the vaccinated population. should we trust them just on their word? make an informed decision about you and your child ' s health. sources for this article include : tomljenovic l and shaw ca. aluminum vaccine adjuvants : are they safe? current medicinal chemistry. 2011 ; 18 : 2630 - 2637. about the author : craig stellpflug is a cancer nutrition specialist, lifestyle coach and neuro development consultant at healing pathways medical clinic, scottsdale, az. with 17 years of clinical experience working with both brain disorders and cancer, craig has seen first - hand the devastating effects of vaccines and pharmaceuticals on the human body and has come to the conclusion that a natural lifestyle and natural remedies are the true answers to health and vibrant living. you can find his daily health blog atwww. blog. realhealthtalk. comand his articles and radio show archives atwww. realhealthtalk. com


| from the library of congress g3764. b6s3 1775. d4 | this was just a teeny skirmish during the american revolution, but i love it because the marsh and the island where it happened belonged to some of my ancestors, and some of the people involved are right out of my family tree. as i tell the tale of the battle of noddle ’ s island ( sometimes known as the battle of chelsea creek, or the battle of hog island ), i ’ ll point out the family ties. noddle ’ s island is now where boston ’ s logan airport sits. the land around it has been filled in, and it is no longer an island. one of the first settlers to live here was samuel maverick, and in the 1630s his house was located near maverick square in east boston, today. there is a “ maverick station ” on the blue line of the t ( the massachusetts bay transportation authority ( mbta ) subway ) in this part of east boston. samuel maverick ( b. about 1602 ) is the brother to my 10 x great grandfather, moses maverick ( 1611 - 1686 ). chelsea creek, rumney marsh and pullen point, all land near these islands, was settled by my bill family ancestors in the 1600s. they lived and farmed also on the island that is now known as the town of winthrop, massachusetts. rumney marsh and pullen point are in the current cities of chelsea and revere massachusetts. other ancestors from the belcher, cheever and tuttle, and hitchings families lived here, too. fast forward 150 years, and the second battle of the american revolution happened here. or rather, a skirmish happened here. the british were going up and down the coast causing trouble by confiscating gunpowder and supplies, including hay cut and stored on islands, as well as livestock that used to roam the islands safe from predators and poachers. on 27 may 1775, just a bit more than a month after the battle of lexington and concord, new hampshire ’ s own general john stark was in charge of burning the hay and supplies on noddle ’ s and hog island so the resources wouldn ’ t fall into enemy hands. the british saw the smoke from boston, and came out to investigate. british general gage sent out the schooner diana, which misjudged the depth of the marshy waters and foundered in the mud. dr. joseph warren ( of bunker hill fame ) and general israel putnam ( married to my 1st cousin, 7 generations removed


gage sent out the schooner diana, which misjudged the depth of the marshy waters and foundered in the mud. dr. joseph warren ( of bunker hill fame ) and general israel putnam ( married to my 1st cousin, 7 generations removed, hannah pope ) arrived on foot with a troop of soldiers from stark ’ s 1st new hampshire regiment. although the british tried to fire their cannons at the rebels, the cannons were pointed towards the mud because of the listing ship, and so there was a standoff. when the british finally abandoned ship, the colonial soldiers stripped the ship of everything of value : artillery, guns, sails, money, anything not nailed down. they put the hay the british wanted under the diana and set it ablaze. no one died. it wasn ’ t much of a battle, but it was great for boston ’ s morale to destroy a british warship. lord percy wrote back to england “ " the rebels have lately amused themselves with burning the houses on an island just under the admiral ' s nose ; and a schooner, with our carriage - guns and some swivels, which he sent to drive them off, [ had ] unfortunately [ ran ] ashore, and the rebels burned her. " [ the boston harbor islands : a history of an urban wilderness, by david kales, the history press, 2007, page 46 ] the guns and supplies from the hms diana were used by the americans at the battle of bunker hill a few weeks later. it is always fun to read more about these little skirmishes, and to find out who was there. in the chelsea, massachusetts historical society there were many details about this battle, and also in the book a documentary history of chelsea, by mellen chamberlain, jetty c. watts, and william r. cuttler, published by the massachusetts historical society, 1908. a few years ago, an article in the boston globe got me interested in learning more about the battle of noddle ’ s island : “ in chelsea, hunt is on for remains of lost revolutionary war ship ”, by steve leblanc, associated press reporter, boston globe, 20 july 2009 http : / / articles. boston. com / 2009 - 07 - 20 / news / 29261040 _ 1 _ battle - schooner - ship investigating this little story led to discovering the places, names and stories of many ancestors! copyright 2012, heather wilkinson rojo


white grubs are the larvae of beetles. the larvae all have six strong legs near the head, and are white. they vary in other characteristics such as size, head color, and hair patterns on the body. these grubs feed on roots of various plants. your garden plants, lawn and even potted plants can be attacked by grubs. in general, white grubs have a one or two year life cycle, depending on the type of grub. the following describes a one year life cycle. spring - the grubs are fully grown larvae and are actively feeding. summer - the grubs turn into pupae and pupate into beetles. this generally occurs around june in the northern us and canada. the beetles only live for about a week, mating and laying eggs. these eggs hatch a few weeks later. fall - the new grubs feed until temperatures drop and they burrow deep in the soil to avoid freezing, and emerge the following spring. many grubs only cause minor damage and control strategies are not required. there are a few grubs, like european chafer, that commonly cause extensive damage to lawns. the grubs eat the roots of the lawn, and the lawn dies. as few as five grubs per square foot can cause extensive damage. major damage can also occur when raccoons, skunks, and crows rip the lawn apart while feeding on the grubs. the most important thing to do to reduce grub damage is to ensure a healthy, robust lawn. this means regular feedings and annual core aeration to encourage a strong, dense root system. if the lawn has a dense root system, it will tolerate minor feeding by the grubs. traditional pest control if the lawn has historically had large populations of grubs like european chafer, then consider scheduling an application of merit® in june or july. merit® is a new grub control product that must be applied prior to hatching of the new eggs. it provides up to 90 % control of the grub larvae and meets all the new environmental standards imposed by pmra ( health canada ). note - check with your local nutri - lawn if merit® is registered in your area. if it is spring time and the lawn is being damaged by grubs, then applications of sevin® will help reduce the grub populations. it is important to know that controlling fully matured grubs in the spring is very difficult for several reasons. 1.


and the lawn is being damaged by grubs, then applications of sevin® will help reduce the grub populations. it is important to know that controlling fully matured grubs in the spring is very difficult for several reasons. 1. the grub ’ s immune system is fully developed, and it must consume more of the pest control before control is successful. 2. the grubs may not be actively feeding due to cooler soil temperatures, and they may not consume enough of the pest control to be effective. 3. the grubs are often deeper in the soil, and getting the pest control deep enough into the soil for effective control is difficult. core aeration will facilitate the movement of the pest control to the grubs. because of these factors, the best strategy is to focus on renovating the damaged areas in late spring, and schedule a merit® application for june. note - check with your local nutri - lawn if sevin® is registered for use in your area. beneficial insects - predatory nematodes predatory nematodes are naturally occuring microscopic roundworms that attack soil larvae like white grubs. they are best used as a preventative application applied to newly hatched larvae. this means that the best time to apply the nematodes to white grubs like european chafer is in late august into early october depending on geographic location. the nematodes will not control all the grubs in the soil, but will reduce the grub populations and thereby reduce any potential lawn damage. they are naturally occurring in the soil, but we inundate the soil with the nematodes in order to achieve infection of the larvae. there are a few factors to consider when applying nematodes. 1. apply the nematodes to moist soil. if applied to dry soil, the nematodes will die. we recommend a heavy watering prior to the application of nematodes to not only wet out the soil and thatch, but also to drive the grubs closer to the surface and closer to the nematodes. 2. avoid applying nematodes during bright sunny days. uv light kills nematodes, so it is best to apply them early or late in the day when light levels are low, or during an overcast day. 3. water the nematodes into the soil as soon as possible. water carries the nematodes off the leaves of the lawn into the soil where the grubs live. core aeration prior to an application


from ohio history central samuel galloway was a political leader and public servant from ohio. he was born on march 20, 1811, in gettysburg, pennsylvania. his family moved to ohio in 1819, and galloway graduated as valedictorian from miami university in 1833. he began a teaching career after his graduation and became a professor of ancient languages at miami university in 1837. in 1841, after teaching at two additional institutions of higher education, galloway began studying the law. in 1843, he successfully passed the ohio bar examination and set up a law practice in chillicothe, ohio. in 1844, galloway began a political career and became ohio ' s secretary of state. one of his many duties was to oversee public education in the state. during galloway ' s six years in office, the ohio legislature passed two major laws dealing with education. both of these laws helped create the school district system still in effect in ohio. the first of these laws was the akron school law of 1847. before this legislation was enacted, local schools commonly functioned independently from one another, with little attempt at uniformity. the citizens of akron, influenced by their new england roots, used the new law to organize their community ' s schools into a single system. the roots of today ' s school system could be found in the akron school law. there was one school district encompassing the entire city. within that district were a number of elementary schools, with students divided into separate " grades " based on achievement. when enough demand existed, the school board established a high school as well. property taxes paid for the new school system. a school board, elected by the community, made decisions regarding the system ' s management and hired the necessary professionals to run each school. in 1849, the ohio legislature adopted the akron school law for the entire state. in 1850, galloway refused to seek reelection as secretary of state. in 1854, he returned to public life as a member of the u. s. house of representatives from ohio. politically, he favored the stance of the new republican party and became well known for his opposition to slavery ' s expansion into the kansas territory. he sought reelection to the house of representatives in 1856, but was defeated by samuel s. cox. galloway ran against cox again in 1858, but once again failed to win the election. galloway stopped seeking elected public offices at this point. he served as judge advocate of camp chase, a military prison located in columbus, ohio, during the american civil war. samuel galloway died on april 5, 1872, in columbus, ohio. - dee


feeling down? mehmet oz, md, explains why antidepressants aren ' t always the best answer. for years now, we ' ve been led to believe that if we ' re falling behind in the joy department, we need only take a pill to feel calm and content. yet, as many people are aware, antidepressants have been linked to significant side effects, including decreased sexual desire, weight gain, even an increased risk of suicide. adding insult to injury, the drugs may not work as well as advertised ; a 2008 study found that some can be no more effective than sugar pills. and according to a report in the new england journal of medicine, many negative antidepressant study results have never been published. all in all, the prescription route to happiness may be less safe or effective than even doctors realize. to help cut through the confusion, i ' ve identified four common misconceptions about happiness and depression. the truth just might surprise you. myth # 1 : you should feel happy all the time sadness is not necessarily a sign of illness — it ' s a normal part of being human and can even be beneficial. for example, grief is a natural and healthy response that helps us adapt to major losses ( of a loved one, a marriage, a job ). in the face of stressful challenges, unhappiness can also serve as a beacon to spur positive change. in fact, depression likely evolved to help us cope with environments that are unsatisfying or even harmful. low moods can signal that it ' s time to reevaluate what ' s happening in our lives. myth # 2 : it ' s all about serotonin the most popular antidepressants are drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ). these work by increasing levels of a brain chemical called serotonin, which regulates mood. but newer research suggests that two areas of the brain called the hippocampus and brodmann ' s area 25 can also influence how we experience despair. in addition, we know that depression is often closely linked to anxiety, against which stress - reducing practices like yoga or meditation can be powerful weapons. myth # 3 : pills offer the easiest fix about 15 percent of adults will experience major depression at some point in their lives, but many others suffer from mild to moderate forms of the disease. in those cases, research has shown that lifestyle interventions, such as therapy and exercise, can be as effective as medication. and they ' re free


caring for grapevines isn ' t difficult — just restrain the impulse to make it hard. " the main thing i tell people is ' don ' t panic, ' " rombough says. " ' don ' t freak out. your grapes can handle an insect or two. ' " prevent problems. keep pests in check by attracting beneficial insects and removing infected fruit and foliage to prevent larvae from overwintering. keep watch. even after you ' ve identified a pest, watching and waiting may still be the best strategy. a study conducted by iowa state university showed that although half of all organic vineyards surveyed had grape leafhoppers on their vines, the insects had minimal impact on the crop. only 18 percent of organic grape growers surveyed used any kind of biological or botanical insecticide. use organic controls. before you try any natural or biological pest control products, take the time to properly identify the pest and use the appropriate product — at the right stage of the pest ' s life cycle to make a difference. check out rombough ' s grape guidebook, the resources listed in our online grape - growing guide, or your local extension office for helpful id and control information. you can tolerate some insect damage without taking action, but when it comes to disease, early intervention is the key. know thy enemy. the diseases that afflict grapes differ vastly from one climate to the next. your best bet is to ask other gardeners, nurserymen, or your local master gardener program before you plant about the diseases prevalent where you are. cool, wet springs and mild winters in the pacific northwest, for instance, can lead to powdery mildew, while warm, humid weather in the east can bring on black rot. in the southeast and california, pierce ' s disease, which is caused by a bacterium, scorches grape leaves and browns their canes. an accurate id of the problem helps you choose the right solution. choose a disease - resistant variety. as i ' ve already mentioned, choosing varieties that naturally fend off diseases minimizes potential problems. act early. organic gardeners have more tools than ever when it comes to controlling the common fungal diseases. serenade, for instance, is a spray containing a beneficial bacterium that protects your grapes against three diseases : powdery mildew, botrytis, and bunch rot. it works best when you apply it as a preventative, says pamela marrone, ph. d., an entomologist who founded agraquest, the company that manufactures serenade. be vi


##ew, botrytis, and bunch rot. it works best when you apply it as a preventative, says pamela marrone, ph. d., an entomologist who founded agraquest, the company that manufactures serenade. be vigilant. mike benziger, owner of benziger family winery in northern california, urges gardeners to keep a close watch on grapes. " growing organic grapes isn ' t hard, " he says, " but it takes commitment. " he recommends spending a little time with the grapes every day and training yourself to observe and spot signs of potential trouble early. as grapes ripen, their final pigments appear — usually red, sometimes blue — and the stems get woody. taste before you harvest ; sugar content changes throughout the day and throughout the harvest season, so wait until grapes are as sweet as you ' d like them to be before you pick a cluster. cutting a heavy, ripe bunch of grapes off the vine in the fall is the final reward of a grape grower, but then what? grapes make a great addition to salads or as toppings on cereal or dessert. you might also want to try preserving the harvest for later in the year. the easiest way is to place dry grapes on a tray in the freezer. once they ' re frozen, you can store them in a freezer bag and pop a few in your mouth anytime you want something sweet and cold. of course, the best way to enjoy grapes is right off the vine — just ask any finch or starling!


- number 333 | - march 21, 2011 an x - ray laser captures the structures of life an x - ray laser captures the structures of life two studies published recently in nature demonstrate how the unique capabilities of the world ’ s first hard x - ray free - electron laser — the linac coherent light source, located at doe ’ s slac national accelerator laboratory — could revolutionize the study of life. in one study, an international research team used the lcls to demonstrate a shortcut for determining the 3 - d structures of proteins. the laser ’ s brilliant pulses of x - ray light pulled structural data from tiny protein nanocrystals, avoiding the need to use large protein crystals that can be difficult or impossible to prepare. this process could lop years off the structural analysis of some proteins and allow scientists to decipher tens of thousands of others that are out of reach today, including many involved in infectious disease. in a separate paper, the same team reported making the first single - shot images of intact viruses, paving the way for snapshots and movies of molecules, viruses and live microbes in action. since the publication of these papers, members of the research team have returned to slac to continue their studies of proteins involved in photosynthesis, parasitic disease and other important life processes. using the coherent x - ray imaging instrument ( cxi ) — the fourth instrument to become operational since the lcls opened for research in 2009 — the researchers shined highly energetic “ hard ” x - rays at the photosynthetic protein complex photosystem i and an enzyme that breaks down proteins, extracted from the parasite that causes african sleeping sickness. though the results of these more recent studies won ' t be known until extensive analysis of the data has been completed, the researchers were extremely excited to see fine, crisply detailed protein structures at near atomic - scale resolution. " it ' s going very well, " said slac researcher marvin seibert, grinning. " the fireworks are back. it ' s always fun. "


media contact : fred strohl ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ) | communications and external relations new superconductor research laboratory dedicated oak ridge, tenn., april 19, 2001 a new high - temperature superconductor research laboratory was dedicated today at the department of energy ' s ( doe ) oak ridge national laboratory ( ornl ). the new laboratory is part of the accelerated coated conductor initiative, a collaborative effort between ornl and los alamos national laboratory. the initiative will help accelerate the development of power cables, motors, generators and transformers using new " second - generation " wire technology. superconductors have virtually no resistance to electric current, offering the possibility of developing new electric power equipment with more energy efficiency and higher capacity than today ' s systems. superconducting technology may help reduce the future need for new electric power generation during the next three decades. the ornl - invented superconducting tape is a roll - textured buffered metal material that carries a critical current density of at least 1 million amperes per square centimeter in liquid nitrogen. this compares to standard household wires that that typically carry less than 1, 000 amperes per square centimeter. the new laboratory will help accelerate the development and application of high - temperature superconductor technologies through joint efforts among doe laboratories, universities and industry. scientists are using technologies adapted from the semiconductor and photographic film industries to learn to make longer lengths of these superconductor wires. congress allocated $ 6 million in fy 2001 to accelerate the development of this second - generation wire. " u. s. industry and national laboratory researchers will work side by side to develop this technology, " said bob hawsey, manager of ornl ' s superconductivity program. ornl is a national leader in developing superconducting technology that has been licensed to private industry and is being evaluated through several cooperative research and development agreements ( cradas ). among ornl ' s crada partners participating in today ' s dedication were american superconductor corp., microcoating technologies, oxford superconducting technology and the southwire co. ornl is a doe multiprogram facility operated by ut - battelle.


tips to protect workers in cold environments prolonged exposure to freezing or cold temperatures may cause serious health problems such as trench foot, frostbite and hypothermia. in extreme cases, including cold water immersion, exposure can lead to death. danger signs include uncontrolled shivering, slurred speech, clumsy movements, fatigue and confused behavior. if these signs are observed, call for emergency help. osha ' s cold stress card provides a reference guide and recommendations to combat and prevent many illnesses and injuries. available in english and spanish, this laminated fold - up card is free to employers, workers and the public. tips include : how to protect workers - recognize the environmental and workplace conditions that may be dangerous. - learn the signs and symptoms of cold - induced illnesses and injuries and what to do to help workers. - train workers about cold - induced illnesses and injuries. - encourage workers to wear proper clothing for cold, wet and windy conditions, including layers that can be adjusted to changing conditions. - be sure workers in extreme conditions take a frequent short break in warm dry shelters to allow their bodies to warm up. - try to schedule work for the warmest part of the day. - avoid exhaustion or fatigue because energy is needed to keep muscles warm. - use the buddy system - work in pairs so that one worker can recognize danger signs. - drink warm, sweet beverages ( sugar water, sports - type drinks ) and avoid drinks with caffeine ( coffee, tea, sodas or hot chocolate ) or alcohol. - eat warm, high - calorie foods such as hot pasta dishes. - remember, workers face increased risks when they take certain medications, are in poor physical condition or suffer from illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension or cardiovascular disease.


by eddie o ' neill what would the christmas season be without carols? these seasonal songs seem to greet us everywhere this time of year with their familiar melodies and lyrics. though we may know the first verse and the refrain of a number of christmas carols, do we know the origin of these songs we sing each december? the singing of psalms and songs of praise in worship dates back to earliest christian times, of course, a tradition with roots in jewish religious custom. hymns written especially in honor of christ ' s birth first appeared in the early centuries, such as " of the father ' s love begotten, " composed by the latin poet aurelius clemens prudentius ( 348 - 413 ). over time, the repertoire of latin chant that developed for use in the mass came to include propers written especially for the nativity and nearby celebrations on the church calendar, such as advent and epiphany. their words were based on scripture and other sacred texts. the kind of popular song we would typically call a " christmas carol " today, however, had different origins. the word " carol " probably comes from the french carole, a circle dance ac - companied by singing, often with a verse and refrain pattern. up through the later middle ages, caroles were thus typically dance music for communal celebrations. but eventually they were used also as processional songs during religious festivals and as accompaniment for religious mystery plays. only later did they come to be sung in churches and associated with christmas in particular. the singing of popular christmas tunes received a boost from st. francis of assisi. in 1223 he formed a living nativity scene on the outskirts of town, inviting the children of his village to come see the creche while he taught them simple songs to honor the coming of the lord. this new december custom grew larger and more ornate each year, spreading throughout europe, with each culture adding its own local customs to the celebrations. carols were composed and learned by the common folk wherever the creche and seasonal plays were performed. to the chagrin of some local parish priests, many of these new christmas carols borrowed melodies from well - known drinking songs. clergy in some places opposed their being sung. but the joy of singing carols was infectious and unstoppable. bands of traveling singers and musicians, or carolers, as they would come to be known, performed on street corners, in taverns and in homes in village after village. after the protestant reformation, which began in the 16th century


by thomas j. craughwell - osv newsweekly, 5 / 22 / 2011 from canada to chile, devotion to the blessed mother runs deep in the americas. you know that under her title the immaculate conception mary is the patroness of the united states, and certainly you ’ ve heard the story of our lady of guadalupe. but there are many more madonnas in the americas. what follows, then, is a selection of national patrons. it is interesting to note that often devotion to mary under a particular title began among humble people and outcasts, then, from such lowly beginnings, spread to all levels of society until our lady became the patron of the nation. our lady of the immaculate conception of lujan in 1630, a brazilian potter received from a customer in argentina an order for a 2 - foot - high statue of the blessed virgin. when he finished the work, he packed it into a wooden crate and sent it by oxcart to his client in the town of santiago del estero, argentina. but when the cart reached lujan, the oxen stopped and refused to move. the teamsters and the townspeople took this as a sign that our lady wanted her statue venerated at lujan. it is still there, in a magnificent sanctuary. to protect the fragile terra cotta, the statue is sheathed in silver, over which are robes of white and pale blue — the national colors of argentina. feast day : dec. 8. our lady of la candelaria of copacabana in 1582, francisco tito yupanqui, a member of the imperial family of the incas, felt inspired to fashion a statue of the virgin and child. he had no experience as a sculptor, yet after several false starts he created a beautiful image, 4 feet high, made of plaster and maguey fiber. in 1583, yupanqui ’ s statue was placed in an adobe church on the peninsula of copacabana, where it became beloved by incas who lived in the region. over the centuries the image became known as the most blessed virgen de la candelaria, our lady of copacabana and was venerated as the patron of bolivia. ( candelaria is spanish for candlemas, the feast of the purification of the blessed virgin on feb. 2 ). to preserve the original sculpture, it has been plated with gold, except for the hands and faces of mary and the christ child. feast days : feb. 2 and aug. 5. our lady


of the blessed virgin on feb. 2 ). to preserve the original sculpture, it has been plated with gold, except for the hands and faces of mary and the christ child. feast days : feb. 2 and aug. 5. our lady of the immaculate conception of aparecida in 1717, three poor fishermen were working the paraiba river. they had fished all night and caught nothing, so one of them invoked the help of our lady of the immaculate conception. they cast their net into the water, and pulled up a statue of the immaculate conception. filled with confidence, they cast in their nets again, and this time the net was teeming with fish. the local people venerated this statue of mary as aparecida, or “ she who appeared. ” in 1930, pope pius xi proclaimed our lady of aparecida patroness of brazil. feast day : oct. 12. our lady of mount carmel of the maipu during chile ’ s struggle for independence from spain, the leaders of the independence movement placed their cause under the protection of our lady of mount carmel. on april 5, 1818, at the battle of maipu, gen. jose de san martin assured the chilean troops, “ our patroness, the most blessed virgin of carmel, will give us victory! ” the chileans won the battle and their independence, and in thanksgiving to mary, they built a church on the maipu battlefield, and enshrined inside it an 18th - century sculpture of our lady of mount carmel. feast day : last sunday of september. our lady of the rosary we know that father lopez de montoya, a dominican priest, commissioned this statue of our lady of the rosary, but we do not know the names of the artists who made it. the statue of the blessed mother holding the christ child in her arms is made of silver. according to a popular legend in guatemala, centuries ago our lady and her son traveled through the americas. when they reached guatemala, the infant jesus fell asleep in his mother ’ s arms, and so they stayed there. in 1821, guatemalan patriots adopted our lady of the rosary as the patron of the national independence movement ; in 1833, they crowned her queen of guatemala. one of the crowns made for this image is studded with 121 emeralds, 80 pearls and 44 diamonds. feast day : in guatemala, our lady of the rosary does not have a one - day celebration ; instead the entire month of october is dedicated to her. our lady of perpetual help in 1882


given the rank grand marshal of peru. feast day : sept. 24. our lady of coromoto with arrival of the spanish in the late 16th century, the coromoto tribe fled into the forests of venezuela. in 1651, the virgin mary, carrying the infant jesus, appeared to the coromoto chief and his wife and instructed them to lead all their people to a spanish settlement and become christians. she handed the chief an image of herself on a small holy card, then vanished. the coromotos obeyed our lady ’ s instructions. today, the holy card is displayed in a monstrance in the shrine church of coromoto. in 1944, pope pius xii declared our lady of coromoto patroness of venezuela. feast days : feb. 2, sept. 8 and sept. 11. thomas j. craughwell is the author of “ saints behaving badly ” ( doubleday, $ 15. 95 ) and osv ’ s catholic cardlinks series. canada : our lady of the cape colombia : our lady of the rosary of chiquinquira costa rica : our lady of the angels cuba : our lady of charity of el cobre dominican republic : our lady of la altagracia ecuador : our lady of quinche el salvador : our lady of peace honduras : our lady of suyapa mexico : our lady of guadalupe nicaragua : our lady of the immaculate conception of el viejo panama : our lady of la antigua puerto rico : our lady of divine providence united states : the immaculate conception uruguay : our lady of the 33 please note : comments left online may be considered for publication in the letters to the editor section of osv newsweekly. blog comments powered by disqus catholic faith resources | for catholic parishes | order osv products | rss | advertise | about us | contact us | jobs


washington - the largest genetic study of mental illnesses to date finds five major disorders may not look much alike but they share some gene - based risks. the surprising discovery comes in the quest to unravel what causes psychiatric disorders and how to better diagnose and treat them. the disorders — autism, attention deficit - hyperactivity disorder or adhd, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia — are considered distinct problems. but findings published online wednesday suggest they ' re related in some way. " these disorders that we thought of as quite different may not have such sharp boundaries, " said dr. jordan smoller of massachusetts general hospital, one of the lead researchers for the international study appearing in the lancet. that has implications for learning how to diagnose mental illnesses with the same precision that physical illnesses are diagnosed, said dr. bruce cuthbert of the national institute on mental health, which funded the research. consider : just because someone has chest pain doesn ' t mean it ' s a heart attack ; doctors have a variety of tests to find out. but there ' s no blood test for schizophrenia or other mental illnesses. instead, doctors rely on symptoms agreed upon by experts. learning the genetic underpinnings of mental illnesses is part of one day knowing if someone ' s symptoms really are schizophrenia and not something a bit different. " if we really want to diagnose and treat people effectively, we have to get to these more fine - grained understandings of what ' s actually going wrong biologically, " cuthbert explained. added mass general ' s smoller : " we are still in the early stages of understanding what are the causes of mental illnesses, so these are clues. " the psychiatric genomics consortium, a collaboration of researchers in 19 countries, analyzed the genomes of more than 61, 000 people, some with one of the five disorders and some without. they found four regions of the genetic code where variation was linked to all five disorders. of particular interest are disruptions in two specific genes that regulate the flow of calcium in brain cells, key to how neurons signal each other. that suggests that this change in a basic brain function could be one early pathway that leaves someone vulnerable to developing these disorders, depending on what else goes wrong. for patients and their families, the research offers no immediate benefit. these disorders are thought to be caused by a complex mix of numerous genes and other risk factors that range from exposures in the womb to the experiences of daily life. " there may be many paths to each of


avoid discrimination and encourage diversity complying with discrimination laws is not just the right thing to do ; it is the law. but you don ' t have to simply focus on covering the legal basis. smart employers work hard to encourage diversity as well - along the way taking advantage of every employee ' s creativity, ideas, sense of teamwork and commitment to company success. let ' s start with the basics. employees are protected from discrimination by a number of laws including : - civil rights act - age discrimination in employment act - americans with disabilities act - equal pay act - rehabilitation act - and others these laws protect employees from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, color, sex, age, disability and pregnancy. in addition, almost half the states and the district of columbia have laws that currently prohibit sexual orientation discrimination in private employment. these include : california, colorado, connecticut, hawaii, illinois, iowa, maine, maryland, massachusetts, minnesota, nevada, new hampshire, new jersey, new mexico, new york, oregon, rhode island, vermont, washington, and wisconsin. some of these states also specifically prohibit discrimination based on gender identity. what areas of employment are covered? discrimination laws cover practices related to hiring, promotion, job assignment, termination, and compensationa€¦ just to name a few. a quick note : discrimination laws are very specific but also let employers maintain some amount of latitude. as an example, the americans with disabilities act ( ada ) requires an employer to make " reasonable accommodations " for an employee with a protected disability. at the same time, it specifies that the accommodation cannot create a financial hardship to the employer. as you can guess, interpreting these two aspects of the ada can leave a lot of room for confusion. if at any time you are unsure or unclear as to your responsibilities and your rights as an employer, consult with an experienced employment law attorney and the equal employment opportunity commission ( eeoc ). so where are you, as an employer, most vulnerable to discrimination or harassment charges? here are a few of the most common possibilities : - hiring, promotions, disciplinary actions, and termination. keep detailed records, consistently follow your internal processes, and make sure all employees - and prospective employees - are treated fairly and equally. if you do, and if you keep accurate records of important and pertinent employee communication, in most cases you will have little to fear. - less obvious forms of discrimination. discrimination based on race or national origin is easy to spot ; it can be more difficult to spot discrimination based on age or


of important and pertinent employee communication, in most cases you will have little to fear. - less obvious forms of discrimination. discrimination based on race or national origin is easy to spot ; it can be more difficult to spot discrimination based on age or religious affiliation. as an owner or manager your job is to ensure that discrimination in all forms is not tolerated. - small companies without an established human resources department. a human resources department or position can not only serve as a " watch dog " for discriminatory practices but can also help train employees on how to support diversity. if you run a small business without the luxury of a human resources function, you ' ll need to be extra - vigilant. - satellite locations. discrimination or harassment is more likely to occur when a small group of employees is assigned to and works at a remote location, because management oversight and presence may be limited. - treating diversity as a legal requirement only. promoting anti - discrimination practices simply because " they ' re the law " has been found to create a discriminatory environment. work hard to promote diversity as an environment that benefits the company and all its employees. so how can you avoid discrimination and promote diversity? here are some simple techniques and practices : - treat all employees equally. act in a fair and consistent manner. create policies that promote fairness and equality, and follow those policies. - maintain accurate and complete records. keep well - organized files documenting employee evaluations, disciplinary actions, performance issues, and substantive, performance - related conversations held with employees. - provide different ways for employees to make a complaint. make it easy for employees to speak up when they feel discriminated against or harassed. - never make statements in regard to race, religion, age, gender, disability, sexual orientation, or marital status. if your employees do, counsel them immediately. - create a diverse workforce. hire based on skills, experience, and fitness for position. make sure your hiring practices clearly define the qualifications a prospective employee must meet. - set a great example. ensure you hold all workers to the same standards. and expect others to do the same. if you do receive a complaint from an employee : - conduct all investigations promptly and thoroughly. make sure you follow up after the issue is resolved to ensure the employee not only understands the outcome but also that the employee does not feel that he or she has been retaliated against. - document the results of all complaints and investigations. note corrective actions taken. follow up on those actions and monitor the situation closely.


( bpt ) - whether a patient faces a simple health problem, such as a head cold, or one as complex as alzheimer ’ s disease, relieving the symptoms is often as important as resolving the issue itself. yet for the more than 5 million americans affected by alzheimer ’ s, treating the symptoms is even more vital. some of the early signs of alzheimer ’ s include memory loss that disrupts daily life, mood and personality changes, and difficulty solving otherwise simple daily tasks. alzheimer ’ s disease is the sixth - leading cause of death in the united states, according to the alzheimer ’ s association. of the top 10 causes of death, it is the only one for which there is no cure or preventive measure. however, research suggests that addressing one early facet of the disease – decreased blood sugar in brain cells, also known as diminished cerebral glucose metabolism ( dcgm ) – may help relieve symptoms for certain people with mild to moderate alzheimer ’ s. in a healthy brain, glucose is the primary energy source. a brain affected by alzheimer ’ s doesn ’ t process glucose into energy as efficiently as a healthy brain. “ unlike other cells in the body that can metabolize fats as fuel, brain cells rely on glucose ( sugar ) for their primary energy source, ” says dr. richard s. isaacson, associate professor of clinical neurology and vice chair of education at the university of miami ’ s miller school of medicine. " one aspect of alzheimer ’ s is that it hinders the brain ’ s ability to use glucose, and this significantly affects brain function. ” “ dcgm is an early feature of alzheimer ’ s disease, represented by region - specific declines in brain glucose – or energy – metabolism, ” isaacson says. “ dcgm correlates with both the cognitive decline and the pathology associated with alzheimer ’ s. research suggests that addressing dcgm may help mitigate symptoms for some patients. ” providing brain cells with an alternative energy source may help ease the effects of dcgm, while enhancing memory and cognitive function in alzheimer ’ s patients. one prescription - only medical food aims at helping alzheimer ’ s patients by addressing dcgm – axona by accera, inc. the easy - to - mix, once - daily drink is currently the only prescription therapy for patients with mild to moderate alzheimer ’ s that addresses the link between the brain ’ s inability to process and use glucose with the degenerative symptoms of alzheimer ’ s by providing the brain with an alternative energy source. the liver digests and