side to side as if about to faint ; in a moment he drops to the floor as if dead. general : what, refuse to answer me. ha! ha! you shall be made to speak. guards bind him that he may be made ready for the torture. judas struggles feebly with the guards, who bind him in such a way that he can free himself. general, turning to candidate : you trembling poltroon, you must know who this man is pointing to the prostrate body of judas. your life depends upon your answer. if you do not tell me truly you shall be tortured until your tongue is loosened. speak if he refuses, more emphatically : speak, i say, and tell me who this traitor is or you shall be made to stiffer as no mortal ever did before. if candidate still refuses to disclose who his friend is the general says : general : these fellows must be friends. if candidate tells who his friend is, then the general says : general : ah! you are not only a rebel but a traitor as well, who would betray a friend and kinsman to save his own miserable life. yours shall be the fate of a traitor. in either event the general now turns and looks at judas a moment and then his eyes fall upon the grecian sword, which he has, apparently, without thought, taken by the hilt with one hand and rested the point in the palm of the other hand. he looks at it ; turns it over ; raises it high above his head in both hands and with the most frightful outburst of indignant fury, exclaims : why this is the sword of apollonius! and that must be pointing to lt. commander judas maccabeus who killed him! he drops or casts away the sword, so that it may be found in about the centre of room and exclaims : accursed blade that thou shouldst ever serve our foes! quickly extending his hands towards the soldiers, who rush upon the prostrate form of the lieutenant commander ready to hack it into pieces. no! brave soldiers never mangle a fallen foe! leave him as he fell ; later we must in honor return and give him a soldier ’ s burial, — for he was valiant and the sword must be lost sight of or forgotten in the confusion. general now turns to candidate and says : but as for this poltroon, guards let his eyes be blinded and his body thrown over the walls as food for the vultures and hyenas. let


lost sight of or forgotten in the confusion. general now turns to candidate and says : but as for this poltroon, guards let his eyes be blinded and his body thrown over the walls as food for the vultures and hyenas. let it be done! candidate is again blindfolded. four soldiers take him and carry him around a little ways and then with a " one, two three " signal cast him into the sheet held by four or six strong sir knights, who carry and lay him down on electric carpet near judas, wrapping sheet about him and put on the current when judas says, an alarm is now heard and the general shouts. general : ah! the enemy is upon us. away to your posts. the power of antiochus shall be felt. general and soldiers rush out behind curtain at foot of tent. a few moments are passed in perfect silence. lieutenant commander begins to move a little, groans as if in pain, and slowly works himself into a sitting, then standing posture. slowly and painfully he staggers about and as if by accident, he stumbles over the body of the candidate. he tears off the blindfold, listens to his heart, etc., and says : judas : my friend! my friend! and still alive. fortunate indeed are we to have escaped with our lives from those cruel barbarians. i was parted from you against my will and in spite of my best efforts. come, let us hasten to join the forces of the maccabees that we may aid in the cause of humanity, and share in the glory of their triumph. the destiny of judea and the liberty of its people hang in the balance. takes candidate ’ s right arm and as they approach the sword, judas discovers it, stops, and as he takes it from the floor, says : ah! here is my trtisty blade again. judas and the general may here fight a duel with swords — judas victorious. turning to candidate and holding sword aloft in his right hand, left foot on prostrate form of general, judas says : thou shalt yet listen to a proclamation of judea ’ s freedom, for unto the just belongeth the victory. candidate is then quickly conducted to the ante - room to be prepared for the next in this section the room will be arranged as it was in the first degree, section 1, the books of the maccabees opened at the second chapter of the second book, and lying diagonally across it a naked sword ( the sword


next in this section the room will be arranged as it was in the first degree, section 1, the books of the maccabees opened at the second chapter of the second book, and lying diagonally across it a naked sword ( the sword of appollonius ), with its hilt pointing towards the upper left hand corner of the altar, the same to be observed from the foot of the altar. actors and costumes commander as mattathias. white flowing gown, white wig and beard, sandals, lieutenant commander as judas. red turban, tunic, hose or leggings and sandals. past commander as john, son of mattathias. colored flowing gown, black turban, black beard and sandals. chaplain as eleazar, son of mattathias. white flowing gown, white turban and when the lieutenant commander is sure that everything is in readiness, he will so inform the commander and retire to the ante - room and introduce the candidate judas takes candidate by either arm and without saying anything to him, goes to inner door, giving any number of raps. sentinel, opens the door slightly and says : who comes? judas : judas of the house of mattathias, with a friend. sentinel : i will inform the venerable sire of thy presence. closes the door and striking the floor twice with his heel, says : venerable sire, without the inner gate stands thy son judas with a friend. matt. : let him enter with his friend. sentinel, opens the door wide : thy father bids thee enter with thy lieutenant commander enters with candidate and both stand at foot of judas : father, i have with me a friend who having witnessed the death of eleazar, and himself experienced some of the atrocities practiced upon our people, now desires to be more intimately and firmly bound unto us by a covenant matt. : my son, thy friend is welcome. his object is most worthy. but first let him listen to the further teachings of this degree, because the lessons we would have him learn from these thrilling experiences deal with the most sacred relations of life, and teach loyalty to country, home and friends. john : under the tents of our beloved order, men of every kind and shade of religious faith, political opinion, and philosophical doctrine, come together ; at our altars they make the same declarations and assume the same vows, — promising to give the influences of their lives a new and different direction ; here all differences become merged into one great purpose and lofty sentiment : here is the


together ; at our altars they make the same declarations and assume the same vows, — promising to give the influences of their lives a new and different direction ; here all differences become merged into one great purpose and lofty sentiment : here is the " homing place " of many kindred spirits. the philosophic truth that, things alike in all their parts are identical, finds its highest expression in a place like this where the best things of the moral world are the common aim of each and all. here, the noble of heart reveal themselves to each other in the many little kindnesses done in each others presence ; the tender hearted discover each other by the sympathy each expresses in the presence of the other ; brotherly natures find their affinities in those who never weary in the saying and doing of fraternal things ; friendly natures, sleeping in the lives of all men, rise in majesty to meet and salute each other. chaplain : but be not deceived ; a friend is more than a mere acquaintance and friendship is much more than external agreeableness. your friend is youl other self ; neither chance nor change can ever lessen his loyalty. a friend sticketh closer than a brother. so subtle, so transcendant a thing is friendship, that you can never by seeking find it out, — it must find you. and you will be most sure of possessing this pearl of inestimable price by showing yourself a friend to that which is good, and true, and just, and merciful in the sight of god and man. marvel not then, if in adversity you find yourself friendless, if you have been a counterfeit yourself. nothing is truer than that mercy begets mercy, justice begets justice, charity begets charity, and friendliness begets friendship. when he, who spake as never man spake, would promote his associates to the highest rank he could bestow on earth, he said to them, " henceforth i call you not servants but i have called you friends. " " ye have not chosen me, but i have chosen you. " and so, my friend, cast out of your mind and heart and life, all envy, hate, fraud and the secret fault that no man but yourself may perchance know, and fit yourself for the indwelling of the spirit of universal fellowship, — friendship! judas, my brother, you will now place our friend at the altar, where, after proper reflection, if he so desires


but yourself may perchance know, and fit yourself for the indwelling of the spirit of universal fellowship, — friendship! judas, my brother, you will now place our friend at the altar, where, after proper reflection, if he so desires, he may be bound with us in a life long covenant of friendship. judas conducts candidate to foot of altar and causes him to kneel on both knees and says : remembering your covenant of friendship with me, if you are now willing to make a similar covenant with all knights of the maccabees of the world, and i charge that you consider well what this may mean, you will, when you are ready, arise and say aloud " i am. " when candidate has arisen and said, " i am, " eleazar advances to head of altar, takes the naked sword, hilt in right hand, point resting in the palm of the open left hand. candidate is instructed to place his right hand on the naked blade and his open left hand over his heart, mattathias then gives three raps, and while the obligation is being given he will remove wig and beard. eleazar : repeat after me : i do now, sincerely and solemnly promise that i will never fail this order, my country, my friends, nor those of my own flesh and blood in time of danger, need, or sorrow. that i will comfort with my sympathy and assist with my substance all worthy members of the order, their families and dependents who may be in sorrow or that of them i will speak no evil, and should i see, hear, or know of anything that threatens harm them, i will give them timely notice or warning. to all this, i pledge my sacred honor as a maccabee. all members, in concert : thy pledge is recorded! commander now gives one rap. lieutenant commander conducts candidate to station of commander who will instruct him in the secret work of the degree. commander, rising : to gain admission into a tent open in the degree of friendship, give any ordinary alarm at the outer door, and to the picket answering it, the pass, in a whisper, which for the present term is … then give two loud raps on inner door. to the sentinel, who will open the wicket, you will give in a whisper your name and the token of this degree, which is amity. entering the room, proceed to the foot of the altar in the usual manner. on the altar should rest a copy of the books of the mac


, you will give in a whisper your name and the token of this degree, which is amity. entering the room, proceed to the foot of the altar in the usual manner. on the altar should rest a copy of the books of the maccabees opened at the second chapter of the second book, and resting thereon should be a grecian sword with the hilt resting towards your left hand and the point diagonally downwards and towards your right. if the altar is so dressed, you will give the step and the salutation of the second degree, which is made by placing your open right hand on the naked blade of the sword before you, and your left hand, palm open, over your heart. the symbolic color of this degree is red. it symbolizes the zeal of judas maccabeus in his struggles for the liberation of his people, and in defense of country, home and friends taking candidate by the hand. on behalf of this tent, as well as personally, i extend to you the warm and generous hand of friendship, and bid you welcome to all the rights and privileges of our second degree, — the degree of friendship. again let me remind you, that if you would have friends in the hour of need, you must be friendly, you must be just and true. members may now come forward and congratulate the candidate on his advancement, the tent being at ease for a few minutes. if the candidate is not to receive the third i degree at this review, when the tent is called to order, the commander will explain to him that he should present himself as early as possible for the final degree — and then excuse him. knights of the maccabees of the world ritual of the third, or degree of loyalty in this section the scene is at modin and represents the temptation of mattathias and the revolt of his house. the curtains are to remain across the foot of the room ; they should have an opening in the middle. the tent shows none of the regular furnishings, and the official stations are not occupied. the room should represent a market or other public place, in a dilapidated old jewish the floor should be devoid of all furniture, except a rude altar, about eight or ten feet from curtain at foot of tent, around which are seated on mats, rugs, or low camp stools, five persons, representing mattathias and four sons. the lieutenant commander, who represents judas, is to be with the candidate. a light should be burning on, or in


which are seated on mats, rugs, or low camp stools, five persons, representing mattathias and four sons. the lieutenant commander, who represents judas, is to be with the candidate. a light should be burning on, or in front of, the altar, all others in the room turned down not too low. a sir knight should be dressed as a peasant. the sir knight so costumed should remain behind the curtains, near foot of tent, with apelles and his soldiers, ready to come on the floor quickly with them. actors and properties apelles — dressed as antiochus in the first section, without cloak or beard and wig, with helmet instead of crown and with short sword hanging at side in belt. mattathias — dressed as was eleazar in the second degree, but wearing white wig and long flowing white beard without turban and with staff. his four sons — dressed as priests. judas — as in the second degree, third section. soldiers — as in the second degree. sir knight — as jewish peasant. candidate — as jewish peasant. sentinel — as a jewish peasant armed with spear. by the time the candidate is ready, the floor should have been arranged. curtain parted at foot of tent. commander, as mattathias : sir knight lt. commander, be pleased to retire and introduce the candidate. lt. commander, as judas, rises, salutes, retires to ante room and addresses candidate as follows : having served satisfactorily in the degrees of protection and friendship, you are now entitled to receive the final and highest degree of our beloved order, that of loyalty or knighthood. let us enter. judas takes the candidate by the arm, and, without any side conversation, jests, or suggestion of any kind, but in a sober and dignified manner, leads him to the inner door, and knocks several times. sentinel, opening the door slightly, says : who comes? judas : judas, of the house of mattathias, with a friend. sentinel : i will inform the venerable sire of thy presence. closes the door and, advancing to the opening in curtain at foot of the tent, strikes the floor twice with the end of his spear, saying : sentinel : venerable sire, without the gate stands thy son judas, with mattathias : if he be judas, my son, let him enter, and present his sentinel, returns and opens wide the door and says : judas, thy father bids thee enter, and present thy friend.


gate stands thy son judas, with mattathias : if he be judas, my son, let him enter, and present his sentinel, returns and opens wide the door and says : judas, thy father bids thee enter, and present thy friend. they enter quietly, and stand before the opening in the curtain at foot of tent, and wait until mattathias has finished his lament. mattathias, in tones of deep distress, with head bowed on left hand : oh, jerusalem! the holy! thy sanctuary is laid waste ; thy feasts are turned into mourning ; thy sabbath into a reproach ; and thy honor into contempt. wherefore was i born to see this misery of my people, and the sad day when the holy city should be delivered into the hands of the enemy? to what end should we live any judas, as soon as all is quiet in a low voice says : father, i have with me a friend, who, having witnessed the death of eleazar and having experienced some of the atrocities practiced upon our people, bound himself firmly unto us by a life long covenant of friendship, and who now desires to actively engage with us in the cause of humanity. mattathias ( those at altar rise, the sons assisting mattathias who tremblingly leaning on his staff, in a feeble voice says ) : my son, thy friend is welcome ; but, before we accept him let him truthfully answer me. says : art thou true and loyal to thy home and friends? candidate answers. dost thou love thy country? art thou zealous of its laws? candidate answers. dost thou observe them thyself? further art thou willing to yield up thy life, shouldst thy country or its institutions require such a sacrifice? candidate answers. kinsman, adversity surrounds us, and the hand of calamity lies heavily upon us. who knows how soon thy assurances may be put to the test? perchance, this very night! if, therefore, thou wouldst recall or modify them, do so now before it is too late. at this moment a flourish of trumpets occurs, with commotion, cheering, etc. mattathias continuing says : the hour has apelles and his soldiers, also peasant, advance from the 2 corner near the foot of the enclosure toward the corner near the head of the enclosure. soldiers seize and set up mattathias ’ altar in front of apelles, and then take places. there should be a small urn with alcohol


from the 2 corner near the foot of the enclosure toward the corner near the head of the enclosure. soldiers seize and set up mattathias ’ altar in front of apelles, and then take places. there should be a small urn with alcohol burning on this altar, also some red fire which the peasant will light when he offers sacrifice. then apelles says : apelles : hear ye! hear ye! men of judea! the king makes proclamation unto you. unfolds a scroll " i antiochus, would have all my kingdom one people. now, therefore, unto you it is commanded, if that all your former laws and customs shall cease ; the maccabees contemptuously turn away that you shall forthwith set up altars to almighty jove ; and that you shall not henceforth discriminate against the flesh of swine. in token of your compliance, you are commanded to sacrifice before the reader these presents. i, antiochus, have spoken! " folds the scroll. during the reading much dissatisfaction is expressed or manifested by the crowd. mattathias and his sons appear indignant and behave almost with daring. apelles looks about him and continues : by the authority in me vested by my illustrious sovereign, antiochus, i invite the men of judea to advance and he then places one of the red fires in the urn and burns it. none advance. then in a louder and more mandatory tone : in the name of the great king, i command that ye burn incense on this altar! none come forward. apelles now seems to discover the patriarchial form of mattathias in the crowd. behold the noble mattathias! come venerable sire, thou of the priestly line of joarib, set thou an example of obedience to thy hesitating kinsmen! mattathias in a calm but determined tone of voice : i cannot obey the order of your king. soldiers now pass into the crowd as if soliciting men to advance and sacrifice. apelles, extending his right hand quickly, as if in warning : mattathias! think first, and then make answer! hast thou not heard why and how the venerable eleazar perished? advance and sacrifice! mattathias : all judea hath heard of his fidelity to god and native land, and his dying groans will echo throughout the world while time lasts. god forbid that any of us who remain should deny what he died for. i and my house will remain steadfast! apelles,


of his fidelity to god and native land, and his dying groans will echo throughout the world while time lasts. god forbid that any of us who remain should deny what he died for. i and my house will remain steadfast! apelles, argumentatively : the people of other countries have obeyed — yea even jason the high priest at jerusalem and many more of thine own people have obeyed. thou art a father in israel — thou art a man of influence and crowned with wisdom and honor. bow before this altar and thou and thy house will find favor with the king ; receive royal reward ; be counted among his friends ; never want for power or gold — between each sentence the officer must pause an instant as if studying the effect of the bribe on mattathias. the proffered bribes and fulsome flattery only serve to increase the resistance of the maccabees. at last, interrupting the speaker when he says " gold. " mattathias, with tremendous emphasis : i know how joshua became high priest and why the vile traitor calls himself jason! officer of the king, — though all the nations of the earth should obey antiochus, and all the children of israel abandon the faith of our fathers, i and my house will remain steadfast. during this response the apostate jew has been preparing himself to offer sacrifice, and now steps toward altar sand says : apostate : general, i crave the favor of your great king antiochus, and would burn incense on this altar. he now steps forward to the altar and as he lights the red fire and steps back a few feet and kneels, mattathias exclaims with tremendous emphasis : mattathias : traitor, thou must die! so saying he brings down his staff upon the offender. apelles leaps over the prostrate body of the apostate as if he would protect him and is felled by a blow intended for the apostate ; instantly the four sons engage with the soldiers who have taken up the attack. the lights are turned very low and the red fire is diligently kept burning. then the scene becomes stationary : the soldiers stand with raised spears as if to hurl them at mattathias, who throws back his body and holds aloft his staff as if to protect himself ; the four sons stand also in an attitude of defense with raised if cudgels ; standing thus in tableau for a few moments, the curtain is closed and judas addresses candidate as follows : judas : the scene


his staff as if to protect himself ; the four sons stand also in an attitude of defense with raised if cudgels ; standing thus in tableau for a few moments, the curtain is closed and judas addresses candidate as follows : judas : the scene you have just witnessed, represents the revolt at modin. the venerable mattathias, the father of the maccabees, was the first man to actively oppose the mandate of the pagan king. he not only scorned the bribes and flatteries of the king ’ s officer but in a moment of uncontrollable indignation he slew the apostate jew in the act of sacrificing to strange gods, and likewise the king ’ s officer when he attempted to protect the miserable traitor. do not mistake the significance of this scene. from the heights of sinai the thunderous command of jehovah still echoes through the known world. yes, " thou shalt not kill, " but the staff of mattathias was not the weapon of a murderer. its deadly blow was not struck with the fell purpose of the assassin. rather did it speak the sudden impulse of the patriot, driven to desperation by the wrongs inflicted upon his country and his people, maddened by the craven hypocrisy of an erstwhile friend and follower, and fired with an unselfish zeal to strike for the liberty of his countrymen, avenge their wrecked hopes and ruined homes, and hold aloft the sacred traditions of his fathers. learn from this terrific scene a lesson in genuine - patriotism, and see in it your duty to uphold and defend the rights of liberty and conscience when they are threatened by irresponsible power in any form, regardless of what the destroyer would promise or give in its stead. let us retire. judas retires to ante - room with candidate and returns to the room to prepare for the next section. this section represents a scene in the valley of jehosaphat not far from the brook of kedron. it is assumed that, an interval of three years has elapsed since the first journey towards jerusalem, dramatized in the second degree, section 2. the room must be very bare of furnishings, and, if possible, made to look like the natural scenery of a rocky valley. light quite low. actors and costumes selected sir knight as ghost. dressed, or wrapped, in a white mantle and wearing on his head an effigy of a grinning skull ; on hands, pair of


like the natural scenery of a rocky valley. light quite low. actors and costumes selected sir knight as ghost. dressed, or wrapped, in a white mantle and wearing on his head an effigy of a grinning skull ; on hands, pair of white gloves. one of the qualifications for the part, is the possession of a deep voice that can be heard and understood in all parts of the room. lt. commander as judas maccabeus. dressed in the garb of a warrior returning from the conflicts and hardships of three years war. candidate — in garb of a jewish soldier of lesser rank than judas. the altar erected near middle of room and covered with a large square piece of black cloth, split at the head so as to easily inclose the " ghost. " when everything is in readiness, the lt. commander retires to where the candidate is in waiting and, conducting him into room without ceremony, says : judas : my friend : it is supposed that a period of three years has passed, and the solemn events of a bloody war concluded, since we last entered the valley of the brook kedron. during all of this response, the lt. commander and candidate will slowly pass around the circumference of the room. he must point out the various objects how dark the night is, and yet, how familiar the surroundings seem! can we ever forget the night we first traveled this way! the rough road we tried to follow ; the moss cushioned stone ; our capture by a band of bloodthirsty pagans ; the cruel tortures they inflicted ; the death of one of our number ; our miraculous escape! tonight we return by the same route, but in very different spirits. the war has ended, the tyrant has been overthrown, and the light of liberty is about to dawn upon our beloved land. at this time, it is proper to imitate the dawn by increasing the light in the we must be nearing the brook kedron. is not that dark object against the eastern sky, the wall of solomon. they halt and look towards the reddening sky. at time the chorus to " the holy city " could be sung with effect. after this they resume their walk and on co within a few steps of the draped altar, lt. commander says : ah! not all of the altars of our fathers have been overthrown! shall we not tarry a moment and offer up our devotions before this sacred shrine? they kneel upon both knees. at that instant the "


. commander says : ah! not all of the altars of our fathers have been overthrown! shall we not tarry a moment and offer up our devotions before this sacred shrine? they kneel upon both knees. at that instant the " ghost " slowly rises and in slow, distinct whisper, if possible says : ghost : o my friends, i am glad of your return. i am he that was eleazar. ye saw me scourged to death. here now lie my bones. beneath many altars like this one, repose the bones of count - less widows and orphans, still the constant care of the maccabees! ye return from many a hard fought battle and about to take part in giving to judea her first independence and to the world the first republic. great shall be your well earned reward! go now and give what remains of life to the noble work of perfecting constitutional government and universal liberty. neglect not the cry of the widow, the plaint of the orphan, the silence of disabled warriors. go! go! judas asks candidate to repeat after him : venerable spirit of patriotism, piety and humanity! w shall heed thy counsel till the night of death closes over us! they rise and silently retire to ante - room. this section of the work can be made very impressive and beautiful. no effort should be spared in dressing and conferring it in keeping with its possibilities. nothing, except the financial strength of the tent, should limit the amount or the quality of the display. let these directions then be carefully studied, and the dramatic part thoroughly mastered. the tent should be cleared of everything used in the preceding sections and arranged as for general reviews. the banners should be on each side of the actors and properties commander — wearing the costume of antiochus ; but having, instead of the crown, a rich turban, and without beard and wig. past commander — in rich costume, as high priest. chaplain — as priest in first section, but without beard. lieut. commander, master at arms, sergeant, and candidate — as warriors, dressed as soldiers were in first section. record keeper, and physician, as priests in white robes, masters of the guards, and sentinel — as peasants. all in this procession must wear at least a gown and a turban. furniture — consists of number of imitation palm branches, spears, swords, cymbals, tambourines, reeds, trumpets, etc. when everything is in readiness, sir knights


procession must wear at least a gown and a turban. furniture — consists of number of imitation palm branches, spears, swords, cymbals, tambourines, reeds, trumpets, etc. when everything is in readiness, sir knights in costume should form in double file in order, leaving a space for the lieutenant commander and candidate to fall into the ranks behind m. of g. the musician takes his place at the instrument ; the sentinel and the picket remain at their stations. at a given signal, the inner door is thrown wide open. lieut. commander with candidate comes marching in and join the ranks. a triumphal march is played. the " coronation march, " from meyerbeer ’ s opera, " the prophet, " is appropriate ; or " the conquering hero comes, " will be found very easy to sing and very fitting. the procession then starts. they should be about two paces apart in the line and should march around the hail twice. in the second circuit, the officers, as they reach their respective stations, step out of the ranks and occupy them, past commander first. at the end of the circuit, all will have taken their places, except the lieut. commander and candidate, who, when they reach the sergeant ’ s station, wheel to the right and march straight up to the altar. in lieu of a " march " the following, from the oratorio of judas maccabeus, may be see the conquering hero comes, sound the trumpets, beat the drums ; sports prepare, the laurel bring, songs of triumph to him sing. sports prepare, the laurel bring, songs of triumph to him sing. or the following : hail, valiant captain! hail, valiant captain, hail lay down thy coat of mail, assume thy right. and now in many a fold the angry war clouds rolled, enter with joy untold, in honor ’ s might. chorus — lion of judah, hail! and let thy name prevail from age to age. and with the rolling years, claim for thy own the spheres, for great is judas, strong and brave — victor in this great war, we hail thy rising star of fame and renown. blow loud the trumpet, blow, wider yon portals throw, enter triumphant now, accept thy crown! if the above song is sung, the marching should be in perfect step with it and both so timed, or a verse of the chorus repeated, as to enable the procession to pass around the room twice. the second


triumphant now, accept thy crown! if the above song is sung, the marching should be in perfect step with it and both so timed, or a verse of the chorus repeated, as to enable the procession to pass around the room twice. the second round having been completed the lieut. commander will proceed to the foot of the altar with his charge and face head of room. the ceremony continues as follows : commander, one rap : welcome, judas maccabeus, thrice welcome art thou! what tidings from the front? judas, saluting : sir knight commander, the power of antiochus has been broken! his cruel reign is over! the light of liberty has dawned and the night of bondage is past! judea is free! the musicians now start a verse or two of " america, " or any patriotic song, in which all present should join. my country, ‘ tis of thee — sweet land of liberty — of thee i sing! land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim ’ s pride, from every mountain side, let freedom ring. my native country, thee, land of the noble, free, thy name i love ; i love thy rocks and rills, thy woods and templed hills, my heart with rapture thrills, like that above! our father ’ s god, to thee, author of liberty, to thee we sing ; long may our land be bright, with freedom ’ s holy light, protect us by thy might, great god, our king! commander, one rap : to the patriotism of thy father, mattathias, we owe the beginning of the great war, but unto thee, judas maccabeus, is due the honor of having achieved its victories. how can we best express our gratitude and the acclaim of generations yet unborn, for this blessed occasion? judas : let us not mar the glory of our miraculous triumph by indulging in any vain praise or empty ceremony. let us perpetuate the virtues which our fathers have worshipped for a thousand years and which destiny has now placed as a sacred trust in our keeping, — freedom of man ’ s body, mind, and soul and, the spirit of a universal brotherhood. let us strongly bind ourselves in a bond of fraternal love in order to better aid one another and protect the widows and orphans of our departed brothers. let us make a covenant with all mankind that as long as knights of the maccabees live in this world, the divine endowment of genuine fratern


love in order to better aid one another and protect the widows and orphans of our departed brothers. let us make a covenant with all mankind that as long as knights of the maccabees live in this world, the divine endowment of genuine fraternalism shall not perish in the earth! and i crave the privilege, sir knight commander, to recommend for the honors of maccabean knighthood, this friend — tried and true — who has journeyed with me under the silent stars and stood by my side in the shock of many a bloody battle. commander : this last act of thine is greater than any victory thou didst ever win in battle. to defer to a friend is nobler than to wear a crown ; and he that ruleth his own spirit is greater than he that taketh a city! friend of judas maccabeus, if you would accept this generous offer, you must first be bound with us in a never ending covenant of loyalty to the principles for which maccabeeism stands. are you willing? each candidate answers, " i am. " lieut. commander causes candidate to stand with his left foot advanced, right hand resting on book and circle, left hand over heart. commander gives three raps. all sir knights rise, give " token of sincerity, " and stand with left foot chaplain advances to head of altar. at this moment the members and musicians will sing the following ode. after the ode, the obligation : hear our vow. father, hear this solemn vow ; grant thy presence near us now! on honor ’ s mountain heights display thy justice of the better day, the justice of this latter day! chaplain : you will now repeat after me. " i voluntarily promise, in the presence of these sir knights, that i will be as true to my faith, my country, my people, and myself as was judas maccabeus to his religious, political, and personal duties, — and like him, to the best of my knowledge and ability, i will ever defend what is just, and right, and true. further : i will always uphold the dignity, good name, and influence, and will never impugn the motives of a member, here or elsewhere, nor permit it to be done by another person without protest. further : i will bear with modesty and administer with strict integrity each and every trust, official or other, committed to my care or confidence. should i intentionally ever violate this my solemn vow of knighthood, may the fingers


another person without protest. further : i will bear with modesty and administer with strict integrity each and every trust, official or other, committed to my care or confidence. should i intentionally ever violate this my solemn vow of knighthood, may the fingers of my left hand be struck off at the knuckle joint, and i thus forever afterwards be unable to prove myself a knight of the maccabees of the world! the choir again sings, " hear our vow, " after which the commander seats the members. chaplain returns to his station. lieutenant commander seats candidate in front of commander ’ s station who immediately instructs him in the commander, arises : i will now instruct you in the secret work of this ( 1 ) to gain admission into a tent open in the degree of loyalty, give any number of raps at the outer door. the picket will open the door, or wicket, and to him you will give in a whisper, the pass — which for the present term is … this will admit you into the ante - room, where you must place on your left breast the regulation badge, then give three loud raps on the inner door. the sentinel will open the wicket and to him you will give in a whisper, your name, and the token of this degree, which is obedience. this will admit you into the tent. ( 2 ) if you are within the tent when the same is being opened in this degree, you will, at the proper time and when so requested, give both the pass and the token to the record keeper or guards as the case may be. having been admitted into the room, advance by way of the sergeant ’ s station ( turning square corners ) to the foot of the altar on which should rest a copy of the laws of the order, a copy of the books of the maccabees opened at the third chapter of the second hook and a circle resting on both books. if the altar is not so arranged, give no sign, but ask why the tent is not opened in regular form. if correctly arranged, give the step and salutation sign of this degree to the sir knight commander, at the same time saying : " sir knight commander. " he will recognize you by a nod of the head, or a wave of the hand or gavel. then you will be at liberty to take your seat. ( 3 ) the salutation sign of this degree is given by clasping the two middle fingers of the left hand with the thumb, extending the two outside


wave of the hand or gavel. then you will be at liberty to take your seat. ( 3 ) the salutation sign of this degree is given by clasping the two middle fingers of the left hand with the thumb, extending the two outside fingers and raising the hand to the level of the face, palm of hand to the front, the arm forming a right angle. this is also the voting sign. ( 4 ) the recognition sign is given by clasping the two middle fingers of the left hand in the palm with the thumb extending the index and little fingers and placing the hand in any position in which it can be plainly seen. the answer is made by clasping the index and little fingers in the palm and extending the two middle fingers, thus —. ( 5 ) the ladies recognition sign, used by members of the ladies of the maccabees, and knights of the maccabees in common, is made by clasping the third or ring finger of the left hand with the thumb, extending the other three fingers as much as possible, and placing the hand in any position in which it can be plainly seen, thus. this challenge is used by the ladies only. the answer is given in the same manner. ( 6 ) the token of sincerity is made by placing the open left hand over the heart thus... it must always be given standing and when addressed by, or when you yourself are addressing any officer of the order within a regularly opened tent. ( 7 ) when you wish to make or second a motion, or address the tent, you must rise to your feet, give the token of sincerity and say : " sir knight commander. " you have no right to begin to speak until you have so addressed the presiding officer and been recognized by him. ( 8 ) the test word is seebaccam, which is maccabees spelled backwards ; and, in testing a stranger, he must commence the spelling. he gives the first letter, and you the next ; and so on, turn about, until spelled. then pronounce in syllables ; he, the first syllable, you the next, and so on. and, when finished, he pronounces the whole word. for your instruction i will test the sergeant. the commander and the sergeant should then go through with the test word. ( 9 ) grind honors, given to supreme or great officers, are made by giving the ordinary military salute with the right hand and at the same time giving the token of sincerity. ( 10 )


the sergeant should then go through with the test word. ( 9 ) grind honors, given to supreme or great officers, are made by giving the ordinary military salute with the right hand and at the same time giving the token of sincerity. ( 10 ) white is the particular color of the third degree and symbolizes the unsullied character of judas maccabeus, who conducted to a successful termination a most cruel and bloody war without having committed a single crime! ( 11 ) the emblems of our order are the circle and the globe. the circle is universally regarded as symbolic of eternity, — it has no ending. so let it be with the vows you have taken and noble duties you have assumed. keep inviolate every promise you have made to us and then, wherever you may find yourself on the face of the globe and find another who has taken the same vows, you will always find a brother. you will now listen to the counsel of our past commander. lieut. commander conducts candidate to past commander ’ s station and seats him. past commander, arises : my brother, in the first degree you were informed that the knights of the maccabees of the world is a great fraternal business co - partnership founded on honor. in that degree, your first step on the way to maccabean knighthood, we magnified the sentiment of honor and emphasized some of the more pertinent rules and laws of good business ; for without honor there can be no fraternalism that is worthy the name, and without the strict observance of certain regulations and principles there can be no safe business conduct. therefore we make honor the central thought of the degree of protection, because it is the foundation of the mystic temple we call our order. in the second degree, we sought to impress upon your heart and mind the importance and power of friendship. we make friendship the governing ideal of the second degree, because it is the mystic temple we build on, the enduring foundation of human honor. in this, the degree of loyalty, we teach, both by precept and example, the hard but glorious lesson of obedience. we inculcate and demand an obedient and hearty allegiance to every duty which you, as a rational being, owe to god and to humanity. we expect you to faithfully keep every vow taken at our altar. we expect you to respond like a man to every demand of righteousness, civil duty, human affection, and personal purity. he who is obedient


god and to humanity. we expect you to faithfully keep every vow taken at our altar. we expect you to respond like a man to every demand of righteousness, civil duty, human affection, and personal purity. he who is obedient to the behests of these duties, and honestly tries to discharge them, is truth ’ s knight militant and god ’ s ambassador to needy humanity. he who bravely tries to live like that, will walk with steady tread along the lofty pathway of self denial and universal service, first trod by the son of man. me who thus diligently strives, though he may not fully achieve, will yet be crowned of god and surely live in the affection of those who come after him. this is not the work of a sluggard or a coward, but of a genuine man. we make obedience the master key of the degree of loyalty, because it is the soul of our mystic temple built on the enduring foundation of human honor. would you become one of earth ’ s truly great ones? make honor your teacher. would you make joyous and straight the crooked paths of sorrow and hardship? be friendly, — be kind. would you be a leader in the republic of man? be the faithful, honest servant of everything that is good and just and true. let now this trinity abide with you ; honor, friendship, obedience — but the greatest of these is obedience. sir knight lieut. commander, conduct our kinsman to the commander ’ s station, there to receive knighthood. lieut. commander conducts candidate to commander ’ s station, causes him to kneel on his left knee, with his right knee raised in front of him and his right hand resting thereon, removes helmet, and says : lieut. commander : sir knight commander, our kinsman awaits your commander : in commemoration of the valor, touches candidate ’ s right shoulder with blade of sword friendship touches candidate ’ s left shoulder with blade of sword and obedience touches top of candidate ’ s head with blade of sword and allowing it to rest there until he orders him to arise, of judas maccabeus, one of the first fruits of genuine chivalry, and by the authority in me vested as commander of this tent, i now dub, create and proclaim you a knight of the maccabees of the world. arise, sir knight, and stand erect among your equals. returns to his station and declares a short recess. during which the sir knight should receive the congratulations


many parents find that talking with their children about sexuality and reproduction can be overwhelming. there are many tools to help you, no matter if you ’ ve already begun talking with your children about sexuality and want help answering specific questions, or if you don ’ t know how to start the discussion. we hope reading about talking with your kids about sex and sexuality will be helpful. there are also many other resources that can help : books about talking with your children about sexuality how to talk with teens about love, relationships, and s - e - x by amy g. miron and charles d. miron sex & sensibility : the thinking parent ' s guide to talking sense about sex by deborah m. roffman sexuality : your sons and daughters with intellectual disabilities by karin melberg schwier and david hingsburger teaching children with down syndrome about their bodies, boundaries, and sexuality by terri couwenhoven books for children there are books written about sexuality for children of different ages. reading books about sexuality with your children is a great way for you to break the ice and start an ongoing discussion. and children will benefit from having books like these in your home to look at when they have questions about sexuality. it ' s not the stork! : a book about girls, boys, babies, bodies, families and friends by robie harris ( for ages 4 and up ) no es la ciguena un libro que habla sobre ninas, ninos, bebes, cuerpos, familias y amigos by robie harris ( for ages 4 and up ) it ' s perfectly normal : changing bodies, growing up, sex, and sexual health by robie harris ( for ages 10 and up ) sexo... que es? by robie harris ( for ages 10 and up ) it ' s so amazing! : a book about eggs, sperm, birth, babies, and families by robie harris ( for ages 7 and up ) ¡ esalucinante! by robie harris ( for ages 7 and up ) what ' s the big secret? : talking about sex with girls and boys by laurie krasny brown and marc brown ( for ages 4 - 8 ) the “ what ' s happening to my body? ” book for boys : a growing up guide for parents and sons by lynda madaras and martin anderson ( for ages 8 to 15 ) the “ what ' s happening to my body? ” book for girls : a growing up guide for


diabetes and the foot definition : people with diabetes risk serious and disabling foot complications and even amputation. recent research has shown that the risk for these complications is greatly reduced with good blood sugar levels. podiatrist can give much help to feet in diabetes. diabetes may affect the feet in two ways. firstly, the nerves which enable you to feel pain, temperature extremes and give early warning of possible trauma, are damaged. secondly, the blood supply to the feet is diminished due to damage to the blood vessels. under these circumstances, even a minor foot problem of little significance to other people can be hazardous for people with diabetes. the importance of proper foot care in diabetes is widely recognised. it is recommended people with diabetes should be assessed by a podiatrist who will advise a common sense, daily care routine to reduce the risk of injuries and complications. treatment : foot health tips... * maintain blood sugar levels within the range advised for you. * encourage good blood circulation by regular walking, wearing good walking shoes. * choose footwear which is appropriate for your activity. * make sure to have your feet measured properly by a trained fitter. * check your shoes regularly for excess wear on the outside and for any rough spots on the inner lining. * wash your feet daily in warm ( not hot ) water, using a mild soap, and then dry thoroughly with a gentle blotting action. * use a moisturiser daily to stop heels cracking and to help keep the skin supple. * inspect feet daily for any sign of heat, redness, swelling or pain, using a mirror if necessary. seek immediate help from a podiatrist or doctor. * blisters, cuts and scratches should be cleansed at once with clean water or saline solution. cover with a sterile dressing and seek advice from a podiatrist or doctor as soon as possible. * " corn cures " and medicated pads are caustic - based and can cause catastrophic foot problems. see your podiatrist for treatment of corns. * avoid extremes of heat and cold such as hot water bottles, radiators, hot sand / pathways and hot bath water. how to seek professional advice it is important to discuss your mobility and footcare problems with your podiatrist. your podiatrist can advise which service or professional support is most appropriate to your needs. the podiatrist, after assessing your foot function may recommend orthoses or insoles to help relieve foot pain and discomfort


old christmas cards postmuseum has over 10, 000 different christmas cards in its large collections, many from their heyday around the turn of the last century. we have selected 78 christmas cards by unknown artists. they are good examples of beautiful and popular christmas cards sent in large quantities at that time. the first christmas card was sent in england in the 1840s. 1, 000 cards were printed and these were coloured in by hand. it was both a christmas and a new year card. at that time, printing techniques had not developed enough to make it possible to mass produce beautiful cards in colour. in sweden, the first christmas cards were sent in the 1880s. both the inspiration and the cards came to sweden from denmark and germany. other greetings such as “ a peaceful christmas ”, “ a joyful christmas ” and “ happy christmas ” competed with the now established greeting “ merry christmas ”. to begin with, everybody handed out their own christmas cards, but soon the post office took over the distribution. writing christmas cards was at first an upper class phenomenon that later spread down through society. after the 1897 world ’ s fair in stockholm, writing picture postcards became such a rage that it is said that the grand new main post office building in vasagatan in stockholm, completed in 1903, was paid for by the income from postage on picture postcards. christmas cards are said to have resulted both in father christmas taking the place of the christmas billy - goat and in christmas trees being introduced into swedish homes. at the turn of the century, father christmas was not always a tall man. instead there were more little christmas elves. they were often shown with a bowl of porridge, traditionally the elf ’ s annual reward. the peevish little old man would soon grow into the jovial tall man whom we know today as father christmas. the christmas tree on the cards from the turn of the century was often a small tree to have on a table. as often as the tree was just standing there decorated, it could also be carried by christmas elves, angels or children. the many children and pigs on the cards are hardly surprising. angels were decidedly more popular around the turn of the last century than today. however, what surprises us now are the flower motifs, sometimes even verdant meadows. the improved printing technique and the cheap postage made christmas cards attractive and available to all. it can also be added that industrialisation, which resulted in people moving around more, led to their making friends and acquaintances outside the parish and district. since the turn of


before you go shopping for a freezer, decide whether a chest freezer or an upright freezer would better meet your needs. then choose a model based on size, capacity, and energy efficiency. placing your model if you plan to keep the freezer in a living area, consider how noisy it is. most manufacturers say that their freezers can operate in a room where the temperature is from 32 degree to 110 degrees fahrenheit, though they also indicate that spaces colder than 32 degrees f will not affect freezer operation. if you plan to house the freezer in an unheated area, such as a garage, adhere to the manufacturer ' s specified operating range. sizing your model freezers, whether chest or upright, come in four basic sizes : compact ( 5 cubic feet ), small ( 6 to 9 cubic feet ), medium ( 12 to 18 cubic feet ), and large ( more than 18 cubic feet ). your choice should depend on available space and family needs. weigh blackout performance most manufacturers say that their freezers can keep food adequately frozen for 24 hours with the power off, as long as the freezer remains unopened. but our tests simulating a prolonged power failure revealed significant differences. some uprights allowed a relatively large increase in temperature after only nine hours. keeping food from spoiling most of the chests and self - defrosting uprights we tested delivered impressive temperature performance, maintaining 0 degrees f quite evenly throughout their interior. but all of the manual - defrost upright models had trouble keeping their door shelves as cool as the rest of the interior. any frozen food that has reached temperatures above 40 degrees for more than two hours should be discarded. for guidelines on frozen - food safety, read the freezing and food safety guidelines from the department of agriculture and our advice on freezing foods. don ' t expect your new freezer to be quite as energy efficient as its yellow energyguide label implies. on average, our latest tested models used 17 percent more energy. that ' s because our tests are tougher - and, we believe, more like real - world conditions - than those specified by the u. s. department of energy. we fill the freezers to capacity, whereas they ' re only 75 percent full in the doe test. and we test for energy use with the center of the freezer actually at 0 degrees, the optimum temperature for storing frozen food, while manufacturers are allowed to extrapolate energy use at 0 degrees from test results above and below zero. except for energy star


make your child ' s shots less stressful ( newsusa ) - vaccines help protect babies and young children against 14 serious diseases. even though you are keeping her safe from diseases, it ' s hard to see your child cry when she gets her shots. but you can take some steps before, during and after a vaccine visit to ease the pain and stress of getting shots. read about the shots your child will get in advance. bring your child ' s vaccine record to show the doctor. pack a favorite toy, book, blanket or other comfort item. for older children, be honest - - shots can pinch or sting, but not for long. remind them that shots help keep them healthy. ask your child ' s doctor any questions you have about vaccines. you may even want to ask about cooling or numbing the area of your child ' s arm or leg before the shots. distract your child with a toy, a story, a song or something interesting in the room. make eye contact with your child and smile, talk softly or sing. hold your child tightly on your lap if you can. take deep breaths with an older child to help " blow out " the pain. after the shot, hug, cuddle and praise your child. for babies, swaddling, breastfeeding or a bottle may offer quick relief. comfort and reassure older children if they cry. " read the vaccine information sheets from your doctor so you know what to expect after the shots, " said dr. melinda wharton, deputy director, national center for immunization and respiratory diseases at the centers for disease control and prevention. " some children have pain or swelling where a shot was given, a rash or a fever. these reactions are usually mild and resolve on their own without needing treatment. " if you notice redness, soreness or swelling from the shot, place a clean, cool washcloth on the area. if your child runs a fever, try a cool sponge bath. you can also use a non - aspirin pain reliever if your doctor says it ' s ok. some children eat less, sleep more or act fussy for a day after they get shots. make sure your child gets plenty to drink. if you ' re worried about anything, call your doctor. " shots can be stressful, " said dr. wharton. " but you can ease your child ' s discomfort. and keeping your child up to date on vaccines is the best way to protect against vaccine - preventable diseases. " learn more about childhood vaccines at www


flame ionisation detectors the common standard method for measuring organic gas concentration, fid analysers have been used for over 50 years often alongside gas chromatographs. fid analysers work by the pyrolysis of the organic gases in a flame of hydrogen burning at > in air, producing positively charged ions which induce a current when they hit the negatively charged detector plate. the fid will produce a single measurement of total organic content ( toc ) based on the response from the burnt gas. often the single value result for organic content is of little use to industrial processes. the fid gives no indication of what species are being measured. for example, a plant operator may only be concerned with chlorinated organic gases passing through the processes, in the presence of other organic species. each organic molecule will respond differently to the pyrolysis action in the fid. some gases such as methane will response very well. molecules that contain oxidised carbon atoms ( c - o bonds ) such as alcohols or amines do not respond as well and the fid is not the best technique for speciating out and accurately measuring mixtures of these gases. protea can and has provided fid solutions to customers where it is all that is required. however, the availability and analytical power of ftir analysers has shown many benefits over fid in organic gas measurements. protea has run a number of studies comparing fid and ftir in measuring total voc which shows that for a complete measurement, ftir is the route to go. find out more : fid vs. ftir >


cast - computation and science for teachers introduces computational reasoning and computational tools into the high school math and science curriculum. psc and its partners are creating the cast professional development program, an integrated set of modules to train teachers on how to incorporate computational reasoning and tools such as modeling and simulation into their curriculum. the first set of modules present a complete program on how to use models and simulations in the classroom. a second set will focus on how to create models and simulations. all instructional materials will be available on the cast website. cast is a joint program of psc, along with the maryland virtual high school and the western pa math & science collaborative. cmist - computational modules in science teaching brings innovative science tutorials into secondary school classrooms, focusing on integrative computational biology, physiology, and biophysics. cmist modules include high quality, realistic 3 - d animations produced with cutting - edge simulation and visualization software. cmist subject material is chosen to highlight critical concepts that are difficult to convey with static textbook images and words ; for example, cellular transport of molecules by diffusion and osmosis, or the structure and function of enzymes in cells. specific modules are introduced in 2 - hour workshops throughout the school year. cmist materials and movies are available on the cmist website. cmist is a program of the national resource for biomedical supercomputing ( nrbsc ) at the pittsburgh supercomputing center. best - better educators of science for tomorrow exposes teachers to modern molecular biology concepts, by incorporating computational biology and bioinformatics into high school curriculum. best also prepares teachers to introduce their students to emerging and exciting biomedical careers. beginning as a pilot program in may 2007, best worked with local high school teachers to create a curriculum incorporating inquiry based bioinformatics and inquiry based teaching in southwestern pennsylvania. this curriculum is currently being piloted in 5 area schools. compex - computation exploration is a high performance computing teaching module designed to be incorporated into existing curricula in high school computer science classrooms. this program teaches high school students the basics of parallel programming and guides them through the development of their own parallel programs. ci jumpstart - introduces computational science and high performance computing to high school and undergraduate students. instructional materials and exercises are available on the ci jumpstart website. workshops can be held at the school, or at psc. for students, parents and educators safe - net - safety awareness for everyone on the net focuses on raising the awareness of students, parents, and educators about cyber threats, measures of


writing and the writer by frank smith published august 1st 1994 by routledge – 304 pages exploring the relationship between the writer and what he / she happens to be writing, this text by one of the foremost scholars in the field of literacy and cognition is a unique and original examination of writing - - as a craft and as a cognitive activity. the book is concerned with the physical activity of writing, the way the nervous system recruits the muscles to move the pen or manipulate the typewriter. it considers the necessary disciplines of writing, such as knowledge of the conventions of grammar, spelling, and punctuation. in particular, there is a concern with how the skills underlying all these aspects of writing are learned and orchestrated. this second edition includes many new insights from the author ' s significant experience and from recent research, providing a framework for thinking about the act of writing in both theoretical and practical ways. a completely new chapter on computers and writing is included, as well as more about the role of reading in learning to write, about learning to write at all ages, and about such controversial issues as whether and how genre theory should be taught. written in nontechnical language, this text will continue to be accessible and stimulating to a wide range of readers concerned with writing, literacy, thinking, and education. furthermore, it has an educational orientation, therefore proving relevant and useful to anyone who teaches about writing or endeavors to teach writing. " in this lucid, reflective, and wholly accessible book, frank smith has spread out the writing process, his own included, so that we may take stock of all that it involves …. best of all, he shows how teachers and children in collaboration can describe or rediscover the power of the writer as a producer of texts to be read - - until now the least emphasized aspect of universal literacy. " praise for the first edition : " it is unusual for educators to reveal how they know. frank smith is rare, for he explores and exposes the very act of learning through writing. " — james s. davis ncte award presenter contents : preface to the second edition. preface to the first edition. introduction. why write? writing : collaboration and competition. the thought behind language. putting meaning into words. language : spoken and written. the writer - reader contract. the act of writing. starting and stopping. the tapestry of transcription. the tools of the trade. learning to be a writer. learning the technicalities. the writing teacher. retrospect and second thoughts.


wed june 20, 2012 pakistan ' s ' burushaski ' language finds new relatives robert siegel, host : it ' s like discovering a distant cousin, a really distant cousin. it ' s like learning that someone you had barely heard of is actually part of the family. in this case, the family is the indo - european family of languages. and the umpteenth cousin is a language called burushaski. it ' s spoken by about 90, 000 people, the burusho people, and nearly all of them live in pakistan. a few hundred live in india. just to give a sense of what it sounds like, here ' s a joke in burushaski that we came across online. unidentified man : ( foreign language spoken ) unidentified man : ( foreign language spoken ) siegel : well, i guess you had to be there. look up burushaski and you ' ll see it ' s described as an isolate, a language unrelated to any other language in the world. but professor ilija casule, of macquarie university in australia, has rescued it from the linguistic orphanage. he says it has similarities to indo - european languages that are not just coincidence. and professor casule joins us right now. welcome to the program. ilija casule : i ' m happy to be on your program. siegel : can you tell us - what have you found about burushaski? what is it that makes it an indo - european language? casule : well, the crucial point is that the vocabulary that corresponds with indo - european is core vocabulary, names of body parts, basic verbs, basic adjectives and also grammatical endings. if you explain the grammar and connect it with another grammar, then you have show relationship. only words - and even worse - only stem do not show relationship. you could find that japanese is related to english if you look hard enough and systematically enough. so that ' s why it took me 20 years. and, you know, it still needs further elaboration. siegel : was there some aha moment? some word or pronoun or number that made you think, aha, that ' s not just a coincidence? casule : well, i ' ll tell you one and perhaps it ' s not the best example, you know, technically, but the word for to write in burushaski is ( foreign language spoken ). now, in ancient ( foreign language spoken ), which i claim is the closest still relative in time to burus


the best example, you know, technically, but the word for to write in burushaski is ( foreign language spoken ). now, in ancient ( foreign language spoken ), which i claim is the closest still relative in time to burushaski, the form ( foreign language spoken ) means written and that ' s so similar, also celestial in ( foreign language spoken ) is ( foreign langue spoken ) and also in greek. in burushaski, it ' s ( foreign language spoken ). siegel : and when you found, for example, the similarities in the word for celestial, i guess it was still possible that somebody who looked at the heavens came from greece and wandered through the lands where the burusho people lived and they took a loan word. casule : that ' s exactly right, but 80 names of body parts - for example, the name for brow, as in english eyebrow, is ( foreign language spoken ) and ( foreign language spoken ) in burushaski. and it corresponds systematically. that ' s the most important part. every word you find has to have a systematic correspondence with all the rest of indo - european. siegel : well, if you ' re right, if in fact this is a european language that somehow made it to northern pakistan, how did it get there? who are these people that they are so far east? casule : well, the ancient ( foreign language spoken ) are the fame of king midas, who supposedly turned everything into gold, moved according to ( unintelligible ) from macedonia, from the northern part and central, and then to asia minor, where they became a large civilization. they overpowered the ( unintelligible ) civilization, but later were overpowered themselves, so they moved further. they actually reached india very early, so this is like finding a lost - as you said yourself - a lost relative who keeps the family fortune. siegel : have you heard any reactions from burushaski speakers to your conclusion that they are europeans far afield? casule : well, they themselves claim that they ' re descendents of alexander the great, but they ' re skeptical because people have come up to them with thousands of proposals and they like the idea and they do think that they are more civilized than everyone else around them. siegel : well, professor casule, thank you very much for talking with us. casule : thank you very much. siegel : that is linguist, ilija casule, of macquarie university in australia talking


- the magazine - web exclusives the matesy gmbh, jena, germany, has explored a new magneto - optical sensor type ( mo - sensors ) for direct field visualization and measurement. instead of electromagnetic effects, matesy introduces magneto - optics for two - dimensional magnetic field analysis. the magneto - optical sensor has the technical advantage that the magnetic field and its distribution can be visually recognized over the entire magnetic surface. therefore, real - time analysis of the magnetic field distribution can be performed, instead of using a time intensive “ point to point ” scanning with hall probes, which need a precise positioning on the surface. the faraday - effectthe principle of magneto - optical sensors is the faraday - effect. it describes the rotation of the polarization plane of linearly polarized light passing the magneto - optical sensor, which is exposed by a magnetic field, which is parallel to the direction of propagation of the applied light wave. more specifically, linearly polarized light consists of superposed left - and right - circularly polarized waves with the same frequency and phase. as light passes a mo - medium in which a magnetic field parallel to the direction of the light wave is applied, it disperses into two oppositely rotating circularly polarized waves with different phase velocities. as a result of the phase shifts of these two partial waves - a rotation of the polarization plane of light and the unequal absorption of each component together - leads to an elliptically polarized wave, which is finally an analyzable phenomenon of magnetic field strength and allows having an insight into the magnetic properties of the sample. the sensor waferto achieve both accurate imaging characteristics as well as best possible resolution, the r & d - facility innovent e. v. from jena designed - based on a bismuth - substituted rare earth iron garnet compound - a monocrystalline ferrimagnetic layer, which is characterized by enhanced magneto - optical imaging properties. the manufacturing process of the sensor layers is realized by liquid phase epitaxy, which is ideal for applying functional coatings in micron range on monocrystalline garnet substrates. an additional mirror - and protective - layer is deposited on the raw sensor to ensure long - term functionality of the system. for different fields of applications, the sensors can be designed in customized shapes and sizes. visualization of magnetic fields visualization of magnetic fieldsin order to realize an optical visualization of the magnetic fields, the magneto -


term functionality of the system. for different fields of applications, the sensors can be designed in customized shapes and sizes. visualization of magnetic fields visualization of magnetic fieldsin order to realize an optical visualization of the magnetic fields, the magneto - optical sensor is brought into direct contact with the magnetic sample material and is illuminated by a polarized light source. the light passes through the transparent sensors, is reflected by the mirror - layer and passes the sensor again. when double - passing through the nonreciprocal mo - medium, the described faraday - effect applies proportional to the double layer thickness. resulting from the different rotation angles - depending on the local magnetic fields strength - the analyzer - polarization module generates an intensity contrast pattern, which is proportional to the magnetic field distribution of the magnetic material. the result is a visual image that illustrates a two - dimensional intersection of the magnetic stray field. this image recording and analyzing of the normal component over the x - y plane of the magnetic field takes place in real time and simultaneously over the entire sensor surface, allowing detection and analysis of dynamic magnetic field changes. sensor range and resolutionsince the sensors - for technical reasons - can be saturated, depending on the strength of the applied magnetic field, different dynamic ranges are covered by different types of mo - sensors. current mo - sensors can detect magnetic field strengths from 50 a / m up to 500 ka / m in order to perfectly fit to each specific task. field strengths, which are out of specifications due to the slope of the hysteresis curve, cannot be differentiated. magneto - optical sensor systems can resolve lateral structures down to 1 micron. integration of sensors in cmos - magview and its applicationsthe matesy gmbh developed a new visualization and measurement system for magnetic field distribution at the surface of magnetic materials. the “ cmos - magview ” called measurement system is ideal for studying magnetic properties and for analysis of field distribution and magnetic structures. the cmos - magview can be used furthermore for quality control of magnetic materials such as ndfeb, smco, ainco and hard ferrites. thus magnetic fields of plastic bonded permanent magnets, encoders, alloys of steel, magnetic stripe cards, magnetic ink ( e. g. used on bills, safety tags, tickets, packaging ), thin sections of magnetic minerals and even of domain materials - as magnetic shape memory alloy - can be visualized with very high geometric resolutions and investigated by the comprehensive cmos - magview software. mo - sensors can


safety tags, tickets, packaging ), thin sections of magnetic minerals and even of domain materials - as magnetic shape memory alloy - can be visualized with very high geometric resolutions and investigated by the comprehensive cmos - magview software. mo - sensors can be modified perfectly for each application so that optimal field visualization can be achieved for each material. the cmos - magview works with a 12 - bit cmos camera technology and can be easily connected to a computer via usb enabling real - time visualization, analysis and archiving of the magneto - optical recordings. analysis via cmos - magview softwarethe integrated cmos - magview software allows illustration and analysis of the geometric magnetic field distribution. the magneto - optical images of the measured magnetic material can be displayed in false colors as well as in a 3 - dimensional contour of the local magnetic field strengths. inhomogeneities of field distribution, geometry and field structures are easily visible. due to the highly detailed image analysis even hidden material properties - for example detection of welding seams - can be revealed and investigated. a significant advantage of magnetooptical sensors compared to magnetoresistive ( mr ) and hall sensors for these kind of applications is that mr and hall sensors only deliver a punctual information about the magnetic field strength. to detect the size and exact shape of material defects, it is necessary to determine the exact field distribution. for mr and hall sensors, this is only possible through a very time - consuming scanning of the magnetic surface, which results in achievable resolutions far behind those of the cmos - magview. mo - sensors are capable of visualizing magnetic fields over surface areas of up to three inches in diameter directly. the surface sensor can be enlarged almost without limits by “ gluing ” several sensor together. especially in the fields of forensic analysis of counterfeit documents, bank notes and steel testings it is necessary to investigate over larger areas at once. for the characterization of industrial permanent magnets a reliable quick - measurement of the entire strayfield is essential for quality management and its importance will increase in the coming years as the property requirements will continuously increase. magnetic domain investigationsmagneto - optical sensors also provide a variety of applications in research activities regarding to magnetic domain structures, their distribution, orientation and behavior under influence of external fields. magnetic domain structures are defined as areas of different magnetization directions - also known as weiss domains - in a single material. within a single domain the magnetic moments are aligned parallel to each other. this case corresponds to


the case for collaboration the hunt for ten red balloons on october 29, 2009, the defense advanced research projects agency ( darpa ) announced its " network challenge. " at 10 : 00 a. m. on december 5, 2009, at ten locations throughout the united states, darpa would let fly an eight - foot - diameter red weather balloon tethered to the ground. each balloon would be readily visible from local roads and buildings - - points the average person could reach. a $ 40, 000 prize would go to the first team to accurately report the location of all ten weather balloons. the contest was meant to replicate the challenge of trying to gather information about an adversary in an open environment. darpa wanted to test whether ordinary folks using commonly available off - the - shelf technology and social media like twitter or facebook could work together - - collaborate - - to solve a problem that would be, in the words of one expert from the national geospatial - intelligence agency, " impossible to solve by traditional intelligence gathering methods. " a team from mit ' s media lab won. no surprise there. mit had a slew of faculty and top graduate students, the most sophisticated equipment, and great publicity. cnn profiled them and drew attention to their cause. a georgia tech team placed second, for similar reasons. both teams competed fiercely. they put out misinformation, reporting false sightings, sent others on wild - goose chases, and bought time for themselves. both teams wrote complex computer programs to defend themselves against such attacks. given their advantages, you would expect mit and georgia tech to come out ahead - - and they did, with a winning time under nine hours. but what is interesting is the guy who finished in a tie for third with eight balloons, and actually led the pack for the first four hours of the competition - - nineteen - year - old hacker george hotz. hotz heard about the contest only a couple of days before, and only an hour before it started he put up a website called dudeitsaballoon. com. how did he do it? his idea was based on a kind of mass collaboration. hotz had nearly fifty thousand followers on twitter. they, in turn, had hundreds of thousands of followers. his plan was to mobilize them all - - get thousands in the game and all those eyeballs searching for the prized red balloons. it almost worked. hotz was already famous in the hacker community for " jailbreaking " the sony playstation and the apple iphone. he '


them all - - get thousands in the game and all those eyeballs searching for the prized red balloons. it almost worked. hotz was already famous in the hacker community for " jailbreaking " the sony playstation and the apple iphone. he ' d cracked their proprietary codes, and for the iphone wrote software that let iphone owners use it on any wireless network, not just at & t ' s - - much to at & t ' s and apple ' s chagrin and the hacker community ' s glee. these legendary hacks made hotz a star. he gained tens of thousands of twitter followers, all of whom wanted to be the first to know what george hotz might do next. on twitter, they would soon find out. on the day before the darpa contest, hotz - - who went by his twitter name, @ geohot - - tweeted his followers to stand by for a major announcement the next day. that started a buzz going in the twitterverse and on hacker bulletin boards. on saturday morning @ geohot tweeted his fifty thousand followers : 10am est today marks the start of a us wide scavenger hunt, for 10 red balloons http : / / bit. ly / 7chum5 # dudeitsaballoon he quickly followed up with another tweet : so i need your help to do two things, 1, find big red balloons, and 2, rt [ retweet ] and trend this!!!! http : / / bit. ly / 7chum5 # dudeitsaballoon he included a link to his website. the hashtagged # dudeitsaballoon guaranteed that if his message got retweeted, as requested, # dudeitsaballoon would rise to the top of the twitter trending terms. that would amplify its effect - - and call further attention to hotz ' s cause. visitors clicking through to hotz ' s website found the following message : right now you are all probably waking up to another normal saturday. but this saturday is not normal. in addition to planes, birds, owls, and everything else in the sky, there are 10 red balloons scattered around the united states. starting at 10am est, your us government is using tax dollars to send 10 big red weather balloons into the sky. i need to know the location of those balloons. so if you see a big red balloon in the sky, about 8ft round, numbered 1 to 10... report it


using tax dollars to send 10 big red weather balloons into the sky. i need to know the location of those balloons. so if you see a big red balloon in the sky, about 8ft round, numbered 1 to 10... report it here asap so i can win the contest. hotz offered $ 1, 000 to anyone who gave him a confirmed sighting. and he offered something that would incite any die - hard hacker. " seriously, " hotz wrote. " if you guys come through for me... i ' ll make you an untethered jailbreak. " offering an untethered jailbreak to the hacker community was like dangling red meat in front of a lion. it was the gold standard of all hacks. unlike hotz ' s earlier iphone hack, which left the iphone tethered to software you had to run each time you started the phone, this time hotz was promising to hack the iphone again and create an untethered jailbreak. untethered, you could use your phone just like any cell phone, on any carrier. untethered, the iphone would be released from its earthly moorings. it would be hacker heaven. word raced around hacker online sites and bulletin boards that george hotz was offering to do an untethered jailbreak for spotting the red balloons. we have to win this, the hacker community buzzed. do it for @ geohot ; do it for us! by hour four, hotz had four verified sightings - - more than the mit team and the georgia tech team. he traded two of his four sightings with one of the other front - running teams. that made six. eventually, the mit and georgia tech teams surged ahead, but not before hotz found eight of the ten balloons. he had done better than dozens of teams competing. it was far more than what traditional intelligence gathering could accomplish. more than that, it showed darpa the raw power of the internet to foster collaboration. what george hotz lacked in funding, institutional support, and educational credentials he made up for with digital age assets : networks of followers who, on an otherwise ordinary saturday and with a promise of glory and gifts, he could get in the game fast. already arrayed on trusted platforms, hotz sent current through those networks, turned followers into partisans, and got them collaborating - - in minutes. together, they pulled off something extraordinary ( and nearly won the challenge ). restoring an empire state of mind bill bratton takes new york as the


only to see them rally to some other corner moments later. when the dust of the november elections settled, the voters had replaced dinkins with giuliani ; the new mayor soon replaced kelly with me as nypd commissioner. i had been the commissioner of the boston police department and before that, in 1991, chief of the new york city transit police department. giuliani had made a campaign promise to get rid of the squeegee guys, so i knew i needed to move quickly, continuing the work kelly had begun. counting heads, it turned out that the " army " of squeegee men had actually numbered about seventy - five. well before the internet, the blogosphere, or the twitterverse, new york ' s potent tabloids had turned seventy - five sponge - and - bucket guys into a national symbol of impotent government and a city on the brink. persistent police work paid off. many of the men had had prior problems with the law and couldn ' t afford to get arrested again. which is exactly what we promised, and did. we stayed around long enough to break up this thriving little extortion racket that was driving the city crazy. seemingly overnight the squeegee men were gone - - though we did have in our favor thirty - eight thousand cops versus seventy - five squeegee pests. the tactics i used to conquer that problem formed the strategy of what i hoped would be a much more ambitious effort, one aimed not just at cutting crime but at dramatically changing the quality of life in new york. the nypd had people bluffed, as i later wrote in my first book looking back at the time. they had the reputation as the greatest crime - fighting machine in the history of policing, but to me the big blue wall was a lot of blue smoke and a few mirrors. they were good at responding to crime, they just weren ' t very good at preventing it. they weren ' t even trying to prevent it. they were just cleaning up around it. the nypd, like many departments, was " all response, all the time. " the 911 dispatch system created in the 1970s had democratized policing : it was no longer " who you knew downtown. " now, any citizen could mobilize the department with a free call from a pay phone. and millions did. police were racing across the city from call to call. but the 911 system didn ' t dent crime much - - the onslaught of crack, disorder, and guns in the 1980s and


department with a free call from a pay phone. and millions did. police were racing across the city from call to call. but the 911 system didn ' t dent crime much - - the onslaught of crack, disorder, and guns in the 1980s and ' 90s saw to that. a single citizen could make hundreds - - even thousands - - of calls complaining about nuisance gangs, drugs, and prostitutes on the same corner. officers responded every time, but nothing changed. it was like shoveling sand against the tide - - the tide kept coming back. remember the precinct house nicknames of the time - - " fort apache, the bronx " or " little house on the prairie "? that ' s what american policing had become : isolated outposts, controlling little outside its four walls - - or outside the cruiser. the 911 dispatch kept cops in cars, windows rolled up, ac blasting, racing to calls or on " random " patrol in between, intending to deter crime by their mere presence. as new york city ' s police commissioner, i quickly set out to establish a new form of policing, one that required collaboration not only between all areas of the department, but also with other agencies and the public. my goal was to transform the city and the american police profession. it all starts with a vision, i told the department : as good as we are, we can do better. but we can ' t do it alone. the path forward - - the new platform for policing new york - - came to be known as compstat. " when have you guys ever addressed crime? " jack maple, my right hand at the new york transit police department and now at the nypd, was digging in. john timoney, a twenty - five - year nypd veteran and now my chief of department, had called maple out for his comment to a reporter. " those guys over there at the nypd have given up on crime fighting, " maple had said. timoney pointed to this operation and that, and cited his stellar service as commander of new york ' s 5th precinct on the lower east side. maple would have none of it. " your narcotics bureau works nine to five, monday through friday. the warrant squad is off weekends. auto crimes, off weekends. robbery squad, off weekends. the whole place takes weekends and nights - - just when the criminal element gets down to work. " and that was the problem. to transform the city, i knew, my team and i would have to start with the nypd.


off weekends. the whole place takes weekends and nights - - just when the criminal element gets down to work. " and that was the problem. to transform the city, i knew, my team and i would have to start with the nypd. to succeed, i needed believers and doers. i screened the incoming command staff and promoted my own leaders over the heads of others - - timoney among them, and louis anemone, who would be chief of patrol. my inner staff was made up of longtime nypd partisans - - but commanders who were loyal to me, who understood and bought into my vision : the nypd could do better, and this was the way. maple had been through this before with me when years earlier i reorganized the new york transit police department. metropolitan transit authority president david gunn had told me at the time that fare beating was bleeding the mta dry ; disorder was shrinking ridership. there was brand - new capital waiting to be poured into rebuilding the subways - - but the subways were out of control. he needed them tamed. i concentrated patrols where the problem was highest, and ran high - visibility mass arrests. we were able to bring fare beating on the subways down from 170, 000 per day to the point where it fell so low that the mta stopped tracking it. malcolm gladwell wrote about this " tipping point " phenomenon in his book of the same name. but i also learned something that stuck with me : many fare beaters tend to have character flaws. one in seven was wanted on a warrant or probation and parole violation. one in twenty - one carried an illegal weapon. and that got the cops going : an arrest for fare beating wasn ' t just about writing a paper summons anymore. now it was about making felony collars. and when fare beating went away, crime fell, and so, too, did the sense of disorder. and when it did, ridership returned. the mta coffers began to fill again ; the capital plan could go forward. that was the idea. take care of the small stuff, shake the tree for information, and you head off the big stuff. take a fare beater or a low - level drug dealer off the street, and whatever criminal behavior he had in mind goes away with him. you can control behavior to such an extent that you can change it. that was the broken windows theory in practice. 1 1 the " broken windows " theory was articulated by george l. kelling and james q. wilson in


what determines how much coverage a climate study gets? it probably goes without saying that it isn ’ t strongly related to the quality of the actual science, nor to the clarity of the writing. appearing in one of the top journals does help ( nature, science, pnas and occasionally grl ), though that in itself is no guarantee. instead, it most often depends on the ‘ news ’ value of the bottom line. journalists and editors like stories that surprise, that give something ‘ new ’ to the subject and are therefore likely to be interesting enough to readers to make them read past the headline. it particularly helps if a new study runs counter to some generally perceived notion ( whether that is rooted in fact or not ). in such cases, the ‘ news peg ’ is clear. and so it was for the steig et al “ antarctic warming ” study that appeared last week. mainstream media coverage was widespread and generally did a good job of covering the essentials. the most prevalent peg was the fact that the study appeared to reverse the “ antarctic cooling ” meme that has been a staple of disinformation efforts for a while now. it ’ s worth remembering where that idea actually came from. back in 2001, peter doran and colleagues wrote a paper about the dry valleys long term ecosystem responses to climate change, in which they had a section discussing temperature trends over the previous couple of decades ( not the 50 years time scale being discussed this week ). the “ antarctic cooling ” was in their title and ( unsurprisingly ) dominated the media coverage of their paper as a counterpoint to “ global warming ”. ( by the way, this is a great example to indicate that the biggest bias in the media is towards news, not any particular side of a story ). subsequent work indicated that the polar ozone hole ( starting in the early 80s ) was having an effect on polar winds and temperature patterns ( thompson and solomon, 2002 ; shindell and schmidt, 2004 ), showing clearly that regional climate changes can sometimes be decoupled from the global picture. however, even then both the extent of any cooling and the longer term picture were more difficult to discern due to the sparse nature of the observations in the continental interior. in fact we discussed this way back in one of the first posts on realclimate back in 2004. this ambiguity was of course a gift to the propagandists. thus for years the doran et al study was trotted out whenever global warming was being questioned. it was of course a classic


first posts on realclimate back in 2004. this ambiguity was of course a gift to the propagandists. thus for years the doran et al study was trotted out whenever global warming was being questioned. it was of course a classic ‘ cherry pick ’ – find a region or time period when there is a cooling trend and imply that this contradicts warming trends on global scales over longer time periods. given a complex dynamic system, such periods and regions will always be found, and so as a tactic it can always be relied on. however, judging from the take - no - prisoners response to the steig et al paper from the contrarians, this important fact seems to have been forgotten ( hey guys, don ’ t worry you ’ ll come up with something new soon! ). actually, some of the pushback has been hilarious. it ’ s been a great example for showing how incoherent and opportunistic the ‘ antis ’ really are. exhibit a is an email ( and blog post ) sent out by senator inhofe ’ s press staff ( i. e. marc morano ). within this single email there are misrepresentations, untruths, unashamedly contradictory claims and a couple of absolutely classic quotes. some highlights : dr. john christy of the university of alabama in huntsville slams new antarctic study for using [ the ] “ best estimate of the continent ’ s temperature ” perhaps he ’ d prefer it if they used the worst estimate? ; ) [ update : it should go without saying that this is simply morano making up stuff and doesn ' t reflect christy ' s actual quotes or thinking. no - one is safe from morano ' s misrepresentations! ] [ further update : they ' ve now clarified it. sigh.... ] morano has his ear to the ground of course, and in his blog piece dramatically highlights the words “ estimated ” and “ deduced ” as if that was some sign of nefarious purpose, rather than a fundamental component of scientific investigation. internal contradictions are par for the course. morano has previously been convinced that “ … the vast majority of antarctica has cooled over the past 50 years. ”, yet he now approvingly quotes kevin trenberth who says “ it is hard to make data where none exist. ” ( it is indeed, which is why you need to combine as much data as you can find in order to produce a synthesis like this study ). so


kevin trenberth who says “ it is hard to make data where none exist. ” ( it is indeed, which is why you need to combine as much data as you can find in order to produce a synthesis like this study ). so which is it? if you think the data are clear enough to demonstrate strong cooling, you can ’ t also believe there is no data ( on this side of the looking glass anyway ). it ’ s even more humourous, since even the more limited analysis available before this paper showed pretty much the same amount of antarctic warming. compare the ipcc report, with the same values from the new analysis ( under various assumptions about the methodology ). ( the different versions are the full reconstruction, a version that uses detrended satellite data for the co - variance, a version that uses aws data instead of satelltes and one that use pca instead of regem. all show positive trends over the last 50 years ). further contradictions abound : morano, who clearly wants it to have been cooling, hedges his bets with a “ volcano, not global warming effects, may be melting an antarctic glacier ” hail mary pass. good luck with that! it always helps if you haven ’ t actually read the study in question. that way you can just make up conclusions : scientist adjusts data — presto, antarctic cooling disappears nope. it ’ s still there ( as anyone reading the paper will see ) – it ’ s just put into a larger scale and longer term context ( see figure 3b ). inappropriate personalisation is always good fodder. many contrarians seemed disappointed that mike was only the fourth author ( the study would have been much easier to demonise if he ’ d been the lead ). some pretended he was anyway, and just for good measure accused him of being a ‘ modeller ’ as well ( heaven forbid! ). others also got in on the fun. a chap called ross hays posted a letter to eric on multiple websites and on many comment threads. on joe d ’ aleo ’ s site, this letter was accompanied with this little bit of snark : icecap note : ross shown here with antarctica ’ s mount erebus volcano in the background was a cnn forecast meteorologist ( a student of mine when i was a professor ) who has spent numerous years with boots on the ground working for nasa in antarctica, not sitting at a computer in an ivory tower in pennsylvania or washington state this is meant as a slur against academics