compared monkeys raised with their mothers to monkeys raised with wire or terrycloth “ surrogate mothers. ” monkeys raised with the surrogates became socially deviant and highly aggressive adults. building on this work, other scientists discovered that these consequences were less severe if the surrogate mother swung from side to side, a type of movement that may be conveyed to the cerebellum, particularly the part called the cerebellar vermis, located at the back of the brain, just above the brain stem. like the hippocampus, this part of the brain develops gradually and continues to create new neurons after birth. it also has an extraordinarily high density of receptors for stress hormone, so exposure to such hormones can markedly affect its development. something as seemingly inconsequential as ﬁve minutes of human handling during a rat ’ s infancy produced lifelong beneﬁcial changes. new research suggests that abnormalities in the cerebellar vermis may be involved in psychiatric disorders including depression, manic - depressive illness, schizophrenia, autism, and attention - deﬁcit / hyperactivity disorder. we have gone from thinking of the entire cerebellum as involved only in motor coordination to believing that it plays an important role in regulating attention and emotion. the cerebellar vermis, in particular, seems to be involved in the control of epilepsy or limbic activation. couldn ’ t maltreating children produce abnormalities in the cerebellar vermis that contribute to later psychiatric symptoms? testing this hypothesis, we found that the vermis seems to become activated to control — and quell — electrical irritability in the limbic system. it appears less able to do this in people who have been abused. if, indeed, the vermis is important not only for postural, attentional, and emotional balance, but in compensating for and regulating emotional instability, this latter capacity may be impaired by early trauma. by contrast, stimulation of the vermis through exercise, rocking, and movement may exert additional calming effects, helping to develop the vermis. attention, hormones, and the brain we know that through their effects on hormone levels, early experiences inﬂuence brain development. fifty years ago, seymour levine and victor denenberg showed that small alterations in their environment led to lasting changes in rats ’ development, behavior, and response to stress. something as seemingly inconsequential as ﬁve minutes of human handling during a rat


years ago, seymour levine and victor denenberg showed that small alterations in their environment led to lasting changes in rats ’ development, behavior, and response to stress. something as seemingly inconsequential as ﬁve minutes of human handling during a rat ’ s infancy produced lifelong beneﬁcial changes. we now understand through the reserach efforts of michael meany and paul plotsky that the effects of brief handling were highly beneﬁcial and were due to increased maternal attention. those pups whose mothers spontaneously lick and groom them the most ( about one - third in a laboratory setting ) display the same beneﬁts as the rats with the human handling. by contrast, long isolation produces stress that has a deleterious effect on brain and behavior development. if we assume that lots of attention, licking, and grooming are the natural state of affairs and that lower levels of attention are a form of neglect, we can use this model to explore some of the biological consequences of neglect or abuse in children. low rates of maternal attention decrease the production of thyroid hormone by the rat pups. this, in turn, decreases serotonin in the hippocampus and affects the development of receptors for the stress hormone glucocorticoid. since corticosterone, one of our primary stress hormones, is kept in check by a complicated feedback mechanism that depends on these same stress hormone receptors, their inadequate development increases the risk of an excessive stress hormone response to adversity. for this and certain other reasons, lack of maternal attention predisposes the animals to have a heightened level of fear and a heightened adrenaline response. some of the consequences of this are altered metabolism and suppressed immune and inﬂammatory responses, neuronal irritability, and enhanced susceptibility to seizures. still other consequences of an abnormally intense corticosterone response are reduced brain weight and dna content, suppressed cell growth in the cerebellum and hippocampus, and interference with myelinization — the process of sheathing nerve ﬁbers to enhance conduction of electrical impulses. these consequences seem consistent with inadequate development of the corpus collosum, which is a highly myelinated structure, and abnormal development of the hippocampus and cerebellum. high levels of cortisol can also hinder development of the cerebral cortex, the extent of vulnerability dependent on how rapidly the brain was growing at the time of the insult. during the years of rapid language acquisition ( approximately


and cerebellum. high levels of cortisol can also hinder development of the cerebral cortex, the extent of vulnerability dependent on how rapidly the brain was growing at the time of the insult. during the years of rapid language acquisition ( approximately 2 - 10 years of age ), the left brain develops more rapidly than the right, making it more vulnerable to the effects of early maltreatment. finally, diminished maternal attention also appears to be associated with a lifelong decrease in production of the hormone oxytocin in the brain, and enhanced production of the stress hormone vasopressin. recent research by thomas insel suggests that oxytocin is a critical factor in afﬁliative love and maintaining monogamous relationships. both hormones may also help control sexual response, with vasopressin enhancing sexual arousal and oxytocin triggering climax and release. by affecting these hormones, early neglect or abuse theoretically could predispose mammals to experience enhanced sexual arousal, diminished capacity for sexual fulﬁllment, and deﬁcient commitment to a single partner. from neurobiology to symptomatology in summary, we now know that childhood abuse is linked with excess neuronal irritability, eeg abnormalities, and symptoms suggestive of temporal lobe epilepsy. it is also associated with diminished development of the left cortex and left hippocampus, reduced size of the corpus callosum, and attenuated activity in the cerebellar vermis. we see a close ﬁt between the effects of early stress on the brain ’ s transmitters — our discoveries about the negative effects of early maltreatment on brain development — and the array of psychiatric symptoms that we actually observe in abused patients. many disorders are associated with childhood abuse. one is depression or heightened risk for developing it. many scientists believe that depression may be a consequence of reduced activity of the left frontal lobes. if so, the stunted development of the left hemisphere related to abuse could easily enhance the risk of developing depression. similarly, excess electrical irritability in the limbic system, and alterations in development of receptors that modulate anxiety, set the stage for the emergence of panic disorder and increase the risk of post - traumatic stress disorder. alterations in the neurochemistry of these areas of the brain also heighten the hormonal response to stress, producing a state of hyper vigilance and right - hemisphere activation that colors our view with negativity and suspicion. alterations in the size of the hip


positive in one state and as resoundingly negative in another. couple this with possible alterations in oxytocin - and vasopressin - mediated sexual arousal, and you see why patients with borderline personality disorder have tumultuous relationships. dealing with the damage i hope that new understanding of childhood abuse ’ s impact on the brain will lead to new ideas for treatment. the most immediate conclusion from our work, however, is the crucial need for prevention. if childhood maltreatment exerts enduring negative effects on the developing brain, fundamentally altering one ’ s mental capacity and personality, it may be possible to compensate for these abnormalities — to succeed in spite of them — but it is doubtful that they can actually be reversed in adulthood. the costs to society are enormous. psychiatric patients who have suffered from childhood abuse or neglect are far more difﬁcult and costly to treat than patients with a healthy childhood. furthermore, childhood maltreatment can be an essential ingredient in the makeup of violent individuals, predisposing them to bouts of irritable aggression. one day we will ﬁnd ways to chart the progress of brain development so that we can spot early signs of stress - mediated abnormalities and monitor each patient ’ s progress and response to treatment. in the meantime, early intervention should be our priority. the brain is more plastic and malleable before puberty, increasing our chances of minimizing or reversing consequences of abuse. if we are right that many abuse - related changes result from a cascade of stress - mediated neuronal and hormonal responses, then we could minimize the impact of abuse by ﬁnding ways to reduce ongoing stress or suppressing an excessive stress response. whether abuse of a child is physical, psychological, or sexual, it sets off a ripple of hormonal changes that wire the child ’ s brain to cope with a malevolent world. one consequence of childhood maltreatment is limbic irritability, which tends to produce dysphoria ( chronic low - level unhappiness ), aggression, and violence toward oneself or others. even into adulthood, drugs can be useful in alleviating this set of symptoms. anticonvulsant agents can help, as can drugs that affect the serotonin system. abuse also causes alterations in left - right hemisphere integration. some research suggests that anticonvulsant drugs may facilitate the bilateral transmission of information. left - right hemisphere integration may also improve through activities that require considerable left - right hemisphere


superhuman personal growth and transformation. at the extreme, the coupling of severe childhood abuse with other neuropsychiatric handicaps ( for example, low intelligence, head trauma, or psychosis ) is repeatedly found in cases of explosive violence. dorothy otnow lewis and jonathan pincus have analyzed the neurological and psychiatric history of violent adolescents and adults. in one study they evaluated all 14 juveniles condemned to death in four states and found that all had suffered head injuries, most had major neurological impairment, 12 had subnormal iq ’ s, 12 had been severely physically abused as children, and 5 had been sodomized by relatives. in another study, they reviewed the childhood neuropsychiatric records and family histories of incarcerated delinquents. what might have been a tip - off to those who later were arrested for murder? the future murderers were distinguished from other delinquents by psychotic symptoms, major neurological impairment, a psychotic ﬁrst - degree relative, violent acts during childhood, and severe physical abuse. in a follow - up study of 95 formerly incarcerated juvenile delinquents, they found that the combination of intrinsic neuropsychiatric vulnerabilities and a history of childhood abuse or family violence effectively predicted which adolescents would go on to commit violent crimes. lewis concludes that child abuse can engender all pivotal factors associated with violent behavior, namely, impulsivity, irritability, hyper vigilance, paranoia ( which she interprets as an extreme version of hypervigilance ), decreased judgment and verbal ability, and diminished recognition of pain in oneself ( dissociation ) and others. as our review shows, these factors ﬁt closely with the enduring neurobiological consequences of abuse. to be convicted of a crime in the united states, one supposedly must have the capacity both to know right from wrong and to control one ’ s behavior. those with a history of childhood abuse may know right from wrong, but their brains may be so irritable and the connections from the logical, rational hemisphere so weak that intense negative ( right - hemisphere ) emotions may incapacitate their use of logic and reason to control their aggressive impulses. is it just to hold people criminally responsible for actions that they lack the neurological capacity to control? if we know that the roots of violence are fertilized by childhood abuse, can we make a long - term commitment to reduce violence by focusing on our children rather than our criminals? prosecutors and pundits are quick to coin catchphrases like the “ abuse


the roots of violence are fertilized by childhood abuse, can we make a long - term commitment to reduce violence by focusing on our children rather than our criminals? prosecutors and pundits are quick to coin catchphrases like the “ abuse excuse ” to dismiss childhood trauma ’ s pervasive and enduring consequences for behavior. this is as unthinking as the exhortation to “ get over it. ” childhood trauma is not a passing psychological slight that one can choose to ignore. even if the abused person comes to terms with the traumatic memories and chooses ( for the sake of sanity ) to forgive the perpetrator, this will not reverse the neurobiological abnormalities. the only sound legal approach to a person with a history of abuse who commits a violent crime is to take into account the person ’ s neurobiological capacity to control his behavior. if it is irrational and hypocritical to hold a minor to the same standard of behavioral control as a mature adult, it is equally unjust to hold a traumatized and neurologically impaired adult to the same standard as one not so afﬂicted. childhood abuse, age, and neurological impairments can be critical mitigating factors that a just society should not ignore. if we know that the roots of violence are fertilized by childhood abuse, can we make a long - term commitment to reduce violence by focusing on our children rather than our criminals? what if we set a goal of reducing the cases of childhood abuse and neglect by 50 percent a year? what if we monitored statistics on childhood abuse as avidly as we track housing starts, inﬂation, or baseball scores? we would have to commit ourselves, seriously, to improving access to quality day care and after - school programs. we might need to educate and support parents so they could know how to nurture their children more effectively. we certainly would need to foster better relationships among peers and siblings. think of what we could save if we needed fewer prisons and fewer mental health professionals. think of the beneﬁts of moving one step closer to a society that everyone could experience and enjoy. our brains are sculpted by our early experiences. maltreatment is a chisel that shapes a brain to contend with strife, but at the cost of deep, enduring wounds. childhood abuse isn ’ t something you “ get over. ” it is an evil that we must acknowledge and confront if we aim to do anything about the unchecked cycle of violence in this country.


wetlands are combinations of land and water. they may be covered by water most of the time or only on occasion. plants and animals living here must be specially adapted to survive the twice daily changes of incoming and outgoing tides, resulting mainly from the gravitational pull of the moon on the water as the earth turns. virginia ' s tidal wetlands include salt marshes, brackish and freshwater marshes, and swamps. when it rains in the chesapeake ' s drainage basin, or watershed, most of that water flows across the land surface into streams and rivers, then into the bay and, eventually, on to the atlantic ocean. more than half of virginia ' s land base rests in the chesapeake bay watershed, as do portions of new york, pennsylvania, west virginia, delaware, maryland, and the district of columbia. the whole watershed, in fact, drains 64, 000 square miles! a tributary is a stream or river that contributes its water to another stream, river, or body of water. everyone in virginia lives fairly close to one. the main tributaries of the chesapeake bay flowing through virginia are the james, york, rappahannock, and potomac rivers. the names of the rivers in the basin reflect the early settlement of the commonwealth. the potomac, rappahannock, pamunkey, mattaponi, and chickahominy are tributaries with names originating from algonquin, a native american language spoken by the many tribes of the powhatan confederacy who first settled in the region. the susquehanna river carries the largest amount of fresh water into the bay ; again, its name comes from native american origins. two other rivers, the james and the york, have english names given by european settlers. " chesapeake " is yet another example of native american influence, said to have meant " great shellfish bay. " the chesapeake bay is an estuary, a partly enclosed water body where fresh water from rivers meets ocean salt water, and the two mix. it is the largest estuary in our nation. chesapeake bay water is saltiest near the bay ' s mouth and gradually becomes fresher to the north. this variation supports a wide array of plants and, as a result, the bay is an essential nesting and nursery site for migratory waterfowl, small aquatic creatures, and fish. this vast living resource base provides many recreational and commercial benefits to the commonwealth. virginia ' s commercial fisheries industry primarily includes finfish - menhaden, striped bass, croaker, and flounder ; and shellfish - oysters, clams, scallops


provides many recreational and commercial benefits to the commonwealth. virginia ' s commercial fisheries industry primarily includes finfish - menhaden, striped bass, croaker, and flounder ; and shellfish - oysters, clams, scallops, and blue crabs from the bay and ocean. the economic value of this annual commercial harvest is about $ 500 million. but the mix of the catch is changing. several valuable commercial species of the bay have declined over the years. causes are attributed to pollution, disease, over - fishing, loss of habitat, or a combination of these factors. for example, in the 1970s roughly 6 million pounds of oysters were harvested each year in virginia. by 1997 the oyster harvest had dropped to a mere 300, 000 pounds. the population of oysters in the bay is now estimated to be only one percent of what it was prior to the civil war. in 1998, the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ' s stock assessment committee considered the blue crab stock " fully exploited " but not overfished. in its report, the committee found that the number of crabs three inches and greater in size has decreased since 1995. other studies show that the average size of female crabs is also decreasing. scientists attribute the declines to environmental conditions and increased fishing pressure. the striped bass is an example of a resource whose fishery nearly collapsed but has recovered. their numbers declined rapidly in the late 1970s through the 1980s, most likely because of over - harvesting and subsequent reproductive failure. now, after several years of cooperative coastwide controls on striped bass fishing, their populations are rebounding. virginia is fortunate to front the atlantic ocean. from virginia beach and the eastern shore, people can thrill at the sight of shorebirds, migratory birds, dolphins, or whales breaching. a wide assortment of marine mammal species swim off virginia ' s shores. these include the atlantic bottlenose dolphin, striped dolphin, harbor porpoise, humpback whale, and harbor seal, to name a few. occasionally, risso ' s dolphin and manatee will travel this far north as well. five types of sea turtles join them : kemp ' s ridley, atlantic hawksbill, loggerhead, atlantic green, and leatherback. marine mammals, sea turtles, and pelagic ( ocean ) fish, then, are some of the important animals depending upon a clean ocean filled with species of plants and animals lower in their food chain to survive. once across the bay and on the eastern shore, virginians set foot on one of the most unique coastal


, then, are some of the important animals depending upon a clean ocean filled with species of plants and animals lower in their food chain to survive. once across the bay and on the eastern shore, virginians set foot on one of the most unique coastal ecosystems in the world. the southern part of the delmarva peninsula ( named for delaware, maryland, and virginia, the three states that make it up ) is dotted on the seaside by a unique chain of barrier islands and lagoons. this pristine island ecosystem provides critical habitat for a wide variety of songbirds, shorebirds, waterfowl, finfish, and shellfish. along virginia ' s atlantic coast and crossing the 17. 6 - mile chesapeake bay bridge - tunnel, fishing boats, container cargo ships, barges, and oil tankers are evidence of the commercial importance of our ports. the hampton roads complex, including portsmouth, norfolk, hampton, and newport news, is one of the nation ' s major north atlantic ports for commerce, ship - building, and military presence. pollution from an identifiable point, or " point source ", comes from pipes, ditches, sewers, channels, tunnels, sewage treatment plants, factories, and containers of various types. while much of this pollution is treated, the wastewater still contains contaminants. non - point source pollution, by contrast, is difficult to identify since it is a mix of many things draining off the land. muddy water flowing off of recently plowed farm fields or eroding construction sites blocks sunlight from reaching submerged plants that provide essential habitat for many young animals. it also is full of nutrients that lead to algae blooms, that later sink and die. during decomposition, oxygen is used and less remains available for other marine life. sediment smothers fish eggs and clogs and tears the gills of young fishes. it settles on top of oysters and other bivalve mollusks, often killing them in the process. especially harmful to coastal wildlife is motor oil that leaks from cars and boats and, eventually, reaches the bay and ocean. oil improperly discarded from one car engine during an oil change ( about one gallon ) can produce an oil slick the size of six football fields! motor oil is poisonous and likely to kill animals who ingest it. and oil that sticks to the feathers of ducks and birds prohibits them from flying. other toxics, or poisonous substances, may contaminate coastal waters, sediments, and body tissues in animals, especially near urban, industrial areas. these substances range from organic compounds


that sticks to the feathers of ducks and birds prohibits them from flying. other toxics, or poisonous substances, may contaminate coastal waters, sediments, and body tissues in animals, especially near urban, industrial areas. these substances range from organic compounds produced during industrial processes to common household products, such as paint, battery acid, nail polish remover, and pesticides. since the 1972 ban on the pesticide, ddt, there is good news about bald eagles and pelicans. in the 1970s there were so few of these birds they were in danger of disappearing. the pesticide had run off land where it was used to control insects. it had gotten into rivers, bays, and the ocean, then into fish that bald eagles, pelicans, and other birds eat. consequently, shells of eggs laid by these birds were not thick enough and broke before the young could completely develop and hatch. in 1970 there were about 50 bald eagle nests, but success in producing fledgling eaglets was very limited. by 1990 the number of " successful " nests in the chesapeake bay area had risen to 225. interesting facts about the chesapeake bay and about virginia ' s coast : underwater grass restoration is very important, but is still considered relatively experimental. the virginia institute of marine science has been transplanting submerged aquatic vegetation, or sav, into the chesapeake and magothy bays since 1978. transplanting techniques have been perfected, but light is essential to sav growth. success depends on our ability to reduce hindrances like sediments and nutrients which can cloud these waters. coastal waters used to be filtered and cleaned courtesy of a thriving oyster population, and for years people across the country enjoyed eating oysters harvested from the bay. oyster reefs used to protrude above coastal waters and were so prevalent they were considered navigational hazards! oyster reefs have always been home to many valuable sport fish and other aquatic animals such as blue crabs, grass shrimp, mussels, sponges, and barnacles. because of their important ecological contribution, oysters are now being transplanted onto sanctuary reefs in the great wicomico and piankatank rivers, and in pungoteague creek on virginia ' s eastern shore, under a program launched by the virginia marine resources commission. recently, the virginia coastal program at deq and the chesapeake bay foundation have joined in this effort. many citizens are growing " oyster gardens " alongside their docks to supply more oysters to transplant, and students are helping to establish reefs in the elizabeth river through school - sponsored


although it seems like robots modeled after snakes and worms could be used for a wide variety of applications, the majority are designed for only two uses. many are created as rescue robots - - for detecting danger or victims or for taking supplies to survivors. their shape, size, and locomotion style give them access to places people can ' t or shouldn ' t go, such as collapsed buildings and nuclear reactors that are damaged or being decommissioned. the other main use for snake and worm robots is in medical applications. skinny, snaky tubes are just right for inserting into blood vessels or abdominal cavities to assist in minimally invasive surgery. or they can go exploring to locate problems such as tumors and send back data about size and location. click the image below to see 10 examples of these writhing robots. the slim slime robot from the tokyo institute of technology ' s hirose fukushima lab is a pneumatically driven active cord mechanism. it is used to inspect pipes in chemical laboratories or nuclear plants, detect unexploded mines, and help first responders find victims in collapsed buildings. a series of six connected modules are driven by pneumatic actuators. compressed air is forced from the main tube of each module into that module ' s bellows, or flexible pneumatic actuators, which are located along the main tube ' s length. the slim slime can creep like a snake, make pivoting turns, roll laterally, and move with a pedal - like motion that emulates snails and limpets. its total length is 730 - 1, 120mm ( 28. 7 - 44 inches ). it weighs 12kg ( 26. 4 pounds ), and its top speed is about 60mm ( 2. 36 inches ) per second. ( source : hirose fukushima lab ) robatnorcross, i had a similar thought, although i ' m not afraid of snakes - - unless they ' re venomous, that is. this one ' s " skin " pattern is camouflage, but it looks a lot like some venomous western rattlers i ' ve seen. even without fear of snakes, this would still give one pause if you were trapped and couldn ' t move. everything dates everyone, doesn ' t it? but i ' m with you - - i can imagine an engineer looking at slinky ' s movements and wondering how to motorize and automate them. first there ' s a design that uses a helical shape, gravity, and momentum


general router faq when running nat ( network address translation ) the vigor router takes the single public ip address, allocated by your isp and automatically passes data between it and the local pcs on your private local network. however, with only one address visible to the outside world, external users cannot address specific local pcs inside your network. therefore, an ' unsolicited ' tcp / ip packet to your internet ip address would arrive at your router but then the router wouldn ’ t know who ( or what ), locally, the packet is intended for. in order to run a local server, for example a web server which is visible to the outside world, you have to set up a port forward rule whereby an incoming packet on a particular tcp / udp port is kept open and forwarded to a specific local pc. each service ( http, ftp, smtp etc. ) uses a different port number. this procedure is commonly used if you are running an internal smtp mail server to which your isp sends email to. once you have set up this type of ' port forwarding ' rule. external users, i. e. people elsewhere on the internet can then access your internal server via your public ip address. in the case of a web server, for example, they can enter http : \ \ 184. 108. 40. 206 into their browser, if that was your public ip address. if you are using a dynamic dns service ( see earlier ) then this would work with the port forwarding too. from the main router menu, select the nat setup menu ( under advanced setup ) and then open ports setup and the screen shown below will appear. it is important that you only open the ports that you need to, rather than open / forward all ports, as otherwise you compromise the nat intrinsic security. the above method uses ' open ports setup ' in which an external port number is redirected to the same port number on an internet lan pc. in some circumstances you might want to translate from one port to another, in which case you can use port redirection instead. this redirects a single port, as shown below. you can use the same port number in both boxes, in which case the facility is equivalent to open ports, giving you more capacity. when using nat, you have only one public ip address. this means that incoming data which is not in response to an outgoing request from a local client does not know where to go. port forwarding can be


open ports, giving you more capacity. when using nat, you have only one public ip address. this means that incoming data which is not in response to an outgoing request from a local client does not know where to go. port forwarding can be used to direct udp / tcp traffic on particular ports to specified internal clients. however other ip protocols, for example protocols 50 ( esp ) and 51 ( ah ) do not have port numbers so there is no unique detail to decide which local client to forward the data to. in situations like this, the vigor has a facilility called dmz. in the dmz setup, you can specify a single local client ( private ip address ) to which all unsolicited data on all protocols should be forwarded. regular web browsing and other such actitivty from other clients will continue to work. with a dmz, the inherrent security properties of nat are somewhat bypassed, so you may want to consider adding addional filter rules or a secondary firewall. another important point is that although a dmz will pass all data through, some protocols are still not nat friendly. the ' ah ' extension to ipsec is designed in such a way that it prevents network address translation - the header encodes the source ip address, which in this case would be your private ip address. the receiving end will see the packet as having come from your public ip address and thus reject the packet. ah protocol therefore will not work. esp is more tolerant. in the previous section, we discussed port mapping to allow internal network devices ( e. g. servers ) to be accessible from the internet. the vigor router actually supports three variants of port mapping methods, as follows : port redirection > open ports > dmz for example, if an incoming packet ' s port number matches a rule in both ' port redirection ' and ' open ports ' then the packet will be forwarded onto the local address defined in ' port redirection '. as the router has its own built - in web server for the configuration screens, if you want access to that router remotely ( from the wan side ) and to a web server behind that router, you will have to change the router ' s http ' port ' to something other than the default ( which is port 80 ). you can change the admin port from the management setup menu : you might choose port 8080 instead ; you must then access the ad


upper respiratory infections are rare in healthy ferrets that are kept in a good environment and have limited to no contact with sickly animals. ferrets that are most susceptible to infections include kits, older ferrets, ferrets with weakened or suppressed immune systems, and ferrets living in unhealthy conditions ( dirty cage, too warm or too cold, etc. ). the signs of an upper respiratory infection include : nasal discharge - clear, yellow, or green the color of the nasal discharge will probably give your veterinarian an idea of how severe the infection is, and whether or not it can be treated with antibiotics. the decreased appetite is due to the congestion. ferrets with upper respiratory infections cannot smell their food, and it ' s hard for them to swallow with blocked nostrils, so they eat less. a respiratory infection can occur when a ferret is exposed to another person or animal with an infection. it can also develop when an animal lives in a dirty environment that is full of bacteria. additionally, a respiratory infection can be a secondary infection to another disease such as canine distemper. most minor upper respiratory infections should clear up in a couple days, just as they would in humans, especially if the ferret is in otherwise good health. if you see signs of a respiratory infection that last longer than two days, schedule a veterinary appointment. your ferret may need antibiotics or other medications. there are a few things you can do to help your ferret be more comfortable while he is recovering from his respiratory infection. add water to his kibble, warm it in the microwave, and serve it as a warm mush to stimulate his appetite and make it easier for him to swallow. wipe excess discharge from around his nose with a tissue. if the air in your house is dry, put a humidifier near your ferret ' s cage. if he has lots of nasal discharge, put him in a small room with a vaporizer to loosen the mucous and help him to breathe easier.


arts & crafts, construction toy, creative product, green product, hobby the enviroblox deluxe set gives kids an easy way to create all kind of designs with 180 pieces of 100 % biodegradable building blocks and logs, in a variety of colors and sizes. the product is made in the united states from cornstarch using a patented manufacturing process and materials – no plastic or oil based materials are used. the blocks are very adaptable ; simply moisten an enviroblox with water for a firm, instant hold, no tape or glue needed. this product fills the need for an environmentally friendly building activity for kids of all ages. this is an innovative hybrid of materials between modeling compounds and plastic building bricks, which brings benefits of structured building with freeform modeling. when it ’ s time to put the unused blocks away, just slide them back into their zip - lock package, which is environmentally conscious to minimize waste. and when the time comes to discard your used enviroblox, simply place them in water and watch them magically disappear! or add to your compost pile for a truly green recycling solution. how cadaco inc. is a green company cadaco is committed to helping preserve the world we live in, which is why they created a number of programs that will help reduce our environmental impact. cadaco, one of america ’ s oldest independent game and toy companies, offers the newest innovation in " green " toys and play. cadaco has been accepted for the commonwealth edison " smart ideas " program and will be installing energy lighting throughout its entire plant. the project will save 40 % of electrical energy per year, and the initial cost outlay will be recovered in just three years. the project replaces 1, 497 light fixtures and includes every department in the plant. they have also been able to program computers and other electrical equipment to shut down automatically when not in use. in addition to reducing energy consumption, cadaco has been able to eliminate electrical lighting in some areas altogether through the installation of solutubes, which allow for natural light to illuminate key workstations. additionally, cadaco has created processes and safety checks to eliminate the emission of any volatile organic compounds ( voc ) into the atmosphere. finally, cadaco has a 19 - point recycling process that every employee learns and participates in. the past year was the best in terms of recycling efforts, as cadaco recycled 2, 170 tons of material, saving nearly 37, 000 trees in the process. drtoy.


developing a financial statement worksheet for your business after your business ’ s accounts successfully pass a trial balance test ( with debits and credits that equal ), you can then begin developing a financial statement worksheet, as well as the financial statements, including balance sheets and income statements. the first step in producing the financial statements is using the information from the trial balance to develop a worksheet that includes the initial trial balance, the accounts that would be shown on a balance sheet, and finally the accounts that would normally be shown on an income statement. you create the worksheet that includes these seven columns : column 1 : account list columns 2 and 3 : trial balance ( one column for debits, one column for credits ) columns 4 and 5 : balance sheet ( one column for debits, one column for credits ) columns 6 and 7 : income statement ( one column for debits, one column for credits ) in the figure below, you see a sample of a worksheet developed from trial balance numbers. note that the numbers of the trial balance are transferred to the appropriate financial statement ; for example, the cash account, which is an asset, is shown in the debit column of the balance sheet. after you transfer all the accounts to their appropriate balance sheet or income statement columns, you total the worksheet columns. don ’ t panic when you see that the totals at the bottom of your columns aren ’ t equal — it ’ s because the net income hasn ’ t been calculated yet. the difference between the debits and credits in both the balance sheet and the income statement totals should be the same. that amount should represent the net income that will appear on the income statement. in the figure, the $ 4, 500 difference for the balance sheet is shown as a credit, representing an increase in retained earnings. the retained earnings account reflects the profits that have been reinvested into the company ’ s assets in order to grow the company. in some incorporated companies, part of the earnings are taken out in the form of dividends paid to stockholders. dividends are a portion of the earnings divided up among stockholders. the board of directors of the corporation set a certain amount per share to be paid to stockholders. many other small companies that haven ’ t incorporated pay out earnings to their owners using a drawing account, which tracks any cash taken out by the owners. each owner should have his or her own drawing account so that you have a history of how much each owner withdraws from


how to use volume in your piano playing 5 of 7 in series : the essentials of bringing expression to your piano playing volume is perhaps the most easily recognized and executed technique in bringing your piano playing to life. varying degrees of volume give your piano music a different dynamic. and that ’ s exactly what volume levels are called in music : dynamics. as with tvs, car stereos, and crying babies, the world of volume has a wide range : from very soft to very loud. composers are quick to realize this and tell performers exactly where to play in the volume spectrum. of course, to make things a bit fancier, all dynamics in music are italian words. starting with basic volume changes when you talk about volume, you say something is loud or soft. from there you can explain how loud or how soft. music uses the same principle : you start with two little italian words, piano ( soft ) and forte ( loud ), to describe the volume of notes. abbreviations for these words are now the norm. you see soft and loud marked simply as p and f, written in fancy, stylized fonts. when you see a dynamic marking, whatever the requested volume may be, you continue to play at this volume level until you see a new dynamic marking. widening the range if soft and loud were the only volume levels available, home stereos would just have two volume buttons, not a turning knob. but, in real life, you have a variety of volume levels. rather than keep track of some more highly descriptive but multi - syllable italian words, you need only remember one abbreviation for the in - between volumes : m, which stands for mezzo ( medium ). place this word before piano or forte, and you get two more shades of volume. for extreme volumes like “ very soft ” and “ insanely loud, ” just throw a few more p ’ s or f ’ s together. the more you have, the more you play. that is, pp means “ very soft ” ( no jokes, please ). the written word isn ’ t piano - piano, however. instead, you use the italian suffix - issimo, loosely translated as “ very, ” and you end up with pianissimo. the symbol ff would be “ very loud, ” or fortissimo. the whole range of volume abbreviations is shown here : making gradual shifts in volume two dynamic symbols that you encounter quite often are those that tell you to gradually play louder — a crescendo ( cresc. ) —


since 2009, when a japanese prostitute visited a clinic in kyoto with a case of gonorrhea that proved resistant to ceftriaxone – the last remaining antibiotic effective against it – the world health organization has been terrified that we are on the cusp of another sexually transmitted epidemic. “ we ’ re on our last line of defense, ” said colorado department of public health and environment ’ s dr. mary mattson, section chief for sexually transmitted disease and surveillance. mattson said that while most u. s. cases of drug - resistant gonorrhea have so far been clustered in hawaii and california, ( with none so far reported in colorado ) and concentrated among gay males, it could easily jump into the heterosexual population, as hiv did 30 years ago. after chlamydia, gonorrhea is the second most common sexually transmitted disease in the country, with 100 million cases estimated worldwide. in colorado, 75 percent of gonorrhea infections are in 15 - to 29 - year - olds, mattson said. in fact, the frequency of gonorrhea among this population is twice the national average, causing public - health officials to raise newly urgent questions about the effectiveness of sex education in our public schools. durango school district 9 - r uses the “ safer choices ” curriculum for its sex education, which is offered to middle school students and freshmen with parents ’ consent. district spokeswoman julie popp said the curriculum is “ highly renowned, and has actually been shown to change student behaviors. ” in studies, students who were taught safer choices – which states abstinence is safest and provides information about contraception – were more likely to use condoms in vaginal intercourse than those who did not receive safer choices instruction. it does not address the risks of disease transmission posed by unprotected oral and anal sex. nationwide, the percentage of teenagers who ever had vaginal intercourse has declined and condom use has increased, according to the u. s. department of health and human services. public - health officials said the problem with the safer choices approach is that it has had little effect on the rate of sexually transmitted infections, particularly among teenagers 15 – 19 and young adults ages 20 - 24, because such programs do not explain the high risk of disease transmission through unprotected oral and anal sex, which many see as a safe alternative to vaginal intercourse. according to the centers for disease control and prevention, about half of teenagers have experienced oral sex, including 25 percent who have never had vaginal


through unprotected oral and anal sex, which many see as a safe alternative to vaginal intercourse. according to the centers for disease control and prevention, about half of teenagers have experienced oral sex, including 25 percent who have never had vaginal intercourse. the result is that current adolescent sexual practice makes both girls and boys much more likely to contract drug - resistant gonorrhea, which is exponentially more contagious than hiv. students complained that safer choices was insufficiently frank about the risks and range of students ’ modern sexual practices. hank searfus, a junior at durango high school, said safer choices wasn ’ t “ very informative. ” “ it ’ s not very in depth, and it isn ’ t adequate for the changing world we live in, ” he said. another junior who declined to be identified said the curriculum “ stayed away from controversial topics. ” dr. doug kirby, senior research scientist at eta associates, which runs the safer choices program, said the program may have become dated because it does not address changing sexual behavior among youth, nor did its architects anticipate the emergence of a strain of gonorrhea resistant to antibiotics. both ignacio school district and the bayfield school district use teachers from planned parenthood to educate students with the consent of parents. bayfield high school ’ s health and science teacher, dwight windsor, said the curriculum was “ pretty blunt, but you have to be. it ’ s not preachy or condescending, it doesn ’ t take a side on it. it talks about abstinence a lot, contraceptives. ” he said the curriculum directly addressed the risk of disease posed by unprotected oral and anal sex. district 9 - r spokeswoman popp said instructors from planned parenthood used to deliver lectures to durango students based on the safer choices curriculum, until four years ago, when the district decided its own personnel should teach students safer choices. a winnable battle the prospect of an incurable strain of gonorrhea is terrifying : symptoms, when they occur, can be excruciating, and it causes both men and women to become much more susceptible to hiv. in some cases, gonorrhea enters the blood stream, infecting the joints, skin, heart valves and brain. it can cause infertility in men and woman and can be transmitted to a fetus in the womb. the risk makes nuanced sexual education imperative, said mattson. she called gonorrhea “ one


in this section : - how much groundwater do we have? - groundwater use - groundwater quality - groundwater and geology - groundwater and engineering - groundwater and wetlands - groundwater and permafrost - conclusion : safeguarding our groundwater supply groundwater is an essential and vital resource for about a quarter of all canadians. it is their sole source of water for drinking and washing, for farming and manufacturing, indeed, for all their daily water needs. yet for the majority of canadians - - those who do not depend on it - - groundwater is a hidden resource whose value is not well understood or appreciated. our image of canada is of a land of sparkling lakes, rivers and glaciers. groundwater, which exists everywhere under the surface of the land, is not part of this picture. not surprisingly, therefore, concerns of canadians about water quality focus primarily on surface waters - - our lakes and rivers. the less visible, but equally important, groundwater resources have received less public attention, except in regions of canada where people depend on them. groundwater needs protection in recent years, a number of events affecting groundwater quality have contributed to a heightened public awareness and concern about the importance and vulnerability of the resource. media reports about the contamination of wells from leaking gasoline storage tanks or dry cleaning solvents, and about the effects on groundwater of chemical leakage from landfill or industrial waste disposal sites have raised public concerns about groundwater quality. early in 1990, chemical seepage, caused by the tire fire at hagersville, ontario, threatened to pollute groundwater supplies in the region. newspaper reports alerted area residents and helped focus attention on the problem of groundwater pollution. in may 2000, a heavy rain storm washed cattle manure into a town well in walkerton, ontario. the manure contaminated the water with the e. coli intestinal bacteria, causing illness and death to some residents and acting as a serious reminder of the importance of what many canadians take for granted - - clean and safe drinking water. even where we might not use it directly as drinking water supply, we must still protect groundwater, since it will carry contaminants and pollutants from the land into the lakes and rivers from which other people get a large percentage of their freshwater supply. what is groundwater? it is sometimes thought that water flows through underground rivers or that it collects in underground lakes. groundwater is not confined to only a few channels or depressions in the same way that surface water is concentrated in streams and lakes. rather, it exists almost everywhere underground. it is found underground in the spaces between particles of rock and soil


underground lakes. groundwater is not confined to only a few channels or depressions in the same way that surface water is concentrated in streams and lakes. rather, it exists almost everywhere underground. it is found underground in the spaces between particles of rock and soil, or in crevices and cracks in rock. the water filling these openings is usually within 100 metres of the surface. much of the earth ' s fresh water is found in these spaces. at greater depths, because of the weight of overlying rock, these openings are much smaller, and therefore hold considerably smaller quantities of water. groundwater flows slowly through water - bearing formations ( aquifers ) at different rates. in some places, where groundwater has dissolved limestone to form caverns and large openings, its rate of flow can be relatively fast but this is exceptional. many terms are used to describe the nature and extent of the groundwater resource. the level below which all the spaces are filled with water is called the water table. above the water table lies the unsaturated zone. here the spaces in the rock and soil contain both air and water. water in this zone is called soil moisture. the entire region below the water table is called the saturated zone, and water in this saturated zone is called groundwater. what is an aquifer? although groundwater exists everywhere under the ground, some parts of the saturated zone contain more water than others. an aquifer is an underground formation of permeable rock or loose material which can produce useful quantities of water when tapped by a well. aquifers come in all sizes and their origin and composition is varied. they may be small, only a few hectares in area, or very large, underlying thousands of square kilometres of the earth ' s surface. they may be only a few metres thick, or they may measure hundreds of metres from top to bottom. many important canadian aquifers are composed of thick deposits of sands and gravel previously laid down by glacial rivers. these types of aquifers provide most of the water supply for the kitchener - waterloo region in ontario and the fredericton area in new brunswick. the carberry aquifer in manitoba is an old delta lying on what was formerly glacial lake agassiz. it is well developed as a source of irrigation water. prince edward island depends on sandstone aquifers for its entire water supply. a major glacial outwash sand and gravel aquifer occurs in the fraser valley in british columbia. it is extensively used for municipal, domestic, and industrial water supplies. the winnipeg and montreal


depends on sandstone aquifers for its entire water supply. a major glacial outwash sand and gravel aquifer occurs in the fraser valley in british columbia. it is extensively used for municipal, domestic, and industrial water supplies. the winnipeg and montreal aquifers that are used for industrial water supply are composed of fractured rocks. to concentrate only on major ( i. e., large ) aquifers, however, is misleading. many individual farms and rural homes depend on relatively small aquifers such as thin sand and gravel deposits of glacial or other origin. although these aquifers are individually not very significant, in total they make up a very important groundwater resource. groundwater – always on the move permeable material contains interconnected cracks or spaces that are both numerous enough and large enough to allow water to move freely. in some permeable materials groundwater may move several metres in a day ; in other places, it moves only a few centimetres in a century. groundwater moves very slowly through relatively impermeable materials such as clay and shale. groundwater scientists generally distinguish between two types of aquifers in terms of the physical attributes of the aquifer : porous media and fractured aquifers. porous media are those aquifers consisting of aggregates of individual particles such as sand or gravel. the groundwater occurs in and moves through the openings between the individual grains. porous media where the grains are not connected to each other are considered unconsolidated. if the grains are cemented together, such aquifers are called consolidated. sandstones are examples of consolidated porous media. fractured aquifers are rocks in which the groundwater moves through cracks, joints or fractures in otherwise solid rock. examples of fractured aquifers include granite and basalt. limestones are often fractured aquifers, but here the cracks and fractures may be enlarged by solution, forming large channels or even caverns. limestone terrain where solution has been very active is termed karst. porous media such as sandstone may become so highly cemented or recrystallized that all of the original space is filled. in this case, the rock is no longer a porous medium. however, if it contains cracks it can still act as a fractured aquifer. most of the aquifers of importance to us are unconsolidated porous media such as sand and gravel. some very porous materials are not permeable. clay, for instance, has many spaces between its grains, but the spaces are not large


biospheric water | | 0. 001 | | approximately 1 week | source : adapted from r. allen freeze and john a. cherry, groundwater. prentice - hall : englewood cliffs, new jersey, 1979 : p. 5. how much groundwater do we have? according to some estimates, the quantity of groundwater in the earth would cover the entire surface of the globe to a depth of 120 metres. by contrast, the volume of surface water in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and swamps could be contained in a depth of about one quarter of a metre. it is extremely difficult to estimate the volume of groundwater on the entire planet. for example, a recent review of the literature revealed estimated figures ranging from 7 000 000 to 330 000 000 cubic kilometres. however, all the estimates imply that if we do not include the water frozen in ice caps, glaciers and permanent snow, groundwater makes up almost the entire volume of the earth ' s usable fresh water. source : adapted from figure 2, freshwater series no. a - 2, water - here, there and everywhere. yet, this supply is often not easily accessible, and it may be difficult and expensive to develop these water supplies in some regions. the quality of the groundwater source is also a significant determining factor when identifying its use. even in canada, there is more water underground than on the surface. although groundwater has been routinely surveyed since early last century, ithas not been mapped in a systematic way across the country. the natural resources canada groundwater mapping program, a current federal groundwater initiative, aims to establish a conceptual framework of national, regional and watershed - scale groundwater flow systems. almost nine million canadians depend on groundwater in canada, 8. 9 million people, or 30. 3 % of the population, rely on groundwater for domestic use. statistics canada, environment accounts and statistics division, special compilation using data from environment canada, municipal water use database. statistics canada, 1996, quarterly estimates of the population of canada, the provinces and the territories, 11 - 3, catalogue no. 91 - 001, ottawa. approximately two thirds of these users live in rural areas. in many areas, wells produce more reliable and less expensive water supplies than those obtained from nearby lakes, rivers and streams. the remaining users are located primarily in smaller municipalities where groundwater provides the primary source for their water supply systems. for instance, 100 % of prince edward island ' s population and over 60 % of the population of new brunswick rely on groundwater to meet their domestic needs. furthermore, the predominant use of groundwater varies by province.


primary source for their water supply systems. for instance, 100 % of prince edward island ' s population and over 60 % of the population of new brunswick rely on groundwater to meet their domestic needs. furthermore, the predominant use of groundwater varies by province. in ontario, prince edward island, new brunswick, and the yukon, the largest users of groundwater are municipalities ; in alberta, saskatchewan, and manitoba, the agricultural industry for livestock watering ; in british columbia, quebec and the northwest territories, industry ; and in newfoundland and nova scotia, rural domestic use. prince edward island is almost totally dependent on groundwater for all its uses. groundwater as a source of energy groundwater may be used as a source of heat. ground source heat pumps are receiving increased attention as energy efficient commercial and residential heating / cooling systems. although initial costs are higher than air source systems - - due to the additional costs of the underground installations - - the much greater energy efficiency of ground source systems makes them increasingly attractive. research into the use of geothermal water has been carried out in a number of institutions across canada. the city of moose jaw has developed a geothermal heating system for a public swimming pool and recreational facility. carleton university in ottawa already uses groundwater to heat and cool its buildings. the health centre complex in sussex, new brunswick has been utilizing an aquifer for thermal energy storage since 1995. we often think of water quality as a matter of taste, clarity and odour, and in terms of other properties which determine whether water is fit for drinking. for other uses different properties may be important. most of these properties depend on the kinds of substances that are dissolved or suspended in the water. water for most industrial uses, for instance, must not be corrosive and must not contain dissolved solids that might precipitate on the surfaces of machinery and equipment. pure water is tasteless and odourless. a molecule of water contains only hydrogen and oxygen atoms. water is never found in a pure state in nature. both groundwater and surface water may contain many constituents, including microorganisms, gases, inorganic and organic materials. the chemical nature of water continually evolves as it moves through the hydrologic cycle. the kinds of chemical constituents found in groundwater depend, in part, on the chemistry of the precipitation and recharge water. near coastlines, precipitation contains higher concentrations of sodium chloride, and downwind of industrial areas, airborne sulphur and nitrogen compounds make precipitation acidic. one of the most important natural changes in groundwater chemistry occurs in the soil.


recharge water. near coastlines, precipitation contains higher concentrations of sodium chloride, and downwind of industrial areas, airborne sulphur and nitrogen compounds make precipitation acidic. one of the most important natural changes in groundwater chemistry occurs in the soil. soils contain high concentrations of carbon dioxide which dissolves in the groundwater, creating a weak acid capable of dissolving many silicate minerals. in its passage from recharge to discharge area, groundwater may dissolve substances it encounters or it may deposit some of its constituents along the way. the eventual quality of the groundwater depends on temperature and pressure conditions, on the kinds of rock and soil formations through which the groundwater flows, and possibly on the residence time. in general, faster flowing water dissolves less material. groundwater, of course, carries with it any soluble contaminants which it encounters. scientists assess water quality by measuring the amounts of the various constituents contained in the water. these amounts are often expressed as milligrams per litre ( mg / l ), which is equivalent to the number of grams of a substance per million grams of water. the suitability of water for a given use depends on many factors such as hardness, salinity and ph. acceptable values for each of these parameters for any given use depend on the use, not on the source of the water, so that the considerations important for surface water ( as mentioned in freshwater series no. a - 3, entitled " clean water – life depends on it! " ) are equally applicable to groundwater. the natural quality of groundwater differs from surface water in that : - for any given source, its quality, temperature and other parameters are less variable over the course of time and - in nature, the range of groundwater parameters encountered is much larger than for surface water, e. g., total dissolved solids can range from 25 mg / l in some places in the canadian shield to 300 000 mg / l in some deep saline waters in the interior plains. at any given location, groundwater tends to be harder and more saline than surface water, but this is by no means a universal rule. it is also generally the case that groundwater becomes more saline with increasing depth, but again, there are many exceptions. as groundwater flows through an aquifer it is naturally filtered. this filtering, combined with the long residence time underground, means that groundwater is usually free from disease - causing microorganisms. a source of contamination close to a well, however, can defeat these natural safeguards. natural filtering also means that groundwater usually


filtering, combined with the long residence time underground, means that groundwater is usually free from disease - causing microorganisms. a source of contamination close to a well, however, can defeat these natural safeguards. natural filtering also means that groundwater usually contains less suspended material and undissolved solids than surface water. see also groundwater contamination section groundwater and geology groundwater is also important quite apart from its value as a resource or its close connection with surface water supplies. engineers must consider groundwater when planning almost any kind of structure, either above or below the ground. ignoring the effect of groundwater on slope stability can be both costly and dangerous. geologists see groundwater as a major force in geological change. the fluid pressures exerted by groundwater, for example, play an important role in the occurrence of earthquakes. geologists also know that the movement of water through underground geologic formations controls the migration and the accumulation of petroleum and the formation of some ore deposits. groundwater and engineering groundwater can also have dramatic implications for engineering and geotechnical studies. the study of groundwater is essential for engineers who construct dams, tunnels, water conveyance channels, mines, and other structures. groundwater must be considered whenever the stability of slopes is important, whether the slope is natural or constructed. groundwater must also be taken into account when devising measures to control flooding. in all of these situations, groundwater flow and fluid pressure can create serious geotechnical problems. groundwater, for example, may create structural weaknesses in dams, or it may flow underground right around the structure as it did at the jerome dam in idaho. water flowed so efficiently through the rock formations surrounding the reservoir that the dam would hold no water, even though it was structurally sound. in another case, when geological exploration was being carried out in preparation for the construction of the revelstoke dam in british columbia, geologists and engineers were concerned about an old landslide on the bank of the proposed reservoir. they suspected that the water held in the reservoir could increase groundwater pressures enough to make the slide unstable. the solution was to increase drainage around the slide to ensure that groundwater pressures did not increase. in 1963, these same conditions at the vaiont reservoir in italy caused a slide which killed 2500 people. other problems result from the excessive use of groundwater. overdrafting occurs when people draw water out of an aquifer faster than nature can replenish it. the most obvious problem created is a shortage of water. overdrafting, however, can also create significant geotechnical problems. although not an issue in canada,


draw water out of an aquifer faster than nature can replenish it. the most obvious problem created is a shortage of water. overdrafting, however, can also create significant geotechnical problems. although not an issue in canada, at many locations around the world overdrafting has caused land subsidence. this can produce severe engineering difficulties. parts of mexico city, for instance, have subsided as much as 10 metres in the past 70 years, resulting in a host of problems in its water supply and sewerage system. land subsidence may also occur when the water table is lowered by drainage. in the early 1970s, for example, an entire residential subdivision in ottawa subsided when a collector sewer was constructed nearby. the subsidence seriously damaged the residents ' property. groundwater and wetlands wetlands, which provide a summer home to nearly all of north america ' s 45 million ducks and other waterfowl, often have very close connections with the groundwater system. some wetlands, e. g., potholes in higher ground, may serve as important groundwater recharge areas. others, especially those in low - lying areas, may be the receptors for significant amounts of groundwater discharge. therefore, if the underlying groundwater is contaminated, detrimental consequences will be felt by the wildlife and all other resources dependent on that wetland. groundwater and permafrost most of the terrain in the northwest territories and nunavut consists either of rugged glaciated canadian shield rock or of ground which is underlain by permafrost ( permanently frozen ground ). both of these inhibit the flow of groundwater. the major exceptions include the mackenzie mountains in western northwest territories and the yukon and the limestone terrain southwest of great slave lake, where soils, fractured rock, and glacial debris provide material that can store and release groundwater. on a local scale, the seasonal development of a thawed " active layer " above the permafrost can provide permeable pathways for the subsurface movement of water and contaminants. conclusion : safeguarding our groundwater supply groundwater is an essential resource. it exists everywhere under the canadian landscape and is vitally connected to our rich surface water resources. contamination of groundwater is a serious problem in canada. industrial and agricultural activities are major sources of contaminants, but canadian households are equally important sources. groundwater moves so slowly that problems take a long time to appear. because of this, and because it is so expensive to clean up a contaminated aquifer ( if it can be done at all ), it


power electronics group to build converter for superconducting magnetic energy storage in the vpec laboratories, kunrong wang ( g ) works on a design of a power conditioning system to be used for superconducting magnetic energy storage ( smes ). the virginia power electronics center ( vpec ) has received a contract from westinghouse inc. and the office of naval research to develop a system that will convert electrical energy for magnetic storage by utilities. under the three - year $ 700, 000 contract, vpec will develop a prototype power conditioning system for superconducting magnetic energy storage ( smes ), which is a state - of - the - art method for storing electrical energy. a smes unit consists of superconducting wire wound into a huge coil, which is cooled with liquid helium to minus 458 degrees fahrenheit so that the flow of electricity meets no resistance. direct - current ( dc ) electricity is fed into the coil, creating a magnetic field that can store the energy indefinitely. the power conditioning system being developed by vpec will convert excess ac electricity from utility lines to dc electricity that can be stored in smes units. when the stored energy is needed, the power conditioning system converts the dc electricity into ac for utility line use. utilities can store excess energy in smes units during the night and retrieve energy for use during peak - demand periods of the day. the storage - retrieval process is expected to be more than 95 percent efficient, which will enable utilities to realize significant cost - saving benefits.


of creative science projects - - these are not your typical science project ideas. these ideas can be turned into winning projects! | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | are two pictures of president george bush taken right after 9 / 11. notice that his facial expressions appear to indicate two completely different moods. could these pictures have been taken at the same time? are the seeds for a creative science project that you can develop using your own idea ; all you need is a computer and a digital camera... asymmetric facial expressions in the edinformatics list of creative science | | | | | | | | | | expanding a school science lab into a full science project - - many classroom experiments can be used as the beginning ' s of an excellent science project. here are some examples... we present examples of excellent science labs that can be transformed into full science projects. using free software - - java applets and is a large number of java applets and software packages that can be adapted for use as a science project. science project ideas this is a reviewed list of sites that provides ideas for projects and steps to start ideas for science experiments - - here is a list of sites that have some ideas for experiments that may be used as a starting point for a science project. science fairs - - ideas and resources to prepare for your science fair. still need help? - - ask an expert about your project. visit one of several ask an expert pages on the internet. what were some of the greatest inventions of all time? take a look at some of these inventions to get an idea for a science project


intersect working papers provides iowa - specific research on education issues published by the iowa department of education. in 1997, the u. s. office of management and budget ( omb ) revised the standard of classifying race and ethnicity for federal data. these new standards separated race and ethnicity and also allow respondents to choose more than one race. states must report using the new guidelines by the 2010 - 2011 school year. iowa implemented the changes for the 2009 - 2010 school year, re - identifying all students in the fall of 2009. iowa ’ s growth model acknowledges the hard work teachers invest in meeting the learning needs of non - proficient students. this study looks at iowa ’ s use of an approved growth model for determining adequate yearly progress ( ayp ). a teacher shortage exists in iowa. this study looks at the trends in teacher retention. iowa is one of the five states in the nation that has a low dropout rate. iowa ’ s dropout rates have been less than 2 percent for grades 7 - 12 and less than 3 percent for grades 9 - 12 ( see figure 1 ) since 1998. however, each year the total number of dropouts was over four thousand from grades 7 through 12 in iowa. the current study seeks answers for the following questions : are students more likely to drop out from some schools than others? is a zero dropout rate possible for a school district? are same dropout rates for students in different demographic groups? the main focus of this paper is the characteristics of the districts with no dropouts. iowa data support two facts : 1 ) a zero dropout rate is possible and, 2 ) iowa has 20 to 30 percent of the districts with a zero dropout rate in each of the last eight years. graduation rate is one of the most important indicators used to measure high school success. this study examines the differences between current and proposed formulas for determining graduation rates.


barnum ' s partnership with the famous bear hunter - - fooling him with the " golden pigeons " - - adams earns $ 500 at desperate cost - - tricking barnum out of a fine hunting suit - - prosperity of the museum - - visit of the prince of wales. the famous old american museum was now the centre of barnum ' s interests, and he devoted himself to its development with such energy as never before. his enterprise in securing new curiosities, and his skill in presenting them to the public in the most attractive light, surpassed all previous efforts. to his office, as to their mecca, flocked all the " freaks " of the land, and all who possessed any objects of rare or marvelous nature. foremost among these visitors was one veteran frontiersman, who had attained - - and well deserved - - much fame as a fighter of the most savage wild beasts. his name was james c. adams, but he was universally known as " grizzly adams, " from the fact that he had captured a great many grizzly bears at the risk and cost of fearful encounters and perils. he was brave, and with his bravery there was enough of the romantic in his nature to make him a real hero. for many years a hunter and trapper in the rocky and sierra nevada mountains, he acquired a recklessness, which, added to his natural invincible courage, rendered him one of the most striking men of the age, and he was emphatically a man of pluck. a month after barnum had re - purchased the museum, adams arrived in new york with his famous collection of california animals, captured by himself, consisting of twenty or thirty immense grizzly bears, at the head of which stood " old samson, " together with several wolves, half a dozen different species of california bears, california lions, tigers, buffalo, elk, and " old neptune, " the great sea - lion from the pacific. old adams had trained all these monsters so that with him they were as docile as kittens, though many of the most ferocious among them would attack a stranger without hesitation, if he came within their grasp. in fact, the training of these animals was no fool ' s play, as old adams learned to his cost, for the terrific blows which he received from time to time, while teaching them " docility, " finally cost him his life. adams called on barnum immediately on his arrival in new york. he was dressed in his hunter ' s suit of buckskin, trimmed with


which he received from time to time, while teaching them " docility, " finally cost him his life. adams called on barnum immediately on his arrival in new york. he was dressed in his hunter ' s suit of buckskin, trimmed with the skins and bordered with the hanging tails of small rocky mountain animals ; his cap consisting of the skin of a wolf ' s head and shoulders, from which depended several tails, and under which appeared his stiff bushy, gray hair and his long, white, grizzly beard ; in fact, old adams was quite as much of a show as his beasts. they had come around cape horn on the clipper ship " golden fleece, " and a sea voyage of three and a half months had probably not added much to the beauty or neat appearance of the old bear - hunter. during their conversation grizzly adams took off his cap, and showed barnum the top of his head. his skull was literally broken in. it had, on various occasions, been struck by the fearful paws of his grizzly students ; and the last blow, from the bear called " general fremont, " had laid open his brain so that its workings were plainly visible. barnum remarked that he thought it was a dangerous wound and might possibly prove fatal. " yes, " replied adams, " that will fix me out. it had nearly healed ; but old fremont opened it for me, for the third or fourth time, before i left california, and he did his business so thoroughly, i ' m a used - up man. however, i reckon i may live six months or a year yet. " this was spoken as coolly as if he had been talking about the life of a dog. this extraordinary man had come to see barnum about the " california menagerie, " of which he, adams, was the owner. barnum had shortly before, however, purchased one - half interest in it from a man who had claimed to be adams ' s equal partner. this adams disputed, declaring that he had merely borrowed from the man some money on the security of the show, that the man was not his partner, and that he had no right to sell one - half or any portion of the menagerie. as a matter of fact, however, the man did have a bill of sale for one - half of the show, and adams was soon convinced that barnum ' s purchase was entirely legitimate. the result was that barnum and adams formed a regular partnership, the former to attend to


, the man did have a bill of sale for one - half of the show, and adams was soon convinced that barnum ' s purchase was entirely legitimate. the result was that barnum and adams formed a regular partnership, the former to attend to all business affairs, the latter to exhibit the animals. the show was opened in a huge canvas tent on broadway, at the corner of thirteenth street. on the morning of opening, a band of music preceded a procession of animal cages down broadway and up the bowery, old adams, dressed in his hunting costume, heading the line, with a platform wagon on which were placed three immense grizzly bears, two of which he held by chains, while he was mounted on the back of the largest grizzly, which stood in the centre and was not secured in any manner whatever. this was the bear known as " general fremont, " and so docile had he become that adams said he had used him as a pack - bear, to carry his cooking and hunting apparatus through the mountains for six months, and had ridden him hundreds of miles. but apparently docile as were many of these animals, there was not one among them that would not occasionally give adams a sly blow or a sly bite when a good chance offered ; hence old adams was but a wreck of his former self, and expressed pretty nearly the truth when he " mr. barnum, i am not the man i was five years ago. then i felt able to stand the hug of any grizzly living, and was always glad to encounter, single handed, any sort of an animal that dared present himself. but i have been beaten to a jelly, torn almost limb from limb, and nearly chawed up and spit out by these treacherous grizzly bears. however, i am good for a few months yet, and by that time i hope we shall gain enough to make my old woman comfortable, for i have been absent from her some years. " his wife came from massachusetts to new york and nursed him. dr. johns dressed his wounds every day, and not only told adams he could never recover, but assured his friends that probably a very few weeks would lay him in his grave. but adams was as firm as adamant and as resolute as a lion. among the thousands who saw him dressed in his grotesque hunter ' s suit, and witnessed the seeming vigor with which he " performed " the savage monsters, beating and whipping them into apparently the most perfect docility, probably not one suspected that this rough, fierce -


thousands who saw him dressed in his grotesque hunter ' s suit, and witnessed the seeming vigor with which he " performed " the savage monsters, beating and whipping them into apparently the most perfect docility, probably not one suspected that this rough, fierce - looking, powerful semi - savage, as he appeared to be, was suffering intense pain from his broken skull and fevered system, and that nothing kept him from stretching himself on his death - bed but his most indomitable and extraordinary will. adams was an inveterate story - teller, and often " drew the long bow " with daring hand. he loved to astonish people with extraordinary tales, which were sheer inventions, but which no one could disprove. he pretended, too, to have been everywhere and to have seen everything. this weakness made him good game for barnum, who determined to expose his foibles to him at the first opportunity. the opportunity soon came. one day, amid the innumerable caravan of cranks that moved to the weird realm of barnum ' s wonder - house, there appeared a fat, stolid german, carrying in his hand a small basket, which he guarded with jealous care. " i have come, " he said, " to see if you would not like some golden pigeons to buy? " " yes, " barnum replied, " i would like a flock of golden pigeons, if i could buy them for their weight in silver ; for there are no ' golden pigeons ' in existence, unless they are made from the pure metal. " " you shall some golden pigeons alive see, " he replied, at the same time entering the office, and closing the door after him. he then removed the lid from the basket, and sure enough, there were snugly ensconced a pair of beautiful, living ruff - necked pigeons, as yellow as saffron, and as bright as a double - eagle fresh from the mint. barnum was somewhat staggered at this sight, and quickly asked the man where those birds came from. a dull, lazy smile crawled over the sober face of the german visitor, as he replied in a slow, guttural tone of voice : " what you think yourself? " catching his meaning, barnum quickly replied : " i think it is a humbug. " " of course, i know you will so say ; because you ' forstha ' such things ; so i shall not try to humbug you ; i have them myself colored


replied : " i think it is a humbug. " " of course, i know you will so say ; because you ' forstha ' such things ; so i shall not try to humbug you ; i have them myself colored. " it then came out that the man was a chemist, and that he had invented a process by which he could dye the feathers of living birds any color he pleased, retaining at the same time all the natural gloss of the plumage. barnum at once closed a bargain with him for the birds, for ten dollars, and then put them in his " happy family " at the museum. he marked them " golden pigeons, from california, " and then gleefully awaited adams ' next visit, feeling sure that the old fellow would be completely taken in. sure enough, next morning adams came along, saw the pigeons, looked at them earnestly for a few minutes, and then went straight to the office. " mr. barnum, " said he, " you must let me have those california pigeons. " " i can ' t spare them, " said barnum. " but you must spare them. all the birds and animals from california ought to be together. you own half of my california menagerie, and you must lend me those pigeons. " " mr. adams, they are too rare and valuable a bird to be hawked about in that manner. " " oh, don ' t be a fool, " replied adams. " rare bird, indeed! why, they are just as common in california as any other pigeon! i could have brought a hundred of them from san francisco, if i had thought of it. " " but why did you not think of it? " with a " because they are so common there, " said adams. " i did not think they would be any curiosity here. " barnum was ready to burst with laughter to see how readily adams swallowed the bait, but, maintaining the most rigid gravity, he replied : " oh! well, mr. adams, if they are really so common in california, you had probably better take them, and you may write over and have half a dozen pairs sent to me for the museum. " a few weeks later barnum, being in the california menagerie, noticed that something ailed the pigeons. they had a sadly - mottled appearance. their feathers had grown out, and they were half white. adams had not yet noticed it, being too busy with his bears. but


california menagerie, noticed that something ailed the pigeons. they had a sadly - mottled appearance. their feathers had grown out, and they were half white. adams had not yet noticed it, being too busy with his bears. but barnum called him at once to the pigeon cage. " look here, adams, " he said, " i ' m afraid you are going to lose your golden pigeons. they must be very sick. just see how pale they look! good thing they ' re so common in california, so you can easily get some more, adams looked at them a moment in astonishment, then turning to barnum, and seeing that he could not suppress a smile, he indignantly exclaimed : " blast the golden pigeons! you had better take them back to the museum. you can ' t humbug me with your painted pigeons! " this was too much, and barnum laughed till he cried, to witness the mixed look of astonishment and vexation which marked the grizzly features of after the exhibition on thirteenth street and broadway had been open six weeks, the doctor insisted that adams should sell out his share in the animals and settle up his worldly affairs, for he assured him that he was growing weaker every day, and his earthly existence must soon terminate. " i shall live a good deal longer than you doctors think for, " replied adams, doggedly ; and then, seeming after all to realize the truth of the doctor ' s assertion, he turned and said : " well, mr. barnum, you must buy me out. " a bargain was soon concluded. arrangements had been made to exhibit the bears in connecticut and massachusetts during the summer, in connection with the museum, and adams insisted that barnum should engage him to travel for the season and manage the bears. he offered to do it for $ 60 a week and expenses. barnum replied that he would gladly make such an arrangement, but he feared adams was not strong enough to stand " you are growing weaker every day, " he said ; " and would better go to your home and rest. " " what will you give me extra if i will travel and exhibit the bears every day for ten weeks? " added old adams, eagerly. " five hundred dollars. " " done! " exclaimed adams, " i will do it, so draw up an agreement to that effect at once. but mind you, draw it payable to my wife, for i may be too weak to attend to business after the ten weeks are


done! " exclaimed adams, " i will do it, so draw up an agreement to that effect at once. but mind you, draw it payable to my wife, for i may be too weak to attend to business after the ten weeks are up, and if i perform my part of the contract, i want her to get the $ 500 without any trouble. " barnum drew up a contract to pay him $ 60 per week for his services, and if he continued to exhibit the bears for ten consecutive weeks, to hand him, or his wife, $ 500 extra. " you have lost your $ 500! " exclaimed adams on taking the contract ; " for i am bound to live and earn it. " " i hope you may, with all my heart, and a hundred years more if you desire it, " replied barnum. " call me a fool if i don ' t earn the $ 500! " exclaimed adams, with a triumphant laugh. the " show " started off in a few days, and at the end of a fortnight barnum met it at hartford, connecticut. " well " said he, " adams, you seem to stand it pretty well. i hope you and your wife are comfortable? " " yes, " he replied with a laugh ; " and you may as well try to be comfortable, too, for your $ 500 is a goner. " " all right, " barnum replied, " i hope you will grow better every day. " but the case was hopeless. adams was dying. when barnum met him three weeks later at new bedford his eyes were glassy and his hands trembling, but his courage and will were strong as ever. " this hot weather tells on me, " he said, " but i ' ll last the ten weeks and more, and get your $ 500. " barnum urged him to quit work, to take half of the $ 500 and go home. but, no. he would not listen to it. and he did actually serve through the whole ten weeks, and got the $ 500 ; remarking, as he pocketed the cash, " barnum, it ' s too bad you ' re a teetotaler, for i ' d like to stand treat with you on this. " when adams set out on this last tour, barnum had a fine new hunting - suit made of beaver - skins. he had procured it for herr driesbach, the animal tamer, whom he had engaged to take adams '


. " when adams set out on this last tour, barnum had a fine new hunting - suit made of beaver - skins. he had procured it for herr driesbach, the animal tamer, whom he had engaged to take adams ' place whenever the latter should give out. adams had asked him to loan him the suit, to wear occasionally when he had great audiences, as his own suit was badly worn. barnum did so ; and at the end of the engagement, as he received the $ 500, adams said : " mr. barnum, i suppose you are going to give me this new " oh, no, " barnum replied, " i got that for your successor, who will exhibit the bears to - morrow, besides, you have no possible use for " now, don ' t be mean, but lend me the dress, if you won ' t give it to me, for i want to wear it home to my native village. " barnum could not refuse the poor old man anything, and he " well, adams, i will lend you the dress, but you will send it back to me? " " yes, when i have done with it, " he replied, with an evident chuckle of triumph. barnum thought, " he will soon be done with it, " and replied : " that ' s all right. " a new idea evidently struck adams, for, with a brightening look of satisfaction, he said : " now, barnum, you have made a good thing out of the california menagerie, and so have i ; but you will make a heap more. so if you won ' t give me this new hunter ' s dress, just draw a little writing, and sign it, saying that i may wear it until i have done with it. " barnum knew that in a few days, at longest, he would be " done " with this world altogether, and, to gratify him, he cheerfully drew and signed the paper. " come, old yankee, i ' ve got you this time - - see. if i hadn ' t! " exclaimed adams, with a broad grin, as he took the paper. barnum smiled, and said : " all right, my dear fellow ; the longer you live the better i shall like it, " they parted, and adams went to charlton, worcester county, massachusetts, where his wife and daughter lived. he took at once to his bed, and never rose from it again. the excitement


the longer you live the better i shall like it, " they parted, and adams went to charlton, worcester county, massachusetts, where his wife and daughter lived. he took at once to his bed, and never rose from it again. the excitement had passed away, and his vital energies could accomplish no more, the fifth day after arriving home, the physician told him he could not live until the next morning. he received the announcement in perfect calmness, and with the most apparent indifference ; then, turning to his wife, with a smile he requested her to have him buried in the new hunting - suit. " for, " said he, " barnum agreed to let me have it until i have done with it, and i was determined to fix his flint this time. he shall never see that dress again. " that dress was indeed the shroud in which he was entombed. after adams ' death, barnum incorporated the california menagerie with the american museum, for a time, but afterward sold most of the animals. the museum was now most prosperous, and barnum was making steady progress toward paying off the debts that burdened him. in the fall of 1860 the museum was visited by the prince of wales and his suite, in response to an invitation from barnum. unfortunately, barnum himself had gone to bridgeport that very morning, the invitation not having been accepted until about an hour before the visit. mr. greenwood, the manager, when he heard that the prince was coming, caused the performance in the lecture - room to be commenced half an hour before the usual time, so as to clear the floors of a portion of the crowd, in order that he might have a better opportunity to examine the curiosities. when the prince arrived, there was a great crowd outside the museum, and hundreds more were soon added to the numbers assembled within the building. he was received by mr. greenwood, and immediately conducted to the second story, where the first object of interest pointed out was the " what is it? " in which his royal highness manifested much curiosity. in compliance with his wish, the keeper went through the regular account of the animal. here, also, the party were shown the albino family, concerning whom they made inquiries. the siamese twins, the sea - lions, and the seal were also pointed out, and some of the animals were fed in the presence of the prince at his own request. he was conducted through the building, and his attention was called to many objects of special interest


building a medical vocabulary with spanish translationsby - peggy leonard, ba, mt, med, chesterfield, mo the language of medicine is complex, but learning it doesnt have to be. using a conversational writing style and a logical, programmed approach, building a medical vocabulary with spanish translations, 8th edition starts with common words you hear everyday and adds new root words, prefixes, and suffixes to introduce you to key medical terminology. additionally, this valuable text comes with a wealth of engaging review tools - such as interactive games, sound files, and programmed learning sections - to enhance your understanding of textbook terms and principles, polish your pronunciation skills, and help you get comfortable communicating in the language of health care. paperback, 715 pages published : october 2011 introductory chapters 1. tools for building medical terms2. building on familiar terms3. diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical terms 4. diseases and disorders5. prefixes 6. organization of the body7. body fluids and immunitybody systems chapters8. circulatory system 9. respiratory system10. digestive system11. urinary system12. reproductive system 13. reproduction and sexually transmitted diseases14. musculoskeletal system15. nervous system and psychological disorders16. integumentary system17. endocrine system18. review by chapterappendicesi. medical abbreviations ii. enhancing spanish communications iii. word parts iv. solutions to review questions


the following are health and medical definitions of terms that appear in the ciprofloxacin, cipro, cipro xr, proquin xr article. abdominal : relating to the abdomen, the belly, that part of the body that contains all of the structures between the chest and the pelvis. the abdomen is separated anatomically from the chest by the diaphragm, the powerful muscle spanning the body cavity below the lungs. abdominal pain : pain in the belly. abdominal pain can be acute or chronic. it may reflect a major problem with one of the organs in the abdomen, such as appendicitis or a perforated intestine, or it may result from a fairly minor problem, such as excess buildup of intestinal gas. absorption : uptake. for example, intestinal absorption is the uptake of food ( or other substances ) from the digestive tract. achilles tendon : one of the longest tendons in the body, a tough sinew that attaches the calf muscle to the back of the heel bone ( calcaneus ). the name comes from greek mythology : the hero achilles was invulnerable to injury except for his heel, which proved his downfall when it was pierced by paris ' s arrow. it has also proved, literally, to be the downfall of many athletes who have experienced the sudden pain of its rupture. anaphylaxis : allergic reaction. in severe cases, this can include potentially deadly anaphylactic shock. antibiotic : a drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. originally, an antibiotic was a substance produced by one microorganism that selectively inhibits the growth of another. synthetic antibiotics, usually chemically related to natural antibiotics, have since been produced that accomplish comparable tasks. anticoagulant : an agent that is used to prevent the formation of blood clots. anticoagulants have various uses. some are used for the prevention or treatment of disorders characterized by abnormal blood clots and emboli. anticoagulant drugs include intravenous heparin, which acts by inactivating thrombin and several other clotting factors that are required for a clot to form, and oral anticoagulants such as warfarin and dicumarol, which act by inhibiting the liver ' s production of vitamin k ' dependent factors that are crucial to clotting. anticoagulant solutions are also