american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - a country of central and northwest north america with coastlines on the atlantic and pacific oceans. it includes the noncontiguous states of alaska and hawaii and various island territories in the caribbean sea and pacific ocean. the area now occupied by the contiguous 48 states was originally inhabited by numerous native american peoples and was colonized beginning in the 16th century by spain, france, the netherlands, and england. great britain eventually controlled most of the atlantic coast and, after the french and indian wars ( 1754 - 1763 ), the northwest territory and canada. the original thirteen colonies declared their independence from great britain in 1776 and formed a government under the articles of confederation in 1781, adopting ( 1787 ) a new constitution that went into effect after 1789. the nation soon began to expand westward. growing tensions over the issue of black slavery divided the country along geographic lines, sparking the secession of the south and the civil war ( 1861 - 1865 ). the remainder of the 19th century was marked by increased westward expansion, industrialization, and the influx of millions of immigrants. the united states entered world war ii after the japanese attack ( 1941 ) on pearl harbor and emerged after the war as a world power. washington, d. c., is the capital and new york the largest city. population : 302, 000, 000. - n. singular shortened form of united states of america - n. plural the collection of individual states of the united states of america. - n. military includes the land area, internal waters, territorial sea, and airspace of the united states, including the following : - n. federal nation consisting of several states, actual, historical or hypothetical. - n. the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the united states - n. north american republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in north america plus alaska in northwest north america and the hawaiian islands in the pacific ocean ; achieved independence in 1776 “ the most serious of these, the family of polio enteroviruses, have been eradicated in the united states as a result of aggressive vaccine campaigns. ” “ lobbied for an appointment in the united states land office. ” “ elsewhere in the united states and around the world : kilburn kh, warshow rh. ” “ when viewed in september 2004 on the atsdr website, the public health statement on pbdes stated : recent studies have shown that levels of lower brominated pbdes in the general population of the


##h, warshow rh. ” “ when viewed in september 2004 on the atsdr website, the public health statement on pbdes stated : recent studies have shown that levels of lower brominated pbdes in the general population of the united states continue to rise. ” “ in anniston, alabama, investigators funded by the agency for toxic substances and disease registry are conducting studies to determine whether high rates of autoimmune disease in the area are linked to an industrial manufacturing site where most of the pcbs in the united states were once manufactured and dumped. ” “ as of the writing of this book, the case was pending appeal on the docket of the united states supreme court. 7 ” “ cooper is also coeditor of a collection of original stories entitled a fictional history of the united states with huge chunks missing. ” “ even worse, some people were talking about matloubi, who had come to the united states with a reputation for being a fearless player with a superaggressive style, as the new stuey ungar. ” “ it is simply not true that research supports the pentagon ' s claim that middle eastern dust is similar to that in the united states or that it poses no health risks, says hopke, a clarkson university scientist who conducted the national research council study. ” “ she was impatient to meet with sam watson, who had begged her to come back to the united states two days early. ” ‘ united states ’ hasn ' t been added to any lists yet. looking for tweets for united states.


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. one given to or skilled at conversation. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. a talker ; especially, an agreeable and interesting talker ; a converser ; one who excels in conversation. - n. a person who participates in a conversation. - n. a person skilled in conversation, especially one who is not expert on the topic of conversation. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. a conversationist. - n. someone skilled at conversation “ what you want in a conversationalist is as much character as authority. ” “ and we saw shaftesbury earlier argue that my function as conversationalist is affected by the quality of recognition my efforts receive. ” “ but it is enthusiasm itself that she identifies as a conversationalist ' s greatest asset - - and not just zeal for the sound of your own voice. ” “ he ' s also probably a great conversationalist, which is the only reason i chose him over neil young, who would probably stand there looking furiously at his shoes for 25 minutes. ” “ i do not remember of a more fluent " conversationalist " in my life. ” “ sure, mannequins aren ' t all that talkative, but isn ' t that the best kind of conversationalist, somebody - - or something - - who ' ll just listen? ” “ in fact, his flexibility, as a key " conversationalist " for hhs, reflects the very point i tried to underscore in the story. ” “ brilliant scientist and witty conversationalist, bestselling author and architect of the great surveys that mapped the west after the civil war, king was named by john hay the best and brightest of his generation. ” “ friend to secretary of state john hay and eminent historian henry adams, king was a brilliant conversationalist and spellbinding storyteller, a visionary geologist who did more than anyone to map the american west, and a man who seemed to embody the american ideals of powerful intelligence wedded to manly vigor and adventurous spirit. ” “ an amazing conversationalist, he made us all comfortable in minutes. ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ conversationalist ’. a list of words that are odd or words that i have looked up. compartmentalisation, compartmentalization, counterrevolution..., counterrevolutionary, electroencephalogram, electroencephalog...


laos climate & weather laos climate and weather laos has a tropical climate with year - round high temperatures and two distinct seasons : the wet season from may to october, and the dry season from november to april. during the wet season, the topography of ( mountainous ) laos means there is the risk of landslides. the temperatures are lower during the wet season, averaging 73°f ( 23°c ), with august being the wettest month. the dry season has two distinct sub - sections : the cool dry period from november to february and the hot dry season from march to april. dry season temperatures average at 82°f ( 28°c ), and the hottest month is april. between march and may laos experiences a very hot season, with day - time temperatures often reaching 104°f ( 40°c ). the best time to visit laos is between november and march, when it is dry and temperatures are pleasant, although this is high tourist season and so accommodation prices may be higher than they are at other times of the year. if you are travelling on a budget it may actually be better to brave the wet season. having said that, laos is still an off - the - beaten track travel destination and you are unlikely to struggle with crowds even during the peak season. become our laos travel expert we are looking for contributors for our laos travel guide. if you are a local, a regular traveller to laos or a travel professional with time to contribute and answer occasional forum questions, please contact us. discover mekong, an indochina - based tour operator, provides private or small group tours, hotel reservations and daily excursions to laos. your perfect holiday starts here. intrepid travel, one of the world ' s leading suppliers of small group adventures focused on getting off the beaten track, interacting with the locals and having real life experiences throughout laos. explore waterfalls and rainforests of the boloven plateau. trek the namtha mountain trail. build your own laos adventure.


how a nuclear reactor makes electricity a nuclear reactor produces and controls the release of energy from splitting the atoms of uranium. uranium - fuelled nuclear power is a clean and efficient way of boiling water to make steam which drives turbine generators. except for the reactor itself, a nuclear power station works like most coal or gas - fired power stations. the reactor core several hundred fuel assemblies containing thousands of small pellets of ceramic uranium oxide fuel make up the core of a reactor. for a reactor with an output of 1000 megawatts ( mwe ), the core would contain about 75 tonnes of enriched in the reactor core the u - 235 isotope fissions or splits, producing a lot of heat in a continuous process called a chain reaction. the process depends on the presence of a moderator such as water or graphite, and is fully controlled. the moderator slows down the neutrons produced by fission of the uranium nuclei so that they go on to produce more fissions. some of the u - 238 in the reactor core is turned into plutonium and about half of this is also fissioned similarly, providing about one third of the reactor ' s energy output. the fission products remain in the ceramic fuel and undergo radioactive decay, releasing a bit more heat. they are the main wastes from the process. the reactor core sits inside a steel pressure vessel, so that water around it remains liquid even at the operating temperature of over 320°c. steam is formed either above the reactor core or in separate pressure vessels, and this drives the turbine to produce electricity. the steam is then condensed and the pwrs and bwrs the main design is the pressurised water reactor ( pwr ) which has water in its primary cooling / heat transfer circuit, and generates steam in a secondary circuit. the less popular boiling water reactor ( bwr ) makes steam in the primary circuit above the reactor core, though it is still under considerable pressure. both types use water as both coolant and moderator, to slow to maintain efficient reactor performance, about one - third or half of the used fuel is removed every year or two, to be replaced with fresh fuel. the pressure vessel and any steam generators are housed in a massive containment structure with reinforced concrete about 1. 2 metres thick. this is to protect neighbours if there is a major problem inside the reactor, and to protect the reactor from because some heat is generated from radioactive decay even after the reactor is shut down, cooling systems are provided to remove this heat as well as the main operational heat output. natural prehistoric


this podcast describes an investigation into how h1n1 was spreading within households during the initial days of the pandemic in texas. cdc ' s dr. oliver morgan discusses what investigators learned about the role that children played in introducing the virus into households and spreading flu. created : 3 / 29 / 2010 by emerging infectious diseases. date released : 3 / 29 / 2010. series name : emerging infectious diseases. [ announcer ] this podcast is presented by the centers for disease control and prevention. cdc — safer, healthier people. [ karen hunter ] hello, i ' m karen hunter. with me today is dr. oliver morgan, an epidemiologist at the centers for disease control and prevention. we ' re talking about a paper in the april 2010 issue of cdc ' s journal, emerging infectious diseases. the article looks at the spread of the pandemic influenza strain h1n1 in the spring of 2009 in texas, specifically whether the flu was spreading between family members in households and, if so, how. welcome, dr. morgan. [ oliver morgan ] thank you. [ karen hunter ] this new flu was first identified in april 2009 and, by june, had spread across the globe. cdc and the texas department of health set out to investigate whether flu was spreading within households. dr. morgan, why is it so important to look at household transmission? [ oliver morgan ] household transmission is a good indicator of infectiousness of influenza. and when we did this investigation at the very beginning of the pandemic in the u. s., the findings from this investigation along with others were used to immediately inform the public health response. [ karen hunter ] what did you find in texas? [ oliver morgan ] we included 349 individuals from 77 households. we found that nine percent of household members who were exposed to another ill household member with h1n1 flu also developed flu. however, children were more affected than adults. eighteen percent of children under five years of age and 11 percent of 5 to 18 year olds got the flu, much higher than numbers we saw among the adults in the households. we also found that children were more likely to be the person to introduce the flu into the household than adults. [ karen hunter ] what are some of the reasons that children may have been more at risk or more likely to spread the disease? [ oliver morgan ] children tend not to cover their mouths when they cough or wash their hands when they sneeze. and this may mean that they ' re more likely to spread the flu


been more at risk or more likely to spread the disease? [ oliver morgan ] children tend not to cover their mouths when they cough or wash their hands when they sneeze. and this may mean that they ' re more likely to spread the flu virus. children also tend to have close physical contact with their brothers and sisters, as well as parents or caregivers, which may increase the risk of infection. another possibility is that adults may have greater immunity to the flu virus from previous flu virus infections during their lifetime. [ karen hunter ] what does this investigation tell us about future pandemics? [ oliver morgan ] well, this investigation cannot tell us what will happen during future pandemics because a new flu virus may behave very differently. however, it does confirm that children play an important role in the transmission of influenza viruses and that reducing infection among children and their caregivers, such as giving them h1n1 vaccine, may help reduce the spread of the disease. [ karen hunter ] thanks dr. morgan. i ' ve been talking with cdc ' s dr. oliver morgan about a paper that appears in the april 2010 issue of cdc ' s journal, emerging infectious diseases. you can see the entire article online at www. cdc. gov / eid. if you ' d like to comment on this podcast, send an email to firstname. lastname @ example. org. that ' s eideditor – one word - at cdc. gov. i ' m karen hunter, for emerging infectious diseases. [ announcer ] for the most accurate health information, visit www. cdc. gov or call 1 - 800 - cdc - info, 24 / 7.


stepping up the numbers who walk to school thursday, 18 october 2012 hampshire county council is working with the national charity, living streets, to encourage more school pupils to walk part, or all of the way, to and from school. working with primary and secondary schools over three years based on the countrywide ' walk to school ' campaigns, two specialists from the charity will be working, over three years, with primary and secondary schools in hampshire to encourage them to revisit and update their school travel plans, and to take up living streets ' initiatives aimed at motivating more parents and pupils to walk to school. the package of measures they can offer include their successful ' wow ' ( walk once a week ) campaign for primary schools, and ' free your feet ' or ' campaign in a box ' interventions for secondary schools. a number of schools will also benefit from intensive support to identify and tackle barriers to walking, as well as to promote walking to school and its benefits. schools with greatest potential to increase walking selected on behalf of the county council, the living streets officers will work with 122 primary schools and 26 secondary schools over the next three years. these schools have been selected because they have been identified as having the greatest potential to increase walking : these are schools where a high proportion of pupils are driven to school despite even though many of them live within walking distance. the hampshire hands up school survey ( 2010 ) indicated that more than 60, 000 cars in hampshire either drive a longer route or travel during peak periods to take children to school, which increases congestion. walking, scooting or even cycling to school can go a long way towards reducing the number of cars on the road, as well as achieving the department of health ' s recommended target of 60 minutes of exercise a day for children. more active ways of getting to school can also help to build confidence and contribute to the development of children ' s independence. an added bonus is that parents can save on increasing fuel costs. councillor mel kendal, deputy leader and executive member for environment and transport, commented : " in the uk, over half of primary school children do not walk to school regularly. although this is unavoidable in some cases, being driven to school every day can mean that children miss out on learning valuable lessons about road safety and how to keep themselves safe. " this project is part of the ' my journey ' campaign, to encourage people to consider their travel options for everyday journeys and to try alternative ways of travelling instead of in their car. leaving the car at home can save


how to keep themselves safe. " this project is part of the ' my journey ' campaign, to encourage people to consider their travel options for everyday journeys and to try alternative ways of travelling instead of in their car. leaving the car at home can save people money, increase their level of physical activity and help to reduce congestion and carbon emissions, particularly on roads in the vicinity of our schools. " it also complements the county council ' s existing, long term road safety work with young people in primary and secondary schools such as : the streets ahead pedestrian training for children age six and seven years, bikeability cycle training for young people and the recently launched streetsense campaign focused on secondary school age pupils. " living streets ' chief executive, tony armstrong, said : " we help 1. 9 million children a year walk to school by tackling the barriers to walking and we ' re delighted to be working with the county council to help deliver the benefits in hampshire. parents tell us that the journey to school is less stressful, their petrol bill goes down, their children perform better at school and that they, and their children, feel healthier and fitter. reducing gridlock on roads near the school gates not only improves road safety for pupils and local residents, but has benefits for everyone in the local community. " a partnership of eleven local authorities across the country made a successful bid for £4. 8 million from the department for transport ' s local sustainable transport fund and it is this that will fund the three year project. the objectives of the government ' s fund are to reduce congestion at peak times, and to reduce carbon and greenhouse gas emissions


taimi pitkanen last saw her brother aate ( ah - tay ) in a leningrad railway station in 1931. taimi was returning to canada from moscow ; aate was headed for soviet karelia, on the border with finland, where his skills in electricity and languages - both english and finnish - were badly needed. aate never came back. even when the dream went sour, aate held on, writing home until, in 1941, hitler attacked the ussr. after that, no one in canada heard anything more of aate pitkanen. sixty years later, the discovery of his last letters - written but never mailed from a finnish prisoner - of - war camp - reveals his fate and brings together taimi and alfred, the son aate never met. visiting taimi in canada, alfred pitkanen learns the dramatic story of his father ' s canadian family and of " karelia fever, " the enthusiasm that gripped so many finnish canadians in the 1930s. almost forgotten now, it lured thousands to a tragic fate in the soviet union. alfred follows his father ' s journey from thunder bay, ontario, to karelia, from young communist pioneer to ski champion of the ussr to soviet spy. with him we learn aate ' s fate and the story of one of the great dreams of the twentieth century. more info on this film in nfb catalogue » »


volume 7, number 6 — december 2001 the changing epidemiology of malaria in minnesota malaria cases reported to the minnesota department of health increased from 5 in 1988 to 76 in 1998, paralleling the number of immigrants to minnesota. in 20 % of cases, the plasmodium species was not identified ; 44 % of cases were hospitalized. the public health community needs to reevaluate current recommendations for refugee screening, provider and patient education, and laboratory capacity. malaria infects 300 to 500 million people worldwide and accounts for over 1 million deaths annually ( 1 ). of all infectious diseases, it is second only to tuberculosis in the number of people killed ( 1 ). as a result of political unrest and economic hardship, many refugees and immigrants from malaria - endemic areas are moving to nonendemic countries. this provides unique challenges to health - care providers, who may be confronted with diseases not previously observed during their training or clinical practice. this study examined the changing epidemiology of imported malaria, i. e., malaria that is acquired abroad but diagnosed in the united states. our goal was to add to previous knowledge of imported malaria by summarizing surveillance data from 1988 through 1998 and by discussing the implications for refugee screening, provider and patient education, and laboratory capacity. malaria is a reportable disease to the minnesota department of health ( mdh ) and the centers for disease control and prevention. all cases of malaria reported from january 1988 to december 1998 were included in this study. a confirmed case was one diagnosed by microscope in a minnesota resident with plasmodium species. when a case was reported, a standardized malaria case surveillance form was completed by telephone in consultation with medical providers, laboratory staff, and the patient. data collected include demographic information, clinical history, travel and immigration history, history of prior malarial infections, and species of plasmodium. cases of malaria were categorized as follows : cases in travelers or immigrants, u. s. born or foreign born persons, and u. s. citizen or non - u. s. citizen. a traveler was defined as a person whose travel originated and ended in minnesota ; an immigrant was defined as a person whose travel originated in a foreign country. citizenship was based on the reported status at the time of diagnosis. from january 1, 1988, to december 31, 1998, 265 cases of malaria were reported to the mdh. the number of cases per year ranged from a low of 5 cases in 1988 to 76 cases in 1998 ( figure ). demographic characteristics of cases are


1, 1988, to december 31, 1998, 265 cases of malaria were reported to the mdh. the number of cases per year ranged from a low of 5 cases in 1988 to 76 cases in 1998 ( figure ). demographic characteristics of cases are presented in the table. of the 212 cases with reported travel status, 138 ( 65 % ) were considered travelers from minnesota, and 74 ( 35 % ) cases were immigrants to minnesota. from 1988 through 1994, the percentage of cases in travelers was as high as 94 %. in 1995 the ratio of travelers to immigrants began to change. by 1998 there were 38 ( 54 % ) immigrants and 32 ( 46 % ) travelers in the 70 cases with a known status ( chi square for linear trend = 15. 0 ; p < 0. 005 ). among those with known citizenship status ( n = 164 ), u. s. citizens accounted for up to 78 % of the cases per year in the period from 1988 through 1994. by 1998, 18 ( 28 % ) of 65 malaria cases ( 11 cases had an unknown status ) had u. s. citizenship, while 47 ( 72 % ) were non - u. s. citizens ( chi square test for linear trend = 13. 5 ; p < 0. 005 ). in 1998, excluding 10 cases for which we could not ascertain birthplace, 13 ( 20 % ) cases were born in the united states and 53 ( 80 % ) abroad. of those born abroad with a known country of birth, 33 ( 87 % ) were born in africa, 20 ( 53 % ) of these in liberia ( west africa ). among the patients who were born abroad, sites of malarial infection were africa and asia. most patients typically traveled to or originated as immigrants from west - central africa or the greater horn of africa. liberia ( n = 29, 55 % ), the ivory coast ( n = 9, 17 % ), kenya ( n = 6, 11 % ), ethiopia ( n = 4, 8 % ), and nigeria ( n = 4, 8 % ) were the most common countries where exposure to malaria likely occurred. for the 13 patients in 1998 who were born in the united states, infection occurred in africa ( n = 6, 46 % ), asia ( n = 3, 23 % ), central america ( n = 1, 8 % ), and south america ( n = 1, 8 % ). two patients ( 15 % ) were potentially exposed in more than one continent. most cases since 1988 were


= 3, 23 % ), central america ( n = 1, 8 % ), and south america ( n = 1, 8 % ). two patients ( 15 % ) were potentially exposed in more than one continent. most cases since 1988 were diagnosed with plasmodium falciparum ( n = 111 ; 42 % ), followed by p. vivax ( n = 76 ; 29 % ), p. malariae ( n = 14 ; 5 % ), and p. ovale ( n = 4 ; 2 % ). laboratory studies of eight cases ( 3 % ) showed a mixed infection. plasmodium was identified but no species was determined for 52 ( 20 % ) cases. in 1998, there was only 1 u. s. - born case ( 11 % ) of p. falciparum compared with 25 foreign - born cases ( 64 % ). the proportion of u. s. - born cases with p. vivax in 1998 was greater than foreign - born cases ( odds ratio [ or ] = undefined ; fisher ' s exact 2 - tailed test, p < 0. 005 ). there were two cases of p. malariae in 1998 ; both were in immigrants born in liberia. eleven foreign - born cases from 1998 were asymptomatic and were screened as part of one hospital ' s refugee assessment. in the period from 1988 through 1998, 109 ( 44 % ) of 245 cases were hospitalized for 1 to 30 days ( median = 3 days ). data from 1998 showed no significant difference in rates of hospitalization between those born in the united states and those born abroad. complications were reported for 19 ( 11 % ) of 170 cases from 1988 through 1998. data were not available on 95 cases. two patients were diagnosed with cerebral malaria, 18 with hemolysis or anemia, and 1 with liver failure. no deaths were reported during the 11 - year period. no cases of locally acquired or blood transfusion - associated malaria were reported to mdh in 1988 through 1998. ninety - nine ( 52 % ) of 189 patients indicated that they had a previous history of malaria. in 1998, 37 ( 59 % ) of 63 cases had been previously diagnosed with malaria. patients born outside the united states accounted for 30 ( 97 % ) of these malaria cases with a known country of birth. we reviewed 265 malaria cases from 1988 through 1998 reported to the mdh. we found that cases, especially among refugees and immigrants, had increased ; 20 % of cases did not


( 97 % ) of these malaria cases with a known country of birth. we reviewed 265 malaria cases from 1988 through 1998 reported to the mdh. we found that cases, especially among refugees and immigrants, had increased ; 20 % of cases did not have malarial species identification from blood smears ; and 44 % were hospitalized. these findings have an impact on current recommendations for refugee screening, provider and patient education, and appropriate laboratory capacity to determine malarial species. before the twentieth century, much of the midwest was endemic for malaria ( 2 ). in minnesota, the last reported cases of locally acquired malaria most likely occurred in the 1930s ( 3 ). since then, there have been major peaks of reported malaria diagnosed in minnesota that have coincided with the return of soldiers from wars or immigration. the dramatic climb in cases diagnosed and reported to the mdh in 1997 and 1998 and the increasing proportion of cases among immigrants correspond with increases in primary refugees from liberia. the number of primary refugees from liberia climbed from 18 in 1996 to 122 in 1997 and then to 205 in 1998 ( mdh, unpub. data ). minnesota was second only to new york in the number of liberian refugees resettling in the state in fiscal year 1998 ( 4 ). clinical laboratory training and availability of tests to identify plasmodium at the species level are needed. species had not been determined for 20 % of cases reported to mdh. this has an impact on treatment recommendations because drug resistance and treatment are dependent not only on the country of acquisition but also the species of plasmodium. diagnosis of malaria is most frequently done by parasite identification on peripheral blood smears. many laboratory diagnosticians may be uncomfortable diagnosing to the species level ( 5 ). available polymerase chain reaction methods can diagnose malaria at the species level but are limited to reference laboratories ( 6 ). in this study, more than one of every three cases was hospitalized for 1 to 30 days. this may have an impact financially and culturally on immigrants and refugees who have recently arrived in the united states. many new arrivals may be uninsured or underinsured and have limited or no prior exposure to western medicine. in 1998, we noted that 11 ( 14 % ) of 76 cases were asymptomatic ; all were foreign - born immigrants, and 10 ( 91 % ) were primary refugees to minnesota. in minnesota, initial health screening for infectious diseases in primary refugees includes tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis b, intestinal parasites, and malaria if the person is sy


foreign - born immigrants, and 10 ( 91 % ) were primary refugees to minnesota. in minnesota, initial health screening for infectious diseases in primary refugees includes tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis b, intestinal parasites, and malaria if the person is symptomatic ( 7 ). we propose that all primary refugees from malaria - endemic areas be screened for malaria whether or not the person is symptomatic. this would likely prevent future health problems in refugee populations and reduce the risk of autochthonous malaria transmission. national efforts are needed to support refugee and immigrant health programs that improve access to health care for these populations. education for health - care providers is needed so that they screen immigrants and refugees appropriately and provide relevant pre - travel advice to those planning return visits to their country of origin. also needed are culturally sensitive materials for refugees and immigrants that are written in their primary language. this presents unique challenges considering that the diversity of populations resettling in the united states will continue to change, depending on the location of current political and social unrest. the public health community needs to consider these important issues and recommendations as we continue to monitor the influence of immigration on the changing epidemiology of malaria. mr. seys is currently the infectious disease epidemiologist and chief of the epidemiology section at the wyoming department of health. at the time of this research, he worked in the acute disease epidemiology section at the minnesota department of health. his research interests include the epidemiology of foodborne and vectorborne diseases as well as immigrant and refugee health. dr. bender is an assistant professor at the university of minnesota, college of veterinary medicine, division of veterinary public health, and was the former state public health veterinarian at the minnesota department of health. his research interests include food safety, zoonoses, and emerging diseases. we thank kristin anderson and deann lazovich for their guidance on the early version of this manuscript ; kaying hang, ann o ' fallon, and dzung thai for their helpful information and support ; and richard danila, alan lifson, dave neitzel, and kirk smith for helping to review this manuscript and for sharing their knowledge and expertise. - world health organization. malaria. http : / / www. who. int / inf - fs / en / fact094. html october 1998 ( accessed september 1999 ). - ackerknecht eh. malaria in the upper mississippi valley : 1760 - 1900. baltimore : johns hopkins press


who. int / inf - fs / en / fact094. html october 1998 ( accessed september 1999 ). - ackerknecht eh. malaria in the upper mississippi valley : 1760 - 1900. baltimore : johns hopkins press ; 1945. - daggy rh, muegge oj, riley wa. a preliminary survey of the anopheline mosquito fauna of southeastern minnesota and adjacent wisconsin areas. in : melton lj. malaria in minnesota : past, present, and future. minn med. 1998 ; 81 : 41 – 4. - department of state. department of justice, and department of health and human services : u. s. refugee admissions for fiscal year 2000. http : / / www. usinfo. state. gov / topical / global / refugees / fy2000. pdf october 1999 ( accessed september 2000 ). - kain kc, harrington ma, tennyson s, keystone js. imported malaria : prospective analysis of problems in diagnosis and management. clin infect dis. 1998 ; 27 : 142 – 9. - snounou g, viriyakosol s, zhu xp, jarra w, pinheiro l, do rosario ve, high sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. mol biochem parasitol. 1993 ; 61 : 315 – 20. - minnesota department of health. refugee health screening in minnesota : current status and recommendations. disease control newsletter. 1997 ; 25 : 37 – 41. suggested citation : seys sa, bender jb. the changing epidemiology of malaria in minnesota. emerg infect dis [ serial on the internet ]. 2001, dec [ date cited ]. available from http : / / wwwnc. cdc. gov / eid / article / 7 / 6 / 01 - 0612. htm


most active stories - growing sagebrush and other native seed : crackpot idea or lucrative business venture? - wyoming missed out on last uranium boom, but planning for the future - south africans strive to limit damage to landscape as elephant populations grow - wolf trapping raises concerns about trapping the wrong animals - study finds blm ’ s wild horse management practices are flawed on air staff and wpm interns tue march 29, 2005 new education website panned laramie, wy – the wyoming department of education says a new website can be helpful, but they say it should not be the gospel when it comes to how well students are doing in the state. the website called school matters - dot - com is a product of standard and poor ' s. it is intended to help citizens see how education locally and statewide compares. citizens may also make a similar comparison across the country. but that makes state school officials concerned because of the way some of the numbers are compiled. vince meyer of the wyoming department of education says state officials have tried for years to separate out specific subject areas, so that parents and others can see how students are doing. meyer says this website takes a different approach. ( in wyoming ) we have a reading section, a writing section and a math section. they ( standard and poor ' s ) have collapsed all of that down into a single score, not only across subjects but also across grades. meyer says that makes it difficult to accurate comparisons and comparisons in context. however, meyer still thinks there is enough information on the site that people can get some use from it.


their life work ended their lives their work was for the benefit of the world, but they died as a direct or indirect result of their inventions. marie curie won the nobel prize in 1903 for her work science and chemistry. she discovered two new elements including radium and polonium and the theory of radioactivity. she carried test tubes of radioactive materials in her pocket and kept them in her desk drawer. she often wrote about the pretty blue light it gave off. she died of aplastic anaemia – a direct result of her work. william bullock invented the rotary printing press. it completely changed the printing industry. it increased the speed and accuracy of printing especially for newspapers. but one of his machines crushed his foot when he was trying to repair it when he tried to kick a pulley in place. after his foot became infected, he died during an operation to amputate it. otto lilienthal was known as the glider king. he studied birds and built gliders with big wings that almost made him look like a bird and he was able to glide like one. he made repeated flights until august of 1896 when he fell six stories and broke his back. he died the next day. astrodome capsule stunt karel soucek was a canadian stuntman who built what he called a cushioned capsule to make a successful plunge over niagara falls. he was arrested and prosecuted, but he made a name for himself and in 1985 convinced a promoter to put on a stunt at the houston astrodome. he was hoisted 180 feet to the top of the dome and the idea was to ride a cascade of water to a pool on the astrodome floor. it didn ’ t go as planned. his capsule hit the side of the pool and was destroyed. he was badly hurt and died the next day. be careful what you invent. source : listverse


may 24, 2012 — ( bronx, ny ) — “ it ’ s in their genes ” is a common refrain from scientists when asked about factors that allow centenarians to reach age 100 and beyond. up until now, research has focused on genetic variations that offer a physiological advantage such as high levels of hdl ( “ good ” ) cholesterol. but researchers at albert einstein college of medicine and ferkauf graduate school of psychology of yeshiva university have found that personality traits like being outgoing, optimistic, easygoing, and enjoying laughter as well as staying engaged in activities may also be part of the longevity genes mix. previous studies have indicated that personality arises from underlying genetic mechanisms that may directly affect health. the present study of 243 of the centenarians ( average age 97. 6 years, 75 percent women ) was aimed at detecting genetically - based personality characteristics by developing a brief measure ( the personality outlook profile scale, or pops ) of personality in centenarians. “ our findings suggest that centenarians share particular personality traits and that genetically - based aspects of personality may play an important role in achieving both good health and exceptional longevity. ” - - nir barzilai, m. d. “ when i started working with centenarians, i thought we ’ d find that they survived so long in part because they were mean and ornery, ” said nir barzilai, m. d., the ingeborg and ira leon rennert chair of aging research, director of einstein ’ s institute for aging research and co - corresponding author of the study. “ but when we assessed the personalities of these 243 centenarians, we found qualities that clearly reflect a positive attitude towards life. most were outgoing, optimistic and easygoing. they considered laughter an important part of life and had a large social network. they expressed emotions openly rather than bottling them up. ” in addition, the centenarians had lower scores for displaying neurotic personality and higher scores for being conscientious compared with a representative sample of the u. s. population. “ some evidence indicates that personality can change between the ages of 70 and 100, so we don ’ t know whether our centenarians have maintained their personality traits across their entire lifespans, ” continued dr. barzilai. “ nevertheless, our findings suggest that centenarians share particular personality traits and that genetically - based aspects of personality may play an important role in achieving both good health and exceptional longevity. ” the study is titled “ positive attitude towards life and emotional


a bacterium that causes appendicitis and gum disease has been detected in colon tumors, according to new research that suggests it may set the stage for colorectal cancer, the second - deadliest malignancy. only lung cancer kills more people each year. if the finding can be validated by larger studies, fusobacterium might one day be used to prevent and screen for colorectal cancer, currently detectable through colonoscopy or tests for the presence of blood in the stool. fuscobacterium also might play a role in determining the prognosis of colorectal cancers and shaping their treatment, according to two research teams independently reporting a relationship between the rod - shaped microbe and cancers of the lower digestive system. fuscobacterium is a known player in disorders characterized by inflammation, such as gum disease and appendicitis. scientists have tied some strains to two inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis and crohn ' s disease, both of which elevate the risk of colon cancer. in addition to promoting inflammation, fuscobacterium has other qualities that make it a formidable foe : it invades tissues and it ' s sticky, which helps explain its presence in the dental plaque that clings to tooth enamel. a canadian research team found significantly more fuscobacterium rna ( a type of genetic material ) in colon tumors than in healthy tissues from the same people. that surprised the investigators because fuscobacterium is a rare inhabitant of healthy guts and " has not been previously associated with cancer, " said robert holt, a senior scientist with the british columbia cancer agency genome sciences center and associate professor at simon fraser university in vancouver. a u. s. group compared tissues lining cancerous and healthy regions of patients ' colons, looking in each for stretches of the microbes ' dna ( another type of genetic material ). they theorized that if bacteria and viruses were involved in the development of colorectal cancer, the quantity of the microbes in tumor tissue would differ from the quantity in adjacent healthy tissue. indeed, looking first at tissues of nine people, and then 95 more, they found a spike in fuscobacterium species, especially fuscobacterium nucleatum, fuscobacterium mortiferum and fuscobacterium necrophorum in diseased tissue. " tumors and their surroundings contain complex mixtures of cancer cells, normal cells, and a variety of microorganisms


##atum, fuscobacterium mortiferum and fuscobacterium necrophorum in diseased tissue. " tumors and their surroundings contain complex mixtures of cancer cells, normal cells, and a variety of microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses, " said dr. matthew meyerson, co - director of the center for cancer genome discovery at the dana - farber cancer center in boston and senior author of the second study. " over the past decade, there has been an increasing focus on the relationship between cancer cells and their ' microenvironment, ' specifically on the cell - to - cell interactions that may promote cancer formation and growth. " both studies will be published online tuesday in the international journal genomic research. holt and meyerson said their findings couldn ' t discern whether fuscobacterium infection causes colon cancer, or fuscobacterium infection and inflammation develop because of colon cancer. meyerson said additional studies comparing bacteria in the tissues of cancer patients and healthy people could demonstrate whether there are more fuscobacterium species in the intestines of colon cancer patients than in the intestines of the general population. earlier this year, british researchers published in the international journal of case reports and images the case of a 72 - year - old man with rectal cancer whose abscessed liver contained fuscobacterium nucleatum. they called their findings " the first incidence in literature of colonic cancer in association with fuscobacterium nucleatum. "


buckeye and empire days by karl kendig a centennial history of akron 1825 - 1925 summit county historical society, akron, ohio 1925, p 246 - 255 an industrial picture of akron, transposed to a graphic chart, would show that from 1864 to 1905 the agricultural machinery and allied lines dominated. this field of manufacturing created the same nation - wide reputation for akron during that period as does the rubber industry of today. wherever soil was tilled and harvests reaped, mowers, binders, rakes, cultivators and cutting parts " made in akron " circulated the trade names of " buckeye, " " empire, " " excelsior, " and " w & b, " in this and foreign capitalization of these industries in hundreds of thousands of dollars, created as much amazement or wonder financially, as do organizations of today with their millions of capital. from two to eight hundred was the average number employed, and they were known as " buckeye men, " " empire men, " " whitman & barnes men, " and so on. in 1886 the agricultural implement business was at its peak ; the thrifty period when the plants were working night and day and labor fully employed. there was no chamber of commerce to exploit the advantages of industrial akron, and various citizens and companies combined their efforts to broadcast the advantages of akron through periodical c. a. collins, carriage factory, j. f. seiberling, president, " empire " works, d. l. king, president, the king varnish co., louis miller, " buckeye " works, c. f. lamb, whitman & barnes mfg. co., 0. c. barber, diamond match co., j. p. alexander, fire brick works, and l. d. watters, mayor of akron, were a committee that collaborated with publishers who issued a book in 1886 entitled " the industries of akron, ohio ; commercial and manufacturing advantages ; descriptive and biographical facts and figures. " they had this to say regarding the agricultural implement industry : " there are seven establishments in akron engaged in this line of industry, two of which are known throughout every section of the united states. the rapid growth of the industry of this city, however, is not surprising when we consider the superb advantages found here for such manufactures. there is no lack of raw material. the iron is abundant and close at hand. the woods used are at our doors in immense quantities. steam power is exceedingly cheap — and skilled labor is


we consider the superb advantages found here for such manufactures. there is no lack of raw material. the iron is abundant and close at hand. the woods used are at our doors in immense quantities. steam power is exceedingly cheap — and skilled labor is also plentiful. it is in consequence of this rare combination of all the prime facilities, that akron has become the chief manufacturing city of farming implements and farm labor - saving machinery in this section. nor does the industry here thrive by simply making articles which ` tom, dick and harry ' have a perfect right to make, or the articles for which the privilege of manufacturing is purchased from parties abroad. its success conies very largely from the inventive genius that is interested directly in the akron manufactures. the inventions in this line, upon which patents have been granted to akron makers, are innumerable, and deservedly rank among the most valuable now made subservient to the wants of the agriculturists in this country or any section of the world. and that they are appreciated is fully demonstrated by the fact that the highest awards of merit have been bestowed upon them. " the first reference to the manufacturing of an agricultural implement was in 1825 when dr. eliakin crosby purchased a defunct furnace operated on the site now occupied by the general office of the goodyear tire & rubber co. in a crude way he manufactured plows, hoes and other agricultural implements for a period of two years, when the business being found unprofitable, he sold the property. a lapse of thirty - five years followed before the inception and creation of those agricultural implement works which were to become the foundation of akron ' s industrial reputation. two prominent companies were organized and started operations within a year of each the buckeye reaper & mower works. — this was an outgrowth of the c. aultman & co., of canton, ohio, and was established in akron in 1864, but under the separate and distinct corporation title of aultman, miller & co., with hon. george w. crouse as president, hon. lewis miller, general superintendent, ira miller, secretary, and r. h. wright, treasurer. mr. ira miller is today the only surviving member of that official group. among other men, in their day, prominently identified with the upbuilding and progress of this company, were : j. asa palmer, josiah hartzell, neri newcomb, w. a. means, s. s. miller, maurice snyder, asa


men, in their day, prominently identified with the upbuilding and progress of this company, were : j. asa palmer, josiah hartzell, neri newcomb, w. a. means, s. s. miller, maurice snyder, asa hanscom, j. d. palmer, john grad, e. r. harper, 0. l. sadler, ralph p. burnett, w. k. means, j. p. frisby, h. h. crowther, r. b. walker, john shafer, n. n. lerhner, s. p. wallace, c. 0. baughman, tom marshall, al. young, wallace carlton, a. d. power, dan cameron. the buckeye factory, now the akron branch of the international harvester co., was located east of the old c. a. & c. railroad, in the block between center st. and buchtel ay. an average of 800 men were employed during its existence and the products — selfbinders, harvesters, self rakes, droppers and mowing machines — were marketed in this and foreign countries. it continued to do a prosperous business until 1902 when the international harvester co. was organized. competition in the agricultural implement line became very keen to the advantage of the larger organization. in 1905 a receiver was appointed for the " buckeye " company and its entire assets were sold to the international harvetser co., which now manufactures international motor trucks in akron. empire reaper & mower works. — in 1865 j. f. seiberling organized the j. f. seiberling co., and built his factory opposite the old union depot, west of the c. a. & c. railroad, and north of center st., and the " buckeye " works. the office building faced mill st. on the site now occupied by the fred albrecht mr. seiberling was an inventive genius. the " empire " mower and reaper with dropper attachment, was invented by him in 1858 and first manufactured at doylestown in 1861, under the name of " excelsior. " in 1864 he began their manufacture in massillon, but in 1865 brought the industry to akron. associated with him in the successful conduct of this business were his two sons, f. a. seiberling, secretary and treasurer, and chas. w. seiberling, superintendent. father and sons conducted the business until 1900 when the


. associated with him in the successful conduct of this business were his two sons, f. a. seiberling, secretary and treasurer, and chas. w. seiberling, superintendent. father and sons conducted the business until 1900 when the general depression of the implement business brought reverses. an assignee was appointed and the business liquidated just four years prior to the similar fate of the " buckeye " identified with the progressive activities of this company, is brought to mind the name of w. h. carter, who was with the old excelsior mower and reaper works in 1868 to 1874, afterward with j. f. seiberling & co., until 1895. e. r. harper was with j. f. seiberling & co., 1883 - 4 ; afterward he became mayor of akron, and later, lieutenant governor of colorado. j. s. benner, w. g. wise and horace houser were three men well known in this organization. prominent among the factory personnel were john rawlings, john heffelman, jacob carpenter, h. k. austin, jonas nice, and wm. eardley. l. k. miles, originally connected with the whitman & miles mfg. co., was general sales agent. howard sears, a young attorney, was in charge of collections, and later became a city commissioner. he was succeeded by j. a. bradley, afterward a member of the law firm of rogers, rowley & bradley. prominent here, also, was wm. carter, who became identified with the j. f. seiberling co. about 1880, and was with the company during its entire life as an expert accountant. wm. eardley is another surviving member of the original akron knife works. — in 1848 the founders of the present corporation, the whitman & barnes mfg. co., commenced in a very small way to make knives and sickles for mowing and reaping machines at fitchburg, mass. the manufacture of mowers and reapers was at that time in its infancy and the knives and sickles then used were crude and imperfect. in co - operation with the original mccormicks, satisfactory knives were produced for the first mccormick in 1854 a company was established by these founders of the original machine shop, under the name of the whitman & miles mfg. co. gradually improvements were made in both branches of manufacture and the small knife works grew and their cutting products to all the manufacturers then in existence


established by these founders of the original machine shop, under the name of the whitman & miles mfg. co. gradually improvements were made in both branches of manufacture and the small knife works grew and their cutting products to all the manufacturers then in existence in the implement line. as the production of mowers, binders and agricultural implements became a leading industry, the inducements were sufficiently attractive to establish a plant in akron to supply knives, sickles, guard plates, sections, spring keys, etc., to the " buckeye " and " empire " works and the deering and mccormick interests in chicago. the shops were constructed east of the c. a. & c. railroad, on the site occupying the block between buchtel av. and carroll sts., south of the present international harvester co., under the corporate name of the whitman & miles in september, 1877, the present whitman & barnes mfg. co. was incorporated and purchased the property and business of the whitman & miles mfg. co., at akron, ohio, and fitchburg, mass., and that of george barnes & co., of syracuse, new york. the fitchburg plant was closed and the business conducted at akron, ohio, and syracuse, new augustus whitman was president of the company from the incorporation in 1877 to 1879 ; george barnes, 1879 - 1885 ; col. a. l. conger, 1885 - 1897 ; i. c. alden, 1897 - 1899 ; geo. e. dana, 1899 - 1902 ; c. e. sheldon, 1902 - 1915. these presidents presided over the affairs of the whitman & barnes mfg. co., during the period when the implement business was at in may, 1880, the company purchased the properties of collinson, burch & co., of st. catharines, canada, and established the canadian branch of the whitman & barnes mfg. co., at that point, where cutting parts were manufactured for the as the demand for cutting and kindred parts declined with the passing of the " buckeye " and " empire " works, and the market passed to the westward, the company established other lines. in 1891 the diamond drill & tool co., a small concern operating at 226 s. howard st., was purchased and the manufacture of twist drills and reamers was transferred to a section of the akron plant. in may, 1893, the company began the building of a plant at chicago, west pullman, illinois


226 s. howard st., was purchased and the manufacture of twist drills and reamers was transferred to a section of the akron plant. in may, 1893, the company began the building of a plant at chicago, west pullman, illinois, for the purpose of manufacturing cutting parts for deering, mccormick and other western implement manufacturers. this line manufactured at akron, was transferred to west pullman, and the akron plant was given over exclusively to the manufacture of twist drills and gradually the western implement manufacturers began to produce their own cutting parts and the line was supplanted at the west pullman factory by the manufacture of drop forgings, wrenches, spring cotters, lawn mowers and haying tools. during the year 1902 the company sold its properties in canada and west pullman to j. h. williams & co., of new york, retaining the akron, ohio, plant, where twist drills and reamers are manufactured. the whitman & barnes mfg. co. is the only surviving corporation of the group that was originally identified with the agricultural implement business at akron, with its present production of twist drills and reamers, radically different from the original output of seventy - one years ago. the akron rolling mill. — during the first flourishing years of the agricultural implement business, the " buckeye " officials looked to the establishment of a rolling mill to furnish their steel requirements, and formed this company in 1866. the mills were built west of the erie railroad tracks on the site now occupied by the akron selle co., and the erie yards. the president was hon. lewis miller, jeremiah a. long, secretary and treasurer, captain aaron p. baldwin, general superintendent, and edward b. superintendent. it was re - organized in 1900 under the title of the akron iron & steel co. stress of competition and the declining demand for its products, due to the falling off of the business, forced a liquidation and the winding up of the in the active days of this corporation, a number of akron men held prominent positions, among them : a. b. rinehart, w. a. pardee, j. g. raymond, e. w. hull, harry holloway, frank dodge, fred dodge and will mccarthy. the akron twine & cordage co. — in 1885 this company was organized and located at 110116 hill st., in close proximity to the " buckeye. " the line manufactured included all kinds of manila and sisal twine and rope


akron twine & cordage co. — in 1885 this company was organized and located at 110116 hill st., in close proximity to the " buckeye. " the line manufactured included all kinds of manila and sisal twine and rope. the leading specialty was binder twine to supply the binders manufactured by the " buckeye " and " empire " companies. the officers were : president, hon. geo. w. crouse, vice president, f. a. seiberling, secretary and treasurer, dr. a. m. cole. the company, closely allied with the " buckeye " was involved in its financial difficulties and passed to the international harvester company, who dismantled the plant. the akron cultivator co. — this corporation was originally formed under the name of the akron tool co., sept. 21, 1899, and located its factory at 238 n. union st. hiram kendal was president, geo. w. crouse, vice president, horace m. houser, secretary, and chas. a. bowen, treasurer and superintendent. in 1920 the business was sold to the empire plow co., cleveland, ohio, and in this transaction the last of the agricultural implement manufacturing corporations connected with akron ' s past history, ceased to exist, by removal to cleveland. reference is made to the akron iron co., the akron twine & cordage co., and the akron cultivator co., as organizations closely allied to the agricultural business. they were links in the chain, some of them supplying materials and accessories to round out the completed the heart of akron ' s industrial life was grouped in these industries in the territory adjoining the railroad between mill and iron sts. it was the artery of the industrial life, and the products receiving world - wide recognition for their merits, were the first mediums for spreading akron ' s fame. these industries were neighbors and competitors, operating side by side, guided by a group of men of keen judgment and broad vision. not only did they conduct their industrial affairs successfully, but they found time to participate in the municipal life of the community. they fostered and invested in infant industries, rubber and other lines, which have survived as monuments to them. these pioneers have passed, likewise the evidences of their industrial building, but their descendants remain to carry on. the sons of the families, particularly the seiberlings, f. a. and c. w., inheritors of their father ' s business acumen, conceived


evidences of their industrial building, but their descendants remain to carry on. the sons of the families, particularly the seiberlings, f. a. and c. w., inheritors of their father ' s business acumen, conceived and builded the goodyear tire & rubber and the seiberling rubber companies. other industries had their inception and were organized by the descendants of these pioneers, so that in giving credit for the present day industrial akron, the impetus can be traced to the energy of those early agricultural implement days. but the decline! it was caused by business evolution with its changing conditions, the transfer of the bulk of the consuming trade for implements, to the growing agricultural west where the corporations of mccormick and deering, operating from chicago, were able to serve and manufacture at lower costs. it was no discredit to those early founders that they could not survive all those uncontrollable conditions. today there is not in existence a single independent agricultural implement manufacturing company of large proportions, east of chicago where is located the head offices and factories of the international harvester company. in it is combined the best of all the old time companies. financing the farmer on the installment payment plan was, no doubt, one of the main contributing factors leading to the financial reverses of these akron implement manufacturers. a scientific financial set - up for handling partial payments of the rural buyers of implements, did not exist in their days. had current methods of partial payment collections, as exampled in the sale of automobiles and other lines, been in existence in their time, the manufacturers would, no doubt, have survived. there was no federal reserve system with its support and control to stabilize the avenues of finance. the banks operating as separate units, unsupported, were subject to varying conditions of finance, both local and national. their clients, like themselves, were victims of unstabilized conditions which made the financing of long time paper of the agricultural character, or farmers ' notes, most precarious. when panicky years developed, loans were called. the agricultural implement manufacturer with his long time farmers ' notes as collateral, ( his chief quick assets ), was caught in a financial disaster from which there was no relief under those existing conditions.


science fair project encyclopedia debian, created by the debian project, is a widely used distribution of free software developed through the collaboration of volunteers from around the world. since its inception, the released system, debian gnu / linux, has been based on the linux kernel with many basic tools of the operating system from the gnu project. debian is known for its adherence to the unix and free software philosophies. it is also known for its abundance of options : the current release contains over eight and a half thousand software packages for eleven computer architectures, ranging from the arm architecture commonly found in embedded systems and the ibm s390 mainframe architecture to the more common x86 and powerpc architectures found in modern personal computers. the project describes itself as creating " the universal operating system " and develops ports to other kernels, including that of gnu hurd, netbsd, and freebsd. those ports have yet to be officially released so, currently, debian is exclusively a gnu / linux distribution. ( this effort is also controversial among developers of the latter pair of systems, who do not consider their kernel to be a separable component from the userland. ) debian is also known for its package management system and apt, the advanced packaging tool in particular, its strict policies regarding the quality of its packages and releases, and its open development and testing process. these practices afford easy upgrades between releases without rebooting and easy installation and removal of packages. debian was founded in 1993 by ian murdock, then a student at purdue university, who wrote the debian manifesto which called for the creation of a linux distribution to be maintained in an open manner, in the spirit of linux and gnu. he chose the name by combining the first name of his then - girlfriend ( now wife ) debra with his own first name " ian ", forming the portmanteau " debian ", pronounced as the corresponding syllables of these names are in american english :. the debian project grew slowly at first and released its first 0. 9x versions in 1994 and 1995. the first ports to other architectures started being made in 1995, and the first 1. x version of debian was released in 1996. in 1996, bruce perens replaced ian murdock as the project leader. at the suggestion of fellow developer ean schuessler, he guided the editing process of the debian social contract and the debian free software guidelines. he also initiated the creation of the legal umbrella organization software in the


and broken release labelled " 1. 0 ", the project skipped a " 1. 0 " release in order to avoid confusion. the release after 3. 0 is codenamed sarge. its version number will be 3. 1. it is currently in a state called testing, which is a staging area for the next release. day - to - day development takes place in the unstable branch which is permanently codenamed sid, after the boy next door who broke toys. note that software in the " unstable " branch is not necessarily unstable, only that the packaging and other debian - specific modifications may be new and untested. software which is itself unstable is generally placed in " experimental ". the debian project is a volunteer organization with three foundational documents : - the debian social contract defines a set of basic principles by which the project and its developers conduct affairs. - the debian free software guidelines define the criteria for " free software " and so what software is permissible in the distribution, as referenced in the social contract. these guidelines have also been adopted as the basis of the open source definition. - the debian constitution describes the organizational structure for formal decision - making within the project, and enumerates the powers and responsibilities of the debian project leader, the debian project secretary, and the debian developers generally. currently, the project includes more than a thousand developers. each of them sustains some niche in the project, be it package maintenance, software documentation, maintaining the project infrastructure, quality assurance, or release coordination. package maintainers have jurisdiction over their own packages, although packages are increasingly co - maintained. other tasks are usually the domain of smaller, more collaborative groups of developers. the project maintains official mailing lists and conferences for communication and coordination between developers. for issues with single packages or domains, a public bug tracking system is used by developers and end - users both. informally, internet relay chat channels ( primarily on the oftc and freenode networks ) are used for communication among developers and users as well. together, the developers may make binding general decisions by way of a general resolution or election. all voting is conducted by cloneproof schwartz sequential dropping, a condorcet method of voting. a project leader is elected once per year by a vote of the developers. the debian project leader has several special powers, but this power is far from absolute and is rarely utilized. under a general resolution, the developers may, among other things, recall the leader, reverse a decision by him or


vote of the developers. the debian project leader has several special powers, but this power is far from absolute and is rarely utilized. under a general resolution, the developers may, among other things, recall the leader, reverse a decision by him or his delegates, and amend the constitution and other foundational documents. the leader sometimes delegates authority to other developers in order for them to perform specialized tasks. generally this means that a leader delegates someone to start a new group for a new task, and gradually a team gets formed that carries on doing the work and regularly expands or reduces their ranks as they think is best and as the circumstances allow. perhaps a more important person to debian than the leader is the release manager, who sets goals for the next " stable " release, supervises the process, and makes the final decision as to when to release. a list of many important positions in the debian project is available at the debian organization web page. developer recruitment, motivation, and resignation the debian project has a steady influx of applicants wishing to become developers. these applicants must undergo an elaborate vetting process which establishes their identity, motivation, understanding of the project ' s goals ( embodied in the social contract ), and technical competence. more information on the " new maintainer " process is available at the debian new maintainer page. debian developers join the project for any number of reasons ; some that have been cited in the past include : - a desire to contribute back to the free software community ( practically all applicants are users of free software ) ; - a desire to see some specific software task accomplished ( some view the debian user community as a valuable testing or proving ground for new software ) ; - a desire to make, or keep, free software competitive with proprietary alternatives ; - a desire to work closely with people that share some of their aptitudes, interests, and goals ( there is a very strong sense of community within the debian project which some applicants do not experience in their paid jobs ) ; - a simple enjoyment of the iterative process of software development and maintenance ( some developers have a nearly obsessive level of dedication to refinement and enhancement of software ). debian developers may resign their positions at any time by orphaning the packages they were responsible for and sending a notice to the developers and the keyring maintainer ( so that their upload authorization can be revoked ). debian package life cycle each debian package has a maintainer who keeps track of releases by the " upstream " authors of


and sending a notice to the developers and the keyring maintainer ( so that their upload authorization can be revoked ). debian package life cycle each debian package has a maintainer who keeps track of releases by the " upstream " authors of the software and ensures that the package is compliant with debian policy, coheres with the rest of the distribution, and meets the standards of quality of debian. in relations with users and other developers, the maintainer uses the bug tracking system to follow up on bug reports and fix bugs. typically, there is only one maintainer for a single package, but increasingly small teams of developers " co - maintain " larger and more complex packages and groups of packages. periodically, a package maintainer makes a release of a package by uploading it to the " incoming " directory of the debian package archive ( or an " upload queue " which periodically batch - transmits packages to the incoming directory ). package uploads are automatically processed to ensure that the upload is well - formed ( all the requisite files are in place ) and that the package bears the digital signature - - produced with openpgp - compatible software - - of a debian developer. all debian developers have public keys. packages are signed to be able to reject uploads from hostile outsiders to the project, and to permit accountability in the event that a package contains a serious bug, a violation of policy, or malicious code. if the package in incoming is found to be validly signed and well - formed, it is installed into the archive into an area called the " pool " and distributed every day to hundreds of mirrors worldwide. initially, all package uploads accepted into the archive are only available in the " unstable " suite of packages, which contains the most up - to - date version of each package. however, new code is also untried code, and those packages are only distributed with clear disclaimers. for packages to become candidates for the next " stable " release of the debian distribution, they first need to be included in the " testing " suite. the requirements for a package to be included in " testing " is that it : - must have been in unstable for the appropriate length of time ( the exact duration depends on the " urgency " of the upload ) ; - must not have a greater number of " release - critical " bugs filed against it than the current version in testing. release - critical bugs are those bugs which are considered serious enough that they make the


the " urgency " of the upload ) ; - must not have a greater number of " release - critical " bugs filed against it than the current version in testing. release - critical bugs are those bugs which are considered serious enough that they make the package unsuitable for release. - must be compiled for all architectures slated to release ; - must be a package for an architecture that is slated to release ( in other words, packages for architectures that aren ' t scheduled to release with all the rest are never considered for " testing " ) - must not depend on versions of any packages which do not meet the above conditions thus, a release - critical bug in a package on which many packages depend, such as a shared library, may prevent many packages from entering the " testing " area, because that library is considered deficient. periodically, the release manager publishes guidelines to the developers in order to ready the release, and in accordance with them eventually decides to make a release. this occurs when all important software is reasonably up - to - date in the release - candidate suite for all architectures for which a release is planned, and when any other goals set by the release manager have been met. at that time, all packages in the release - candidate suite ( " testing " ) become part of the released suite ( " stable " ). it is possible for a package - - particularly an old, stable, and seldom - updated one - - to belong to more than one suite at the same time. the suites are simply collections of pointers into the package " pool " mentioned above. the main technical criticism of debian is that the released, stable branch is too old to be useful for some purposes. this criticism is countered to some degree by the existence of : - repositories of backported packages ( updated package versions compiled in stable environment ), like those on backports. org and apt - get. org - the testing branch of debian, which contains updated software that is more stable than its name indicates, but does not have official security or other support from the debian project. there is also a " hardened debian, " a project that aims to add high security & hardening features, hardened kernels, packages and enhanced toolchain, the dhkp kernel patches and other cryptography & security related enhancements. another major criticism of debian is social and political. the " attitude " of hard - line debian users can be oppressive and daunting to users. examples include : - newcomers who may


patches and other cryptography & security related enhancements. another major criticism of debian is social and political. the " attitude " of hard - line debian users can be oppressive and daunting to users. examples include : - newcomers who may have questions may expect to be flamed or " bashed " on certain debian support forums if they ask what may seem to be a " newbie " question - the chat server irc. debian. org, which is semi - famous for its hostile stance towards users who fail to first rtfm footnotessome refer to sid as an acronym for still in development, but this is an unofficial backronym that is not often used. official project resources - official project website - installation manual for the current stable release - debian reference manual - a brief history of debian - debian policy manual - the1 shells free shell access to a debian system - debian planet news and discussion site - planet debian developer weblogs - debian user forums - debian user forums ( german language ) - debian user forums ( danish language ) - debian collaboration wiki - debianpt ( portuguese language ) guides and additional documentation - distrowatch review - overview of debian installers - debian jr. project to ensure suitability for children - map of the debian organization - ubuntu debian - based distro which is gaining rapid support. - debian vs gentoo the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


puglia is immersed in ancient history and is a pot - pourri of many different cultures having been continuously invaded and conquered, absorbing something from every event. even now the locals speak more " dialetto " than italian, every town apparently having its own dialect. as many as 4000 dinosaur footprints, believed to have been from five dinosaur species, have been discovered in the de lucia quarry, near altamura. altamura also boasts the remains of early man, the man of altamura, believed to be 150, 000 years old and found in the cave of lamalunga. altamura is, in fact, an important archaeological area. the national archaeological museum of altamura hosts a wealth of findings dating from the early bronze age to the late hellenistic age. around 7000bc, puglia was inhabited by the messapians, people from the balkans, settled in the salento area and around foggia. in the olive groves, close to torchiarolo, the archaeological remains of valesio, a messapian inhabited area can be found with evidence of habitation from as early as the iron age through to the late middle ages. the greeks too had their hand in forming puglia and southern italy, with 18 cities established before 600 bc and making up magna graecia. griko ( or grico ) is a local dialect based on the greek language and spoken in an area of salento comprising nine small towns in the grecia salentina region. greco is a common surname in the salento area. brindisi ( brundisium ) is a fine example of the different settlements and cultures that, throughout the ages, developed the area. an ancient greek settlement before it was conquered by the romans, in 267 bc, who built via appia and via appia traiana resulting in the journey between rome and brindisi being possible in fourteen days. one of the roman columns marking the end of the appian way can be seen in brindisi ; the second column crumbled away, and the ruins were given to lecce to hold the statue of sant ' oranzo in piazza oranzo. brindisi was conquered by the goths and then re - conquered by the byzantine empire in 6th century. in 674, it was destroyed by the lombards but rebuilt by the saracens in the early 9th century who also conquered taranto and bari and eventually rome. the saracens were followed by the normans ( 1070 ), then the austrians ( 1707 - 1734 ) followed


the following five principles comprise what is commonly referred to as the arch way, or the arch philosophy, best summarized by the acronym kiss for keep it simple, stupid. simplicity is absolutely the principal objective behind arch development. many gnu / linux distributions define themselves as “ simple ”. however, simplicity itself has many definitions. arch linux defines simplicity as a lightweight base structure without unnecessary additions, modifications, or complications, that allows an individual user to shape the system according to their own needs. in short ; an elegant, minimalist approach. a lightweight base structure built with high programming standards will tend to have lower system resource demands. the base system is devoid of all clutter that may obscure important parts of the system, or make access to them difficult or convoluted. it has a streamlined set of well documented configuration files that are arranged for quick access and editing, with no cumbersome graphical configuration tools to hide possibilities from the user. an arch linux system is therefore readily configurable to the very last detail. on the other hand, arch linux keeps the inherent complexities of a gnu / linux system intact, while keeping them well organized and transparent. arch linux developers and users believe that trying to hide the complexities of a system actually results in an even more complex system, and is therefore to be avoided. code - correctness over convenience the arch linux system places precedence upon elegance of design as well as clean, simple code, rather than unnecessary patching, automation, eye candy or “ newbie - friendliness ”. software patches are therefore kept to an absolute minimum - ideally, never. simplicity, code - elegance, and minimalism shall always remain the reigning priorities of arch development. concepts, designs and features are generated and implemented by using the arch way principles as a guide, rather than bowing to external influences. the development team are resolute in their commitment and dedication to the arch way philosophy. if you share their vision, you are welcomed and encouraged to use arch. openness goes hand in hand with simplicity, and is also one of the guiding principles of arch linux development. arch linux uses simple tools, that are selected or built with openness of the sources and their output in mind. openness removes all boundaries and abstraction between the user and the system, providing more control, while simultaneously simplifying system maintenance. the open nature of arch linux also implies a fairly steep learning curve, but experienced arch linux users tend to find other more closed systems much more inconvenient to control. the openness principle extends to


, while simultaneously simplifying system maintenance. the open nature of arch linux also implies a fairly steep learning curve, but experienced arch linux users tend to find other more closed systems much more inconvenient to control. the openness principle extends to its community members as well. arch linux users are known to be very open with help and advice, as well as with package contributions to the community maintained arch user repository. whereas many gnu / linux distributions attempt to be more ‘ user - friendly ’, arch linux has always been, and will always remain ‘ user - centric ’. arch linux targets and accommodates competent gnu / linux users by giving them complete control and responsibility over the system. arch linux users fully manage the system on their own. the system itself will offer little assistance, except for a simple set of maintenance tools that are designed to perfectly relay the user ’ s commands to the system. this user - centric design necessarily implies a certain “ do - it - yourself ” approach to using the arch distribution. rather than pursuing assistance or requesting a new feature to be implemented by developers, arch linux users have a tendency to solve problems themselves and share the results with the community and development team — a “ do first, then ask ” philosophy. this is especially true for user - contributed packages found in the arch user repository — the official arch linux repository for community - maintained packages. another guiding principle of arch linux development is freedom. the users are not only permitted to make all decisions concerning system configuration, but also get to choose what their system will * be *. by keeping the system simple, arch linux provides the freedom to make any choice about the system. a freshly installed arch linux system contains only basic core components with no automatic configuration performed. users are able to configure the system as they wish, from the shell. from the start of the installation procedure, every component of the system is 100 % transparent and accessible for instant access, removal, or replacement by alternative components. the large number of packages and build scripts in the various arch linux repositories also support freedom of choice, offering free and open source software for those who prefer it, as well as proprietary software packages, for those who embrace ‘ functionality over ideology ’. it is the user who chooses. as judd vinet, the founder of the arch linux project said : “ [ arch linux ] is what you make it. ”


by brig samson s sharaf in the study and commentary of arthashastra written by vinshnugupta kautilya chanakya, i learned that the sub continent had a formative influence on the arab world of antiquity in arts, governance and sciences. later, through trade and warfare, this knowledge fused with the persian and chinese schools of thought transferred to europe in the times of hazrat omar bin abdul aziz, muslim rule of spain and the abbasside khilafat. the asian civilisation episodes and their effect on renaissance by the discovery channel have refocused this obscure development. imran khan ’ s referral to omar ’ s law is an indirect reference to this transitional fact. from antiquity to middle ages, the arabian peninsula remained the commercial and educational hub of the world. caravans used the traditional silk routes to debouch from as far afar as eastern europe, central asia, the sub continent and china transferring goods and with it politics and knowledge. arab sailors dominated all sea fares in the indian ocean and the mediterranean till the arrival of the portuguese. philosophy with its diverse schools ultimately became the common language. though the world assumes that it were the greek philosophers like aristotle and plato who provided the framework for modern philosophy, it ignores history. there were two landmark developments prior and during the arab influence and muslim rule of europe. first, the arab monks of christian denominations began the translation of greek scripts into arabic and hebrew. when abbasides established the house of wisdom in baghdad, they ordered all philosophies to be translated into arabic. while europe fought wars and plummeted into darkness, the arabs, persians and nestorian christians were busy in preserving and documenting these great works with accuracy. writing in his well - known book “ the making of humanity ” robert briffault admits : ` the incorruptible treasures and delights of intellectual culture were accounted by the princes of baghdad, shiraz and cordova, the truest and proudest pomp of their courts …. caravans laden with manuscripts and botanical specimens plied from bukhara to tigris, from egypt to andulusia ; embassies were sent to constantinople and to india for the purpose of obtaining books and teachers ; a collection of greek authors or a distinguished mathematician was as eagerly demanded as the ransom of an empire. ’ later, when the search for origins and authenticity of greek scripts began, the baghdad translations assumed cardinal importance. thus began a discourse between the islamic and european worlds that included al - kindi ( alkind


eagerly demanded as the ransom of an empire. ’ later, when the search for origins and authenticity of greek scripts began, the baghdad translations assumed cardinal importance. thus began a discourse between the islamic and european worlds that included al - kindi ( alkindus ), al - farabi ( abunaser ), ibn sina ( avicenna ), ibn bajjah ( avempace ), ibn rushd ( averroes ), and ibn khaldun. their works and commentaries influenced middle age european and catholic scholars and helped them retranslate the treatises into european languages. modern western philosophy considers ibn rushd as the greatest commentator and exponent of aristotelian philosophy, surpassing ibn sina by correcting his misconceptions on rational philosophy. he and ghazali represented two diverse schools in which he prevailed. many of his invaluable works were lost when the christian conquerors set fire to the intellectual treasures of the moors ( spanish muslims ). his treatises had a permanent impact on christian europe and he still continues to be the most popular muslim philosopher in the west. he was also an astronomer and wrote a treatise dealing with the motion of the sphere and credited with the discovery of sunspots. he also summarized the “ almagest ” of ptolemy which was translated into hebrew by jacob anatoli in 1231. according to george sarton, ‘ he ( ibn rushd ) deeply influenced jewish philosophy ’ and ‘ jewish averroism reached its zenith under levi ben gershon in the fourteenth century, and continued to prosper until the end of the fifteenth century ’. alfred gillaume in his article legacy of islam writes : ` ibn rushd belongs to europe and european thought rather than to the east … averroism continued to be a living factor in european thought until the birth of modern experimental science ’. he goes on to write, ` we may be sure that those who accuse the muslim scholars of lack of originality and of intellectual decadence have never read averroes or looked into algazel but have adopted second hand judgements. the presence of doctrines of islamic origin in the very citadel of western christianity, the ` summa ’ of aquinas, is a sufficient refutation of the charge of lack of originality and sterility. ’ according to phillip k. hitti, ` the last of the great arabic writing philosophers, ibn rushd belonged more to christian europe than to muslim asia or africa ’. in a painting placed in vatican


lack of originality and sterility. ’ according to phillip k. hitti, ` the last of the great arabic writing philosophers, ibn rushd belonged more to christian europe than to muslim asia or africa ’. in a painting placed in vatican ( circled in red ) ibn rushd appears the only muslim scholar in the historic school of athens. in statecraft ibn rushd himself of maliki tradition considered the pious caliphate as the model republic in which the dreams of plato ’ s republic were realized. the later revival of the caliphate tradition under hazrat omar bin abdul aziz ( also acclaimed as the fifth pious caliph ) and the relentless pursuit with which the concept of a welfare state took shape also influenced his writings. so what was this realisation of plato ’ s republic? the caliphate of hazrat omar farooq was the consolidation of a model republic with a philosopher head. the state was built around virtues such as honesty, truthfulness, integrity, fairness, equality, compliance and observance. he assisted the holy prophet in stamping the treaty of st. catherine giving equal rights to christians and refused to pray in churches and synagogues lest someone may make it a precedence to convert them to mosques. the caliph lived a simple life as a servant of the people. he established the diwan with a central treasury called baitul mal whose main responsibility was distribution rather than accumulation of wealth, insurance and pensions. he abolished landed aristocracies. he declared that every man including him were equal before law. his regimentation of the army into different arms and services made it the most agile, hard hitting and logistically self contained fighting machine. these monumental developments were eclipsed and abused during the umayyad rule. his great grandson omar bin abdul aziz ( al - khalifat - us - saleh ) emerged as the first revivalist in islamic history. this philosopher and scholar caliph sacrificed his lavish life style as governor of madina for an ascetic and humble life of abstinence and poverty. he reformed the entire political, social and cultural landscape to hazrat omar ’ s model state. in his historic address to the people he said, “ brothers! i have been burdened with the responsibilities of the caliphate against my will. you are at liberty to elect anyone whom you like. ” he allowed them to break their allegiance to him, if he wavered from the path of god. islam ’ s democratic spirit was the outstanding feature of his rule. as a welfare state, he abolished slavery, undertook extensive public reforms and


like. ” he allowed them to break their allegiance to him, if he wavered from the path of god. islam ’ s democratic spirit was the outstanding feature of his rule. as a welfare state, he abolished slavery, undertook extensive public reforms and works in persia, khorasan and north africa removing the distinctions of arab and non arab muslims. dignity and honour were restored to minorities. he was the first caliph to commission a translation of the holy qur ’ an from arabic into the ancient sindhi language and order the compilation of hadith. he was the caliph who began a serious reconciliation of political and religious differences amongst muslims i. e. bani hashim, shi ’ as and kharijites. to sustain prolonged peace for development, he recalled his armies from the borders of france, india and the outskirts of constantinople. these reforms were not taken well by the umayyad who got him murdered ; the dynasty crumbled. abbasides and the rulers of spain continued the traditions of the model republic with greater focus on development and education. the rise of muslim philosophers, scientists and inventors were their link with europe. if dignity, respect for life, tolerance, good governance, justice and austerity are a measure of a welfare state led by a philosopher, the states established by hazrat omar farooq and persevered by omar bin abdul aziz, fit the definition of plato ’ s philosopher kings and that of a modern welfare state, ibn rusd establishes an intrinsic link between the two that precipitated into the european welfare states post industrial revolution. powered by facebook comments


ticks have been bad in north central arkansas ever since the spring of 2011, even throughout the " winter " months in unusual numbers. in particular, there are a lot of seed ticks, say park officials. coming into contact with ticks in this part of the country is normal and those who live here generally know the common - sense steps to take to minimize tick contacts and tick bites. avoiding tick habitat, including grassy, brushy, and wooded areas, doesn ' t leave much else but gravel bars, parking lots, and lake surfaces. however, just knowing that you may be entering such areas will help with the next level of preventive measures : - use 20 % - 30 % deet insect repellant on exposed skin and clothing ( yes, there are risks associated with using deet, too ). premethrin is a chemical which will kill ticks on contact but should not be applied to the skin. - wear long pants, long sleeves, long socks ; tuck pant legs into sock tops or wear gaiters to help keep ticks away from the skin. - check clothes for ticks, preferably before going indoors, and check all skin surfaces to eliminate ticks before they begin the process of biting you. this goes for your pets, too. they often bring these hitch - hikers indoors with them where they end up in surprising places. and don ' t turn your back on tried and true techniques, such as keeping a roll of duct tape handy to wrap around the palm of your hand, sticky side out, to remove seed ticks. whatever works! click here for more information on ticks and their health risks to humans from the centers for disease control website. image courtesy : cdc website.


forum — conservation grazing uses livestock as ecosystem engineers livestock are proven ecosystem engineers in the great plains and in other rangelands around the world. the trick is to manage them accordingly. historically, the prairies of the western great plains east of the rocky mountains had a diverse mix of vegetation both in plant species and plant heights, ranging from barely an inch to 2½ feet. for this rain - deprived area, that ’ s about as diverse as you ’ re going to get. buffalo, prairie dogs, and wildfires helped maintain this mosaic. but humans changed it by converting rangelands to croplands in the early 20th century and, more recently, by converting rangelands to residential ranchettes. rangeland management practices implemented over the past 50 years — such as evenly distributing livestock and water sources and using moderate stocking rates — mainly focused on livestock production. these practices, while very successful in terms of sustainable livestock production, have led to more homogeneous landscapes. this is opposite of the historical heterogeneity that resulted from the disturbances caused by grazing, fire, and prairie dogs. the result has been declines in the numbers of wildlife species, from grassland birds to black - tailed ferrets, the only ferret native to north america. the “ management to the middle ” practices leave few areas on the landscape that are either intensively disturbed — having very short vegetation and a lot of bare soil — or relatively undisturbed, from a rest in grazing. unfortunately, the vast majority of “ species of concern ” in these rangeland ecosystems are those with habitats that are associated with either highly disturbed or minimally disturbed areas. this issue creates conflicts between ranchers and environmentalists. as a result, there is an emerging need to manage these rangelands for a variety of ecosystem goods and services — including carbon storage, aesthetic beauty, biodiversity, recreation, wildlife habitat, and water — through an understanding of the tradeoffs involved. realistically, livestock are the primary practical tools for altering vegetation on rangelands because of environmental concerns about herbicides and the high costs of treating vast acreages of rangeland. this management style, called “ conservation grazing, ” balances the tradeoffs between livestock production and other ecosystem services. conservation grazing allows this by recreating and maintaining the historical mosaic of vegetation through various techniques, including varying levels of grazing. conservation grazing is a recent development and has resulted in a marked shift in the once negative views of cattle grazing held by many environmentalists and conservationists. as described in the article " can livestock, prairie dogs, and fire