( butterworth - heinemann ) isbn 0 - 7506 - 7973 - 5 - charles francois ( ed ) ( 1997 ), international encyclopedia of systems and cybernetics, munchen : k. g. saur. - charles l. hutchins ( 1996 ) systemic thinking : solving complex problems co : pds isbn 1 - 888017 - 51 - 1 - bradford keeney ( 2002 - revised ) aesthetics of change. ( guilford press ) isbn 1 - 57230 - 830 - 3 - donella meadows ( 2008 ) thinking in systems - a primer ( earthscan ) isbn 978 - 1 - 84407 - 726 - 7 - pouvreau david ( 2013 ). " une histoire de la ' systemologie generale ' de ludwig von bertalanffy - genealogie, genese, actualisation et posterite d ' un projet hermeneutique ", doctoral thesis ( 1138 pages ), ecole des hautes etudes en sciences sociales ( ehess ), paris : http : / / tel. archives - ouvertes. fr / tel - 00804157 - john seddon ( 2008 ) systems thinking in the public sector. ( triarchy press ). isbn 978 - 0 - 9550081 - 8 - 4 - peter m. senge ( 1990 ) the fifth discipline - the art & practice of the learning organization. ( currency doubleday ) isbn 0 - 385 - 26095 - 4 - lars skyttner ( 2006 ) general systems theory : problems, perspective, practice ( world scientific publishing company ) isbn 981 - 256 - 467 - 5 - graeme snooks ( 2008 ) ' a general theory of complex living systems : exploring the demand side of dynamics '. complexity, 13 ( 6 ), july / august : 12 - 20. - frederic vester ( 2007 ) the art of interconnected thinking. ideas and tools for tackling with complexity ( mcb ) isbn 3 - 939314 - 05 - 6 - gerald m. weinberg ( 2001 - revised ) an introduction to general systems thinking. ( dorset house ) isbn 0 - 932633 - 49 - 8 - brian wilson ( 1990 ) systems : concepts, methodologies and applications, 2nd ed. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 92716 - 3 - brian wilson ( 2001 ) soft systems methodology : conceptual model building and its contribution. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 89489 - 3


applications, 2nd ed. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 92716 - 3 - brian wilson ( 2001 ) soft systems methodology : conceptual model building and its contribution. ( wiley ) isbn 0 - 471 - 89489 - 3 - ludwig von bertalanffy ( 1969 ) general system theory. ( george braziller ) isbn 0 - 8076 - 0453 - 4 - dietrich dorner ( 1996 ) the logic of failure. trans. rita kimber and robert kimber. ( metropolitan books ) isbn 978 - 0 - 201 - 47948 - 5 - barry richmond ( 2001 ) introduction to systems thinking : stella. ( high performance systems ) isbn 978 - 0 - 9704921 - 1 - 1 - illustration is made by marcel douwe dekker ( 2007 ) based on an own standard and pierre malotaux ( 1985 ), " constructieleer van de mensenlijke samenwerking ", in bb5 collegedictaat tu delft, pp. 120 - 147. - capra, f. ( 1996 ) the web of life : a new scientific understanding of living systems ( 1st anchor books ed ). new york : anchor books. p. 30 - skyttner, lars ( 2006 ). general systems theory : problems, perspective, practice. world scientific publishing company. isbn 981 - 256 - 467 - 5. | | this article ' s use of external links may not follow wikipedia ' s policies or guidelines. ( march 2013 ) | - the systems thinker newsletter glossary - the schumacher institute of sustainable systems - dancing with systems from project worldview - systems - thinking. de : systems thinking links displayed as a network - systems thinking laboratory - systems thinking - buckminster fuller institute - mit ' s system design and management program - the adansys approach


family : ardeidae, herons, egrets, bitterns view all from this family description adult has pure white plumage with elegant plumes evident during breeding season. legs are black and feet are yellow ( orange tinged at height of breeding season ). daggerlike bill is dark and lores are yellow for much of the time, but are flushed red in breeding season. juvenile similar to adult, but backs of legs are yellow. dimensions length : 20 - 27 " ( 51 - 69 cm ) ; wngspn : 3 ' 2 " ( 97 cm ) habitat associated with wetland habitats, ranging from sheltered coasts and brackish lagoons to freshwater lakes and rivers. present year - round near coasts ; summer breeding range extends inland. observation tips easy to see in suitable habitats. range new england, southeast, florida, plains, southwest, rocky mountains, western canada, california, northwest, texas, great lakes, mid - atlantic, eastern canada voice mostly silent. discussion pure white heron - like bird. superficially similar to cattle and great egrets but adult snowy egret ' s bright yellow feet, contrasting with otherwise black legs, and its black bill, are diagnostic. long periods of time are spent roosting and preening. sometimes adopts a patient, wait - and - see approach to feeding but also employs more energetic tactics in pursuit of fish, amphibians, and crustaceans. sexes are similar but immatures and adults can be separated with care. beware confusion with immature little blue heron, which is all white but has yellowish legs as well as feet, and a two - toned bill.


brief summaryread full entry biologythe distinctive narrow snout of the gharial is a superb adaptation for catching prey underwater. by providing very little resistance to water, it enables the gharial to whip its head sideways through the water to snatch fish with its small, razor - sharp teeth ( 2 ) ( 7 ). although adults feed primarily on fish, juvenile gharials sustain themselves on a vast array of invertebrates ( 5 ). adult females, which reach maturity and become sexually receptive at around ten years old, are defended in harems by individual males ( 5 ). although its precise function is poorly understood, it is thought that the male ' s bulbous ghara may be a visual sex indicator, sound resonator or bubbling device utilised during courtship ( 6 ). nesting occurs during the dry season when the females drag themselves onto dry land to excavate holes into which around 40 large eggs are buried ( 2 ) ( 5 ). the eggs are naturally incubated in the nest hole but the female remains near the nest to guard it from predators such as pigs, jackals, lizards and mongooses,. after around 70 days when the hatchlings are ready to emerge, they call out from inside the eggs, alerting the mother to dig the eggs out of the nest hole. while the gharial does not display the crocodilian habit of transporting hatchlings in its jaws, the young stay with their mother for several weeks to several months ( 2 ).


morphological and genetic variation indicate cryptic species within lamarck ’ s little sea star, parvulastra ( = patiriella ) exigua hart, michael w., keever, carson c., dartnall, alan j., and byrne, maria ( 2006 ) morphological and genetic variation indicate cryptic species within lamarck ’ s little sea star, parvulastra ( = patiriella ) exigua. biological bulletin, 210 ( 2 ). pp. 158 - 167. | pdf ( published version ) - repository staff only - requires a pdf viewer such as gsview, xpdf or adobe acrobat reader | view at publisher website : http : / / www. biolbull. org / cgi / reprint / 210 /... the asterinid sea star parvulastra exigua ( lamarck ) is a common member of temperate intertidal marine communities from geographically widespread sites around the southern hemisphere. individuals from australian populations lay benthic egg masses ( through orally directed gonopores ) from which nonplanktonic offspring hatch and metamorphose without a dispersing planktonic larval phase. scattered reports in the taxonomic literature refer to a similar form in southern africa with aborally directed gonopores ( and possibly broadcast spawning of planktonic eggs and larvae ) ; such differences would be consistent with cryptic species variation. surveys of morphology and mtdna sequences have revealed cryptic species diversity in other asterinid genera. here we summarize the taxonomic history of lamarck ’ s " asterie exigue " and survey morphological variation ( the location of the gonopores ) for evidence that some p. exigua populations include cryptic species with a different mode of reproduction. we found strong evidence for multiple species in the form of two phenotypes and modes of reproduction ( oral and aboral gonopore locations ) in populations from southern africa and islands in the atlantic and indian oceans. both modes of reproduction have broad geographic ranges. these results are consistent with previously published genetic data that indicate multiple species in african and island ( but not australian ) populations. | item type : | | article ( refereed research - c1 ) | | keywords : | | asterin sea star ; parvulastra exigua ; lamarck ; asterinid sea stars | | seo codes : | | 96 environment > 9608 flora, fauna and biodiversity > 960808 marine flora, fauna and biodiversity @ 100 %


abell, jacqueline ( 2013 ) volunteering to help conserve endangered species : an identity approach to human - animal relationships. journal of community and applied social psychology, 23 ( 2 ). pp. 157 - 170. full text not available from this repository. this study explores identity in providing voluntary help for endangered animal species. identity is a cornerstone of social psychological explanations of helping behaviour but has not been understood in relation to human - animal relationships. open - ended questionnaires were administered to 111 volunteers working in a range of international conservation projects aimed at protecting endangered animals. participants were asked their reasons for volunteering, choice of project, experiences, and expectations. thematic textual analysis explored common features across the dataset. themes identified were : identifying with animals, humans dominating nature and collective identity with the organization and fellow volunteers. the paper suggests social psychological knowledge about helping behaviour be applied to understand human - animal interactions to offer insight into the conditions under which we will engage with conservational and environmental concerns and provide aid. social psychology has been slow to apply its knowledge to an examination of human responses to the challenge of loss of biodiversity. to act, humans must identify with those they seek to protect. | journal or publication title : | | journal of community and applied social psychology | | uncontrolled keywords : | | conservation ; volunteering ; identity ; helping ; endangered species | | subjects : | | b philosophy. psychology. religion > bf psychology | | departments : | | faculty of science and technology > psychology | | deposited on : | | 29 mar 2012 16 : 29 | | last modified : | | 09 may 2013 11 : 14 | actions ( login required )


planning begins for experiment to study influence of aerosols on california water supply september 10, 2008 researchers from noaa ' s earth system research laboratory will participate in the calwater : energy, water, and regional climate planning meeting on september 15 - 17, 2008 at scripps institute of oceanography in la jolla, ca. participants are planning a joint experiment between noaa, the california energy commission, and scripps institute of oceanography to study the interactions between air quality and the hydrologic cycle in a changing climate. expected outcomes of this meeting include a science plan and an implementation strategy describing testable hypotheses addressing how aerosols from regional and trans - pacific pollution influence water supply and snowpack in california. the interaction of increased regional and transported pollution and global warming trends will have an unknown affect on california ' s water supplies. on one hand, air pollution may partially offset the warming trend by increasing the sunlight scattering off of aerosols which will cool the surface. but on the other hand, increasing pollution deposited within snowpacks will darken the snow which will absorb more radiation and melt the snowpack quicker reducing california ' s natural snowpack reservoirs. these non - linear and off - setting interactions are dependent on the type and amount of aerosols as well as the state of the regional climate. california is interested in finding the most effective way to simultaneously reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, aerosols, other air pollutants and their precursors while maximizing the benefits for air quality, water resources, and climate change. this experiment will leverage heavily the noaa hmt - west effort, as well as noaa ' s uas program and will address anthropogenic effects of aerosols on precipitation, and climate change impacts on the amplitude and frequency of extreme precipitation events involving atmospheric rivers.


last week, while reading a brief article, i learned about a government that had once disfranchised immigrant chinese because they were seen as " a threat to the purity of the ballot box. " this same nation also recently eliminated multilingual emergency telephone lines, cutting hundreds of thousands of people off from relief believe it or not, i am speaking of the united states. throughout the world, similar acts of racism are occurring every day. presently, minority and indigenous languages are being threatened by powerful elites who are imposing an unnatural homogeneity upon people from innumerable cultural backgrounds. as a result, the vast majority of the world ' s languages are now " endangered species, " and the issue of " linguistic diversity " has become the subject of heated international debate. for many proponents of linguistic diversity, the world is being colonized by english and other " mega - languages " at the expense of indigenous and minority languages. today, there are more than 10, 000 languages throughout the world. alarmingly, as many as 90 percent of these languages may be extinct or moribund – that is, no longer learned by children – by the year 2100. currently, 80 percent of the world ' s languages exist in only one small region or country. thus, some people have argued that it would be beneficial, even logical, for all people to communicate in just a few international super - languages. yet a closer look at linguistic diversity indicates the profoundly negative impact the disappearance of languages will have on the planet. first, there is mounting evidence linking linguistic diversity to biodiversity and a balanced global environment. according to dr. tove skutnabb - kangas, vice - president of the international nonprofit group terralingua, " it has taken centuries for people to learn about their environments and to name the complex ecological relationships that are decisive for maintenance of biodiversity. when indigenous peoples lose their languages, much of this knowledge also disappears. " take for example californian english. nowhere in the vocabulary is there a terminology for indigenous agricultural methods or names for hundreds of thousands of tree species. given that we do not live in a rainforest, this is understandable. if indigenous languages from rainforest regions disappear, however, we will lose this information, which is central to the maintenance of biodiversity. and all the " hellas " and " dudes " in the world won ' t bring it back. in a recent environmental program report, u. n. officials stated, " threatened languages store the knowledge about how to maintain and use sustainably some of the most


hellas " and " dudes " in the world won ' t bring it back. in a recent environmental program report, u. n. officials stated, " threatened languages store the knowledge about how to maintain and use sustainably some of the most vulnerable and biologically diverse environments in the world. " in other words, as languages diminish, so does the human capacity to care for fragile ecosystems and biodiversity. secondly, it is critical to recognize that the groups most affected by linguistic colonization are the same as those which have been subjected to ongoing economic colonization over the past five centuries : indigenous and minority populations. one of the many types of violence that has been committed against these peoples throughout the last 500 years is linguistic genocide, in which indigenous culture is destroyed as mega - languages such as english or spanish become the only legal languages of a particular region. according to the original u. n. definition, linguistic genocide is " prohibiting the use of the language of a group in daily intercourse or in schools, or the printing and circulation of publications in the language of the group. " the definition also includes indirect prohibition, whereby native speakers of a minority language are made to feel ashamed of their language and are overlooked by publishers and libraries discriminating against literature in these languages. indigenous peoples control or manage nearly 20 percent of the world ' s land and speak over 60 percent of the world ' s languages despite representing only 4 percent of the total human population. indigenous groups effectively serve as the planet ' s guardians ; therefore, life on earth is seriously threatened when its linguistic traditions are attacked. thus, though the issue may seem farfetched, linguistic diversity is actually very relevant to our future survival. unfortunately, linguistic genocide continues daily. according to dr. skutnabb - kangas, " the media and educational systems are the most important direct agents in language murder today, " prioritizing certain languages over others while portraying indigenous and minority populations as backward and less competent. these patterns are present here in los angeles. in 1998, californians passed proposition 227, which institutionalized english as the sole official language for all state government programs, including health and social welfare services. the proposition paved the way for an english - based monoculture and catalyzed a national movement against linguistic diversity within the united states. perhaps most significantly, however, proposition 227 has destroyed bilingual public education in a state that is home to more than 40 percent of the nation ' s " limited english proficient " students. twice a week, i work as a bilingual literacy tutor in east los angeles


most significantly, however, proposition 227 has destroyed bilingual public education in a state that is home to more than 40 percent of the nation ' s " limited english proficient " students. twice a week, i work as a bilingual literacy tutor in east los angeles with spanish - speaking first graders struggling to learn english in the post - 227 lausd. i have witnessed first hand the way children are led to reject their bilingualism and to see their spanish skills not as a gift, but rather as something to be ashamed of, an inheritance to renounce. if this isn ' t linguistic and cultural genocide, what is? the attack on languages is yet another way in which homogenized culture is being thrust upon our globalized planet. agricultural monocultures are dangerous for crops, rendering them more susceptible to pests and destroying soil. similarly, a cultural and linguistic monoculture is dangerous for people, destroying the foundations of our complex human relationships. in order for biodiversity and traditional / indigenous knowledge systems to survive, linguistic and cultural diversity must be maintained. in order for such diversity to be preserved, linguistic genocide has to be stopped. as dr. skutnabb - kangas wrote, " when speakers of small languages learn other, necessary, languages in addition to their native languages, they become multilingual, and the maintenance of linguistic diversity is supported. when dominant languages such as english are learned subtractively, at the cost of the mother languages, they become killer languages. " if we want to avoid becoming mere carbon copies of one another, and are serious about surviving, we must stop the destruction of linguistic diversity.


this was a term paper for the public library a graduate level course offered by the school of library and information science at kent state university. the role of the public library has always been to preserve the knowledge of the past as well as the present. though this has changed slightly in the past century, with the huge volume of material being published, and the speed at which some of it becomes outdated, the role of the public library remains to collect and preserve knowledge, generally the written record. these preservation duties have included materials that survive easily - books printed on rag paper or written on vellum, stone tablets, and the like, and also materials that are quite fragile - like newspapers, papyri, and books printed on acid paper. yet even these difficult to preserve media remain well represented in many libraries. in the second half of the twentieth century, there was considerable hope given to the idea that microfilm and microform might be the best way to preserve deteriorating documents. now a similar hope is given to digitizing technology. the purpose of this paper is to investigate the best way to preserve and provide the information of the printed material into the 22nd century. it will investigate these problems almost solely from the perspective of the users, as they are the people who must use whatever solutions are provided. microfilm and microform photographic technology appeared at first to be a major innovation in the preservation and sharing of fragile and rare library materials. for centuries, conservation consisted mainly of rebinding books and making new copies of manuscripts. these methods were limited in usefulness while also being time consuming and expensive. the use of microfilms and microforms seemed to solve many of the problems associated with storage of library materials. microfilms allow for the compact photographic reproduction of fragile, deteriorating books, newspapers, and other print items. these films are easily reproduced, so that a long run of a newspaper may be photographed once and then shared by many libraries, saving the cost from each library having to preserve its own copy or having to photograph its own copy. this also allows for storage of the materials in a much more compact manner. the large scale microfilming of american newspapers and magazines was seen by many as the only way to preserve the deteriorating contents of publications on highly acidic paper, which came into use at about the time of the american civil war. due to the high acid content of the paper, books and newspapers printed on it become yellow and even brown with age. these materials require careful treatment and handling - slow, gentle opening of pages, support of covers while the


of the american civil war. due to the high acid content of the paper, books and newspapers printed on it become yellow and even brown with age. these materials require careful treatment and handling - slow, gentle opening of pages, support of covers while the book is being read, and similar actions. in extreme cases, the paper can be so brittle that the simple stress of turning the page causes it to crack and detach from the book along the fold. microfilms, however, have their own problems. they too require a certain amount of care in their handling. they require special equipment for viewing. they deteriorate with time. they are much more difficult to read than the paper copies they replace. in short, they have many of the same problems as the acid paper they were supposed to replace. it seems the greatest problem with microfilms is image quality. a photograph, of any sort, will never be quite so clear as the original. many microfilm photographs are either out of focus or lack the resolution of the originals that they were to replace. the great loss in microfiliming is the visual content of the work. color reproductions, duotones, even black and white illustrations, become difficult to study, high contrast, poor reproductions of their originals. if we are to consider the text the only information worth saving from these items, then perhaps the microfilms are successful - they do preserve the text. however, the value of the images contained within the text is as important, often, as the text itself. these are lost, almost completely, in the process of microfilming. unfortunately, the originals from which the microfilms are made are often sold or discarded, so that the user no longer has access to the material. the digitizing of materials seems to, at the very least, replace the role of microfilm in the library. digitization can be done either by photographing an item, or by placing individual pages on a scanner. materials may also be stored just as text on the computer, either because the original was saved that way, for example, many current newspaper or magazine articles, or because it was entered into the computer in that manner, such as the e - texts provided by project gutenberg. the idea of digitization seems, at first, appealing. it seems to allow far greater access to materials, by users worldwide, with less cost to the individual library, because each library would no longer need to keep a copy of a microfilm. there are still, however, many


at first, appealing. it seems to allow far greater access to materials, by users worldwide, with less cost to the individual library, because each library would no longer need to keep a copy of a microfilm. there are still, however, many issues that need to be dealt with in regard to digital collections. the quality of many early digitization projects seems little better than microfilm. one example of this is a project at cornell university to digitize mathematics texts. the books were disbound and then scanned flat. this avoided the problems that many other similar projects faced, that the text near the center margin was virtually unreadable, but it also rendered the books unreadable by library patrons. the resolution of the images was relatively low, and they are reproduced in a high contrast black and white. these texts, though readable, leave quite a bit to be desired. another example worth noting is the 1920 census data, as observed through ancestry plus. the scans of the images are at low resolution, and in many cases, it is difficult, if not impossible, to read the information. this can be partially attributed to the handwriting of the period, but it is not helped by the quality of the reproductions. it is also difficult to figure out what column is what, when looking at a magnified part of the page. fortunately, the corresponding data is searchable, albeit with some errors. digitization projects have gotten better with time, providing access to materials truly unavailable to most people, due to cost or fragility. the libraries of oxford university, for instance, now provide extremely high - resolution scans of ancient greek papyri. octavo publishes cd - roms of beautifully photographed rare and valuable books, with sufficient resolution for most any need. the quality of these products will continue to improve, as will the quality of displays, for the foreseeable future. whether they will approach the quality of the items they reproduce remains to be seen. other texts have been digitized so that only their text has been preserved. these include both books and journal articles. at first, this seemed a better approach, as the files created used much less space than digitized pages. as high speed internet access becomes more common, however, the desire to see something that closer represents the original becomes more prominent. these e - texts have a major advantage over their photographed counterparts - the text may be searched. this makes it far easier to find desired information in journal articles, and has led to the development of many research databases. these


the original becomes more prominent. these e - texts have a major advantage over their photographed counterparts - the text may be searched. this makes it far easier to find desired information in journal articles, and has led to the development of many research databases. these databases tend to make it much easier for users to find the information they desire. this lack of formatting and imagery can also be seen as a negative. when the articles of a newspaper are available online, the newspaper often is not able to archive the articles from other news agencies contained in the print version of the paper. the context in which the articles appeared is lost. photographs that appeared with the stories are often not archived online. additionally, the advertisements that appeared with the print edition, a valuable record of the times, are lost. the cataloging and access to electronic sources presents some issues. the cataloging itself is not an issue - aacr and marc 21 provide for the cataloging of various types of electronic media. continued availability of the information is the biggest problem - links to cataloged electronic documents are often broken, and ownership and maintenance of the source is retained by the provider, not the library. in addition, when the library ends its subscription to a source, it is no longer available to the users, while with print sources, the back issues remain available, in most cases. preservation for the next hundred years it may be reasonably assumed that technology and reproduction will get better with time. in fact, it seems possible that at some time in the future, computer screens will be quite similar to paper, in terms of size, image quality, and durability. even given the great speed of technological advancement in this area, it seems unlikely that displays will have identical qualities to paper anytime in the next hundred years. it seems more likely that one will be able to print out full size perfect paper reproductions of newspapers and books, because paper simply has different properties and characteristics than a computer screen. microfilm ' s survival seems unlikely. with the advances in computer technology, items previously microfilmed will become available electronically. electronic versions fill the information needs of most users, and they do this more quickly, at the convenience of the user, and with greater ease. this does not, however, spell the end of the need to retain physical copies of these items. there are many materials and types of materials for which electronic copies are simply unsuitable for the information needs of the user. there are the issues noted above regarding newspapers. there is also the issue of the format - additional insights may be gained


of these items. there are many materials and types of materials for which electronic copies are simply unsuitable for the information needs of the user. there are the issues noted above regarding newspapers. there is also the issue of the format - additional insights may be gained by seeing material in its intended format. magazines often show an even greater need to be retained in their original format. while some scholarly journals consist almost entirely of text, and little additional information is provided in the print version, this is the exception rather than the rule. the graphical design of the magazine tells much about the culture and the creators of the publication. sometimes this can be reproduced reasonably well. for many publications, especially those with a focus on art or design, this is simply impossible. wired magazine, for instance, especially in the earlier issues, with the fluorescent inks and high quality printing, simply cannot be reproduced on a computer. or take nest, a quarterly of interiors, which often changes the physical shape of the magazine, using die cutting and the like, in relation to the theme of the issue - how does one really show a magazine with a custom woven cloth cover on the computer? many books suffer a similar fate, especially those with high quality printing. i had been content with the world publishing company ' s facsimilie edition of william morris ' s works of geoffrey chaucer now newly imprinted until i saw the electronic version published by octavo. the electronic version was, as a whole, not much better than the copy, but it let me know that there was something more there. this piqued my curiosity. so i viewed the original in the special collections of the kent state university library. it was an amazing experience. the book was so perfect, so readable, so different from what i had been looking at. the texture of the paper and the type were important in the design, as was the transparency of the paper. it was as much of a difference as the difference between looking at a reproduction of a painting in a textbook and seeing the original. we do not expect people to study art history solely by looking at reproductions. they are useful, for sure, as time and expense are required to travel to museums. however, the museums still retain the paintings, even when they require expensive conservation and care. we should take a similar attitude with books. they need to be preserved, that the originals may be read. this does not apply to all books, of course, but more reasonable decisions should be made now than have been in the past.


care. we should take a similar attitude with books. they need to be preserved, that the originals may be read. this does not apply to all books, of course, but more reasonable decisions should be made now than have been in the past. perhaps they need not all be retained onsite, but they should be retained. baker, n. ( 2001 ). double fold : libraries and the assault on paper. new york : random house. basbanes, n. a. ( 2003 ). a splendor of letters : the permanence of books in an impermanent world. new york : harpercollins. cox, r. j. ( 2002 ). vandals in the stacks? a response to nicholson baker ' s assault on libraries. westport, connecticut : greenwood press. digital futures : strategies for the information age. new york : neal - schuman publishers. gabriel, m. r. and ladd, d. p. ( 1980 ). the microform revolution in libraries. greenwich, connecticut : jai press. jones, w., ahronheim, j. r., and crawford, j., eds. ( 2002 ). cataloging the web : metadata, aacr, and marc 21. lanham, maryland : scarecrow press. kellerman, l. s. and wilson, r., eds. ( 1996 ). digitizing technologies for preservation. systems and procedures exchange center, kit 214. washington, d. c. lee, s. d. ( 2001 ). digital imaging : a practical handbook. new york : neal - schuman publishers. project gutenberg. ( 2004 ). project gutenberg : welcome to project gutenberg. online. available at : http : / / www. gutenberg. net / accessed august 18, 2004. sitts, m. k., ed. ( 2000 ). handbook for digital projects : a management tool for preservation and access. andover, massachusetts : northeast document conservation center, 2000.


subsequently became company d, 19th virginia cavalry. righter ' s men were from harrison county, west virginia ; jackson county, west virginia ; ritchie county, west virginia, and taylor county, west virginia. - officers for this unit were : captain john righter, 1st lieutenant ezekiel martin, and 2nd lieutenant john anderson. - company d - a cavalry company - captain joseph r. kessler ' s company. - this company enlisted on august 17, 1862, in roane county, and its officers were commissioned on the same date. - most men enlisted in confederate service on march 15, 1863, and were assigned as company c, 19th virginia cavalry. - these men were from calhoun county, west virginia ; jackson county, west virginia ; pocahontas county, west virginia ; preston county, west virginia, and wirt county, west virginia. - leaders for this unit were : captain joseph r. kessler, 1st lieutenant j. c. keister, and 2nd lieutenant j. w. reeder. - company e - an infantry company - captain george duskey ' s company. - company officers were commissioned on september 18, 1862. - several members enlisted on september 2, 1862, at millpoint, pocahontas county, and most later served in company e, 19th virginia cavalry. - this company ' s home territory was gilmer county, west virginia. - officers for this company were : captain george duskey, 1st lieutenant james w. ball, and 2nd lieutenant c. w. minter. - company f - a cavalry company - captain henry d. ruffner ' s company. - officers were commissioned on november 1, 1862. - ruffner had served in company h, 22nd virginia infantry and later served as captain of company g, 19th virginia cavalry, and as commander of the 46th battalion virginia cavalry. some, if not most, of his company may have gone with him to that organization. - officers were : captain henry d. ruffner, 1st lieutenant john holmes, and 2nd lieutenant william h. justice. - company g - captain william o ' brien ' s company. - most of this company later served in company h, 19th virginia cavalry after the state line disbanded. - several members of the unit were from roane county, west virginia. - officers for this company were : captain william o ' brien, 1st lieutenant henry g. sampson, and 2nd lieutenant marrcellus j. west. - company h - captain matthew b. perrin ' s company. - this company ' s home


. - officers for this company were : captain william o ' brien, 1st lieutenant henry g. sampson, and 2nd lieutenant marrcellus j. west. - company h - captain matthew b. perrin ' s company. - this company ' s home territory is not known but probably was in what is now west virginia. - officers for this company were captain matthew b. perrin, 1st lieutenant jeremiah b. howell, and 2nd lieutenant jasper w. johnson. - company i - captain edward norris ' company. - company a - an infantry company - captain george downs ' company. - beginning united states civil war research gives steps for finding information about a civil war soldier or sailor. it covers the major records that should be used. additional records are described in virginia in the civil war and united states civil war, 1861 to 1865. - national park service, the civil war soldiers and sailors system, is searchable by soldier ' s name and state. it contains basic facts about soldiers on both sides of the civil war, a list of regiments, descriptions of significant battles, sources of the information, and suggestions for where to find additional information. - virginia in the civil war describes many confederate and union sources, specifically for virginia, and how to find them.. these include compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, internet databases, published books, etc. - united states civil war, 1861 to 1865 describes and explains united states and confederate states records, rather than state records, and how to find them. these include veterans ’ censuses, compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, internet databases, published books, etc. - sifakis, stewart. compendium of the confederate armies : virginia. new york, ny : facts on file, 1992 - 1995. ( family history library book 975 m2ss, ten volumes. ) this gives organization information for each unit and its field officers, assignments, and battles. it also lists sources further reading. volume 5 is for virginia. - wallace, lee a. a guide to virginia military organizations, 1861 - 1865. lynchburg, virginia : h. e. howard, 1986. ( family history library book 975. 5 m2vr, volume 29. ) this gives brief historical sketches of each regiment and lists officers, company names, and commanders. - ↑ sifakis, stewart. compendium of the confederate armies : virginia. new york, ny : facts on file, 1992 - 1995. ( family history library book 975 m2ss, ten


when in rome rome wasn ’ t built in a day, and it also took three days to sack. the visigoths ended their rampage on this day in 410. at the time, rome was little more than a very rich mausoleum. the eastern – more stable – half of the roman empire was ruled from constantinople. the western, reeling half was now tenuously ruled from ravenna. the roman empire had dispensed with rome. nonetheless, the former capital contained the accumulated treasures of rome ’ s past glories, and the visigoths wanted to pay their respects. but where was the roman army to prevent the barbarian rampage? well, the barbarian horde was the roman army – although flagrantly a. w. o. l. for some 20 years, the visigoths had served the empire fighting other barbarians, but it had not been the most gratifying experience. under roman command, they found themselves expendable and unappreciated – the heaviest casualties but the last to be paid. so the visigoths decided that being rome ’ s enemy would be more fulfilling and lucrative. led by alaric, the visigoths rampaged through greece, the balkans and then italy. of course, rome was part of the itinerary, and there really was nothing to stop them. yet, the old capital was surrounded by stout walls and should have withstood the barbarian attack. the visigoths actually lacked the manpower to completely surround and besiege rome ; they only managed to blockade rome ’ s gates. they also lacked the siege equipment to breach rome ’ s walls. yet, those walls did lack the real deterrent : anyone to man them. the romans now were so craven that treachery prevailed. someone opened a gate to the visigoths. there was some roman resistance ; it lasted a day. the visigoths sacked the city : looting and rape were wholesale, and the slaughter – more limited – but still an enthusiastic demonstration of long - held grudges. yet, the visigoths did adhere to one restraint. they were christian – albeit arians who confused jesus with thor – and so spared the churches, which only recently had confiscated the wealth of the pagan temples. nonetheless, there still were government buildings and palaces to loot, and citizens to rob. the visigoths also qualified as liberals ; they freed slaves – a considerable segment of the roman society. alaric died soon after sacking rome. let ’ s face it, his life would have


lecture details : linear programming and extensions by prof. prabha sharma, department of mathematics and statistics, iit kanpur for more details on nptel visit http : / / nptel. iitm. ac. in course description : the objective of this course is to introduce those real life problems which can be formulated as linear programming problems ( lpp ). the course will be taught as a first course in optimization, hence all the concepts will be properly motivated and explained with examples. following will be discussed in particular : linear models such as ; product mix problem, nutrition problem, a blendingproblem, formulation of these problems as linear programming problems ( llp ). axioms of linearity, general form of lpp, slack and surplus variables. standard form of lpp. basic concepts of rank of a matrix, solution of a system of linear equations, examples. basic feasible solution ( bf s ), degenerate and non - degenrate, examples of basic solutions which are not feasible. upper bound on the number of bf s. upper bound on the absolute value of the basic variables. existence of bf s, moving from one bfs to another and improving the value of the objective function. optimality criteria. optimal solution is a bfs. simplex algorithm through a simple example. simplex algorithm - geometrically interpretation. definition of an affine space, polyhedron p, faces of a polyhedron – facets, edges and vertices. representation of a polyhedron in terms of extreme points and extreme rays. a basic feasible solution is an extreme point of the corresponding polyhedron. more about degeneracy. supporting hyperplane of a polyhedron. characterisation of an optimal solution in terms of supporting hyperplane. graphical illustrations. simplex algorithm - tableau format. simplex algorithm – starting feasible solution, artificial variables, phase i and phase ii methods. bounded variables case ; modification of the simplex algorithm. revised simplex algorithm. define the dual problem and its various forms. fundamental theorem of duality. farka ’ s theorem. complementary slackness theorem. dual simplex algorithm ; motivation, theory and a numerical example. primal dual algorithm : motivation, theory and a numerical example. sensitivity analysis of the objective function coefficient, right hand side components and elements of the matrix a. adding of constraints and activities. a comprehensive numerical example. min - cost flow problem - formulation and derivation of special cases such as transportation problem, assignment problem, max - flow problem and the shortest path problem. integer bfs property


of the matrix a. adding of constraints and activities. a comprehensive numerical example. min - cost flow problem - formulation and derivation of special cases such as transportation problem, assignment problem, max - flow problem and the shortest path problem. integer bfs property of transportation problem. simplified simplex algorithm for transportation problem. sensitivity analysis and bounded variable case. formulation of shortest path problem, dijkstra ’ s algorithm. more general shortest path algorithms, sensitivity analysis. applications of max - flow problem. algorithms and sensitivity analysis. network simplex algorithm for min – cost flow problem. ( 2 ) project planning control with pert / cpm, linear programming formulations. ( 3 ) dynamic programming : principle of optimality with proof. discrete and continuous problems. ( 2 ) backward and forward formulations. probabilistic cases. ( 2 ) game theory. two - person zero - sum game. pure and mixed strategies with examples. saddlepoint and graphical solutions. linear programming iterative solution method. computational complexity of simplex algorithm. to show through an example that the simplex algorithm can go through all the extreme points before reaching the optimal extreme point solution. ellipsoid algorithm - basic concepts and its applications. basic idea behind karmarkar ’ s algorithm and its applications. other resources : other mathematics courses - differential equations iii by other - trigonometry by khan academy - california standards test : geometry by khan academy - applied multivariate analysis by iit kanpur - single variable calculus by mit - algebra by khan academy - introduction to geometry by other - math 60 - introductory algebra - 1st term by portland community college - calculus of variations and integral equations by iit kanpur - differential equations ii by khan academy » check out the complete list of mathematics video lectures mathematics lecture notes - linear functional analysis by macquarie university - multivariable and vector analysis by macquarie university - probabilistic thinking by princeton university - math 735 : stochastic differential equations by university of wisconsin - math 231 : partial differential equations by uc san diego - math 100 : ubc calculus by university of british columbia - first year calculus by macquarie university - mata26y : calculus by university of toronto - topology education by university college galway - linear algebra by macquarie university


“ peaceable kingdom ”? not in the real, often violent world of nature. this story is featured in montana outdoors some of my most vivid memories of wild creatures come from having seen their most aggressive behaviors. two red squirrels, locked together tooth and claw, tumbling through dried leaves in a fight over territory. the flash of hummingbirds dueling over who gets the nectar from the first flowers of spring. rival bull elk twisting and smashing their antlers into each other in a contest over mates. the bellow and stomp of a cow moose defending her calf ( and sending me scrambling up a tree one afternoon ). there is no lack of warriors among the ranks of wild animals. there is also no lack of purpose behind their aggressive natures, whether they ’ re on the offensive or the defensive. i ’ m not talking about the kind of aggression shown by a predator toward its prey. as konrad lorenz points out in on aggression, “ the fight between predator and prey is not a fight in the real sense of the word : the stroke of the paw with which a lion kills his prey may resemble the movements that he makes when he strikes his rival … but the inner motives of the hunter are basically different from those of the fighter. the opposite process, the ‘ counter offensive ’ of the prey against the predator, is more nearly related to genuine aggression. ” prey becomes aggressive toward a predator usually to preserve its life — like a woodchuck biting ferociously when cornered by a coyote. males and females of most species will fight viciously in self - defense. and females, such as the cow moose that chased me up a tree, can be even more aggressive than males when defending their young. though some fights occur between two different species, most battles are fought between members of the same species. though the wildlife warriors in these battles usually are not trying to kill each other, the fighting can result in death. why would members of the same species fight with such ferocity? food is one reason. animals that store and horde food for survival will aggressively protect their pantries. a squirrel jealously guards its middens of nuts and seeds, attacking any squirrels that try to steal from its stores. and a mountain lion resting near a fresh deer kill will fearlessly attack another lion that approaches. animals are also willing to fight to protect their food indirectly. for example, predators will defend a territory that provides them with enough prey, or food, to survive. this territorial aggression serves to space out members of a species across their range in a way


animals are also willing to fight to protect their food indirectly. for example, predators will defend a territory that provides them with enough prey, or food, to survive. this territorial aggression serves to space out members of a species across their range in a way that maintains sufficient food within each territory. but it also may limit population size. for example, if a pack of wolves cannot find, defend, or take over a suitable territory, the members may starve to death. aggression has a social function, too. by fighting, members of a pack, flock, or herd learn their place in the group ’ s social order. this is called the “ pecking order, ” named after chickens, which aggressively use their beaks on each other. in the strictly enforced poultry social hierarchy, a few birds never get pecked, a few always get pecked, and those in between know who they can and can ’ t peck. this knowledge leads to a fairly harmonious flock, with minimal pecking, until a chicken decides to contest its ranking. that ’ s when the feathers fly. researchers have learned that fighting can also determine overall group size. for example, when bobwhite quail bunch together during cold weather, they need a certain number of birds in the covey to stay warm. so, “ quail coveys keep down their own size by aggressive behavior within the usual limits of 10 to 30 birds, which appears to be the number that can roost comfortably in the characteristic circle with heads facing out, ” writes nicholas e. collais in animal aggression : selected reading. nothing seems to inspire aggression more than the prospect of sex. male bighorn sheep bash their heads together ; wolves lunge at each other ’ s throat ; bison bulls gore their rivals ’ flanks — all for the opportunity to mate with a fertile female. the more evenly matched the amorous rivals are in size and fighting ability, the more aggressive and determined the battle. bighorn rams, for example, have been known to fight for more than 24 hours over a ewe in estrus. though food, territory, social status, and mates may be won and kept by fighting, aggression takes its toll. animal combatants face exhaustion, injuries, time away from resting and eating, and the ultimate cost of battle : death. thus, it ’ s in an animal ’ s interest to win a war before it ever begins or to avoid a confrontation altogether. “ many fights involve threat displays that emphasize or advertise an animal ’ s size or weaponry and therefore int


death. thus, it ’ s in an animal ’ s interest to win a war before it ever begins or to avoid a confrontation altogether. “ many fights involve threat displays that emphasize or advertise an animal ’ s size or weaponry and therefore intimidate other animals into giving up before the fight escalates, ” writes dr. felicity a. huntingford in animal behavior, edited by tim halliday. a wolf raises its hackles to appear bigger to an opponent. a mule deer buck circles a rival, trying to display himself from an angle that makes his profile appear largest. a bull elk flaunts its antlers by offering a side view to opponents and by raising and lowering its head so the sweeping arc of the rack makes him appear larger than he actually is. the purpose of all this posturing — the equivalent of guys wearing muscle shirts — is to allow a visibly inferior opponent the chance to walk away from a fight before it ever begins. “ a male of the territorial species has a better chance to produce offspring by moving to unoccupied territory than by wasting time and energy in hopeless battles with a superior rival, ” writes niko tinbergen in animal behavior. “ success goes to the animal that knows when to flee as well as when to attack. thus it is a finely balanced system of attack and fleeing behavior rather than uninhibited aggressiveness that has value. ” this balancing act between fight and flight, or between anger and fear, is called “ agonism. ” it leads to some intriguing responses in animals that experience both urges at the same time. when the flight response is stronger, there is usually little indecision. for example, a forkhorn whitetail confronted by a large - beamed eight - point buck either runs off or shows submission by averting his head from the superior rival and looking away while pressing his tail between his legs. but when the fight and flight urges are equally intense, an animal may display what ’ s known as “ conflict behavior. ” for instance, certain fish, when faced with an aggressive rival, wildly swish their tails to propel themselves forward at the same time they are wildly back - paddling with their pectoral fins to move themselves in reverse. the end result of this conflict behavior is that the fish don ’ t move at all. anger and fear felt simultaneously may also give rise to what is termed a “ redirected response. ” sometimes, writes tinbergen, “ a provoked animal will attack, but instead of attacking the source


the fish don ’ t move at all. anger and fear felt simultaneously may also give rise to what is termed a “ redirected response. ” sometimes, writes tinbergen, “ a provoked animal will attack, but instead of attacking the source of its anger, perhaps a large and fearsome - looking opponent, it will attack a smaller or weaker bystander or even a stick or leaf on the ground — as you or i might, in frustrated anger, bang the table with a fist. under extreme provocation, an animal may even make movements that have no direct relationship to threats and fighting at all. male starlings will deal with the tense situation of facing each other near a nest hole by preening their plumage assiduously between bouts of actual fighting. ” weapons and armor actual fighting, of course, requires the use of weapons and defenses. birds use their beaks and talons to peck, bite, and puncture opponents. deer and elk fight with antlers, hooves, and teeth. horned and tusked creatures employ their weapons as battering rams and swords. insects have stingers, pincers, and nippers. snakes attack with fangs and teeth. in addition to these conventional tools of war, some animals deploy “ chemical weapons. ” the foul - smelling liquid a skunk sprays from glands at the base of its tail can hit an intended target 10 feet away, blinding and choking the adversary. skunks aren ’ t the only animals with a chemical arsenal. some termites squirt a toxic gluelike substance that poisons their enemies and makes them stick to the ground and to each other. and the petrel, a long - winged seabird, will spit the slimy, rank contents of its stomach — the partially digested food it regurgitates to feed its chicks — into the face of aggressors. in addition to possessing weapons, many animals and insects wear defensive body armor and shields. the cylindrical exoskeleton of an insect is made of chitin — a tough, light, flexible substance that resists chemicals and makes an ideal suit of armor. turtles and armadillos also wear protective body gear, while hedgehogs and porcupines have quills that discourage aggressors. porcupines have the added advantage of being able to use their protective covering offensively, whacking their quilled tail into an attacker ’ s snout ( something anyone who lives with dogs in the country knows only too well ). strategies of


. porcupines have the added advantage of being able to use their protective covering offensively, whacking their quilled tail into an attacker ’ s snout ( something anyone who lives with dogs in the country knows only too well ). strategies of war when attacking others or defending themselves, animals employ special fighting tactics. when a cat or fox steals eggs or chicks from nests at night, the adult birds will “ mob ” the predator if they catch it out in the open during the day. recently, i watched a dozen magpies swooping and diving on a coyote as it crossed a field near my home. the birds actually struck the predator with their feet on several passes, forcing it to duck and cower its way into a nearby hedgerow. male musk oxen use a “ circle - the - wagons ” tactic when attacked. they stand shoulder to shoulder in a circle with their heads and horns facing out while cows and calves crowd in the center. this defensive maneuver is often enough to discourage even the hungriest wolves from attacking. when experiencing the simultaneous emotions of anger and fear, and the companion impulses to fight and to flee, some animals just bluff. a friend told me the story of an acquaintance who encountered a grizzly bear that used this tactic in the taylor - hilgard mountains of southwestern montana. the man didn ’ t sense trouble until the huge bear was already charging out of the bushes toward him. the sow grizzly stopped abruptly several feet from the terrified hiker, who stood frozen with fear. the bear let out a deafening woof that blew foul breath into his face, then slowly turned and herded her cub into the brush. the man was not carrying a weapon or bear pepper spray and was no match for the grizzly. of course, the grizzly could not have known that. she had been startled into charging to protect herself and her offspring, but she also must have felt the urge to flee. the hair - raising bluff was the end result. call this process of conflicting urges the psychology of animal warfare. animals will use bluffing, posturing, retreating, or any other tactic at their disposal before engaging in conflict that risks their life or that of their young. wildlife are well equipped to do battle, but it appears that most will take whatever measures are necessary to keep the peace. that ’ s a good lesson for any animal to learn. sam curtis, a freelance writer in bozeman, is a frequent contributor to montana outdoors. [ back to top ]


for immediate release office of the press secretary march 25, 2002 national bone and joint decade proclamation national bone and joint decade, 2002 - 2011 by the president of the united states of america living a life free from daily bone pain or joint discomfort is something most people take for granted. our bones, joints, and connective tissues are the structure upon which all other systems of the body depend. they give us strength, mobility, protection, and stability. and they permit us to perform a great variety of physical activities that shape our daily lives. our musculoskeletal structure is a complex system of tissue and bone that is regularly subjected to trauma, metabolic and genetic processes, and the gradual wear and tear of an active life. when these bones and tissues become damaged or diseased, they can create chronic conditions that may seriously impede and sometimes permanently affect one ' s health and well - being. in the united states, musculoskeletal disorders are a leading cause of physical disability. conditions such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, back pain, spinal disorders, and fractures, also affect hundreds of millions of people around the world. and many children suffer from crippling bone and joint diseases and deformities, impeding normal development and preventing them from experiencing a full and healthy life. the incidence of musculoskeletal conditions will increase as the average age of our population increases. and our culture ' s increasing emphasis on physical activity, while important to society ' s overall well - being, will also increase the stress factors on bones and joints. ensuing disorders, if left untreated, could result in significant pain and suffering that would affect employment, well - being, and healthcare costs. national bone and joint decade, 2002 - 2011, envisions a series of international initiatives among physicians, health professionals, patients, and communities, working together to raise awareness about musculoskeletal disorders and promoting research and development into therapies, preventative measures, and cures for these disorders. advances in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and research of musculoskeletal conditions will greatly enhance the quality of life of our aging population. the national institutes of health, the national institute of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases, and other federal agencies support many bone and joint studies. industry and private professional and voluntary agencies support other initiatives. this work involves scientists examining the possible genetic causes of bone and joint diseases and


of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases, and other federal agencies support many bone and joint studies. industry and private professional and voluntary agencies support other initiatives. this work involves scientists examining the possible genetic causes of bone and joint diseases and studying how hormones, growth factors, and drugs regulate the skeleton. other researchers are studying bone density, quality, and metabolism, and other ways to increase the longevity of joint replacements for those whose daily activities have become painful, difficult, or even impossible. these research efforts can help relieve pain and suffering and give countless children and adults the opportunity for a better life. thanks to the hard work of these dedicated researchers, we have made great progress in understanding and treating musculoskeletal disorders. i commend their efforts and encourage them to pursue diligently further research that will help those suffering from these disorders. and i hope that all americans will learn more about musculoskeletal problems, their long - and short - term effects, and the therapies and treatments available to help them. now, therefore, i, george w. bush, president of the united states of america, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the constitution and laws of the united states, do hereby proclaim the years 2002 - 2011, as national bone and joint decade. i call upon the people of the united states to observe the decade with appropriate programs and activities ; and i call upon the medical community to pursue research in this important area. in witness whereof, i have hereunto set my hand this twenty - first day of march, in the year of our lord two thousand two, and of the independence of the united states of america the two hundred and twenty - sixth. george w. bush # # #


in an era when almost every energy technology is unpopular with somebody, the people who don ’ t want wind turbines, generating stations or new transmission lines installed in their neighborhoods often raise the idea of improving energy efficiency as an alternative. that argument is particularly common in new york state and in vermont, where state governments are trying to close nuclear reactors within their borders. so, how effectively can efficiency replace a reactor, making up for the loss of this zero - carbon energy source? not very, according to a new study of carbon dioxide output in japan in the months around the fukushima disaster. figures collected by the breakthrough institute, a group that often presents contrarian views on environmentalism and energy conservation, found that despite stringent efforts to use less energy, japan emitted 4 percent more carbon dioxide in november 2011 than it did in the same month the previous year. after a quake and tsunami in march 2011 led to three meltdowns at the fukushima nuclear plant, japan began closing other plants as well, one because it appeared vulnerable to tsunami and others because local officials did not want them running. energy consumption dropped sharply and was nearly 10 percent lower last november than in november 2010, the institute ’ s figures show. but with natural gas, oil and coal substituting for about 46 reactors, the production of carbon dioxide per unit of energy produced ran about 15 percent higher. the pattern was the same all year after the march 11 tsunami and quake : consumption dropped but fuel burn increased. this was true even though japan ran office air - conditioners at far reduced levels last summer and some demand had disappeared because of damage from the disaster. what analogy can be drawn at indian point, 30 miles north of new york city, or vermont yankee, near brattleboro? this month, a new york state assembly committee concluded that indian point was replaceable, an assertion sharply disputed by a business consumer group. jason grumet, an air pollution expert and founder of the bipartisan policy center, said it was hard to draw direct parallels. “ the circumstances in the united states are obviously different from japan, ’ ’ he said. for one thing, japan was parsimonious in its use of electricity even before fukushima, and american consumers probably have more fat to cut. but in either country, he said, it is true that “ a decrease in nuclear production in favor of fossil fuels will increase carbon intensity of the power sector, and total carbon dioxide emissions. ’ ’ “ it ’ s an incredibly difficult public policy challenge ’ ’ for the united states, mr.


the torah tells of the jews desperation and anguish when hope seemed lost : ופרעה הקריב וישאו בני ישראל את עיניהם והנה מצרים נסע אחריהם וייראו מאד ויצעקו בני ישראל אל ה – pharaoh drew near, and the children of israel lifted up their eyes, and behold! the egyptians were advancing after them. they were very frightened, and the children of israel cried out to the lord. ( 14 : 10 ) rashi remarks that תפשו אומנות אבותם – they seized the craft of their ancestors. the seems to praise the jews. but why identify it as something their ancestors would have done? at the beginning of the slavery we find that they cry out and the ancestral heritage is not mentioned : ויהי בימים הרבים ההם, וימת מלך מצרים, ויאנחו בני - ישראל מן - העבדה, ויזעקו ; ותעל שועתם אל - האלהים, מן - העבדה – now it came to pass in those many days that the king of egypt died, and the children of israel sighed from the labor, and they cried out, and their cry ascended to god from the labor. rashi does not explain that their cry was prayer – it obviously was – the tradition of prayer that dates back to the patriarchs. perhaps it isn ’ t a praise at all. an insight into the people praying : ויאמרו אל משה המבלי אין קברים במצרים לקחתנו למות במדבר מה זאת עשית לנו להוציאנו ממצרים. הלא זה הדבר אשר דברנו אליך במצרים לאמר חדל ממנו ונעבדה את מצרים כי טוב לנו עבד א


##ברנו אליך במצרים לאמר חדל ממנו ונעבדה את מצרים כי טוב לנו עבד את מצרים ממתנו במדבר – they said to moses, “ were there no graves in egypt that you have taken us to die in the desert? what have you done to us by taking us out of egypt?! isn ’ t this what we told you in egypt, saying, ‘ leave us alone, and we will serve the egyptians, because we would rather serve the egyptians than die in the desert?! ’ ”. ( 14 : 11 - 12 ) these people are clearly not the most righteous people ; they go from prayer to wishing themselves back into slavery and rejecting g - d and moshe in a heartbeat. that is the point rashi illustrates here. they did not pray because it was the right thing to do ; they prayed because it was what their fathers would have done. תפשו אומנות אבותם – they seized the craft of their ancestors – not עבודה – service, but craftsmanship ; it was work! r ’ yitzchok hutner queries that morning prayers before az yashir detail how hashem listened to our cries. but these cries were hardly noble, so why are mention this in our prayers? he answers with a parable, about a king who is friends with a nobleman, whose son is close to the prince. one day, whilst visiting the prince in the palace, the nobleman ’ s son bursts into the king ’ s chamber and starts shouting at the workers, and the king tells them to do as he says. it ’ s not because of what the nobleman ’ s son said or deserved : it ’ s because his father is the king ’ s friend. this is why we mention zchus avos in the opening paragraph of shemona esrei ; in spite of our lack of merit, our lineage should stand us in good stead.


watson discovered the structure of dna when he was 24. heisenberg formulated the uncertainty principle when he was 25. newton claimed to have developed his gravitational theory when he was 24. darwin embarked on the beagle when he was 22. i could go on for hours like this. but wait. crick was 37 when he discovered the structure of dna. schroedinger was 38 when he published on wave mechanics. newton cast his gravitational theory in mathematical form when he was 37, his earlier insights likely being purely speculative. darwin finalized the theory of selection when he was 47 ( wallace being 33 at the time. ) of course i may be biased here. ever so many examples and counterexamples don ' t prove a point. one has to look at the data that ' s out there. falagas et al. ( 2008 ) ask " at what age do biomedical scientists do their best work? " and answer with the following age histogram of the top 5 highly cited articles for a random subset of 300 bioscientists : ( the corresponding histogram for the single - most cited paper looks noisier, propably based on people ' s tendency to cite summary reviews written in later years. ) costas et al. ( 2010 ) perform a more thorough analysis for scientists working at the spanish national research council. their results indicate that while the number of publications per scientist per year increases somewhat with age, the expected number of citations per publication decreases. however, their study lumps together all age groups younger than forty. ( top, low, and medium refer to three performance classes of researchers ). finally, the widely cited and awesomely titled kanazawa ( 2003 ) " why productivity fades with age : the crime – genius connection " examines the age at what 280 famous scientists made their single key contribution to science : quite depressing overall, but it seems you don ' t have to go fishing before you turn 40 ( einstein was 41 in 1920 ). at 34, chances are 50 : 50 that the best of your work still lies ahead. even better ( or worse, depending on your personal situation ), the corresponding curve for the 72 scientists in kanazawa ' s dataset who never married looks significantly different : ( this might be somewhat confounded by the unknown fraction of ( closet ) gay scientists in the sample. ) newton, erdos, tesla ( and anton bruckner ) immediately come to my mind as straight men who denied themselves the pleasures of female company, and were productive well into their forties


the jinns in the qur ’ an previously, we explained that god gave prophet solomon ( pbuh ) great support by putting the jinns under his command. now, we must consider what we are told in the qur ' an. for example : and he created the jinns from a fusion of fire. ( qur ' an, 55 : 15 ) we created the jinns before out of the fire of a searing wind. ( qur ' an, 15 : 27 ) the qur ' an reveals that jinns live in their own societies, have formed communities, and that they have ancestors ( qur ' an, 7 : 38 ; 18 : 50 ) although they live in a different dimension, the jinns can see, watch, and listen to people. a demon of the jinns told prophet solomon ( pbuh ) that he could bring the queen of saba ' s throne before he got up from his seat and said " i am strong and trustworthy enough to do it " ( qur ' an, 27 : 39 ). these words may be alluding to the fact that he could move with great speed from one place to another and transport material objects. > god tells us why the jinns were created : " i only created jinn and man to worship me " ( qur ' an, 51 : 56 ). just like humanity, they are warned by messengers and divinely revealed books, are tested in this world, worship and obey god, and will receive a reward from god. the qur ' an states : o company of jinn and humanity. did not messengers come to you from among yourselves relating my signs to you and warning you of the encounter of this day of yours? they will say : " we testify against ourselves. " the life of this world deluded them, and they will testify against themselves that they were unbelievers. ( qur ' an, 6 : 130 ) as the verse says, the jinns experience much the same testing as humanity does. some of them are deceived by the world ' s temporary delights and ignore or reject the warning that they should follow the true path. the jinns, who can hear the messengers ' words and the qur ' an ' s recitation, and who can tell their own people what they have learned, listened to the words of prophet muhammad ( may god bless him and grant him peace ) : and we diverted a group of jinns toward you to listen to the qur ' an. when they were in earshot of it, they said


have learned, listened to the words of prophet muhammad ( may god bless him and grant him peace ) : and we diverted a group of jinns toward you to listen to the qur ' an. when they were in earshot of it, they said : " be quiet and listen. " when it was over, they went back to their people and warned them. they said : " our people, we have heard a book that was sent down after moses, confirming what came before it, guiding to the truth and to a straight path. " ( qur ' an, 46 : 29 - 30 ) in several verses, god speaks to the jinns and human beings at the same time, advises them, and warns them against the pains of hell. in qur ' an 7 : 38, god decrees : " enter the fire together with the nations of jinn and humanity who have passed away before you. " those jinn and human communities who deny the qur ' an ' s truth will meet with the following fate : say : " if both humanity and the jinns banded together to produce the like of this qur ' an, they could never produce anything like it, even if they backed each other up. " ( qur ' an, 17 : 88 ) here are some verses in which god addresses jinns and human beings together : those are people of whom the statement about the nations, both of jinn and humanity, who passed away before them, has also proved true ; truly, they were the lost. ( qur ' an, 46 : 18 ) we created many of the jinns and humanity for hell. they have hearts with which they do not understand. they have eyes with which they do not see. they have ears with which they do not hear. such people are like cattle. no, they are even further astray! they are the unaware. ( qur ' an, 7 : 179 ) believers and unbelievers the qur ' an says that some jinns believe in god and follow his way, while others are godless and rebellious. muslim jinns listen while the qur ' an is being recited, as the verses below reveal : say : " it has been revealed to me that a band of jinns listened and said : ' we have heard a most amazing recitation. it leads to right guidance, so we believe in it and will not associate anyone with our lord. he — exalted be the majesty of our lord! — has neither wife nor son. ' " ( qur ' an, 72 : 1 -


it leads to right guidance, so we believe in it and will not associate anyone with our lord. he — exalted be the majesty of our lord! — has neither wife nor son. ' " ( qur ' an, 72 : 1 - 3 ) " the fools among us have uttered a vile slander against god. we did not think it possible for either humanity or jinn to tell a lie against god. " ( qur ' an, 72 : 4 - 5 ) there are different groups of jinns : sincere muslims, pagans and polytheists, and those who tell lies about god. believers are told that : " among us [ jinns ] there are some who are righteous and some who are other than that. we follow many different paths. we realized we would never thwart god on earth and would never thwart him by flight, and when we heard the guidance, we believed in it … " ( qur ' an, 72 : 11 - 13 ) like humanity, jinns are responsible for obeying god ' s book. they will have to account for all they said and did, and will obtain a reward that is completely appropriate to their actions. believers are told that they will receive a fine reward from god : " anyone who believes in his lord need fear neither belittlement nor tyranny. some of us are muslims and some are deviators. those who have become muslim are those who sought right guidance. " ( qur ' an, 72 : 13 - 14 ) a calligraphic inscription in the thuluth style on a wood panel by hasan efendi, 1325 ah / 1907 ce : there is no other god but god, and muhammad is his prophet. however, those who deny god ' s existence will meet with the following fate : " the deviators will be firewood for hellfire. " ( qur ' an, 72 : 15 ) " i will fill up hell with the jinn and humanity all together. " ( qur ' an, 11 : 119 ) their communication with human beings in some cases, certain people may communicate with the jinns and, if god wills, even control them. for example, god placed the jinns under prophet solomon ' s ( pbuh ) control, and he used them in all kinds of work. such communication needs to be analyzed, for today some people, especially young people, try to summon jinns. even if some people call it calling up the heart or calling up the spirit, it is actually the jinns that


all kinds of work. such communication needs to be analyzed, for today some people, especially young people, try to summon jinns. even if some people call it calling up the heart or calling up the spirit, it is actually the jinns that are being summoned. in some situations, even if no jinn is actually summoned up, people believe that it is anyway. generally, the jinns who answer these summons do not believe in god. their probable purpose is to make people waste their time in frivolous pursuits. deceived by these jinns, individuals think that they can gain something from them and learn something about the unseen. however, without god ' s permission, the jinns cannot provide any such information. for example, they did not know that prophet solomon ( pbuh ) had died : " when he [ solomon ] fell down, it was made clear to the jinns that if they had truly had knowledge of the unseen, they need not have stayed there suffering humiliating punishment " ( qur ' an 34 : 14 ). moreover, it must be remembered that " no one in the heavens and earth knows the unseen except god " ( qur ' an, 27 : 65 ). those who associate jinns with god some people believe that the jinns have a certain power of their own. however, this is quite wrong, for god created them and only he has real power. apart from god ' s will, they cannot harm or benefit anyone. despite this, some people hope for their assistance and regard them as their guardians : yet they make the jinns co - partners with god when he created them! and they attribute sons and daughters to him without any knowledge. glory be to him! he is far above what they describe! ( qur ' an, 6 : 100 ) a calligraphic inscription in the jali - thuluth script by omer vasfi efendi of qur ' an 38 : 50 : gardens of eden, whose gates will be open to them. the qur ' an says that some people have been misled after making contact with the jinns : " certain men from among humanity used to seek refuge with certain men from among the jinns, but they increased them in wickedness. " ( qur ' an, 72 : 6 ) in another verse, the qur ' an reveals that some people actually worship the jinns : they [ the angels ] will say : " glory be to you! you are our protector, not them. no, they were worshipping the jinns


) in another verse, the qur ' an reveals that some people actually worship the jinns : they [ the angels ] will say : " glory be to you! you are our protector, not them. no, they were worshipping the jinns. they mostly had faith in them. " ( qur ' an, 34 : 41 ) a circular medallion in which is inscribed : o muhammad, upon him be peace and the names of the four rightly - guided caliphs, which are written at the corners. it is in the rococo style and illuminated with 22 - karat gold. a major reason why people associate the jinns with god and hope for their assistance is that they think that these beings know the unseen. but this is a serious error, for they have no such knowledge ( qur ' an, 34 : 14 ). the qur ' an says that they cannot guide human beings and may even make broad, yet empty, hints to lead people away from the true path. however, the jinns can influence people only if god wills it, for he created them and they move at his command : in this way, we have appointed as enemies to every prophet demons from both humanity and from the jinns, who inspire each other with delusions by means of specious words — if your lord had willed, they would not have done it, so abandon them and all they fabricate. ( qur ' an, 6 : 112 ) yesarizade ( mustafa izzet ) ( 1770 - 1849 ) 1258 ah. calligraphy on a blue background. the border is rococo style illuminated in gold with the words : may god give abundant blessing. those jinns who lead people astray, as well as those people who associate the jinns with god, will be punished with the eternal pangs of hell. those who were deluded by the jinns ' alluring words will, in the hereafter, understand the enormity of their error. on the day of judgment, whatever they associated with god will be removed, and they will understand that they are totally alone in his presence. upon learning that they will have to suffer the pangs of hell, they will beg : those who do not believe say : " our lord, show us those jinns and men who misguided us, and we will place them beneath our feet so that they will be among the lowest of the low. " ( qur ' an, 41 : 29 ) another verse says that fire will be their endless dwelling place : on


men who misguided us, and we will place them beneath our feet so that they will be among the lowest of the low. " ( qur ' an, 41 : 29 ) another verse says that fire will be their endless dwelling place : on the day we gather them all together : " o company of jinns, you gained many followers among humanity. " and their friends among humanity will say : " our lord, we benefited from one another, and now we have reached the term that you determined for us. " he will say : " the fire is your home. you will be in it timelessly, forever, except as god wills. your lord is all - wise, all - knowing. " ( qur ' an, 6 : 128 ) the reward of the rebellious the qur ' an reminds us that jinns and human beings are weak creatures that move by god ' s inspiration. furthermore, it states that their godless rebellion and denial of his signs will always fail, because god is the lord of the worlds and ruler of heaven and earth : o company of jinns and humanity, if you are able to pierce through the confines of the heavens and earth, pierce through them. you will not pierce through, except by a clear authority. ( qur ' an, 55 : 33 ) the reward for those who undertake such an enterprise is described as follows : " he will pursue you with a piercing flame and fiery smoke, and you will not be helped " ( qur ' an, 55 : 35 ). muslim jinns are aware of this reality and acknowledge their weakness by saying : " we realized we would never thwart god on earth and would never thwart him by flight " ( qur ' an, 72 : 12 ). in addition, the end of such rebellious is hell : when heaven is split apart and goes red like dregs of oil. so which of your lord ' s blessings do you both then deny? that day no person or jinn will be asked about his sin. so which of your lord ' s blessings do you both then deny? the evildoers will be recognized by their mark and seized by their forelocks and their feet. so which of your lord ' s blessings do you both then deny? this is hell, which the evildoers deny. ( qur ' an, 55 : 37 - 43 ) throughout this section, we have described the jinns ' characteristics. and have seen that although they have the same responsibilities as people, they are a different kind of creature. indeed, having


is your medication working for you? prescription drugs can enhance your life, but when not used correctly, they may have the opposite effect. medications are serious business and should never be taken lightly. ask these questions each time you ’ re prescribed a medication : q : how should i take this drug? a large percentage of people don ' t take their medications correctly, according to recent surveys. some never bother to fill their prescriptions in the first place. others stop taking a drug without first getting their doctors ’ ok. others don ’ t follow label instructions. it ’ s one thing not to take a prescribed pill for pain or cold - symptom relief when you start to feel better. it ’ s another to take an unsafe dose of that medication, or to fail to take a drug that could help prevent a heart attack, stroke, or diabetes - related blindness or amputation. if you know you can ’ t afford the drug your doctor has prescribed, speak up about it. a more affordable drug may exist. or, if you doubt the medicine can really do that much good for you, let your doctor or pharmacist know. this is your chance to learn all the facts and discuss alternatives. q : how will i know the drug is working? often, a routine test can clearly show if the drug you ’ re taking is doing its job. for example, a blood sugar test can help show if a diabetes medication is working. a cholesterol test can tell you about your cholesterol medication. an eye exam can show if a glaucoma drug is working. with pain medications, antihistamines, and muscle relaxants, only the person who takes them can know for sure. if your symptoms aren ’ t improving, be sure to let your doctor or pharmacist know so the treatment can be adjusted, if necessary. q : if i feel better, should i stop taking the medication? know the answer to this questions for any medication you are prescribed. for some drugs, stopping the dose is no problem. if allergy symptoms get better, you may do just fine without the antihistamines. these drugs can cause serious problems when you stop taking them too soon : antibiotics. bacteria can grow resistant to the medication if you don ’ t take all doses as prescribed, no matter how good you start to feel. as a result, your infection may return with a vengeance. worse, the medication may no longer work on that type of infection. cholesterol, diabetes, or blood pressure medications


all doses as prescribed, no matter how good you start to feel. as a result, your infection may return with a vengeance. worse, the medication may no longer work on that type of infection. cholesterol, diabetes, or blood pressure medications. often, people taking these medications feel just fine even when they quit taking the drugs. however, over time this can lead to stroke, heart attack, heart failure, diabetes, amputations, blindness, or kidney failure. in some cases, going off a drug abruptly can cause serious short - term problems, as well. for example, blood pressure can actually shoot higher than it was before treatment if you stop taking your blood pressure medication abruptly. when in doubt, check with your doctor or pharmacist before stopping a medication. q : if i feel worse than before, should i keep taking it? follow label instructions regarding side effects. sometimes it ’ s important to immediately stop taking a drug and contact a health care provider. in any case, get your doctor ’ s or pharmacist ’ s advice first. q : is this drug really the right one for me? if you ’ ve been taking a particular drug for years to treat a chronic condition, it could be time for you to review your prescription with your health care provider. there may be a newer drug that ’ s more effective, has fewer side effects, or can substitute for multiple drugs. so, to get the most out of your medications, take them seriously, ask questions, and take your medications as prescribed.


older men are more likely than younger ones to have children with autism or schizophrenia, and a new genetic study points to why : compared with younger dads, older fathers pass on significantly more random genetic mutations to their offspring that increase the risk for these conditions. and when compared to the genetic contributions of the mother, older fathers are responsible for nearly all of a child ’ s random genetic mutations : a father ’ s age at conception may account for 97 % of the new, or de novo, mutations found in his offspring, according to the new study led by augustine kong at decode genetics in iceland. the findings may partly explain the rise in autism diagnoses in recent decades — the rate has reached 1 in 88 children in the u. s. — and they shore up previous studies finding that children born to older dads are more likely to have developmental and psychiatric disorders. the study also counters the common assumption that it is a mother ’ s advanced age that contributes to these problems. while older mothers are more likely to have children with chromosomal abnormalities, such as down syndrome, the new study finds that it is the father ’ s age that accounts for virtually all of the genetic risk of autism and schizophrenia attributable to de novo mutations. “ our data indicate there is probably much more reason to be concerned with the age of the father, ” says dr. kari stefansson, ceo of decode and senior author of the paper, published in nature. de novo mutations are changes in dna that arise spontaneously in egg or sperm cells around conception. most people are born with many such mutations, and most of these changes are harmless. however, some of these mutations have been associated with increased autism risk in previous studies, with that risk rising along with the age of the father. that makes sense since sperm, unlike women ’ s eggs, are made constantly throughout a man ’ s life. with each cell division, the entire genome is copied — and with three billion base pairs packed into 23 pairs of chromosomes, errors can occur in replication. the older men are, the more times his reproductive cells have continuously divided, generating new genetic material — sometimes under environmental exposures such as radiation or other chemical influences that can affect the accuracy with which dna is replicated. in contrast, a woman ’ s egg cells don ’ t divide until they mature in the ovaries. the study found that a 20 - year - old dad passes on an average of 25 new genetic mutations to his child, while a 40 - year - old passes 65. for each


cells don ’ t divide until they mature in the ovaries. the study found that a 20 - year - old dad passes on an average of 25 new genetic mutations to his child, while a 40 - year - old passes 65. for each additional year in the father ’ s age, children gained two new mutations in their dna, resulting in a doubling of the de novo mutation rate for every 16. 5 years of paternal age. a mother transmits about 15 new mutations, regardless of age. “ it ’ s not surprising, and makes sense that it is this way, ” says stefansson. the study involved the sequencing of the full genomes of 78 trios of mother, father and child, in which the children were affected by either autism or schizophrenia but their parents had no mental disorder. the decode scientists were thus able to identify new mutations in children ’ s dna that didn ’ t exist in the genetic material of the parents. the researchers also decoded the genomes of 1, 859 unrelated icelanders for comparison, in order to determine which mutations were meaningful and which were background noise. the analysis showed that while paternal age had a statistically significant effect on mutation rates in children, maternal age did not. the decode scientists looked specifically at families affected by autism and schizophrenia because these conditions are caused by a range of mutations, and the researchers were more likely to detect an effect of father ’ s age with these conditions than with others ; brain disorders are likely to be most affected by de novo mutations because more of our active genes play a role in the development of the brain than elsewhere in the body but while new genetic mutations associated with a father ’ s age may account for 15 % or more of cases of autism, that ’ s not the full story ; at least half of the risk is believed to be due to inherited genes, along with other possible environmental exposures. the findings also give us insight into how our gene pool is changing, and what, in modern times, is driving the genetic diversity that is critical to the survival of our species. every difference in our dna that distinguishes each of us as individuals, or that separates homo sapiens from other species, arguably got its start as a mutation. some of these alterations in dna occur by chance, during cell division, others are triggered by exposure to environmental factors, while still others are selected for when they happen to confer some survival advantage, such as an ability to ward off disease. “ it ’ s extraordinarily important to determine the mutation rate and determine


others are triggered by exposure to environmental factors, while still others are selected for when they happen to confer some survival advantage, such as an ability to ward off disease. “ it ’ s extraordinarily important to determine the mutation rate and determine the factors that influence the mutation rate, ” says stefansson. “ mutations are the things that underpin the future diversity of our species. ” the age at which fathers decide to have children may be the driving force behind modern mutation rates, stefansson and his colleagues found. indeed, in iceland, the researchers estimated that children born in 2011 would have 17 % more de novo mutations than those born in 1980 ( 70 mutations versus 60 ). over that time period, the average age of fathers rose from 28 to 33. “ it ’ s basically a compelling connection between the rise in mutation rate and the rise in prevalence of these diseases, [ such as autism and schizophrenia ], ” stefansson says. if the findings hold up and the paternal - age effect on the de novo mutation rate is found to affect children ’ s health broadly, “ then collecting the sperm of young adult men and cold - storing it for later use could be a wise individual decision, ” wrote alexey kondrashov of the university of michigan in an editorial accompanying the new study. but other experts say that may not be necessary. not all such mutations are deleterious, and even the ones that are must occur in the right combinations to generate disease. “ the observed effect is a significant one but not one necessarily to cause great worry among prospective older fathers, ” darren griffin, a professor of genetics at university of kent, wrote in a comment on the results. “ there are three billion of letters in the dna code of humans and the numbers of mutations detected in this study are in the dozens … and not realistically likely to deter more mature fathers from having children. ” it might, however, give them pause before putting off fatherhood for too long.


1st and 4th or, a chief indented azure ; 2nd and 3rd gules three covered cups or. out of a ducal coronet or a plume of five ostrich feathers argent, therefrom issuant a falcon rising of the last. utler is a name to be found in every walk of life in ireland. the name is true of england. in the absence of a reliable pedigree, or at least a well established tradition, the origin of individual butlers in ireland to - day cannot be suggested with confidence. the history of the ormond butlers, however, is very well authenticated - indeed for more than seven centuries their history is the history of anglo - irish relations - from 1171 when theobald fitzwalter accompanied henry ii to ireland, till our own time when the ancestral castle of kilkenny was abandoned as the seat of the family and the voluminous ormond manuscript collection was taken over by the national library of ireland, where it forms an invaluable source for irish as well as for butler family history. the surname butler, as far as ireland is concerned, dates from about the year 1220 : it arose from the fact that in 1177 the theobald fitzwalter, mentioned above, was created chief butler of ireland. the seventh in descent from him was created earl of ormond in 1328. in 1391 the head - quarters of the ormonds was removed from gowran to kilkenny castle. for centuries a rivalry existed between the butlers and the geraldines ( see fitzgerald ), and it may be said that up to the death of the great duke of ormond in 1688, the effective government of the country ( or, at least, as much of it as for the time being acknowledged allegiance to the king of england ) was in the hands of one or the other of these great norman houses. the butlers have generally been regarded as more consistently loyal to the sovereign than their rivals, but as standish o ' grady in his edition of pacata hibernia points out, being weaker than the gerlaldines they were forced to lean on the state, and on the only occasion in which they were wronged they were just as ready to rebel as any other sept. in this connexion it may be mentioned that a branch of the butlers for a while in the fifteenth century took macrichard as their surname and had an important chief somewhat in the gaelic fashion eventually, however, they reverted to the name butler.