the most — your voice and closeness to you — and books. spending time reading to your baby shows that reading is a skill worth learning. and, if infants and children are read to often with joy, excitement, and closeness, they begin to associate books with happiness — and budding readers are created. young babies may not know what the pictures in a book mean, but they can focus on them, especially faces, bright colors, and contrasting patterns. when you read or sing lullabies and nursery rhymes, you can entertain and soothe your infant. between 4 and 6 months, your baby may begin to show more interest in books. he or she will grab and hold books, but will mouth, chew, and drop them as well. choose sturdy vinyl or cloth books with bright colors and repetitive or rhyming text. between 6 and 12 months, your child is beginning to understand that pictures represent objects, and most likely will develop preferences for certain pictures, pages, or even entire stories. your baby will respond while you read, grabbing for the book and making sounds, and by 12 months will turn pages ( with some help from you ), pat or start to point to objects on a page, and repeat your sounds. when and how to read here ' s a great thing about reading aloud : it doesn ' t take special skills or equipment, just you, your baby, and some books. read aloud for a few minutes at a time, but do it often. don ' t worry about finishing entire books — focus on pages that you and your baby enjoy. try to set aside time to read every day — perhaps before naptime and bedtime. in addition to the pleasure that cuddling your baby before bed gives both of you, you ' ll also be making life easier by establishing a routine. this will help to calm your baby and set expectations about when it ' s time to sleep. it ' s also good to read at other points in the day. choose times when your baby is dry, fed, and alert. books also come in handy when you ' re stuck waiting, so have some in the diaper bag to fill time sitting at the doctor ' s office or standing in line at the grocery store. here are some additional reading tips : cuddling while you read helps your baby feel safe, warm, and connected to you. read with expression, pitching your voice higher or lower where it ' s appropriate or using different voices for different characters. don ' t worry about following the text exactly. stop once in a while


your baby feel safe, warm, and connected to you. read with expression, pitching your voice higher or lower where it ' s appropriate or using different voices for different characters. don ' t worry about following the text exactly. stop once in a while and ask questions or make comments on the pictures or text. ( " where ' s the kitty? there he is! what a cute black kitty. " ) your child might not be able to respond yet, but this lays the groundwork for doing so later on. sing nursery rhymes, make funny animal sounds, or bounce your baby on your knee — anything that shows that reading is fun. babies love — and learn from — repetition, so don ' t be afraid of reading the same books over and over. when you do so, repeat the same emphasis each time as you would with a familiar song. as your baby gets older, encourage him or her to touch the book or hold sturdier vinyl, cloth, or board books. you don ' t want to encourage chewing on books, but by putting them in his or her mouth, your baby is learning about them, finding out how books feel and taste — and discovering that they ' re not edible! books for babies should have simple, repetitive text and clear pictures. during the first few months of life, your child just likes to hear your voice, so you can read almost anything, especially books with a sing - song or rhyming text. as your baby gets more interested in looking at things, choose books with simple pictures against solid backgrounds. once your baby begins to grab, you can read vinyl or cloth books that have faces, bright colors, and shapes. when your baby begins to respond to what ' s inside of books, add board books with pictures of babies or familiar objects like toys. when your child begins to do things like sit up in the bathtub or eat finger foods, find simple stories about daily routines like bedtime or bathtime. when your child starts talking, choose books that invite babies to repeat simple words or phrases. books with mirrors and different textures ( crinkly, soft, scratchy ) are also great for this age group, as are fold - out books that can be propped up, or books with flaps that open for a surprise. board books make page turning easier for infants and vinyl or cloth books can go everywhere — even the tub. babies of any age like photo albums with pictures of people they know and love. and every baby should have a collection of nursery rhymes! one of the


an allergen - specific immunoglobulin e ( ige ) blood test is done to check whether a person is allergic to a particular substance. an allergic reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts to something, often in the environment, that ' s harmless to most people. to protect the body from this perceived threat, or allergen, the immune system of an allergic person produces antibodies called immunoglobulin e. ige antibodies are found mostly in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. they cause mast cells ( a type of cell involved in the body ' s immune response ) to release chemicals, including histamine, into the bloodstream. it ' s these chemicals that bring on many of the allergy symptoms that affect a person ' s eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal tract. because ige antibodies are unique to each allergen ( for example, ige produced in response to pollen differs from ige produced after a bee sting ), checking for specific variants in the blood can help determine if an allergy is present. common allergens that may be tested for by using the allergen - specific ige test include : foods ( including peanuts, milk, eggs, or shellfish ) medications ( such as penicillin ) insect venom ( from bee or wasp stings ) latex ( found in certain balloons or hospital gloves ) your doctor also may order a group of these tests — sometimes called a mini - screen or mini - panel — to look for antibodies against a variety of suspected allergens. why it ' s done this test is performed to check for allergies to specific allergens. doctors may order it when a child has symptoms of an allergy ( include hives, itchy eyes or nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, throat tightness, or trouble breathing ). symptoms may be seasonal ( as with allergies due to pollen or molds ) or year - round ( as with pet dander ) and can range from mild to severe. this test is especially useful in children who ' ve had life - threatening reactions to a certain allergen and for whom a skin - prick test would be too dangerous. in some cases, the test may also be used to monitor the effectiveness of allergy treatments, or to see if a child has outgrown an allergy. no special preparations are needed for this test. on the day of the test, it may help to have


the test may also be used to monitor the effectiveness of allergy treatments, or to see if a child has outgrown an allergy. no special preparations are needed for this test. on the day of the test, it may help to have your child wear a short - sleeve shirt to allow easier access for the technician who will be drawing the blood. a health professional will usually draw the blood from a vein. for an infant, the blood may be obtained by puncturing the heel with a small needle ( lancet ). if the blood is being drawn from a vein, the skin surface is cleaned with antiseptic, and an elastic band ( tourniquet ) is placed around the upper arm to apply pressure and cause the veins to swell with blood. a needle is inserted into a vein ( usually in the arm inside of the elbow or on the back of the hand ) and blood is withdrawn and collected in a vial or syringe. after the procedure, the elastic band is removed. once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed and the area is covered with cotton or a bandage to stop the bleeding. collecting blood for this test will only take a few minutes. either method ( heel or vein withdrawal ) of collecting a sample of blood is only temporarily uncomfortable and can feel like a quick pinprick. afterward, there may be some mild bruising, which should go away in a few days. getting the results the blood sample will be processed by a machine, and the results are usually available within a few days. elevated levels of specific ige antibodies may mean an allergy is present. however, the amount of ige doesn ' t necessarily predict the severity of the reaction. for this reason, your doctor will interpret the results in comparison with your child ' s symptoms and other allergy tests. the allergen - specific ige test is considered a safe procedure. however, as with many medical tests, some problems can occur with having blood drawn, such as : fainting or feeling lightheaded hematoma ( blood accumulating under the skin causing a lump or bruise ) pain associated with multiple punctures to locate a vein helping your child having a blood test is relatively painless. still, many kids are afraid of needles. explaining the test in terms your child can understand might help ease some of the fear. allow your child to ask the technician any questions he or she might have. tell your child to try to relax and stay still during the procedure, as tensing muscles and moving can


some people at school are worried because we think our friend has anorexia. is there anything we can do for her? - dionne * it ’ s a great idea to eat healthy and stay in shape, but when it goes to an unhealthy or extreme level, a person might be developing an eating disorder. although many people are unhappy with their weight, someone who starts to do things that are emotionally or physically dangerous in order to lose weight may have an eating disorder. signs of an eating disorder can include : moving food around on the plate instead of eating it compulsive exercising ( including over - exercising, exercising when injured, secret exercising ) always going to the bathroom right after eating drastic weight loss eating a lot, often uncontrollably fear of gaining weight constantly talking about weight and food not getting menstrual periods eating only in private preoccupation with calorie counting and nutritional information people with eating disorders need help or they can get very sick. try talking with your friend and expressing your concern. sometimes this can help — other times, people are in denial or are afraid they ' ll be talked in to gaining weight. encourage your friend to talk to a parent, counselor, or doctor about getting help. if your friend doesn ' t get help, you may need to talk to your parents, school guidance counselor, or nurse.


bullying : advice to parents and teachers a survey by the josephson institute of ethics reveals that half of high school students in america say they have been bullied. while clearly this is an issue which teens now have to deal with on school campuses, it would be misguided and a mistake to see this strictly as a youth issue. true, youth are the victims and perpetrators of bullying on school grounds. however, bullying is a behavior which is socially learned and reinforced by peers, and adults, and the society. hence, a broader approach is needed to address this issue outside of just blaming the individual. just as we expect and are demand that youth be held accountable for their behavior - take personal responsibility - so must adults and society. the more central issue is where are the youth learning the type of behavior that leads to bullying, and who are their role models : “ reality tv ” ( the bad girls club ) ; war - iraq ; sports, boxing, hockey, football ; family ( domestic violence ), political discourse ( “ man - up ” ). adults are the true authors of teenage acts of bullying in that adults are responsible for the socialization of children and youth, and from protecting from harmful presentations and models ( “ the bad girl club ” ) that teach, encourage, and reinforce bullying, and more importantly, thought and behavior which leads to acts of bullying. what is to be done : steps to reduce and minimize bullying first and foremost understand what is really occurring. - don ’ t confuse bullying with other forms of normative adolescent group behavior - consistent with adolescent development, youth will develop cliques and peer groups ( sometime competing with other peer groups ). - at its root, bullying as more do to with physical and emotional abuse and cruelty. what is occurring today is characterized more by efforts to humiliate, embarrass and terrorize youth through scandal, rumor, or misinformation. - it is paramount that the pathway of bullying be addressed. the pathway to bullying start at an early age with teasing ( normative for children ) and progress ( as children get older and approach adolescence ) to acts which seek to humiliate and destroy the reputation and personality of the youth. - as youth progress through the pathway of bullying, their acts of bullying takes on a more anti - social character. - punishing and “ zero tolerance ” policies will temporarily stop the behavior, but will have no predictable effect on future behavior. certainly, consequences or sanctions are in order. however, do not rely on them as correctives or solutions


societal attitudes toward homosexuality vary greatly in different cultures and different historical periods, as do attitudes toward sexual desire, activity and relationships in general. all cultures have their own values regarding appropriate and inappropriate sexuality ; some sanction same - sex love and sexuality, while others disapprove of such activities. as with heterosexual behaviour, different sets of prescriptions and proscriptions may be given to individuals according to their gender, age, social status and / or class. for example, among the samurai class of pre - modern japan, it was recommended for a teenage novice to enter into an erotic relationship with an older warrior ( see shudo ), but sexual relations between the two became inappropriate once the boy came of age. most of the world ' s cultures have considered procreative sex within a recognized relationship to be a sexual norm — sometimes exclusively so, and sometimes alongside norms of same - sex love, whether passionate, intimate or sexual. some religions, especially those influenced by the abrahamic tradition, have traditionally censured homosexual acts and relationships, in some cases implementing severe punishments for offenders. since the 1970s, much of the world has become more accepting of same - sex sexuality between partners of legal age. the pew research center ' s 2007 global attitudes survey found that " [ p ] eople in africa and the middle east strongly object to societal acceptance of homosexuality. but there is far greater tolerance for homosexuality in major latin american countries such as mexico, argentina, chile and brazil. opinion in europe is split between west and east. majorities in every western european nation surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most russians, poles and ukrainians disagree. americans are divided – a thin plurality ( 49 % ) believes homosexuality should be accepted, while 41 % disagree. " | lgbt and queer studies | | lesbian · gay · bisexual · transgender · homosexuality | | timeline · gay liberation · social movements · aids timeline | | lgbt community · gay pride · coming out · gay village · queer · queer theory · religion · slang · symbols | | marriage · civil unions · adoption · sodomy law · military service · hate crimes · laws around the world | | attitudes and discrimination | | heterosexism · homophobia · lesbophobia · biphobia · transphobia | | lgbt portal · categories | difficulties interpreting homosexuality in different culturesedit contemporary scholars caution against applying modern western assumptions about sex and gender to other times and places ; what looks like same - sex sexuality to a western observer may not be " same - sex " or " sexual " at


difficulties interpreting homosexuality in different culturesedit contemporary scholars caution against applying modern western assumptions about sex and gender to other times and places ; what looks like same - sex sexuality to a western observer may not be " same - sex " or " sexual " at all to the people engaging in such behaviour. for example, in the bugis cultures of sulawesi, a female - bodied person who dresses and works in a masculine fashion and marries a woman is seen as belonging to a third gender ; to the bugis, their relationship is not homosexual ( see sexual orientation and gender identity ). in the case of ' sambia ' ( a pseudonym ) boys in new guinea who ingest the semen of older males to aid in their maturation, it is disputed whether this is best understood as a sexual act at all. in recent times, scholars have argued that notions of a homosexual and heterosexual identity, as they are currently known in the western world, only began to emerge in europe in the mid to late 19th century. behaviors that today would be widely regarded as homosexual, at least in the west, enjoyed a degree of acceptance in around three quarters of the cultures surveyed in patterns of sexual behavior ( 1951 ). measuring attitudes toward homosexualityedit template : pew2007 from the 1970s, academics have researched attitudes held by individuals toward lesbians, gay men and bisexuals, and the social and cultural factors that underlie such attitudes. numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of acceptance and disapproval of homosexuality, and have consistently found correlates with various demographic, psychological, and social variables. for example, studies ( mainly conducted in the united states ) have found that heterosexuals with positive attitudes towards homosexuality are more likely to be female, white, young, non - religious, well - educated, politically liberal or moderate, and have close personal contact with out homosexuals. they are also more likely to have positive attitudes towards other minority groups and are less likely to support traditional gender roles. several studies have also suggested that heterosexual females have strong likings toward gay men, and some ( but not all ) have found that heterosexual males have strong likings toward lesbians. social psychologists such as gregory herek have examined underlying motivations for homophobia ( hostility toward lesbians and gays ), and cultural theorists have noted how portrayals of homosexuality often center around stigmatized phenomena such as aids, pedophilia, and gender variance. the extent to which such portrayals are stereotypes is disputed. contemporary researchers have measured attitudes held by heterosexuals toward gay men and lesbians in a


of homosexuality often center around stigmatized phenomena such as aids, pedophilia, and gender variance. the extent to which such portrayals are stereotypes is disputed. contemporary researchers have measured attitudes held by heterosexuals toward gay men and lesbians in a number of different ways. commonly used scales include those designed by herek, larson et al., kite and deaux and haddock et al. certain populations are also found to accept homosexuality better than others. in the united states, african - americans are generally less tolerant of homosexuality than white americans. israelis were found to be the most accepting of homosexuality among middle eastern nations, the pew global attitudes project found, and israeli laws and culture reflects that. pew global included arab citizens of israel in their survey of the israeli population, who are much less tolerant of homosexuality than jewish israelis. according to a 2007 poll, a strong majority of israeli jews say they would accept a gay child and go on with life as usual. a 2009 haaretz - dialog poll found that most of the religious sector, the arab sector, and the russian - speaking sector saw homosexuality as a perversion, while the majority of traditional and secular jews say they have no problem with it. the poll found homophobia to be declining. much less research has been conducted into societal attitudes toward bisexuality. what studies do exist suggest that the attitude of heterosexuals toward bisexuals mirrors their attitude toward homosexuals, and that bisexuals experience a similar degree of hostility, discrimination, and violence relating to their sexual orientation as do homosexuals. the legal status of homosexuality varies greatly around the world. homosexual acts between consenting adults are known to be illegal in about 70 out of the 195 countries of the world ; in 40 of these, only male - male sex is outlawed. homosexual sex acts may be illegal, especially under sodomy laws, and where they are legal, the age of consent often differs from country to country. in some cases, homosexuals are prosecuted under vaguely - worded " public decency " or morality laws. some countries have special laws preventing certain public expressions of homosexuality, such as britain ' s section 28 ( now repealed ). nations or subnational entities may have anti - discrimination legislation in place to protect against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in the workplace, housing, health services and education. some give exemptions, allowing employers to discriminate if they are a religious organisation, or if the employee works with children. legal recognition of same - sex relationships also varies greatly. legal privileges pertaining to different -


housing, health services and education. some give exemptions, allowing employers to discriminate if they are a religious organisation, or if the employee works with children. legal recognition of same - sex relationships also varies greatly. legal privileges pertaining to different - sex relationships that may be extended to same - sex couples include parenting, adoption and access to reproductive technologies ; immigration ; spousal benefits for employees such as pensions, health funds and other services ; family leave ; medical rights, including hospital visitation, notification and power of attorney ; inheritance when a partner dies without leaving a will ; and social security and tax benefits. same - sex couples without legal recognition may also lack access to domestic violence services, as well as mediation and arbitration over custody and property when relationships end. some regions have laws specifically excluding same - sex couples from particular rights such as adoption. in 2001, the netherlands became the first country to recognize same - sex marriage, and same - sex marriages were subsequently recognized in belgium ( 2003 ) ; spain and canada ( 2005 ) ; the u. s. states of massachusetts ( 2004 ), california ( 2008 - later banned by proposition 8 ), connecticut ( 2008 ), iowa ( 2009 ), vermont ( 2009 ), and maine ( 2009 - later repealed by question 1 ) ; south africa ( 2006 ) ; norway ( 2009 ) ; sweden ( 2009 ) and portugal ( 2010 ). other legal recognition of same sex relationships ( offering fewer benefits than marriage ) include civil unions and domestic partnerships. application of sharia lawedit on the other end of the spectrum, several countries impose the death penalty for homosexual acts, as per the application of koranic sharia law. as of 2006, these include mauritania, sudan, iran, saudi arabia, united arab emirates, yemen, pakistan, the parts of chechnya under sharia, and some islamist dominated regions within nigeria and somalia. in saudi arabia, the maximum punishment for homosexuality is public execution. however, the government will use other punishments - e. g., fines, jail time, and whipping - as alternatives, unless it feels that homosexuals are challenging state authority by engaging in lgbt social movements. iran is perhaps the nation to execute the largest number of its citizens for homosexuality. since the 1979 islamic revolution in iran, the iranian government has executed more than 4, 000 people charged with homosexual acts. in afghanistan after the fall of the taliban, homosexuality went from a capital crime to one that it punished with fines and prison sentences. most international human rights organizations, such as human rights watch


has executed more than 4, 000 people charged with homosexual acts. in afghanistan after the fall of the taliban, homosexuality went from a capital crime to one that it punished with fines and prison sentences. most international human rights organizations, such as human rights watch and amnesty international, condemn laws that make homosexual relations between consenting adults a crime. since 1994, the united nations human rights committee has also ruled that such laws violated the right to privacy guaranteed in the universal declaration of human rights and the international covenant on civil and political rights. however, most muslim nations insist that such laws are necessary to preserve islamic morality and virtue. of the nations with a majority of muslim inhabitants, only lebanon has an internal effort to legalize homosexuality. the notable exception is indonesia, the world ' s largest muslim nation by population, which does not criminalise homosexuality. as with social attitudes in general, religious attitudes towards homosexuality vary between and among religions and their adherents. traditionalists among the world ' s major religions generally disapprove of homosexuality, and prominent opponents of social acceptance of homosexuality often cite religious arguments to support their views. liberal currents also exist within most religions, and modern lesbian and gay scholars of religion sometimes point to a place for homosexuality among historical traditions and scriptures, and emphasise religious teachings of compassion and love. abrahamic religions such as judaism, islam, and christianity, traditionally forbid sexual relations between people of the same sex and teach that such behaviour is sinful. religious authorities point to passages in the qur ' an ( 7 : 80 - 81, 26 : 165 ), the old testament ( leviticus 18 : 22 ) and the new testament ( romans 1 : 26 - 27, i timothy 1 : 9 - 10 ) for scriptural justification of these beliefs. among indic religions ( also known as dharmic religions ), including hinduism, buddhism, jainism and sikhism, teachings regarding homosexuality are less clear. unlike in western religions, homosexuality is rarely discussed. however, most contemporary religious authorities in the various dharmic traditions view homosexuality negatively, and when it is discussed, it is discouraged or actively forbidden. ancient religious texts such as the vedas often refer to people of a third gender, who are neither female nor male. some see this third gender as an ancient parallel to modern western lesbian, gay, transgender and / or intersex identities. however, this third sex is usually negatively valued as a pariah class in ancient texts. ancient hindu law books, from the first century onward, categorize non - vaginal sex ( ayon


, transgender and / or intersex identities. however, this third sex is usually negatively valued as a pariah class in ancient texts. ancient hindu law books, from the first century onward, categorize non - vaginal sex ( ayoni ) as impure. same - sex sexuality and gender transformations are common among the hindu pantheon of deities. among the sinic religions of east asia, including confucianism, chinese folk religion and taoism, passionate homosexual expression is usually discouraged because it is believed to not lead to human fulfillment. in some capitalist countries, large private sector firms often lead the way in the equal treatment of gay men and lesbians. for instance, more than half of the fortune 500 offer domestic partnership benefits and 49 of the fortune 50 companies include sexual orientation in their non - discrimination policies ( only exxonmobil does not ). conservatism is a term broadly used for people who are inclined to traditional values and ( typically ) strong religious beliefs. whilst conservatism includes people of many views, it has a significant proportion of adherents who consider homosexuals, and especially the efforts of homosexuals to achieve equal rights and recognition, to be a threat to valued traditions, institutions and freedoms. such attitudes are generally tied in with opposition to what some conservatives call the " homosexual agenda ". the finding that attitudes to alternative sexualities correlate strongly with nature of contact and with personal beliefs is stated in a variety of research over a substantial time period, and conservative men and women stand out in their views specifically. thus herek, who established the attitudes toward lesbians and gay men scale in psychology, states : - " the atlg and its subscales are consistently correlated with other theoretically - relevant constructs. higher scores ( more negative attitudes ) correlate significantly with high religiosity, lack of contact with gay men and lesbians, adherence to traditional sex - role attitudes, belief in a traditional family ideology, and high levels of dogmatism ( herek, 1987a, 1987b, 1988, 1994 ; herek & glunt, 1993 ; herek & capitanio, 1995, 1996 ) " - and that : - " the strongest predictor of positive attitudes toward homosexuals was that the interviewee knew a gay man or lesbian. the correlation held across each demographic subset represented in the survey - - sex, education level, age - - bar one : political persuasion. [ conservative men and women ] " an example of conservative views can also be found in the


gay man or lesbian. the correlation held across each demographic subset represented in the survey - - sex, education level, age - - bar one : political persuasion. [ conservative men and women ] " an example of conservative views can also be found in the discussion of what conservatives call " homosexual recruitment ", within a document released by the conservative christian organization alliance defense fund states : - the homosexual activist movement are driving an agenda that will severely limit the ability to live and practice the gospel, whether it is in the boardroom, the classroom, halls of government, private organizations, and even in places of worship. in their relentless attempts to obtain special rights, that no other special interest group has, they are in the process of redefining the family, demanding not only ' tolerance ' [... ] but ' acceptance ', and ultimately seeking to marginalize, censor, and punish those individuals who stand in the way of their multiple goals. as this statement illustrates, those who believe that a disapproving attitude toward homosexuality is a tenet of their religion can see efforts to abolish such attitudes as an attack on their religious freedom. those who regard homosexuality as a sin or perversion can believe that acceptance of homosexual parents and same - sex marriage will redefine and diminish the institutions of family and marriage. more generally, conservatives — by definition — prefer that institutions, traditions and values remain unchanged, and this has put many of them in opposition to increasing the cultural acceptance and legal rights of homosexuals. gay people have been the target of violence for their sexuality in various cultures throughout history. violence against gay people reached its height during the holocaust, when at least 15, 000 homosexuals were killed and many more imprisoned and institutionalized as insane. violence against homosexuals continues to occur today, fueled by anti - gay rhetoric. anti - gay slogans date back at least as far as classical greece 2500 years ago. these slogans have expressed numerous derogatory viewpoints against gays which have ranged from disrespectful to overtly insulting. psychology and attempts at modification of sexual orientationedit in 1973, the ( us ) american psychiatric association voted to remove homosexuality from diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. the current dsm contains a diagnosis of " persistent and marked distress about one ’ s sexual orientation. " the decision was supported by a majority of the membership, though some criticized this as a political decision unsupported by any advances in psychological research. in fact, the research of evelyn hooker and other


marked distress about one ’ s sexual orientation. " the decision was supported by a majority of the membership, though some criticized this as a political decision unsupported by any advances in psychological research. in fact, the research of evelyn hooker and other psychologists and psychiatrists helped to end the notion that homosexuality was in and of itself a mental illness. the world health organization currently lists ego - dystonic sexual orientation in the icd - 10. many religious groups and other advocates, like national association for research and therapy of homosexuality ( narth ), believe that they can " heal or cure " homosexuality through conversion therapy or another method to change sexual orientation. in a survey of 882 people who were undergoing conversion therapy, attending ex - gay groups or ex - gay conferences, 22. 9 % reported they had not undergone any changes, 42. 7 % reported some changes, and 34. 3 % reported much change in sexual orientation. many western health and mental health professional organizations believe sexual orientation develops across a person ’ s lifetime, but that this therapy is unnecessary, potentially harmful, and the effectiveness has not been rigorously and scientifically proven. most notable for his dissent from this opinion is dr. robert spitzer. another study refuting the claims of conversion therapy proponents was done in 2001 by dr. ariel shidlo and dr. michael schroeder, which showed only 3 % of the participants claiming to have completely changed their orientation from gay to straight. in many non - western post - colonial countries, homosexual orientation is still considered to be a mental disorder and illness. in muslim areas, this position is ascribed to the earlier adoption of european victorian attitudes by the westernized elite, in areas where previously native traditions embraced same - sex relations. homosexual males are often stereotyped as being limp - wristed, being interested in women ’ s fashion such as fashion design or hairdressing, under the influence of alcohol or drugs, having a circle of friends consisting of heterosexual females or unable to be monogamous. lesbians or ( gay women ) are usually stereotyped as being man - haters, having an overly tough or unattractive appearance, having health problems such as obesity, interested in sports or life - risking occupations such as the police force or the military and having a preference for short haircuts, tattoos and male attire. bisexual men and women are portrayed as being sexually immoral, manipulative, insincere or undecided. male bisexuals are particularly stereotyped living on the down -


preference for short haircuts, tattoos and male attire. bisexual men and women are portrayed as being sexually immoral, manipulative, insincere or undecided. male bisexuals are particularly stereotyped living on the down - low and female bisexuals are stereotyped as having bad experiences with men. blame for plagues and disastersedit the destruction of sodom and gomorrah as takes place in the bible is currently attributedtemplate : who to attempted homosexual rape, but this is disputed and differs from earlier beliefs. early jewish belief variously attributed the destruction to turning a blind eye to social injustice or lack of hospitality. since the middle ages, sodomites were blamed for " bringing down the wrath of god " upon the land, and their pleasures blamed for the periodic epidemics of disease which decimated the population. this " pollution " was thought to be cleansed by fire, as a result of which countless individuals were burned at the stake or run through with white - hot iron rods. since the end of the 1980s similar accusations have been made, inspired by the aids epidemic. in the years since, the epidemic has spread and now has many more heterosexual victims than homosexual. other contemporary american examples : - jerry falwell made remarks interpreted as blaming " pagans, and the abortionists, and the feminists, and the gays and the lesbians who are actively trying to make that an alternative lifestyle, the aclu, people for the american way " for the september 11 attacks, but later apologized for his remarks. ( pat robertson was also participating in the broadcast. ) - westboro baptist church leader fred phelps blames homosexuals for the september 11th attacks and his sect blames the indian ocean tsunami of december, 2004 on american and swedish sodomites and fornicators in thailand. phelps has little or no support among the wider religious community. association with child abuse and pedophiliaedit relationships between adults and youths, both male and female, were practiced historically dating back to at least antiquity, when they were reported among a number of cultures, among which the celtic, the persian and the greek. see plato ' s phaedrus ( dialogue ) and lucian ' s erotes. the best documented, and perhaps the most formalized, being the greek tradition, it is the one that has become emblematic of erotic relations between men and adolescent boys. the association of modern masculine desire for adolescent youths with greek man / boy practices has been resuscitated periodically by various


formalized, being the greek tradition, it is the one that has become emblematic of erotic relations between men and adolescent boys. the association of modern masculine desire for adolescent youths with greek man / boy practices has been resuscitated periodically by various cultural movements such as the italian neo - platonists ( including marsilio ficino ) and literary figures such as oscar wilde and andre gide, and has continued into contemporary times. invariably, each such instance has been met with alarm and accusations of corruption of the young. thus, some people fear exposing their children to homosexuals in unsupervised settings, lest they be molested, raped, or recruited to be homosexuals themselves. the publicity surrounding the roman catholic sex abuse cases has heightened these concerns. many organizations focus on these concerns, drawing connections between homosexuality and pedophilia. according to a study commissioned by the united states conference of catholic bishops, under the auspices of the john jay college of criminal justice and an all - lay review board headed by illinois appellate court justice anne m. burke, “ 81 % of the reported victims of child sexual abuse by catholic clergy were boys. ” the review board went on to conclude that, “ the crisis was characterized by homosexual behavior ”, and in light of this, “ the current crisis cannot be addressed without consideration of issues related to homosexuality. ” according to margaret smith, one of john jay ' s researchers, however, it is “ an unwarranted conclusion ” to assert that the majority of priests who abused male victims are gay. though “ the majority of the abusive acts were homosexual in nature [... ] participation in homosexual acts is not the same as sexual identity as a gay man. ” one of her fellow researchers, louis schlesinger, argued that the main problem was pedophilia or ephebophilia, not sexual orientation and said that some men who are married to adult women are attracted to adolescent males. a number of small - scale studies by dr. carole jenny, dr. a. w. richard sipe, and others have not found evidence that homosexuals are more likely to molest children than heterosexuals. based on phallometric tests, dr. kurt freund asserted that " androphiles " ( male homosexuals with a preference for adults ) are no more attracted to adolescent or younger boys than " gynephiles " ( male heterosexuals with a preference for adults ) are to adolescent or younger girls. according to him, only rarely does a sex


homosexuals with a preference for adults ) are no more attracted to adolescent or younger boys than " gynephiles " ( male heterosexuals with a preference for adults ) are to adolescent or younger girls. according to him, only rarely does a sex offender against male children have a preference for adult males. other researches available also suggest men who molest boys ( specially prepubertal ones ) tend to prefer adult women over men as sexual partners. johns hopkins university psychiatrist dr. frederick berlin, who runs a treatment program for offenders, says it ' s flawed to assume that men who molest young boys are attracted to adult men ; berlin defines attraction to children as a separate orientation of its own. psychotherapist dr. a. w. richard sipe, also argue that the sexual deprivation that occurs in the priesthood could lead one to turn to children and that boys are more accessible to priests and other male authority figures than girls. a study by dr. a. nicholas groth found that nearly half of the child sex offenders in his small sample were exclusively attracted to children. the other half regressed to children after finding trouble in adult relationships. no one in his sample was primarily attracted to same - sex adults. opposition to promotion of homosexualityedit in the uk section 28 of the 1988 local government act banned promotion of homosexuality " as a pretended family relationship " by local government employees in the course of their duties. the act was aimed to prevent the promotion of homosexuality in schools. it was later repealed. this promotion is opposed by morocco. article 200 section of the penal code of romania had criminalised promotion of homosexuality, which was later repealed. uganda is considering a ban on promotion of homosexuality, with the proposed anti - homosexuality bill along with other measures. homosexuality has at times been used as a scapegoat by governments facing problems. for example, during the early 14th century, accusations of homosexual behavior were instrumental in disbanding the knights templar under philip iv of france, who profited greatly from confiscating the templars ' wealth. in the 20th century, nazi germany ' s persecution of homosexual people was based on the proposition that they posed a threat to " normal " masculinity as well as a risk of contamination to the aryan race. in the 1950s, at the height of the red scare in the united states, hundreds of federal and state employees were fired because of their homosexuality in the so - called lavender scare. ( ironically, politicians opposed to the scare tactics of mccarthyism tried to discredit senator joseph mccarthy


height of the red scare in the united states, hundreds of federal and state employees were fired because of their homosexuality in the so - called lavender scare. ( ironically, politicians opposed to the scare tactics of mccarthyism tried to discredit senator joseph mccarthy by hinting during a televised congressional committee meeting that mccarthy ' s top aide, roy cohn, was homosexual, as he in fact was. ) in 2001, 6, 000 books of homoerotic poetry of 8th c. persian - arab poet abu nuwas were burnt by the egyptian ministry of culture in january 2001, to placate islamic fundamentalists. regions and historical periodsedit in ancient greece homoerotic practices were widely present, and integrated into the religion, education, philosophy and military culture. the sexualized form of these relationships was the topic of vigorous debate. in particular, anal intercourse was condemned by many, including plato, as a form of hubris and faulted for dishonoring and feminizing the boys. relations between adult males were generally ridiculed. plato also believed that the chaste form of the relationship was the mark of an enlightened society, while only barbarians condemned it. athens and sparta are both well known for encouraging same - sex relationships as part of a youth ' s education and socialization. in both societies, though, once a youth came of age he was expected to take on another youth as beloved, and eventually to marry and continue the family line. throughout most of the history of ancient israel, intercourse between males was condemned outright as an " abomination " and mosaic law demanded the death penalty for those men who " lie with a man as with a woman ". other aspects of same - sex relations were not discussed. roman attitudes toward same - sex relations varied over the centuries. in the early days of the roman republic, pederasty was considered a degenerate greek practice. as greek attitudes gradually became accepted in rome during the late republic and early empire, however, a form of same - sex relations emerged that was quite different from the greek form. as men, particularly the pater familias, wielded complete authority in roman society, the roman experience of same - sex relations is often characterized by master / slave - style interactions. indeed, at the height of the roman empire the lex scatinia was promulgated, effectively banning relations ( consensual or not ), male prostitution, and sexual passivity involving free born boys and girls. slaves still were considered legitimate sexual partners,


the height of the roman empire the lex scatinia was promulgated, effectively banning relations ( consensual or not ), male prostitution, and sexual passivity involving free born boys and girls. slaves still were considered legitimate sexual partners, often if not always regardless of their wishes. by the time the empire had been firmly established, many forms of sexual expression were tolerated. though perhaps not the originator of the practice, the emperor nero appears to have been the first roman emperor to marry a male. according to edward gibbon, writing in 1776, of the first twelve emperors only claudius was exclusively involved with women. all others took either boys or men as lovers. according to louis crompton, there are historical records that tacitly assumed bisexuality as the human norm in china. same - sex practices have been documented there since the " spring and autumn annals " period ( parallel with classical greece ) and its roots are found in the legend of china ' s origin, the reign of the yellow emperor, who, among his many inventions, is credited with being the first to take male bedmates. template : citation needed at the same time the practice was not in the mainstream of the culture, and was condemned for corrupting the judgement of rulers, as did relations with female concubines. attitudes have changed radically in the past hundred and fifty years, swinging from casual acceptance to antagonism to guarded acceptance again. the chinese psychiatrists ’ association removed homosexuality from the list of mental illnesses in april 2001. however, as scriptwriter and teacher cui zi ’ en, one of the few openly gay intellectuals in today ' s china points out, in his country, it is still seen as a psychological disorder. template : citation needed " in the west, it ’ s frowned on to criticize homosexuals and even more to make them feel different ", says cui zi ’ en, contrasting it with chinese society which, " is changing, but there ’ ll always be people who ’ ll feel disgust. " template : citation needed many contend that from its earliest days, christianity followed the hebrew tradition of condemnation of male sexual intercourse and certain forms of sexual relations between men and women, labeling both as sodomy. some contemporary christian scholars dispute this however. the teachings of jesus christ encouraged a turning away from and forgiveness of sin, including those sins of sexual impurity, although jesus never referred to homosexuality specifically. jesus was known as a defender of those whose sexual sins were condemned by the pharisees. at the


of jesus christ encouraged a turning away from and forgiveness of sin, including those sins of sexual impurity, although jesus never referred to homosexuality specifically. jesus was known as a defender of those whose sexual sins were condemned by the pharisees. at the same time, jesus strongly upheld the ten commandments and urged those whose sexual sins were forgiven to, " go, and sin no more ". saint paul was even more explicit in his condemnation of sinful behavior, including sodomy, saying, " know you not that the unjust shall not possess the kingdom of god? do not err : neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor the effeminate, nor liers with mankind, nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor railers, nor extortioners, shall possess the kingdom of god " however, the exact meanings of two of the ancient greek words that paul used that supposedly refer to homosexuality are disputed amongst scholars. christian roman empire / byzantine empireedit after the emperor constantine ended the persecution of christians throughout the roman empire and made christianity the official state religion in the 4th century, christian attitudes toward sexual behavior were soon incorporated into roman law. in the year 528, the emperor justinian i, responding to an outbreak of pederasty among the christian clergy, issued a law which made castration the punishment for sodomy. the bedamini people of new guinea believe that semen is the main source of masculinity and strength. in consequence, the sharing of semen between men, particularly when there is an age gap, is seen as promoting growth throughout nature, while excessive heterosexual activities are seen as leading to decay and death. in the 1950s in the united states, open homosexuality was taboo. many politicians treated the homosexual as a symbol of antinationalism, construing masculinity as patriotism and marking the " unmasculine " homosexual as a threat to national security. this perceived connection between homosexuality and antinationalism was present in nazi germany and soviet russia as well, and appears in contemporary politics to this day. senator joseph mccarthy used accusations of homosexuality as a smear tactic in his anti - communist crusade, often combining the second red scare with the lavender scare. on one occasion, he went so far as to announce to reporters, " if you want to be against mccarthy, boys, you ' ve got to be either a communist or a cocksucker. " some historians have argued that, in


scare. on one occasion, he went so far as to announce to reporters, " if you want to be against mccarthy, boys, you ' ve got to be either a communist or a cocksucker. " some historians have argued that, in linking communism to homosexuality, mccarthy was playing off of prevalent anxieties about sexuality in order to gain support for his anti - communist campaign. senator kenneth wherry likewise attempted to invoke some connection between homosexuality and antinationalism as, for example, when he said in an interview with max lerner that " you can ' t hardly separate homosexuals from subversives. " later in that same interview he draws the line between patriotic americans and gay men : " but look lerner, we ' re both americans, aren ' t we? i say, let ' s get these fellows [ closeted gay men in government positions ] out of the government. " there were other perceived connections between homosexuality and communism. wherry, for example, publicized fears that joseph stalin had obtained a list of closeted homosexuals in positions of power from adolf hitler, which he believed stalin intended to use to blackmail these men into working against the u. s. for the soviet regime. another version of this sentiment can be found in the 1950 report produced by a senate committee headed by mccarthy titled " employment of homosexuals and other sex perverts in government " which states, in part, " as has been previously discussed in this report, the pervert is easy prey to the blackmailer... it is an accepted fact among intelligence agencies that espionage organizations the world over consider sex perverts who are in possession of or have access to confidential material to be prime targets where pressure can be exerted ". ironically, mccarthy and roy cohn more often used the secrets of closeted gay american politicians as tools for blackmail than did foreign powers. there were sometimes actual connections between gay rights groups and radical leftists. emma goldman, an anarchist, argued for treating gay people like any other person. the mattachine society had connections to american communist parties. lgbt civil rights movementedit beginning in the 20th century, gay rights movements have led to changes in social acceptance and in the media portrayal of homosexuality. the legalization of same - sex marriage and non - gender - specific civil unions is one of the major goals of gay rights activism. ( see : lgbt rights organization. ) attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in western societies in the latter part of the 20th century, accompanied by a greater acceptance of gay


non - gender - specific civil unions is one of the major goals of gay rights activism. ( see : lgbt rights organization. ) attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in western societies in the latter part of the 20th century, accompanied by a greater acceptance of gay men and women into both secular and religious institutions. criticisms of the lgbt civil rights movementedit some say the term ' lgbt civil rights ' is a misnomer and an attempt to piggyback on the civil rights movement. rev. jesse lee peterson, for example, called the comparison of the civil rights movement to the " gay rights movement " a " disgrace to a black american ". he said that " homosexuality is not a civil right. what we have is a bunch of radical homosexuals trying to attach their agenda to the struggles of the 1960s ", while jesse jackson has said " gays were never called three - fifths human in the constitution. " gene rivers, a boston minister, has accused gays of " pimping " the civil rights movement. some opponents of the movement, such as ralph reed, former executive director of the christian coalition, say that gay people are seeking special rights, not equal rights, and that the movement should not be referred to as a civil rights movement. they argue, for example, that in seeking the right to marry members of the same sex, gay people are seeking a special right for themselves and disregarding the fact that polygamists and other groups defined by sexual behaviour do not have this right either. 73 % of the general public in the united states in 2001 stated that they knew someone who is gay, lesbian, or bisexual. this is the result of a steady increase from 1983 when there were 24 %, 43 % in 1993, 55 % in 1998, or 62 % in 2000. the percentage of the general public who say there is more acceptance of lgb people in 2001 than before was 64 %. acceptance was measured on many different levels — 87 % of the general public would shop at a store owned by someone who is gay or lesbian but only 46 % of the general public would attend a church or synagogue where a minister or rabbi is openly gay or lesbian. 51 % of the general public think that " homosexual behavior " is morally wrong ( 38 % " completely agreeing " it is morally wrong and 13 % " somewhat agreeing " ). males and people over 65 years old are more likely to think it is wrong. among people who don ' t know someone who is lgb, 61 % think the behavior is wrong. broken down


morally wrong and 13 % " somewhat agreeing " ). males and people over 65 years old are more likely to think it is wrong. among people who don ' t know someone who is lgb, 61 % think the behavior is wrong. broken down by religion, 60 % of evangelical christians think that it is wrong, whereas 11 % with no religious affiliation are against it. 57 % of the general public think that gays and lesbians experience a lot of prejudice and discrimination, making it the group most believed to experience prejudice and discrimination. ( african americans come in second at 42 % ). in terms of support of public policies, according to the same 2001 study, 76 % of the general public think that there should be laws to protect gay and lesbian people from job discrimination, 74 % from housing discrimination, 73 % for inheritance rights, 70 % support health and other employee benefits for domestic partners, 68 % support social security benefits, and 56 % support gl people openly serving in the military. 73 % favor sexual orientation being included in the hate crimes statutes. 39 % support same - sex marriage, while 47 % support civil unions, and 46 % support adoption rights. a separate study shows that, in the united states, the younger generation is more supportive of gay rights than average. for example, a kaiser family foundation study found that 18 - 24 year olds strongly supported gay rights in 2001. however, polling data also shows a trend among americans in general toward rejection of homosexual - specific legal expansion of rights, especially same - sex marriage. a poll commissioned by cnn / usa today gallup in 2005 asked the question, " do you think marriages between homosexuals should or should not be recognized by the law as valid, with the same rights as traditional marriages? " 56 % said " should not be valid ", while 39 % said " should be valid ", and 5 % were unsure. in the united states, federal law does not restrict discrimination on the basis of homosexuality, but many states and localities do. federal constitutional considerations can override such laws, as in the case of boy scouts of america v. dale. at the same time, states and localities cannot single out homosexuality as an acceptable basis for discrimination, because this is considered unconstitutional animus under romer v. evans. the u. s. supreme court has not taken a case dealing with same - sex marriage. at the state level, several judicial bodies have considered whether there is a right to same - sex marriage based on state constitutions, particularly based on the doctrine of equal protection


s. supreme court has not taken a case dealing with same - sex marriage. at the state level, several judicial bodies have considered whether there is a right to same - sex marriage based on state constitutions, particularly based on the doctrine of equal protection under the law. in massachusetts, the supreme judicial court required legal recognition for same - sex marriage. in new jersey the state supreme court has directed the state legislature to enact legislation enabling same - sex couples in new jersey to have equal legal footing with heterosexual marriage, but permitting the legislature to call it civil union rather than marriage. this goes further than the legislation in other states that creates statuses called domestic partnership or civil union that are not required to be the same as marriage. twenty - seven states have amended their constitutions to limit marriage to opposite - sex couples, with some using language that would forbid same - sex domestic partnerships and civil unions as well. - gay agenda - media portrayal of bisexuality - sociology of gender - status of same - sex marriage - ↑ murray, stephen o., homosexualities, university of chicago 2000 - ↑ tsuneo watanabe and jun ' ichi iwata, the love of the samurai : a thousand years of japanese homosexuality, gmp publishers ltd, london 1989 - ↑ 3. 0 3. 1 crompton, louis, homosexuality and civilization, harvard university, 2003 - ↑ seth faison, " tolerance grows for homosexuals in china ", the new york times, new york, ny, 1997 - sep - 2 - ↑ pew global attitudes survey 2007 - ↑ graham, sharyn, sulawesi ' s fifth gender, inside indonesia, april - june 2001. - ↑ herdt g., sambia : ritual and gender in new guinea. new york : rinehart and winston, 1987 - ↑ leila j. rupp, " toward a global history of same - sex sexuality ", journal of the history of sexuality 10 ( april 2001 ) : 287 - 302. - ↑ katz, jonathan ned, the invention of heterosexuality plume, 1996 - ↑ andrews, walter and kalpakli, mehmet, the age of beloveds : love and the beloved in early modern ottoman and european culture and society duke university press, 2005 pp 11 - 12 - ↑ ford, c. s. & beach, f. a. ( 1951 ). patterns of sexual behavior. new york : harper and row. - ↑ studies finding that heterosexual men usually exhibit more hostile attitudes toward gay men and lesbians than do heterosexual women : :


. s. & beach, f. a. ( 1951 ). patterns of sexual behavior. new york : harper and row. - ↑ studies finding that heterosexual men usually exhibit more hostile attitudes toward gay men and lesbians than do heterosexual women : : * herek, g. m. ( 1994 ). assessing heterosexuals ’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. in " b. greene and g. m. herek ( eds. ) psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues : vol. 1 lesbian and gay psychology : theory, research, and clinical applications. " thousands oaks, ca : sage. : * kite, m. e. ( 1984 ). sex differences in attitudes toward homosexuals : a meta - analytic review. journal of homosexuality, 10 ( 1 - 2 ), 69 - 81. : * morin, s., & garfinkle, e. ( 1978 ). male homophobia. journal of social issues, 34 ( 1 ), 29 - 47. : * thompson, e., grisanti, c., & pleck, j. ( 1985 ). attitudes toward the male role and their correlates. sex roles, 13 ( 7 / 8 ), 413 - 427. for other correlates, see : : * larson et al. ( 1980 ) heterosexuals ' attitudes toward homosexuality, the journal of sex research, 16, 245 - 257 : * herek, g. ( 1988 ), heterosexuals ' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men, the journal of sex research, 25, 451 - 477 : * kite, m. e., & deaux, k., 1986. attitudes toward homosexuality : assessment and behavioral consequences. basic and applied social psychology, 7, 137 - 162 : * haddock, g., zanna, m. p., & esses, v. m. ( 1993 ). assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes : the case of attitudes toward homosexuals. journal of personality and social psychology, 65, 1105 - 1118. : see also : lewis, gregory b., black - white differences in attitudes toward homosexuality and gay rights, public opinion quarterly, volume 67, number 1, pp. 59 - 78 - ↑ herek, g. m. ( 1991 ). stigma, prejudice, and violence against lesbians and gay men. in : j. gonsiorek & j. weinrich ( eds. ), " homosexuality : research implications for public policy " (


g. m. ( 1991 ). stigma, prejudice, and violence against lesbians and gay men. in : j. gonsiorek & j. weinrich ( eds. ), " homosexuality : research implications for public policy " ( pp. 60 - 80 ). newbury park, ca : sage. - ↑ kyes, k. b. & tumbelaka, l. ( 1994 ). comparison of indonesian and american college students ' attitudes toward homosexuality. psychological reports, 74, 227 - 237. - ↑ kite ( 1984 ) op cit. * kyes and tumbelaka ( 1994 ) op cit. * millham, j., san miguel, c. l., kellogg, r. ( 1976 ). a factor - analytic conceptualization of attitudes toward male and female homosexuals. journal of homosexuality, 2 ( 1 ), 3 - 10. * herek ( 1984 ) found that heterosexual females tended to exhibit equally positive or negative attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. the heterosexual males, however, tended to respond more negatively, or unfavorably, to gay men than lesbians. herek, g. m. ( 1984 ). beyond “ homophobia ” : a social psychological perspective on attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. journal of homosexuality, 10 ( 1 / 2 ), 1 - 21. - ↑ herek, g. ( 1988 ) - ↑ larson et al. ( 1980 ) - ↑ kite, m. e., & deaux, k. ( 1986 ) - ↑ haddock, et al. ( 1993 ) - ↑ janell l. carroll. sexuality now : embracing diversity. wadsworth publishing. - ↑ kobi nahshoni. " most israelis would accept a gay child ", ynetnews, 2007 - 07 - 07. - ↑ ofri ilani. " haaretz survey : 46 % of israelis thinks gays are deviants ", haaretz, 06 / 08 / 2009. - ↑ jason koutsoukis. " homophobia in israel still high but declining slowly, says survey ", sydney morning herald, august 7, 2009. retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 20. - ↑ herek, gregory m. heterosexuals ' attitudes toward bisexual men and women in the united states, journal of sex research, nov, 2002. online - ↑ ochs, r. ( 1996 ). biphobia : it goes more than two ways. in : b. a. firestein ( ed.


men and women in the united states, journal of sex research, nov, 2002. online - ↑ ochs, r. ( 1996 ). biphobia : it goes more than two ways. in : b. a. firestein ( ed. ), bisexuality : the psychology and politics of an invisible minority ( pp. 217 - 239 ). thousand oaks, ca : sage. * rust, p. c. ( 2000 ). bisexuality : a contemporary paradox for women. journal of social issues, 56 ( 2 ), 205 - 221. * weinberg, m. s., williams, c. j., & pryor, d. w. ( 1994 ). dual attraction : understanding bisexuality. new york : oxford university press. * mohr, j. j., & rochlen, a. b. ( 1999 ). measuring attitudes regarding bisexuality in lesbian, gay male, and heterosexual populations. journal of counseling psychology, 46, 353 - 369. - ↑ paul, j. p., & nichols, m. ( 1988 ). " biphobia " and the construction of a bisexual identity. in : m. shernoff & w. scott ( eds. ), ' the sourcebook on lesbian / gay health care ' ( pp. 142 - 147 ). washington, dc : national lesbian and gay health foundation. * ochs, r. ( 1996 ). op cit. * weinberg, et al. ( 1994 ). op cit. * herek, gillis, and cogan ( 1999 ) found that 15 % of bisexual women ( n = 190 ) and 27 % of bisexual men ( n = 191 ) had experienced a crime against their person or property because of their sexual orientation. compared to 19 % of lesbians ( n = 980 ) and 28 % of gay men ( n = 898 ). ( gillis, j. r., & cogan, j. c. ( 1999 ). psychological sequelae of hate crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 67, 945 - 951. ) * note : the kaiser family foundation ( 2001 ) found that bisexuals reported experiencing less prejudice and discrimination, while a 1997 study of heterosexual u. s undergraduate students found that they had more negative attitudes toward bisexuals than towards lesbians and gays. ( kaiser family foundation ( 2001 ), inside - out : a report on the experiences of lesbians, gays


1997 study of heterosexual u. s undergraduate students found that they had more negative attitudes toward bisexuals than towards lesbians and gays. ( kaiser family foundation ( 2001 ), inside - out : a report on the experiences of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals in america and the public ' s view on issues and politics related to sexual orientation. http : / / www. kff. org ; eliason, m. j. ( 1997 ). the prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students. archives of sexual behavior, 26, 317 - 326. ) - ↑ ilga world legal survey. archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 12. ( last updated : november 2006, accessed 19 april 2006 ) ; updates from homosexuality laws of the world - ↑ ilga : 7 countries still put people to death for same - sex acts - ↑ homosexuality and islam - religionfacts - ↑ is beheading really the punishment for homosexuality in saudi arabia? - ↑ homosexuality and religion. - ↑ helem - ↑ see homosexuality and buddhism for pronouncements from thai, tibetan and chinese buddhist leaders. the supreme body of sikhism condemned homosexuality in 2005 : world sikh group against gay marriage bill, cbc news, tuesday, 29 march 2005. hinduism is diverse, with no supreme governing body, but the majority of swamis opposed same - sex relationships in a 2004 survey, and a minority supported them. see : discussions on dharma, by rajiv malik, in hinduism today. october / november / december 2004. - ↑ gyatso, janet ( 2003 ). one plus one makes three : buddhist gender conceptions and the law of the non - excluded middle, history of religions. 2003, no. 2. university of chicago press. - ↑ hrc | page not found - ↑ wawrytko, sandra ( 1993 ). homosexuality and chinese and japanese religions in " homosexuality and world religions ", edited by arlene swidler. trinity press international, 1993. - ↑ debare, illana. " gay, lesbian workers gradually gain benefits. " san francisco chronicle. june 30, 2006. retrieved april 13, 2007. - ↑ joyce, amy ( 2006 - 06 - 06 ), “ workplace improves for gay, transgender employees, rights group says ”, the washington post, < http : / / www. washingtonpost. com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2005 / 06 / 05 / ar2005060501249. html >. retrieved on 21 september 2007


”, the washington post, < http : / / www. washingtonpost. com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2005 / 06 / 05 / ar2005060501249. html >. retrieved on 21 september 2007 see, for example : sears, alan and osten, craig ( 2003 ). the homosexual agenda : exposing the principal threat to religious freedom today. b & h publishing group. isbn 0805426981., morgan, kristen. recent cases show homosexual agenda ’ s threat to religious liberty. concerned women for america., gagnon, robert a. j.. bearing false witness : balch ’ s effort at demonization and his truncated gospel ( pdf ) 10 – 18., religious freedom under attack in canada. catholic insight ( 2005 ). - ↑ the attitudes toward lesbians and gay men ( atlg ) scale - ↑ http : / / psychology. ucdavis. edu / rainbow / articles / nowack. html - ↑ alliance defense fund " the homosexual legal agenda : a barrier to evangelism " [ dead link ] - ↑ being gay is just as healthy as being straight. american psychiatric association ( may 28, 2003 ). retrieved on november 15, 2008. - ↑ nicolosi, joseph ; byrd, a. dean ; potts, richard w. ( june 2000 ). " retrospective self - reports of changes in homosexual orientation : a consumer survey of conversion therapy clients " 86 : 1071 – 1088. psychological reports. - ↑ american psychiatric association ( may 2000 ). gay, lesbian and bisexual issues. association of gay and lesbian psychiatrics. - ↑ shidlo, ariel ; schroeder, michael ; drescher, jack ( 2001 ). sexual conversion therapy : ethical, clinical, and research perspectives. new york : haworth medical press. isbn 0789019108. - ↑ el - rouayheb, khaled, before homosexuality in the arab - islamic world, chicago, 2005 - ↑ 48. 0 48. 1 cnn. com " falwell apologizes to gays, feminists, lesbians " - ↑ " what do you think about the tsunami that hit asia on december 26, 2004? was it god ' s wrath? what about the children who were killed? ", westboro baptist church faq. archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02. - ↑ " the nature and scope of the problem of sexual abuse of minors by catholic priests and


s wrath? what about the children who were killed? ", westboro baptist church faq. archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02. - ↑ " the nature and scope of the problem of sexual abuse of minors by catholic priests and deacons in the united states " from united states conference of catholic bishops - ↑ study : expert : donohue ' s claim that most abusive priests are gay is " unwarranted " ( 2010 - 04 - 02 ). retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 22. - ↑ new catholic sex abuse findings : gay priests are not the problem ( 2009 - 11 - 18 ). retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 23. - ↑ filteau, jerry, " sex abuse report pays special attention to homosexual priests " from catholic news service - ↑ 54. 0 54. 1 elias, marilyn, " is homosexuality to blame for church scandal? " from usa today - ↑ " facts about homosexuality and child molestation " from uc davis - ↑ freund et al. ( 1989 ). heterosexuality, homosexuality, and erotic age preference. journal of sex research, 26, 107 - 117 - ↑ kurt freund et al. ( 1973 ) heterosexual aversion in homosexual males. brit. j. psychiat. ( ig73 ), 122, 163a€ ” - ↑ freund, kurt ; watson, robin j. ; rienzo, douglas. “ heterosexuality, homosexuality, and the erotic age preference. ” journal of sex research 26, no. 1 ( 1989 ) : 107 - 117. - ↑ marshall et al. ( 1988 ). sexual offenders against male children : sexual preference. behaviour research and therapy, 26, 383 - 391 - ↑ abel, gene ; " the child abuser ". - ↑ a. nicholas groth, william f. hobson, and thomas s. gary, “ the child molester : clinical observations, ” in social work and child sexual abuse, eds. jon r. conte and david a. shore ( new york : haworth press, 1982 ), 129 ‑ 44 - ↑ gene abel, m. d. and nora harlow, the stop child molestation book, 2001 - ↑ jenny et al. ( 1994 ) are children at risk for sexual abuse by homosexuals? - ↑ cloud, john. " pedophilia ", ' time magazine, january 13, 2003. retrieved on june 4, 2007. - ↑ ( 2002 ) sexual exploitation of children : hearings before the


risk for sexual abuse by homosexuals? - ↑ cloud, john. " pedophilia ", ' time magazine, january 13, 2003. retrieved on june 4, 2007. - ↑ ( 2002 ) sexual exploitation of children : hearings before the subcommittee on crime of the committee on the judiciary house of representatives ( pp 106 ). university press of the pacific. isbn 0898757401. - ↑ lithuania bans promotion of homosexuality. jamaicaobserver. com ( 2009 - 06 - 17 ). retrieved on 2009 - 10 - 01. - ↑ agnosticism / atheism - free inquiry, skepticism, atheism, religious philosophy. atheism. about. com. retrieved on 2009 - 10 - 01. - ↑ aiuk : search actions : lithuania : move to criminalise the promotion of homosexuality. amnesty. org. uk. retrieved on 2009 - 10 - 01. - ↑ uk law which banned ' promotion of homosexuality ' and obstructed hiv prevention passes into history. aidsmap ( 2003 - 07 - 11 ). retrieved on 2009 - 10 - 01. - ↑ james chapman ( 2009 - 02 - 07 ). cameron apologises to gays for section 28 : maggie ' s law to ban promotion of homosexuality in schools was wrong, says tory leader | mail online. dailymail. co. uk. retrieved on 2009 - 10 - 01. - ↑ morocco targets promotion of homosexuality ( baltimore gay life - maryland ' s lgbt community newspaper ). baltimore gay life ( 2009 - 04 - 16 ). retrieved on 2009 - 10 - 01. - ↑ uganda : ‘ anti - homosexuality ’ bill threatens liberties and human rights defenders | commondreams. org - ↑ uganda action alert : dismiss the anti - homosexuality bill - ↑ lithuania mps votes for gay promotion ban - hurriyet daily news and economic review. hurriyetdailynews. com ( 2009 - 07 - 14 ). retrieved on 2009 - 10 - 01. - ↑ poland considering law to protect youth from promotion of homosexuality | catholic exchange. catholicexchange. com ( 2009 - 06 - 22 ). retrieved on 2009 - 10 - 01. - ↑ al - hayat, january 13, 2001 - ↑ middle east report, 219 summer 2001 - ↑ dover, 1978, passim - ↑ plato, symposium ; 182c - ↑ homosexuality in the hebrew scriptures ( old testament ). ontario consultants on religious tolerance. retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 09. “ kjv : ( king james


- ↑ dover, 1978, passim - ↑ plato, symposium ; 182c - ↑ homosexuality in the hebrew scriptures ( old testament ). ontario consultants on religious tolerance. retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 09. “ kjv : ( king james version ) : " if a man also lie with mankind, as he lieth with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination : they shall surely be put to death. their blood shall be upon them. " ” - ↑ roman homosexuality. archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 15. - ↑ spencer, colin ( 1996 ), homosexuality in history, harcourt brace, pp. 69, 72, isbn 9780151002238, < http : / / books. google. co. uk / books? id = probaaaayaaj > - ↑ edward gibbon, the history of the decline and fall of the roman empire - ↑ john 8 : 3 - 11 - ↑ 1 corinthians 6 : 9 - 10 - ↑ malalas - ↑ ritualized homosexuality in melanesia, gilbert h. herdt, ed. university of california press, 1984 - ↑ healey, dan. homosexual desire in revolutionary russia : the regulation of sexual and gender dissent. university of chicago press. 2001. p. 209. - ↑ anti - gay protests in moscow - ↑ cuordileone, k. a. " ' politics in an age of anxiety ' : cold war political culture and the crisis in american masculinity, 1949 - 1960 " the journal of american history 87 ( 2 ) ( 2000 ) : 515 - 545 - ↑ lerner, max, the unfinished country : a book of american symbols simon and schuster, 1959 pp 313 - 316 - ↑ von hoffman, nicholas, citizen cohn doubleday, 1988 pp 130 - ↑ " employment of homosexuals and other sex perverts in government " from pbs frontline - ↑ von hoffman, nicholas, citizen cohn doubleday, 1988 - ↑ cnn sunday morning transcripts march 7, 2004 - ↑ kimberly, margaret, " freedom rider : gay rights, civil rights " at the black commentator - ↑ pitts, leonard jr. " a civil war between gays and blacks " at human rights campaign [ dead link ] - ↑ netzhammer, mel, " ' the gay agenda ' and ' gay rights, special rights ' and the construction of a homosexual role " at buffalo state - ↑ new surveys on experiences of lesbians, gays and bisexuals and the public


being smart with your money : 5 ways to reduce debt in the new year in this economy, it seems everyone is watching their pennies. here are some ways to reduce and prevent debt in 2011 the national debt increased more than 1. 6 billion – excuse me, trillion dollars in 2010, rising to a record $ 14 trillion according to the u. s. department of treasury. additionally, personal bankruptcies rose by nine percent to 1. 53 million. these two statistics alone, not to mention the countless others that make us wish we had a time machine to go back to the 1990s, are enough to make the hairs on anyone ’ s neck stand on end. but there is hope. it ’ s a new year, and that means an opportunity to avoid debt and be smart with your money for the next 12 months. with the help of david rector, manager of the manassas park branch of alliance bank, here are some tips on how to make it happen : 1. know where your money is going this is the single most important thing you can do to avoid debt, rector said. “ think about it. if you go to starbucks every morning for a cup of coffee, it may not seem like the three or four bucks you spend at the time is a huge deal. but over a span of six months, that ’ s four or five hundred dollars that you don ’ t even realize you ’ ve spent, ” rector said. you don ’ t have to cut out your morning coffee or other smaller purchases like it. simply be sure to keep in mind that they can pile up over time. like many americans, you may find yourself in some debt already. often times that debt comes from possessing too many credit cards. if that is true for you, it ’ s important to prioritize the order in which you pay them off. “ it ’ s important to pay off your credit cards in the order of highest interest rate to lowest, " rector said. " that way the high interest won ’ t accumulate too much. ” 3. if possible, avoid the plastic of course it ’ s practical to have a credit card or two. but if you get behind on payments, the advantages essentially disappear. a low credit score means it is less likely to get important loans, and accumulate what loan experts like rector call “ good debt, ” things like student loans, car loans and mortgages. but otherwise, try not to be too heavy - handed with your credit card. “ if you ’ re going to the drug store to buy


what loan experts like rector call “ good debt, ” things like student loans, car loans and mortgages. but otherwise, try not to be too heavy - handed with your credit card. “ if you ’ re going to the drug store to buy a few things, or getting ice cream for the kids, try to pay with cash if you can. just like the starbucks example, these things can add up, ” rector said. 4. use less energy follow this step and you ’ ll be killing two birds with one stone. you ’ ll be helping the environment and cutting down on costs at the same time. and using less energy doesn ’ t mean making drastic, life - changing modifications to your home. small changes like closing doors to unused rooms or turning off the air conditioner during the day can make a serious dent in utility bills. “ here ’ s another example of making sure you know where your money is going, ” rector said. “ televisions use energy even when they are not on, and computers use energy even when they ’ re shut. so at night, unplugging your tv and turning off your computer will save you money. ” 5. time your purchases with the holiday season already having come to a close, you may think this step is less pertinent. after all, department stores like macy ’ s and wal - mart won ’ t have holiday sales year - round. but when it comes to the big purchases that you will be making this year, timing is everything. “ here ’ s a small example, ” rector said. “ my wife and i needed a new christmas tree. so guess what? we bought one on jan 2, when we knew that nobody would be needing theirs and we could buy one for cheap. ” of course the principle of timing your purchases doesn ’ t apply only to christmas trees. if you ’ re buying a car or a house, looking to rent an apartment, or looking to purchase that ipod you ’ ve been saving for, wait until the time is right. that means wait until you think have the necessary funds in the bank and wait until you think you ’ ve found what you ’ re looking for at the lowest price you think you can get.


provided by : freebsd - manpages _ 8. 0 - 1 _ all geom - modular disk i / o request transformation framework the geom framework provides an infrastructure in which “ classes ” can perform transformations on disk i / o requests on their path from the upper kernel to the device drivers and back. transformations in a geom context range from the simple geometric displacement performed in typical disk partitioning modules over raid algorithms and device multipath resolution to full blown cryptographic protection of the stored data. compared to traditional “ volume management ”, geom differs from most and in some cases all previous implementations in the following ways : · geom is extensible. it is trivially simple to write a new class of transformation and it will not be given stepchild treatment. if someone for some reason wanted to mount ibm mvs diskpacks, a class recognizing and configuring their vtoc information would be a trivial · geom is topologically agnostic. most volume management implementations have very strict notions of how classes can fit together, very often one fixed hierarchy is provided, for instance, subdisk - plex - volume. being extensible means that new transformations are treated no differently than existing transformations. fixed hierarchies are bad because they make it impossible to express the intent efficiently. in the fixed hierarchy above, it is not possible to mirror two physical disks and then partition the mirror into subdisks, instead one is forced to make subdisks on the physical volumes and to mirror these two and two, resulting in a much more complex configuration. geom on the other hand does not care in which order things are done, the only restriction is that cycles in the graph will not be allowed. terminology and topology geom is quite object oriented and consequently the terminology borrows a lot of context and semantics from the oo vocabulary : a “ class ”, represented by the data structure g _ class implements one particular kind of transformation. typical examples are mbr disk partition, bsd disklabel, and raid5 classes. an instance of a class is called a “ geom ” and represented by the data structure g _ geom. in a typical i386 freebsd system, there will be one geom of class mbr for each disk. a “ provider ”, represented by the data structure g _ provider, is the front gate at which a geom offers service. a provider is “ a disk - like thing which appears in / dev ” - a logical disk in other words


disk. a “ provider ”, represented by the data structure g _ provider, is the front gate at which a geom offers service. a provider is “ a disk - like thing which appears in / dev ” - a logical disk in other words. all providers have three main properties : “ name ”, “ sectorsize ” and “ size ”. a “ consumer ” is the backdoor through which a geom connects to another geom provider and through which i / o requests are sent. the topological relationship between these entities are as follows : · a class has zero or more geom instances. · a geom has exactly one class it is derived from. · a geom has zero or more consumers. · a geom has zero or more providers. · a consumer can be attached to zero or one providers. · a provider can have zero or more consumers attached. all geoms have a rank - number assigned, which is used to detect and prevent loops in the acyclic directed graph. this rank number is assigned as follows : 1. a geom with no attached consumers has rank = 1. 2. a geom with attached consumers has a rank one higher than the highest rank of the geoms of the providers its consumers are special topological maneuvers in addition to the straightforward attach, which attaches a consumer to a provider, and detach, which breaks the bond, a number of special topological maneuvers exists to facilitate configuration and to improve the overall flexibility. tasting is a process that happens whenever a new class or new provider is created, and it provides the class a chance to automatically configure an instance on providers which it recognizes as its own. a typical example is the mbr disk - partition class which will look for the mbr table in the first sector and, if found and validated, will instantiate a geom to multiplex according to the contents of the mbr. a new class will be offered to all existing providers in turn and a new provider will be offered to all classes in turn. exactly what a class does to recognize if it should accept the offered provider is not defined by geom, but the sensible set of options are : · examine specific data structures on the disk. · examine properties like “ sectorsize ” or “ mediasize ” for the provider. · examine the rank number of the provider ’ s geom. · examine the method name of the provider ’ s geom. orphanization is the process by which a provider is removed while it potentially is still being used


and robustness in handling disappearing devices. the one absolutely crucial detail to be aware of is that if the device driver does not return all i / o requests, the tree will not unravel. spoiling is a special case of orphanization used to protect against stale metadata. it is probably easiest to understand spoiling by going through imagine a disk, da0, on top of which an mbr geom provides da0s1 and da0s2, and on top of da0s1 a bsd geom provides da0s1a through da0s1e, and that both the mbr and bsd geoms have autoconfigured based on data structures on the disk media. now imagine the case where da0 is opened for writing and those data structures are modified or overwritten : now the geoms would be operating on stale metadata unless some notification system can inform them otherwise. to avoid this situation, when the open of da0 for write happens, all attached consumers are told about this and geoms like mbr and bsd will self - destruct as a result. when da0 is closed, it will be offered for tasting again and, if the data structures for mbr and bsd are still there, new geoms will instantiate themselves anew. now for the fine print : if any of the paths through the mbr or bsd module were open, they would have opened downwards with an exclusive bit thus rendering it impossible to open da0 for writing in that case. conversely, the requested exclusive bit would render it impossible to open a path through the mbr geom while da0 is open for writing. from this it also follows that changing the size of open geoms can only be done with their cooperation. finally : the spoiling only happens when the write count goes from zero to non - zero and the retasting happens only when the write count goes from non - zero to zero. insert / delete are very special operations which allow a new geom to be instantiated between a consumer and a provider attached to each other and to remove it again. to understand the utility of this, imagine a provider being mounted as a file system. between the devfs geom ’ s consumer and its provider we insert a mirror module which configures itself with one mirror copy and consequently is transparent to the i / o requests on the path. we can now configure yet a mirror copy on the mirror geom, request a synchronization, and finally drop the first


delete ” semantics are required, a geom should be pushed which converts delete indications into ( a sequence of ) write “ get attribute ” supports inspection and manipulation of out - of - band attributes on a particular provider or path. attributes are named by ascii strings and they will be discussed in a separate section below. ( stay tuned while the author rests his brain and fingers : more to come. ) several flags are provided for tracing geom operations and unlocking protection mechanisms via the kern. geom. debugflags sysctl. all of these flags are off by default, and great care should be taken in turning them provide tracing of topology change events. provide tracing of buffer i / o requests. provide tracing of access check controls. 0x10 ( allow foot shooting ) allow writing to rank 1 providers. this would, for example, allow the super - user to overwrite the mbr on the root disk or write random sectors elsewhere to a mounted disk. the implications are obvious. this is unused at this time. dump contents of gctl requests. libgeom ( 3 ), disk ( 9 ), declare _ geom _ class ( 9 ), g _ access ( 9 ), g _ attach ( 9 ), g _ bio ( 9 ), g _ consumer ( 9 ), g _ data ( 9 ), g _ event ( 9 ), g _ geom ( 9 ), g _ provider ( 9 ), this software was developed for the freebsd project by poul - henning kamp and nai labs, the security research division of network associates, inc. under darpa / spawar contract n66001 - 01 - c - 8035 ( “ cboss ” ), as part of the darpa chats research program. the first precursor for geom was a gruesome hack to minix 1. 2 and was never distributed. an earlier attempt to implement a less general scheme in freebsd never succeeded. poul - henning kamp 〈 phk @ freebsd. org 〉


the safe and drug - free schools and communities program is designed to prevent violence in and around schools ; prevent the illegal use of alcohol, drugs, and tobacco by young people ; and foster a safe and drug - free learning environment that supports academic achievement. without a safe and orderly learning environment, teachers cannot teach and students cannot learn. students and school personnel need a secure environment, free from the dangers and distractions of violence, drug use, and lack of discipline to enable all children achieve to their full potential. to provide funds to support programs that : 1. prevent violence in and around schools ; 2. prevent the illegal use of alcohol, tobacco and drugs ; 3. involve parents and communities ; and 4. are coordinated with related federal, state, school and community efforts and resources to foster a safe and drug - free learning environment that promotes student academic achievement. principles of effectiveness to ensure that recipients use the funds in ways that preserve state and local flexibility but are most likely to reduce drug use and violence among youth, a recipient shall : 1. base its programs on a thorough assessment of objective data about the drug and violence problems in the schools and communities served 2. with the assistance of a local or regional advisory council, establish a set of measurable goals and objectives and design its programs to meet those goals and objectives. 3. design and implement its programs for youth based on research or evaluation that provides evidence that the programs used prevent or reduce drug use, violence, or disruptive behavior among youth. 4. evaluate its programs periodically to assess its progress toward achieving its goals and objectives, and use its evaluation results to refine, improve, and strengthen its program, and to refine its goals and objectives as appropriate. authorized programs and activities include - age appropriate and developmentally based violence and substance abuse prevention programs ; - professional development and training for school personnel, parents and community members in drug and violence prevention ; - expanded mental health services related to illegal drug use and violence : - conflict resolution and peer mediation programs ; - alternative education programs ; - counseling, mentoring, referral services and other student assistance practices and programs ; - activities that involve families and community prevention providers in setting clear expectations against violence and illegal use of drugs ; - emergency intervention services following traumatic crisis events ; - establishing or implementing a system for transferring suspension and expulsion records ; - developing and implementing character education programs ; - establishing and maintaining a school safety hotline ; - community service and service - learning projects ; - conducting a national background check for all employees ; - programs to train school personnel to identify


take an $ n \ times n $ matrix $ a $, and suppose that $ v $ is an eigenvector of $ a $, with all entries of $ v $ equal to a constant $ k $. naturally, $ k \ ne 0 $. let $ \ lambda $ be the eigenvalue of $ a $ that has $ v $ as an eigenvector. if $ ( b _ 1, b _ 2, \ dots, b _ n ) $ is any row of $ a $, then by the definition of eigenvalue and eigenvector, we have $ $ kb _ 1 + kb _ 2 + \ cdots + kb _ n = \ lambda k, $ $ from which we conclude that $ b _ 1 + b _ 2 + \ cdots + b _ n = \ lambda $. it follows that each row sum of the matrix is equal to $ \ lambda $. conversely, suppose that all row sums of $ a $ are equal to $ \ sigma $. let $ v $ be the vector with all entries equal to $ 1 $. then $ av $ is a vector with all entries equal to $ \ sigma $, which means that $ v $ is an eigenvector of $ a $ with eigenvalue $ \ sigma $. thus $ a $ has an eigenvector with all entries equal if and only if all row sums of $ a $ are equal.


see also the dr. math faq : see also the browse high school trigonometry stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : volume of a tank. - circle of radius 1 km around given latitude / longitude [ 08 / 27 / 2002 ] i need feed points for a circle of radius 1 km with center at a given latitude and longitude. eight or more points should be enough for the - circle on a sphere equation [ 05 / 05 / 2000 ] how can i find an equation for all points that fall within a given radius from a single latitude and longitude on the surface of a sphere? - circular motion [ 01 / 27 / 2001 ] two problems : an electric hoist is being used to lift a piece of equipment... a car is moving at a rate of 50 miles per hour and the diameter of its wheels is 2. 5 feet... - circumference at a given latitude [ 01 / 26 / 2001 ] how can i calculate the circumference of a line around the earth ( a circle ) at 40 degrees north latitude? - circumference of a globe [ 1 / 27 / 1996 ] how do you derive a formula to find the circumference of a large globe hung 25 feet in the air? - classifying sides of a right triangle [ 06 / 12 / 2002 ] how do you find the adjacent side, opposite side, and hypotenuse of a - co - functions and solving trig equations [ 11 / 18 / 2004 ] if sin ( 3x - 26 ) ° = cos ( 5x - 60 ) °, find x. - common mistake in simplifying trig expressions [ 12 / 07 / 2003 ] i don ' t know how to simplify this problem : ( sin ^ 2 ( x ) - cos ^ 2 ( x ) ) / ( sin ^ 2 ( x ) - sin ( x ) cos ( x ) ) - complex numbers and trigonometry [ 12 / 25 / 1996 ] if x is a real number, arcsin ( sin ( x ) ) = x. if z is a complex number, arcsin ( sin ( z ) ) does not equal z. why? - complex numbers, trig functions and roots of 1 [ 10 / 30 / 1997 ] i ' m convinced that, for an arc of length x in radians : ( cos x + i sin x ) ^ ( 2 pi / x ) = 1


, trig functions and roots of 1 [ 10 / 30 / 1997 ] i ' m convinced that, for an arc of length x in radians : ( cos x + i sin x ) ^ ( 2 pi / x ) = 1... it ' s cool but why does it work? - computers and trigonometric functions [ 02 / 11 / 1997 ] how do computers and calculators calculate values for sine, cosine, and - computing angles of a right triangle [ 09 / 04 / 1997 ] is there a way to compute the other two angles of a right triangle without a calculator? if a table is required, where can i find it? - computing sine and cosine [ 8 / 27 / 1995 ] is it possible to compute sine and cosine for a given angle without using a calculator or a sine table? - computing sin without a chart [ 02 / 23 / 1998 ] is there a formula for converting a sin angle back to degrees? - continued fraction for tan ( x ) [ 11 / 03 / 2000 ] can you tell me why the " infinite continued fraction representation " for the tangent function works? - convergence of product of sines [ 10 / 17 / 2003 ] prove that ( sin ( pi / n ) ) * ( sin ( 2pi / n ) ) *... * ( sin ( ( n - 1 ) pi / n ) ) = n / ( 2 ^ ( n - 1 ) ) for n > = 2. - cosine 20 degrees [ 03 / 24 / 2002 ] what is the exact value of cosine 20 degrees? - cosine addition formula [ 12 / 13 / 1997 ] how can you prove the addition formula for cosine by using right - cosine approximations [ 12 / 29 / 1997 ] you derived a cubic equation for cosine of 40 degrees - did you know this - cosines and sines [ 6 / 16 / 1996 ] why does cos a = sin ( 90 - a )? - cosines of three angles [ 05 / 08 / 2003 ] show that the largest angle of the triangle whose sides are 4, 5, and 6 is exactly twice the size of the smallest angle. - covariants [ 05 / 02 / 1997 ] express tan ( pi / 2 + x ) as a single function of x or as a constant. - crossing a canyon [ 5 / 10 / 1995 ] basically, we ' re trying to


- covariants [ 05 / 02 / 1997 ] express tan ( pi / 2 + x ) as a single function of x or as a constant. - crossing a canyon [ 5 / 10 / 1995 ] basically, we ' re trying to cross a canyon. from a point on one side, a rope stretches across and drops ten feet vertically... - cycloids [ 06 / 16 / 1998 ] what are cycloids, and how do they differ from sine curves? - defining the arcsinh function [ 08 / 09 / 2003 ] find an exact value for x in : 4 sinh x = 3 - defining the complement of an angle [ 08 / 04 / 2007 ] if the complement of x is 90 - x, the complement is negative for x greater than 90. i ' ve seen conflicting definitions of the complement, some saying it cannot be negative and others placing no restrictions. which is correct? - definition of a tangent [ 10 / 27 / 1995 ] what is the tangent of an angle? - degree measure of a central angle [ 07 / 29 / 1997 ] find the degree measure, to the nearest tenth, of a central angle whose intercepted arc measures 21 cm. in a circle of radius 4 cm. - degrees, minutes, seconds [ 08 / 26 / 1997 ] i know that degrees are what you use to measure angles, but i thought minutes and seconds were time measurements... - demoivre ' s formula [ 08 / 13 / 1998 ] can you explain demoivre ' s theorem? - de moivre ' s formula [ 08 / 11 / 2002 ] how do i use de moivre ' s formula to express cos ( 3p ) and sin ( 3p ) in terms of cos p and sin p? and why would this be useful? - demonstrating sin, cos, tan on the unit circle [ 12 / 30 / 1998 ] can you recommend a good way to demonstrate the trig functions sine, cosine, and tangent? what about on the unit circle? - derivation of law of sines and cosines [ 11 / 02 / 1997 ] how do you derive the law of sines and the law of cosines? - derivation of sum / difference of sine, cosine, tangent [ 02 / 16 / 2002 ] how can i find the derivation of the sum / difference of sine, cosine, and - derivations of heron ' s formula [ 11 / 24 / 1998 ] how is heron ' s